WAP (wireless) technology Books

Book SynopsisA practicing engineer''s inclusive review of communication systems based on shared-bus and shared-memory switch/router architectures This book delves into the inner workings of router and switch design in a comprehensive manner that is accessible to a broad audience. It begins by describing the role of switch/routers in a network, then moves on to the functional composition of a switch/router. A comparison of centralized versus distributed design of the architecture is also presented. The author discusses use of bus versus shared-memory for communication within a design, and also covers Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms and configuration tools. Written in a simple style and language to allow readers to easily understand and appreciate the material presented, Switch/Router Architectures: Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory Based Systems discusses the design of multilayer switchesstarting with the basic concepts and on to the basic architectures. It describes thTable of ContentsAbout the Author vii Preface ix 1 Introduction to Switch/Router Architectures 1 2 Understanding Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory Switch Fabrics 17 3 Shared-Bus and Shared-Memory-Based Switch/Router Architectures 43 4 Software Requirements for Switch/Routers 61 5 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-DECNIS 500/600 Multiprotocol Bridge/Router 87 6 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Fore Systems Powerhub Multilayer Switches 111 7 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 6000 Series Switches 129 8 Architectures with Shared-Memory-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 3550 Series Switches 151 9 Architectures with Bus-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches with Supervisor Engine 32 171 10 Architectures with Shared-Memory-Based Switch Fabrics: Case Study-Cisco Catalyst 8500 CSR Series 191 11 Quality of Service Mechanisms in the Switch/Routers 213 12 Quality of Service Configuration Tools in Switch/Routers 227 13 Case Study: Quality of Service Processing in the Cisco Catalyst 6000 and 6500 Series Switches 249 Appendix A: Ethernet Appendix B: IPv4 Packet References Index

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive review to the theory, application and research of machine learning for future wireless communications In one single volume, Machine Learning for Future Wireless Communications provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment to the theory, applications and current research developments to the technology aspects related to machine learning for wireless communications and networks. The technology development of machine learning for wireless communications has grown explosively and is one of the biggest trends in related academic, research and industry communities. Deep neural networks-based machine learning technology is a promising tool to attack the big challenge in wireless communications and networks imposed by the increasing demands in terms of capacity, coverage, latency, efficiency flexibility, compatibility, quality of experience and silicon convergence. The author a noted expert on the topic covers a wide range of topics including system architecture anTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xxi Part I Spectrum Intelligence and Adaptive Resource Management 1 1 Machine Learning for Spectrum Access and Sharing 3Kobi Cohen 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Online Learning Algorithms for Opportunistic Spectrum Access 4 1.3 Learning Algorithms for Channel Allocation 9 1.4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 Bibliography 20 2 Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks 27Andres Kwasinski, Wenbo Wang, and Fatemeh Shah Mohammadi 2.1 Use of Q-Learning for Cross-layer Resource Allocation 29 2.2 Deep Q-Learning and Resource Allocation 33 2.3 Cooperative Learning and Resource Allocation 36 2.4 Conclusions 42 Bibliography 43 3 Machine Learning for Spectrum Sharing in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks 45Hadi Ghauch, Hossein Shokri-Ghadikolaei, Gabor Fodor, Carlo Fischione, and Mikael Skoglund 3.1 Background and Motivation 45 3.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 49 3.3 Hybrid Solution Approach 54 3.4 Conclusions and Discussions 59 Appendix A Appendix for Chapter 3 61 A.1 Overview of Reinforcement Learning 61 Bibliography 61 4 Deep Learning–Based Coverage and Capacity Optimization 63Andrei Marinescu, Zhiyuan Jiang, Sheng Zhou, Luiz A. DaSilva, and Zhisheng Niu 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Related Machine Learning Techniques for Autonomous Network Management 64 4.3 Data-Driven Base-Station Sleeping Operations by Deep Reinforcement Learning 67 4.4 Dynamic Frequency Reuse through a Multi-Agent Neural Network Approach 72 4.5 Conclusions 81 Bibliography 82 5 Machine Learning for Optimal Resource Allocation 85Marius Pesavento and Florian Bahlke 5.1 Introduction and Motivation 85 5.2 System Model 88 5.3 Resource Minimization Approaches 90 5.4 Numerical Results 96 5.5 Concluding Remarks 99 Bibliography 100 6 Machine Learning in Energy Efficiency Optimization 105Muhammad Ali Imran, Ana Flávia dos Reis, Glauber Brante, Paulo Valente Klaine, and Richard Demo Souza 6.1 Self-Organizing Wireless Networks 106 6.2 Traffic Prediction and Machine Learning 110 6.3 Cognitive Radio and Machine Learning 111 6.4 Future Trends and Challenges 112 6.5 Conclusions 114 Bibliography 114 7 Deep Learning Based Traffic and Mobility Prediction 119Honggang Zhang, Yuxiu Hua, Chujie Wang, Rongpeng Li, and Zhifeng Zhao 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Related Work 120 7.3 Mathematical Background 122 7.4 ANN-Based Models for Traffic and Mobility Prediction 124 7.5 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 8 Machine Learning for Resource-Efficient Data Transfer in Mobile Crowdsensing 137Benjamin Sliwa, Robert Falkenberg, and Christian Wietfeld 8.1 Mobile Crowdsensing 137 8.2 ML-Based Context-Aware Data Transmission 140 8.3 Methodology for Real-World Performance Evaluation 148 8.4 Results of the Real-World Performance Evaluation 149 8.5 Conclusion 152 Acknowledgments 154 Bibliography 154 Part II Transmission Intelligence and Adaptive Baseband Processing 157 9 Machine Learning–Based Adaptive Modulation and Coding Design 159Lin Zhang and Zhiqiang Wu 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 159 9.2 SL-Assisted AMC 162 9.3 RL-Assisted AMC 172 9.4 Further Discussion and Conclusions 178 Bibliography 178 10 Machine Learning–Based Nonlinear MIMO Detector 181Song-Nam Hong and Seonho Kim 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 A Multihop MIMO Channel Model 182 10.3 Supervised-Learning-based MIMO Detector 184 10.4 Low-Complexity SL (LCSL) Detector 188 10.5 Numerical Results 191 10.6 Conclusions 193 Bibliography 193 11 Adaptive Learning for Symbol Detection: A Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space Approach 197Daniyal Amir Awan, Renato Luis Garrido Cavalcante, Masahario Yukawa, and Slawomir Stanczak 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Preliminaries 198 11.3 System Model 200 11.4 The Proposed Learning Algorithm 203 11.5 Simulation 207 11.6 Conclusion 208 Appendix A Derivation of the Sparsification Metric and the Projections onto the Subspace Spanned by the Nonlinear Dictionary 210 Bibliography 211 12 Machine Learning for Joint Channel Equalization and Signal Detection 213Lin Zhang and Lie-Liang Yang 12.1 Introduction 213 12.2 Overview of Neural Network-Based Channel Equalization 214 12.3 Principles of Equalization and Detection 219 12.5 Performance of OFDM Systems With Neural Network-Based Equalization 232 12.6 Conclusions and Discussion 236 Bibliography 237 13 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence: Theory and Practice 243Jithin Jagannath, Nicholas Polosky, Anu Jagannath, Francesco Restuccia, and Tommaso Melodia 13.1 Introduction 243 13.2 Overview of Artificial Neural Networks 244 13.3 Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence 248 13.4 Neural Networks for Spectrum Sensing 255 13.5 Open Problems 259 13.6 Conclusion 260 Bibliography 260 14 Channel Coding with Deep Learning: An Overview 265Shugong Xu 14.1 Overview of Channel Coding and Deep Learning 265 14.2 DNNs for Channel Coding 268 14.3 CNNs for Decoding 277 14.4 RNNs for Decoding 279 14.5 Conclusions 283 Bibliography 283 15 Deep Learning Techniques for Decoding Polar Codes 287Warren J. Gross, Nghia Doan, Elie Ngomseu Mambou, and Seyyed Ali Hashemi 15.1 Motivation and Background 287 15.2 Decoding of Polar Codes: An Overview 289 15.3 DL-Based Decoding for Polar Codes 292 15.4 Conclusions 299 Bibliography 299 16 Neural Network–Based Wireless Channel Prediction 303Wei Jiang, Hans Dieter Schotten, and Ji-ying Xiang 16.1 Introduction 303 16.2 Adaptive Transmission Systems 305 16.3 The Impact of Outdated CSI 307 16.4 Classical Channel Prediction 309 16.5 NN-Based Prediction Schemes 313 16.6 Summary 323 Bibliography 323 Part III Network Intelligence and Adaptive System Optimization 327 17 Machine Learning for Digital Front-End: a Comprehensive Overview 329Pere L. Gilabert, David López-Bueno, Thi Quynh Anh Pham, and Gabriel Montoro 17.1 Motivation and Background 329 17.2 Overview of CFR and DPD 331 17.3 Dimensionality Reduction and ML 341 17.4 Nonlinear Neural Network Approaches 350 17.5 Support Vector Regression Approaches 368 17.6 Further Discussion and Conclusions 373 Bibliography 374 18 Neural Networks for Full-Duplex Radios: Self-Interference Cancellation 383Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming 18.1 Nonlinear Self-Interference Models 384 18.2 Digital Self-Interference Cancellation 386 18.3 Experimental Results 391 18.4 Conclusions 393 Bibliography 395 19 Machine Learning for Context-Aware Cross-Layer Optimization 397Yang Yang, Zening Liu, Shuang Zhao, Ziyu Shao, and Kunlun Wang 19.1 Introduction 397 19.2 System Model 399 19.3 Problem Formulation and Analytical Framework 402 19.4 Predictive Multi-tier Operations Scheduling (PMOS) Algorithm 409 19.5 A Multi-tier Cost Model for User Scheduling in Fog Computing Networks 413 19.6 Conclusion 420 Bibliography 421 20 Physical-Layer Location Verification by Machine Learning 425Stefano Tomasin, Alessandro Brighente, Francesco Formaggio, and Gabriele Ruvoletto 20.1 IRLV by Wireless Channel Features 427 20.2 ML Classification for IRLV 428 20.3 Learning Phase Convergence 431 20.4 Experimental Results 433 20.5 Conclusions 437 Bibliography 437 21 Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Edge Caching 439M. Cenk Gursoy, Chen Zhong, and Senem Velipasalar 21.1 Introduction 439 21.2 System Model 441 21.3 Problem Formulation 443 21.4 Deep Actor-Critic Framework for Content Caching 446 21.5 Application to the Multi-Cell Network 448 21.6 Application to the Single-Cell Network with D2D Communications 452 21.7 Conclusion 454 Bibliography 455 Index 459

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Book SynopsisIEEE 802.11ba Discover the latest developments in IEEE 802.11ba and Wake-up Radios In IEEE 802.11ba: Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio Standard, expert engineers Drs. Steve Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, and Yanjun Sun deliver a detailed discussion of the IEEE 802.11ba standard. The book begins by explaining the concept of a wake-up radio (WUR) and how it fits into the overall 802.11 standard, as well as how a WUR saves power and extends battery life. The authors go on to describe the medium access control (MAC) layer in detail and then talk about the various protocols used to negotiate WUR operation, its uses for different functionalities (like wake up of the main radio, discovery, synchronization, and security). The book offers a detailed description of the physical (PHY) layer packet construction and the rationale for the design, as well as the various design aspects of the medium access control layer. It also includes: A thorough introduction Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 Ofdm 11 2.2.3 Ofdm Ppdu 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (ofdma) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake- up Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161 7.4.3 WUR Discovery Frame 164 7.4.4 WUR Vendor-Specific Frame 165 7.4.5 WUR Short Wake- up Frame 166 7.5 Conclusion 167 Index 169

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Book SynopsisSMART AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES FOR OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS NETWORK Explores the intersection of sustainable growth, green computing and automation, and performance optimization of 5G wireless networks Smart and Sustainable Approaches for Optimizing Performance of Wireless Networks explores how wireless sensing applications, green computing, and Big Data analytics can increase the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of real-time applications across areas such as healthcare, agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. Bringing together an international team of expert contributors, this authoritative volume highlights the limitations of conventional technologies and provides methodologies and approaches for addressing Quality of Service (QOS) issues and optimizing network performance. In-depth chapters cover topics including blockchain-assisted secure data sharing, smart 5G Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, intelligent managemeTable of Contents1 Analysis and Clustering of Sensor Recorded Data to Determine Sensors Consuming the Least EnergyPrashant Abbi, Khushi Arora, Praveen Kumar Gupta, K.B. Ashwini, V. Chayapathy, and M.J. Vidya 1.1 Importance of Low Energy Consumption Sensors 1.2 Methodology: Clustering Using K Means and Classification Using KNN 1.3 Objective Realization and Result of Analysis 1.4 Introduction 1.5 Working of WSNs and Sensor Nodes 1.6 Classification of WSNs 1.6.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Centralized Techniques 1.6.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Distributed Techniques 1.7 Security Issues 1.7.1 Layering of Level Based Security 1.8 Energy Consumption Issues 1.9 Commonly Used Standards and Protocols for WSNs 1.9.1 Slotted Protocols 1.9.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access 1.9.1.2 Zig Bee/801.15.4 1.9.1.3 Sensor Medium Access Control 1.10 Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Energy of WSNs 1.10.1 Effects of Temperature on Signal Strength 1.10.2 Effects of Humidity on Signal Strength 1.10.3 Temperature Vs. Humidity 1.11 Proposed Methodology 1.11.1 Information Gathering and Analysis 1.11.2 System Design and Implementation 1.11.3 Testing and Evaluation 1.12 Conclusion References 2 Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Designing of 5GK. Maheswari, Mohankumar, and Banuroopa 2.1 5G – An Introduction 2.1.1 Industry Applications 2.1.2 Healthcare 2.1.3 Retail 2.1.4 Agriculture 2.1.5 Manufacturing 2.1.6 Logistics 2.1.7 Sustainability of 5G Networks 2.1.8 Implementation of 5G 2.1.9 Architecture of 5G Technology 2.2 5G and AI 2.2.1 Gaming and Virtual Reality 2.3 AI and 5G 2.3.1 Continuous Learning AI Model 2.4 Challenges and Roadmap 2.4.1 Technical Issues 2.4.2 Technology Roadmap 2.4.3 Deployment Roadmap 2.5 Mathematical Models 2.5.1 The Insights of Mathematical Modeling in 5G Networks 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Sustainable Paradigm for Computing the Security of Wireless Internet of Things: Blockchain TechnologySana Zeba, Mohammed Amjad, and Danish Raza Rizvi 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Background 3.2.1 The Internet of Things 3.2.1.1 Security Requirements in Wireless IoT 3.2.1.2 Layered Architecture of Wireless IoT 3.2.2 Blockchain Technology 3.2.2.1 Types of Blockchain 3.2.2.2 Integration of Blockchain with Wireless Internet of Things 3.3 Related Work 3.3.1 Security Issues in Wireless IoT System 3.3.2 Solutions of Wireless IoT Security Problem 3.4 Research Methodology 3.5 Comparison of Various Existing Solutions 3.6 Discussion of Research Questions 3.7 Future Scope of Blockchain in IoT 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Cognitive IoT Based Health Monitoring Scheme Using Non-Orthogonal MultipleAccessAshiqur Rahman Rahul, Saifur Rahman Sabuj, Majumder Fazle Haider, andShakil Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Work 4.3 System Model and Implementation 4.3.1 Network Description 4.3.2 Sensing and Transmission Analysis 4.3.3 Pathloss Model 4.3.4 Mathematical Model Evaluation 4.3.4.1 Effectual Throughput 4.3.4.2 Interference Throughput 4.3.4.3 Energy Efficiency 4.3.4.4 Optimum Power 4.3.4.4.1 Optimum Power Derivation for HRC 4.2.3.4.2 Optimum Power Derivation for MRC 4.4 Simulation Results 4.5 Conclusion 4.A Appendices 4.A.1 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for HRC Device at EffectualState (z = 0) 4.A.2 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for HRC Device inInterference State (z = 1) 4.A.3 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for MRC Device at EffectualState (z = 0) 4.A.4 Proof of Optimum Power Transmission for MRC Device inInterference State (z = 1) References 5 Overview of Resource Management for Wireless Adhoc NetworkMehajabeen Fatima and Afreen Khueaheed 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Wired and Wireless Network Design Approach 5.1.2 History 5.1.3 Spectrum of Wireless Adhoc Network 5.1.4 Enabling and Networking Technologies 5.1.5 Taxonomy of Wireless Adhoc Network (WANET) 5.2 Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) 5.2.1 Introduction to MANET 5.2.2 Common Characteristics of MANET 5.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.2.4 Applications of MANET 5.2.5 Major Issues of MANET 5.3 Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) 5.3.1 Introduction of VANET 5.3.2 Common Features of VANET 5.3.3 Pros, Cons, Applications 5.4 Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 5.4.1 Preface of WMN 5.4.2 Common Traits of WMN 5.4.3 WMN Has Many Open Issues and Research Challenges 5.4.4 Performance Metrics 5.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.4.6 Prominent Areas and Challenges of WMN 5.5 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) 5.5.1 Overview of WSN 5.5.2 Common Properties of WSN 5.5.3 Benefits, Harms, and Usage of WSN 5.6 Intelligent Management in WANET 5.6.1 Major Issues of WANET 5.6.2 Challenges of MAC Protocols 5.6.3 Routing Protocols 5.6.3.1 Challenges of Routing Protocols 5.6.3.1.1 Scalability 5.6.3.1.2 Quality of Service 5.6.3.1.3 Security 5.6.4 Energy and Battery Management 5.7 Future Research Directions 5.8 Conclusion References 6 Survey: Brain Tumor Detection Using MRI Image with Deep Learning TechniquesChalapathiraju Kanumuri and C.H. Renu Madhavi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.2.1 Types of Medical Imaging 6.2.2 M. R. Imaging as a Modality 6.2.3 Types of Brain Tumor M. R. Imaging Modalities 6.2.4 Suitable Technologies Before Machine Learning 6.2.5 MRI Brain Image Segmentation 6.3 Related Work 6.4 Gaps and Observations 6.5 Suggestions 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Challenges, Standards, and Solutions for Secure and Intelligent 5G Internet of Things (IoT) ScenariosAyasha Malik and Bharat Bhushan 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety in Wireless Networks: Since 1G to 4G 7.2.1 Safety in Non-IP Networks 7.2.2 Safety in 3G 7.2.3 Security in 4G 7.2.4 Security in 5G 7.2.4.1 Flashy System Traffic and Radio Visual Security Keys 7.2.4.2 Authorized Network Security and Compliance with Subscriber Level Safety Policies 7.2.5 Security in 5G and Beyond 7.3 IoT Background and Requirements 7.3.1 IoT and Its Characteristics 7.3.2 Characteristics of IoT Infrastructure 7.3.3 Characteristics of IoT Applications 7.3.4 Expected Benefits of IoT Adoption for Organization 7.3.4.1 Benefits Correlated to Big Data Created by IoT 7.3.4.2 Benefits Interrelated to the Openness of IoT 7.3.4.3 BenefitsRelated to the Linked Aspect6 of IoT 7.4 Non 5G Standards Supporting IoT 7.4.1 Bluetooth Low Energy 7.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4 7.4.3 LoRa 7.4.4 Sigfox 7.4.5. WiFi HaLow 7.5 5 G Advanced Security Model 7.5.1 Confidentiality 7.5.2 Integrity 7.5.3 Accessibility 7.5.4 Integrated Safety Rule 7.5.5 Visibility 7.6 Safety Challenges and Resolution of Three-Tiers Structure of 5G Networks 7.6.1 Heterogeneous Access Networks 7.6.1.1 Safety Challengers 7.6.1.2 Safety Resolutions 7.6.2 Backhaul Networks 7.6.2.1 Safety Challenges 7.6.2.2 Safety Resolutions 7.6.3 Core Network 7.6.3.1 Safety Challenges 7.6.3.2 Safety Resolutions 7.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions References 8 Blockchain Assisted Secure Data Sharing in Intelligent Transportation SystemsGujkan Madaan, Avinash Kumar, and Bharat Bhushan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Intelligent Transport System 8.2.1 ITS Overview 8.2.2 Issues in ITS 8.2.3 ITS Role in IoT 8.3 Blockchain Technology 8.3.1 Overview 8.3.2 Types of Blockchain 8.3.2.1 Public Blockchain 8.3.2.3 Private Blockchain 8.2.3.2 Federated Blockchain 8.3.3 Consensus Mechanism 8.3.3.1 Proof of Work 8.3.3.2 Proof of Stake 8.3.3.3 Delegated Proof of Stake 8.3.3.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance 8.3.3.5 Casper 8.3.3.6 Ripple 8.3.3.7 Proof of Activity 8.3.4 Cryptography 8.3.5 Data Management and Its Structure 8.4 Blockchain Assisted Intelligent Transportation System 8.4.1 Security and Privacy 8.4.2 Blockchain and Its Application foe Improving Security and Privacy 8.4.3 ITS Based on Blockchain 8.4.4 Recent Advancement 8.5 Future Research Perspectives 8.5.1 Electric Vehicle Recharging 8.5.2 Smart City Enabling and Smart Vehicle Security 8.5.3 Deferentially-Privacy Preserving Solutions 8.5.4 Distribution of Economic Profits and Incentives 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Utilization of Agro Waste for Energy Engineering Applications: Toward the Manufacturing of Batteries and Super CapacitorsS.N. Kumar, S. Akhil, R.P. Nishita, O. Lijo Joseph, Aju Matthew George, and I Christina Jane 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Super Capacitors and Electrode Materials 9.2.1 Energy Density 9.3 Related Works in the Utilization of Agro Waste for Energy EngineeringApplications 9.4 Inferences from Work Related with Utilization of Coconut. Rice Husk, andPineapple Waste for Fabrication of Super Capacitor 9.5 Factors Contributing in the Fabrication of Super Capacitor from Agro Waste 9.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 10 Computational Intelligence Techiques for Optimization in NetworksAshu Gautam and Rashima Mahajan 10.1 Introduction Focussing on Pedagogy of Impending Approach 10.1.1 Security Challenge in Networks 10.1.2 Attacks Vulnerability in Complex Networks 10.2 Relevant Analysis 10.3 Broad Area of Research 10.3.1 Routing Protocols 10.3.2 Hybrid Protocols 10.4 Problem Identification 10.5 Objectives of the Study 10.6 Methodology to be Adopted 10.7 Proposed/Expected Outcome of the Research References 11 R&D Export and ICT Regimes in IndiaZeba, M. Afshar Alam, Harleen Kaur*, Ihtiram Raza Khan, Bhavya AlankarCorresponding Author: Harleen Kaur 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Artificial Intelligence: the Uptake of Infrastructure Development 11.3 Future Analysis and Conclusion References 12 Metaheuristics to Aid Energy-Efficient Path Selection in Route Aggregated Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksDeepa Mehta, Sherin Zafar, Siddhartha Sankar Biswas, Nida Iftekhar, and Samia Khan 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Framework 12.2.1 Route Aggregation 12.3 Clustering 12.4 Ant Colony Optimization 12.4.1 Setting Parameters and Initializing 12.4.2 Generating Solutions 12.4.3 Pheromone Update 12.5 Methodology 12.5.1 Energy Efficient ACO Algorithm 12.5.2 ACO Aided Cluster and Head Selection 12.5.3 ACO Aided Route Aggregation 12.5.4 ACO Aided Energy: Efficient Path Selection 12.6 Results 12.7 Discussion 12.8 Conclusion References 13 Knowledge Analytics in IOMT-MANET Through QoS Optimization for SustainabilityNeha Sharma, Nida Iftekhar, and Samia Khan 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Related Work 13.3 Proposed Neoteric Nature Inspired IWD Algorithm for ZRP 13.4 Simulation Results 13.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 14 Appraise Assortment of IOT Security OptimizationAyesha Hena Afzal and M. Afshar Alam 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review 14.3 Analysis of Traditional Security Mechanisms in IOT 14.4 Conclusion and Future Scope References 15 Trust Based Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANETNeha Sharma and Satrupa Biswas 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Literature Review 15.3 Gaps and Objectives from the Literature Review 15.4 Methodology to be Adopted 15.5 Comparison Analysis 15.6 Conclusion and Future Scope References 16 Study of Security Issues on Open ChannelMd Mudassir Chaudhary, Siddhartha Sankar Biswas, Md Tabrez Nafis, and Safdar Tenweer 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Wireless Attacks 16.2.1 Reconnaissance Attack 16.2.2 Access Attacks 16.2.3 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 16.2.4 Denial of Services (DOS) 16.3 Securing Wireless Transmissions 16.3.1 Protecting the Confidentiality 16.3.2 Protecting the Modification 16.3.3 Preventing Interruption of Denial-of-Service Attack 16.4 Proposed Model for Securing the Client Over the Channel 16.5 Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisBackscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication Discover what lies ahead in wireless communication networks with this insightful and forward-thinking book written by experts in the fieldBackscattering and RF Sensing for Future Wireless Communication delivers a concise and insightful picture of emerging and future trends in increasing the efficiency and performance of wireless communication networks. The book shows how the immense challenge of frequency saturation could be met via the deployment of intelligent planar electromagnetic structures. It provides an in-depth coverage of the fundamental physics behind these structures and assesses the enhancement of the performance of a communication network in challenging environments, like densely populated urban centers. The distinguished editors have included resources from a variety of leading voices in the field who discuss topics such as the engineering of metasurfaces at a large scale, the electromagnetic analysis of pTable of Contents 1. Intelligent Reflective Surfaces – State of the art Jalil ur Rehman Kazim, Hasan T. Abbas, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 2. Signal Modulation Schemes in Backscatter Communications Yuan Ding, George Goussetis, Ricardo Correia, Nuno Borges Carvalho, Romwald Lihakanga, and Chaoyun Song 3. Electromagnetic Waves Scattering Characteristics of Metasurfaces Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi, Dmitry E. Zelenchuk, Abdul Quddious 4. Metasurfaces Based on Huygen’s Wave Front Manipulation: A review Abubakar Sharif, Jun Ouyang, Ayman Abdulhadi Althuwayb, Kamran Arshad, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 5. Metasurface: An Insight into Its Applications Fahad Ahmed and Nosherwan Shoaib 6. The Role of Smart Metasurfaces in Smart Grid Energy Management I. Safak Bayram, Muhammad Ismail, and Raka Jovanovic 7. Passive UHF RFID Tag Antennas Based Sensing for Internet of Things Paradigm Abubakar Sharif, Jun Ouyang, Kamran Arshad, Muhammad A. Imran, Qammer H. Abbasi 8. RF Sensing for Healthcare Applications Syed Aziz Shah, Hasan Abbas, Muhammad A. Imran and Qammer H. Abbasi 9. Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation with Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Future Communication Technologies Muhammad Qasim Mehmood, Junsuk Rho, and Muhammad Zubair 10. Conclusion Qammer H. Abbasi, Hasan T. Abbas, Akram Alomainy, and Muhammad A. Imran

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv List of Contributors xix Acronyms List xx 1 Hands-on Wireless Communication Experience 1Hüseyin Arslan 1.1 Importance of Laboratory-Based Learning of Wireless Communications 1 1.2 Model for a Practical Lab Bench 3 1.3 Examples of Co-simulation with Hardware 6 1.4 A Sample Model for a Laboratory Course 8 1.4.1 Introduction to the SDR and Testbed Platform 11 1.4.2 Basic Simulation 11 1.4.3 Measurements and Multidimensional Signal Analysis 11 1.4.4 Digital Modulation 12 1.4.5 Pulse Shaping 13 1.4.6 RF Front-end and RF Impairments 13 1.4.7 Wireless Channel and Interference 14 1.4.8 Synchronization and Channel Estimation 15 1.4.9 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 15 1.4.10 Multiple Accessing 16 1.4.11 Independent Project Development Phase 16 1.4.11.1 Software Defined Radio 17 1.4.11.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and CR Experiment 17 1.4.11.3 Wireless Channel 17 1.4.11.4 Wireless Channel Counteractions 18 1.4.11.5 Antenna Project 18 1.4.11.6 Signal Intelligence 18 1.4.11.7 Channel, User, and Context Awareness Project 19 1.4.11.8 Combination of DSP Lab with RF and Microwave Lab 19 1.4.11.9 Multiple Access and Interference Management 19 1.4.11.10 Standards 20 1.5 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 Performance Metrics and Measurements 23Hüseyin Arslan 2.1 Signal Quality Measurements 23 2.1.1 Measurements Before Demodulation 24 2.1.2 Measurements During and After Demodulation 25 2.1.2.1 Noise Figure 26 2.1.2.2 Channel Frequency Response Estimation 26 2.1.3 Measurements After Channel Decoding 26 2.1.3.1 Relation of SNR with BER 27 2.1.4 Error Vector Magnitude 27 2.1.4.1 Error-Vector-Time and Error-Vector-Frequency 29 2.1.4.2 Relation of EVM with Other Metrics 30 2.1.4.3 Rho 31 2.1.5 Measures After Speech or Video Decoding 31 2.2 Visual Inspections and Useful Plots 32 2.2.1 Advanced Scatter Plot 39 2.3 Cognitive Radio and SDR Measurements 40 2.4 Other Measurements 42 2.5 Clarifying dB and dBm 44 2.6 Conclusions 45 References 45 3 Multidimensional Signal Analysis 49Hüseyin Arslan 3.1 Why Multiple Dimensions in a Radio Signal? 49 3.2 Time Domain Analysis 52 3.2.1 CCDF and PAPR 53 3.2.2 Time Selectivity Measure 56 3.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 57 3.3.1 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 59 3.3.2 Frequency Selectivity Measure 61 3.4 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis 62 3.5 Code Domain Analysis 64 3.5.1 Code Selectivity 66 3.6 Correlation Analysis 67 3.7 Modulation Domain Analysis 68 3.8 Angular Domain Analysis 68 3.8.1 Direction Finding 68 3.8.2 Angular Spread 70 3.9 MIMO Measurements 71 3.9.1 Antenna Correlation 72 3.9.2 RF Cross-Coupling 72 3.9.3 EVM Versus Antenna Branches 73 3.9.4 Channel Parameters 73 3.10 Conclusions 73 References 74 4 Simulating a Communication System 77Muhammad Sohaib J. Solaija and Hüseyin Arslan 4.1 Simulation: What,Why? 77 4.2 Approaching a Simulation 78 4.2.1 Strategy 78 4.2.2 General Methodology 80 4.3 Basic Modeling Concepts 81 4.3.1 System Modeling 81 4.3.2 Subsystem Modeling 81 4.3.3 Stochastic Modeling 82 4.4 What is a Link/Link-level Simulation? 82 4.4.1 Source and Source Coding 82 4.4.2 Channel Coding 83 4.4.3 Symbol Mapping/Modulation 83 4.4.4 Upsampling 84 4.4.5 Digital Filtering 84 4.4.6 RF Front-end 85 4.4.7 Channel 86 4.4.8 Synchronization and Equalization 87 4.4.9 Performance Evaluation and Signal Analysis 87 4.5 Communication in AWGN – A Simple Case Study 88 4.5.1 Receiver Design 88 4.6 Multi-link vs. Network-level Simulations 88 4.6.1 Network Layout Generation 90 4.6.1.1 Hexagonal Grid 90 4.6.1.2 PPP-based Network Layout 91 4.7 Practical Issues 93 4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 93 4.7.2 Random Number Generation 94 4.7.2.1 White Noise Generation 94 4.7.2.2 Random Binary Sequence 94 4.7.3 Values of Simulation Parameters 95 4.7.4 Confidence Interval 95 4.7.5 Convergence/Stopping Criterion 95 4.8 Issues/Limitations of Simulations 95 4.8.1 Modeling Errors 96 4.8.1.1 Errors in System Model 96 4.8.1.2 Errors in Subsystem Model 96 4.8.1.3 Errors in Random Process Modeling 96 4.8.2 Processing Errors 96 4.9 Conclusions 97 References 97 5 RF Impairments 99Hüseyin Arslan 5.1 Radio Impairment Sources 99 5.2 IQ Modulation Impairments 102 5.3 PA Nonlinearities 106 5.4 Phase Noise and Time Jitter 110 5.5 Frequency Offset 112 5.6 ADC/DAC Impairments 113 5.7 Thermal Noise 114 5.8 RF Impairments and Interference 114 5.8.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products 114 5.8.2 Multiple Access Interference 116 5.9 Conclusions 118 References 118 6 Digital Modulation and Pulse Shaping 121Hüseyin Arslan 6.1 Digital Modulation Basics 121 6.2 Popularly Used Digital Modulation Schemes 123 6.2.1 PSK 123 6.2.2 FSK 125 6.2.2.1 GMSK and Approximate Representation of GSM GMSK Signal 127 6.2.3 QAM 129 6.2.4 Differential Modulation 132 6.3 Adaptive Modulation 133 6.3.1 Gray Mapping 135 6.3.2 Calculation of Error 135 6.3.3 Relation of Eb No with SNR at the receiver 138 6.4 Pulse-Shaping Filtering 138 6.5 Conclusions 146 References 146 7 OFDM Signal Analysis and Performance Evaluation 147Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Why OFDM? 147 7.2 Generic OFDM System Design and Its Evaluation 149 7.2.1 Basic CP-OFDM Transceiver Design 150 7.2.2 Spectrum of the OFDM Signal 151 7.2.3 PAPR of the OFDM Signal 155 7.2.4 Performance in Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.1 Time-Dispersive Multipath Channel 157 7.2.4.2 Frequency-Dispersive Multipath Channel 161 7.2.5 Performance with Impairments 162 7.2.5.1 Frequency Offset 163 7.2.5.2 Symbol Timing Error 167 7.2.5.3 Sampling Clock Offset 170 7.2.5.4 Phase Noise 171 7.2.5.5 PA Nonlinearities 172 7.2.5.6 I/Q Impairments 175 7.2.6 Summary of the OFDM Design Considerations 177 7.2.7 Coherent versus Differential OFDM 178 7.3 OFDM-like Signaling 180 7.3.1 OFDM Versus SC-FDE 180 7.3.2 Multi-user OFDM and OFDMA 181 7.3.3 SC-FDMA and DFT-S-OFDM 182 7.4 Case Study: Measurement-Based OFDM Receiver 185 7.4.1 System Model 185 7.4.1.1 Frame Format 186 7.4.1.2 OFDM Symbol Format 186 7.4.1.3 Baseband Transmitter Blocks and Transmitted Signal Model 186 7.4.1.4 Received Signal Model 188 7.4.2 Receiver Structure and Algorithms 189 7.4.2.1 Packet Detection 191 7.4.2.2 Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation 191 7.4.2.3 Symbol Timing Estimation 192 7.4.2.4 Packet-end Detection and Packet Extraction 193 7.4.2.5 Channel Estimation and Equalization 194 7.4.2.6 Pilot Tracking 195 7.4.2.7 Auto-modulation Detection 195 7.4.3 FCH Decoding 196 7.4.4 Test and Measurements 196 7.5 Conclusions 197 References 198 8 Analysis of Single-Carrier Communication Systems 201Hüseyin Arslan 8.1 A Simple System in AWGN Channel 201 8.2 Flat Fading (Non-Dispersive) Multipath Channel 210 8.3 Frequency-Selective (Dispersive) Multipath Channel 215 8.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization 219 8.3.2 Channel Estimation 223 8.3.3 Frequency-Domain Equalization 226 8.4 Extension of Dispersive Multipath Channel to DS-CDMA-based Wideband Systems 229 8.5 Conclusions 232 References 232 9 Multiple Accessing, Multi-Numerology, Hybrid Waveforms 235Mehmet Mert ¸Sahin and Hüseyin Arslan 9.1 Preliminaries 235 9.1.1 Duplexing 236 9.1.2 Downlink Communication 237 9.1.3 Uplink Communication 238 9.1.4 Traffic Theory and Trunking Gain 238 9.2 Orthogonal Design 241 9.2.1 TDMA 241 9.2.2 FDMA 242 9.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 243 9.2.4 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) 245 9.2.5 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 246 9.2.5.1 Multiuser Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) 247 9.3 Non-orthogonal Design 249 9.3.1 Power-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (PD-NOMA) 250 9.3.2 Code-domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 251 9.4 Random Access 253 9.4.1 ALOHA 253 9.4.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Accessing (CSMA) 254 9.4.3 Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (MACA) 254 9.4.4 Random Access Channel (RACH) 255 9.4.5 Grant-free Random Access 255 9.5 Multiple Accessing with Application-Based Hybrid Waveform Design 256 9.5.1 Multi-numerology Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 256 9.5.2 Radar-Sensing and Communication (RSC) Coexistence 258 9.5.3 Coexistence of Different Waveforms in Multidimensional Hyperspace for 6G and Beyond Networks 260 9.6 Case Study 261 Appendix: Erlang B table 263 References 263 10 Wireless Channel and Interference 267Abuu B. Kihero, Armed Tusha, and Hüseyin Arslan 10.1 Fundamental Propagation Phenomena 267 10.2 Multipath Propagation 269 10.2.1 Large-Scale Fading 269 10.2.1.1 Path Loss 270 10.2.1.2 Shadowing 271 10.2.2 Small-Scale Fading 272 10.2.2.1 Characterization of Time-Varying Channels 273 10.2.2.2 Rayleigh and Rician Fading Distributions 274 10.2.3 Time, Frequency and Angular Domains Characteristics of Multipath Channel 276 10.2.3.1 Delay Spread 276 10.2.3.2 Angular Spread 279 10.2.3.3 Doppler Spread 281 10.2.4 Novel Channel Characteristics in the 5G Technology 284 10.3 Channel as a Source of Interference 288 10.3.1 Interference due to Large-Scale Fading 288 10.3.1.1 Cellular Systems and CoChannel Interference 288 10.3.1.2 Cochannel Interference Control via Resource Assignment 289 10.3.2 Interference due to Small-Scale Fading 292 10.4 Channel Modeling 293 10.4.1 Analytical Channel Models 294 10.4.1.1 Correlation-based Models 294 10.4.1.2 Propagation-Motivated Models 294 10.4.2 Physical Models 295 10.4.2.1 Deterministic Model 295 10.4.2.2 Geometry-based Stochastic Model 295 10.4.2.3 Nongeometry-based Stochastic Models 296 10.4.3 3GPP 5G Channel Models 297 10.4.3.1 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) Model 297 10.4.3.2 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) Model 298 10.4.3.3 Generating Channel Coefficients Using CDL Model 299 10.4.4 Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Channel Modeling 300 10.5 Channel Measurement 301 10.5.1 Frequency Domain Channel Sounder 303 10.5.1.1 Swept Frequency/Chirp Sounder 303 10.5.2 Time Domain Channel Sounder 304 10.5.2.1 Periodic Pulse/Impulse Sounder 304 10.5.2.2 Correlative/Pulse Compression Sounders 305 10.5.3 Challenges of Practical Channel Measurement 308 10.6 Channel Emulation 308 10.6.1 Baseband and RF Domain Channel Emulators 309 10.6.2 Reverberation Chambers as Channel Emulator 309 10.6.2.1 General Principles 309 10.6.2.2 Emulating Multipath Effects Using RVC 311 10.6.3 Commercial Wireless Channel Emulators 318 10.7 Wireless Channel Control 319 10.8 Conclusion 321 References 321 11 Carrier and Time Synchronization 325Musab Alayasra and Hüseyin Arslan 11.1 Signal Modeling 325 11.2 Synchronization Approaches 327 11.3 Carrier Synchronization 329 11.3.1 Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.1 DFT-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 331 11.3.1.2 Phase-based Coarse Frequency Offset Compensation 333 11.3.2 Fine Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.1 Feedforward MLE-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 335 11.3.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-Based Frequency Offset Compensation 340 11.3.3 Carrier Phase Offset Compensation 344 11.4 Time Synchronization 345 11.4.1 Frame Synchronization 346 11.4.2 Symbol Timing Synchronization 347 11.4.2.1 Feedforward MLE-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 348 11.4.2.2 Feedback Heuristic-based Symbol Timing Synchronization 349 11.5 Conclusion 352 References 353 12 Blind Signal Analysis 355Mehmet Ali Aygül, Ahmed Naeem, and Hüseyin Arslan 12.1 What is Blind Signal Analysis? 355 12.2 Applications of Blind Signal Analysis 355 12.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 356 12.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Signal Identification 357 12.2.2.1 Parameter Estimation 357 12.2.2.2 Signal Identification 357 12.2.3 Radio Environment Map 358 12.2.4 Equalization 360 12.2.5 Modulation Identification 361 12.2.6 Multi-carrier (OFDM) Parameters Estimation 362 12.3 Case Study: Blind Receiver 363 12.3.1 Bandwidth Estimation 364 12.3.2 Carrier Frequency Estimation 365 12.3.3 Symbol Rate Estimation 366 12.3.4 Pulse-Shaping and Roll-off Factor Estimation 366 12.3.5 Optimum Sampling Phase Estimation 368 12.3.6 Timing Recovery 369 12.3.7 Frequency Offset and Phase Offset Estimation 371 12.4 Machine Learning for Blind Signal Analysis 372 12.4.1 Deep Learning 374 12.4.2 Applications of Machine Learning 375 12.4.2.1 Signal and Interference Identification 375 12.4.2.2 Multi-RF Impairments Identification, Separation, and Classification 375 12.4.2.3 Channel Modeling and Estimation 376 12.4.2.4 Spectrum Occupancy Prediction 377 12.5 Challenges and Potential Study Items 378 12.5.1 Challenges 378 12.5.2 Potential Study Items 379 12.6 Conclusions 379 References 380 13 Radio Environment Monitoring 383Halise Türkmen, Saira Rafique, and Hüseyin Arslan 13.1 Radio Environment Map 384 13.2 Generalized Radio Environment Monitoring 385 13.2.1 Radio Environment Monitoring with the G-REM Framework 387 13.3 Node Types 388 13.4 Sensing Modes 388 13.5 Observable Data, Derivable Information and Other Sources 389 13.6 Sensing Methods 389 13.6.1 Sensing Configurations 390 13.6.2 Processing Data and Control Signal 391 13.6.2.1 Channel State Information (CSI) 391 13.6.2.2 Channel Impulse Response (CIR) 393 13.6.2.3 Channel Frequency Response (CFR) 393 13.6.3 Blind Signal Analysis 393 13.6.4 Radio Detection and Ranging 394 13.6.4.1 Radar Test-bed 401 13.6.5 Joint Radar and Communication 402 13.6.5.1 Coexistence 403 13.6.5.2 Co-Design 403 13.6.5.3 RadComm 405 13.6.5.4 CommRad 406 13.7 Mapping Methods 407 13.7.1 Signal Processing Algorithms 407 13.7.2 Interpolation Techniques 408 13.7.2.1 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation 408 13.7.2.2 Kriging’s Interpolation 409 13.7.3 Model-Based Techniques 410 13.7.4 Learning-Based Techniques 410 13.7.5 Hybrid Techniques 410 13.7.6 Case Study: Radio Frequency Map Construction 410 13.7.6.1 Radio Frequency Map Construction Test-bed for CR 411 13.7.7 Case Study: Wireless Local Area Network/Wi-Fi Sensing 413 13.7.7.1 WLAN Sensing Test-bed for Gesture Detection 415 13.8 Applications of G-REM 416 13.8.1 Cognitive Radios 417 13.8.2 Security 417 13.8.2.1 PHY Layer Security 417 13.8.2.2 Cross-Layer Security 417 13.8.3 Multi-Antenna Communication Systems 418 13.8.3.1 UE and Obstacle Tracking for Beam Management 418 13.8.3.2 No-Feedback Channel Estimation for FDD MIMO and mMIMO Systems 418 13.8.4 Formation and Management of Ad Hoc Networks and Device-to-Device Communication 418 13.8.5 Content Caching 419 13.8.6 Enabling Flexible Radios for 6G and Beyond Networks 419 13.8.7 Non-Communication Applications 419 13.9 Challenges and Future Directions 420 13.9.1 Security 420 13.9.2 Scheduling 421 13.9.3 Integration of (New) Technologies 421 13.9.3.1 Re-configurable Intelligent Surfaces 421 13.9.3.2 Quantum Radar 421 13.10 Conclusion 422 References 422 Index 425

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Book SynopsisMassive Connectivity Learn to support more devices and sensors in Internet of Things applications through NOMA and machine-type communication Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has held much interest due to its ability to provide a higher spectral efficiencysuch as more bits per unit bandwidth in Hertzthan other, orthogonal multiple access schemes. The majority of this research focuses on the application of NOMA to downlink channels (from base station to users) in cellular systems as its use for uplink (users to base station) is somewhat circumscribed. However, NOMA has recently been employed in contention-based uplink access, which has shown an improvement in performance that allows an increase in the number of users that can be supported. As a result, NOMA is promising for machine-type communication (MTC) in 5G systems and beyond, making it a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT). Massive Connectivity provides an in-depth, comprehensive view of Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Machine-Type Communication 1 1.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 3 1.3 NOMA for MTC 4 1.4 An Overview of Probability and Random Processes 6 1.4.1 Review of Probability 6 1.4.2 Random Variables 7 1.4.3 Random Processes 14 1.4.4 Markov Chains 15 2 Single-User and Multiuser Systems 19 2.1 A Single-User System 19 2.1.1 Signal Representation 20 2.1.2 Transmission of Signal Sequences 21 2.1.3 ML Decoding 23 2.1.4 ML Decoding over Fading Channels 26 2.1.5 Achievable Rate 28 2.2 Multiuser Systems 33 2.2.1 Broadcast Channels 34 2.2.2 Multiple Access Channels 37 2.3 Further Reading 41 3 OMA and NOMA 43 3.1 Orthogonal Multiple Access 43 3.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access 43 3.1.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 46 3.1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 47 3.2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 51 3.2.1 Downlink NOMA 52 3.2.2 Uplink NOMA 57 3.3 Power and Rate Allocation 60 3.3.1 System with Known Instantaneous CSI 60 3.3.2 System with Unknown Instantaneous CSI 67 3.4 Code Division Multiple Access 73 3.4.1 DS-CDMA 74 3.4.2 Multiuser Detection Approaches 78 3.5 Further Reading 84 4 Random Access Systems 87 4.1 ALOHA Systems 88 4.1.1 Single Channel Random Access 88 4.1.2 Multi-Channel S-ALOHA 90 4.2 Throughput Analysis 91 4.2.1 Pure ALOHA 91 4.2.2 Slotted ALOHA 92 4.2.3 Multichannel ALOHA 94 4.3 Analysis with a Finite Number of Users 98 4.3.1 A Markov Chain 98 4.3.2 Drift Analysis 100 4.4 Analysis with an In_nite Number of Users 102 4.4.1 Constant Re-transmission Probability 102 4.4.2 Adaptive Re-transmission Probability 104 4.5 Fast Retrial 107 4.6 Multiuser Detection 108 4.6.1 Compressive Random Access 108 4.6.2 Throughput Analysis 110 4.7 Further Reading 114 5 NOMA-based Random Access 117 5.1 NOMA to Random Access 117 5.1.1 S-ALOHA with NOMA 118 5.1.2 More Power Levels 122 5.2 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA 127 5.2.1 Multichannel ALOHA with NOMA and Throughput Analysis 128 5.2.2 Channel-Dependent Selection 132 5.3 Opportunistic NOMA 137 5.3.1 System Model 137 5.3.2 Throughput Analysis 140 5.3.3 Opportunistic NOMA for Channel Selection 147 5.4 NOMA-based Random Access with Multiuser Detection 152 5.4.1 Compressive Random Access 152 5.4.2 Layered CRA 154 5.4.3 Performance under Realistic Conditions 159 5.5 Further Reading 161 6 Application of NOMA to MTC in 5G 163 6.1 Machine-Type Communication 163 6.1.1 IoT Connectivity 163 6.1.2 Random Access Schemes for MTC 164 6.2 A Model with Massive MIMO 168 6.2.1 Massive MIMO 168 6.2.2 Two-step Random Access with Massive MIMO 173 6.2.3 Throughput Analysis 174 6.3 NOMA for High-Throughput MTC 177 6.3.1 Co-existing Preambles and Data Packets 178 6.3.2 Maximum Throughput Comparison 180 6.3.3 Limitations 184 6.4 Layered Preambles for Heterogeneous Devices 185 6.4.1 Heterogeneous Devices in MTC 185 6.4.2 Design of Layered Preambles 187 6.4.3 Performance Analysis 189 6.5 Further Reading 195 7 Game-Theoretic Perspective of NOMA-based Random Access 197 7.1 Background of Game Theory 197 7.1.1 Normal-Form Games 198 7.1.2 Nash Equilibrium 200 7.1.3 Mixed Strategies 200 7.2 Random Access Game 202 7.2.1 Normal-Form and NE 203 7.2.2 Mixed Strategies 204 7.3 NOMA-ALOHA Game 204 7.3.1 Single-Channel NOMA-ALOHA Game 205 7.3.2 Multichannel NOMA-ALOHA Game 216 7.4 Fictitious Play 221 7.4.1 A Model for Fictitious Play 221 7.4.2 Convergence 223 7.5 Evolutionary Game Theory and Its Application 227 7.5.1 Population Games 227 7.5.2 Replicator Dynamics and Evolutionary Stable State 228 7.5.3 Stability of the Replicator Dynamics 231 7.5.4 Application to NOMA 232 7.6 Further Reading 234 Index 247

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Book SynopsisWIRELESS COMMUNICATION SECURITY Presenting the concepts and advances of wireless communication security, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications for the engineer, student, and other industry professionals. Covering a broad range of topics in wireless communication security and its solutions, this outstanding new volume is of great interest to engineers, scientists, and students from a variety of backgrounds and interests. Focusing on providing the theory of wireless communication within the framework of its practical applications, the contributors take on a wealth of topics, integrating seemingly diverse areas under one cover. Wireless Communication Security has been divided into five units. The first unit presents the different protocols and standards for developing a real-time wireless communication security. The second unit presents different widely accepted networks, which are the core of wireless communication secuTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 M2M in 5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Proposed Solutions, and Future Directions 1 Kiran Ahuja and Indu Bala 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Literature Survey 5 1.3 Survey Challenges and Proposed Solutions of M2M 7 1.3.1 PARCH Overload Problem 8 1.3.2 Inefficient Radio Resource Utilization and Allocation 10 1.3.3 M2M Random Access Challenges 12 1.3.4 Clustering Techniques 13 1.3.5 QoS Provisioning for M2M Communications 15 1.3.6 Less Cost and Low Power Device Requirements 16 1.3.7 Security and Privacy 17 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Security 23 Sushmita Kumari and Manisha Bharti 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 MAC Layer 24 2.2.1 Centralized Control 24 2.2.2 Deterministic Access 24 2.2.3 Non-Deterministic Access 24 2.3 Functions of the MAC Layer 25 2.4 MAC Layer Protocol 25 2.4.1 Random Access Protocol 26 2.4.2 Controlled Access Protocols 29 2.4.3 Channelization 31 2.5 MAC Address 31 2.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 33 References 33 3 Enhanced Image Security Through Hybrid Approach: Protect Your Copyright Over Digital Images 35 Shaifali M. Arora and Poonam Kadian 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Literature Review 38 3.3 Design Issues 40 3.3.1 Robustness Against Various Attack Conditions 40 3.3.2 Distortion and Visual Quality 41 3.3.3 Working Domain 42 3.3.4 Human Visual System (HVS) 43 3.3.5 The Trade-Off between Robustness and Imperceptibility 43 3.3.6 Computational Cost 43 3.4 A Secure Grayscale Image Watermarking Based on DWT-SVD 43 3.5 Experimental Results 45 3.6 Conclusion 52 References 52 4 Quantum Computing 59 Manisha Bharti and Tanvika Garg 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 A Brief History of Quantum Computing 60 4.3 Postulate of Quantum Mechanics 61 4.4 Polarization and Entanglement 61 4.5 Applications and Advancements 63 4.5.1 Cryptography, Teleportation and Communication Networks 63 4.5.2 Quantum Computing and Memories 63 4.5.3 Satellite Communication Based on Quantum Computing 64 4.5.4 Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence 65 4.6 Optical Quantum Computing 65 4.7 Experimental Realisation of Quantum Computer 66 4.7.1 Hetero-Polymers 66 4.7.2 Ion Traps 67 4.7.3 Quantum Electrodynamics Cavity 67 4.7.4 Quantum Dots 67 4.8 Challenges of Quantum Computing 67 4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 68 References 68 5 Feature Engineering for Flow-Based IDS 69 Rahul B. Adhao and Vinod K. Pachghare 5.1 Introduction 70 5.1.1 Intrusion Detection System 71 5.1.2 IDS Classification 71 5.2 IP Flows 72 5.2.1 The Architecture of Flow-Based IDS 73 5.2.2 Wireless IDS Designed Using Flow-Based Approach 73 5.2.3 Comparison of Flow- and Packet-Based IDS 74 5.3 Feature Engineering 75 5.3.1 Curse of Dimensionality 76 5.3.2 Feature Selection 78 5.3.3 Feature Categorization 78 5.4 Classification of Feature Selection Technique 78 5.4.1 The Wrapper, Filter, and Embedded Feature Selection 78 5.4.2 Correlation, Consistency, and PCA-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.3 Similarity, Information Theoretical, Sparse Learning, and Statistical-Based Feature Selection 80 5.4.4 Univariate and Multivariate Feature Selection 81 5.5 Tools and Library for Feature Selection 82 5.6 Literature Review on Feature Selection in Flow-Based IDS 82 5.7 Challenges and Future Scope 86 5.8 Conclusions 87 Acknowledgement 87 References 88 6 Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks 91 B. Banuselvasaraswathy and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy 6.1 Introduction 92 6.1.1 Single Path Routing Protocol 93 6.1.2 Multipath Routing Protocol 94 6.1.3 Environmental Influence on WSN 96 6.2 Motivation Behind the Work 97 6.3 Novelty of This Work 98 6.4 Related Works 99 6.5 Proposed Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol 102 6.5.1 Sensor Node Environmental Modeling and Analysis 104 6.5.2 Single Node Environmental Influence Modeling 105 6.5.3 Multiple Node Modeling 106 6.5.4 Sensor Node Surrounding Temperature Field 106 6.5.5 Sensor Node Remaining Energy Calculation 107 6.5.6 Delay Modeling 107 6.6 Simulation Parameters 108 6.7 Results and Discussion 109 6.7.1 Temperature Influence on Network 109 6.7.2 Power Consumption 109 6.7.3 Lifetime Analysis 110 6.7.4 Delay Analysis 111 6.8 Conclusion 112 References 112 7 A Comprehensive Study of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 115 Bhoopesh Singh Bhati, Dikshita, Nitesh Singh Bhati and Garvit Chugh 7.1 Introduction 116 7.1.1 Intrusion and Detection 116 7.1.2 Some Basic Definitions 116 7.1.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention System 117 7.1.4 Need for IDPS: More Than Ever 118 7.1.5 Introduction to Alarms 118 7.1.6 Components of an IDPS 119 7.2 Configuring IDPS 120 7.2.1 Network Architecture of IDPS 120 7.2.2 A Glance at Common Types 121 7.2.2.1 Network-Based IDS 123 7.2.2.2 Host-Based IDS 124 7.2.3 Intrusion Detection Techniques 125 7.2.3.1 Conventional Techniques 125 7.2.3.2 Machine Learning-Based and Hybrid Techniques 128 7.2.4 Three Considerations 131 7.2.4.1 Location of Sensors 131 7.2.4.2 Security Capabilities 131 7.2.4.3 Management Capabilities 133 7.2.5 Administrators’ Functions 134 7.2.5.1 Deployment 134 7.2.5.2 Testing 134 7.2.5.3 Security Consideration of IDPS 135 7.2.5.4 Regular Backups and Monitoring 135 7.2.6 Types of Events Detected 135 7.2.7 Role of State in Network Security 136 7.3 Literature Review 137 7.4 Conclusion 138 References 139 8 Hardware Devices Integration With IoT 143 Sushant Kumar and Saurabh Mukherjee 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Literature Review 144 8.3 Component Description 146 8.3.1 Arduino Board UNO 146 8.3.2 Raspberry Pi 147 8.4 Case Studies 148 8.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 148 8.4.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 150 8.4.3 Weather Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 151 8.5 Drawbacks of Arduino and Raspberry Pi 153 8.6 Challenges in IoT 154 8.6.1 Design Challenges 154 8.6.2 Security Challenges 155 8.6.3 Development Challenges 155 8.7 Conclusion 155 8.8 Annexures 156 References 157 Additional Resources 158 9 Depth Analysis On DoS & DDoS Attacks 159 Gaurav Nayak, Anjana Mishra, Uditman Samal and Brojo Kishore Mishra 9.1 Introduction 160 9.1.1 Objective and Motivation 161 9.1.2 Symptoms and Manifestations 163 9.2 Literature Survey 163 9.3 Timeline of DoS and DDoS Attacks 164 9.4 Evolution of Denial of Service (DoS) & Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 165 9.5 DDoS Attacks: A Taxonomic Classification 166 9.5.1 Classification Based on Degree of Automation 166 9.5.2 Classification Based on Exploited Vulnerability 167 9.5.3 Classification Based on Rate Dynamics of Attacks 168 9.5.4 Classification Based on Impact 168 9.6 Transmission Control Protocol 169 9.6.1 TCP Three-Way Handshake 169 9.7 User Datagram Protocol 170 9.7.1 UDP Header 170 9.8 Types of DDoS Attacks 170 9.8.1 TCP SYN Flooding Attack 171 9.8.2 UDP Flooding Attack 172 9.8.3 Smurf Attack 172 9.8.4 Ping of Death Attack 173 9.8.5 HTTP Flooding Attack 174 9.9 Impact of DoS/DDoS on Various Areas 175 9.9.1 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VoIP Networks Using SIP 175 9.9.2 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VANET 175 9.9.3 DoS/DDoS Attacks on Smart Grid System 176 9.9.4 DoS/DDoS Attacks in IoT-Based Devices 176 9.10 Countermeasures to DDoS Attack 177 9.10.1 Prevent Being Agent/Secondary Target 177 9.10.2 Detect and Neutralize Attacker 178 9.10.3 Potential Threats Detection/Prevention 178 9.10.4 DDoS Attacks and How to Avoid Them 178 9.10.5 Deflect Attack 178 9.10.6 Post-Attack Forensics 179 9.11 Conclusion 179 9.12 Future Scope 180 References 180 10 SQL Injection Attack on Database System 183 Mohit Kumar 10.1 Introduction 183 10.1.1 Types of Vulnerabilities 184 10.1.2 Types of SQL Injection Attack 185 10.1.3 Impact of SQL Injection Attack 186 10.2 Objective and Motivation 186 10.3 Process of SQL Injection Attack 188 10.4 Related Work 188 10.5 Literature Review 189 10.6 Implementation of the SQL Injection Attack 192 10.6.1 Access the Database Using the 1=1 SQL Injection Statement 192 10.6.2 Access the Database Using the ““=’’’’ SQL Injection Statement 193 10.6.3 Access and Upgrade the Database by Using Batch SQL Injection Statement 194 10.7 Detection of SQL Injection Attack 196 10.8 Prevention/Mitigation from SQL Injection Attack 196 10.9 Conclusion 197 References 197 11 Machine Learning Techniques for Face Authentication System for Security Purposes 199 Vibhuti Jain, Madhavendra Singh and Jagannath Jayanti 11.1 Introduction 200 11.2 Face Recognition System (FRS) in Security 201 11.3 Theory 202 11.3.1 Neural Networks 202 11.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 204 11.3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 207 11.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 208 11.3.5 Logistic Regression (LR) 209 11.3.6 Naive Bayes (NB) 210 11.3.7 Decision Tree (DT) 211 11.4 Experimental Methodology 212 11.4.1 Dataset 212 11.4.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 212 11.4.3 Other Machine Learning Techniques 215 11.5 Results 218 11.6 Conclusion 220 References 220 12 Estimation of Computation Time for Software-Defined Networking-Based Data Traffic Offloading System in Heterogeneous Network 223 Shashila S. Abayagunawardhana, Malka N. Halgamuge and Charitha Subhashi Jayasekara 12.1 Introduction 224 12.1.1 Motivation 225 12.1.2 Objective 228 12.1.3 The Main Contributions of This Chapter 228 12.2 Analysis of SDN-TOS Mechanism 229 12.2.1 Key Components of SDN-TOS 229 12.2.2 LTE/Wi-Fi in a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) 229 12.2.3 Centralized SDN Controller 229 12.2.4 Key Design Considerations of SDN-TOS 230 12.2.4.1 The System Architecture 230 12.2.4.2 Mininet Wi-Fi Emulated Networks 230 12.2.4.3 Software-Defined Networking Controller 231 12.3 Materials and Methods 232 12.3.1 Estimating Time Consumption for Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator 232 12.3.1.1 Total Time Consumption for Offloading the Data Traffic by Service Provider 233 12.3.1.2 Total Time Consumption of Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator (Time Consumption for Both LTE and Wi-Fi Network) 236 12.3.2 Estimating Time Consumption for SDN Controller 237 12.3.2.1 Total Response Time for Sub-Controller 237 12.3.2.2 Total Response Time for The Total Process of Centralized SDN Controller 238 12.3.3 Estimating Total Time Consumption for SDN-Based Traffic Offloading System (sdn-tos) 239 12.4 Simulation Results 240 12.4.1 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA)/Service Provider A and CSP Approach 242 12.4.2 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θI on Total Response Time (TA) for Different Service Providers/Service Provider A and Service Provider B 243 12.5 Discussion 244 12.6 Conclusion 246 References 247 About the Editors 253 Index 255

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Book SynopsisProvides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment is a comprehensive how to manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard. In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years' experience in the field, this highly practical guide: Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networksDescribes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layersCovers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issuesDiscusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elementsIncludes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network Mobile Communications Systems Development is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.Trade Review"The author provides a comprehensive summary on the mobile communications systems covering 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. The great addition to the theoretical foundations are practical elements including system operation and development aspects, with multitude practical examples and self-assessment. This handbook shall be useful for telecom practitioners including radio and core network engineers. It’s also a good source for software engineers from a different domain who would like to enter the telco domain. It shall be of interest to those, especially in present times where IT, software development and mobile communications are closer to each other than ever before."- Marcin Dryjański, Ph.D., PRINCIPAL CONSULTANT / CEOTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiv Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 Part I Network Architectures, Standardization, Protocols, and Functions 3 2 Network Architectures, Standardizations Process 5 2.1 Network Elements and Basic Networks Architectures 5 2.1.1 GSM (2G) Network Architecture 6 2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS-2.5G) Network Architecture 7 2.1.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G) Network Architecture 7 2.1.4 LTE (4G) Network Architecture 8 2.1.5 GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G Network Elements: A Comparison 9 2.1.6 Circuit Switched (CS) vs Packet Switched (PS) 9 2.2 Mobile Communication Network Domains 10 2.2.1 AN Domain 10 2.2.2 Core Network (CN) Domain 11 2.2.3 Network Domains and Its Elements 11 2.2.4 Example: End-to-End Mobile Network Information Flow 12 2.2.5 Example: GSM MO Call 13 2.3 Mobile Communications Systems Evolutions 14 2.3.1 Evolutions of Air Interface 14 2.3.2 Evolutions of 3GPP Networks Architectures 16 2.4 Mobile Communications Network System Engineering 19 2.4.1 Mobility Management 19 2.4.2 Air Interface Management 20 2.4.3 Subscribers and Services Management 20 2.4.4 Security Management 20 2.4.5 Network Maintenance 20 2.5 Standardizations of Mobile Communications Networks 21 2.5.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 21 2.5.2 3GPP Working Groups 21 2.5.3 3GPP Technical Specification and Technical Report 22 2.5.4 Stages of a 3GPP Technical Specification 22 2.5.5 Release Number of 3GPP Technical Specification 22 2.5.6 3GPP Technical Specification Numbering Nomenclature 23 2.5.7 Vocabulary of 3GPP Specifications 24 2.5.8 Examples in a 3GPP Technical Specification 24 2.5.9 Standardization of Technical Specifications by 3GPP 24 2.5.10 Scope of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24 2.5.11 3GPP TS for General Description of a Protocol Layer 25 2.5.12 3GPP TS Drafting Rules: Deriving Requirements 25 2.5.13 Download 3GPP Technical Specifications 25 2.5.14 3GPP Change Requests 26 2.5.15 Learnings from 3GPP Meetings TDocs 26 2.6 3GPP Releases and Its Features 26 Chapter Summary 27 3 Protocols, Interfaces, and Architectures 29 3.1 Protocol Interface and Its Stack 29 3.1.1 Physical Interface 30 3.1.2 Logical Interface 30 3.1.3 Logical Interfaces’ Names and Their Protocol Stack 33 3.1.4 Examples of Logical Interface and Its Protocol Layers 35 3.2 Classifications of Protocol Layers 36 3.2.1 Control Plane or Signaling Protocols 36 3.2.2 User Plane Protocols 38 3.3 Grouping of UMTS, LTE, and 5G Air Interface Protocol Layers 39 3.3.1 Access Stratum (AS): UMTS UE – UTRAN; LTE UE – E-UTRAN;5G UE - NG-RAN 39 3.3.2 Non-Access Stratum: UMTS UE – CN, LTE UE – EPC; 5G UE-Core 41 3.4 Initialization of a Logical Interface 42 3.5 Protocol Layer Termination 43 3.6 Protocol Sublayers 43 3.7 Protocol Conversion 44 3.8 Working Model of a 3GPP Protocol Layer: Services and Functions 45 3.9 General Protocol Model Between RAN and CN (UMTS, LTE, 5G) 46 3.10 Multiple Transport Networks, Protocols, and Physical Layer Interfaces 47 3.11 How to Identify and Understand Protocol Architectures 49 3.11.1 Identifying a Logical Interface, Protocol Stack, and Its Layers 49 3.11.2 Identification of Technical Requirements Using Interface Name 51 3.12 Protocol Layer Procedures over CN Interfaces 51 3.12.1 Similar Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 52 3.12.2 Specific Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 53 Chapter Summary 54 4 Encoding and Decoding of Messages 55 4.1 Description and Encoding/Decoding of Air Interface Messages 55 4.1.1 Encoding/Decoding: Air Interface Layer 3 Messages 56 4.1.2 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: RLC Protocol 60 4.1.3 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: MAC Protocol 60 4.1.4 CSN.1 Encoding/Decoding: GPRS Layer 2 Protocol (RLC/MAC) 60 4.1.5 ASN.1 Encoding/Decoding: UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR Layer 3 Protocol 61 4.1.6 Direct/Indirect Encoding Method 62 4.1.7 Segmented Messages over the Air Interface 63 4.1.8 Piggybacking a Signaling Message 63 4.2 Encoding/Decoding of Signaling Messages: RAN and CN 64 Chapter Summary 65 5 Network Elements: Identities and Its Addressing 67 5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities 67 5.2 Permanent Identities 68 5.3 Temporary Identities Assigned by CN 69 5.3.1 GSM System Temporary Identities 69 5.3.2 GPRS System Temporary Identities 69 5.3.3 LTE/EPS System Temporary Identities 70 5.4 Temporary Identities Assigned by RAN: RNTI 72 5.5 Usages of Network Identities 73 5.6 Native and Mapped Network Identities 73 5.7 LTE UE Application Protocol Identity 75 Chapter Summary 76 6 Interworking and Interoperations of Mobile Communications Networks 77 6.1 Requirements and Types of Interworking 77 6.2 Interworking Through Enhanced Network Elements 78 6.2.1 Interworking for Voice Call Through IMS: VoLTE 79 6.2.1.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 80 6.2.1.2 UE Registration and Authentication 81 6.2.2 Interworking for VoLTE Call Through LTE/EPS: SRVCC 83 6.2.3 Interworking for Voice Call Through LTE/EPS: CSFB 85 6.3 Interworking Through Legacy Network Elements 88 6.4 Interworking Between LTE/EPS and 5G Systems 89 6.5 Interoperations of Networks: LTE/EPS Roaming 90 6.5.1 Roaming Through Interoperations of Enhanced Networks Elements 90 6.5.2 Roaming Through Interoperations of Legacy Networks Elements 92 6.6 UE Mode of Operation 92 6.7 Function of E-UTRAN in a VoLTE Call 95 Chapter Summary 95 7 Load Balancing and Network Sharing 97 7.1 Core Network Elements Load Balancing 97 7.1.1 Identification of NAS Node: NRI and Its Source 99 7.1.2 NAS Node Selection Function 99 7.2 Network Sharing 102 7.2.1 GSM/GPRS/LTE RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature 103 7.2.2 5G NG‐RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature (Release 16) 109 Chapter Summary 110 8 Packets Encapsulations and Their Routing 111 8.1 User Data Packets Encapsulations 111 8.1.1 Packets Encapsulations at the CN and RAN 112 8.1.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol ( GTP) 112 8.1.1.2 GTP Functions 112 8.1.1.3 GTP User Plane PDU: G-PDU 113 8.1.1.4 GTP Control Plane PDU 114 8.1.1.5 Example: GTP and Packet Encapsulations at LTE EPC 115 8.1.2 Packet Encapsulations over Air Interface 115 8.2 IP Packet Routing in Mobile Communications Networks 116 8.3 IP Header Compression and Decompression 117 Chapter Summary 119 9 Security Features in Mobile Communications Networks 121 9.1 A Brief on the Security Architecture: Features and Mechanisms 121 9.2 Security Features and Its Mechanisms 123 9.3 GSM Security Procedures 126 9.4 UMTS, LTE, and 5G: AS and NAS Layer Security Procedures 127 9.5 Security Contexts 130 9.6 Security Interworking 130 Chapter Summary 132 Part II Operations and Maintenances 133 10 Alarms and Faults Managements 135 10.1 Network Elements Alarm and Its Classifications 135 10.2 Sources of Abnormal Events and Alarms 136 10.3 Identifying Sources of Alarms from 3GPP TSs 136 10.3.1 Abnormal Conditions 136 10.3.2 Protocol Layer Error Handling 137 10.3.3 Abnormal Conditions Due to Local Errors 138 10.4 Design and Implementation of an Alarm Management System 138 10.4.1 Design and Components of an Alarm 139 10.4.2 Alarm Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 139 10.4.3 Alarm Database 139 10.5 Alarm Due to Protocol Error 140 10.5.1 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Description 142 10.6 Alarm Due to Abnormal Conditions 142 10.6.1 Normal Scenario 143 10.6.2 Abnormal Scenario 143 10.6.3 Sample Alarm Description 144 10.6.4 Sample Alarm Generation 145 10.6.5 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Generation 145 10.7 How to Troubleshoot Protocol Error Using the Alarm Data 146 Chapter Summary 146 11 Performance Measurements and Optimizations of Mobile Communications Networks 147 11.1 Counters for Performance Measurements and Optimizations 147 11.2 Performance and Optimizations Management System 149 11.3 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 150 11.3.1 What Is a KPI? 150 11.3.2 KPI Domains 150 11.3.3 KPI for Signaling or Control Plane 152 11.3.4 KPI for User or Data Plane 153 11.3.5 KPI Categories 154 11.3.6 KPI Evaluation Steps 155 11.3.7 Troubleshooting and Improving KPI 156 11.3.8 Components of a KPI Definition 157 Chapter Summary 157 12 Troubleshooting of Mobile Communications Networks Issues 159 12.1 Air Interface-Related Issues 159 12.1.1 Drive Test, Data Collection, and Its Analysis 160 12.2 Debugging Issues with IP-Based Logical Interface 160 12.2.1 IP Protocol Analyzer 161 12.2.2 Network/Application Throughput Issue 161 12.2.3 Switch Port Mirroring 161 12.3 Conformance Testing Issues 162 12.3.1 Example: Mobile Device (MS)/User Equipment (UE) Conformance Test 163 12.3.2 Example: Location Area Update Request 163 12.4 Interoperability Testing (IOT) Issues 164 12.5 Interworking Issues 165 12.6 Importance of Log/Traces and Its Collections 166 12.7 Steps for Troubleshooting 167 Chapter Summary 170 Part III Mobile Communications Systems Development 171 13 Core Software Development Fundamentals 173 13.1 A Brief on Software Development Fundamentals 173 13.1.1 Requirements Phase 174 13.1.2 Design 174 13.1.3 Implementation 175 13.1.4 Integration and Testing 175 13.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 175 13.2 Hardware Platforms: Embedded System, Linux Versus PC 176 13.2.1 System Development Using Embedded System Board 176 13.2.2 System Development Using Multicore Hardware Platform 177 13.2.2.1 What Is a Core? 178 13.2.2.2 Network Element Development Using Multicore Platform 178 13.2.2.3 Runtime Choices of Multicore Processor 178 13.2.2.4 Software Programming Model for Multicore Processor 179 13.3 Selecting Software Platforms and Features 179 13.3.1 Selecting Available Data/Logical Structures 180 13.3.1.1 Advanced Data Structures 180 13.3.1.2 How Data Structure Affects the Application’s Performance 180 13.3.2 Selecting an Operating System Services/Facilities 181 13.3.2.1 Advance Features of Operating System: IPC 181 13.4 Software Simulators for a Mobile Communications Network 184 13.5 Software Root Causes and Their Debugging 185 13.5.1 Incorrect Usages of Software Library System Calls/APIs 185 13.5.2 Incorrect Usages of System Resources 185 13.5.3 Bad Software Programming Practices 185 13.6 Static Code Analysis of Software 186 13.7 Software Architecture and Software Organization 186 13.8 System and Software Requirements Analysis 188 13.9 Software Quality: Reliability, Scalability, and Availability 188 13.9.1 Reliability 188 13.9.2 Scalability 188 13.9.3 Availability 188 Chapter Summary 189 14 Protocols, Protocol Stack Developments, and Testing 191 14.1 Components of a 3GPP Protocol TS 191 14.2 3GPP Protocol Layer Structured Procedure Description 193 14.3 Protocol Layer Communications 194 14.3.1 Layer-to-Layer Communication Using Service Primitives 195 14.3.2 Layer-to-Layer Communication: SAP 196 14.3.3 Peer-to-Peer Layer Communication: PDU and Service Data Unit (SDU) 197 14.3.4 Types of PDU 198 14.3.5 Formats of PDU 198 14.4 Air Interface Message Format: Signaling Layer 3 198 14.4.1 A Brief on the Air Interface Layer 3 Protocol Stack 198 14.4.2 Classification of Layer 3 Messages 199 14.4.3 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Signaling Message Format 200 14.4.4 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Protocol Discriminator 202 14.4.5 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Skip Indicator 202 14.4.6 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Transaction Identifier 204 14.4.7 Layer 3 Protocol Header: LTE/EPS Bearer Identity 204 14.4.8 Layer 3 Protocol Header: 5GSM PDU Session Identity 204 14.4.9 Constructing a Layer 3 Message 204 14.4.10 Security Protected LTE/EPS and 5G NAS Layer MM Messages 205 14.4.11 Layer 3 Protocol Layer’s Message Dump 207 14.5 Air Interface Message Format: Layer 2 207 14.6 RAN – CN Signaling Messages 208 14.6.1 Protocol Layer Elementary Procedure 208 14.6.2 Types and Classes of EPs 210 14.6.3 EPs Code 210 14.6.4 Criticality of IE 211 14.6.5 Types of Protocol Errors and Its Handling 211 14.6.6 Choices of Triggering Message 212 14.6.7 Message Type 212 14.6.8 Message Description 212 14.6.9 Example: LTE/EPS S1 Interface: S1 Setup Procedure 213 14.7 Modes Operation of a Protocol Layer 213 14.8 Example of a Protocol Primitive and PDU Definition 215 14.9 Example of a Protocol Layer Frame Header Definition 216 14.10 Examples of System Parameters 216 14.11 Examples of Protocol Information Elements and Its Identifier 217 14.12 3GPP Release Specific Changes Implementation 218 14.13 Examples of Protocol Messages Types 219 14.14 Protocol Layer Timer Handling 219 14.15 Protocol Layer Development Using State Machine 222 14.16 Protocol Layer Development Using Message Passing 224 14.17 Protocol Layer Data and its Types 225 14.18 Protocol Layer Control and Configuration 226 14.19 Protocol Context Information 227 14.20 Protocol Layer Message Padding 228 14.21 Device Driver Development 229 14.22 Guidelines for Protocol Stack/Layer Development 230 14.23 Software Profiling, Tools and Performance Improvement 231 14.24 Protocol Stack Testing and Validation 231 Chapter Summary 233 15 Deriving Requirements Specifications from a TS 235 15.1 3GPP Protocol Layer Procedures 235 15.1.1 LTE UE Mode of Operation Requirements 236 15.1.2 LTE UE ATTACH Procedure Requirements 236 15.1.3 LTE UE DETACH Procedure Requirements 237 15.1.4 LTE UE Tracking Area Update Procedure Requirements 237 15.2 3GPP System Feature Development Requirements 238 15.2.1 Identification of System/Network Elements Interfaces Changes 238 15.2.2 Identifications of Impacts on Performance 238 15.2.3 Identifications of Impacts on Feature Management 239 15.2.4 Identification of Interworking Requirements with Existing Features 239 15.2.5 Charging and Accounting Aspects 239 15.3 Example Feature: Radio Access Network Sharing 239 15.3.1 Effects on Network Elements 239 15.3.2 Effects on Logical Interfaces 240 15.3.3 Selection of Core Network Operator: PLMN Id 241 15.4 Example: Interworking/Interoperations 242 15.4.1 Circuit-Switched Fall Back (CSFB) 242 15.4.2 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 243 15.5 3GPP System Feature and High-Level Design 244 Chapter Summary 245 Part IV 5G System and Network 247 16 5G Network: Use Cases and Architecture 249 16.1 5G System (5GS) Use Cases 249 16.1.1 Enablers and Key Principles of 5GS Use Cases 250 16.1.2 Other Enablers in 5G System 253 16.2 Support of Legacy Services by 5G System 253 16.3 5G System Network Architecture 254 16.3.1 3GPP Access Architecture 254 16.3.2 Non-3GPP Access Architecture 256 16.4 5G System NG–RAN/gNB Logical Architecture 256 16.5 5GC System Architecture Elements 259 16.6 5G System Deployment Solutions 260 16.6.1 E–UTRA–NR Dual Connectivity (EN–DC) for NSA Deployment 261 16.7 5G System and LTE/EPS Interworking 265 16.7.1 RAN-Level Interworking 265 16.7.2 Core Network (CN) Level Interworking: N26 Interface 265 16.7.2.1 Single Registration Mode with N26 Interface 266 16.7.2.2 Dual Registration Mode: Without N26 Interface 266 16.8 5G System Native and Mapped Network Identities 268 16.8.1 Mobility Area Identifiers 268 16.8.2 UE/Subscriber Permanent Identifiers 269 16.8.3 Core Network Identifiers 269 16.8.4 RAN Identifiers 269 16.8.5 Core Network Temporary Identities 270 16.9 5G System Network Slicing 270 16.9.1 Identities for a Network Slice 271 16.9.2 Impacts of Network Slicing Feature 273 16.10 Management and Orchestration (MANO) of 5G Network 278 16.11 5G System Security 280 16.11.1 UE Authentication Frameworks and Methods 280 16.11.2 Primary Authentication and Secondary Authentication 282 16.11.3 Key Hierarchy and Authentication Vector 282 16.11.4 New Security Requirements in 5G System 283 16.11.5 Subscriber Identities/Privacy Protection 286 Chapter Summary 287 17 Introduction to GSM, UMTS, and LTE Systems Air Interface 289 17.1 Air Interfaces Protocol Architectures 289 17.2 Protocol Sublayers 290 17.3 Control Plane and User Plane Protocols 291 17.4 Protocols Domains Classifications 291 17.5 Access Stratum and Non-access Stratum 291 17.6 Message Formats 292 17.7 Security Over the Air Interface 293 17.8 Piggybacking for Reduction of Signaling Overhead 293 17.8.1 Examples Piggybacking of Signaling Messages 293 Chapter Summary 294 18 5G NR Air Interface: Control Plane Protocols 295 18.1 NR Control Plane Protocol Layers 295 18.2 Session Management (5G SM) Layer 296 18.2.1 Procedures of 5G SM Layer 297 18.2.2 PDU Session Types 298 18.2.3 PDU Session Service Continuity (SSC) 299 18.2.4 PDU Sessions for Network Slices 300 18.2.5 Session Management (SM) Layer States 301 18.3 Quality of Service (5G QoS) 301 18.3.1 LTE/EPS QoS Model: EPS Bearer 301 18.3.2 5GS QoS Model: QoS Flow 301 18.3.3 GTP-U Plane Tunnel for PDU Session 302 18.3.4 Service Data Flow and PCC Rule 302 18.3.5 Binding of Service Data Flow 303 18.3.6 QoS Profile and QFI 303 18.3.7 QoS Rule and QRI 305 18.3.8 Mapping QoS Flow to Data Radio Bearer 305 18.3.9 Downlink Data Flow Through GTP-U Plane Tunnels 307 18.4 Mobility Management (5G MM) Layer 308 18.4.1 Mobility Area Concepts and Identifiers 308 18.4.2 Requirements of Mobility Management Functions 313 18.4.3 Functions and Procedures of 5G MM Layer 314 18.4.4 Mobility Management Layer States 315 18.4.5 Connection Management (CM) and Service Request 316 18.4.6 Mobility Pattern of UE 317 18.5 RRC Layer 317 18.5.1 Functions and Procedures of RRC Layer 317 18.5.2 System Information (SI) Broadcast 318 18.5.3 RRC Layer States 319 18.5.4 RRC INACTIVE State 320 18.5.5 Mobility of UE 326 18.5.5.1 UE Mobility in RRC IDLE State 326 18.5.5.2 UE Mobility in RRC INACTIVE State 326 18.5.5.3 UE Mobility in RRC CONNECTED State 327 18.5.6 Admission Control 332 Chapter Summary 334 19 5G NR Air Interface 335 19.1 NR User Plane Protocol Layers 335 19.2 SDAP Layer 336 19.3 PDCP Layer 336 19.4 RLC Layer 340 19.5 MAC Layer 342 19.5.1 Functions and Procedures 342 19.5.2 Scheduling Procedure 344 19.5.3 Random Access Procedure 346 19.5.4 Error Correction Through HARQ Procedure 351 19.5.5 Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) Procedure 352 19.5.6 Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure 353 19.5.7 Low Latency in the NR Due to Configured Scheduling 353 19.5.8 MAC Layer PDU and Header Structures 354 19.5.9 How MAC Layer Ensures Low‐Latency Requirements 356 19.5.10 Channel Structures in NR 357 19.6 Physical Layer 359 19.6.1 Principles of Transmissions and Its Directions 360 19.6.2 Physical Layer Functions, Procedures, and Services 360 19.6.3 OFDM Symbol 363 19.6.4 NR Frame and Slot Format 364 19.6.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS)/Numerologies (μ) 364 19.6.4.2 Slots per NR Frame and Subframe 364 19.6.4.3 Slot Formats in TDD Mode 366 19.6.4.4 Dynamic TDD 367 19.6.5 Resource Grid and Resource Block 368 19.6.5.1 Control Resource Set (CORESET) 369 19.6.5.2 Common Resource Blocks (CRB) 370 19.6.5.3 Physical Resource Block (PRB) 370 19.6.5.4 Virtual Resource Block (VRB) 370 19.6.5.5 Interleaved and Non‐interleaved PRB Allocation 370 19.6.5.6 PRB Bundling and VRB to PRB Mapping 371 19.6.5.7 Reference Point “A” 371 19.6.6 Channel and Transmission Bandwidths 371 19.6.7 Bandwidth Part (BWP) 373 19.6.7.1 Types of BWP 374 19.6.7.2 BWP Configuration 375 19.6.7.3 BWP Switching and Associated Delay 376 19.6.8 NR Resource Allocations 377 19.6.8.1 Frequency Domain Resource Allocation for FDD Transmission 377 19.6.8.2 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for FDD Transmission 380 19.6.8.3 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for TDD 383 19.6.9 Transport Channels and Their Processing Chain 384 19.6.9.1 CRC Calculation and its Attachment to a Transport Block 385 19.6.9.2 Code Block Segmentation 385 19.6.9.3 Channel Encoding with LDPC 386 19.6.9.4 Rate Matching and Concatenation 387 19.6.9.5 Multiplexing of UL‐SCH Data and Uplink Control Information 388 19.6.9.6 LDPC Encoding Examples 388 19.6.10 Physical Channels and Their Processing Chain 390 19.6.10.1 Physical Channels 390 19.6.10.2 Channel Mappings 391 19.6.10.3 Multiple Physical Antenna Transmissions 392 19.6.10.4 Physical Channel Processing Chain 395 19.6.10.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 397 19.6.10.6 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Information (UCI) 404 19.6.11 Code Block Group‐Based Transmission and Reception 405 19.6.12 Physical Signals 409 19.6.12.1 Reference Signals Transmitted as Part of Physical Channels 410 19.6.12.2 Sounding Reference Signals 412 19.6.13 Downlink Synchronization 414 19.6.14 Millimeter Wave Transmission, Beamforming, and Its Management 419 19.6.15 Cell‐Level Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) 424 19.6.16 RRM Measurements for UE Mobility 426 19.6.16.1 RRM Measurement Signals and Their Quantities 426 19.6.16.2 RRM Measurements Framework 427 19.6.16.3 Overall RRM Process 429 19.6.17 Channel State Information (CSI) 430 19.6.18 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) 433 19.6.19 Link Adaptation Procedure 434 19.6.20 Random Access (RACH) Procedure 435 19.6.21 NR Radio Resources Management (RRM) Procedure 439 19.6.22 UE Transmit Power Control 444 19.6.22.1 Types of Power Control Procedure in NR 444 19.6.22.2 UE Transmit Power Determination Procedure in NR 445 19.6.23 Effect of Physical Layer on Data Throughputs 445 Chapter Summary 446 20 5G Core Network Architecture 447 20.1 Control Plane and User Plane Separation – CUPS 447 20.1.1 Impacts of CUPS Feature 448 20.1.2 CUPS in the LTE/EPC Network 449 20.1.3 CUPS Feature in 5G Core Network 450 20.2 Service-Based Architecture (SBA) 452 20.2.1 Network Functions and Its Instances 453 20.2.2 Network Functions (NFs) and Their Services Interfaces 454 20.2.3 5G System Architecture with NF 456 20.2.4 Network Functions and Their Services and Operations 457 20.2.5 Network Functions Services Framework 458 20.2.6 Services API for Network Functions 462 20.2.7 Network Function Selection 468 20.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 469 Chapter Summary 472 21 5G System: Low-level Design 473 21.1 Design of 5GC Service Interface and Its Operations 473 21.2 Design of 5GC NF Service Interface Using UML and C++ Class Diagram 474 21.3 Usages of C++ Standard Template Library (STL) 475 21.4 Software Architecture for 5G System 476 21.4.1 NG-RAN Logical Nodes Software Architecture 476 21.4.2 5GC Software Architecture 479 21.5 Data Types Used in 5GC SBI Communications 479 Chapter Summary 491 22 3GPP Release 16 and Beyond 493 22.1 5GS Enhancements as Part of Release 16 493 22.2 5GS New Features as Part of Release 16 494 22.3 3GPP Release 17 496 Chapter Summary 496 Appendix 497 References 503 Index 507

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Book SynopsisUltra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) Theory and Practice Comprehensive resource presenting important recent advances in wireless communications for URLLC services, including device-to-device communication, multi-connectivity, and more Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) Theory and Practice discusses the typical scenarios, possible solutions, and state-of-the-art techniques that enable URLLC in different perspectives from the physical layer to higher-level approaches, aiming to tackle URLLC's challenges with both theoretical and practical approaches, which bridges the lacuna between theory and practice. With long-term contributions to the development of future wireless networks, the text systematically presents a thorough study of the novel and innovative paradigm of URLLC; basic requirements are covered, along with essential definitions, state-of-the-art technologies, and promising research directions of URLLC. To aid in Table of ContentsPreface vii List of Contributors ix 1 URLLC: Faster, Higher, Stronger, and Together 1 Changyang She, Trung Q. Duong, Saeed R. Khosravirad, Petar Popovski, Mehdi Bennis, and Tony Q.S. Quek 2 Statistical Characterization of URLLC: Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches 15 Tobias Kallehauge, Pablo Ramirez-Espinosa, Anders E. Kalør, and Petar Popovski 3 Characterizing and Taming the Tail in URLLC 61 Chen-Feng Liu, Yung-Lin Hsu, Mehdi Bennis, and Hung-Yu Wei 4 Unsupervised Deep Learning for Optimizing Wireless Systems with Instantaneous and Statistic Constraints 85 Chengjian Sun, Changyang She, and Chenyang Yang 5 Channel Coding and Decoding Schemes for URLLC 119 Chentao Yue, Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam, Branka Vucetic, and Yonghui li 6 Sparse Vector Coding for Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications 169 Byonghyo Shim 7 Network Slicing for URLLC 215 Peng Yang, Xing Xi, Tony Q. S. Quek, Jingxuan Chen, Xianbin Cao, and Dapeng Wu 8 Beamforming Design for Multi-user Downlink OFDMA-URLLC Systems 241 Walid R. Ghanem, Vahid Jamali, Yan Sun, and Robert Schober 9 A Full-Duplex Relay System for URLLC with Adaptive Self-Interference Processing 259 Hanjun Duan, Yufei Jiang, Xu Zhu, and Fu-Chun Zheng 10 Mobility Prediction for Reducing End-to-End Delay in URLLC 291 Zhanwei Hou, Changyang She, Yonghui Li, and Branka Vucetic 11 Relay Robot-Aided URLLC in 5G Factory Automation with Industrial IoTs 321 Dang Van Huynh, Saeed R. Khosravirad, Yuexing Peng, Antonino Masaracchia, and Trung Q. Duong Index 343

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Book SynopsisFrom 5G to 6G Understand the transition to the sixth generation of wireless with this bold introduction The transition from the fifth generation of wireless communication (5G) to the coming sixth generation (6G) promises to be one of the most significant phases in the history of telecommunications. The technological, social, and logistical challenges promise to be significant, and meeting these challenges will determine the future of wireless communication. Experts and professionals across dozens of fields and industries are beginning to reckon seriously with these challenges as the 6G revolution approaches. From 5G to 6G provides an overview of this transition, offering a snapshot of a moment in which 5G is establishing itself and 6G draws ever nearer. It focuses on recent advances in wireless technology that brings 6G closer to reality, as well as the near-term challenges that still have to be met for this transition to succeed. The result is an essential book for anyone wishing to understand the future of wireless telecommunications in an increasingly connected world. From 5G to 6G readers will also find: 6G applications to both AI and Machine Learning, technologies which loom ever larger in wireless communicationDiscussion of subjects including smart healthcare, cybersecurity, extended reality, and moreTreatment of the ongoing infrastructural and technological requirements for 6G From 5G to 6G is essential for researchers and academics in wireless communication and computer science, as well as for undergraduates in related subjects and professionals in wireless-adjacent fields.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv 1 Technologies and Development for the Next Information Age 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Roadmap to 6G 1 1.2.1 Society 5.0 4 1.2.2 Extended Reality 4 1.2.3 Wireless Brain-Computer 5 1.2.4 Haptic Communication 5 1.2.5 Smart Healthcare 5 1.2.6 Five-Sense Information 6 1.2.7 The Internet of Everything 6 1.2.8 5G to 6G 6 1.3 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 10 1.4 Fusion of IoT, AI, and Cybersecurity 10 1.4.1 Where Did AI Begin? 12 1.4.2 Role of AI 12 1.4.3 Disadvantages of AI 12 1.4.4 Advantages of AI 12 1.4.5 Threats from Hackers 14 1.5 How AI Can Help Solve These Problems 15 1.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 16 1.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 17 1.8 Conclusion 17 References 18 2 Networks of the Future 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 The Motive for Energy-Efficient ICTs 22 2.2.1 Approaches 23 2.3 Wireless Networks 24 2.3.1 Wi-Fi 26 2.3.2 Lte 28 2.3.3 Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.3.4 Femtocell Repeater 29 2.3.5 The Dawn of 5G Wireless Systems 30 2.3.6 Advancing from 5G to 6G Networks 32 2.4 Cognitive Networking 33 2.4.1 Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 34 2.4.2 Zero-Trust Networking 35 2.4.3 Information-Centric Networking 35 2.4.3.1 Basic Concepts of ICN 36 2.4.4 In-Network Computing 36 2.4.5 Active Networking 36 2.5 Mobile Edge Computing 37 2.6 Quantum Communications 37 2.6.1 Quantum Computing and 6G Wireless 38 2.7 Cybersecurity of 6G 38 2.8 Massive Machine-Type Communications (MTC) 39 2.9 Edge-Intelligence and Pervasive Artificial Intelligence in 6G 40 2.10 Blockchain: Foundations and Role in 6G 40 2.11 Role of Open-Source Platforms in 6G 40 2.11.1 PHY Technologies for 6G Wireless 40 2.11.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for 6G Wireless Networks 41 2.11.3 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Spectrum for 6G Wireless 41 2.11.4 Challenges in Transport Layer for Terabit Communications 41 2.11.5 High-Capacity Backhaul Connectivity for 6G Wireless 42 2.11.6 Cloud-Native Approach for 6G Wireless Networks 42 2.11.7 Machine Type Communications in 6G 42 2.11.8 Impact of 5G and 6G on Health and Environment 42 2.12 Integration of 5G with AI and IoT and Roadmap to 6G 43 2.13 3gpp 47 2.14 Conclusion 49 References 49 3 The Future of Wireless Communication with 6G 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Recent Trends Leading to 6G Technology Evolution 53 3.3 Security and Privacy Challenges in 6G Wireless Communications 53 3.4 The Impact of 6G on Healthcare Systems 56 3.5 The Impact of 6G on Space Technology and Satellite Communication 58 3.6 The Impact of 6G on Other Industries 60 3.7 Terahertz Wireless Systems and Networks with 6G 61 3.8 The Future of 6G and Its Role in IT 62 References 62 4 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Era of 5G and 6G Technology 65 4.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Definitions, Applications, and Challenges 66 4.1.1 Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.1.2 Challenges for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.2 Artificial Intelligence: Laws, Regulations, and Ethical Issues 67 4.2.1 Ethical Governance in Artificial Intelligence 67 4.2.2 The Future of Regulation for AI 67 4.3 Potentials of Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 68 4.3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G 68 4.3.2 Benefits and Challenges of AI in 5G and 6G 68 4.3.3 How Can AI Be Used to Enhance 6G Wireless Security? 68 4.3.4 The 6G Era’s Edge Intelligence and Cloudification 69 4.3.5 Distributed Artificial Intelligence in 6G Security 69 4.4 Cybersecurity Issues in Advanced 5G and 6G 70 4.5 Benefits and Challenges of Using AI in Cybersecurity: Help or Hurt? 70 4.6 How Can AI Be Used by Hackers Attacking Networks? 71 4.7 Conclusion 72 References 72 5 6G Wireless Communication Systems: Emerging Technologies, Architectures, Challenges, and Opportunities 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Important Aspects of Sixth-Generation Communication Technology 73 5.2.1 A Much Higher Data Rate 74 5.2.2 A Much Lower Latency 74 5.2.3 Network Reliability and Accuracy 74 5.2.4 Energy Efficiency 74 5.2.5 Focus on Machines as Primary Users 74 5.2.6 AI Wireless Communication Tools 74 5.2.7 Personalized Network Experience 74 5.3 Enabling Technologies Behind the Drive for 6G 76 5.3.1 Artificial Intelligence 76 5.3.2 Terahertz Communications 78 5.3.3 Optical Wireless Technology 78 5.4 Extreme Performance Technologies in 6G Connectivity 79 5.4.1 Quantum Communication and Quantum ml 79 5.4.2 Blockchain 80 5.4.2.1 Internal Network Operations 80 5.4.2.2 Ecosystem for Productive Collaboration 80 5.4.2.3 Tactile Internet 80 5.4.2.4 Spectrum Sharing (FDSS) and Free Duplexing 80 5.5 6G Communications Using Intelligent Platforms 81 5.5.1 Integrated Intelligence 82 5.5.2 Satellite-Based Integrated Network 82 5.5.3 Wireless Information and Energy Transfer Are Seamlessly Integrated 83 5.6 Artificial Intelligence and a Data-Driven Approach to Networks 83 5.6.1 Zero-Touch Network 84 5.6.2 AI by Design 85 5.6.3 Technological Fundamentals for Zero-Touch Systems 85 5.7 Sensing for 6G 85 5.7.1 A Bandwidth as Well as Carrier Frequency Rise 85 5.7.2 Chip Technologies of the Future 86 5.7.3 Models of Consistent Channels 86 5.7.4 X-Haul and Transport Network for 6G 87 5.8 Applications 87 5.9 Innovative 6G Network Architectures 89 5.10 Conclusion 89 References 90 6 6G: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 6G Network Architecture Vision 93 6.2.1 6G Use Cases, Requirements, and Metrics 94 6.2.2 What 5G Is Currently Covering 95 6.3 6th Generation Networks: A Step Beyond 5G 97 6.3.1 6G and the Fundamental Features 98 6.4 Emerging Applications of 6G Wireless Networks 99 6.4.1 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality 99 6.4.2 Holographic Telepresence 100 6.4.3 Automation: The Future of Factories 101 6.4.4 Smart Lifestyle with the Integration of the Internet of Things 101 6.4.5 Autonomous Driving and Connected Devices 101 6.4.6 Healthcare 101 6.4.7 Nonterrestrial Communication 101 6.4.8 Underwater Communication 102 6.4.9 Disaster Management 102 6.4.10 Environment 102 6.5 The Requirements and KPI Targets of 6G 102 6.5.1 Extremely Low Latency 102 6.5.2 Low Power Consumption 102 6.5.3 High Data Rates 103 6.5.4 High-Frequency Bands 103 6.5.5 Ultra-Reliability 103 6.5.6 Security and Privacy 103 6.5.7 Massive Connection Density 104 6.5.8 Extreme Coverage Extension 104 6.5.9 Mobility 104 6.6 6G Applications 104 6.7 Challenges in 6G: Standardization, Design, and Deployment 104 References 106 7 Cybersecurity in Digital Transformation Era: Security Risks and Solutions 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Digital Transformation and Mesh Networks of Networks 109 7.3 Security as the Enemy of Digital Transformation 111 7.4 The Current State of Cybercrime 113 7.5 Security and Technologies of the Digital Transformation Economy 115 7.6 Tackling the Cybersecurity Maturity Challenges to Succeed with Digital Transformation 116 7.7 Security Maturity and Optimization: Perception versus Reality 117 7.7.1 Why Cybersecurity Maturity Is Not What It Should Be in the Digital Business and Transformation Reality 118 7.7.2 Why Cybersecurity Maturity and Strategy Are Lagging 119 7.8 Changing Security Parameters and Cyber Risks Demand a Holistic Security Approach for Digital Business 120 7.9 Cybersecurity Challenges and Digital Risks for the Future 121 7.10 Conclusion 122 References 122 8 Next Generations Networks: Integration, Trustworthiness, Privacy, and Security 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 The State of 5G Networks 127 8.2.1 Applications and Services of 5G Technologies 128 8.3 6G: Key Technologies 130 8.4 6G: Application and Services 134 8.5 Benefits of 6G over 5G: A Comparison 135 8.5.1 Artificial Intelligence in 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 135 8.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity 136 8.5.3 Benefits and Challenges of AI and 6G for Cybersecurity as Defense and Offense 136 8.6 6G: Integration and Roadmap 137 8.7 Key Words in Safeguarding 6G 137 8.7.1 Trust 137 8.7.2 Security 137 8.7.3 Privacy 138 8.8 Trustworthiness in 6G 138 8.8.1 Is Trust Networking Needed? 138 8.8.2 Benefits of Trust Networking for 6G 138 8.8.3 Constraints of Trust Networking in 6G 138 8.8.4 Principles for Trust Networking 139 8.8.5 Challenges in Trust Networking for 6G 139 8.9 Network Security Architecture for 6G 140 8.9.1 Privacy and Security in IoT for 6G 140 8.10 6G Wireless Systems 141 8.10.1 Advances 141 8.10.2 Physical Layer Security as a Means of Confidentiality 142 8.10.3 Challenges of Implementing Federated Learning 143 8.10.4 Physical Layer Security for Six-Generation Connectivity 143 8.10.5 Physical Layer Security Using Light Communications 144 8.10.6 Challenges for Physical Layer Security 144 8.10.7 Privacy Requirements for 6G 145 8.10.8 Is Personal Information Really Personal? 145 8.11 Fifth Generation vs. Sixth Generation 145 8.12 Conclusion 146 References 147 9 Artificial Intelligence: Cybersecurity and Security Threats 149 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 5G and 6G 150 9.3 Cybersecurity in Its Current State 151 9.4 AI as a Concept 153 9.5 AI: A Solution for Cybersecurity 154 9.6 AI: New Challenges in Cybersecurity 154 9.7 Conclusion 156 References 156 10 Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on Cybersecurity 159 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? 160 10.2.1 Reactive Machines 160 10.2.2 Limited Memory 160 10.2.3 Theory of Mind 160 10.2.4 Self-Awareness 161 10.3 The Transformative Power of AI 161 10.4 Understanding the Relationship Between AI and Cybersecurity 161 10.5 The Promise and Challenges of AI for Cybersecurity 162 10.5.1 Risks and Impacts of AI on Cybersecurity (Threats and Solutions) 163 10.5.1.1 Domestic Risks 164 10.5.1.2 Local Risks 164 10.5.1.3 National Risks 164 10.5.1.4 Why Prediction and Prevention 164 10.6 Broad Domain of AI Security (Major Themes in the AI Security Landscape) 164 10.6.1 Digital/Physical 165 10.6.2 Protection from Malicious Use of AI and Automated Cyberattacks 165 10.6.3 Other Technologies with AI and Their Integration 165 10.6.4 Political 165 10.6.5 Manipulation and Disinformation Protection 165 10.6.6 Infrastructure Based on AI and Digital Expertise of Government 166 10.6.6.1 Economic 166 10.6.6.2 Labor Displacement and Its Mitigation 166 10.6.6.3 Promotion of AI R&D 166 10.6.6.4 Education and Training That Is Updated 167 10.7 Transparency of Artificial Intelligence and Accountability Societal Aspects 167 10.7.1 Rights of Privacy and Data 167 10.8 Global AI Security Priorities 168 10.8.1 Global Economy 168 10.8.2 Global Privacy and Data Rights 168 10.8.2.1 AI and Ethics 169 10.8.3 Automation of Cyberattacks or Social Engineering Attacks 170 10.8.4 Target Prioritizing with Machine Learning 170 10.9 Automation of Services in Cybercriminal Offense 170 10.9.1 Increased Scale of Attacks 170 10.10 The Future of AI in Cybersecurity 171 10.11 Conclusion 171 References 172 11 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 175 11.1 Introduction 175 11.2 IoT Security and the Role of AI 176 11.3 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity 179 11.4 How Can AI Help Solve These Problems? 181 11.5 The Realm of Cyberspace 181 11.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 182 11.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 183 11.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 12 Future 6G Networks 185 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Vision, Challenges, and Key Features for Future 6G Networks 186 12.2.1 Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G-LTE) 187 12.3 Rationale for 6G Networks with Prevailing and Future Success of 5G 188 12.4 Missing Units from LTE and 5G That 6G Will Integrate 189 12.5 Features of 6G Networks 189 12.5.1 Large Bandwidth 189 12.5.2 Artificial Intelligence 189 12.5.3 Operational Intelligence 190 12.6 Wireless Networks 190 12.6.1 Beyond 5G and Toward 6G 190 12.6.2 Visible-Light Communications 191 12.6.3 E-MBB Plus 191 12.6.4 Big Communications 191 12.6.5 Secure Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications 192 12.6.6 Three-Dimensional Integrated Communications 192 12.6.7 Underwater Communication 193 12.6.8 Space Communication 194 12.6.9 UAV-Based Communication 194 12.6.10 Unconventional Data Communications 194 12.6.11 Tactical Communications 195 12.6.12 Holographic Communications 195 12.6.13 Human-Bond Communications 196 12.7 Challenges for 6G Networks 196 12.7.1 Potential Health Issues 196 12.7.2 Security and Privacy Concerns 197 12.7.3 Research Activities and Trends 197 12.8 Conclusion 198 References 200 Index 203

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Book SynopsisOpen RAN A comprehensive survey of Open RAN technology and its ecosystem In Open RAN: The Definitive Guide, a team of distinguished industry leaders deliver an authoritative guide to all four principles of the Open RAN vision: openness, virtualization, intelligence, and interoperability. Written by the industry experts currently defining the specifications, building the systems, and testing and deploying the networks, the book covers O-RAN architecture, the fronthaul interface, security, cloudification, virtualization, intelligence, certification, badging, and standardization. This critical reference on Open RAN explains how and why an open and disaggregated, intelligent, and fully virtualized network is the way networks should be designed and deployed moving forward. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction from key industry players, including AT&T, Telefonica, Mavenir, VMWare, Google and VIAVI Comprehensive explorations of Open X-Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii About the Authors xix Definitions / Acronyms xxi 1 The Evolution of RAN 1 Sameh M. Yamany 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 RAN Architecture Evolution 4 1.2.1 The 2G RAN 5 1.2.2 The 3G RAN 6 1.2.3 The 4G/LTE RAN 6 1.2.4 The 5G RAN 9 1.3 The Case for Open RAN 11 1.4 6G and the Road Ahead 11 1.5 Conclusion 13 Bibliography 13 2 Open RAN Overview 14 Rittwik Jana 2.1 Introduction 14 2.1.1 What is Open RAN and Why is it Important? 17 2.1.2 How Does Open RAN Accelerate Innovation? 17 2.1.3 What are the major challenges that Open RAN can help to address? 18 2.2 Open RAN Architecture 18 2.3 Open RAN Cloudification and Virtualization 19 2.4 RAN Intelligence 20 2.5 Fronthaul Interface and Open Transport 20 2.6 Securing Open RAN 21 2.7 Open Source Software 21 2.8 RAN Automation and Deployment with CI/CD 22 2.9 Open RAN Testing 22 2.10 Industry Organizations 23 2.11 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 23 3 O-RAN Architecture Overview 24 Rajarajan Sivaraj and Sridhar Rajagopal 3.1 Introduction 24 3.1.1 General Description of O-RAN Functions 24 3.1.1.1 Centralized Unit – Control Plane and User Plane Functions (CU-CP and CU-UP) 26 3.1.1.2 Distributed Unit Function (DU) 26 3.1.1.3 Radio Unit Function (RU) 26 3.1.1.4 Evolved Node B (eNB) 27 3.1.2 RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) and Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Functions 28 3.1.3 Interfaces 29 3.2 Near-RT RIC Architecture 30 3.2.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 30 3.2.2 E2 Interface Design Principles 32 3.2.3 xApp API Design Architecture 34 3.3 Non-RT RIC Architecture 37 3.3.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 38 3.3.2 A1 Interface Design Principles 38 3.3.3 R1 API Design Principles for rApps 41 3.4 SMO Architecture 47 3.4.1 Standard Functional Architecture Principles 47 3.4.2 O1 Interface Design Principles 48 3.4.3 Open M-Plane Fronthaul Design Principles 51 3.4.4 O2 Interface Design Principles 52 3.5 Other O-RAN Functions and Open Interfaces 54 3.5.1 O-RAN compliant Centralized Unit Control Plane (O-CU-CP) 54 3.5.1.1 Control Plane Procedures 54 3.5.1.2 Management Plane Procedures 54 3.5.2 O-CU-UP 54 3.5.2.1 Control Plane Procedures 55 3.5.2.2 User Plane Procedures 55 3.5.2.3 Management Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3 O-DU 55 3.5.3.1 Control Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3.2 User Plane Procedures 55 3.5.3.3 Management Plane Procedures 55 3.5.4 O-eNB 56 3.5.5 O-RU 56 3.6 Conclusion 57 Bibliography 57 4 Cloudification and Virtualization 59 Padma Sudarsan and Sridhar Rajagopal 4.1 Virtualization Trends 59 4.2 Openness and Disaggregation with vRAN 59 4.3 Cloud Deployment Scenarios 61 4.3.1 Private, Public, and Hybrid Cloud 61 4.3.2 Telco Features Required for “Any Cloud” Deployment 62 4.3.3 On Premise, Far Edge, Edge, and Central Deployments 63 4.3.4 Classical, Virtual Machines (VMs), Containers, and Hybrid Deployments 64 4.4 Unwinding the RAN Monolith 64 4.4.1 Adapting Cloud-Native Principles 66 4.4.2 Architectural Patterns 67 4.4.3 Software Architecture Portability and Refactoring Considerations 68 4.4.4 Compute Architecture Consideration 69 4.5 Orchestration, Management, and Automation as Key to Success 70 4.5.1 Acceleration Abstraction Layer 73 4.5.2 Cloud Deployment Workflow Automation 75 4.6 Summary 76 Bibliography 76 5 RAN Intelligence 77 Dhruv Gupta, Rajarajan Sivaraj, and Rittwik Jana 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Challenges and Opportunities in Building Intelligent Networks 77 5.3 Background on Machine Learning Life Cycle Management 78 5.4 ML-Driven Intelligence and Analytics for Non-RT RIC 80 5.5 ML-Driven Intelligence and Analytics for Near-RT RIC 82 5.6 E2 Service Models for Near-RT RIC 83 5.6.1 E2SM-KPM 84 5.6.2 E2SM-RC 84 5.6.3 Other E2SMs 85 5.7 ml Algorithms for Near-RT RIC 86 5.7.1 Reinforcement Learning Models 87 5.8 Near-RT RIC Platform Functions for AI/ML Training 88 5.9 RIC Use Cases 89 5.10 Conclusion 90 Bibliography 90 6 The Fronthaul Interface 91 Aditya Chopra 6.1 The Lower-Layer Split RAN 91 6.1.1 Lower Layer Fronthaul Split Options 92 6.2 Option 8 Split – CPRI and eCPRI 93 6.3 Option 6 Split – FAPI and nFAPI 94 6.3.1 Subinterfaces 97 6.3.2 Architecture Agnostic Deployment 97 6.4 Option 7 Split – O-RAN Alliance Open Fronthaul 97 6.4.1 Control (C) and User (U) Plane 98 6.4.2 Management (M) Plane 98 6.4.3 Synchronization (S) Plane 100 6.4.4 Key Features 100 6.4.4.1 Fronthaul Compression 100 6.4.4.2 Delay Management 102 6.4.4.3 Beamforming 102 6.4.4.4 Initial Access 103 6.4.4.5 License Assisted Access and Spectrum Sharing 104 6.5 Conclusions 104 Bibliography 104 7 Open Transport 105 Reza Vaez-Ghaemi and Luis Manuel Contreras Murillo 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Requirements 105 7.2.1 Fronthaul Requirements 106 7.2.2 Midhaul Requirements 106 7.2.3 Backhaul Requirements 107 7.2.4 Synchronization Requirements 107 7.3 WDM Solutions 108 7.3.1 Passive WDM 109 7.3.2 Active WDM 109 7.3.3 Semiactive WDM 110 7.4 Packet-Switched Solutions 111 7.4.1 Technology Overview 112 7.4.2 Deployment Patterns 112 7.4.3 Connectivity Service and Protocols 113 7.4.4 Quality of Service (QoS) 114 7.5 Management and Control Interface 114 7.5.1 Control and Management Architecture 114 7.5.2 Interaction with O-RAN Management 116 7.6 Synchronization Solutions 117 7.6.1 Synchronization Baseline 117 7.6.2 Synchronization Accuracy and Limits 118 7.7 Testing 118 7.8 Conclusion 119 Bibliography 120 8 O-RAN Security 121 Amy Zwarico 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Zero Trust Principles 121 8.3 Threats to O-RAN 122 8.3.1 Stakeholders 122 8.3.2 Threat Surface and Threat Actors 122 8.3.3 Overall Threats 123 8.3.4 Threats Against the Lower Layer Split (LLS) Architecture and Open Fronthaul Interface 123 8.3.5 Threats Against O-RU 124 8.3.6 Threats Against Near- and Non-Real-Time RICs, xApps, and rApps 124 8.3.7 Threats Against Physical Network Functions (PNFs) 124 8.3.8 Threats Against SMO 125 8.3.9 Threats Against O-Cloud 125 8.3.10 Threats to the Supply Chain 125 8.3.11 Physical Threats 126 8.3.12 Threats Against 5G Radio Networks 126 8.3.13 Threats to Standards Development 126 8.4 Protecting O-RAN 126 8.4.1 Securing the O-RAN-Defined Interfaces 126 8.4.1.1 A1 127 8.4.1.2 O1 127 8.4.1.3 O2 128 8.4.1.4 E2 128 8.4.1.5 Open Fronthaul 128 8.4.1.6 R1 130 8.4.1.7 3GPP Interfaces 131 8.4.2 Securing the O-Cloud 131 8.4.3 Container Security 131 8.4.4 O-RAN Software Security 131 8.4.5 Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) 132 8.5 Recommendations for Vendors and MNOs 132 8.6 Conclusion 134 Bibliography 134 9 Open RAN Software 137 David Kinsey, Padma Sudarsan, and Rittwik Jana 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 O-RAN Software Community (OSC) 138 9.2.1 OSC Projects 138 9.2.2 The Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 138 9.2.3 Near-RT RIC (RIC) 139 9.2.4 O-CU-CP and O-CU-UP 140 9.2.5 O-DU Project 140 9.2.6 O-RU 140 9.2.7 O-Cloud 140 9.2.8 The AI/ML Framework 141 9.2.9 Support Projects 141 9.3 Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP) 141 9.3.1 Netconf/YANG Support 141 9.3.2 Configuration Persistence 142 9.3.3 VES Support 142 9.3.4 A1 Support 142 9.3.5 Optimization Support 142 9.4 Other Open-Source Communities 143 9.5 Conclusion 144 Bibliography 144 10 Open RAN Deployments 145 Sidd Chenumolu 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Network Architecture 146 10.2.1 Network Components 147 10.2.1.1 Antenna 147 10.2.1.2 O-RAN – Radio Unit 148 10.2.1.3 O-RAN-Distributed Unit (O-DU) 150 10.2.1.4 O-RAN-Centralized Unit (O-CU) 150 10.2.1.5 RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 150 10.2.2 Traditional vs. O-RAN Deployment 151 10.2.3 Typical O-RAN Deployment 152 10.2.4 Spectrum and Regulatory 153 10.3 Network Planning and Design 153 10.3.1 Cell Site Design 154 10.3.2 Network Function Placement 155 10.3.3 Dimensioning 155 10.3.3.1 Application Dimensioning 155 10.3.3.2 Platform Dimensioning 156 10.3.4 Virtualization Impact 156 10.3.4.1 Non-Uniform Memory Access 157 10.3.4.2 Hyper-Threading 157 10.3.4.3 CPU Pinning 157 10.3.4.4 Huge Page 157 10.3.4.5 Single Root Input/Output Virtualization 158 10.3.4.6 PCI Passthrough 158 10.3.4.7 Data Plane Development Kit 158 10.3.4.8 Resource Director Technology 158 10.3.4.9 Cache Allocation Technology 158 10.3.4.10 Resource Overcommitment 159 10.3.4.11 Operating System 159 10.3.4.12 K8S Impact 159 10.3.5 Networking Hardware 159 10.3.6 Hardware Type 160 10.3.7 Reliability and Availability 160 10.3.8 Impact of Network Slicing 161 10.4 Network Deployment 162 10.4.1 DU Deployment 162 10.4.1.1 DU Deployed at a Centralized Data Center 162 10.4.1.2 Timing Design When DU is at the dc 163 10.4.1.3 DU Deployed at Cell Site 164 10.4.2 CU Deployment 165 10.4.3 Radio Unit Instantiation 165 10.4.4 Radio Unit Management 166 10.4.4.1 Hierarchical Management Architecture Model 166 10.4.4.2 Hybrid Management Architecture Model 166 10.4.5 Network Management 166 10.4.6 Public Cloud Provider Overview 167 10.4.6.1 Native Services 167 10.4.6.2 CD Pipeline 167 10.4.6.3 Cluster Creation and Management 168 10.4.6.4 Transport Design 168 10.4.7 Life Cycle Management of NFs 168 10.4.8 Network Monitoring and Observability 169 10.4.8.1 Prometheus 169 10.4.8.2 Jaeger 169 10.4.8.3 Fluentd and Fluentbit 169 10.4.8.4 Probing 169 10.4.9 Network Inventory 169 10.4.10 Building the Right Team 170 10.5 Conclusion 170 Bibliography 170 11 Open RAN Test and Integration 172 Ian Wong, Ph.D. 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Testing Across the Network Life Cycle 174 11.3 O-RAN ALLIANCE Test and Integration Activities 175 11.3.1 Test Specifications 175 11.3.2 Conformance Test Specifications 176 11.3.2.1 A1 Interface Test Specification (O-RAN.WG2.A1TS) 178 11.3.2.2 E2 Interface Test Specification (O-RAN.WG3.E2TS) 179 11.3.2.3 Open Fronthaul Conformance Test Specification (O-RAN.WG4.CONF) 180 11.3.2.4 Xhaul Transport Testing (O-RAN.WG9.XTRP-Test.0) 181 11.3.2.5 Security Test Specifications (O-RAN.SFG.Security-Test-Specifications) 181 11.3.3 Interoperability Test Specifications 181 11.3.3.1 Fronthaul Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG4.IOT.0-09.00) 182 11.3.3.2 Open F1/W1/E1/X2/Xn Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG5.IOT.0) 183 11.3.3.3 Stack Interoperability Test Specification (O-RAN.WG8.IOT) 183 11.3.4 End-to-End Test Specifications 185 11.3.5 O-RAN Certification and Badging 186 11.3.6 Open Test and Integration Centers 187 11.3.7 O-RAN Global PlugFests 189 11.4 Conclusion 189 Bibliography 189 12 Other Open RAN Industry Organizations 191 Aditya Chopra, Manish Singh, Prabhakar Chitrapu, Luis Lopes, and Diane Rinaldo 12.1 Telecom Infra Project 191 12.1.1 Organizational Structure 192 12.1.2 Core Activities 194 12.2 Trials and Deployments 194 12.3 Small Cell Forum 195 12.3.1 A History of Openness at SCF 196 12.3.2 Alignment with the 3GPP and O-RAN Alliance Solutions 196 12.4 3rd Generation Partnership Project 197 12.5 Open RAN Policy Coalition 199 12.6 Conclusion 200 Bibliography 200 Index 201

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Book SynopsisFederated Learning for Future Intelligent Wireless Networks Explore the concepts, algorithms, and applications underlying federated learning In Federated Learning for Future Intelligent Wireless Networks, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a robust and insightful collection of resources covering the foundational concepts and algorithms powering federated learning, as well as explanations of how they can be used in wireless communication systems. The editors have included works that examine how communication resource provision affects federated learning performance, accuracy, convergence, scalability, and security and privacy. Readers will explore a wide range of topics that show how federated learning algorithms, concepts, and design and optimization issues apply to wireless communications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the fundamental concepts and algorithms of federated learning, including horizontal, vertical, and hTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv Preface xvii 1 Federated Learning with Unreliable Transmission in Mobile Edge Computing Systems 1Chenyuan Feng, Daquan Feng, Zhongyuan Zhao, Howard H. Yang, and Tony Q. S. Quek 1.1 System Model 1 1.2 Problem Formulation 4 1.3 A Joint Optimization Algorithm 10 1.4 Simulation and Experiment Results 16 2 Federated Learning with non-IID data in Mobile Edge Computing Systems 23Chenyuan Feng, Daquan Feng, Zhongyuan Zhao, Geyong Min, and Hancong Duan 2.1 System Model 23 2.2 Performance Analysis and Averaging Design 24 2.3 Data Sharing Scheme 30 2.4 Simulation Results 42 3 How Many Resources Are Needed to Support Wireless Edge Networks 49Yi-Jing Liu, Gang Feng, Yao Sun, and Shuang Qin 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 System Model 50 3.3 Wireless Bandwidth and Computing Resources Consumed for Supporting FL-EnabledWireless Edge Networks 54 3.4 The Relationship between FL Performance and Consumed Resources 59 3.5 Discussions of Three Cases 62 3.6 Numerical Results and Discussion 67 3.7 Conclusion 75 3.8 Proof of Corollary 3.2 76 3.9 Proof of Corollary 3.3 77 4 Device Association Based on Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning for Radio Access Network Slicing 85Yi-Jing Liu, Gang Feng, Yao Sun, and Shuang Qin 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 System Model 87 4.3 Problem Formulation 90 4.4 Hybrid Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning for Device Association 94 4.5 Numerical Results 103 4.6 Conclusion 109 5 Deep Federated Learning Based on Knowledge Distillation and Differential Privacy 113Hui Lin, Feng Yu, and Xiaoding Wang 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 RelatedWork 115 5.3 System Model 118 5.4 The Implementation Details of the Proposed Strategy 119 5.5 Performance Evaluation 120 5.6 Conclusions 122 6 Federated Learning-Based Beam Management in Dense Millimeter Wave Communication Systems 127Qing Xue and Liu Yang 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 System Model 130 6.3 Problem Formulation and Analysis 133 6.4 FL-Based Beam Management in UDmmN 135 6.6 Conclusions 150 7 Blockchain-Empowered Federated Learning Approach for An Intelligent and Reliable D2D Caching Scheme 155Runze Cheng, Yao Sun, Yijing Liu, Le Xia, Daquan Feng, and Muhammad Imran 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 RelatedWork 157 7.3 System Model 159 7.4 Problem Formulation and DRL-Based Model Training 160 7.5 Privacy-Preserved and Secure BDRFL Caching Scheme Design 165 7.6 Consensus Mechanism and Federated Learning Model Update 170 7.7 Simulation Results and Discussions 173 7.8 Conclusion 177 8 Heterogeneity-Aware Dynamic Scheduling for Federated Edge Learning 181Kun Guo, Zihan Chen, Howard H. Yang, and Tony Q. S. Quek 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 RelatedWorks 184 8.3 System Model for FEEL 185 8.4 Heterogeneity-Aware Dynamic Scheduling Problem Formulation 189 8.5 Dynamic Scheduling Algorithm Design and Analysis 192 8.6 Evaluation Results 197 8.7 Conclusions 208 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.2 208 8.A.2 Proof of Theorem 8.3 209 9 Robust Federated Learning with Real-World Noisy Data 215Jingyi Xu, Zihan Chen, Tony Q. S. Quek, and Kai Fong Ernest Chong 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 RelatedWork 217 9.3 FedCorr 219 9.4 Experiments 226 9.5 Further Remarks 232 10 Analog Over-the-Air Federated Learning: Design and Analysis 239Howard H. Yang, Zihan Chen, and Tony Q. S. Quek 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 System Model 241 10.3 Analog Over-the-Air Model Training 242 10.4 Convergence Analysis 245 10.5 Numerical Results 250 10.6 Conclusion 253 11 Federated Edge Learning for Massive MIMO CSI Feedback 257Shi Jin, Yiming Cui, and Jiajia Guo 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 System Model 259 11.3 FEEL for DL-Based CSI Feedback 260 11.4 Simulation Results 264 11.5 Conclusion 268 12 User-Centric Decentralized Federated Learning for Autoencoder-Based CSI Feedback 273Shi Jin, Jiajia Guo, Yan Lv, and Yiming Cui 12.1 Autoencoder-Based CSI Feedback 273 12.2 User-Centric Online Training for AE-Based CSI Feedback 275 12.3 Multiuser Online Training Using Decentralized Federated Learning 279 12.4 Numerical Results 283 12.5 Conclusion 287 Bibliography 287 Index 291

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Book SynopsisJOINT COMMUNICATIONS AND SENSING Authoritative resource systematically introducing JCAS technologies and providing valuable information and knowledge to researchers and engineers Based on over six years of dedicated research on joint communications and sensing (JCAS) by the authors, their collaborators, and students, Joint Communications and Sensing is the first book to comprehensively cover the subject of JCAS, which is expected to deliver huge cost and energy savings, and therefore has become a hallmark of future 6G and next generation radar technologies. The book has three parts. Part I presents the basic JCAS concepts and applications and the basic signal processing algorithms to support JCAS. Part II covers communications-centric JCAS designs that describe how sensing can be integrated into communications networks such as 5G and 6G. Part III presents ways to integrate communications in various radar sensing technologies and platforms.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii Preface xv Acronyms xvii Part I Fundamentals of Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 1 1 Introduction to Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Three Categories of JCAS Systems 5 1.2.1 Major Differences Between Communications and Sensing 7 1.2.2 Communications-Centric Design 12 1.2.3 Radar-Centric Design 15 1.2.4 Joint Design without an Underlying System 17 1.2.5 Summary of Key Research Problems 18 1.3 Potential Sensing Applications of JCAS 18 1.4 Book Organization 22 References 24 2 Signal Processing Fundamentals for JCAS 31 2.1 Channel Model for Communications and Radar 31 2.2 Basic Communication Signals and Systems 33 2.2.1 Single-Carrier MIMO 33 2.2.2 MIMO-OFDM 34 2.2.3 Transmitter and Receiver Signal Processing in Communications 34 2.3 MIMO Radar Signals and Systems 36 2.3.1 Single-Carrier MIMO Radar 36 2.3.2 MIMO-OFDM Radar 37 2.3.3 FH-MIMO Radar 38 2.4 Basic Signal Processing for Radar Sensing 40 2.4.1 Matched Filtering 40 2.4.2 Moving Target Detection (MTD) 41 2.4.3 Spatial-Domain Processing 42 2.4.4 Target Detection 43 2.4.5 Spatial Refinement 44 2.5 Signal Processing Basics for Communication-Centric JCAS 44 2.5.1 802.11ad JCAS Systems 44 2.5.2 Mobile Network with JCAS Capabilities 46 2.5.3 Sensing Parameter Estimation 46 2.5.3.1 Direct and Indirect Sensing 47 2.5.3.2 Sensing Algorithms 49 2.6 Signal Processing Basics for DFRC 50 2.6.1 Embedding Information in RadarWaveform 50 2.6.2 Signal Reception and Processing for Communications 52 2.6.2.1 Demodulation 53 2.6.2.2 Channel Estimation 54 2.6.3 Codebook Design 54 2.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 3 Efficient Parameter Estimation 59 3.1 Q-Shifted Estimator (QSE) 60 3.2 Refined QSE (QSEr) 62 3.2.1 Impact ofq 62 3.2.2 Refined Optimalq 66 3.2.3 Numerical Illustration of QSEr 67 3.3 Padé approximation-Enabled Estimator 70 3.3.1 Core Updating Function 71 3.3.2 Initialization and Overall Estimation Procedure 74 3.3.3 Numerical Illustrations 76 3.4 Conclusions 80 References 80 Part II Communication-Centric JCAS 83 4 Perceptive Mobile Network (PMN) 85 4.1 Framework for PMN 85 4.1.1 System Platform and Infrastructure 86 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page vii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents vii 4.1.1.1 CRAN 87 4.1.1.2 Standalone BS 87 4.1.2 Three Types of Sensing Operations 88 4.1.2.1 Downlink Active Sensing 88 4.1.2.2 Downlink Passive Sensing 88 4.1.2.3 Uplink Sensing 89 4.1.2.4 Comparison 89 4.1.3 Signals Usable from 5G NR for Radio Sensing 90 4.1.3.1 Reference Signals Used for Channel Estimation 90 4.1.3.2 Nonchannel Estimation Signals 92 4.1.3.3 Data Payload Signals 92 4.2 System Modifications to Enable Sensing 92 4.2.1 Dedicated Transmitter for Uplink Sensing 93 4.2.2 Dedicated Receiver for Downlink (and Uplink) Sensing 94 4.2.3 Full-Duplex Radios for Downlink Sensing 94 4.2.4 Base Stations with Widely Separated Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 96 4.3 System Issues 98 4.3.1 Performance Bounds 98 4.3.2 Waveform Optimization 100 4.3.2.1 Spatial Optimization 102 4.3.2.2 Optimization in Time and Frequency Domains 105 4.3.2.3 Optimization with Next-Generation Signaling Formats 106 4.3.3 Antenna Array Design 106 4.3.3.1 Virtual MIMO and Antenna Grouping 107 4.3.3.2 Sparse Array Design 108 4.3.3.3 Spatial Modulation 109 4.3.3.4 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted JCAS 109 4.3.4 Clutter Suppression Techniques 110 4.3.4.1 Recursive Moving Averaging (RMA) 112 4.3.4.2 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) 113 4.3.5 Sensing Parameter Estimation 114 4.3.5.1 Periodogram such as 2D DFT 115 4.3.5.2 Subspace-Based Spectrum Analysis Techniques 115 4.3.5.3 On-Grid Compressive Sensing Algorithms 117 4.3.6 Resolution of Sensing Ambiguity 119 4.3.7 Pattern Analysis 122 4.3.8 Networked Sensing under Cellular Topology 123 4.3.8.1 Fundamental Theories and Performance Bounds for “Cellular Sensing Networks” 123 4.3.8.2 Distributed Sensing with Node Grouping and Cooperation 124 4.3.9 Sensing-Assisted Communications 124 4.3.9.1 Sensing-Assisted Beamforming 124 4.3.9.2 Sensing-Assisted Secure Communications 128 4.4 Conclusions 128 References 128 5 Integrating Low-Complexity and Flexible Sensing into Communication Systems: A Unified Sensing Framework 139 5.1 Problem Statement and Signal Model 139 5.1.1 Signal Model 140 5.1.2 Classical OFDM Sensing (COS) 142 5.1.3 Problem Statement 143 5.1.3.1 CP-limited Sensing Distance 143 5.1.3.2 Communication-limited Velocity measurement 143 5.1.3.3 COS adapted for DFT-S-OFDM 144 5.2 A Low-Complexity Sensing Framework 144 5.3 Performance Analysis 150 5.3.1 Preliminary Results 150 5.3.2 Analyzing Signal Components in Two RDMs 151 5.3.3 Comparison and Insights 154 5.3.4 Criteria for Setting Key Sensing Parameters 157 5.4 Simulation Results 158 5.4.1 Illustrating SINRs in RDMs 159 5.4.2 Illustration of Target Detection 162 5.5 Conclusions 166 References 167 6 Sensing Framework Optimization 169 6.1 Echo Preprocessing 169 6.1.1 Reshaping 170 6.1.2 Virtual Cyclic Prefix (VCP) 171 6.1.3 Removing Communication Information 174 6.2 Target Parameter Estimation 177 6.2.1 Parameter Estimation Method 177 6.2.2 Computational Complexity 181 6.3 Optimizing Parameters of Sensing Methods 182 6.3.1 Preliminary Results 183 6.3.2 Maximizing SINR for Parameter Estimation 184 6.4 Simulation Results 186 6.4.1 Comparison with Benchmark Method 186 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 6.4.2 Wide Applicability 189 6.5 Conclusions 192 References 193 Part III Radar-Centric Joint Communications and Sensing 195 7 FH-MIMO Dual-Function Radar-Based Communications: Single-Antenna Receiver 197 7.1 Problem Statement 198 7.2 Waveform Design for FH-MIMO DFRC 199 7.2.1 FH-MIMO RadarWaveform 200 7.2.2 Overall Channel Estimation Scheme 202 7.2.2.1 Estimate Timing Offset 203 7.2.2.2 Estimate Channel Parameters 203 7.3 Estimating Timing Offset 203 7.3.1 Two Estimation Methods 204 7.3.2 Performance Analysis and Comparison of the Estimators 205 7.3.3 Design of a Suboptimal Hopping Frequency Sequence 208 7.4 Estimating Channel Response 209 7.4.1 Estimation Method 209 7.4.2 Complexity Analysis 210 7.5 Using Estimations in Data Communications 211 7.6 Extensions to Multipath Cases 212 7.7 Simulation Results 214 7.8 Conclusions 219 References 219 8 Frequency-Hopping MIMO Radar-Based Communications with Multiantenna Receiver 221 8.1 Signal Model 221 8.2 The DFRC Signal Mode 223 8.3 A Multiantenna Receiving Scheme 226 8.3.1 Estimating Channel Response 226 8.3.2 Estimating Timing Offset 227 8.3.2.1 Estimating L𝜂 228 8.3.2.2 Removing Estimation Ambiguity 229 8.3.3 Information Demodulation 230 8.3.3.1 Estimating khm 230 8.3.3.2 FHCS Demodulation 232 8.3.3.3 PSK Demodulation 232 8.4 Performance Analysis 232 8.4.1 Performance of Channel Coefficient Estimation 232 8.4.2 Performance of Timing Offset Estimation 233 8.4.3 Communication Performance 234 8.4.3.1 Achievable Rate 234 8.4.3.2 SER of PSK-Based FH-MIMO DFRC 234 8.5 Simulations 235 8.6 Conclusions 240 References 240 9 Integrating Secure Communications into Frequency Hopping MIMO Radar with Improved Data Rates 243 9.1 Signal Models and Overall Design 243 9.1.1 Signal Model of Bob 244 9.1.2 Signal Model of Eve 245 9.1.3 Overall Description 246 9.1.4 Maximum Achievable Rate (MAR) 247 9.2 Elementwise Phase Compensation 249 9.2.1 AoD-Dependence Issue of Hopping Frequency Permutation Selection (HFPS) Demodulation 249 9.2.2 Elementwise phase compensation and HFPS Demodulation at Bob 250 9.2.3 Enhancing Physical-Layer Security by Elementwise Phase Compensation 252 9.3 Random Sign Reversal 253 9.3.1 Random Sign Reversal and Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 253 9.3.2 Detecting Random Sign Reversal at Bob 254 9.3.3 Random Sign Reversal Impact Analysis 255 9.3.4 Impact of Presented Design on Radar Performance 258 9.3.4.1 Impact of HFCS on R(𝜏) 258 9.3.4.2 Impact of HFPS on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.3 Impact of Elementwise Phase Compensation and Random Sign Reversal on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.4 Limitations of Presented Design for Radar Applications 260 9.3.5 Extension to Multipath and Multiuser Scenarios 260 9.3.5.1 Multipath Scenario 260 9.3.5.2 Multiuser Scenario 261 9.4 Simulation Results 261 9.5 Conclusions 267 References 267 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi A Proofs, Analyses, and Derivations 271 A.1 Proof of Lemma 5.1 271 A.2 Proof of Lemma 5.2 271 A.3 Proof of Lemma 5.3 272 A.4 Proof of Proposition 5.1 273 A.5 Proof of Proposition 5.2 274 A.6 Proof of Proposition 6.1 275 A.7 Deriving the Powers of the Four Terms of X̃ n[l] Given in (6.33) 277 A.8 Proof of Proposition 6.2 280 A.9 Proof of Proposition 6.3 281 A.10 Deriving (9.31) 282 References 283 Index 285

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Book SynopsisMobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks: Ad Hoc, Vehicular and Mesh Networks provides the reader with an overview of mobility modelling, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects related to the challenging mobility modelling task.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii About the Author xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxiii List of Abbreviations xxxv Part I INTRODUCTION 1 Next Generation Wireless Networks 3 1.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks 5 1.2 Ad Hoc Networks 8 1.3 Vehicular Networks 10 1.4 Wireless Sensor Networks 13 1.5 Opportunistic Networks 14 2 Modeling Next Generation Wireless Networks 19 2.1 Radio Channel Models 20 2.2 The Communication Graph 26 2.3 The Energy Model 31 3 Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks 33 3.1 Motivation 33 3.2 Cellular vs. Next Generation Wireless Network Mobility Models 35 3.3 A Taxonomy of Existing Mobility Models 38 3.4 Mobility Models and Real-World Traces: The CRAWDAD Resource 43 3.5 Basic Definitions 45 Part II “GENERAL-PURPOSE” MOBILITY MODELS 4 Random Walk Models 51 4.1 Discrete Random Walks 52 4.2 Continuous Random Walks 55 4.3 Other Random Walk Models 57 4.4 Theoretical Properties of Random Walk Models 58 5 The Random Waypoint Model 61 5.1 The RWP Model 62 5.2 The Node Spatial Distribution of the RWP Model 64 5.3 The Average Nodal Speed of the RWP Model 69 5.4 Variants of the RWP Model 73 6 Group Mobility and Other Synthetic Mobility Models 75 6.1 The RPGM Model 76 6.2 Other Synthetic Mobility Models 83 7 Random Trip Models 89 7.1 The Class of Random Trip Models 89 7.2 Stationarity of Random Trip Models 93 7.3 Examples of Random Trip Models 94 Part III MOBILITY MODELS FOR WLAN AND MESH NETWORKS 8 WLAN and Mesh Networks 101 8.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks: State of the Art 101 8.2 WLAN and Mesh Networks: User Scenarios 107 8.3 WLAN and Mesh Networks: Perspectives 109 8.4 Further Reading 111 9 Real-World WLAN Mobility 113 9.1 Real-World WLAN Traces 113 9.2 Features of WLAN Mobility 116 10 WLAN Mobility Models 121 10.1 The LH Mobility Model 122 10.2 The KKK Mobility Model 129 10.3 Final Considerations and Further Reading 137 Part IV MOBILITY MODELS FOR VEHICULAR NETWORKS 11 Vehicular Networks 141 11.1 Vehicular Networks: State of the Art 141 11.2 Vehicular Networks: User Scenarios 146 11.3 Vehicular Networks: Perspectives 150 11.4 Further Reading 151 12 Vehicular Networks: Macroscopic and Microscopic Mobility Models 153 12.1 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Macroscopic View 154 12.2 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Microscopic View 156 12.3 Further Reading 157 13 Microscopic Vehicular Mobility Models 159 13.1 Simple Microscopic Mobility Models 159 13.2 The SUMO Mobility Model 164 13.3 Integrating Vehicular Mobility and Wireless Network Simulation 168 Part V MOBILITY MODELS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 14 Wireless Sensor Networks 175 14.1 Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art 175 14.2 Wireless Sensor Networks: User Scenarios 180 14.3 WSNs: Perspectives 183 14.4 Further Reading 184 15 Wireless Sensor Networks: Passive Mobility Models 185 15.1 Passive Mobility in WSNs 186 15.2 Mobility Models for Wildlife Tracking Applications 187 15.3 Modeling Movement Caused by External Forces 191 16 Wireless Sensor Networks: Active Mobility Models 197 16.1 Active Mobility of Sensor Nodes 198 16.2 Active Mobility of Sink Nodes 208 Part VI MOBILITY MODELS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS 17 Opportunistic Networks 217 17.1 Opportunistic Networks: State of the Art 217 17.2 Opportunistic Networks: User Scenarios 219 17.3 Opportunistic Networks: Perspectives 222 17.4 Further Reading 223 18 Routing in Opportunistic Networks 225 18.1 Mobility-Assisted Routing in Opportunistic Networks 225 18.2 Opportunistic Network Mobility Metrics 231 19 Mobile Social Network Analysis 237 19.1 The Social Network Graph 238 19.2 Centrality and Clustering Metrics 239 19.3 Characterizations of Human Mobility 244 19.4 Further Reading 250 20 Social-Based Mobility Models 251 20.1 The Weighted Random Waypoint Mobility Model 252 20.2 The Time-Variant Community Mobility Model 254 20.3 The Community-Based Mobility Model 256 20.4 The SWIM Mobility Model 259 20.5 The Self-Similar Least Action Walk Model 264 20.6 The Home-MEG Model 267 20.7 Further Reading 270 Part VII CASE STUDIES 21 Random Waypoint Model and Wireless Network Simulation 275 21.1 RWP Model and Simulation Accuracy 276 21.2 Removing the Border Effect 278 21.3 Removing Speed Decay 285 21.4 The RWP Model and “Perfect Simulation” 287 22 Mobility Modeling and Opportunistic Network Performance Analysis 293 22.1 Unicast in Opportunistic Networks 293 22.2 Broadcast in Opportunistic Networks 299 Appendix A Elements of Probability Theory 309 A.1 Basic Notions of Probability Theory 309 A.2 Probability Distributions 313 A.3 Markov Chains 317 Appendix B Elements of Graph Theory, Asymptotic Notation, and Miscellaneous Notions 323 B.1 Asymptotic Notation 323 B.2 Elements of Graph Theory 326 B.3 Miscellaneous Notions 330 References 333 Index 335

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Book SynopsisWhile the 5th Generation (5G) system is being widely deployed across the globe, the research and consensus building for the 6th generation (6G) are already well underway with high expectations toward the merger of digital, physical and human worlds. The main goal of this book is to introduce the upcoming 6G technologies and outline the foreseen challenges, enablers, and architectural design trends that will be instrumental in realizing a Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G system in the coming years.The envisioned 6G system promises to offer a more advanced and comprehensive user experience not only by achieving higher speeds, larger capacity, and lower latency, but also much more improved reliability, greater energy efficiency, and an enhanced security framework while natively integrating intelligence end-to-end (E2E). Achieving these goals will require innovative technological solutions and a holistic system design that considers the needs of various stakeholders and future 6G use cases.Capitalizing on the 5G Public-Private-Partnership (5G PPP) Phase 3 projects and the join efforts between the Architecture Working Group and the flagship Hexa-X project, this book delves into the critical challenges and enablers of the 6G system, including new network architectures and novel enhancements as well as the role of regulators, network operators, industry players, application developers, and end-users. Accordingly, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the current research activities on 6G and sets a solid cornerstone towards a more connected, intelligent, and sustainable world.Trade ReviewThis current book, as a joint effort between the Hexa-X project and the Architecture WG, is the culmination of the European architecture work as a whole. It highlights the latest requirements on the future architecture along with the architectural design principles to respond to technical, economical, and societal needs. Moreover, it elevates the perspective from the long-term evolution of the 5G technologies towards the introduction of the 6G system. It thus provides a reference point for future 6G architecture work to continue in the SNS JU. We count on the Hexa-X flagship as well as collaborative facilities under the 5G-PPP and SNS JU, such as the Architecture WG, to continue creating the critical mass in Europe towards this vision. I am looking forward to the creativity and ambition of the global research and innovation community to shape the new generation of communication technology throughout this decade. -- Peter StuckmannTable of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Architecture Landscape Chapter 3: Towards Versatile Access Networks Chapter 4: Towards Joint Communication and Sensing Chapter 5: Towards Natively Intelligent Networks Chapter 6: Towards Sustainable Networks Chapter 7: Towards Continuously Programmable Networks Chapter 8: Secure, Privacy-Preserving, and Trustworthy Networks Chapter 9: 6G Outlook and Timeline Index

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Book SynopsisWireless communication is the backbone of the digitized society, where everything is connected and intelligent. Access points and devices are nowadays equipped with multiple antennas to achieve higher data rates, better reliability, and support more users than in the past. This book gives a gentle introduction to multiple antenna communications with a focus on system modeling, channel capacity theory, algorithms, and practical implications. The basics of wireless localization, radar sensing, and controllable reflection through reconfigurable surfaces are also covered. The goal is to provide the reader with a solid understanding of this transformative technology that changes how wireless networks are designed and operated, today and in the future. The first three chapters cover the fundamentals of wireless channels, and the main benefits of using multiple antennas are identified: beamforming, diversity, and spatial multiplexing. The theory and signal processing algorithms for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications with antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver are progressively developed. The next two chapters utilize these results to study point-to-point MIMO channels under line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS conditions, covering the shape of signal beams, impact of array geometry, polarization, and ways to achieve reliable communication over fading channels. The book then shifts focus to multi-user MIMO channels, where interference between devices is managed by spatial processing. The next chapter extends the theory to multicarrier channels and explains practical digital, analog, and hybrid hardware implementations. The last two chapters cover the role of multiple antennas in localization and sensing, and how reconfigurable surfaces can improve both communication and sensing systems. The text was developed as the textbook for a university course and builds on the reader's previous knowledge of signals and systems, linear algebra, probability theory, and digital communications. Each chapter contains numerous examples, exercises, and simulation results that can be reproduced using accompanying code.Table of Contents 1. Introduction and motivation 2. Theoretical foundations 3. Capacity of point-to-point MIMO channels 4. MIMO communication over line-of-sight channels 5. MIMO communication over non-line-of-sight channels 6. Capacity of multi-user MIMO channels 7. Wideband MIMO channels and practical aspects 8. MIMO localization and sensing 9. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces

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Book SynopsisNFC is a world standard since 2004 which is now within every smartphone on the market. Such a standard enables us to do mobile transactions (mobile payment) in a secure way along with many other information- based tap’n play operations. This book has a double role for computer scientists (from bachelor students in CS to IT professionals).Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Introduction xv Chapter 1. State-of-the-Art of NFC1 1.1. Future mobiquitous digital services 2 1.1.1. The era of mobiquity 3 1.1.2. Toward a world of contactless communicating objects 6 1.2. NFC equipment 7 1.2.1. NFC tag 7 1.2.2. NFC smart card 8 1.2.3. NFC smartphone 13 1.2.4. Reader/encoder: NFC transaction terminals 14 1.2.5. “Smart cities” and sustainable development 14 1.2.6. Cashless payment with NFC 15 1.3. NFC standards 16 1.3.1. Analog signal and NFC digital transposition 18 1.3.2. The three standardized modes of NFC 21 1.3.3. NFC forum standards 25 1.3.4. GlobalPlatform (GP) 36 1.3.5. SIMAlliance and open mobile API 42 Chapter 2. Developing NFC Applications with Android 45 2.1. Introduction to Android programming using Eclipse 46 2.1.1. Android in a nutshell 46 2.1.2. Android in Eclipse IDE 49 2.1.3. Intents and Android context 60 2.1.4. The Activity class of Android 61 2.1.5. Android graphical interface: “layout” files 64 2.1.6. Compiling and testing an Android application 67 2.2. Implementing NFC with Android 70 2.2.1. Android manifest declarations 71 2.2.2. Implementing the NFC reader/writer mode 71 2.2.3. Implementing the NFC P2P mode with Android 83 2.2.4. Implementing the NFC card emulation mode with Android 87 2.2.5. Developing NFC services with Android HCE 97 Chapter 3. NFC Use Cases 107 3.1. Usage of the NFC reader/writer mode 107 3.1.1. Use case: management of equipment loans 108 3.2. Usage of the NFC P2P mode 112 3.2.1. Use case: NFC pairing 112 3.3. Usage of NFC card emulation mode 114 3.3.1. Use case: digital wallet in the SE 115 3.4. Usage of the HCE mode 118 3.4.1. Use case: SE in the Cloud with HCE 119 Conclusion 121 Bibliography 125 Index 129

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Book SynopsisFrom queues to telecoms. Queues are, of course, omnipresent in our world, at the bank, the supermarket, the shops, on the road... and yes, they also exist in the domain of telecoms. Queues Applied to Telecoms studies the theoretical aspect of these queues, from Poisson processes, Markov chains and queueing systems to queueing networks. The study of the use of their resources is addressed by the theory of teletraffic. This book also outlines the basic ideas in the theory of teletraffic, presenting the teletraffic of loss systems and waiting systems. However, some applications and explanations are more oriented towards the field of telecommunications, and this book contains lectures and more than sixty corrected exercises to cover these topics. On your marks....Table of ContentsNotations xi Preface xxi Part 1 Typical Processes in Queues 1 Chapter 1 The Poisson Process 3 1.1 Review of the exponential distribution 3 1.1.1 Definitions 3 1.1.2 The properties of an exponential distribution 4 1.2 Poisson process 10 1.2.1 Definitions 10 1.2.2 Properties of the Poisson process 12 1.3 Exercises 16 Chapter 2 Markov Chains 21 2.1 Markov chains in discrete time 21 2.1.1 Definitions 21 2.1.2 Evolution of a stochastic vector over time 26 2.1.3 Asymptotic behavior 30 2.1.4 Holding time in a state 32 2.1.5 Time-reversible chain 33 2.1.6 Reversible Markov chains 34 2.1.7 Kolmogorov’s criterion 34 2.2 Markov chains in continuous time 35 2.2.1 Definitions 35 2.2.2 Evolution over time 38 2.2.3 Resolving the state equation 41 2.2.4 Asymptotic behavior 42 2.3 Birth and death process 43 2.3.1 Definition 43 2.3.2 Infinitesimal stochastic generator 43 2.3.3 Stationary distribution 44 2.4 Exercises 45 Part 2 Queues 51 Chapter 3 Common Queues 53 3.1 Arrival process of customers in a queue 53 3.1.1 The Poisson process 53 3.1.2 Using the Poisson distribution Rho(lambda) 54 3.1.3 Exponential distribution of delay times 55 3.2 Queueing systems 57 3.2.1 Notation for queueing systems 58 3.2.2 Little distributions 59 3.2.3 Offered traffic 60 3.3 M/M/1 queue 60 3.3.1 Stationary distribution 61 3.3.2 Characteristics of the M/M/1 queue 62 3.3.3 Introducing a factor of impatience 64 3.4 M/M/(Infinity) queue 65 3.5 M/M/n/n queue 66 3.5.1 Stationary distribution 67 3.5.2 Erlang-B formula 67 3.5.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n/n queue 68 3.6 M/M/n queue 68 3.6.1 Stationary distribution 69 3.6.2 Erlang-C formula 70 3.6.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n queue 70 3.7 M/GI/1 queue 71 3.7.1 Stationary distribution 71 3.7.2 Characteristics of the M/GI/1 queue 73 3.8 Exercises 74 Chapter 4 Product-Form Queueing Networks 79 4.1 Jackson networks 80 4.1.1 Definition of a Jackson network 80 4.1.2 Stationary distribution 81 4.1.3 The particular case of the Jackson theorem for open networks 84 4.1.4 Generalization of Jackson networks: BCMP networks 84 4.2 Whittle networks 85 4.2.1 Definition of a Whittle network 85 4.2.2 Stationary distribution 88 4.2.3 Properties of a Whittle network 88 4.3 Exercise 89 Part 3 Teletraffic 91 Chapter 5 Notion of Teletraffic 93 5.1 Teletraffic and its objectives 93 5.2 Definitions 94 5.2.1 Measures in teletraffic 94 5.2.2 Sources and resources 95 5.2.3 Requests and holding time 96 5.2.4 Traffic 97 5.3 Measuring and foreseeing traffic 101 5.3.1 Traffic and service quality 101 5.3.2 Measuring traffic 102 5.3.3 Markovian model of traffic 102 5.3.4 Economy and traffic forecasting 103 5.4 Exercises 103 Chapter 6 Resource Requests and Activity 107 6.1 Infinite number of sources 107 6.1.1 Distribution of requests in continuous time 107 6.1.2 Distribution of requests in discrete time 110 6.1.3 Duration of activity distributions 113 6.1.4 Distribution of busy sources 115 6.2 Finite number of sources 115 6.2.1 Modeling with birth and death processes 116 6.2.2 Distribution of requests 117 6.3 Traffic peaks and randomness 118 6.3.1 Traffic peaks 118 6.3.2 Pure chance traffic 119 6.4 Recapitulation 119 6.5 Exercises 120 Chapter 7 The Teletraffic of Loss Systems 123 7.1 Loss systems 124 7.1.1 Definitions 124 7.1.2 Blocking and loss 124 7.2 The Erlang model 126 7.2.1 Infinite number of resources 127 7.2.2 Finite number of resources 128 7.2.3 Erlang-B formula 131 7.2.4 Dimensioning principles 132 7.3 Engset model 133 7.3.1 Sufficient number of resources 133 7.3.2 Insufficient number of resources 135 7.3.3 On the Engset loss formula 137 7.4 Imperfect loss systems 137 7.4.1 Loss probability in an imperfect system with limited and constant accessibility 137 7.4.2 Losses in a system with limited and variable accessibility 138 7.5 Exercises 138 Chapter 8 Teletraffic in Delay Systems 143 8.1 Delay system 143 8.1.1 Description 143 8.1.2 Characteristics of delay 144 8.2 Erlang model 145 8.2.1 Infinitely long queue 145 8.2.2 Erlang-C formula 146 8.2.3 Distribution of delays 147 8.3 Finite waiting capacity model 150 8.3.1 Queues of finite length 150 8.3.2 Limitations affecting the delay 151 8.4 Palm model 151 8.4.1 M/M/n/N/N queue 152 8.4.2 Characteristics of traffic 153 8.5 General distribution model for activity 153 8.5.1 The Pollaczek--Khinchine formula 153 8.5.2 Activity with a constant duration 154 8.6 Exercises 155 Part 4 Answers to Exercises 161 Chapter 9 Chapter 1 Exercises 163 Chapter 10 Chapter 2 Exercises 171 Chapter 11 Chapter 3 Exercises 185 Chapter 12 Chapter 4 Exercise 197 Chapter 13 Chapter 5 Exercises 201 Chapter 14 Chapter 6 Exercises 205 Chapter 15 Chapter 7 Exercises 207 Chapter 16 Chapter 8 Exercises 211 Part 5 Appendices 219 Appendix 1 221 Appendix 2 227 References 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisOver recent years, the amount of mobile equipment that needs to be connected to corporate networks remotely (smartphones, laptops, etc.) has increased rapidly. Innovative development perspectives and new tendencies such as BYOD (bring your own device) are exposing business information systems more than ever to various compromising threats. The safety control of remote access has become a strategic issue for all companies. This book reviews all the threats weighing on these remote access points, as well as the existing standards and specific countermeasures to protect companies, from both the technical and organizational points of view. It also reminds us that the organization of safety is a key element in the implementation of an efficient system of countermeasures as well. The authors also discuss the novelty of BYOD, its dangers and how to face them. Contents 1. An Ordinary Day in the Life of Mr. Rowley, or the Dangers of Virtualization and Mobility. 2.Threats and Attacks. 3. Technological Countermeasures. 4. Technological Countermeasures for Remote Access. 5. What Should Have Been Done to Make Sure Mr Rowley’s Day Really Was Ordinary. About the Authors Dominique Assing is a senior security consultant and a specialist in the management and security of information systems in the banking and stock markets sectors. As a security architect and risk manager, he has made information security his field of expertise. Stephane Calé is security manager (CISSP) for a major automobile manufacturer and has more than 15 years of experience of putting in place telecommunications and security infrastructures in an international context.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. An Ordinary Day in the Life of Mr. Rowley, or the Dangers of Virtualization and Mobility 1 1.1. A busy day 1 1.2. The ups and downs of the day 3 1.3. What actually happened? 3 Chapter 2. Threats and Attacks 7 2.1. Reconnaissance phase 9 2.1.1. Passive mode information gathering techniques 10 2.1.2. Active mode information gathering techniques 14 2.2. Identity/authentication attack 22 2.2.1. ARP spoofing 22 2.2.2. IP spoofing 22 2.2.3. Connection hijacking 29 2.2.4. Man in the middle 29 2.2.5. DNS spoofing 30 2.2.6. Replay attack 31 2.2.7. Rebound intrusion 31 2.2.8. Password hacking 32 2.2.9. The insecurity of SSL/TLS 34 2.3. Confidentiality attack 38 2.3.1. Espionage software 39 2.3.2. Trojans 41 2.3.3. Sniffing 43 2.3.4. Cracking encrypted data 44 2.4. Availability attack 49 2.4.1. ICMP Flood 50 2.4.2. SYN Flood 50 2.4.3. Smurfing 52 2.4.4. Log Flood 52 2.4.5. Worms 53 2.5. Attack on software integrity 55 2.6. BYOD: mixed-genre threats and attacks 57 2.7. Interception of GSM/GPRS/EDGE communications 61 Chapter 3. Technological Countermeasures 65 3.1. Prevention 66 3.1.1. Protection of mobile equipment 67 3.1.2. Data protection 71 3.2. Detection 81 3.2.1. Systems of intrusion detection 81 3.2.2. Honeypot 88 3.2.3. Management and supervision tools 91 3.3. Reaction 95 3.3.1. Firewall 95 3.3.2. Reverse proxy 102 3.3.3. Antivirus software 104 3.3.4. Antivirus software: an essential building block but in need of completion 107 3.4. Organizing the information system’s security 108 3.4.1. What is security organization? 109 3.4.2. Quality of security, or the attraction of ISMS 110 Chapter 4. Technological Countermeasures for Remote Access 113 4.1. Remote connection solutions 114 4.1.1. Historic solutions 115 4.1.2. Desktop sharing solutions 115 4.1.3. Publication on the Internet 116 4.1.4. Virtual Private Network (VPN) solutions 118 4.2. Control of remote access 137 4.2.1. Identification and authentication 139 4.2.2. Unique authentication 155 4.3. Architecture of remote access solutions 157 4.3.1. Securing the infrastructure 157 4.3.2. Load balancing/redundancy 161 4.4. Control of conformity of the VPN infrastructure 162 4.5. Control of network admission 166 4.5.1. Control of network access 166 4.5.2. ESCV (Endpoint Security Compliancy Verification) 167 4.5.3. Mobile NAC 170 Chapter 5. What Should Have Been Done to Make Sure Mr Rowley’s Day Really Was Ordinary 173 5.1. The attack at Mr Rowley’s house 173 5.1.1. Securing Mr Rowley’s PC 173 5.1.2. Securing the organizational level 174 5.1.3. Detection at the organizational level 175 5.1.4. A little bit of prevention 175 5.2. The attack at the airport VIP lounge while on the move 176 5.3. The attack at the café 176 5.4. The attack in the airport VIP lounge during Mr Rowley’s return journey 178 5.5. The loss of a smartphone and access to confidential data 180 5.6. Summary of the different security solutions that should have been implemented 181 Conclusion 187 APPENDICES 189 Appendix 1 191 Appendix 2 197 Bibliography 223 Index 233

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Book SynopsisIn this title, the authors leap into a novel paradigm of scalability and cost-effectiveness, on the basis of resource reuse. In a world with much abundance of wirelessly accessible devices, WSN deployments should capitalize on the resources already available in the region of deployment, and only augment it with the components required to meet new application requirements. However, if the required resources already exist in that region, WSN deployment converges to an assignment and scheduling scheme to accommodate for the new application given the existing resources. Such resources are polled from many fields, including multiple WSNs already in the field, static networks (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular, etc) in addition to municipal, industrial and mobile resources.The architecture, framework and pricing policy, as well as approaches for backward compatibility with existing deployments, are presented in this book. We elaborate on the formalization of the problem, and contrast with existing work on coverage. This paradigm adopts optimal assignments in WSNs and exploits dynamic re-programming for boosting post-deployment and backward compatible protocols.Table of Contents1. Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks. 2. Shifting to Dynamic WSN Paradigms. 3. Resilience and Post-Deployment Maintenance. 4. Current Hindrances in WSNs. 5. Cloud-Centric WSNs. 6. The Resource-Reuse WSN Paradigm. 7. Component-Based WSNs: a Resilient Architecture. 8. Dynamic WSNs – Utilizing Ubiquitous Resources. 9. Realizing a Synergetic WSN Architecture for All Resources. 10. Future Directions in Sensor Networks.

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Book SynopsisWireless telecommunication systems generate a huge amount of interest. In the last two decades, these systems have experienced at least three major technological leaps, and it has become impossible to imagine how society was organized without them. In this book, we propose a macroscopic approach on wireless systems, and aim at answering key questions about power, data rates, multiple access, cellular engineering and access networks architectures. We present a series of solved problems, whose objective is to establish the main elements of a global link budget in several radiocommunications systems. Contents 1. Radio Propagation. 2. F/TDMA and GSM. 3. CDMA and UMTS. 4. OFDM and LTE. 5. MIMO and Beamforming. 6. UWB. 7. Synchronization. 8. Digital Communications Fundamentals. 9. Erlang B Tables. About the Authors Michel Terré received his engineering degree from Télécom SudParis, his phD in electronics and telecommunications from Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), and his habilitation to conduct researches from Paris XIII University. He is a full professor at Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. He his responsabile of CNAM’s Master of Science in radiocommunicationssystems. Mylène Pischella received her engineering degree and her phD in electronics and telecommunications from Télécom ParisTech. She is an associate professor at Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM). Emmanuelle Vivier received her engineering degree from Institut Supérieur d’Electronique de Paris (ISEP) and her PhD in radiocommunications from Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM). She is an associate professor at ISEP, where she is responsible of networks and telecommunications teaching majors.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Chapter 1 Radio Propagation 1 1.1 Free-space loss link budget and capacity 2 1.2 Link budget and free-space loss 7 1.3 Linear expression of the Okumura-Hata model 9 1.4 Frequency, distance and propagation model 11 1.5 Link budget and diffraction 13 1.6 Link budget and refraction 15 1.7 Link budget and diffusion 18 1.8 Frequency and time selectivity 20 1.9 Doppler effect 21 Chapter 2 F/TDMA and GSM 23 2.1 Maximum transmitter–receiver distance 24 2.2 Extended maximum transmitter-receiver distance 26 2.3 Reuse distance, interference reduction factor K and regular pattern 26 2.4 Radio resources dimensioning in GSM 32 2.5 Link budget in an isolated GSM cell 33 2.6 Deployment of a GSM network along a highway 36 2.7 GSM network dimensioning and planning in a rural area 41 2.8 GSM network dimensioning and planning in an urban area 44 2.9 SMS transmission in a GSM network 46 2.10 Frequency reuse pattern determination 48 2.11 Traffic and Erlang for GSM cell dimensioning 50 2.12 Signal to noise plus interference ratio 52 Chapter 3 CDMA and UMTS 59 3.1 Spreading and CDMA 63 3.2 Hadamard spreading codes: a perfect orthogonality between the users? 64 3.3 Relation between Eb/N0 and the reception threshold in UMTS networks 69 3.4 Required number of codes in CDMA 70 3.5 UMTS link budget 71 3.6 Cell breathing in UMTS networks 77 3.7 Intersite distance calculation in UMTS networks for different frequency reuse patterns 80 3.8 Case study in UMTS networks 83 Chapter 4 OFDM and LTE 95 4.1 Useful throughput of an OFDM waveform 96 4.2 OFDM and PAPR 100 4.3 Frequency selectivity and OFDM dimensioning 104 4.4 OFDM dimensioning 106 4.5 OFDM dimensioning for 4G networks and data rate evaluations 107 4.6 LTE data rates evaluation 110 4.7 LTE link budget 113 4.8 LTE link budget taking into account the number of users 120 4.9 Modulation-coding scheme relation, spectral efficiency and SINR in LTE networks 123 Chapter 5 MIMO and Beamforming 129 5.1 Beamforming and signal-to-noise ratio 133 5.2 Space diversity and chi-square distribution 140 5.3 MIMO and capacity 149 Chapter 6 UWB 155 6.1 Impulse UWB 157 6.2 UWB and OFDM 161 6.3 Link budget for UWB transmission 163 Chapter 7 Synchronization 167 7.1 Cramer–Rao bound 168 7.2 Modified Cramer–Rao bound 170 7.3 Constant parameter estimation 170 7.4 Radio burst synchronization 174 7.5 Phase estimation for QPSK modulation 176 Chapter 8 Digital Communications Fundamentals 179 8.1 Review of signal processing for signal--to-noise ratio 179 8.2 Review of digital modulations 179 8.3 Review of equalization 180 8.4 Signal-to-noise ratio estimation 181 8.5 ASK 2 modulation error probability 184 8.6 Spectral occupancy, symbol rate and binary throughput 187 8.7 Comparison of two linear digital modulations 189 8.8 Comparison of two-PSK modulation and power evaluations 191 8.9 Zero-forcing linear equalization 194 8.10 Minimum mean square error linear equalization 196 8.11 Noise factor in equipments 200 8.12 Data rate calculations 203 Chapter 9 Erlang B Tables 205 Bibliography 209 Index 211

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Book SynopsisLTE (long-term evolution) mobile communication system is offering high bitrates in IP communications. Fourth Generation Mobile Communications/LTE describes various aspects of LTE as well as the change of paradigm, which it is bringing to mobile communications. The book is a vital resource for the entire mobile communication community. Coverage includes: LTE standards and architecture, Radio access sub-system, Signaling on the radio path, Macrocells, microcells, femtocells, SIM card and security, SIM card description, GPS driven applications, The Apple model, and much more more.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xix INTRODUCTION xxi CHAPTER 1. LTE STANDARDS AND ARCHITECTURE 1 1.1. 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) 1 1.1.1. 3GPP history 1 1.1.2. 3GPP, the current organization 3 1.1.3. 3GPP releases 8 1.2. LTE – numbering and addressing 10 1.2.1. The network IDs 11 1.2.2. The MME IDs 11 1.2.3. The tracking area IDs 11 1.2.4. The Cell IDs 12 1.2.5. The mobile equipment ID 12 1.3. LTE architecture overview 13 1.3.1. Overall high level description of LTE 14 1.3.2. LTE performance 22 1.3.3. LTE – QoS architecture 23 1.3.4. FDD, TDD, LTE advanced 23 1.3.5. Frequencies for LTE 24 1.3.6. Basic parameters of LTE 25 1.4. Radio access subsystem: eUTRAN (also called eUTRA) 26 1.4.1. LTE visualization tool from Rohde and Schwartz 28 1.4.2. eUTRAN characteristics 28 1.4.3. eUTRAN interfaces 30 1.4.4. Signaling on the radio path 35 1.4.5. Physical layer 46 1.4.6. RLC and MAC layer 49 1.4.7. Dynamic radio resource management in LTE 51 1.4.8. MIMO 52 1.4.9. Macrocells, microcells and femtocells 53 1.5. Core network 54 1.5.1. LTE network elements 57 1.5.2. LTE interfaces [TS 23.401] 59 1.5.3. Functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC 69 1.5.4. S1 interface-based handover 70 1.6. LTE – roaming architecture 83 1.6.1. LTE network mobility management 87 1.7. SIM for communications privacy 89 1.7.1. SIM 89 1.7.2. USIM 95 1.7.3. ISIM 96 1.8. Glossary 96 1.9. Appendix 1: Complete submission of 3GPP LTE release 10 and beyond (LTE-advanced) under step 3 of the IMT-advanced process 98 1.9.1. Summary of the candidate submission.98 1.9.2. Classification of the candidate submission 100 1.9.3. Detailed checklist for the required elements for each candidate RIT within the composite SRIT and/or for the composite SRIT of the candidate submission (to fulfill section 3.1 of ITU-R Report M.2133) 100 1.9.4. Additional supporting information 102 1.9.5. Contact person 102 1.10. Appendix 2: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) 102 1.11. Appendix 3: The SGW implementation by CISCO 107 1.12. Appendix 4: AT&T has LTE small cells “in the lab”: Source Dan Janes, Site Editor, Light Reading mobile [JON 13] 110 CHAPTER 2. OFDMA 113 2.1. What is OFDM/OFDMA?.113 2.1.1. Claimed OFDMA advantages 115 2.1.2. Recognized disadvantages of OFDMA 116 2.1.3. Characteristics and principles of operation 117 2.2. General principles 118 2.2.1. Cyclic prefixes 122 2.3. LTE channel: bandwidths and characteristics 124 2.3.1. LTE OFDM cyclic prefix, CP 125 2.3.2. LTE OFDMA in the downlink 126 2.3.3. Downlink carriers and resource blocks 127 2.3.4. LTE SC-FDMA in the uplink 128 2.3.5. Transmitter and receiver structure of LP-OFDMA/SC-FDMA 130 2.4. OFDM applied to LTE 132 2.4.1. General facts 132 2.4.2. LTE downlink 133 2.4.3. Uplink 136 2.5. OFDMA in the LTE radio subsystem: OFDMA and SCFDMA in LTE 138 2.5.1. The downlink physical-layer processing of transport channels 138 2.5.2. Downlink multi-antenna transmission 139 2.5.3. Uplink basic transmission scheme 140 2.5.4. Physical-layer processing 141 2.6. Appendix 1: the constraints of mobile radio 143 2.6.1. Doppler effect 144 2.6.2. Rayleigh/Rice fading 145 2.6.3. Area of service 151 2.6.4. Shadow effect 153 2.7. Appendix 2: Example of OFDM/OFDMA technological implementation Innovative DSP 153 2.8. Appendix 3: LTE error correction on the radio path [WIK 14d] 154 2.8.1. Hybrid ARQ with soft combining 156 2.9. Appendix 4: The 700 MHz frequencies in the USA for LTE 157 2.9.1. Upper and lower 700 MHz 158 CHAPTER 3. THE FULL IP CORE NETWORK 159 3.1. Fixed mobile convergence 159 3.2. IP multimedia subsystem 160 3.2.1. General description of IMS 160 3.2.2. Session Initiation Protocol 162 3.2.3. IMS components and interfaces 163 3.3. Evolved packet system in 3GPP standards182 3.3.1. Policy and charging rules function 182 3.3.2. Release 8 system architecture evolution and evolved packet system 184 3.4. Telephony processing 192 3.4.1. Enhanced voice quality 192 3.4.2. Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) 192 3.4.3. Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE) 192 3.4.4. Over-The-Top (OTT) applications 193 3.5. The requirements of VoLTE and V.VoIP applications 195 3.6. Voice and video over LTE are achieved using voice on IP channels (VoLTE) 196 3.7. Cut down version of IMS 201 3.8. Latency management 202 3.9. Appendix 1: VoIP tests in UK 205 CHAPTER 4. LTE SECURITY. SIM/USIM SUBSYSTEM 207 4.1. LTE security 207 4.1.1. Principles of LTE security 209 4.1.2. LTE EPC security 210 4.1.3. Interfaces protection 214 4.1.4. Femtocells and relays 215 4.1.5. Specifications 215 4.2. SIM card 216 4.2.1. SIM-lock 218 4.2.2. Electronic component of the UICC 219 4.2.3. Form factor 219 4.2.4. SIM card physical interface 221 4.2.5. UICC communication protocol 221 4.2.6. Operating system (OS) and virtual machines 223 4.2.7. (U)SIM authentication 224 4.2.8. LTE USIM 225 4.2.9. ISIM 226 4.2.10. Over the Air Activation (OTA) 228 4.2.11. Security services 228 4.2.12. USIM directories 228 4.2.13. The UICC/SIM/USIM/ISIM industry 237 4.2.14. EAP-SIM and EAP 237 APPENDIX 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 INDEX 257

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Book SynopsisRecent advances in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technologies have enabled various engineering applications with potential product implementation. WPT can be utilized to charge batteries in various pieces of equipment without the need for a wired connection. Energy can be harvested from ambient RF and microwave radiation and 1 million kW microwaves can be transmitted from space to the ground.This book covers all the theory and technologies of WPT, such as microwave generators with semi-conductors and microwave tubes, antennas, phased arrays, beam efficiency, and rectifiers (rectenna). The authors also discuss coupling WPT. Applications, such as energy harvesting, sensor networks, point-to-point WPT, WPT to moving targets (airplane, vehicle, etc.) and Solar Power Satellite are also presented.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. History, Present and Future of WPT 1 1.1. Theoretical predictions and the first trial in the 19th Century 1 1.2. Rejuvenated WPT by microwaves in the 1960s 3 1.3. Inductive coupling WPT projects in the 20th Century 10 1.4. WPT as a game-changing technology in the 21st Century 12 Chapter 2. Theory of WPT 21 2.1. Theoretical background 21 2.2. Beam efficiency and coupling efficiency 22 2.2.1. Beam efficiency of radiowaves 22 2.2.2. Theoretical increase of beam efficiency 26 2.2.3. Coupling efficiency at very close coupling distance 31 2.3. Beam forming 33 2.3.1. Beam-forming theory for the phased array and its error 33 2.3.2. Target detecting via radiowaves 42 2.4. Beam receiving 47 Chapter 3. Technologies of WPT 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Radio frequency (RF) generation – HPA using semiconductors 56 3.3. RF generation – microwave tubes 62 3.3.1. Magnetrons 63 3.3.2. Traveling wave tube/traveling wave tube amplifier 78 3.3.3. Klystron 80 3.4 Beam-forming and target-detecting technologies with phased array 81 3.4.1. Introduction 81 3.4.2. Phased array in the 1990s 82 3.4.3. Phased array in the 2000s 88 3.4.4. Phased array using magnetrons 98 3.4.5. Retrodirective system 105 3.5. RF rectifier – rectenna and tube type 110 3.5.1. General rectifying theory of rectenna 110 3.5.2. Various rectennas I – rectifying circuits 118 3.5.3. Various rectennas II – higher frequency and dual bands 123 3.5.4. Various rectennas III – weak power and energy harvester 129 3.5.5. Rectenna array 133 3.5.6. Rectifier using vacuum tube 138 Chapter 4. Applications of WPT 143 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. Energy harvesting 145 4.3. Sensor network 152 4.4. Ubiquitous power source 156 4.5. MPT in a pipe 160 4.6. Microwave buildings 164 4.7. 2D WPT 169 4.8. Wireless charging for electric vehicles 171 4.9. Point-to-point WPT 177 4.10. WPT to moving/flying target 178 4.11. Solar power satellite 185 4.11.1. Basic concept 185 4.11.2. SPS as clean energy source of CO2-free energy and for sustainable humanosphere 187 4.11.3. MPT on SPS. 190 4.11.4. Various SPS models 192 Bibliography 213 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThis text introduces the principles of routing protocols and metrics as they affect wireless networking environments, specifically in urban areas. Timely because of the recent rise in small city life, this topic includes the consideration of ad hoc, mesh, vehicular, sensor, and delay tolerant networks. These approaches are each unique, and author Miguel Mitre Campista provides a thorough, but accessible, explanation of their individual characteristics for engineers, computer scientists, IT professionals, and curious Internet users.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. WIRELESS NETWORKING BASIC ASPECTS 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Link layer 1 1.2.1. Contention-based protocols 2 1.2.2. Contention-free protocols 5 1.3. Physical layer 6 1.4. IEEE 802.11 9 1.4.1. Link layer 9 1.4.2. Physical layer 11 1.5. Summary 12 CHAPTER 2. BASIC ROUTING CONCEPTS 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Distance-vector-based algorithms 14 2.3. Link-state-based algorithms 15 2.4. Summary 15 CHAPTER 3. AD HOC ROUTING 17 3.1. Introduction 17 3.2. Architecture 18 3.3. Routing metrics 19 3.4. Routing protocols 20 3.4.1. Proactive protocols 21 3.4.2. Reactive protocols 24 3.4.3. Hybrid protocols 28 3.5. Summary 30 CHAPTER 4. MESH ROUTING 31 4.1. Introduction 31 4.2. Architecture 33 4.3. Routing metrics 36 4.4. Routing protocols 44 4.4.1. Ad-hoc-based protocols 44 4.4.2. Controlled flooding protocols 47 4.4.3. Opportunistic protocols 49 4.4.4. Traffic-aware protocols 53 4.5. Summary 56 CHAPTER 5. VEHICULAR ROUTING 57 5.1. Introduction 57 5.2. Architecture 58 5.3. Routing metrics 58 5.4. Routing protocols 58 5.4.1. Topology-based protocols 59 5.4.2. Position-based protocols 61 5.4.3. Opportunistic protocols 64 5.4.4. Information dissemination protocols 67 5.5. Summary 70 CHAPTER 6. SENSOR ROUTING 71 6.1. Introduction 71 6.2. Architecture 72 6.3. Routing metrics 73 6.4. Routing protocols 75 6.4.1. Data-centric protocols 76 6.4.2. Hierarchical or cluster-based protocols 81 6.4.3. Location-based protocols 85 6.4.4. QoS-aware protocols 89 6.5. Summary 92 CHAPTER 7. DELAY- AND DISRUPTION-TOLERANT NETWORK ROUTING 93 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. Architecture 96 7.3. Routing metrics 99 7.4. Routing protocols 101 7.4.1. Opportunistic protocols 102 7.4.2. History-based protocols 105 7.4.3. Model-based protocols 109 7.4.4. Social-based protocols 110 7.5. Summary 115 CONCLUSION 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 INDEX 129

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an algorithm for the detection of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal in a cognitive radio context by means of a joint and iterative channel and noise estimation technique. Based on the minimum mean square criterion, it performs an accurate detection of a user in a frequency band, by achieving a quasi-optimal channel and noise variance estimation if the signal is present, and by estimating the noise level in the band if the signal is absent. Organized into three chapters, the first chapter provides the background against which the system model is presented, as well as some basics concerning the channel statistics and the transmission of an OFDM signal over a multipath channel. In Chapter 2, the proposed iterative algorithm for the noise variance and the channel estimation is detailed, and in Chapter 3, an application of the algorithm for the free-band detection is proposed. In both Chapters 2 and 3, the principle of the algorithm is presented in a simple way, and more elaborate developments are also provided. The different assumptions and assertions in the developments and the performance of the proposed method are validated through simulations, and compared to methods of the scientific literature.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Background and System Model 1 1.1. Channel model 1 1.1.1. The multipath channel 1 1.1.2. Statistics of the channel 2 1.2. Transmission of an OFDM signal 7 1.2.1. Continuous representation 7 1.2.2. Discrete representation 9 1.2.3. Discrete representation under synchronization mismatch 12 1.3. Pilot symbol aided channel and noise estimation 12 1.3.1. The pilot arrangements 12 1.3.2. Channel estimation 15 1.3.3. Noise variance estimation 19 1.4. Work motivations 22 Chapter 2. Joint Channel and Noise Variance Estimation in the Presence of the OFDM Signal 25 2.1. Presentation of the algorithm in an ideal approach 25 2.1.1. Channel covariance matrix 25 2.1.2. MMSE noise variance estimation 27 2.1.3. Proposed algorithm: ideal approach 27 2.1.4. Simulation results: ideal approach 41 2.2. Algorithm in a practical approach 48 2.2.1. Proposed algorithm: realistic approach 48 2.2.2. Convergence of the algorithm 51 2.2.3. Simulations results: realistic approach 60 2.3. Summary 65 Chapter 3. Application of the Algorithm as a Detector For Cognitive Radio Systems 67 3.1. Spectrum sensing 67 3.1.1. Non-cooperative methods 69 3.1.2. Cooperative methods 71 3.2. Proposed detector 73 3.2.1. Detection hypothesis 73 3.2.2. Convergence of the MMSE-based algorithm under the hypothesis H0 74 3.2.3. Decision rule for the proposed detector 79 3.3. Analytical expressions of the detection and false alarm probabilities 82 3.3.1. Probability density function of M under H1 82 3.3.2. Probability density function of M under H0 85 3.3.3. Analytical expressions of Pd and Pfa 86 3.4. Simulations results 88 3.4.1. Choice of the threshold ς 88 3.4.2. Effect of the choice of eσ on the detector performance 89 3.4.3. Detector performance under non-WSS channel model and synchronization mismatch 92 3.4.4. Receiver operating characteristic of the detector 94 3.5. Summary 98 Conclusion 99 Appendices 101 Bibliography 109 Index 119

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the state of the art in the field of mobile and wireless networks, and anticipates the arrival of new standards and architectures. It focuses on wireless networks, starting with small personal area networks and progressing onto the very large cells of wireless regional area networks, via local area networks dominated by WiFi technology, and finally metropolitan networks. After a description of the existing 2G and 3G standards, with LTE being the latest release, LTE-A is addressed, which is the first 4G release, and a first indication of 5G is provided as seen through the standardizing bodies. 4G technology is described in detail along with the different LTE extensions related to the massive arrival of femtocells, the increase to a 1 Gbps capacity, and relay techniques. 5G is also discussed in order to show what can be expected in the near future. The Internet of Things is explained in a specific chapter due to its omnipresence in the literature, ad hoc and mesh networks form another important chapter as they have made a comeback after a long period of near hibernation, and the final chapter discusses a particularly recent topic: Mobile-Edge Computing (MEC) servers.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Acronyms xvii Chapter 1. Introduction to Mobile and Networks 1 1.1. Mobile and wireless generation networks 2 1.1.1. First generation mobile technology: 1G 2 1.1.2. Second generation mobile technology: 2G 3 1.1.3. Third generation mobile technology: 3G 4 1.1.4. Fourth generation mobile technology: 4G 5 1.1.5. Fifth generation mobile technology: 5G 7 1.2. IEEE technologies 7 1.2.1. IEEE 802.15: WPAN 8 1.2.2. IEEE 802.11: WLAN 8 1.2.3. IEEE 802.16: WMAN 9 1.2.4. IEEE 802.21: MIHS 10 1.2.5. IEEE 802.22: WRAN 10 1.3. Conclusion 11 1.4. Bibliography 11 1.4.1. Standards 11 1.4.2. Selected bibliography 12 1.4.3. Websites 13 Chapter 2. Mobile Networks 15 2.1. Cellular network 16 2.1.1. Radio interface 17 2.1.2. Cell design 19 2.1.3. Traffic engineering 20 2.2. Principles of cellular network functionalities 21 2.3. 1G networks 23 2.4. 2G networks 23 2.5. 3G networks 25 2.6. 4G networks 27 2.7. 5G networks 29 2.8. Bibliography 30 Chapter 3. Long-Term Evolution 35 3.1. Relevant features of LTE 36 3.2. Network architecture and protocols 39 3.2.1. Architecture reference model 40 3.2.2. Functional description of a LTE network 41 3.2.3. System architecture evolution 44 3.2.4. Reference points 46 3.3. Control and user planes 48 3.3.1. User plane 48 3.3.2. GPRS tunneling protocol 50 3.3.3. Control plane 52 3.4. Multimedia broadcast and multicast service 53 3.5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol 54 3.6. Network discovery and selection 55 3.7. Radio resource management 56 3.8. Authentication and authorization 58 3.8.1. User authentication, key agreement and key generation 59 3.8.2. Signaling and user-plane security 61 3.9. Fundamentals of the MAC layer in LTE 61 3.9.1. Traffic classes and quality of service 61 3.9.2. Mobility 62 3.9.3. Resource scheduling algorithms 63 3.10. Fundamentals of the LTE physical layer 64 3.10.1. Slot and frame structure in LTE OFDMA 64 3.10.2. Reference signals 68 3.11. Conclusion69 3.12. Bibliography 70 3.12.1. Standards 70 3.12.2. Selected bibliography 70 Chapter 4. Long-Term Evolution Advanced 73 4.1. HetNet in LTE Advanced 75 4.2. Small cell concepts 77 4.2.1. Picocell 77 4.2.2. Femtocells 78 4.2.3. Relays 78 4.3. Femtocell and macrocell integration architecture 79 4.4. Picocell and macrocell integration architecture 80 4.5. Interference mitigation in heterogeneous networks 81 4.5.1. Interference mitigation in the context of two-tier macrofemtocells 82 4.5.2. Frequency spectral assignment 82 4.6. Interference mitigation in the context of two-tier macropicocells 83 4.7. Coordinated multi-point transmission/reception 84 4.8. Carrier aggregation 85 4.9. LTE Advanced evolution toward 5G 86 4.10. Bibliography 87 4.10.1. Standards 87 4.10.2. Selected bibliography 87 4.10.3. Websites 88 Chapter 5. 5G 89 5.1. From LTE Advanced to 5G: the big transition 90 5.1.1. D2D communication 91 5.1.2. Green activities saving energy 92 5.1.3. LTE–WiFi integration for traffic offloading 92 5.1.4. Vehicular communication 93 5.2. Some characteristics envisioned for 5G 94 5.2.1. Massive capacity support 94 5.2.2. Ubiquitous communication support 94 5.2.3. Improvement in radio characteristics 94 5.3. 5G frequencies 95 5.4. High and low platforms 96 5.5. Cloud-RAN 98 5.6. Bibliography 101 5.6.1. Standard 101 5.6.2. Selected bibliography 101 5.6.3. Website 101 Chapter 6. Small Cells 103 6.1. Femtocell technology 105 6.2. LTE femtocell architecture 108 6.2.1. Home eNB or FAP 108 6.2.2. HeNB gateway or FAP-GW 109 6.2.3. HeNB management system or ACS 109 6.2.4. Security gateway 110 6.3. LTE femtocell deployment scenarios 110 6.4. Femtocell access control strategy 112 6.4.1. Closed subscriber group 112 6.4.2. Femtocell access control modes 113 6.4.3. Physical cell identity 113 6.5. LTE femtocell challenges and technical issues 114 6.5.1. Interference 114 6.5.2. Spectrum allocation 115 6.5.3. Access mode impact 117 6.6. Security and privacy challenges 117 6.7. Synchronization 120 6.8. Mobility 121 6.9. Passpoint 123 6.10. The backhaul network 126 6.11. Software radio and cognitive radio 128 6.12. Custom cells 129 6.13. Conclusion 130 6.14. Bibliography 131 6.14.1. Standards 131 6.14.2. Selected bibliography 131 6.14.3. Websites 133 Chapter 7. WPAN and WiGig 135 7.1. Wireless Personal Area Network 135 7.2. IEEE 802.15 136 7.3. Bluetooth 138 7.4. UWB 142 7.5. WiGig 147 7.6. WirelesssHD 150 7.7. Conclusion 151 7.8. Bibliography 151 Chapter 8. WLAN and WiFi 153 8.1. IEEE 802.11 154 8.2. WiFi architecture 156 8.2.1. Physical layer 156 8.2.2. Data link layer 157 8.2.3. Access techniques 158 8.2.4. The CSMA/CA protocol 159 8.2.5. Handovers 162 8.2.6. Security 163 8.2.7. Wired Equivalent Privacy 164 8.2.8. WPA and IEEE 802.11i 167 8.3. Security and authentication 168 8.3.1. Scalability and flexibility 168 8.3.2. IEEE 802.11i 170 8.3.3. Trading security policy 170 8.4. Saving energy 172 8.5. IEEE 802.11a, b and g 174 8.5.1. IEEE 802.11b 175 8.5.2. IEEE 802.11a 176 8.5.3. IEEE 802.11n 176 8.5.4. IEEE 802.11ac 179 8.5.5. IEEE 802.11ad 182 8.5.6. IEEE 802.11af 183 8.5.7. IEEE 802.11ah 185 8.6. Conclusion 187 8.7. Bibliography 188 Chapter 9. WMAN and WiMAX 191 9.1. Background on IEEE 802.16e 192 9.1.1. The medium access control layer 192 9.1.2. Channel access mechanism 193 9.1.3. Quality of service 194 9.1.4. Mobility support 195 9.2. The physical layer 195 9.2.1. Subchannelization in mobile WiMAX: OFDMA 195 9.2.2. Slot and frame structure in OFDMA-based mobile WiMAX 196 9.2.3. OFDMA slot structure in AMC permutation mode 198 9.3. An example of WiMAX and WiFi integration 200 9.3.1. QoS management 202 9.3.2. Qos support and classes 202 9.4. Mechanisms of channel access 203 9.4.1. WiFi access methods 204 9.4.2. Mobile WiMAX access method 205 9.4.3. Handover support 206 9.5. IEEE 802.16m or mesh for WiMAX 206 9.6. IEEE 802.16h or cognitive radio for WiMAX 207 9.6.1. Uncoordinated coexistence mechanism 208 9.6.2. Coordinated coexistence mechanism 209 9.7. Bibliography 210 9.7.1. Standards 210 9.7.2. Selected bibliography 210 Chapter 10. WRAN and Interconnection 213 10.1. IEEE 802.22 213 10.2. Interconnection between IEEE standards 216 10.2.1. IEEE 802.21 framework 217 10.2.2. IEEE 802.21 core architecture 218 10.3. Bibliography 220 10.3.1. Standards 220 10.3.2. Selected bibliography 220 Chapter 11. Internet of Things 223 11.1. Sensor networks 224 11.2. RFID 226 11.2.1. Using RFID 228 11.2.2. EPC global 229 11.2.3. RFID security 231 11.2.4. Mifare 231 11.3. Near-field communication 232 11.3.1. Mobile key 233 11.3.2. NFC payment 234 11.3.3. The Internet of Things in a medical environment 236 11.4. The Internet of Things in the home 237 11.5. Fog networking 238 11.6. Connection of things 240 11.6.1. Specific proprietary solution: SIGFOX example 241 11.6.2. LoRa 242 11.7. Conclusion 245 11.8. Bibliography 245 Chapter 12. Ad Hoc and Mesh Networks 247 12.1. Ad hoc networks 248 12.2. Routing 250 12.2.1. Ad hoc in the link layer 253 12.2.2. Ad hoc mode in WiFi 253 12.2.3. Bluetooth link layer 256 12.3. Ad hoc routing protocols 258 12.3.1. Reactive protocols 261 12.3.2. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector 261 12.3.3. Dynamic source routing 262 12.4. Proactive protocols 263 12.4.1. Optimized link state routing protocol 263 12.4.2. Topology dissemination based on reverse-path forwarding 264 12.5. Quality of service in ad hoc networks 265 12.6. Models for QoS in MANET 266 12.7. Mesh networks 270 12.8. VANET networks 273 12.9. Green PI: wearable Device2Device networks 274 12.9.1. Observation of traffic 276 12.9.2. Embedded Internet and 5G 277 12.9.3. Green PI: wearable and embedded Internet 278 12.9.4. Distributed TCP/IP 279 12.9.5. Wearable YOI 280 12.10. Bibligraphy 281 Chapter 13. Mobile-Edge Computing 283 13.1. Network virtualization 283 13.2. Network virtualization technology 285 13.2.1. Xen 286 13.2.2. OpenFlow 288 13.3. Using network virtualization 292 13.3.1. Isolation 293 13.3.2. Extensive network virtualization 294 13.3.3. The Cloud 296 13.4. Mobile-edge computing 298 13.4.1. Use case 1: active device location tracking 299 13.4.2. Use case 2: augmented reality content delivery 300 13.4.3. Use case 3: video analytics 301 13.4.4. Use case 4: RAN-aware content optimization 301 13.4.5. Use case 5: distributed content and DNS caching 302 13.4.6. Use case 6: application-aware performance optimization 302 13.4.7. MEC server placement 303 13.5. Conclusion 305 13.6. Bibliography 305 Conclusion 307 Index 309

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Book SynopsisNear field communication (NFC) can appear to be a simple intuitive technology for exchanging data between close devices. In reality, these contactless structures that combine components and antennas must respect important and specific working constraints. Illustrated by a number of detailed technological examples, this book discusses the multiple normative (ISO, CEN, NFC Forum, EMVCo, etc.) and regulatory (ERC, FCC, ETSI, radiofrequency, private and ecological pollution, etc.) constraints, as well as the applied, typological, functional, structural, environmental or interoperability constraints that a NFC device might face. Design Constraints for NFC Devices also presents techniques that enable us to free ourselves from the technological constraints of current NFC operations encountered in banking, public transport, administration, automotive, industrial, communicating object and Internet of Things applications.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Preface xiii Introduction xvii Part 1. Introduction to – and Reminders About – NFC 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Recap of the Principles Employed in NFC 5 1.1. The physical fundaments of “contactless” and NFC 5 1.1.1. Phenomenon of propagation and radiation 5 1.1.2. Classification of fields and spatial regions 6 1.1.3. Spatial regions 6 1.1.4. Far field: r >> λ/2π (Fraunhofer zone) 6 1.1.5. Intermediary field: r approximately equal to λ (Fresnel zone) 7 1.1.6. Near field: r << λ/2π (Rayleigh zone) and the origin of NFC 7 1.1.7. Remarks on contactless, RFID and NFC applications 7 1.2. The concept of NFC 9 1.2.1. Biot–Savart law 10 1.2.2. Field H at a point on the axis of a circular antenna 10 1.2.3. Decrease in the field H as a function of “d” 13 1.2.4. Field H at a point on the axis of a rectangular antenna 14 Chapter 2. Normative Constraints of NFC 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.1.1. Normative, regulatory and NFC market constraints 17 2.1.2. A little bit of vocabulary 18 2.1.3. Norm 19 2.1.4. Standard 19 2.2. Normative constraints 19 2.2.1. Uplink from initiator to targets 20 2.2.2. “Contactless” normative constraints on NFC device antennae 27 2.3. Conclusion 36 Chapter 3. Regulatory Constraints and Recommendations 39 3.1. Regulatory constraints specific to NFC and NFC antennas 39 3.1.1. State of RF regulations 39 3.1.2. Constraints pertaining to radiation and pollution by NFC 41 3.1.3. The ERC 70 03 recommendation and the ETSI 300 330 norm 41 3.2. Constraints due to recommendations 45 3.2.1. Exposure of the human body to EM fields 46 3.2.2. Societal constraints due to individual freedoms (privacy) 48 3.2.3. Environmental constraints 50 3.3. Constraints of the NFC market 52 3.3.1. NFC applications of short range devices 52 3.3.2. Costs and market prices desired by users 52 3.3.3. Beware of false advertising 53 Part 2. Constraints Due to the Field of Applications of NFC 55 Introduction to Part 2 57 Chapter 4. Applicational Typologies of the NFC and their Consequences 59 4.1. Applicational typologies of the NFC 59 4.1.1. Technologies 59 4.1.2. “NFC Forum Devices” and “NFC Forum Tags” 60 4.1.3. “Modes” of communication of an NFC Forum Device 62 4.1.4. Role of an NFC Forum Device 63 4.1.5. Applicational typological possibilities and their constraints 64 4.2. Application consequences and their direct constraints 67 4.2.1. Touch & Go typology 67 4.2.2. Touch & Confirm typology 67 4.2.3. Touch & Connect typology 67 4.2.4. Touch & Explore typology 68 Chapter 5. Constraints Due to Fields of Application 69 5.1. Range of technical possibilities of applications 69 5.1.1. In architectures and electronic functions 69 5.1.2. Shapes, dimensions and form factors (publicity aside) 70 5.1.3. Remarks and some clarifications about the table 70 5.1.4. Targets/tags for the monitoring of long-distance races 72 5.1.5. Targets/tags for monitoring luxury items 72 5.2. Segmentation, typologies of markets, their problems and their incidences, and direct technical constraints on NFC devices 73 5.2.1. Market sectors and typologies 74 5.3. Mobile telephony 75 5.4. Banks/money matters/payments 77 5.5. Transport 78 5.5.1. 1st case: card emulation mode in battery-assisted and then flat battery 81 5.5.2. 2nd case: card emulation mode with battery out 81 5.5.3. 3rd case: collisions and loading effects 82 5.6. Automobiles 82 5.6.1. Consumer electronics 85 5.7. Healthcare 88 5.8. Communicating objects 89 5.8.1. NFC tablets 89 5.8.2. NFC USB key 90 5.8.3. NFC communication and promotional objects 91 5.8.4. “Add-on” NFC devices, sticks, and stickers 92 Part 3. Applicational Constraints Needing to be Solved when Designing NFC Systems and their Antennas 95 Introduction to Part 3 97 Chapter 6. Structural Constraints in NFC 99 6.1. Constraints due to the form factors of the antennas 99 6.2. Constraints due to variations of the operating distance 100 6.2.1. Distances and magnetic couplings 100 6.3. Constraint of the maximum acceptable value of the quality coefficient Q of the initiator antenna 100 6.4. Constraint of the value of return (retro) modulation voltage 102 6.4.1. Passive Load Modulation (PLM) 103 6.4.2. Active Load Modulation (ALM) 106 Chapter 7. Functional Applicational Constraints 111 7.1. Antenna tuning/detuning constraints 111 7.1.1. The case of an initiator 111 7.1.2. Electrical representation of the target 112 7.1.3. “Tuned”, “untuned” and “detuned” mobile phones 120 7.2. Constraints and influences of the environment 124 7.2.1. Physical influence of the environment 124 7.2.2. Impacts of the environment on the antenna and its performance 124 7.2.3. Electrical fields E 125 7.2.4. Magnetic field 128 Part 4. Conformity and Interoperability Constraints 137 Introduction to Part 4 139 Chapter 8. Conformity Constraints 141 8.1. Conformity tests for NFC devices 141 8.2. Norms of “conformity” tests for NFC IPx 142 8.2.1. ISO 23917 tests (NFC IP1 protocol) 143 8.2.2. ISO 22536 tests (NFC IP1 RF interface) 143 8.3. Electrical characterizations of the initiator antenna 146 8.3.1. The antenna’s inductance and resistance 146 8.3.2. Quality coefficient 149 8.3.3. Bandwidth 149 8.3.4. Tuning of the antenna and its impedance matching 149 8.4. Method of adjustment of the target antenna 154 8.4.1. Absorption threshold, H_thr 154 8.4.2. Absorption in reading mode, H_read 154 8.4.3. Resonance frequency, f_res 154 8.4.4. Bandwidth 155 8.5. Measuring methods for use with the target 155 8.6. Electrical measurements of the initiator antenna 156 8.6.1. Measuring the magnetic field H radiated by the initiator 156 8.6.2. Measurement of the quality coefficient – Q 158 8.6.3. Measuring Q in the application 162 8.6.4. Measuring the bandwidth in the application 163 8.7. Method for adjustment of whole systems 165 8.7.1. Measurements needing to be performed 165 8.7.2. Order in which the measurements must be taken 165 8.7.3. Energy domains, zero lines, and safe operating areas 165 8.8. Measuring tools 166 Chapter 9. Interoperability Constraints 169 9.1. Norms and interoperability 169 9.2. Problems of the tests; JNCF ISO vs EMV vs NFC Forum; etc 170 9.2.1. EMV conformity tests . 171 9.3. In practice: a few simple examples of measurements 178 9.3.1. Example 1 179 9.3.2. Example 2 181 9.3.3. Conformity tests of the NFC Forum 185 9.3.4. NFC Forum testing and certification methods for the lower levels 186 9.3.5. Testing the conformity of NFC with the CEN – Comité européen de normalisation (European Standardizing Committee) 187 9.3.6. What about overall interoperability? 188 Conclusion 189 Bibliography 197 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the architecture of two networks that make up the backbone of the telephone service VoLTE and video service ViLTE. The 4G mobile network makes it possible to construct bearers through which IP packets, containing either telephone signals (SIP, SDP) or voice or video media (RTP stream), are transported. The IMS network performs the processing of the telephone signal to provide VoLTE and ViLTE services, including call routing and the provision of additional services. Different procedures are described: the set-up and termination of a session, interconnection with third-party networks, roaming and intra-system handover. The inter-system handover PS-CS is a special case that occurs when the mobile loses 4G network coverage over the course of a session. The e-SRVCC mechanism enables continuity of the service during the switch of the telephone communication to the 2G or 3G networks. The SMS service for short messages, which is a special telephone service in itself, is provided by two structures, one relying on the IMS network, and a second on the CSFB functionality.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Abbreviations xv Chapter 1. Network Architecture 1 1.1. EPS network 1 1.1.1. Functional architecture 1 1.1.2. Protocol architecture 5 1.1.3. Bearers 8 1.2. IMS network 12 1.2.1. Functional architecture 12 1.2.2. Protocol architecture 17 1.3. Databases 18 1.3.1. Functional architecture 18 1.3.2. Protocol architecture 18 1.4. Charging associated with IMS network 19 1.4.1. Functional architecture 19 1.4.2. Protocol architecture 21 1.5. PCC function 21 1.5.1. Functional architecture 21 1.5.2. Protocol architecture 22 1.6. DIAMETER routers 23 1.7. ENUM system 24 1.8. IPX network 25 Chapter 2. Signaling Protocols 27 2.1. NAS protocol 27 2.1.1. EMM messages 28 2.1.2. ESM messages 30 2.2. RRC protocol 32 2.2.1. System information 36 2.2.2. Control of RRC connection 37 2.2.3. Measurement report 39 2.3. S1-AP protocol 40 2.3.1. Context management 42 2.3.2. Bearer management 43 2.3.3. Mobility management 43 2.3.4. S1-MME interface management 45 2.4. X2-AP protocol 45 2.4.1. Mobility management 46 2.4.2. Load management 47 2.4.3. X2 interface management 48 2.5. GTPv2-C protocol 49 2.5.1. Bearer management 51 2.5.2. Mobility management 52 2.6. SIP protocol 53 2.6.1. Requests 53 2.6.2. Responses 57 2.7. SDP protocol 60 2.8. DIAMETER protocol 61 2.8.1. Application to EPS network 61 2.8.2. Application to IMS network 62 2.8.3. Application to PCC function 64 Chapter 3. Basic Procedures 69 3.1. Attachment 69 3.2. Registration 75 3.3. Deregistration 84 3.4. Detachment 85 3.5. Establishment of VoLTE session 87 3.5.1. Originating side 87 3.5.2. Terminating side 94 3.6. Termination of VoLTE session 98 3.6.1. Initiated side 99 3.6.2. Received side 100 3.7. Establishment of ViLTE session 101 3.8. Termination of ViLTE session 104 3.9. Emergency call 106 Chapter 4. Radio Interface Procedures 109 4.1. Radio interface 109 4.1.1. Data link sub-layer 110 4.1.2. Logical channels 113 4.1.3. Transport channels 114 4.1.4. Physical layer 114 4.1.5. Physical signals 121 4.1.6. Physical channels 122 4.2. Procedures 124 4.2.1. Access control 124 4.2.2. Data transfer 130 Chapter 5. Service Profiles 147 5.1. Subscription data 147 5.1.1. Subscription to the EPS network 147 5.1.2. Subscription to the IMS network 148 5.2. VoLTE profile service 150 5.2.1. Supplementary telephone services 150 5.2.2. Audio flow 167 5.3. ViLTE profile service 170 5.3.1. Supplementary conversational video service 170 5.3.2. Video flow 171 Chapter 6. Interconnections 173 6.1. Interconnection CS network 173 6.1.1. Functional architecture 173 6.1.2. Protocol architecture 175 6.1.3. Session establishment 181 6.1.4. Session termination 190 6.2. Interconnection with IMS network 192 6.2.1. Functional architecture 192 6.2.2. Session establishment 193 Chapter 7. Handover 199 7.1. Introduction 199 7.2. Handover based on X2 201 7.2.1. Handover based on X2 without relocation 201 7.2.2. Handover based on X2 with relocation 205 7.3. Handover based on S1 207 7.3.1. Handover based on S1 without relocation 207 7.3.2. Handover based on S1 with relocation 211 7.4. PS-PS inter-system handover 218 7.4.1. Functional architecture 218 7.4.2. Procedure. 220 Chapter 8. Roaming 223 8.1. Functional architecture 223 8.1.1. Roaming applied to the EPS network 223 8.1.2. Roaming applied to the IMS network 224 8.2. Procedures 228 8.2.1. Session establishment for nominal routeing 228 8.2.2. Session establishment for optimal routeing 235 Chapter 9. Service Centralization and Continuity 243 9.1. ICS function 243 9.1.1. Functional architecture 243 9.1.2. Procedures 246 9.2. e-SRVCC function 255 9.2.1. Functional architecture 255 9.2.2. Procedures 260 Chapter 10. Short Message Service 273 10.1. Message structure 273 10.1.1. SM-TL layer 274 10.1.2. SM-RL layer 275 10.1.3. SM-CL layer 275 10.2. SMS over SGsAP 276 10.2.1. Functional architecture 276 10.2.2. Procedures 277 10.3. SMS over SIP 282 10.3.1. Functional architecture 282 10.3.2. Procedures 283 Bibliography 289 Index 295

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Book SynopsisWireless networks represent an inexpensive and convenient way to connect to the Internet. However, despite their applications across several technologies, one challenge still remains: to understand the behavior of wireless sensor networks and assess their performance in large-scale scenarios. When a large number of network nodes need to interact, developing suitable analytical models is essential to ensure the appropriate coverage and throughput of these networks and to enhance user mobility. This is intrinsically difficult due to the size and number of different network nodes and users. This book highlights some examples which show how this problem can be overcome with the use of different techniques. An intensive parameter analysis shows the reader how to the exploit analytical models for an effective development and management of different types of wireless networks.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi List of Acronyms xv Part 1. Sensor Networks 1 Chapter 1. Fluid Models and Energy Issues 3 1.1. The fluid-based approach 4 1.1.1. Sensor density and traffic generation 5 1.1.2. Data routing 5 1.1.3. Local and relay traffic rates 6 1.1.4. Channel contention and data transmission 6 1.1.5. Mean packet delivery delay 7 1.1.6. Sensor active/sleep behavior 7 1.2. Network scenario 7 1.3. The sensor network model 11 1.3.1. A minimum energy routing strategy: computing u(r:r) 11 1.3.2. Channel contention and data transmission: computing s(r) and PR(r) 17 1.3.3. Mean packet delivery delay: computing q(r) 22 1.4. Results 24 1.4.1. Model validation 25 1.4.2. Model exploitation 28 1.4.3. Model solution complexity and accuracy 35 Chapter 2. Hybrid Automata for Transient Delay Analysis 37 2.1. Event detection in WSNs 37 2.1.1. The 802.15.4 MAC protocol 39 2.2. Model for single-hop network topologies 40 2.2.1. Single message transfer 40 2.2.2. Multiple message transfers 43 2.3. Solution technique 44 2.3.1. Time discretization 44 2.3.2. Transient solution 46 2.3.3. Performance metrics computation 49 2.4. Model for multi-hop network topologies 50 2.5. Model validation and exploitation results 52 2.6. Discussion 57 Part 2. Vehicular Networks 59 Chapter 3. Safety Message Broadcasting 61 3.1. System description 62 3.2. Dissemination of safety messages 63 3.2.1. The spatial differentiation approach 63 3.2.2. The safety application 64 3.3. Assumptions and notations 65 3.4. Model outline 66 3.5. Computation of the block probability 67 3.6. Computation of the probability of first reception 69 3.6.1. A Gaussian approximation to the transient system behavior 73 3.7. Performance evaluation 77 3.7.1. The impact of power capture 77 3.7.2. The case of occupation probability ρ = 1 79 3.7.3. The case of homogeneous occupation probability ρ < 1 80 3.7.4. The case of inhomogeneous occupation probability 83 3.7.5. The impact of the forwarding policy 85 Chapter 4. Modeling Information Sharing 89 4.1. System scenario 89 4.2. Modeling information exchange in IVN 90 4.2.1. Model description 91 4.3. Computation of the probability of successful information retrieval 93 4.4. Model validation and exploitation 98 Part 3. Cellular Networks 103 Chapter 5. Multi-RAT Algorithms 105 5.1. RAT network 106 5.1.1. Scenario 107 5.1.2. RAT selection strategy 108 5.2. Network model 109 5.2.1. Functional rates 110 5.3. Model solution 115 5.3.1. Analytical approach 115 5.3.2. Computation of performance metrics 117 5.4. Performance evaluation 118 5.4.1. Setting and results 119 Bibliography 123 Index 127

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Book SynopsisThis book dives into radio resource allocation optimizations, a research area for wireless communications, in a pragmatic way and not only includes wireless channel conditions but also incorporates the channel in a simple and practical fashion via well-understood equations. Most importantly, the book presents a practical perspective by modeling channel conditions using terrain-aware propagation which narrows the gap between purely theoretical work and that of industry methods. The provided propagation modeling reflects industry grade scenarios for radio environment map and hence makes the channel based resource allocation presented in the book a field-grade view. Also, the book provides large scale simulations that account for realistic locations with terrain conditions that can produce realistic scenarios applicable in the field. Most portions of the book are accompanied with MATLAB code and occasionally MATLAB/Python/C code. The book is intended for graduate students, academics, researchers of resource allocation in mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering departments as well as working professionals/engineers in wireless industry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Utility Functions and Resource Allocation.- Resource Allocation without Channel.- Distributed or Centralized.- Channel Conditions and Resource Allocation.- Propagation Modeling .- Simulation.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals of THz communications, spanning the whole range of applications, propagation and channel models, RF transceiver technology, antennas, baseband techniques, and networking interfaces. The requested data rate in wireless communications will soon reach from 100 Gbit/s up to 1 Tbps necessitating systems with ultra-high bandwidths of several 10s of GHz which are available only above 200 GHz. In the last decade, research at these frequency bands has made significant progress, enabling mature experimental demonstrations of so-called THz communications, which are thus expected to play a vital role in future wireless networks. In addition to chapters by leading experts on the theory, modeling, and implementation of THz communication technology, the book also features the latest experimental results and addresses standardization and regulatory aspects. This book will be of interest to both academic researchers and engineers in the telecommunications industry. Trade Review“Since THz science is multidisciplinary field based on photonics and electronics, this book is addressed to a large audience as an updated account for TBs wireless communications.” (Mircea Dragoman, optica-opn.org, May 5, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to THz Communications Part IPropagation and Channel Modelling 1: Channel Measurement Techniques (33pages)Chapter 2 Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) Chapter 3 Measurements with Modulated Signals Chapter 4 Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Chapter 5 Correlation based Channel Sounding Part IIPropagation and Channel Modelling 2: Basic Propagation PhenomenaChapter 6 Free Space Loss and Atmospheric Effects Chapter 7 Reflection, Scattering and Transmission (incl. material parameters) Chapter 8 Diffraction and Blockage Chapter 9 Interference and Noise Part IIIPropagation and Channel Modelling 3: Modelling and Measurements in Complex Environments Chapter 10 Indoor Environments Chapter 11 Intra-Device and Close-Proximity Chapter 12 Backhaul/Fronthaul Outdoor links Chapter 13 Smart Rail Mobility Chapter 14 Data Centers Chapter 15 Vehicular Environments Chapter 16 Stochastic Channel Models Part IVAntenna Concepts and RealizationChapter 17 High-Gain Antennas Chapter 18 Antenna Arrays for beam forming Chapter 19 Algorithms for Multiple Antennas Part VTransceiver Technologies 1: Silicon-based ElectronicsChapter 20 SiGe HBT Chapter 21 Si-CMOS Part VITransceiver Technologies 2: III-V based Electronics (36 pages)Chapter 22 III-V HBT Chapter 23 III-V HEMT Chapter 24 Resonat Tunelling Diode Chapter 25 Plasma-wave device Part VIITransceiver Technologies 3: PhotonicsChapter 26 Photonics-based transmitters and receivers Part VIIITransceiver Technologies 4: Vacuum Electronic DevicesChapter 27 Vacuum Electronic Devices Part IXBaseband Processing and Networking Interface Chapter 28 Highspeed A/D and D/A Chapter 29 Modulation Formats Chapter 30 Forward Error Correction at ultra-high data rates Chapter 31 MAC and Networking Part X (82 pages)Demonstrators and Experiments Chapter 32 Real100GChapter 33 TERAPAN - A 300 GHz Fixed Wireless Link Based on InGaAs Transmit-Receive MMICs Chapter 34 ThoR Chapter 35 TERRANOVA Chapter 36 Ultrawave Chapter 38 Terapod Chapter 39 iBrOW Chapter 40 120-GHz-band project Chapter 41 300-GHz-band InP IC project Chapter 42 300-GHz-band Si-CMOS project Chapter 43 Fully Electronic Generation and Detection of THz Picosecond Pulses and Their Applications Chapter 44 RTD transceiver project Chapter 45 Photonics-aided 300-500 GHz wireless communications beyond 300 GHz Chapter 46 Ultrabroadband Networking Systems testbed at Northeastern University Chapter 47 Photonics-based project at IEMN Chapter 48 Opto-electronic generation of high-speed T-wave signals and their reception with a Kramers-Kronig receiver Chapter 49 300-GHz-band photonics-based link at ETRI Chapter 50 Brown University text bed Chapter 51 Activity at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Part XIStandardisation and Regulation Chapter 52 IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 Chapter 53 Spectrum for THz Communications Chapter 54 Outlook on Standardisation and Regulation

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Book SynopsisThis book includes proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS-2021), which took place in Asan, Korea, on July 1-3, 2021. With the proliferation of wireless technologies and electronic devices, there is a fast-growing interest in Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing (UPC). The UPC enables to create a human-oriented computing environment where computer chips are embedded in everyday objects and interact with physical world. Through UPC, people can get online even while moving around, thus, having almost permanent access to their preferred services. With a great potential to revolutionize our lives, UPC also poses new research challenges.The aim of the book is to provide the latest research findings, methods, development techniques, challenges, and solutions from both theoretical and practical perspectives related to UPC with an emphasis on innovative, mobile, and Internet services.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the Internet access for vehicles as well as novel communication and computing paradigms based on the Internet of vehicles. To enable efficient and reliable Internet connection for mobile vehicle users, this book first introduces analytical modelling methods for the practical vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) Internet access procedure, and employ the interworking of V2R and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) to improve the network performance for a variety of automotive applications. In addition, the wireless link performance between a vehicle and an Internet access station is investigated, and a machine learning based algorithm is proposed to improve the link throughout by selecting an efficient modulation and coding scheme.This book also investigates the distributed machine learning algorithms over the Internet access of vehicles. A novel broadcasting scheme is designed to intelligently adjust the training users that are involved in the iteration rounds for an asynchronous federated learning scheme, which is shown to greatly improve the training efficiency. This book conducts the fully asynchronous machine learning evaluations among vehicle users that can utilize the opportunistic V2R communication to train machine learning models. Researchers and advanced-level students who focus on vehicular networks, industrial entities for internet of vehicles providers, government agencies target on transportation system and road management will find this book useful as reference. Network device manufacturers and network operators will also want to purchase this book. Table of ContentsOverview of Internet Access of Vehicular Networks.- Internet Access Modeling of Vehicular Internet Access.- V2X Interworking via Vehicular Internet Access.- Intelligent Link Management for Vehicular Internet Access.- Intelligent Networking enabled Vehicular Distributed Learning.- Conclusion and Future Works.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for wireless communications and networks, helping readers to find solutions for communications and network problems using AI. Artificial Intelligence for 6G introduces, in a step-by-step manner, AI techniques such as: unsupervised learning; supervised learning; reinforcement learning; and deep learning. It explains how these techniques can be used for wireless communications and network systems, particularly in designing and optimizing 6G networks. This book is at the forefront of 6G research, and will be of interest internationally, to graduate students, academics, engineers, and developers who are focused on future development of network systems and mobile communications. Table of ContentsPart I: Artificial Intelligence Techniques.- Chapter 1. Historical Sketch of Artificial Intelligence.- Chapter 2. Unsupervised Learning.- Chapter 3. Supervised Learning.- Chapter 4. Gradient Descent.- Chapter 5. Reinforcement Learning.- Chapter 6. Deep Learning.- Part II: Artificial Intelligence Enabled Techniques for 6G.- Chapter 7. Artificial Intelligence and 6G.- Chapter 8. AI for Big Data.- Chapter 9. AI Enabled Wireless Communications.- Chapter 10. AI Enabled Networks.- Chapter 11. AI Empowered Mobile Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents computer networks to electrical and computer engineering students in a manner that is clearer, more interesting, and easier to understand than other texts. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step manner. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and giving too much detail that could hide concepts and impede overall understanding of the material. Ten review questions in the form of multiple-choice objective items are provided at the end of each chapter with answers. The review questions are intended to cover the little “tricks” which the examples and end-of-chapter problems may not cover. They serve as a self-test device and help students determine how well they have mastered the chapter.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Digital Communications.- Network Models.- Local Area Networks.- The Internet.- Intranets and Extranets.- Virtual Private Networks.- Digital Subscriber Line.- Optical Networks.- Wireless Networks.- Network Security.- Emerging Technologies.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the Internet of Things Network and Machine Learning and introduces Internet of Things architecture. It designs a new intelligent IoT network architecture and introduces different machine learning approaches to investigate solutions. It discusses how machine learning can help network awareness and achieve network intelligent control. It also dicusses the emerging network techniques that can enable the development of intelligent IoT networks. This book applies several intelligent approaches for efficient resource scheduling in networks. It discusses Mobile Edge Computing aided intelligent IoT and focuses mainly on the resource sharing and edge computation offloading problems in mobile edge networks. The blockchain-based IoT (which allows fairly and securely renting resources and establishing contracts) is discussed as well.The Internet of Things refers to the billions of physical devices that are now connected to and transfer data through the Internet without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. According to Gartner's prediction, there will be more than 37 billion IoT connections in the future year of 2025. However, with large-scale IoT deployments, IoT networks are facing challenges in the aspects of scalability, privacy, and security. The ever-increasing complexity of the IoT makes effective monitoring, overall control, optimization, and auditing of the network difficult. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) approaches have emerged as a viable solution to address this challenge. Machine learning can automatically learn and optimize strategy directly from experience without following pre-defined rules. Therefore, it is promising to apply machine learning in IoT network control and management to leverage powerful machine learning adaptive abilities for higher network performance. This book targets researchers working in the Internet of Things networks as well as graduate students and undergraduate students focused on this field. Industry managers, and government research agencies in the fields of the IoT networks will also want to purchase this book.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Intelligent Internet of Things Networking Architecture.- Intelligent IoT Network Awareness.- Intelligent Traffic Control.- Intelligent Resource Scheduling.- Mobile Edge Computing Enabled Intelligent IoT.- Blockchain Enabled Intelligent IoT.- Conclusions and Future Challenges.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, wireless networks communication has become the fundamental basis of our work, leisure, and communication life from the early GSM mobile phones to the Internet of Things and Internet of Everything communications. All wireless communications technologies such as Bluetooth, NFC, wireless sensors, wireless LANs, ZigBee, GSM, and others have their own challenges and security threats. This book addresses some of these challenges focusing on the implication, impact, and mitigations of the stated issues. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of not only the technical and ethical issues presented by the use of wireless networks but also the adversarial application of wireless networks and its associated implications. The authors recommend a number of novel approaches to assist in better detecting, thwarting, and addressing wireless challenges and threats. The book also looks ahead and forecasts what attacks can be carried out in the future through the malicious use of the wireless networks if sufficient defenses are not implemented. The research contained in the book fits well into the larger body of work on various aspects of wireless networks and cyber-security. The book provides a valuable reference for cyber-security experts, practitioners, and network security professionals, particularly those interested in the security of the various wireless networks. It is also aimed at researchers seeking to obtain a more profound knowledge in various types of wireless networks in the context of cyber-security, wireless networks, and cybercrime. Furthermore, the book is an exceptional advanced text for Ph.D. and master’s degree programs in cyber-security, network security, cyber-terrorism, and computer science who are investigating or evaluating a security of a specific wireless network. Each chapter is written by an internationally-renowned expert who has extensive experience in law enforcement, industry, or academia. Furthermore, this book blends advanced research findings with practice-based methods to provide the reader with advanced understanding and relevant skills.Table of Contents1. Key-Pre Distribution for the Internet of Things.- 2. Approaches and Methods for Regulation of Security Risks in 5G and 6G.- 3. Investigating Gesture Control of Smart Cities.- 4. Safety And Security Issues in Employing Drones.- 5. Security Threats of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.- 6. A Machine Learning Based Approach to Detect Cyber-Attacks on Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs).- 7. Security and Privacy Concerns in Next-Generation Networks using Artificial Intelligence-based Solutions: A Potential Use Case.- 8. A Blockchain-enabled Approach for Secure Data Sharing in 6G-based Internet of Things Networks.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides an exhaustive exploration of Opportunistic Networks (OppNets).

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Book SynopsisSimulations and Modelling of various THz devices for plasmonics application.- Tunable THz devices.- Modeling of THz wave modulators and attenuators.- THz application on biomedical engineering.- THz applications on wireless communication and optical communication.- Modelling of THz sources and detectors for various wired and wireless application.- THz radiating devices for defense, food, and agriculture sectors-A Review.- Modelling of two-dimensional devices for various THz applications.- THz imaging in industrial applications A Review.- Millimeter wave antenna structures: Current trends, Fabrication Process, Future scope and Optimization techniques.- Nanodevices for medical imaging using THz wave Applications.- Millimeter wave devices and Silicon technology: Current Trend and Applications (Review Article).- Millimeter wave operated reconfigurable devices.- RF characterization issues in millimetre wave applications.- Design and experimental validation of low-profile MIMO antenna for mm wave applications.- Millimeter wave devices: Current Trends, Fabrication process and Applications.- Design and experimental validation of mm wave antennas for breast cancer detection applications.- Deep learning for channel estimation in MIMO systems.- Design method of Printed Filter for RADAR applications in Terahertz Frequency Range.- Design and analysis of THz metamaterial antenna with deep learning algorithm optimization of antenna parameters.

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Book SynopsisSince the discovery of electromagnetic waves less than 150 years ago, the application of wireless communications technology has not only revolutionized our daily lives, but also fundamentally changed the course of world history.A Brief History of Everything Wireless charts the fascinating story of wireless communications. The book leads the reader on an intriguing journey of personal triumphs and stinging defeats, relating the prominent events, individuals and companies involved in each progressive leap in technology, with a particular focus on the phenomenal impact of each new invention on society. Beginning at the early days of spark-gap transmitters, this tale touches on the emergence of radio and television broadcasting, as well as radio navigation and radar, before moving on to the rise of satellite, near-field and light-based communications. Finally, the development of wireless home networks and the explosive growth of modern cellular technologies are revealed, complete with a captivating account of their corresponding company histories and behind-the-scenes battles over standards.For those wishing to peek behind the magic curtain of friendly user interfaces and clever engineering, and delve further into various processes underlying the ubiquitous technology we depend upon yet take for granted, the book also contains special “TechTalk” chapters that explain the theoretical basics in an intuitive way.Table of ContentsTsushima Strait"It's Of No Use Whatsoever"Radio at WarThe Golden Age of WirelessMesmerized by the Moving ImageHighways in the SkyTraffic Jam Over the EquatorThe Hockey Stick YearsThe American WayInternet in Your PocketHome Sweet Home"Please Identify Yourself"Let There Be LightEpilogueTechTalk: Sparks and WavesTechTalk: Size MattersTechTalk: There Is No Free LunchTechTalk: Making a MeshTechTalk: The Holy Grail

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises select proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Optical and Wireless Technologies (OWT 2020). The contents of this volume focus on research carried out in the areas of Optical Communication, Optoelectronics, Optics, Wireless Communication, Wireless Networks, Sensors, Mobile Communications and Antenna and Wave Propagation. The volume also explores the combined use of various optical and wireless technologies in next generation applications, and their latest developments in applications like photonics, high speed communication systems and networks, visible light communication, nanophotonics, wireless and MIMO systems. This book will serve as a useful reference to scientists, academicians, engineers and policy-makers interested in the field of optical and wireless technologies.Table of ContentsSmart Parking Management System in the Smart City.- Study of Micro-strip Antenna Geometry: Effect of Antenna Geometry on Antenna Parameters-a Comprehensive Review.- Effect of Temperature on Incoherently Coupled Dark-Bright Soliton Pair in Photorefractive Crystals.- Transmission Analysis of Designed 2D MWC in Hybrid OCDMA System for Local Area Network Application.- Optical code construction of Balanced Weight Ideal Cross Correlation Code for Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical CDMA Systems.- Dual-Band Dual Polarized Circularly Polarized And Linearly Polarized Strip And Square Slot L-Shaped Patch Antenna.- Analytical Comparison of Various Detection techniques for SAC based OCDMA Systems: A Comparative Review

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Applications (ICWCA 2020), held at Hainan University, China. The first volume of the proceedings will focus on the newest methods and algorithms in smart wireless communications in the areas of multimedia communications over wireless; smart antenna and space-time signal processing; antenna, wireless propagation, and channel modeling; OFDM and multi-carrier techniques; localization and navigation techniques; software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV); knowledge-defined networking (KDN) and the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in future networks; future data-center networks; resource allocation and orchestration in future networks and many others.Table of ContentsAlgorithm and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Wireless Sensor Network Coverage.- Design of Cooperative Driving System Based on VANET.- A Study of Intelligent Power Information Collection System Based on Distributed Architecture.- A Multi-User Communication Algorithm for UAV Bee Combat.- Review on Dec-POMDP Model for MARL Algorithms.- Research on AGV Correction Control Method Using QR Code Positioning.- Research on Multi Data Center Collaboration Technology for Multi Station Fusion.- A Novel Method for Online Control in Equipment Parameters of Blow Molding Process.- Research on the Optimum Ratio of Intelligent Rail Guided Vehicle and Computer Numerical Control.- An Apple Grading Method Based on Improved VGG16 Network.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes high-quality papers presented at Proceedings of First International Conference on Computational Electronics for Wireless Communications (ICCWC 2021), held at National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, during June 11–12, 2021. The book presents original research work of academics and industry professionals to exchange their knowledge of the state-of-the-art research and development in computational electronics with an emphasis on wireless communications. The topics covered in the book are radio frequency and microwave, signal processing, microelectronics and wireless networks. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Design of DGS Compact UWB Antenna for C, X, Ku and Ka-Band Applications using ANN and ANFIS Optimization Techniques.- Chapter 2. Design and analysis of MIMO antenna to reduce the mutual coupling between the circular patches at 3.5 GHz.- Chapter 3. Comparative analysis of Dipole and Bowtie Antenna on 2.4 GHz.- Chapter 4. Gain Enhancement of Dual Layer Patch antenna for WLAN Applications.- Chapter 5. Dual Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication.- Chapter 6. Dual band tag antenna design for UHF-RFID band applications with high read range Performance.- Chapter 7. Impact of Packet Retransmission on VoWiFi Cell Capacity using Fifth Generation WLAN.- Chapter 8. Efficient Channel Estimation in mmWave massive MIMO using hybrid beamforming.- Chapter 9. Efficient Techniques for FIR Filter Designing.- Chapter 10. Design and Analysis of Two-Stage Operational Amplifier for Biomedical Applications.- Chapter 11. CMOS CDBA based Low Voltage Low Power Universal filter.- Chapter 12. A Case Study and view on Current Trends in Solar Energy: Path to A Greener Environment.- Chapter 13. Design and Simulation of Serial Peripheral Interface Protocol using Pulsed Latches.- Chapter 14. Low-Power High-performance Hybrid Scalable Full Adder for Fast Computation.- Chapter 15. A Novel Controlled Positive Feedback Class AB OTA.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the design requirements of antenna integration for modern commercial devices such as smartphones, dongles, and access points. Practical use-case scenarios of smartphone and the design process of the antenna system for the same are highlighted. The feasibility of scaling up sub-6GHz to mmWave antennas is also discussed in detail followed by a plethora of design examples which could be panel mounted to modern-day commercial smartphones. The unique requirement of gain switchability is introduced with feasible practical antenna designs. High efficiency antennas for 5G base stations is introduced along with a design example on planar all-metallic antenna. Beam switchability requirement for base station is illustrated with a couple of compact antenna system examples. Variety of feeding techniques for mmWave antennas is elaborated in this book. Finally, low-cost antenna designs for future wireless devices are illustrated.​Table of Contents1. Introduction to Future Wireless Devices 1.1 Taxonomy of wireless devices in the market 1.2 Evolution of carrier frequencies 1.3 Why millimeter waves hold the key to future? 1.4 Feasibility of millimeter waves for data links: A reality check 1.5 Remedies for establishing the mmWave data link 1.5.1 Power Constraints 1.5.2 Gains of the antennas of the radios 1.5.3 Distance between the radios 1.5.4 The optimal recipe for mmWave 5G: A case study 1.6 Outline of the book References 2. Antenna Design Requirements 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Antennas of the previous generations of wireless devices 2.3 Breakout of a typical smartphone 2.3.1 Detailed characteristics of antennas for smartphones 2.3.2 Generic examples and implementation details 2.4 Antenna requirements of a wireless dongle 2.5 Antenna requirements for wearable devices 2.6 Antenna requirements for base stations and access points 2.7 Conclusion References 3. Mobile Terminal Antenna Designs for Data Modes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need for Orthogonal data modes 3.3 Desired characteristics of the antenna system for data modes 3.4 Why Phased arrays fail? 3.5 A conformal antenna module with Shared ground 3.5.1 Conformal mmWave array 3.5.2 Conformal printed Yagi 3.5.3 Shared ground beam switching module 3.6 Ultra compact vertically mounted end-fire antennas 3.6.1 Compact Yagi antenna 3.6.2 Orthogonal beam switching module 3.7 Conclusion References 4. Co-design of Sub 6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Antennas for Mobile Terminals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Desired characteristics of co-designed antennas 4.3 Why multiband antennas would fail for sub-6GHz and mmWave operations? 4.4 Co-design of CPS-fed sub-6GHz antenna with a mmWave conformal array 4.4.1 CPS-fed sub-6GHz antenna 4.4.2 Electrically close integrated design 4.5 Co-design with a compact monopole 4.5.1 Panel mountable microstrip fed sub-6GHz antenna 4.5.2 Orthogonal placement of sub-6GHz and mmWave array 4.6 Overlapped co-design of sub-6GHz and mmWave element 4.6.1 mmWave wideband radiator 4.6.2 Microstrip fed sub-6GHz monopole 4.6.3 Overlapped co-design for sub-6GHz and mmWave operations 4.7 Conclusion References 5. Gain Switchable Antenna Modules 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Need for gain switchability 5.3 A three port antenna module design 5.4 A dual conformal shared radiator 5.5 Conclusion References 6. Highly Efficient Antennas for the Base Stations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification of all-metallic antennas 6.3 Additively manufactured antennas 6.4 Subtractively manufactured antennas 6.5 Cavity based antennas 6.6 Wire or wire based radiators 6.7 Design example of a planar all-metallic antenna 6.8 Conclusion References 7. Pattern Diversity Architecture for Base Stations 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Need for beam switching in 5G base stations 7.3 High aperture efficiency wideband antenna 7.3.1 Metamaterial loaded design 7.3.2 A stacked approach for base stations 7.4 ACS fed antennas for base stations 7.4.1 Compact ACS fed antenna 7.4.2 Shared ground two port design 7.4.3 A quasi stacking design for base stations 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Feeding Techniques for Ka-band Antennas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of feeding techniques 8.2.1 Microstrip feed 8.2.2 CPW feed 8.2.3 ACS feed 8.2.4 Waveguide feed 8.2.5 SIW feed 8.2.6 Coaxial or probe feed 8.2.7 Aperture coupled feed 8.3 Conclusion References 9. Fabrication Technology for Low Cost Antennas 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What drives up the cost of manufacturing a modern antenna? 9.3 A 3D-printed slide-on horn antenna 9.4 Polycarbonate based co-design of mmWave and sub-6GHz antenna 9.5 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book presents best selected papers presented at the Second International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Computing, Communication and Smart Cities (ETCCS 2021) held on 21-22 August 2021 at BFCET, Punjab, India. IEI India members supported externally. It is co-organized by Southern Federal University, Russia; University of Jan Wyżykowski (UJW), Polkowice, Poland, SD College of Engineering & Technology, Muzaffarnagar Nagar, India as an academic partner and CSI, India for technical support. The book includes current research works in the areas of network and computing technologies, wireless networks and Internet of things (IoT), futuristic computing technologies, communication technologies, security and privacy.Table of ContentsHealth Care Transformation Traditional to Telemedicine : A Portrayal.- Comparative analysis of semantic similarity word embedding techniques for paraphrase detection.- Machine Learning approach for identifying survival of Bone Marrow Transplant patients.- Human Disease Prognosis and Diagnosis using Machine Learning.- Design and Development of Enhanced Secured Video Communication System for Medical Video Sensor Network.- A novel smart aging approach for monitor the lifestyle of elderlies and identifying anomalies.- Spatial Analysis of Violent Crime Dataset Using Machine Learning.- Design of facial recognition based touchless biometric system.- Cloud Supported Secure e-Card College Management System.- Smart Traffic Monitoring with Fog and Cloud Computing.- Optimal Power Flow Using Firefly Algorithm with Solar Power.- Experimental Evaluation of QFT Adders on IBM QX Hardware.- Adoption of Blockchain for Data Privacy in 6G-envisioned Augumented Reality: Opportunities and Challenges.- Reusability Estimation of Object-Oriented (O-O) Systems using SOM Technique.- Impact of Green Communication & Technology System.- Recent Advancement in Fine-Grained access control and secure data sharing scheme for distributed environment.- Review on Security of Internet of Things: Security Requirements, Threats, and Proposed Solutions.- Blockchain-driven and IoT-assisted Chemical Supply-Chain Management.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents best selected papers presented at the Second International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Computing, Communication and Smart Cities (ETCCS 2021) held on 21-22 August 2021 at BFCET, Punjab, India. IEI India members supported externally. It is co-organized by Southern Federal University, Russia; University of Jan Wyżykowski (UJW), Polkowice, Poland, SD College of Engineering & Technology, Muzaffarnagar Nagar, India as an academic partner and CSI, India for technical support. The book includes current research works in the areas of network and computing technologies, wireless networks and Internet of things (IoT), futuristic computing technologies, communication technologies, security and privacy.Table of ContentsHealth Care Transformation Traditional to Telemedicine : A Portrayal.- Comparative analysis of semantic similarity word embedding techniques for paraphrase detection.- Machine Learning approach for identifying survival of Bone Marrow Transplant patients.- Human Disease Prognosis and Diagnosis using Machine Learning.- Design and Development of Enhanced Secured Video Communication System for Medical Video Sensor Network.- A novel smart aging approach for monitor the lifestyle of elderlies and identifying anomalies.- Spatial Analysis of Violent Crime Dataset Using Machine Learning.- Design of facial recognition based touchless biometric system.- Cloud Supported Secure e-Card College Management System.- Smart Traffic Monitoring with Fog and Cloud Computing.- Optimal Power Flow Using Firefly Algorithm with Solar Power.- Experimental Evaluation of QFT Adders on IBM QX Hardware.- Adoption of Blockchain for Data Privacy in 6G-envisioned Augumented Reality: Opportunities and Challenges.- Reusability Estimation of Object-Oriented (O-O) Systems using SOM Technique.- Impact of Green Communication & Technology System.- Recent Advancement in Fine-Grained access control and secure data sharing scheme for distributed environment.- Review on Security of Internet of Things: Security Requirements, Threats, and Proposed Solutions.- Blockchain-driven and IoT-assisted Chemical Supply-Chain Management.

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