The environment Books

Book SynopsisExtraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis Explore the analytical approach to extraction techniques In Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis, accomplished environmental scientist and researcher John R. Dean delivers a comprehensive discussion of the extraction techniques used for organic compounds relevant to environmental analysis. In the book, extraction techniques for aqueous, air, and solid environmental matrices are explored and case studies that highlight those techniques are included. Readers will find in-depth treatments of specific extraction techniques suitable for adoption in their own laboratories, as well as reviews of relevant analytical techniques used for the analysis of organic compound extracts (with a focus on chromatographic separation and detection). Extraction Techniques for Environmental Analysis also includes a chapter that extensively covers the requirements for an analytical laboratory, including health and safety standards, as well as: A Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xix Section A Initial Considerations 1 1 The Analytical Approach 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Environmental Organic Compounds of Concern 4 1.3 Essentials of Practical Work 12 1.4 Health and Safety 15 1.5 Considerations for Data Presentation 21 1.5.1 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Tables 21 1.5.2 Useful Tips on Presenting Data in Graphical Form 21 1.6 Use and Determination of Significant Figures 21 1.7 Units 23 1.8 Calibration and Quantitative Analysis 24 1.9 Terminology in Quantitative Analysis 24 1.10 Preparing Solutions for Quantitative Work 25 1.11 Calibration Graphs 27 1.12 The Internal Standard 28 1.13 Limits of Detection/Quantitation 29 1.14 Dilution or Concentration Factors 31 1.15 Quality Assurance 32 1.16 Use of Certified Reference Materials 33 1.17 Applications 34 Further Reading 39 Section B Sampling 41 2 Sampling and Storage 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Sampling Strategy 44 2.3 Types of Aqueous Matrices 45 2.4 Types of Soil Matrices 46 2.5 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Solid Environmental Matrices 49 2.5.1 Aqueous (Water) Samples 49 2.5.2 Solid (Soil) Samples 50 2.6 Sampling Soil (and/or Sediment) 52 2.7 Sampling Water 57 2.8 Sampling Air 59 2.9 Sampling and Analytical Operations Interrelationships and Terminology 60 2.9.1 Sampling Operations 60 2.9.2 Analytical Operations 61 2.10 Storage of Samples 63 2.10.1 Choice of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 63 2.10.2 Cleaning of Storage Container for Liquid Samples 64 2.11 Preservation Techniques for Liquid Samples 65 2.12 Preservation Techniques for Solid Samples 66 2.13 Preservation Techniques for Gaseous Samples 66 2.14 Applications 66 Reference 72 Section C Extraction of Aqueous Samples 73 3 Classical Approaches for Aqueous Extraction 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 75 3.2.1 Theory of LLE 76 3.2.2 Selection of Solvents 77 3.2.3 Solvent Extraction 78 3.2.4 Problems with the LLE process and Their Remedies 81 3.3 Liquid Microextraction Techniques 81 3.3.1 Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME) 81 3.3.2 Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) 82 3.4 Purge and Trap 84 3.5 Headspace Extraction 84 3.5.1 Procedure for Static Headspace Sampling 86 3.5.2 Procedure for Dynamic Headspace Sampling 87 3.6 Application 88 4 Solid-Phase Extraction 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Types of SPE Sorbent 93 4.2.1 Multimodal and Mixed-Phase Extractions 94 4.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) 94 4.3 SPE Formats and Apparatus 97 4.4 Method of SPE Operation 100 4.5 Solvent Selection 103 4.6 Factors Affecting SPE 104 4.7 Selected Methods of Analysis for SPE 104 4.7.1 Application of Reversed-Phase SPE 104 4.7.2 Application of Normal-Phase SPE 106 4.7.3 Application of Ion Exchange SPE 107 4.7.4 Application of Mixed-Mode SPE 108 4.8 Automation and Online SPE 108 4.9 Applications 110 4.10 Summary 117 References 118 5 Solid-Phase MicroExtraction 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Theoretical Considerations for SPME 119 5.3 Practical Considerations for SPME 122 5.3.1 SPME Agitation Methods 123 5.3.2 Other SPME Operating Considerations 124 5.4 Application of SPME 124 5.5 Summary 130 Reference 130 6 In-Tube Extraction 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Microextraction in a Packed Syringe (MEPS) 133 6.2.1 Procedure for MEPS 133 6.2.2 Main Issues in MEPS 134 6.3 In-Tube Extraction (ITEX) 135 6.3.1 Procedure for ITEX-DHS 135 6.4 Application of ITEX-DHS 136 6.5 Summary 139 7 Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 141 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Theoretical Considerations for SBSE 141 7.3 Practical Issues for SBSE 143 7.3.1 Main Issues in SBSE 143 7.4 Application of SBSE 144 7.5 Summary 144 8 Membrane Extraction 145 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Theoretical Considerations for Membrane Extraction 146 8.2.1 Mass Transfer Coefficient Model 147 8.2.2 Chemical Reaction Kinetic Model 148 8.3 Passive Sampling Devices 149 8.4 Application of Passive Sampling Using Chemcatcher® 154 8.5 Summary 155 Reference 155 Section D Extraction of Solid Samples 157 9 Classical Approaches for Extraction of Solid Samples 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Theory of Liquid–Solid Extraction 159 9.3 Soxhlet Extraction 162 9.3.1 Experimental 163 9.4 Soxtec Extraction 164 9.5 Ultrasonic Extraction 165 9.5.1 Experimental 166 9.6 Shake Flask Extraction 167 9.6.1 Experimental 167 9.7 Application 168 Reference 170 10 Pressurized Liquid Extraction 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Theoretical Considerations Relating to the Extraction Process 171 10.2.1 Solubility and Mass Transfer Effects 172 10.2.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibrium (By Temperature and Pressure) 173 10.3 Instrumentation for PLE 173 10.4 A Typical Procedure for PLE 175 10.5 In Situ Clean-Up or Selective PLE 179 10.6 Method Development for PLE 181 10.6.1 Pre-Extraction Considerations 181 10.6.2 Packing the Extraction Vessel 181 10.7 Applications of PLE 182 10.8 Summary 204 References 204 11 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 205 11.1 Introduction 205 11.2 Theoretical Considerations for MAE 205 11.2.1 Selecting an Organic Solvent for MAE 207 11.2.2 Heating Methods 208 11.2.3 Calibration of a Microwave Instrument 209 11.3 Instrumentation for MAE 210 11.4 A Typical Procedure for MAE 211 11.5 Applications of MAE 212 11.6 Summary 217 References 217 12 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion 219 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Practical Considerations for MSPD 219 12.3 Optimization of MSPD 220 12.4 Application of MSPD 221 12.5 Summary 228 13 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 229 13.1 Introduction 229 13.2 Theoretical Considerations for SFE 230 13.3 Supercritical CO2 231 13.4 Instrumentation for SFE 231 13.5 A Typical Procedure for SFE 232 13.6 Application of SFE 236 13.7 Summary 238 References 238 Section E Extraction of Gaseous Samples 239 14 Air Sampling 241 14.1 Introduction 241 14.2 Techniques Used for Air Sampling 242 14.2.1 Whole Air Collection 242 14.2.2 Enrichment Onto Solid Sorbents 243 14.2.2.1 Active Methods 243 14.2.2.2 Passive Methods 243 14.3 Thermal Desorption 244 14.4 Workplace Exposure Limits 249 14.5 Biological Monitoring 249 14.6 Particulate Matter 250 14.7 Application of Air Sampling 251 14.8 Summary 252 References 252 Section F Post-Extraction 253 15 Pre-Concentration and Associated Sample Extract Procedures 255 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Solvent Evaporation Techniques 255 15.2.1 Needle Evaporation 256 15.2.2 Automated Evaporator (TurboVap) 256 15.2.3 Rotary Evaporation 256 15.2.4 Kuderna–Danish Evaporative Concentration 258 15.2.5 Automated Evaporative Concentration System 258 15.3 Post-Extract Evaporation 260 15.4 Sample Extract Clean-Up Procedures 260 15.4.1 Column Chromatography 260 15.4.1.1 Partition Chromatography 261 15.4.1.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography 261 15.4.1.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography 261 15.4.2 Acid–Alkaline Partition 262 15.4.3 Acetonitrile–Hexane Partition 262 15.4.4 Sulphur Clean-Up 262 15.4.5 Alkaline Decomposition 262 15.5 Derivatization for Gas Chromatography 262 15.6 Application of Pre-Concentration for Analysis 264 References 264 16 Instrumental Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 265 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Theory of Chromatography 265 16.3 Chromatography Detectors: The Essentials 271 16.4 Gas Chromatography 272 16.4.1 Choice of Gas for GC 273 16.4.2 Sample Introduction in GC 274 16.4.3 The GC Oven 275 16.4.4 The GC Column 277 16.4.5 GC Detectors 279 16.4.6 Compound Derivatization for GC 283 16.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 284 16.5.1 The Mobile Phase in HPLC 284 16.5.2 Sample Introduction in HPLC 285 16.5.3 The HPLC Column 286 16.5.4 Detectors for HPLC 288 16.6 Other Techniques for Environmental Organic Analysis 292 16.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 292 16.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry 293 16.6.3 Portable Techniques for Field Measurements 293 16.7 Applications of Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 294 16.8 Summary 300 Further Readings 300 Section G Post-Analysis: Decision- Making 301 17 Environmental Problem Solving 303 17.1 Introduction 303 References 327 Section H Historical Context 329 18 A History of Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis 331 18.1 Introduction 331 18.2 Application 339 References 345 Appendices 347 SI units and Physical Constants 357 Index 361

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Book SynopsisAquatic Environmental Bioengineering Discover the importance of remediation efforts for aquatic ecosystems Most contamination of water bodies stem from human activity, and the pollution in our water is one of the most important environmental concerns facing future generations. The most significant of these pollutants are halogenated organic compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, radionuclides, metal and metalloids, pharmaceutical drugs, microbial toxins, and flame retardants. With such a vast array of potential contaminants and dangerously cumulating contamination levels in fragile marine environments, reparative action is more essential than ever. Aquatic Environmental Bioengineering: Monitoring and Remediation of Contamination provides the reader with a map towards environmentally safe and economically feasible technologies to intervene in polluted aquatic ecosystems. The authors suggest a phased approach consisting of site classification and risk assessmeTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xii 1 Emerging Pollutants Remediation Water Systems: Biomass-Based Technologies 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Adsorption-Based Remediation 3 1.2.1 Biomass 3 1.2.2 Terrestrial and Marine Bioresources 3 1.2.3 Agro-Industrial Wastes 3 1.2.4 Activated Carbons (ACs) 4 1.2.5 Bioresources 4 1.2.6 Agro-Industrial Wastes 4 1.2.7 Activated Sludge (AS) 4 1.3 Bioremediation 4 1.3.1 Phytoremediation 4 1.3.2 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) 5 1.3.3 Microbial Remediation 5 1.3.4 Biocoagulants and Bioflocculants 5 1.4 Multi-Element Water Treatment Process 1 1.4.1 Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs): Biodegradation and Membrane Filtration 6 1.4.2 Activated Carbon and Ozone 7 1.5 Views and Recommendations 7 1.6 Conclusion 7 2 Genetic Engineering for Metal Tolerance and Accumulation 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Mechanisms of Metal Uptake and their Transport in Plants 14 2.2.1 Heavy Metals Tolerance (Mechanism) in Plants 15 2.2.2 Mechanisms of Avoidance in Plants 15 2.2.3 Binding of Metal to the Cell Wall 16 2.2.4 Mechanisms of Tolerance in Plants 16 2.3 Phytoremediation Using Genetic Engineering Stress-Tolerant Plants 18 2.3.1 Selenium Accumulation by Plants 20 2.3.2 Genetics of Plants Selenium Accumulation 21 2.3.3 Proteins for Metal Accumulation 24 2.4 Genetically Modified Plants Against Uptake, Tolerance and Detoxification of Heavy Metals 24 2.5 Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Mechanisms in Plants 26 2.5.1 Immobilization 27 2.5.2 Chelation Using Organic Acids and Amino Acids 27 2.5.3 Stress Peptide Synthesis 27 2.5.4 Cd Transporters 28 2.5.5 Genetic Analysis of Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation in Plants 28 2.6 Heavy Metal ATPases (HMA) 30 3 Transgenic Approaches for Field Testing and Risk Assessment 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Transgenic Plants for Environmental Remediation 43 3.3 Degradation Pathways in Plants 44 3.4 Cytochrome P450s for Environmental Perspectives 44 3.5 Transgenic Plants for the Rhizoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics 45 3.6 Transgenic Plants to be Developed for the Phytoremediation of Some Other Priority Pollutants 46 3.7 Potential Genes for Phytoremediation 47 3.8 Hitting Transgenics to the Assessment: Plant Bioremediation 49 3.9 Potential Risks 50 3.9.1 Risk Assessment Theories and Practices 50 3.9.2 Contests Aimed at Multifaceted Risk Valuation 51 3.10 Future Research Guidelines 51 4 Role of RS and GIS in Water Quality Monitoring and Remediation 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Scope of RS and GIS in Water Monitoring 60 4.3 Assessment of Certain Impurities in Water With the Aid of RS and GIS 61 4.3.1 Suspended Load 61 4.3.2 Phytoplankton 62 4.3.3 Turbidity 62 4.4 Benefits of RS in Assessment of Water Quality 63 4.4.1 Soil Moisture Mapping for Floods and Droughts 63 4.4.2 Spatially Distributed Crop Water Use Estimation 64 4.4.3 Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Remediation 64 4.4.4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring and Remediation 65 4.5 Future Prospectus of RS and GIS Applications in Water Quality Studies 66 5 Advancement on Bioaugmentation: Strategies for Processing Industry Wastewater 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Present Disposal Techniques and their Limitations 73 5.3 Bioaugmentation as an Emerging Strategy 73 5.3.1 Bioaugmentation Principle 75 5.3.2 Cell Bioaugmentation 75 5.3.3 Biological Augmentation as a Tool for Improving the Wastewater Treatment Efficiency 75 5.3.4 Role of Bioaugmentation in Removing Recalcitrant Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater 76 5.4 Bioaugmentation Applications 76 5.4.1 Removal of Compounds 76 5.4.2 Removal of Lignin 77 5.4.3 Pyridine and Quinoline 77 5.4.4 Cyanides 78 5.4.5 Nicotine 78 5.5 Bioaugmentation Technologies and their Limitations 78 5.5.1 Grazing of Protozoans 79 5.5.2 Inoculum Size 79 5.5.3 Bacteriophage Infection 79 5.6 Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of Bioaugmentation 80 5.6.1 Immobilizing the Cells in Bioaugmentation 80 5.6.2 Quorum Sensing 80 5.6.3 Gene Transfer and Genetically Modified Microorganisms 81 5.7 Bioaugmentation and Nanotechnology 81 5.8 Future Prospects 82 5.9 Conclusion 82 6 Photocatalysis in Relation to Water Remediation 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Characteristics of Material 93 6.2.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis 93 6.2.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 94 6.3 Consequence of Ultra Violet/Titanium Dioxide/Hydrogen Peroxide 95 6.3.1 Chlorophenol 95 6.3.2 2, 4-Dichlorophenol 95 6.3.3 2, 4, 6- Trichlorophenol 96 6.4 Obstacles for Applicability 97 6.4.1 Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 97 6.4.2 Photocatalytic Reactor Design and System Evaluation 97 6.5 Strategies for Improving Research Outcomes 98 7 Biochemical Systems: Cathode Advanced Wastewater Treatment 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Cathodic Catalysis in BES and Implications for Catalyst Design 104 7.2.1 Cathodic Catalysis Characteristic in BES 104 7.2.2 Operation Environment 105 7.2.3 Wastewater Electrolyte 105 7.2.4 Cathode Over Potential and Catalysis in BES 106 7.2.5 Photo-Aided Cathodic Catalysis 106 7.3 Wastewater Treatment 107 7.3.1 Highly Biodegradable Wastewater 107 7.3.2 Complex/Low Biodegradable Wastewater 107 7.3.3 Integrated Process for Additional Treatment 108 7.4 Current Bottlenecks and Challenges for BES 108 7.5 Future Directions 111 8 Nanotechnology: Environmental Sustainable Solutions for Wastewater Treatment 116 8.1 Introduction 116 8.2 Water Nanotechnology 118 8.2.1 Adsorption and Separation 118 8.2.2 Catalysis 118 8.2.3 Disinfection 119 8.2.4 Sensing 119 8.2.5 Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents 119 8.2.6 Metal-Based Nanoadsorbents 120 8.2.7 Polymer-Based Nanoadsorbents 121 8.3 Zeolites 121 8.4 Magnetic Nanocomposites 122 8.5 Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) 122 8.6 Biosorbents 123 8.7 Treatment of Wastewater by Means of Membrane-based Techniques 124 8.8 Nanoparticles for Microbial Control and Disinfection 125 8.9 Antimicrobial Action of Nanoparticles 126 8.10 Potential Applications in Wastewater Treatment 127 8.11 Benefits of Nano-Biotechnology-Based Applications for Water Sustainability 127 8.12 Challenges and Future Outlook 128 9 Biotechnology Intercession in Phytoremediation 138 9.1 Introduction 138 9.2 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 138 9.3 Qualitative Phytoremediators 141 9.4 Biotechnology in Plant Mediated Remediation for Contaminants 141 9.5 Toxic Metals (TMs) 141 9.5.1 Arsenic (As) 142 9.5.2 Mercury (Hg) 143 9.5.3 Organic Pollutants (OPs) 143 9.5.4 Pesticides 144 9.5.5 Oil Spills (OSs) 144 9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 145 10 Biofilms in Remediation: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 150 10.1 Introduction 150 10.2 Different Methods for Culturing Biofilms In Vitro 152 10.2.1 Static Microtiter Plate Assays 152 10.2.2 Tube Biofilms 152 10.2.3 Colony Biofilms 152 10.2.4 Biofilm Growth on Peg Lids 153 10.2.5 Rotating Disk and Concentric Cylinder Reactors 153 10.5 Methods for Characterization of Biofilms 154 10.5.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 154 10.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 155 10.5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 155 10.5.4 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 155 10.5.5 X-ray Spectroscopy 155 10.5.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 155 10.6 Biofilm-Based Bioremediation 156 10.7 Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms in Lakes 158 10.8 Conclusion 159 11 Graphene-Based Absorbents for Wastewater Treatment 164 11.1 Introduction 164 11.2 Graphene-Based Materials 165 11.3 Graphene–Polymer Composites 165 11.4 Applications of Graphene as an Adsorbent in Water Remediation 170 11.4.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 171 11.4.2 Phenolic Compounds 172 11.4.3 Pharmaceutical Compounds 173 11.4.4 Pesticides 173 11.4.5 Dyes 174 11.5 Future Scope 175 12 Sewage Sludge: Use in Agriculture Practices 181 12.1 Introduction 181 12.2 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge 18 12.3 Activation of Sewage Sludge 183 12.4 Disposal of Sludge to Land 184 12.5 The Effect of Sludge Application on Soil Properties 185 12.5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties 185 12.5.2 Microbial Parameters of Soil 188 12.5.3 Concentration of Nutrients and the Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Soil 191 12.6 Outlines of Nutrients and Harmful Metals in Sludge and Soil 192 12.7 The Accumulation of Nutrients by Crops 193 12.8 Future Views 194 13 Microbial Fuel Cells for the Treatment of Wastewater 203 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Biochemical Sustenance of Microbes 204 13.3 Functioning of MFCs 204 13.3.1 Uses of MFCs 205 13.3.2 Wastewater Treatment 205 13.3.3 Power Supply to Underwater Monitoring Devices 205 13.3.4 Power Supply to Remote Sensors 205 13.3.5 BOD Sensing 205 13.3.6 Hydrogen Manufacture 206 13.4 Microbial Fuel Cells Treatment of Wastewater 206 13.5 Microbial Fuel Cell Design 206 13.6 Construction of MFCs 207 13.6.1 Two Cell MFCs 207 13.6.2 Single Compartment MFCs 208 13.7 MFCs and Wastewater Remediation 208 13.7.1 Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation 209 13.7.2 Treatment of Sewage and Electricity Production by Microbial Fuel Cells 209 13.7.3 Advanced MFCs for Wastewater Treatment 209 13.8 Wastewater Treatment by MFCs Coupled with Peroxicoagulation Process 210 13.9 MFCs and Generation of Bioelectricity 210 13.10 Electricigens in the MFCs 210 13.11 Future Prospects 210 13.12 Conclusion 211 14 Water Resources Planning and Management Paradigm Decision-Making 214 14.1 Introduction 214 14.2 Freshwater Stress 215 14.3 Globalization 215 14.4 Disparity in Supply and Demand 215 14.5 Planning and Management Approaches 3216 14.5.1 Top-Down Approach 216 14.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach 216 14.6 Integrated Water Resources Management 216 14.7 Water Management and Planning: Goals, Strategies, Decisions, and Scenarios 217 14.8 Systems Approaches to Water Resource System Planning and Decision-Making 218 14.9 Analysis and Implementation Framework 218 14.10 Decision-Making 219 Index 222

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Book SynopsisAnalytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern Provides the analytical methodology required to detect different families of organic compounds of emerging concern (CECs) from environmental samples Most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, sunscreens, perfluorinated compounds, and microplasticshave been present in the environment for years, yet some have only recently been identified, and many of these organic compounds remain unregulated. Analytical methods have been developed to determine the toxicity and risk of different families of CECs. Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern presents the methods currently available to determine families of organic CECs in environmental samples. Each section of the book is devoted to a particular family of CECs, covering different analytical methods supported by examples of both cutting-edge research and commonly used methods. An inTable of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv 1 Pesticides 1 Irene Domínguez, Rosalía López Ruiz, Antonia Garrido Frenich, and Roberto Romero González 1.1 Overview of Pesticides 1 1.1.1 Properties 1 1.1.2 Legislation 2 1.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 3 1.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 4 1.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 9 1.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 9 1.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 10 1.3 Determination of Pesticides 20 1.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 20 1.3.1.1 Chromatography 20 1.3.1.2 Detection 22 1.3.2 Figures of Merit 24 1.3.3 Hints and Tips 24 1.4 Future Directions and Challenges 25 Acknowledgments 26 Bibliography 26 2 Pharmaceuticals 37 Monika Paszkiewicz, Hanna Lis, Magda Caban, Anna Białk-Bielińska, and Piotr Stepnowski 2.1 Overview of Pharmaceuticals 37 2.1.1 Properties 37 2.1.2 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 37 2.1.3 Occurrence 39 2.1.4 Legislation 44 2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 46 2.2.1 Solid Samples 46 2.2.2 Water Samples 47 2.3 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals 51 2.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 51 2.3.2 Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 55 2.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 60 References 60 3 Personal Care Products 71 Maria Llompart, Maria Celeiro, and Thierry Dagnac 3.1 Overview of Personal Care Products 71 3.1.1 Properties 71 3.1.2 Legislation 72 3.1.3 Transformation Products 73 3.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 73 3.2 Sample Preparation for PCPs in the Aquatic Environment 74 3.2.1 Sorbent-based Methodologies 75 3.2.1.1 Solid-phase Extraction 75 3.2.1.2 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction 99 3.2.1.3 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction 100 3.2.1.4 Solid-phase Microextraction 102 3.2.2 Liquid-based Extraction Techniques 104 3.2.2.1 Microextraction Liquid Phase Approaches: DLLME, SDME, USAEME 104 3.3 Determination of Personal Care Products 107 3.4 Future Directions and Challenges 108 Acknowledgements 108 References 109 4 New Psychoactive Substances 127 Noelia Salgueiro-González, Ettore Zuccato, and Sara Castiglioni 4.1 Overview of New Psychoactive Substances 127 4.1.1 Properties 127 4.1.2 NPS Market, Dynamics and International Control 130 4.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 131 4.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 132 4.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 133 4.2.1 Urban Wastewater 133 4.2.1.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 133 4.2.1.2 Extraction Procedures and Clean-up 134 4.2.2 Other Environmental Matrices 136 4.3 Determination of New Psychoactive Substances 139 4.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 140 4.3.1.1 Chromatographic Separation 140 4.3.1.2 Detection 140 4.3.2 Figures of Merit 142 4.3.3 Hits and Tips 142 4.4 Future Direction and Challenges 143 Acknowledgments 144 References 144 5 Artificial Sweeteners 151 Konstatinos Vasilatos, Maria-Christina Nika, Georgios Gkotsis, and Nikolaos S. Thomaidis 5.1 Overview of Artificial Sweeteners 151 5.1.1 Properties 151 5.1.2 Legislation and Environmental Risk Assessment 154 5.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 155 5.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 157 5.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 167 5.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 167 5.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 167 5.3 Determination of Artificial Sweeteners 172 5.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 172 5.3.1.1 Chromatography 172 5.3.1.2 Detection 175 5.3.2 Figures of Merit 177 5.3.3 Hints and Tips 178 5.4 Future Directions and Challenges 180 References 181 6 Perfluorinated Substances 187 Julian Campo and Yolanda Picó 6.1 Overview of Perfluoroalkyl Substances 187 6.1.1 Properties 190 6.1.2 Legislation 190 6.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 191 6.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 193 6.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 197 6.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 197 6.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 199 6.3 Determination of PFASs 201 6.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 201 6.3.1.1 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 201 6.3.1.2 Biosensors 206 6.3.2 Figures of Merit 207 6.3.3 Hints and Tips 209 6.4 Future Directions and Challenges 210 References 212 7 High Production Volume Chemicals 223 Óscar Castro, Eva Pocurull, Francesc Borrull, Rosa Maria Marcé, and Núria Fontanals 7.1 Overview of High Production Volume Chemicals 223 7.1.1 Properties 223 7.1.2 Legislation 226 7.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 227 7.1.4 Occurrence 228 7.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 231 7.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 231 7.2.1.1 Water 231 7.2.1.2 Air and Dust 231 7.2.1.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 232 7.2.1.4 Biota 232 7.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-Up 233 7.2.2.1 Water 233 7.2.2.2 Air and Dust 238 7.2.2.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge 244 7.2.2.4 Biota 247 7.3 Determination of High Production Volume Chemicals 251 7.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 251 7.3.2 Figures of Merit 253 7.3.3 Hints and Tips 253 7.4 Future Directions and Challenges 253 Acknowledgments 254 References 254 8 Musk Fragrances 263 Irene Aparicio, Julia Martín, Juan Luis Santos, and Esteban Alonso 8.1 Overview of Musk Fragrances 263 8.1.1 Properties 263 8.1.2 Legislation 267 8.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 267 8.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 268 8.1.4.1 Occurrence in Wastewater and Sewage Sludge 268 8.1.4.2 Occurrence in Surface Water, Soils, Sediments and Air 269 8.1.4.3 Occurrence in Biota 269 8.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 270 8.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 270 8.2.1.1 Air Samples 270 8.2.1.2 Water Samples 270 8.2.1.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples 271 8.2.1.4 Biota 271 8.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 271 8.2.2.1 Air Samples 271 8.2.2.2 Water Samples 271 8.2.2.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples 276 8.2.2.4 Biota 276 8.3 Determination of Musk Fragrances 279 8.3.1 Chromatography 279 8.3.2 Detection 280 8.4 Future Directions and Challenges 280 References 281 9 Disinfection Byproducts in Water 287 Cristina Postigo, Joshua M. Allen, Amy A. Cuthbertson, María José Farré, and Susana Y. Kimura 9.1 Overview of Main DBP Classes 287 9.1.1 Properties 288 9.1.2 Legislation 298 9.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 308 9.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 310 9.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 313 9.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 313 9.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 314 9.3 Determination of DBPs 320 9.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 320 9.3.1.1 Chromatography 320 9.3.1.2 Detection 328 9.3.2 Figures of Merit 330 9.3.2.1 Linearity 330 9.3.2.2 Precision and Accuracy 331 9.3.2.3 Sensitivity 332 9.3.3 Hints and Tips 333 9.4 Future Directions and Challenges 335 Acknowledgements 336 References 336 10 Microplastics 353 Marta Llorca and Marinella Farré 10.1 Overview of Micro- and Nanoplastics 353 10.1.1 Properties 353 10.1.2 Legislation 353 10.1.3 Origin and Distribution 354 10.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 355 10.1.4.1 Water Systems 355 10.1.4.2 Sediments 358 10.1.4.3 Biota 359 10.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 360 10.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 360 10.2.1.1 Water 360 10.2.1.2 Sediment 360 10.2.1.3 Biota 360 10.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 361 10.2.2.1 Separation 361 10.2.2.2 Matrix Removal by Digestion 362 10.3 Determination of MNPLs 362 10.3.1 Physical Characterization 362 10.3.2 Chemical Characterization 362 10.4 Future Directions and Challenges 363 Acknowledgments 363 References 363 Index 375

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Book SynopsisAIR POLLUTION, CLEAN ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Anthropogenic climate change is a globally recognized threat multiplier. Yet, decades of intergovernmental negotiations have failed to curb toxic levels of fossil fuel energy-related air pollution which the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified as the world's largest, single environmental health risk. Lying in plain view are the troubling truths about the morbidity and ill-health burdens associated with anthropogenic climate change that are borne by those who have done the least to contribute to per capita emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. Ignoring the nexus between air pollution, lack of access to clean energy and climate adversities represents a collective failure of the UN's ambitious, universally agreed upon 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (SDA) which pledged 'to leave no one behind'. This book highlights the air pollution crisis that emanates from the heavy reliance on polluting forms of energy and the urbanization oTable of ContentsPreface CHAPTER 1: DESTROYING LIVES AND EVIDENCED IN PLAIN SIGHT: The intertwined crises of climate change, lack of access to clean energy and air pollution CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFYING THE LOCUS FOR GLOBAL ACTION ON CLEAN ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE WITHIN THE UN: Confronting Segregated Global Goals and Partnership Silos CHAPTER 3: LOOKING BEYOND THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS SILO: Examining UN climate change outcomes for linked action on clean air and clean energy for all. CHAPTER 4: ON THE FRONTLINES FOR CLEAN AIR AND CLIMATE ACTION: Role of Cities and India in Mitigating PM Pollution CHAPTER 5: THE URGENCY OF CURBING BC EMISSIONS CHAPTER 6: RE-FRAMING THE URGENCY OF LINKED ACTION ON AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE: Time to stop knuckle-dragging, break global policy silos and spur NNSAs to lean in. Index

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisEnergy and the Environment Examine the tension between energy production and consumption and environmental conservation with the latest edition of this widely read text In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Energy and the Environment, the authors deliver an insightful and expanded discussion on the central topics regarding the interaction between energy production, consumption, and environmental stewardship. The book explores every major form of energy technology, including fossil fuels, renewables, and nuclear power, wrapping up with chapters on how energy usage affects our atmosphere, and the resulting global effects. The latest edition includes new figures and tables that reflect the most recent numbers on conventional and renewable energy production and consumption. The history and current status of relevant U.S. and international governmental energy legislation is discussed along with the text. Readers will also find: A thorough introductionTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgment xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Why Do We Use So Much Energy? 4 1.3 Energy Basics 7 1.3.1 General 7 1.3.2 Forms of Energy 8 1.3.3 Power 10 1.4 Units of Energy 11 1.4.1 The Joule 12 1.4.2 The British Thermal Unit 12 1.4.3 The Calorie 12 1.4.4 The Foot-Pound 12 1.4.5 The Electron-Volt 12 1.5 Scientific Notation 13 1.6 Energy Consumption in the United States 14 1.7 The Principle of Energy Conservation 20 1.8 Transformation of Energy from One Form to Another 21 1.9 Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources 22 1.9.1 Nonrenewable Energy Sources 23 1.9.2 Renewable Energy Sources 23 Key Terms 24 Questions and Problems 25 Multiple Choice Questions 26 Suggested Reading and References 28 2 The Fossil Fuels 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Petroleum 32 2.3 History of the Production of Petroleum in the United States 33 2.4 Petroleum Resources of the United States 34 2.5 World Production of Petroleum 38 2.6 The Cost of Gasoline in the United States 39 2.7 Petroleum Refining 40 2.8 Natural Gas 43 2.9 The History of Use of Natural Gas 44 2.10 The Natural Gas Resource Base in the United States 47 2.11 The Natural Gas Resource Base for the World 48 2.12 The Formation of Coal 50 2.13 Coal Resources and Consumption 50 2.14 Oil Shale 53 2.15 Tar Sands 56 2.16 Summary 57 Key Terms 58 Questions and Problems 58 Multiple Choice Questions 59 Suggested Reading and References 62 3 Heat Engines 65 3.1 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 65 3.2 The Energy Content of Fuels 66 3.3 The Thermodynamics of Heat Engines 67 3.4 Generation of Electricity 69 3.5 Electric Power Transmission 71 3.6 Practical Heat Engines 73 3.6.1 Steam Engines 74 3.6.2 Gasoline Engines 75 3.6.3 Diesel Engines 77 3.6.4 Gas Turbines 78 3.7 Heat Pumps 79 3.8 Cogeneration 82 Key Terms 84 Questions and Problems 85 Multiple Choice Questions 86 Suggested Reading and References 90 4 Renewable Energy Sources I: Solar Energy 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Energy from the Sun 93 4.3 A Flat-Plate Collector System 97 4.4 Passive Solar 102 4.5 Solar Thermal Electric Power Generation 105 4.5.1 Power Towers 107 4.5.2 Parabolic Dishes and Troughs 109 4.6 The Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electrical Energy 110 4.7 Solar Cooling 118 Key Terms 119 Questions and Problems 119 Multiple Choice Questions 120 Suggested Reading and References 123 5 Renewable Energy Sources II: Alternatives 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Hydropower 126 5.3 Wind Power 132 5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 139 5.5 Biomass as an Energy Feedstock 143 5.6 Biomass: Municipal Solid Waste 149 5.7 Biomass-Derived Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 150 5.8 Geothermal Energy 154 5.9 Tidal Energy 159 5.10 Wave Energy 161 5.11 Summary 162 Key Terms 162 Questions and Problems 162 Multiple Choice Questions 164 Suggested Reading and References 167 6 The Promise and Problems of Nuclear Energy 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 A Short History of Nuclear Energy 170 6.3 Radioactivity 173 6.4 Nuclear Reactors 175 6.5 The Boiling Water Reactor 177 6.6 Fuel Cycle 179 6.7 Uranium Resources 180 6.8 Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Energy 182 6.9 Nuclear Reactor Accidents 185 6.9.1 The Chernobyl Disaster 185 6.9.2 Fukushima Daiichi Disaster 186 6.10 Nuclear Weapons 187 6.11 The Storage of High-Level Radioactive Waste 189 6.12 The Cost of Nuclear Power 191 6.13 Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source 192 6.14 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions 194 6.15 A Fusion Reactor 194 Key Terms 199 Questions and Problems 199 Multiple Choice Questions 201 Suggested Reading and References 204 7 Energy Conservation 207 7.1 A Penny Saved Is a Penny Earned 207 7.2 Space Heating 210 7.2.1 Thermal Insulation 210 7.2.2 Air Infiltration 215 7.2.3 Furnaces, Stoves, and Fireplaces 216 7.2.4 Solar and Other Sources of Heat Energy 219 7.2.5 Standards for Home Heating 220 7.3 Water Heaters, Home Appliances, and Lighting 221 7.3.1 Water Heating 221 7.3.2 Appliances 222 7.3.3 Lighting 225 7.3.4 The Energy-Conserving House 227 7.4 Energy Conservation in Industry and Agriculture 227 7.4.1 Housekeeping 228 7.4.2 Waste Heat Recovery and Cogeneration 229 7.4.3 Process Changes 229 7.4.4 Recycling 229 7.4.5 New Developments 230 7.4.6 Help from Public Utilities 231 Key Terms 232 Questions and Problems 232 Multiple Choice Questions 234 Suggested Reading and References 236 8 Transportation 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Power and Energy Requirements 242 8.3 Electric Batteries, Flywheels, Hybrids, Hydrogen, Alcohol 248 8.3.1 Electric Vehicles 250 8.3.2 Flywheel-Powered Vehicles 252 8.3.3 Hybrid Vehicles 255 8.3.4 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells 257 8.3.5 Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel 261 8.4 Mass Transportation 263 Key Terms 266 Questions and Problems 266 Multiple Choice Questions 267 Suggested Reading and References 270 9 Air Pollution 271 9.1 Spaceship Earth 271 9.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 272 9.3 Thermal Inversions 273 9.4 Carbon Monoxide 277 9.5 The Oxides of Nitrogen 282 9.6 Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog 284 9.7 Reduction of Vehicle Emissions 286 9.8 Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere 289 9.9 Particulates as Pollutants 292 9.10 Acid Rain 295 Key Terms 300 Questions and Problems 301 Multiple Choice Questions 302 Suggested Reading and References 305 10 Global Effects 307 10.1 Introduction 308 10.2 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 308 10.3 The Greenhouse Effect and World Climate Changes 312 Key Terms 326 Questions and Problems 326 Multiple Choice Questions 327 Suggested Reading and References 328 Appendix 329 Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems 335 Index 337

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Groundwater A thoroughly updated classic on the fundamentals of groundwater The second edition of Fundamentals of Groundwater delivers an expert discussion of the fundamentals of groundwater in the hydrologic cycle and applications to contemporary problems in hydrogeology. The theme of the book is groundwater, broadly defined, and it covers the theory and practice of groundwaterfrom basic principles of physical and chemical hydrogeology to their application in traditional and emerging areas of practice. This new edition contains extensive revisions, including new discussions of human impacts on aquifers, and strategies and concepts for sustainable development of groundwater. It also covers the theory of groundwater flowincluding concepts of hydraulic head and the Darcy equationand ground water/surface water interactions, as well as geochemistry and contamination. Readers will also find A thorough introduction to the techniques ofTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction to Groundwater 1 1.1 Why Study Groundwater? 1 1.2 Brief History of Groundwater 4 1.2.1 On Books 4 1.2.2 On the Early Evolution of Hydrogeological Knowledge 5 1.2.3 1960–2005 Computers and Contaminants 6 1.2.4 2005 and Onward: Research Diversified 8 References 9 2 Hydrologic Processes at the Earth’s Surface 12 2.1 Basin-Scale Hydrologic Cycle 12 2.2 Precipitation 15 2.2.1 Snowpack Distributions 20 2.3 Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, and Potential Evapotranspiration 20 2.4 Infiltration, Overland Flow, and Interflow 23 2.5 Simple Approaches to Runoff Estimation 25 2.6 Stream Flow and the Basin Hydrologic Cycle 30 2.6.1 Measuring Stream Discharge 30 2.6.2 Hydrograph Shape 32 2.6.3 Estimation of Baseflow 35 2.7 Flood Predictions 37 Exercises 38 References 40 3 Basic Principles of Groundwater Flow 42 3.1 Porosity of a Soil or Rock 42 3.2 Occurrence and Flow of Groundwater 45 3.3 Darcy’s Experimental Law 46 3.3.1 Darcy Column Experiments 47 3.3.2 Linear Groundwater Velocity or Pore Velocity 48 3.3.3 Hydraulic Head 49 3.3.4 Components of Hydraulic Head 50 3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity and Intrinsic Permeability 51 3.4.1 Intrinsic Permeability 52 3.4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Estimated from Association with Rock Type 53 3.4.3 Empirical Approaches for Estimation 53 3.4.4 Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity 55 3.5 Darcy’s Equation for Anisotropic Material 56 3.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Heterogeneous Media 57 3.7 Investigating Groundwater Flow 61 3.7.1 Water Wells, Piezometers, and Water Table Observation Wells 61 3.7.2 Potentiometric Surface Maps 62 3.7.3 Water-Level Hydrograph 63 3.7.4 Hydrogeological Cross Sections 65 References 67 4 Aquifers 69 4.1 Aquifers and Confining Beds 69 4.2 Transmissive and Storage Properties of Aquifers 70 4.2.1 Transmissivity 70 4.2.2 Storativity (or Coefficient of Storage) and Specific Storage 72 4.2.3 Storage in Confined Aquifers 73 4.2.4 Storage in Unconfined Aquifers 74 4.2.5 Specific Yield and Specific Retention 74 4.3 Principal Types of Aquifers 75 4.4 Aquifers in Unconsolidated Sediments 75 4.4.1 Alluvial Fans and Basin Fill Aquifers 75 4.4.2 Fluvial Aquifers 79 4.5 Examples Alluvial Aquifer Systems 80 4.5.1 Central Valley Alluvial Aquifer System 80 4.5.2 High Plains Aquifer System 81 4.5.3 Indo-Gangetic Basin Alluvial Aquifer System 82 4.5.4 Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer 83 4.5.5 Aquifers Associated with Glacial Meltwater 85 4.6 Aquifers in Semiconsolidated Sediments 87 4.7 Sandstone Aquifers 88 4.7.1 Dakota Sandstone 88 4.8 Carbonate-Rock Aquifers 89 4.8.1 Enhancement of Permeability and Porosity by Dissolution 90 4.8.2 Karst Landscapes 91 4.8.3 Floridan Aquifer System 93 4.8.4 Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System 94 4.8.5 Basin and Range Carbonate Aquifer 96 4.9 Basaltic and Other Volcanic-Rock Aquifers 97 4.10 Hydraulic Properties of Granular and Crystalline Media 99 4.10.1 Pore Structure and Permeability Development 99 4.11 Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Media 100 4.11.1 Factors Controlling Fracture Development 101 References 102 5 Theory of Groundwater Flow 106 5.1 Differential Equations of Groundwater Flow in Saturated Zones 106 5.1.1 Useful Knowledge About Differential Equations 107 5.1.2 More About Dimensionality 109 5.1.3 Deriving Groundwater Flow Equations 109 5.2 Boundary Conditions 113 5.3 Initial Conditions for Groundwater Problems 114 5.4 Flow-net Analysis 115 5.4.1 Flow Nets in Isotropic and Homogeneous Media 115 5.4.2 Flow Nets in Heterogeneous Media 118 5.4.3 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Media 119 5.5 Mathematical Analysis of Some Simple Flow Problems 120 5.5.1 Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer 120 5.5.2 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer 121 5.5.3 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer with Recharge 123 References 125 6 Theory of Groundwater Flow in Unsaturated Zones and Fractured Media 126 6.1 Basic Concepts of Flow in Unsaturated Zones 126 6.1.1 Changes in Moisture Content During Infiltration 128 6.2 Characteristic Curves 128 6.2.1 Water Retention or θ(ψ) Curves 128 6.2.2 K(ψ) Curves 130 6.2.3 Moisture Capacity or C(ψ) Curves 132 6.3 Flow Equation in the Unsaturated Zone 133 6.4 Infiltration and Evapotranspiration 134 6.5 Examples of Unsaturated Flow 136 6.5.1 Infiltration and Drainage in a Large Caisson 136 6.5.2 Unsaturated Leakage from a Ditch 137 6.6 Groundwater Flow in Fractured Media 137 6.6.1 Cubic Law 137 6.6.2 Flow in a Set of Parallel Fractures 139 6.6.3 Equivalent-Continuum Approach 141 References 142 7 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Investigations 144 7.1 Key Drilling and Push Technologies 144 7.1.1 Auger Drilling 144 7.1.2 Mud/Air Rotary Drilling 145 7.1.3 Direct-Push Rigs 146 7.2 Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150 7.2.1 Basic Designs for Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150 7.3 Installing Piezometers and Water-Table Wells 152 7.3.1 Shallow Piezometer in Non-Caving Materials 152 7.3.2 Shallow Piezometer in Caving Materials 152 7.3.3 Deep Piezometers 153 7.4 Making Water-Level Measurements 154 7.5 Geophysics Applied to Site Investigations 155 7.5.1 Electric Resistivity Method 155 7.5.2 Capacitively Coupled Resistivity Profiling 158 7.5.3 Electromagnetic Methods 159 7.5.4 Large-Scale, Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys 160 7.5.5 Borehole Geophysical and Flow Meter Logging 162 7.5.6 Flowmeter Logging 164 7.6 Groundwater Investigations 166 7.6.1 Investigative Methods 167 References 168 8 Regional Groundwater Flow 170 8.1 Groundwater Basins 170 8.2 Mathematical Analysis of Regional Flow 171 8.2.1 Water-Table Controls on Regional Groundwater Flow 171 8.2.2 Effects of Basin Geology on Groundwater Flow 175 8.3 Recharge 179 8.3.1 Desert Environments 179 8.3.2 Semi-Arid Climate and Hummocky Terrain 180 8.3.3 Recharge in Structurally Controlled Settings 181 8.3.4 Distributed Recharge in Moist Climates 181 8.3.5 Approaches for Estimating Recharge 181 8.4 Discharge 183 8.4.1 Inflow to Wetlands, Lakes, and Rivers 183 8.4.2 Springs and Seeps 183 8.4.3 Evapotranspiration 185 8.5 Groundwater Surface-Water Interactions 186 8.6 Freshwater/Saltwater Interactions 189 8.6.1 Locating the Interface 190 8.6.2 Upconing of the Interface Caused by Pumping Wells 192 References 193 9 Response of Confined Aquifers to Pumping 195 9.1 Aquifers and Aquifer Tests 195 9.1.1 Units 196 9.2 Thiem’s Method for Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer 197 9.2.1 Interpreting Aquifer Test Data 198 9.3 Theis Solution for Transient Flow in a Fully Penetrating, Confined Aquifer 199 9.4 Prediction of Drawdown and Pumping Rate Using the Theis Solution 201 9.5 Theis Type-Curve Method 201 9.6 Cooper–Jacob Straight-Line Method 204 9.7 Distance-Drawdown Method 206 9.8 Estimating T and S Using Recovery Data 208 References 214 10 Leaky Confined Aquifers and Partially-Penetrating Wells 216 10.1 Transient Solution for Flow Without Storage in the Confining Bed 216 10.1.1 Interpreting Aquifer-Test Data 218 10.2 Steady-State Solution 221 10.3 Transient Solutions for Flow with Storage in Confining Beds 223 10.4 Effects of Partially Penetrating Wells 229 References 235 11 Response of an Unconfined Aquifer to Pumping 236 11.1 Calculation of Drawdowns by Correcting Estimates for a Confined Aquifer 236 11.2 Determination of Hydraulic Parameters Using Distance/Drawdown Data 238 11.3 A General Solution for Drawdown 239 11.4 Type-Curve Method 241 11.5 Straight-Line Method 245 11.6 Aquifer Testing with a Partially-Penetrating Well 247 References 250 12 Slug, Step, and Intermittent Tests 251 12.1 Hvorslev Slug Test 251 12.2 Cooper–Bredehoeft–Papadopulos Test 255 12.3 Bower and Rice Slug Test 257 12.4 Step and Intermittent Drawdown Tests 259 12.4.1 Determination of Transmissivity and Storativity 260 12.4.2 Estimating Well Efficiency 263 References 268 13 Calculations and Interpretation of Hydraulic Head in Complex Settings 269 13.1 Multiple Wells and Superposition 269 13.2 Drawdown Superimposed on a Uniform Flow Field 271 13.3 Replacing a Geologic Boundary with an Image Well 272 13.3.1 Impermeable Boundary 272 13.3.2 Recharge Boundary 277 13.4 Multiple Boundaries 278 13.5 Calculation and Interpretation of Hydraulic Problems Using Computers 279 13.5.1 Numerical Models for Groundwater Simulations 279 13.5.2 Interpreting Aquifer Tests 281 References 282 14 Depletion of Groundwater Resources 283 14.1 Water-Level Declines from Overpumping 283 14.1.1 Challenges in the Investigation of Water-level Changes 285 14.2 Land Subsidence 285 14.2.1 Conceptual Model 286 14.2.2 Terzaghi Principle of Effective Stress 288 14.2.3 Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley of California 289 14.2.4 Challenges in the Investigation of Subsidence 293 14.3 Connected Groundwaters and Surface Waters 294 14.3.1 Declines in Streamflow 294 14.3.2 Induced Infiltration of Streamflow 295 14.3.3 Capture Zone for a Well 298 14.3.4 Pumping of the High Plains Aquifer System and Streamflow Reduction 298 14.3.5 Streamflow Declines in Beaver-North Canadian River Basin 300 14.3.6 Challenges in the Investigation of Streamflow Loss 301 14.4 Destruction of Riparian Zones 301 14.5 Seawater Intrusion 303 14.5.1 Salinas River Groundwater Basin 304 14.6 Introduction to Groundwater Modeling 306 14.6.1 Conceptual Model 306 14.6.2 Model Design 308 14.6.3 Model Calibration and Verification 308 14.6.4 Predictions in Modeling 309 14.7 Application of Groundwater Modeling 309 References 312 15 Groundwater Management 315 15.1 The Case for Groundwater Sustainability 315 15.2 Groundwater Sustainability Defined 317 15.2.1 Sustainability Initiatives 317 15.2.2 Sustainability Indicators for the Sierra Vista Subwatershed in Arizona 318 15.2.3 Socioeconomic Policies and Instruments 320 15.3 Overview of Approaches for Sustainable Management 321 15.3.1 Indicator Tracking 321 15.3.2 Water Balance Analyses 322 15.3.3 Model-Based Analyses of Sustainability 326 15.4 Strategies for Groundwater Sustainability 327 15.4.1 Increasing Inflows 327 15.4.1.1 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) 327 15.4.1.2 Traditional MAR Approaches 329 15.4.1.3 “Sponge City” and Opportunities for Unmanaged Aquifer Recharge 330 15.4.2 Reducing Outflows 331 15.4.2.1 Replacing Groundwater with Surface Water 331 15.4.2.2 Reduction in Water Used for Irrigation 331 15.4.3 Scaling Issues with Sustainability 331 15.5 Global Warming Vulnerabilities 332 15.6 Chemical Impacts to Sustainability 334 15.6.1 Salinization 334 15.6.2 Geogenic and Aenthropogenic Contamination 335 15.6.3 Salinity and Contamination—Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) Alluvial Aquifer 336 15.6.4 Seawater Intrusion 339 References 342 16 Water Quality Assessment 345 16.1 Dissolved Constituents in Groundwater 346 16.1.1 Concentration Scales 346 16.2 Constituents of Interest in Groundwater 348 16.2.1 Gases and Particles 348 16.2.2 Routine Water Analyses 350 16.2.3 Contamination: Expanding the Scope of Chemical Characterization 351 16.2.3.1 Contaminated Sites 351 16.2.4 Comprehensive Surveys of Water Quality 352 16.3 Water Quality Standards 353 16.3.1 Health-Based Screening Levels—USGS 353 16.3.2 Secondary Standards for Drinking Water 354 16.3.3 Standards for Irrigation Water 355 16.4 Working with Chemical Data 356 16.4.1 Relative Concentration and Health-Based Screening 356 16.4.2 Scatter Diagrams and Contour Maps 358 16.4.3 Contour Maps 359 16.4.4 Piper Diagrams 360 16.5 Groundwater Sampling 362 16.5.1 Selecting Water Supply Wells for Sampling 362 16.6 Procedures for Water Sampling 363 16.6.1 Well Inspection and Measurements 363 16.6.2 Well Purging 363 16.6.3 Sample Collection, Filtration, and Preservation 364 References 364 17 Key Chemical Processes 366 17.1 Overview of Equilibrium and Kinetic Reactions 366 17.1.1 Law of Mass Action and Chemical Equilibrium 367 17.1.2 Complexities of Actual Groundwater 368 17.1.3 Deviations from Equilibrium 369 17.1.4 Kinetic Reactions 371 17.2 Acid–Base Reactions 372 17.3 Mineral Dissolution/Precipitation 374 17.3.1 Organic Compounds in Water 375 17.4 Surface Reactions 375 17.4.1 Sorption Isotherms 376 17.4.2 Sorption of Organic Compounds 377 17.4.3 Ion Exchange 379 17.4.4 Clay Minerals in Geologic Materials 380 17.4.5 Sorption to Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Surfaces 381 17.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 382 17.5.1 Kinetics and Dominant Couples 384 17.5.2 Biotransformation of Organic Compounds 385 17.5.3 pe-pH and E H -pH Diagrams 385 17.5.4 Quantifying Redox Conditions in Field Settings 386 17.5.5 Redox Zonation 388 17.6 Microorganisms in Groundwater 389 17.6.1 Quantifying Microbial Abundances 390 17.6.2 Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface 390 References 392 18 Isotopes and Applications 395 18.1 Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 395 18.2 18 O and Deuterium in the Hydrologic Cycle 397 18.2.1 Behavior of D and 18 O in Rain 400 18.3 Variability in 18 O and Deuterium in Groundwater 401 18.3.1 Spatial and/or Temporal Variability of δ 18 O and δD Compositions in Aquifers 401 18.3.2 Connate Water in Units with Low Hydraulic Conductivity 402 18.4 Evaporation and the Meteoric Water Line 403 18.4.1 Other Deviations from GMWL 404 18.4.2 Illustrative Applications with Deuterium and Oxygen- 18 404 18.4.2.1 Role of Wetland in Streamflow 404 18.4.2.2 Integrated Study of Recharge Dynamics in a Desert Setting 405 18.5 Radiogenic Age Dating of Groundwater 406 18.5.1 Exploring Old and New Concepts of Age for Groundwater 408 18.5.2 Carbon- 14 409 18.5.3 Chlorine-36 and Helium-4: Very Old Groundwater 411 18.5.4 Tritium 412 18.5.5 Categorial Assessments Using Tritium Ages 414 18.6 Indirect Approaches to Age Dating 416 18.6.1 Isotopically Light Glacial Recharge 417 18.6.2 Chlorofluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride 417 References 420 19 Mass Transport: Principles and Examples 423 19.1 Subsurface Pathways 423 19.2 Advection 425 19.3 Dispersion 427 19.3.1 Tracer Tests 427 19.3.2 Dispersion at Small and Large Scales 429 19.4 Processes Creating Dispersion 429 19.5 Statistical Patterns of Mass Spreading 431 19.6 Measuring, Estimating, and Using Dispersivity Values 433 19.6.1 Sources with a Continuous Release 433 19.6.2 Available Dispersivity Values 434 19.7 Dispersion in Fractured Media 435 19.8 Chemical Processes and Their Impact on Water Chemistry 437 19.8.1 Gas Dissolution and Redistribution 437 19.8.2 Mineral Dissolution/Precipitation 438 19.8.3 Cation Exchange Reactions 439 19.8.4 Dissolution/Utilization of Organic Compounds 439 19.8.5 Redox Reactions 439 19.9 Examples of Reactions Affecting Water Chemistry 441 19.9.1 Chemical Evolution of Groundwater in Carbonate Terrains 441 19.9.2 Shallow Brines in Western Oklahoma 441 19.9.3 Chemistry of Groundwater in an Igneous Terrain 442 19.9.4 Evolution of Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Prairie Setting 443 19.10 A Case Study Highlighting Redox Processes 444 19.10.1 Iron and Manganese 444 19.10.2 Arsenic 445 19.10.3 Nitrate 446 19.10.4 Machine Learning for Mapping Redox Conditions 447 References 450 20 Introduction to Contaminant Hydrogeology 452 20.1 Point and Nonpoint Contamination Problems 452 20.2 Families of Contaminants 455 20.2.1 Minor/Trace Elements 455 20.2.2 Nutrients 455 20.2.3 Other Inorganic Species 456 20.2.4 Organic Contaminants 456 20.2.4.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 456 20.2.4.2 Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds 457 20.2.4.3 Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 457 20.2.4.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 458 20.2.4.5 Health Effects 458 20.2.5 Biological Contaminants 458 20.2.6 Radionuclides 458 20.3 Presence or Absence of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) 459 20.4 Roles of Source Loading and Dispersion in Shaping Plumes 460 20.4.1 Source Loading 460 20.5 How Chemical Reactions Influence Plumes 461 20.5.1 Biodegradation of Organic Contaminants 462 20.5.2 Degradation of Common Contaminants 462 20.5.3 Reactions Influencing Plume Development 463 20.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface 464 20.6.1 Features of NAPL Spreading 464 20.6.2 Occurrence of DNAPLs in the Saturated Zone 466 20.6.3 Secondary Contamination Due to NAPLs 466 20.7 Approaches for the Investigation of Contaminated Sites 466 20.7.1 Preliminary Studies 467 20.7.2 Reconnaissance Geophysics 467 20.7.3 Soil Gas Characterization 467 20.7.4 Distribution of Dissolved Contaminants 468 20.7.5 Plume Maps 470 20.7.6 Mapping the Distribution of NAPLs 471 20.8 Field Example of an LNAPL Problem 473 References 478 Index 481

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix List of Contributors xxi About the Editors xxix Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1 1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3 Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5 1.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 5 1.2.2 Pesticides 8 1.2.3 Disinfection By-Products 8 1.2.4 Industrial Chemicals 9 1.2.5 Algal Toxins 9 1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10 1.3.1 Source of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environment 10 1.3.2 Source of Pesticides in the Environment 11 1.3.3 Source of Disinfection By-Products in the Environment 13 1.3.4 Source of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment 14 1.3.5 Source of Algal Toxins in the Environment 16 1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17 1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18 1.5.1 Impact on Human Health 21 1.5.2 Impact on the Ecosystem 21 1.6 The Structure of the Book 24 1.7 Conclusions 26 2 Occurrence 37 Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40 2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40 2.3.1 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Groundwater 41 2.3.2 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Surface Water 43 2.3.3 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Marine Water 44 2.3.4 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Drinking Water 45 2.3.5 Occurrence of Microconstituents in WWTPs Effluent and Sludge 46 2.3.6 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Soil 47 2.3.7 Occurrence of Microconstituents in Foods and Vegetables 48 2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49 2.5 Conclusions 49 3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55 Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56 3.2.1 Sample Preparation 56 3.2.1.1 Traditional Sampling Techniques 57 3.2.1.2 Automatic Samplers and Pumps 58 3.2.1.3 Pore-Water Sampling 58 3.2.2 Extraction of Microconstituents 58 3.2.3 Passive Sampling 60 3.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 62 3.2.5 Internal vs. External Quality Control 62 3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63 3.3.1 Detection Techniques 63 3.3.2 UV-Visible Optical Methods 64 3.3.3 NMR Spectroscopy 65 3.3.4 Chromatographic Methods Tandem Mass Spectrometry 67 3.3.5 Biological Assay for Detection 67 3.3.6 Sensors and Biosensors for Detection 72 3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73 3.4.1 Performance Criteria 73 3.4.2 Tracer Selection 73 3.4.3 Different Source Tracking Methods 75 3.4.4 Statistical Approaches in Source Tracking Modeling 76 3.4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 76 3.4.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 76 3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77 3.5.1 Basic Concepts and Principles 77 3.5.2 Measurement and Estimation Techniques 77 3.5.3 Applications for Microconstituents Monitoring 78 3.6 Conclusions 79 4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89 Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91 4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92 4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94 4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94 4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95 4.6.1 Effect on Aquatic Ecosystem 95 4.6.2 Effect on Human Health 96 4.6.3 Toxicity Testing 96 4.6.3.1 Test Without PE MPs 97 4.6.3.2 With Microbeads 97 4.6.3.3 Analysis Limitations 98 4.7 Risk Assessment 98 4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99 4.9 Conclusions 99 Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107 5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109 Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111 5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112 5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117 5.4.1 Advective Transport 117 5.4.2 Dispersive Transport 120 5.4.3 Discretization in Space and Time 120 5.5 Application of Models 123 5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126 5.6.1 Hydrus Model for Pollution Transport 126 5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126 5.8 Conclusions 129 6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133 Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134 6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135 6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136 6.5 Limitations 139 6.6 Concluding Remarks 139 7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143 Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143 7.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 143 7.2.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 146 7.2.3 Industrial Chemicals 149 7.2.4 Pesticides 150 7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152 7.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 152 7.3.2 Pesticides in Surface Water 153 7.3.3 The Applicability of Mathematical Models 155 7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mathematical Tools 155 7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157 7.4.1 Adsorption of Microconstituents 157 7.4.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Caffeine 158 7.4.3 Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Steroidal Estrogen 158 7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161 7.5.1 BASINS System Overview 162 7.5.2 HSPF Model Evaluation (Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran Model) 164 7.5.3 Fundamental Mechanisms of SWAT Pesticide Modeling 166 7.5.3.1 SWAT Model Description 166 7.5.3.2 SWAT Model Set-Up 167 7.5.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Validation 168 7.5.4.1 Coefficient of Determination, R 2 168 7.5.4.2 Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency Coefficient, NSE 169 7.5.5 Basin Level Modeling (Pesticide Transport) 170 7.6 Conclusions 172 8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181 Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao 8.1 Introduction 181 8.1.1 The Sources of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181 8.1.2 The Behavior of Microconstituents 183 8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183 8.2.1 Traditional Wastewater Treatment Process 183 8.2.2 The Fate of MCs in WWTPs 185 8.2.3 Biodegradation of Microconstituents 186 8.2.4 Sorption Onto Sludge Solids in WWTPs 188 8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189 8.3.1 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 189 8.3.2 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 190 8.3.3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) 191 8.3.4 Trickling Filter 191 8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191 8.4.1 ASP Operation 191 8.4.2 MBR Operation 193 8.4.3 MBBR Operation 193 8.4.4 TF Operation 194 8.5 Conclusions 194 9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203 Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206 9.2.1 Classification of Atmospheric Microplastics 206 9.2.2 Characteristics of Atmospheric Microplastics 206 9.2.3 Qualitative Assessment to Identify Microplastics 208 9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209 9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210 9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211 9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213 9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214 9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215 9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216 9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217 9.11 Future Scope of Research 218 9.12 Conclusions 219 10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227 Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao 10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227 10.1.1 Source of Light or Energy 228 10.1.2 Radiation and the Atmosphere 229 10.1.3 Interaction With the Subject Target 229 10.1.4 Sensing Systems 229 10.1.5 Data Collection 229 10.1.6 Interpretation and Analysis 229 10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230 10.2.1 Modeling and Simulation Approaches 231 10.2.1.1 Deterministic Models 231 10.2.1.2 Stochastic Models 231 10.2.1.3 Rule-Based Models 232 10.2.1.4 Multi-Agent Simulation of Complex Systems 232 10.2.2 GIS Implementation 232 10.2.2.1 Full Integration–Embedded Coupling 232 10.2.2.2 Integration Under a Common Interface–Tight Coupling 233 10.2.2.3 Loose Coupling 233 10.2.2.4 Modeling Environment Linked to GIS 233 10.3 Emerging and Application 233 10.3.1 Multispectral Remote Sensing 233 10.3.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 234 10.3.3 Geographic Information System (GIS) 234 10.3.4 Applications 234 10.3.4.1 Urban Environment Management 234 10.3.4.2 Wasteland Environment 235 10.3.4.3 Coastal and Marine Environment 236 10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236 10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237 10.5.1 Types of Satellite-Based Environmental Monitoring 239 10.5.1.1 Atmosphere Monitoring 239 10.5.1.2 Air Quality Monitoring 239 10.5.1.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) 240 10.5.1.4 Hazard Monitoring 240 10.5.1.5 Marine and Phytoplankton Studies 240 10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241 10.7 Conclusions 242 Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247 11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249 Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251 11.2.1 Working Principle 251 11.2.2 Types of Electrocoagulation 252 11.2.2.1 Batch Electrocoagulation 252 11.2.2.2 Continuous Electrocoagulation 254 11.2.2.3 Advantages of Electrocoagulation Over Other Methods for Struvite Precipitation 256 11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257 11.3.1 pH of the Medium 257 11.3.2 Magnesium Source and Mg 2+ : PO 3– 4 Molar Ratio 258 11.3.3 Current Density 259 11.3.4 Voltage and Current Efficiency 260 11.3.5 Electrode Type and Interelectrode Distance 261 11.3.6 Stirring Speed, Reaction Time, and Seeding 262 11.3.7 Presence of Competitive Ions and Purity of Struvite Crystals 263 11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264 11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266 12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273 Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia 12.1 Introduction 273 12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274 12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276 12.3.1 Adsorption Isotherms 276 12.3.1.1 Langmuir Isotherm 276 12.3.1.2 Freundlich Isotherm 276 12.3.1.3 Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm 277 12.3.1.4 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 277 12.3.1.5 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Isotherm 278 12.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics 278 12.3.2.1 Pseudo-First-Order Equation 278 12.3.2.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Equation 279 12.3.2.3 Elovich Model 279 12.3.2.4 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 279 12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280 12.4.1 Surface Area 280 12.4.2 Contact Time 280 12.4.3 Nature and Initial Concentration of Adsorbate 280 12.4.4 pH 280 12.4.5 Nature and Dose of Adsorbent 281 12.4.6 Interfering Substance 281 12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281 12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282 12.6.1 Conventional Adsorbents 282 12.6.2 Commercial Activated Carbons 282 12.6.3 Inorganic Material 284 12.6.4 Ion-Exchange Resins 285 12.6.5 Emerging/Non-Conventional Adsorbents 285 12.6.5.1 Natural Adsorbents 286 12.6.5.2 Agricultural Wastes 287 12.6.5.3 Industrial By-Product (Industrial Solid Wastes) 287 12.6.5.4 Solid Waste-Based Activated Carbons 288 12.6.5.5 Bio-Sorbents 288 12.6.5.6 Miscellaneous Adsorbents 289 12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290 12.7.1 Desorption/Regeneration Studies 290 12.7.2 Column Studies 291 12.7.2.1 Surface Modification of Adsorbents 293 12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295 12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296 12.9.1 Advantages 296 12.9.2 Disadvantages 297 12.10 Conclusions 297 13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303 Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi 13.1 Introduction 303 13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304 13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306 13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310 13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312 13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313 13.7 Summary 316 14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321 Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323 14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323 14.3.1 Classification of Membranes 323 14.3.2 Classification and Properties of Membrane Materials 329 14.3.2.1 Membrane Classification 329 14.3.2.1.1 Cellulose Derivatives 330 14.3.2.1.2 Aromatic Polyamides 330 14.3.2.1.3 Polysulphone 330 14.3.2.1.4 Polyimides 330 14.3.2.1.5 Polytetrafluoroethylene 331 14.3.2.1.6 Polycarbonates 331 14.3.2.1.7 Polypropylene 331 14.3.2.2 Cutting-Edge Membranes 331 14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332 14.4.1 Fundamental Principles 332 14.4.2 Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal 351 14.4.2.1 Modes of Operation 352 14.4.2.2 Definitions of Some Frequently Used Terms in MBSTs 353 14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354 14.6 Membrane Fouling 355 14.6.1 Classification of Membrane Fouling 355 14.6.1.1 Particulate or Colloidal Fouling 356 14.6.1.2 Biological or Microbial Fouling 356 14.6.1.3 Scaling or Precipitation Fouling 356 14.6.1.4 Organic Fouling 356 14.6.2 Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling 356 14.6.3 Control of Membrane Fouling 357 14.7 Future Perspectives 358 14.8 Conclusions 358 15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367 Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia 15.1 Introduction 367 15.2 Classification of AOPs 369 15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370 15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370 15.4.1 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Ozonation Process 370 15.4.2 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by UV-Irradiation 371 15.4.3 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Photocatalysis 371 15.4.4 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by Electrochemical Oxidation (EO) or Anodic Oxidation (AO) and Sonolysis 373 15.4.5 Fundamentals of Microconstituents Degradation by the Fenton Process 373 15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374 15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374 15.6.1 Uv/h 2 O 2 374 15.6.2 UV Photocatalysis/Ozonation 374 15.6.3 UV/Fenton Process 375 15.6.4 UV/Persulfate (PS) or Permonosulfate (PMS) 375 15.6.5 UV/Cl 2 376 15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376 15.7.1 Ozonation/H 2 O 2 376 15.7.2 Ozonation/PS or PMS 376 15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376 15.8.1 Heterogeneous Fenton Process 376 15.8.2 Photo-Fenton Process 377 15.8.3 Sono-Fenton Process 377 15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377 15.9.1 Electro-Fenton Process 377 15.9.2 Sono-Electro-Fenton Process 378 15.9.3 Photo-Electro-Fenton Process 378 15.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378 15.10.1 PPCP Removal 378 15.10.2 Pesticide Removal 389 15.10.3 Surfactant Removal 390 15.10.4 PFAS Removal 390 15.11 Future Perspectives 390 15.12 Conclusions 392 Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405 16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407 Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 408 16.2.1 High-Rate Systems 408 16.2.1.1 Suspended Growth Processes 408 16.2.1.2 Attached Growth Processes 410 16.2.2 Low-Rate Systems 411 16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411 16.3.1 ASPs 412 16.3.2 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 412 16.3.3 MBR and Membranes Technology 413 16.3.4 ASPs and/or Trickling Filters 413 16.3.5 Lagoons and Constructed Wetlands 413 16.3.6 Mixed Technologies 414 16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415 16.4.1 Hormones and Their Conjugates 415 16.4.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) and Nanomaterials (NMs) 417 16.4.3 Microplastics 417 16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418 16.6 Conclusions 419 17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427 Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang 17.1 Introduction 427 17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428 17.2.1 Suspended Growth Process 428 17.2.1.1 Anaerobic Contact Reactor (ACR) 429 17.2.1.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor 429 17.2.2 Attached Growth Process 430 17.2.3 AnMBRs 431 17.2.4 Current Status of AD Technology 432 17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433 17.3.1 The Hydrolysis Stage 433 17.3.2 The Acidogenesis Stage 434 17.3.3 The Acetogenesis Stage 434 17.3.4 The Methanogenesis Stage 435 17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436 17.4.1 Key Characteristics of Selected AD Systems for MCs Removal 436 17.4.1.1 Reactor Configurations and Combinations of Different Methods 436 17.4.1.2 Removal of Different MCs and Associated Mechanisms 441 17.4.2 Biodegradation of Selected MCs in AD Processes 442 17.4.2.1 MPs 442 17.4.2.2 NMs/NPs 444 17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445 17.6 Conclusions 446 18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455 Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455 18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457 18.2.1 Electrodes 457 18.2.2 Separators 460 18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461 18.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 462 18.3.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cell 463 18.3.3 Microbial Desalination Cell 464 18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466 18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469 18.5.1 Treatment of Different Wastewaters in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469 18.5.2 Micropollutant Remediation 473 18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474 18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476 18.8 Summary 478 19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491 Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491 19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492 19.2.1 Constructed Wetlands 493 19.2.1.1 Applications 494 19.2.1.2 Constructed Wetland Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 494 19.2.2 Combined Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes 495 19.2.2.1 Activated Sludge Process Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496 19.2.2.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Coupled With Advanced Oxidation Process 496 19.2.2.3 Bio-Electrochemical Systems and Advanced Oxidation Processes 497 19.2.2.4 Bio-Electro Fenton-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes 499 19.2.2.5 Photo-Electrocatalyst-Based Advanced Oxidation Process 500 19.2.3 Membrane Bioreactor 501 19.2.3.1 Granular Sludge Membrane Bioreactor 502 19.2.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Process Coupled Membrane Bioreactor 502 19.2.3.3 Membrane Bioreactor Coupled With Microbial Fuel Cell 503 19.2.4 Electrocoagulation 504 19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506 19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507 Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513 20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515 Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao 20.1 Introduction 515 20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515 20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516 20.3.1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 516 20.3.2 Microplastics 517 20.3.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Persistent Bioaccumulated Toxics (PBTs) 519 20.3.4 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 520 20.4 Concluding Remarks 520 21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525 Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525 21.1 Introduction 525 21.1.1 Microconstituent Origin and Type 526 21.1.2 Refractory Nature and Corresponding Degradation Barriers of Microconstituents 527 21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530 21.2.1 Conventional Treatment Methods 530 21.2.2 Hybrid Treatment Methods 533 21.2.2.1 Hybrid Biochemical Processes 533 21.2.2.2 Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes 536 21.3 Future Outlook 540 21.4 Conclusions 540 22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545 Tsai Chi Kuo 22.1 Introduction 545 22.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 547 22.2.1 Collaboration 547 22.2.2 System Improvements 547 22.2.3 Supplier Evaluations 548 22.2.4 Performance and Uncertainty 548 22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549 22.3.1 Design Improvements 549 22.3.1.1 Disassembly and Recyclability 549 22.3.1.2 Modularity Design 549 22.3.1.3 Life-Cycle Design 550 22.3.2 Green Manufacturing 550 22.3.2.1 Green Manufacturing Process and System Development 550 22.3.2.2 Recycling Technology 551 22.3.2.3 Hazard Material Control 551 22.3.2.4 Remanufacturing and Inventory Model 551 22.3.3 Summary of Environmental Sustainability 551 22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552 22.4.1 Business Model and Performance 552 22.4.2 Summary of Economic Sustainability 553 22.5 Social Sustainability 553 22.5.1 Corporate Social Responsibility 553 22.5.2 Sustainable Consumption 554 22.5.3 Brief Summary of Social Sustainability 554 22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554 22.6.1 Future Research Development 555 22.6.2 Industry 4.0 in Sustainable Life 555 22.6.3 Conclusions 555 List of Abbreviations 565 Index 577

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 A Very Brief History of Energy Use 1 1.2 Early Energy and Power for Transportation and Electricity Production 2 1.3 Energy and the Challenge of Global Climate Change 4 1.4 Looking to the Future: The Age of Electro-MechanicalChemical Energy Conversion and Storage 7 1.5 Why D, C, and w Units? 10 References 12 2. Energy Use 15 2.1 Units of Energy and Power 15 2.2 Comparing Different Energy Units Using kWh 19 2.3 Energy Use in the US with a Focus on Climate Change and the Future 21 2.4 Energy Use Around the World 32 2.5 Next Steps 33 2.6 How Much Energy Should We Use? 34 References 35 3. Daily Energy Unit D 37 3.1 Defining the Daily Energy Unit D 37 3.2 Examples Using D 39 3.3 Primary Energy Consumption When Using Electricity in Units of D 44 3.4 Your Life in D Units 46 3.5 Energy and Electricity Used Compared to Fossil Fuel Use By Different Countries 48 3.6 Creating Green D 51 References 53 4. Daily CO2 Emission Unit C 55 4.1 Defining the Daily Carbon Emission Unit C 55 4.2 CO2 Emissions From Different Fuels 58 4.3 Emissions of CO2 for Delivered Electricity 60 4.4 Carbon Emissions for People in Units of C 62 4.5 Reducing Global CO2 and Other GHG Emissions 65 References 70 5. Daily Water Unit w 73 5.1 Engineered and Natural Water Systems 73 5.2 Water Use and the Daily Water Use Unit w 74 5.3 Energy Use for Our Water Infrastructure 76 5.4 Energy Use for Water Treatment 80 5.5 Energy for Used Water Treatment 82 5.6 Desalination 84 5.7 Energy Storage Using Water 85 5.8 CO2 Emissions and Project Drawdown Solutions 88 References 89 6. Renewable Energy 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Solar Photovoltaics 91 6.3 Wind Electricity 96 6.4 Geothermal Electricity 100 6.5 Biomass Energy 101 6.6 Hydrogen Gas Production using Renewable Energy 106 6.7 Costs of Renewable versus Conventional Energy Sources 110 6.8 Energy Storage in Batteries 111 6.9 Impact of Renewable Energy on Reducing Carbon Emissions 113 References 114 7. Water – An Energy Source 117 7.1 Extracting Energy From Water 117 7.2 Hydropower 118 7.3 How Much Energy is in Used Water (Wastewater)? 121 7.4 Methane Production From Biomass in Wastewaters 124 7.5 Electricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 127 7.6 Hydrogen Production Using Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) 130 7.7 Electricity Generation Using Salinity Gradients 132 References 134 8. Food 137 8.1 The Energy Burden of Food 137 8.2 Energy Needed to Put Food in Your Home 137 8.3 CO2 Emissions and Our Carbon “Food Print” 142 8.4 Water for Food that You Eat Every Day 143 8.5 Energy for Ammonia Production (And H2) for Fertilizers 144 8.6 Using the Energy Unit D for Our Diet 147 8.7 Food Waste and Other Food-Related CO2 Emissions 148 References 152 9. Heating and Buildings 155 9.1 Heating and Insulation 155 9.2 Comparing Heating Systems Based on Carbon Emissions 156 9.3 Energy Ratings 159 9.4 Geothermal Heating 162 9.5 Water Heaters 162 9.6 Home and Building Energy Analysis from Drawdown 168 References 169 10. Cooling and Refrigeration 171 10.1 Why Energy for Cooling is Increasingly Important 171 10.2 Energy Use for Refrigerators 172 10.3 Energy Use for Air Conditioners 173 10.4 Understanding Energy Units for Cooling 175 10.5 Cooling Options 178 10.6 Refrigerants and GHGs 179 References 180 11. Cars 183 11.1 Why Cars Matter for Climate Change 183 11.2 Internal Combustion Engines and Carbon Emissions 184 11.3 Understanding Energy Use by Electric Cars 187 11.4 Carbon Emissions From Cars with Different Fuels 189 11.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVs) 192 11.6 Automobiles of the Future 193 References 194 12. Transportation 195 12.1 My Energy Use for Transportation 195 12.2 Energy Use for Transportation Options 196 12.3 Air Travel and High-Speed Rail 199 12.4 Energy for Pavement Materials 201 12.5 What Fuels will be Used in the Future for Trucks, Ships, and Planes? 202 12.6 Drawdown Transportation Related Solutions 205 References 206 13. Concrete and Steel 209 13.1 Energy Use for Building Materials 209 13.2 Concrete and Cement 209 13.3 Steel 214 13.4 Drawdown Solutions for Cement and Steel 219 References 219 14. Assessment and Outlook 221 14.1 Addressing Climate Change Will Require Both Renewable Energy and Carbon Capture 221 14.2 Assessing Possible Changes to Our Own Daily Energy Consumption 223 14.3 How Much CO2 Can We Capture into Biomass and the Deep Subsurface? 228 14.4 Major Changes to the Water Infrastructure with Renewable Energy 235 14.5 How Much can the World Reduce Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? 236 14.6 Reducing CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels Will not be Enough 240 References 244 Appendicies 247 1 Conversion Factors 247 2 Energy Related to Electricity Generation in the United States 251 3 World and US Population 255 4 World Energy Use 257 5 CO2 Emissions 261 6 Hours of Peak Solar in the United States 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisMicroplastics in the Ecosphere Discover the environmental impact of microplastics with this comprehensive resource Microplastics are the minute quantities of plastic that result from industrial processes, household release and the breakdown of larger plastic items. Widespread reliance on plastic goods and, particularly, single-use plastics, which has been increased by the COVID-19 pandemic, has made microplastics ubiquitous; they can be found throughout the ecosphere, including in the bloodstreams of humans and other animals. As these plastics emerge as a potential threat to the environment and to public health, it has never been more critical to understand their distribution and environmental impact. Microplastics in the Ecosphere aims to cultivate that understanding with a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. It analyzes microplastic distribution in aerosphere, hydrosphere, and soil, tracing these plastics from their productTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxii Section I Single Use Plastics 1 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe 3 Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Fatma Nur Eraslan, Eftade O. Gaga, and Kadir Gedik 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Materials and Methods 5 1.3 Results and Discussion 5 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations 5 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies 6 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations 7 1.3.4 Top Countries 8 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals 9 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles 9 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas 10 1.4 Conclusion 11 Acknowledgments 12 References 12 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans – A Review 15 Manju P. Nair and Anu Gopinath 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Plastics 15 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution 15 2.1.3 Microplastics 16 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans 17 2.2 Polar Regions 17 2.2.1 General 17 2.2.2 Sea Ice 19 2.2.3 Water 19 2.2.4 Sediments 21 2.2.5 Biota 22 2.3 Future Perspectives 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Microplastics – Global Scenario 29 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste 54 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns 55 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) 56 3.4.1 Merits of PPT 57 References 59 4 The Single- Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID- 19 Era 65 Fatma Nur Eraslan, Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Kadir Gedik, and Eftade O. Gaga 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Materials and Methods 66 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals 67 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment 67 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs 68 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID- 19 Era 69 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste 70 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste 71 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 72 References 72 Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere 77 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport 79 Yudith Vega Paramitadevi, Ana Turyanti, Ersa Rishanti, Beata Ratnawati, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, and Nurani Ikhlas 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport 79 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport 81 5.2.1 Types of MPs 81 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters 81 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions 82 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness 83 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean 83 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air 84 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling 85 5.3.1 Eulerian Method 87 References 92 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks 97 Dhammika N. Magana- Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere 97 6.2.2 Chemical Composition 98 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics 99 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution 101 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk 102 6.3.2 Eco Risk 106 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research 107 6.5 Conclusion 108 Acknowledgements 109 References 109 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere 113 Sudip Choudhury, Kuheli Deb, Saurav Paul, Bimal Bhusan Chakraborty, and Sunayana Goswami 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Classification 114 7.3.4 Biota 115 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere 116 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs 117 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique 119 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography 119 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs 120 7.6 Conclusion 121 Funding 121 References 121 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere – Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics 125 Gobishankar Sathyamohan, Madushika Sewwandi, Balram Ambade, and Meththika Vithanage 8.1 Introduction 125 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP 126 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties 127 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere 129 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation 130 8.3 Formation of MPs 131 8.3.1 Physical Weathering 132 8.3.4 Photo- thermal Oxidation 133 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation 134 8.4.1 Wet Deposition 136 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport 137 8.7 Eco- Environmental Impacts 138 8.8 Future Perspectives 139 References 140 Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 147 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics 149 Asitha T. Cooray, Janitha Walpita, Pabasari A. Koliyabandara, and Ishara U. Soyza 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Interactions 150 9.3 Mechanisms 152 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process 154 9.3.5 Pseudo- Second- Order Model 155 9.3.8 Isotherm Models 156 9.5 Future Approaches 157 References 158 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments 163 Florin- Constantin Mihai, Laura A.T. Markley, Farhan R. Khan, Giuseppe Suaria, and Sedat Gundogdu 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries 164 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes 166 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources 167 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps 168 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas 169 10.7 Conclusion 171 Acknowledgment 171 References 171 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport 177 Anna Kwarciak- Kozłowska 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics 177 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate 180 11.3 Summary 183 Acknowledgments 183 References 183 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment – Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life 189 Arunima Bhattacharya and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 190 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature 191 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth 192 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction 193 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna 194 12.4.2.1 Shrimp 195 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals 196 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 197 Acknowledgments 197 References 197 Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems 201 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health 203 Siril Singh, Sheenu Sharma, Rajni Yadav, and Anand Narain Singh 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems 204 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids 205 13.2.6 Landfill Sites 206 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security 209 13.4 Human Health Risks 211 13.5 Knowledge Gaps 212 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 212 Acknowledgments 213 References 213 14 Migration of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects 219 Marta Jaskulak and Katarzyna Zorena 14.1 Introduction 219 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals 220 14.3 Types of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils 222 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co- exposure in Soil – Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation 223 14.5 Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health 224 14.6 Conclusions 226 References 226 15 Plastic Mulch- Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems 233 Sammani Ramanayaka, Hao Zhang, and Kirk T. Semple 15.1 Plastic Mulch Films in Agriculture 233 15.2 Types of Synthetic Polymer Mulch Films 234 15.4 Mulch Microplastic Pollution in Soil 235 15.4.1 Influences of Mulch Microplastics on Soil Physical Properties 236 15.4.2.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 237 15.4.2.2 Soil pH 238 15.4.3 The Impact of Microplastics on Soil Biological Properties 239 15.5 Mulch Microplastics as a Vector 240 15.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 242 References 243 16 Critical Review of Microplastics in Soil 249 Fábio C. Nunes, Lander de Jesus Alves, Cláudia C.N. de Carvalho, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, and José R. de Souza Filho 16.1 Introduction 249 16.2 Sources and Transfer of Microplastics in Soils 251 16.3 Classification, Qualification, and Quantification of Microplastics in Soil 253 16.4 Effects and Risks of Microplastics on Soil Health 255 16.5 Analytical Methodologies for Microplastics in Soil 259 16.6 Epilogue and Future Perspectives 262 Acknowledgment 262 References 262 17 What Do We Know About the Effects of Microplastics on Soil? 271 Ana Paula Pinto, Teresa Ferreira, Ana V. Dordio, Alfredo Jorge Palace Carvalho, and Jorge M.S. Faria 17.1 Introduction 271 17.2 Why and How Do MPs End Up in the Soil? 272 17.2.1 Mulching Films 273 17.2.2 Sewage Sludge/Compost Application 274 17.2.3 Irrigation 275 17.4 Microplastics as Carriers of Soil Contaminants – Contaminant Vectors 277 17.4.1 MPs as Carriers of Metals and/or Metalloids 278 17.4.2 MPs as Carriers of Organic Pollutants 279 17.5 Microplastic Effects 280 17.5.2 MP Effects on Plant Growth Performance 283 17.5.3 MP Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling 289 17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives for Future Research 291 References 292 18 Microbial Degradation of Plastics 305 Abin Sebastian, Aleena Maria Paul, Donia Dominic, Misriya Shaji, Priya Jose, Sarika Sasi, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 18.1 Introduction 305 18.2 Diversity of Plastic- Degrading Microbes 307 18.3 Mechanism of Microbe- Mediated Decomposition of Plastics 309 18.4 Molecular Factors in the Microbial Breakdown of Plastics 311 18.5 Microbes and Sustainable Degradation of Plastics 313 18.5.1 Outlook 315 References 316 19 Microplastics and Soil Nutrient Cycling 321 Madhuni Wijesooriya, Hasintha Wijesekara, Madushika Sewwandi, Sasimali Soysa, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Meththika Vithanage, and Nanthi Bolan 19.1 Introduction 321 19.2 Microplastics in Soil 322 19.3 Effect of Microplastics on Nutrient Cycling 323 19.3.1 Soil Nitrogen Cycling 324 19.3.3 Soil Phosphorous Content 325 19.4 Effect of Microplastic- Driven Factors on Soil Nutrient Cycling 326 19.4.1 Properties of Microplastics 326 19.4.3 Soil Chemical Characteristics 329 19.4.4 Soil Physical Characteristics 330 19.4.5 Consequences of Microplastics for Nutrient Cycling and Implications 331 19.5 Mechanisms of Microplastic- Driven Plant Toxicity/Nutrient Uptake 332 19.6 Future Perspectives 333 References 333 Section V Microplastics in Food Systems 339 20 Microplastics in the Food Chain 341 Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe, Sharmila Jayatilake, H. Umesh K.D.Z. Rajapakse, N.K. Sandunika Kithmini, and K.M. Prakash M. Kulathunga 20.1 Introduction 341 20.2 Presence of Microplastics in the Food Chain 342 20.2.1 Transmission Through the Food Chain 343 20.2.2 Other Pathways Through Which Microplastics Enter Food 345 20.2.2.1 Transmission from Food Packaging 346 20.3 Possible Health Effects of Microplastics in Food 347 20.4 How to Minimize Microplastic Contamination in Food 348 20.4.1 Need for Research on the Realistic Ecological Impact of Microplastics 349 20.4.2 Effective Methods of Microplastic Detection and Removal 349 20.4.4 Efficient Disposal of Plastic Waste 350 20.5 Summary 350 References 351 21 Microplastics in Salt and Drinking Water 357 Muthumali U. Adikari, Nirmala Prasadi, and Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe 21.1 Microplastics in Salt 357 21.1.1 Introduction 357 21.1.1.1 Microplastics in Salt: Occurrence and Abundance 357 21.1.1.2 Microplastic Contamination in Different Salt Types 358 21.1.1.3 Estimated Consumption of Microplastics through Salt 360 21.2.1 Introduction 361 21.2.4 Microplastics in Drinking Water: Analytical Methods Used 363 21.2.5 Removal Strategies 364 21.3 Summary 365 References 365 22 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood (Invertebrates) and Seaweeds 369 Sanchala Gallage 22.1 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 369 22.1.3 Possible MP Accumulation Pathways in Commercial Seafood 371 22.1.4 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 372 22.1.4.2 Microplastics in Shrimp 373 22.1.4.3 Microplastics in Crabs 374 22.1.4.4 Microplastics in Lobsters 375 22.1.4.5 Microplastics in Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers 376 22.1.4.6 Microplastics in Seaweeds 377 22.1.5 Concluding Notes 377 Acknowledgement 378 References 378 23 Microplastic Toxicity to Humans 381 Magdalena Madeła 23.1 Introduction 381 23.2 Ingestion of Microplastics 382 23.3 Human Exposure to Inhalation of Microplastics 384 23.4 Human Exposure to Dermal Contact with Microplastics 385 23.5 Conclusions 386 References 387 Section VI Treatment Technologies and Management 391 24 Management of Microplastics from Sources to Humans 393 Samanthika Senarath and Dinushi Kaushalya 24.1 Introduction 393 24.1.1 Composition and Characteristics of Microplastics 394 24.2 Classification and Sources of Microplastics 394 24.2.1 Sources of Human Exposure to Microplastics 395 24.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health 396 24.4 Social and Ecological Impacts of Microplastics 397 24.4.1 Management Strategies for Microplastics 398 24.4.1.1 Proper Management of Plastics and Plastic Waste 399 24.4.1.2 Use of Bio- based and Biodegradable Plastics 400 24.4.1.3 Improvement of Wastewater and Solid Waste Treatment Processes 400 24.5 Prospects in Microplastic Management 401 24.6 Summary 401 References 401 25 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics vs. Bioplastics 405 Iwona Zawieja 25.1 Ordinary Plastic – General Characteristics 405 25.2 Bioplastics – General Characteristics 406 25.3 Biodegradability of Bioplastics 408 25.5 Environmental Benefits of Using Bioplastic 410 25.6 Summary 412 Acknowledgments 412 References 413 Section VII Case Studies 415 26 Plastic Nurdles in Marine Environments Due to Accidental Spillage 417 Madushika Sewwandi, Santhirasekaram Keerthanan, Kalani Imalka Perera, and Meththika Vithanage 26.1 Introduction 417 26.1.2 Plastic Nurdles 418 26.2.2.1 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twentieth Century 419 26.2.2.2 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twenty- First Century 420 26.2.2.3 Nurdle Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 421 26.3.2 Fate and Transport of Nurdles in Marine Systems 422 26.3.3 Impacts of Nurdle Spillage on the Marine Environment 423 26.4 X- Press Pearl Shipwreck – Case Study 424 26.4.1 Nurdle Spillage 424 26.4.3 Characteristics and Contamination of Spilled Nurdles 425 26.4.4 Possible Impacts 427 26.4.4.1 Marine Environment 428 26.4.4.5 Impact on the Economy 429 References 429 27 Compost- Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost 433 K.S.D. Premarathna, Sammani Ramanayaka, Ayanthie Navaratne, Hasintha Wijesekara, Jasintha Jayasanka, and Meththika Vithanage 27.1 Municipal Solid Waste 433 27.1.2 Composting Process as a Source of Microplastics 435 27.2.2 Sizes of microplastics 436 27.2.3 Characteristics of Compost- Hosted Microplastics 436 27.3 Impact of Microplastic- Contaminated Compost on Soil Properties 437 27.3.2 Impact on Soil Chemical Properties 438 27.4 Compost- Hosted Microplastics as a Vector 440 27.4.1 Effect on Soil Organisms 441 27.5 Future Perspectives 442 References 443 28 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics and Bioplastics – A Case Study in Brazil 449 Luís P. Azevedo, Carlos A.F. Lagarinhos, Denise C.R. Espinosa, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 28.1 Introduction 449 28.1.1 Municipality of São Paulo (the Largest in the Country) – State Law No. 15374/2011 451 28.1.2 State of Rio de Janeiro – State Law No. 8473/2019 451 28.1.3 Santos(SP) – Municipal Law 232/2019 452 28.1.4 Ilhabela(SP) – Municipal Law 598/2008 452 28.1.5 São Sebastião (SP) – Municipal Law 2590/2018 452 28.1.6 Natal (RN) – Municipal Law 295/2009 452 28.1.7 Fernando de Noronha Island (PE) – District Decree 002/2018 452 28.2.2 Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) Bioplastic 453 28.2.5 Shrimp Shell Bioplastic 454 28.2.9 Organic Waste Bioplastic 455 28.5 Energy Recovery 457 28.6 Public Policies 458 28.7 Impacts of Environmental Legislation 459 28.8 Challenges of Bioplastics Production 460 28.9 Conclusions 461 References 462 29 Microplastics Remediation – Possible Perspectives for Mitigating Saline Environments 465 Amir Parnian, Mehdi Mahbod, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 29.1 Introduction 465 29.2 Assimilation of Microplastics in Saline Water Bodies and Soil Ecosystems 467 29.3 Microplastic Self- Aging and Degradation: Hopes and Risks for the Ecosystem 468 29.4 Microplastics: Technologies for Remediating Saline Environments 468 29.5 Economic and Social Aspects of Microplastic Remediation in Saline Conditions 471 29.6 Conclusion: Hopes, and Resistance to Environmental Remediation to Achieve a Cleaner Environment 472 References 472 30 The Management of Waste Tires: A Case Study in Brazil 477 Carlos Alberto Ferreira Lagarinhos, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, and Luís Peres de Azevedo 30.1 Introduction 477 30.2 Methodology 478 30.3 Results and Discussions 479 30.3.4 Comparison Between Systems for Recycling Tires in the EU Countries, the United States, Japan, and Brazil 481 30.3.5 Technologies for Reuse, Recycling, and Energy Recovery 484 30.3.8 Tire Pyrolysis Process 486 30.3.9 Reclaimed Rubber and Rugs for Automobiles 486 30.3.11 Asphalt Rubber 487 30.4 Reverse Logistics Tires in Brazil 488 30.4.2 Recycling by Tire Manufacturers 490 30.6 Conclusions 495 References 496 Index 499

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Book SynopsisA transdisciplinary approach to investigating relationships between biomass burning and human health outcomes Environmental degradation is causing severe impacts on the various Earth ecosystems. Unsustainable development and anthropogenic pressure have altered the natural balance. From this perspective, sustainability has become a major issue to frame a greener and cleaner Earth for future generations. It can be argued that the worst example of unsustainable development is habitat degradation. Therefore, ecorestoration and other ecological practices are becoming increasingly important in our march toward sustainability. The present book covers all the aspects of ecorestoration and sustainability and how various areas intersect in this space. Environmental degradation is increasing all over the world at an unprecedented rate. This includes air, water, soil, and other natural resources resulting in the depletion of natural resources and an unsustainable planet. Therefore, it is incredTable of ContentsList of Contibutors xv Preface xix 1 Ecorestoration for Environmental Sustainability—An Introductory Framework 1 Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Surendra Singh Bargali and Debnath Palit 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Global Scenario of Ecosystem Types and Their Degradation 4 1.2.1 Agroecosystem 5 1.2.2 Forests 6 1.2.3 Freshwater 7 1.2.4 Grasslands, Shrub Lands, and Savannahs 7 1.2.5 Mountains 8 1.2.6 Oceans and Coasts 8 1.2.7 Peat Lands Around 9 1.2.8 Urban Areas 10 1.3 Need of Ecorestoration 10 1.3.1 The Economy 11 1.3.2 Food Security 12 1.3.3 Clean Water 12 1.3.4 Health and Well-Being 13 1.3.5 Climate Change Mitigation 13 1.3.6 Climate Change Adaptation 14 1.3.7 Security 14 1.3.8 Biodiversity 15 1.3.9 Synergies and Trade-Offs 16 1.4 Ecological Restoration and Forestry 16 1.4.1 Forested Wetland Restoration 16 1.5 Ecological Restoration and Societal Development 17 1.5.1 Ecological Restoration in Social Context 17 1.6 Policies and Strategy Formulation for Ecological Restoration Toward Environmental Sustainability 17 1.6.1 Novel Ecosystems and Adapting to Rapid Global Change 18 1.6.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture and Enhancing Socioecological Resilience 19 1.6.3 Increasing the Multifunctionality and Productivity of Agricultural Landscapes 20 1.6.4 Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions 20 1.6.5 Ecorestoration of Agroecosystem 21 1.6.6 Urbanization and Development 22 1.6.7 Biodiversity Offset Mitigation Through Ecological Restoration 23 1.6.8 Ecological Restoration as an Integral Component of Production Landscapes 24 1.7 Evidence of Success and Benefits of Ecological Restoration 25 1.8 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Agricultural Soil Management and Ecorestoration Under Climate Change: Practices for Sustainable Soil Resource 49 Zied Haj-Amor, Tesfay Araya, Tapos Kumar Acharjee, Salem Bouri and Ruediger Anlauf 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Soil 51 2.2.1 Soil Erosion 51 2.2.2 Soil Salinization 52 2.2.3 Drought 53 2.3 Potential for Soil and Ecorestoration to Mitigate Climate Change 54 2.3.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration 54 2.3.2 Soil Management Practices for Increasing Carbon Storage in Soil 55 2.3.3 Ecorestoration of Agricultural Soil 57 2.3.4 Potential for Ecorestoration of Soil to Mitigate and Adapt Climate Change 58 2.4 Soil Water Management Under Climate Change/Variability 59 2.4.1 Experiences from Europe 59 2.4.1.1 Improvement of Irrigation to Save Water 59 2.4.1.2 Shifts in Land Use to Adapt to Climate Change 61 2.4.2 Experiences from Bangladesh 61 2.4.3 Experiences from Tunisia 66 2.5 Recommendations for Sustainable Soil Management and Environmental Sustainability 66 2.6 Policy Framework for Ecorestoration and Management of Agricultural Soil 67 2.7 Future Roadmap for Ecorestoration Toward Sustainable Soil Resource 68 2.8 Conclusion 69 Funding 70 References 70 3 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS): A Promising Tool for Ecorestoration of Tropical Indian Rivers 77 Parul Gurjar, Kuldeep Lakhera, Vipin Vyas and Rumeet Kour Raina 3.1 Introduction 78 3.1.1 River Ecology—An Introductory Remark 78 3.1.2 Status/Scenario of Tropical Rivers in India 78 3.1.3 Concept of Ecorestoration of Riverine Ecosystem in India 79 3.1.4 Role of Biodiversity in Riverine Conservation 80 3.2 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS)—A Promising Tool 80 3.2.1 Physical Analysis 81 3.2.1.1 Physical Habitat 81 3.2.1.2 Riparian Zone 83 3.2.1.3 Biological Analysis 89 3.2.1.4 Chemical Analysis 93 3.3 Legal and Policy Framework for Effective Implementation of Integrated River Health Assessment System 96 3.4 Future Roadmap of Integrated River Health Assessment System 97 3.5 Concluding Remarks for the Implementation of IRHAS in Indian River Systems to Achieve Environmental Sustainability 98 References 98 4 Wetland Restoration Policies and the Sustainability of Agricultural Productions, Lessons Learnt from Zrebar Lake, Iran 113 Shervin Jamshidi and Anahita Naderi 4.1 Introduction 114 4.1.1 What is Eutrophication? 114 4.1.2 Clarity Reduction 114 4.1.3 Clogging Filters 115 4.1.4 Increasing Health Risks 115 4.1.5 Increasing Ecological Risks 116 4.1.6 pH Variation 117 4.1.7 Human Ecosystem 117 4.2 What is the Cause? 118 4.3 Integrated Sustainable Management 120 4.3.1 Trends and Approaches 120 4.3.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) 123 4.3.3 Accounting Sustainability by Water Footprint 125 4.4 Zrebar Lake 128 4.4.1 Basin Characteristics 128 4.4.2 Basin Ecology 132 4.4.3 Pollution Sources 141 4.4.4 Water Quality 144 4.4.5 Lessons Learnt 149 4.4.5.1 Zrebar Lake in Studies 149 4.4.5.2 BMPs Impact 151 4.4.5.3 Future Trends and Directives 155 4.4.5.4 Legal and Policy Framework 158 4.5 Conclusion 159 References 160 5 Strategies for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation: Review, Analysis, and Evaluation 167 Silvina M. Manrique 5.1 Introduction 168 5.1.1 Sustainable Development: Bases and Principles 168 5.1.2 Planetary Limits and Natural Capital 169 5.2 Loss of Biospheric Integrity 171 5.2.1 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Climate 171 5.2.2 The Global State of Natural Capital 172 5.2.3 Loss of Biomass Integrity of Ecosystems 175 5.3 Strategies for the Conservation/Restoration of Ecosystem Biomass 176 5.3.1 Ecorestoration 177 5.3.2 Payment for Environmental Services (PES) 178 5.3.3 Nature-Based Solutions 178 5.3.4 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation 178 5.3.5 Protected Areas (PAs) 178 5.4 Case Study: Native Forests, Biomass, and Ecosystem Services 180 5.4.1 Lower Yungas Forest (LYF) Context 180 5.4.2 Characterization and Analysis 181 5.4.3 Physiognomy, Floristic Composition, and Richness 184 5.4.4 Stock and Distribution of Carbon in Ecosystem Reservoirs 188 5.4.5 Protected Areas Value and Management Strategies 191 5.5 Effectiveness of Conservation Measures 193 5.5.1 Protected Areas: Are They Meeting Their Goal? 193 5.5.2 Effectiveness of Protected Areas 194 5.6 Conclusions 195 5.7 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation 196 5.8 Forest Ecosystem Biomass Conservation Toward Environmental Sustainability 198 5.8.1 Forest Biomass: A Complex and Multidiverse Source of Benefits 198 5.9 Future Roadmap of Forest Biomass Conservation 199 5.10 Final Thoughts 201 References 202 6 Reclamation of Mined Soil in RCF Region—A Phytoremediation Approach 211 Debalina Kar and Debnath Palit 6.1 Introduction 212 6.2 Impact of Mining 212 6.3 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 213 6.4 Material and Methods 214 6.4.1 Study Sites 214 6.4.2 Ecological Survey or Phytosociological Study for Identifying Pioneering Species of Trees 214 6.5 Results and Discussion 215 6.6 Conclusion 240 References 240 7 Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management 245 C.B. Ethis-Eriakha and S.E. Akemu 7.1 Introduction 246 7.2 Ecosystem as a Natural Support System for Biodiversity 247 7.3 Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 248 7.4 Deforestation 249 7.5 Consequences of Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 250 7.6 Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 253 7.7 Various Approaches to Ecological Restoration—Natural Regeneration and Active Ecorestoration 255 7.8 Tools for Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems 256 7.9 Ecorestoration of Biodiversity in Terrestrial, Aquatic Ecosystems, Wetlands, Tropical Forests, Grasslands 257 7.10 Research and Development Activities in Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 258 7.11 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecorestoration, Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 259 7.12 Future Roadmap 260 7.13 Conclusion 261 References 261 8 Managing Forests for Offsetting Carbon Footprints 267 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam 8.1 Introduction 268 8.2 Global Forests Scenario 269 8.3 Carbon Footprint: A Conceptual Framework 272 8.4 Carbon Footprint Calculator 276 8.5 Technology for Forest Cover and Carbon Assessment 277 8.6 Measuring Carbon Emissions from Deforestation 280 8.7 Carbon Sinks in Forests 282 8.8 Forest Management for Carbon Mitigation 283 8.9 Emerging Challenges and Constraint 284 8.10 Research and Development Toward Footprints 285 8.11 Policy and Legal Framework 285 References 286 9 Ecosystem Management of Polluted Forest and Its Implication on Biodiversity Conservation in the Niger Delta 295 Aroloye O. Numbere and Eberechukwu M. Maduike 9.1 Introduction 296 9.2 Profiles of Mangrove Biodiversity in the Niger Delta 298 9.2.1 Vegetation 298 9.2.2 Wildlife 299 9.2.3 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollution on Mangrove Flora and Fauna 300 9.2.4 Impact of Pesticide (Herbicide) Application on Mangrove Vegetation 302 9.3 Environmental Management and Restoration Ecology as Solutions 303 9.4 The Human Factor and the Practice of a Win-Win Ecology in Biodiversity Conservation 304 9.5 Regional Versus Local Site Management 308 9.6 Policy and Legal Framework and Eco-Restoration of Polluted Sites and Biodiversity Conservation of Niger Delta 309 9.7 Future Research and Development of Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem in the Niger Delta 310 9.8 Conclusion 311 References 312 10 Forest Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration: Policies, Plan, and Approaches 317 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur, Surendra Singh Bargali, Kiran Bargali and Sharad Nema 10.1 Introduction 318 10.1.1 Forest Resources and Biodiversity 320 10.1.2 Faunal Diversity in Tropical Forest 321 10.1.3 Forest Degradation and Fragmentation 325 10.2 Need for Forest Restoration Program 326 10.3 Value of Restoring Forests 329 10.4 Forest Landscape Restoration Vis-A-Vis Conservation Strategies 329 10.5 Forest Landscape Restoration for Ecological Integrity 330 10.6 Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest 331 10.7 Ecosystem Approaches to Forest Restoration: Learning from the Past 332 10.8 Forest Restoration for Enhancing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 332 10.9 Forest Landscape Restoration: Indian Perspective 334 10.10 Forest Landscape Restoration for C Footprint and Climate Change Mitigation 336 10.11 Forest Landscape Restoration for Livelihood and Well-Being 338 10.12 Constraints and Challenges 338 10.13 Existing Policy and Its Reformation 339 10.14 Advances in Restoration: Plan and Execution 340 10.15 Recommendation and Future Research 340 10.16 Conclusion 341 References 341 11 Geospatial Techniques in Sustainable Forest Management for Ecorestoration and Different Environmental Protection Issues 351 Shiboram Banerjee and Debnath Palit 11.1 Introduction 352 11.2 The Assessment of Forest Resources and Its Sustainable Use 355 11.3 Aerial Mode of Remote Sensing 356 11.4 Satellite Mode of Remote Sensing 357 11.5 Assessment of Wildlife Habitat 359 11.6 Assessment of Biodiversity Networks 359 11.7 Productivity and Biomass Assessment in Terrestrial Regime 360 11.8 Land Cover and Land Use Analysis 360 11.9 Characterization of Wetland at Landscape Level 361 11.10 Assessment of Grassland Habitat 362 11.11 Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration 362 11.12 Detection of Air Pollution Intensities 363 11.13 Ecorestoration for Sustainable Development 364 11.14 Conclusions 366 Acknowledgments 366 References 367 12 Climate-Induced Conflicts Between Rural Farmers and Cattle Herders: Implications on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Nigeria 373 Angela Oyilieze Akanwa, Arnab Banerjee , Manoj Kumar Jhariya, L.N. Muoghalu, A.U. Okonkwo, F.I. Ikegbunam, I.C. Ezeomedo, S.O. Okeke, P.U. Igwe, V.C. Arah, C.C. Anukwonke, M.C. Obidiegwu and E.I. Madukasi 12.1 Introduction 374 12.2 Agroecological Zones and Climate Change in Nigeria—Drought Crisis in Sahel 377 12.3 Ethnic Conflicts, Origin, and Intensification of Violence and Impacts 383 12.3.1 Pre-Colonial Era 383 12.3.2 Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods 385 12.3.3 Impacts of Conflict: Human Costs 392 12.3.4 Loss of Revenue 395 12.3.5 Growing Food Insecurity in Nigeria 395 12.4 Environmental Injustice and Herder/Farmer Conflict in Nigeria 398 12.5 Confronting the Challenges of Farmer/Herder Conflict in Nigeria 399 12.5.1 Intensified Agricultural Activities in Nigeria 399 12.5.2 Community Participation 402 12.5.3 Intervention of Science and Technology 403 12.5.4 Policy and Legal Perspective 405 12.6 Conclusion 406 References 407 13 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Environmental Sustainability 417 Asmida Ismail, Faezah Pardi, Khairul Adzfa Radzun, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Nurul Aida Kamal Ikhsan and Faeiza Buyong 13.1 Introduction 418 13.2 The Insight on Management and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 419 13.3 Unequal Distribution of Natural Resources 420 13.4 Success Stories of Natural Resource Sustainable Management 421 13.4.1 Germany 421 13.4.2 China 422 13.4.3 Malaysia 423 13.5 Policy and Legal Framework for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: A Review on United Nation (UN) 50 Years of Sustainable Development Policy 425 13.6 Future Outlook of Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 430 13.6.1 The Future of Sustainable Management 431 13.6.1.1 Political Commitment 431 13.6.1.2 Sustainable Development Policy 431 13.6.1.3 Mathematical Model 432 13.6.1.4 Advanced Technology 432 13.6.2 Comprehensive Approach 433 References 433 About the Editors 439 Index 441

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Book SynopsisEcosystem Dynamics focuses on long-term terrestrial ecosystems and their changing relationships with human societies.Trade Review“Personal anecdotes enliven the writing and add a human touch; for graduate students, these will serve as important reminders that there is much to learn outside the laboratory.” (Choice, 1 February 2015) Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix About the companion website xi 1 Where Are We and How Did We Arrive Here? 1 1.1 Why this book? 1 1.2 Ecosystems in crisis 2 1.3 Relevance of the past 5 1.4 Forecasting the future 7 1.5 Chapter details and logic 9 1.6 For whom is the book intended? 12 1.7 Four key questions and the links to policy 13 2 Modelling 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 How did these models develop? 16 2.1.2 Climate data, climate and earth system models 16 2.2 Background ecosystem, vegetation and species models 18 2.2.1 Vegetation models 18 2.2.2 Species-level modelling 25 2.2.3 Equilibrium physiologically-based modelling of species 27 2.2.4 Statistical equilibrium modelling of species 30 2.2.5 Some uncertainties and assumptions that apply generally to bioclimatic models 31 2.2.6 Models of intermediate complexity 32 2.2.7 Biogeochemistry integrated into equilibrium biome models 33 2.2.8 Integrating biome and NPP models 35 2.3 Dynamic modelling 36 2.3.1 Local to landscape scales: forest gap modelling 36 2.3.2 Regional to global scales: dynamic global vegetation modelling 38 2.4 Integrating models 44 2.4.1 Earth system models 44 2.4.2 Integrated assessment models 45 2.4.3 Agent-based models 48 2.5 Further reading 48 3 Data 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Which data are relevant? 50 3.3 Ecosystem dynamics: direct observation 51 3.3.1 Phenology 51 3.3.2 Biological monitoring 53 3.4 Ecosystem dynamics: indirect measurement or proxy data 56 3.4.1 Historical ecology 57 3.4.2 Palaeoecology 58 3.4.3 Pollen analysis 60 3.4.4 Charcoal and fire scars 63 3.5 Drivers of ecosystem dynamics 67 3.5.1 Palaeoclimates and greenhouse gases 67 3.5.2 Human impact on ecosystem dynamics 69 3.6 Databases 70 3.7 Gaps in available data and approaches 70 4 Climate Change and Millennial Ecosystem Dynamics: A Complex Relationship 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Reconstructing climate from biological data 74 4.3 The very long records of vegetation dynamics 78 4.4 Holocene records 81 4.5 Modelling of Holocene vegetation dynamics to help understand pollen data 83 4.5.1 Climate or people? The Tilia–Fagus transition in Draved Forest, Denmark 86 4.5.2 Climate or migration biology? The late-Holocene spread of Picea into southern Fennoscandia 87 4.5.3 Fagus in Europe 91 4.6 Simulating Fennoscandian Holocene forest dynamics 94 4.6.1 Holocene dynamics of the Sahara 98 4.7 Climate and megafaunal extinction 101 4.7.1 Recent range shifts 103 4.8 So how important is climate change for future millennial ecosystem dynamics? 103 5 The Role of Episodic Events in Millennial Ecosystem Dynamics: Where the Wild Strawberries Grow 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Fire 115 5.2.1 Past to present fire 116 5.2.2 Present to future fire 121 5.2.3 Modelling fire 121 5.2.4 Modelling ignition 122 5.2.5 Modelling fire spread 124 5.2.6 Data–model comparison 128 5.3 Forest pathogens during the Holocene 131 5.4 Hurricanes and wind damage 135 5.5 Conclusion 139 6 The Impact of Past and Future Human Exploitation on Terrestrial Ecosystem Dynamics 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Denmark: case study of human impact during the Holocene 146 6.3 Islands: sensitive indicators of human impact 152 6.4 Human influence on Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests 157 6.5 The tropics 163 6.6 Spatial upscaling of the timing and ecosystem consequences of human impact 164 7 Millennial Ecosystem Dynamics and Their Relationship to Ecosystem Services: Past and Future 173 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 MEA classification 176 7.2.1 Provisioning services 176 7.2.2 Regulating services 177 7.2.3 Cultural services 177 7.2.4 Supporting services 177 7.3 The current crisis in ecosystem services 179 7.3.1 How did we get here? A palaeo perspective 181 7.3.2 Provisioning services in the past 182 7.3.3 Regulating services in the past 185 7.3.4 Cultural services in the past 189 7.3.5 Supporting services in the past 190 7.4 Ecosystem services and the future 193 7.5 Relating the maintenance of biodiversity to ecosystem service provision 197 7.6 Scenarios of possible futures: some different approaches 197 7.6.1 IPCC Special report on emission scenarios 199 7.6.2 MEA scenarios 201 7.6.3 ALARM scenarios 203 7.7 So what do scenarios say about the possible futures for ecosystem services? 204 7.7.1 MEA scenarios 204 7.7.2 SRES scenarios 205 7.7.3 ALARM scenarios 207 8 Cultural Ecosystem Services 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Sacred sites and species 212 8.2.1 Some examples from around the globe 214 8.3 Cultural landscapes: biodiverse relicts of former land use systems 219 8.4 Hunting as a cultural ecosystem service 221 9 Conservation 225 9.1 Conservation as we know it 225 9.2 Knowledge of the past: relevance for conservation 228 9.2.1 Fire history, conservation and ecosystem restoration 229 9.2.2 Ecosystem restoration 234 9.2.3 The wood pasture debate 235 9.2.4 Reference states or baselines? 237 9.3 Conservation in practice: protected areas (Natura 2000) 242 9.4 Conservation and alien or invasive species 244 9.4.1 Alien species, climate change and conservation 248 9.5 Global change, biodiversity and conservation in the future 253 9.5.1 The Convention on biological diversity 254 9.5.2 Atlas of biodiversity risk 255 9.6 Conclusion 257 10 Where Are We Headed? 259 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Emergent themes and important underlying concepts 262 10.2.1 How have ecosystems changed in the past? 262 10.2.2 How much of this change is attributable to human activities? 263 10.2.3 How much change is anticipated for the future? 264 10.2.4 What are the appropriate ecosystem management measures by which to prepare for the future? 265 References 271 Glossary 297 Index 311

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Book SynopsisModeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences highlights the various issues, techniques and practical modeling tools available for modeling the uncertainty of complex Earth systems and the impact that it has on practical situations. The aim of the book is to provide an introductory overview which covers a broad range of tried-and-tested tools.Trade Review“This is an outstanding contribution to the current literature, particularly since this book is aimed at an audience of young researchers and modelers that may just be starting their careers.” (Mathematical Geoscience, 29 November 2012) “Overall, I consider this book to be a good addition to a rather limited choice of books for teaching an introductory course on modeling uncertainty in the Earth and environmental sciences. As the author points out in the preface of the book, this is not an encyclopedia on modeling uncertainty, but rather an introduction to the topic that can lead the reader to deeper pursuits on modeling uncertainty.” (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1 October 2012) “The book, Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences, can be of great use for anyone involved with making decisions in Earth sciences. It gives a solid overview on how decisions in Earth Science can be improved by explicit uncertainty modeling.” (Environmental Earth Science, 1 October 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Example Application 1 1.1.1 Description 1 1.1.2 3D Modeling 3 1.2 Modeling Uncertainty 4 Further Reading 8 2 Review on Statistical Analysis and Probability Theory 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Displaying Data with Graphs 10 2.2.1 Histograms 10 2.3 Describing Data with Numbers 13 2.3.1 Measuring the Center 13 2.3.2 Measuring the Spread 14 2.3.3 Standard Deviation and Variance 14 2.3.4 Properties of the Standard Deviation 15 2.3.5 Quantiles and the QQ Plot 15 2.4 Probability 16 2.4.1 Introduction 16 2.4.2 Sample Space, Event, Outcomes 17 2.4.3 Conditional Probability 18 2.4.4 Bayes’ Rule 19 2.5 Random Variables 21 2.5.1 Discrete Random Variables 21 2.5.2 Continuous Random Variables 21 2.5.2.1 Probability Density Function (pdf) 21 2.5.2.2 Cumulative Distribution Function 22 2.5.3 Expectation and Variance 23 2.5.3.1 Expectation 23 2.5.3.2 Population Variance 24 2.5.4 Examples of Distribution Functions 24 2.5.4.1 The Gaussian (Normal) Random Variable and Distribution 24 2.5.4.2 Bernoulli Random Variable 25 2.5.4.3 Uniform Random Variable 26 2.5.4.4 A Poisson Random Variable 26 2.5.4.5 The Lognormal Distribution 27 2.5.5 The Empirical Distribution Function versus the Distribution Model 28 2.5.6 Constructing a Distribution Function from Data 29 2.5.7 Monte Carlo Simulation 30 2.5.8 Data Transformations 32 2.6 Bivariate Data Analysis 33 2.6.1 Introduction 33 2.6.2 Graphical Methods: Scatter plots 33 2.6.3 Data Summary: Correlation (Coefficient) 35 2.6.3.1 Definition 35 2.6.3.2 Properties of r 37 Further Reading 37 3 Modeling Uncertainty: Concepts and Philosophies 39 3.1 What is Uncertainty? 39 3.2 Sources of Uncertainty 40 3.3 Deterministic Modeling 41 3.4 Models of Uncertainty 43 3.5 Model and Data Relationship 44 3.6 Bayesian View on Uncertainty 45 3.7 Model Verification and Falsification 48 3.8 Model Complexity 49 3.9 Talking about Uncertainty 50 3.10 Examples 51 3.10.1 Climate Modeling 51 3.10.1.1 Description 51 3.10.1.2 Creating Data Sets Using Models 51 3.10.1.3 Parameterization of Subgrid Variability 52 3.10.1.4 Model Complexity 52 3.10.2 Reservoir Modeling 52 3.10.2.1 Description 52 3.10.2.2 Creating Data Sets Using Models 53 3.10.2.3 Parameterization of Subgrid Variability 53 3.10.2.4 Model Complexity 54 Further Reading 54 4 Engineering the Earth: Making Decisions Under Uncertainty 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Making Decisions 57 4.2.1 Example Problem 57 4.2.2 The Language of Decision Making 59 4.2.3 Structuring the Decision 60 4.2.4 Modeling the Decision 61 4.2.4.1 Payoffs and Value Functions 62 4.2.4.2 Weighting 63 4.2.4.3 Trade-Offs 65 4.2.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis 67 4.3 Tools for Structuring Decision Problems 70 4.3.1 Decision Trees 70 4.3.2 Building Decision Trees 70 4.3.3 Solving Decision Trees 72 4.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 76 Further Reading 76 5 Modeling Spatial Continuity 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 The Variogram 79 5.2.1 Autocorrelation in 1D 79 5.2.2 Autocorrelation in 2D and 3D 82 5.2.3 The Variogram and Covariance Function 84 5.2.4 Variogram Analysis 86 5.2.4.1 Anisotropy 86 5.2.4.2 What is the Practical Meaning of a Variogram? 87 5.2.5 A Word on Variogram Modeling 87 5.3 The Boolean or Object Model 87 5.3.1 Motivation 87 5.3.2 Object Models 89 5.4 3D Training Image Models 90 Further Reading 92 6 Modeling Spatial Uncertainty 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Object-Based Simulation 94 6.3 Training Image Methods 96 6.3.1 Principle of Sequential Simulation 96 6.3.2 Sequential Simulation Based on Training Images 98 6.3.3 Example of a 3D Earth Model 99 6.4 Variogram-Based Methods 100 6.4.1 Introduction 100 6.4.2 Linear Estimation 101 6.4.3 Inverse Square Distance 102 6.4.4 Ordinary Kriging 103 6.4.5 The Kriging Variance 104 6.4.6 Sequential Gaussian Simulation 104 6.4.6.1 Kriging to Create a Model of Uncertainty 104 6.4.6.2 Using Kriging to Perform (Sequential) Gaussian Simulation 104 Further Reading 106 7 Constraining Spatial Models of Uncertainty with Data 107 7.1 Data Integration 107 7.2 Probability-Based Approaches 108 7.2.1 Introduction 108 7.2.2 Calibration of Information Content 109 7.2.3 Integrating Information Content 110 7.2.4 Application to Modeling Spatial Uncertainty 113 7.3 Variogram-Based Approaches 114 7.4 Inverse Modeling Approaches 116 7.4.1 Introduction 116 7.4.2 The Role of Bayes’ Rule in Inverse Model Solutions 118 7.4.3 Sampling Methods 125 7.4.3.1 Rejection Sampling 125 7.4.3.2 Metropolis Sampler 128 7.4.4 Optimization Methods 130 Further Reading 131 8 Modeling Structural Uncertainty 133 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Data for Structural Modeling in the Subsurface 135 8.3 Modeling a Geological Surface 136 8.4 Constructing a Structural Model 138 8.4.1 Geological Constraints and Consistency 138 8.4.2 Building the Structural Model 140 8.5 Gridding the Structural Model 141 8.5.1 Stratigraphic Grids 141 8.5.2 Grid Resolution 142 8.6 Modeling Surfaces through Thicknesses 144 8.7 Modeling Structural Uncertainty 144 8.7.1 Sources of Uncertainty 146 8.7.2 Models of Structural Uncertainty 149 Further Reading 151 9 Visualizing Uncertainty 153 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 The Concept of Distance 154 9.3 Visualizing Uncertainty 156 9.3.1 Distances, Metric Space and Multidimensional Scaling 156 9.3.2 Determining the Dimension of Projection 162 9.3.3 Kernels and Feature Space 163 9.3.4 Visualizing the Data–Model Relationship 166 Further Reading 170 10 Modeling Response Uncertainty 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Surrogate Models and Ranking 172 10.3 Experimental Design and Response Surface Analysis 173 10.3.1 Introduction 173 10.3.2 The Design of Experiments 173 10.3.3 Response Surface Designs 176 10.3.4 Simple Illustrative Example 177 10.3.5 Limitations 179 10.4 Distance Methods for Modeling Response Uncertainty 181 10.4.1 Introduction 181 10.4.2 Earth Model Selection by Clustering 182 10.4.2.1 Introduction 182 10.4.2.2 k-Means Clustering 183 10.4.2.3 Clustering of Earth Models for Response Uncertainty Evaluation 185 10.4.3 Oil Reservoir Case Study 186 10.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis 188 10.4.5 Limitations 191 Further Reading 191 11 Value of Information 193 11.1 Introduction 193 11.2 The Value of Information Problem 194 11.2.1 Introduction 194 11.2.2 Reliability versus Information Content 195 11.2.3 Summary of the VOI Methodology 196 11.2.3.1 Steps 1 and 2: VOI Decision Tree 197 11.2.3.2 Steps 3 and 4: Value of Perfect Information 198 11.2.3.3 Step 5: Value of Imperfect Information 201 11.2.4 Value of Information for Earth Modeling Problems 202 11.2.5 Earth Models 202 11.2.6 Value of Information Calculation 203 11.2.7 Example Case Study 208 11.2.7.1 Introduction 208 11.2.7.2 Earth Modeling 208 11.2.7.3 Decision Problem 209 11.2.7.4 The Possible Data Sources 210 11.2.7.5 Data Interpretation 211 Further Reading 213 12 Example Case Study 215 12.1 Introduction 215 12.1.1 General Description 215 12.1.2 Contaminant Transport 218 12.1.3 Costs Involved 218 12.2 Solution 218 12.2.1 Solving the Decision Problem 218 12.2.2 Buying More Data 219 12.2.2.1 Buying Geological Information 219 12.2.2.2 Buying Geophysical Information 221 12.3 Sensitivity Analysis 221 Index 225

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Book SynopsisJohn Vogler examines the international politics of climate change, with a focus on the United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC). He considers how the international system treats the problem of climate change, analysing the ways in which this has been defined by the international community and the interests and alignments of state governments.Trade Review“In ‘Climate Change in World Politics’, John Vogler … examines the international politics of climate change, with a focus on the United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC). … an extraordinary study that is very highly recommended for community, college, and university library Political Science and Environmental Studies reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists.” (Midwest Book Review, midwestbookreview.com, Vol. 11 (6), June, 2016)Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Framing and Fragmentation 3. The UNFCCC Regime 4. Interests and Alignments 5. The Pursuit of Justice 6. Recognition and Prestige 7. Structural Change and Climate Politics 8. Conclusion

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Book Synopsis1. Optimization in Energy Markets 1.1 Classification of optimization problems1.1.1 Linear versus Nonlinear Problems 1.1.2 Deterministic versus Stochastic Problems 1.1.3 Static versus Dynamic Problems1.2 Optimal portfolio selection among different investment alternatives1.3 Energy Asset Optimization 1.3.1 Generation Asset Investment Valuation with Real Option Methodology 1.3.2 Generation, Transportation and Storage Asset Operational Optimization and Valuation 1.4 Energy Trading and Optimization 1.4.1 Asset allocation with Capital Constraints 1.4.2 Intraday trading 2. Optimization Methods2.1 Linear Optimization2.1.1 LP problems2.2 Nonlinear Optimization2.2.1 Unconstrained problem2.2.2 Constrained Problems with Equality Constraints2.2.3 Constrained Problems with Inequalities Constraints2.3 Pricing financial assets2.3.1 Pricing in energy markets2.3.2 Pricing in incomplete markets2.3.3 A motivating exampTrade ReviewEnergy markets are extremely competitive markets. Optimization of business decisions is fundamental for performance maximization. This book represents an excellent synthesis of optimization theory and practice applied to a wide and significant range of cutting-edge business problems characterizing power and natural gas markets.'- Domenico De Luca, CEO, Axpo Trading and Member of Executive Board Axpo Group'Optimization methods play an important role when making decisions and managing risk in today's liberalized energy markets. When planning a power plant or entering a structured gas contract, stochastic control is the key mathematical tool to assess the inherent risk. The authors of this book present an excellent account of the problems and methods for optimization in energy and power markets. The scope ranges from a rigorous theoretical analysis of the control problems, through numerical methods and to in-depth discussions of relevant practical case studies. This book is unique in providing a solid mathematical analysis of various optimization problems, yet never losing the market practice out of sight. It will be an invaluable reference for both academics and practitioners in power and gas markets.' - Fred Espen Benth, Professor of Mathematical Finance at the University of Oslo, Department of Mathematics and Deputy ManagerTable of Contents1. Optimization in Energy Markets 1.1 Classification of optimization problems1.1.1 Linear versus Nonlinear Problems 1.1.2 Deterministic versus Stochastic Problems 1.1.3 Static versus Dynamic Problems1.2 Optimal portfolio selection among different investment alternatives1.3 Energy Asset Optimization 1.3.1 Generation Asset Investment Valuation with Real Option Methodology 1.3.2 Generation, Transportation and Storage Asset Operational Optimization and Valuation 1.4 Energy Trading and Optimization 1.4.1 Asset allocation with Capital Constraints 1.4.2 Intraday trading 2. Optimization Methods2.1 Linear Optimization2.1.1 LP problems2.2 Nonlinear Optimization2.2.1 Unconstrained problem2.2.2 Constrained Problems with Equality Constraints2.2.3 Constrained Problems with Inequalities Constraints2.3 Pricing financial assets2.3.1 Pricing in energy markets2.3.2 Pricing in incomplete markets2.3.3 A motivating example: utility indifference pricing2.4 Deterministic Dynamic Programming2.5 Stochastic Dynamic Programming, discrete time2.5.1 A motivating example2.5.2 The general case2.5.3 Tree methods2.5.4 Least Square Monte Carlo methods2.5.5 Naïve Monte Carlo with Linear Programming2.6 Stochastic Dynamic Programming, continuous time2.6.1 The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation2.7 Deterministic numerical methods2.7.1 Finite Difference Method for HJB equation2.7.2 Boundary conditions2.8 Probabilistic numerical methods2.8.1 Tree methods, continuous time2.8.2 Computationally simple trees in dimension 12.8.3 Lattice of trees2.8.4 Monte Carlo methods3. Cases on Static Optimization3.1 Case A: investment alternatives3.2 Case B: Optimal generation mix for an electricity producer: a mean-variance approach3.3 Conclusions 4. Valuing project's exibilities using the diagrammatic approach4.1 Introduction4.2 Description of the Investment Problem4.3 Traditional evaluation Methods4.4 Modelling Electricity Price Dynamics4.5 Valuing Investment Flexibilities By Means Of The Lattice Approach4.5.1 Investment alternative A4.5.2 Investment alternative B4.5.3 Investment alternative C4.6 Conclusions5. Virtual Power Plant Contracts5.1 Introduction5.2 Valuation Problem5.2.1 Example6. Algorithms comparisonThe Swing Case6.1 Introduction6.2 Swing contracts6.2.1 Indexed strike price modelling for gas swing contracts6.2.2 The stochastic control problem6.2.3 Dynamic Programming6.3 Finite difference algorithm6.3.1 Boundary conditions6.3.2 The algorithm6.4 Least Square Monte Carlo algorithm6.4.1 The algorithm, and a reduction to one dimension6.5 Naïve Monte Carlo with Linear Programming6.6 Numerical Experiments6.6.1 Finite differences6.6.2 Least Square Monte Carlo6.6.3 One year contract6.7 Conclusions7. Storage contracts7.1 The contract7.2 The evaluation problem7.3 The optimal strategy (in the case of a physical gas storage)7.4 The implementation7.4.1 The gas cave7.4.2 The gas spot price7.4.3 The boundary conditions7.4.4 Numerical experiment, no-penalty case7.4.5 Numerical experiment, penalty case8. Optimal Trading Strategies in Intraday Power Markets8.1 Intraday power markets8.1.1 Intraday power price features8.1.2 Conclusions8.2 Optimal Algorithmic Trading in Auction-Based Intraday Power Markets8.2.1 The optimization problem8.2.2 Example: Italian intra-day market8.3 Optimal Algorithmic Trading in Continuous Time Power Markets8.3.1 The optimization problem8.3.2 Example: EPEX Spot market

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Book SynopsisThe absorbing narrative of Frederick Douglass's heated struggle with President Andrew Johnson reveals a new perspective on Reconstruction's demise.Trade Review"In this engrossing new book, Robert S. Levine has penned a nuanced and detailed study of the ‘hopes and frustrations of Reconstruction’ during Andrew Johnson’s presidency. While focusing on the relationship between Johnson and Frederick Douglass, the author also includes the views of numerous African American writers who witnessed Johnson’s transformation from self-styled ‘Moses to Black People’ to betrayer of Reconstruction. The Failed Promise is a lesson for our times as we continue to confront our nation’s unfulfilled promise of racial equality." -- Henry Louis Gates, Jr."An engrossing account... Levine poignantly captures a moment when the future of the United States was up for grab... In so doing, the author suggests the tragic consequences of failure and the way in which those consequences are still very much with us." -- Randall Fuller - The Wall Street Journal

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Book SynopsisFrom a Pulitzer Prizewinning historian, the powerful story of a precarious United States as it expands across a contested continent.Trade Review"Taylor’s special contribution in “American Republics” is his capacity for panning out to capture major historical trends… he shows his skill in producing an expansive overview that synthesizes discoveries by historians, including himself… Whether as a gloss of received historical wisdom or as an overview whose originality lies in its comprehensiveness, “American Republics” succeeds admirably." -- David S. Reynolds - The New York Times Book Review"[Alan Taylor's] book is written in clear, readable prose designed for readers with little or no prior knowledge of the period, and the work has touches of wokeness, which helps to fit it nicely into this extraordinary moment in our history." -- Gordon S. Wood - The Wall Street Journal"... masterful new volume..." -- M. J. Andersen - The Boston Globe

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Book SynopsisBuild and manage the sustainable cities of the future with this comprehensive guide Climate change is among the biggest challenges facing today''s cities, which are in turn a major factor in driving or mitigating climate change. It is no surprise then that urban planning authorities are under mounting pressure to create cityscapes suited to the 21st century. Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate offers a systematic overview of the environmental and sustainability challenges facing urban planners and policymakers, and how to meet those challenges. Beginning with an analysis of how climate change impacts built environments, it proceeds to offer quantitative analysis and practical solutions for strengthening urban resilience. Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate readers will also find: A future-oriented approach that accounts for both known and unknown threats Detailed discussion of threats including environmental changes, global pTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii About the Editor xv Preface xvii Abbreviations xix Part I Climate Change and The Built Environment: Foundations and Implications 1 1 Understanding Climate Change Fundamentals: Exploring the Forces Shaping Our Planet’s Future 3 Introduction 3 Recent Climate Change is Anthropogenic 5 Spatial Distribution of Global Warming 6 Modes of Climate Variability 6 Find, Read, and Process Climatic Data 8 Climate Models (GCMs and RCMs) 8 Pathways and Scenarios 10 Observations and Reanalysis 10 Visualizing and Processing Climatic Data 12 Conclusion 15 References 15 2 Advancing Urban Resilience and Sustainability Through the WRF-Urban Model: Bridging Numerical Modeling and Real-World Applications 17 Introduction 17 Nexus Between Urbanization and Climate Change 18 Urban Modeling Through WRF-Urban Model 19 Overview of the WRF-Urban Model 20 Applications of the WRF-Urban Model 20 Relevant Case Studies 21 Case Study 1: Urban Climate Modeling in Singapore Using WRF-Urban 21 Case Study 2: Summertime Air Conditioning Electric Loads Modeling in Beijing, China, Using WRF-Urban 21 Case Study 3: Coastal-Urban Meteorology Study in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil, Using the WRF-Urban Model 22 Limitations of the WRF-Urban Model 22 Ways Forward for Improvement 23 Conclusions 24 References 25 3 Assessing and Projecting Climatic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Insights from Regional Climate Model (RCM) Simulations and Future Projections 29 Introduction 29 Methodology 31 GCMs vs. RCMs in Simulating MENA Temperature and Precipitation 32 RCMs Performance in Simulating MENA Climatic Changes 34 Projected Future Changes Over MENA-CORDEX 35 Conclusion 36 References 38 4 Building for Climate Change: Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Built Environment 39 Introduction 39 Embodied Carbon Emission in Building Environment 40 Embodied Carbon Emission for Selected Building Materials 40 Embodied Carbon Emission of Limestone Quarrying 41 Embodied Carbon Emission from Cement and Concrete Manufacturing 42 Embodied Carbon from Asphalt Production and Construction 44 Embodied Carbon Emission of Steel Production 45 Embodied Carbon Mitigation Strategies 46 MS1: Using Materials with a Lower Embodied Carbon 46 Precast Hollow-Core Slabs 48 Steel Framework System 48 Use of Unfired Brick 48 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene 49 MS2: Reducing, Reusing, and Recovering— Heavy Building Materials 49 MS3: Improvement in Design Phase and Efficient Construction 49 MS4: Carbon Sequestration 51 MS5: Extending the Building’s Life 51 Operation Carbon Emissions in Building Environment 51 Operation Carbon Mitigation Strategies 52 Efficient HVAC Systems in Buildings 53 Renewable Resources Integration 53 Strategy for Water Use 54 Use of Lighting 54 Conclusion 55 References 56 5 Unveiling the Nexus: Human Developments and Their Influence on Climate Change 61 Introduction 61 Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Impact 63 ReCiPe Impact Category: Climate Change 64 Energy Sector Impact on Climate Change 65 Case Study 1: Electricity Generation in Turkey 65 Case Study 2: Coal Power Plant with Carbon Capture Technology in Czech Republic 67 Case Study 3: Solar Power with Energy Storage 68 Emissions Savings from Energy Sector 69 Energy Efficiency Increase 70 Wind and Solar Plant Installation 71 Keep Running the Nuclear Plants 72 Freshwater Sector Impact on Climate Change 72 Case Study 1: Water Supply in Singapore 72 Case Study 2: Seawater Desalination in South Africa 73 Case Study 3: Multistage Flash Desalination in Qatar 73 Emission Savings from Water Sector 74 Groundwater Management 74 Energy Management in Water System 75 Smart Wastewater Treatment Technology 75 Concluding Remarks 75 References 76 Part II Quantifying Resilience and Its Qualities 79 6 Assessing Resilience in Urban Critical Infrastructures: Interdependencies and Considerations 81 Introduction 81 Individual Network Resilience 83 Transportation Network Resilience 84 Electrical Network Resilience 84 Water Network Resilience 85 Case Study About Individual System Resilience: Transportation Resilience During Mega Sport Events 86 Infrastructures Interdependencies and Resilience 88 Case Study About Interdependent Systems Resilience 90 Conclusion 92 References 93 7 Assessing Infrastructure Resilience: Approaches and Considerations 97 Introduction 97 Complex Networks 98 Types of Graphs 98 Directed and Undirected Graphs 99 Weighted and Unweighted Graphs 99 Main Applications in Resilience Assessment 100 Betweenness Centrality 100 Graph Percolation 101 Strengths and Limitations of Complex Networks 101 Simulation Approaches 101 System Simulation 102 Agent-Based Modeling 103 GIS-Based Approaches 103 Strengths and Limitations of Simulation Approaches 103 Other Approaches 104 Statistical Approaches 104 Optimization Approaches 104 Conclusion 105 References 105 8 Enhancing Buildings Resilience: A Comprehensive Perspective on Earthquake Resilient Design 111 Introduction 111 Structural Resilience Representation 112 Performance-Based Design (PBD) 114 Supporting Systems 115 Supporting Systems Within the Building 116 Beyond the Building Limits 116 Conclusion 117 References 118 9 Enhancing Built Environment Resilience: Exploring Themes and Dimensions 121 Introduction 121 Uncertainty 122 Risk Identification and Assessment 123 Resilience Capacities 123 Resilience Components 124 Types of Resilience 124 Ecological and Engineering Resilience 125 Community and Social Resilience 127 Specified and General Resilience 128 Critical Infrastructure Resilience 128 Technical Systems, Products, and Production Resilience 129 Resilience Dimensions and Capitals 129 Resilience Measuring 130 Conclusion 133 References 134 10 Unveiling Urban Resilience: Exploring the Qualities and Interconnections of Urban Systems 139 Introduction 139 Urban Resilience to Climate Change 140 Climate Change Impacts on Built Environment Systems 140 Temperature Rise 144 Sea Level Rise (SLR) 144 Interacting Stresses 144 Major Uncertainties and Interrelations 146 Resilience Qualities 146 Reflectivity 146 Robustness 147 Redundancy 147 Flexibility 147 Resourcefulness 148 Rapidity of Recovery 148 Inclusivity 148 Integration 148 Interrelation of Resilience Qualities 149 Conclusion 149 References 150 11 Quantifying Urban Resilience: Methods and Approaches for Comprehensive Assessment 155 Introduction 155 Urban Resilience 156 Resilience Strategies 156 Urban and Community Resilience Assessment 157 Resilience Assessment Approaches 159 Qualitative Resilience Assessment 160 Conceptual Frameworks 161 Semiquantitative Indices 163 Quantitative Resilience Assessment 163 General Resilience Approaches (Measures) 164 Deterministic Performance-based Approach 165 Probabilistic Performance-based Approach 165 Structural-based Models 165 Optimization Models 165 Simulation Models 165 Fuzzy Logic Models 166 Frameworks and Tools for Measuring Resilience 166 Conclusion 177 References 177 Part III Resilient Urban Systems: Navigating Climate Change and Enhancing Sustainability 183 12 Building Climate Resilience Through Urban Planning: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities 185 Introduction 185 Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Urban Areas 186 Urban Planning Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Impacts 188 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 188 Fifteen Minutes City (FMC) 190 Compact Cities 190 Sustainable Land Use and Development Policies 191 Low-Impact Development (LID) 191 Sponge Cities 192 Green Infrastructure and Urban Greening Initiatives for Cool Cities 193 Waste Management and Recycling Systems, Public Participation, and Education 194 Risk Assessment and Adaptation in Urban Planning 195 Case Studies of Successful Climate-Responsive Urban Planning 200 Challenges and Opportunities 202 Major Key Points 203 Conclusion 204 References 204 13 Integrating Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Flood Risk Management: Enhancing Resilience and Advantages 207 Introduction 207 Green Infrastructure (GI) 208 Gray Infrastructure (GRAI) 209 Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure Combination 209 Benefits of Combining Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) Systems 209 Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) for Flood Risk Management 210 Environmental Impacts of Floods and Green Climate Change Adaptation 210 Regional Progress in GBGI Nexus Research 211 Flood Risk Management Resilience 212 Conclusion 221 References 221 14 Enhancing Energy System Resilience: Navigating Climate Change and Security Challenges 227 Introduction 227 Adapting the Theory of Resilience to Energy Systems 229 Why Incorporate Resilience into Energy Systems? 234 What are the Threats to the Energy System? 235 Domains of Resilience Approaches to Energy Systems 237 Resilience Enhancement Approaches for Energy Systems 240 System Hardening 240 Distributed Generation 240 Energy Storage 241 Smart Grid Technology 241 Enhancing Energy Efficiency 242 Make Climate Resilience a Central Part of Energy System Planning 242 Conclusion 243 References 245 15 Building Resilient Health Policies: Incorporating Climate Change Impacts for Sustainable Adaptation 251 Introduction 251 Climate Change Impacts on Public Health 253 Infectious Diseases 254 Air Pollution 255 Extreme Events 256 Considerations in Health Policy Development 256 Reducing Carbon Emissions 256 Medical Interventions 257 Healthy Lifestyle 257 Monitoring 257 Proactive Approaches 258 Strengthening Institutions 258 Conclusion 259 References 259 16 Enhancing Resilience: Surveillance Strategies for Monitoring the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases 263 Introduction 263 Vector-Borne Diseases 265 Environmental Factors and Vector-Borne Diseases 265 Climate Change Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases 266 Surveillance Strategies 266 Monitoring of Human Cases 268 Identification of Pathogen Species 269 Distribution and Behavior of Vectors 269 Climatic and Environmental Changes 270 Control Measures 270 Policy Development 270 Conclusion 271 References 271 Glossary 277 Index 281

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWritten by one of the world's leading theorists in ecocriticism, this manifesto provides a critical summary of the ecocritical movement. A critical summary of the emerging discipline of ecocriticism. Written by one of the world's leading theorists in ecocriticism. Traces the history of the ecocritical movement from its roots in the 1970s through to its diversification and proliferation today. Takes account of different ecocritical positions and directions. Describes major tensions within ecocriticism and addresses major criticisms of the movement. Looks to the future of ecocriticism, proposing that discourses of the environment should become a permanent part of literary and cultural studies. Trade Review"Where did ecocriticism spring from? What directions has it taken on both sides of the Atlantic and beyond? What have been its key debates? What are its most radical strands that should take environmentally aware literary criticism into the future? Economically and elegantly, Lawrence Buell develops an astutely judged overview of a richly diverse but crucially important movement in literary studies. A leading practitioner in the field, Buell reveals how his own work has been influenced by the key debates and identifies the challenges for us all, writers and readers, local neighbours and global species, in facing the future our literary culture mediates and influences." Terry Gifford, author of Pastoral (1999) and The Unreliable Mushrooms (poetry, 2003). "A much needed overview of a vital new field, The Future of Environmental Criticism captures the ecocritical movement’s present state of dynamic metamorphosis as it opens into post-humanism and ecofeminism, engages poststructural theory and environmental justice, and tests out alliances with various scientific fields and critical science studies in an increasingly international context. Nobody could accomplish this task better than Lawrence Buell, whose earlier books The Environmental Imagination and Writing for an Endangered World have become defining works for the environmental turn in literary scholarship. The previous works were primarily American in focus, while the new one begins in an Anglo-American context and broadens to a global literary scope. This latest volume completes an indispensable trilogy." Louise Westling, University of Oregon “Buell (Harvard) is one of the US’s major voices on environmental criticism-.-a fairly recent area of literary and cultural studies known as “ecocriticism.” Several recent works have offered suggestions about how this movement or approach can be defined, but none addresses the subject so broadly, so authoritatively, and in such precise and carefully considered terms as this one does- Buell helped establish the terms for humanistic environmental writing with The Environmental Imagination (CR, Sep’95, 33-0121) and Writing for an Endangered World (CH, Nov01., 39-1386), and he perceives the present study as a “roadmap of trends, emphases, and controversies within green literary studies more generally.’ Comprising five brief chapters, all accessible and extraordinarily well informed, the book starts with a history of environmental criticism and writing; moves to a consideration of the relevant major writers involved in complicating its issues; considers its impact in terms of ethics and gender and of the judiciary and politics; and finally looks at its future, The glossary, full notes, and extended bibliography make it clear that the book’s main thrust is definitional, though Buell sees the study as more ‘essayistic” than definitive, Summing Up: Essential: All academic libraries.” T. Loe, SUNY Oswego “Buell’s survey, framed by chapters about the emergence and possible future development of ecocriticism, organizes its material through a focus on issues of literary realism and representation in their relation to nature (chapter 2); the central role of place, space, and imagination for ecocritical thought (chapter 3); and a discussion of politics and ethics in ecocriticism that ranges from deep ecology to ecofeminism and environmental justice (chapter 4). These broad but well chosen categories allow Buell to cover an enormous range of creative and theoretical material that he discusses with the encompassing mastery and insight that readers of his two earlier works on ecocriticism … have come to expect.” Contemporary Literature "This is an important beginning that shows how the future of the book lies in the past." Travis V. Mason, Canadian Literature 191 “An extremely methodical, accessible, and timely introduction to the field of environmental criticism for specialists and non-specialists alike, a teasing insight into ecocriticism at work, and an excellent exposition of the development and evolution of the discipline in its most recent manifestations.” Ruth Glynn, University of Bristol, Modern Language ReviewTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 The Emergence of Environmental Criticism. 2 The World, the Text, and the Ecocritic. 3 Space, Place, and Imagination from Local to Global. 4 The Ethics and Politics of Environmental Criticism. 5 Environmental Criticism’s Future. Glossary of Selected Terms. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this book a multi-disciplinary team of experts from around the world studies the environmental challenge posed by China's phenomenal economic growth. An exploration of the environmental challenge posed by China's phenomenal economic growth. Written by a multi-disciplinary team of experts from around the world. Argues that China's development poses the greatest ever challenge for the modern world in terms of speed, size and resource scarcity. Discusses issues such as cleaner production, green car technology, resettlement resulting from dam building, and biotechnology. Moves beyond the dichotomy between alarmist, radical views and moderate notions of incremental change. Table of ContentsPart 1. From Developmental to Environmental Policies. 1. Trajectories for Greening in China: Theory and Practice: Peter Ho (Groningen University, NL). 2. Environment and Modernity in Transitional China: Frontiers of Ecological Modernization: Arthur P. J. Mol (Wageningen University, NL). 3. Implementation of Chinese Environmental Law: Regular Enforcement and Political Campaigns: Benjamin van Rooij (Leiden University, NL). Part 2. The ‘Technological Fix’: Greening Industry and Business. 4. Effects of Economic and Environmental Reform on the Diffusion of Cleaner Coal Technology in China: Stephanie B. Ohshita (University of San Francisco, USA) and Leonard Ortolano (Stanford University, USA). 5. Implementing Cleaner Production Programmes in Changzhou and Nantong, Jiangsu Province: Hongyan He Oliver (Harvard University, USA) and Leonard Ortolano (Stanford University, USA). 6. Whither the Car? China’s Automobile Industry and Cleaner Vehicle Technologies: Jimin Zhao (University of Michigan, USA). 7. Environmental Reform, Technology Policy, and Transboundary Pollution in Hong Kong: Richard Welford, Peter Hills and Jacqueline Lam (all at University of Hong Kong). Part 3. Environmental Frictions? Dams, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 8. Resettlement Programmes and Environmental Capacity in the Three Gorges Dam Project: Gørild Heggelund (Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway). 9. A Market Road to Sustainable Agriculture? Ecological Agriculture, Green Food and Organic Agriculture in China: Richard Sanders (University of Northampton, UK). 10. Biotech and Food Safety in China: Consumers’ Acceptance or Resistance?: Peter Ho (Groningen University, NL), Eduard B. Vermeer (Leiden University, NL) and Jennifer H. Zhao (Wageningen University, NL). 11. China’s Limits to Growth? The Difference between Absolute, Relative and Precautionary Limits: Peter Ho (Groningen University, NL) and Eduard Vermeer (Leiden University, NL).

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Book SynopsisThe Energy Reader presents a series of readings that examine the energy problem from an anthropological perspective and look at energy holistically, including social and cultural components and long term implications for global and social environmental change.Trade Review“Overall, The Energy Reader provides a necessary, timely, and unique collection of materials to drive these critical conversations forward.” (Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 12 June 2013)Table of ContentsList of Figures xii List of Tables xiv Preface xv Laura Nader Acknowledgments xx Introduction 1Laura Nader, Leticia Cesarino, and Chris Hebdon Part I The Energy Problem 17 1. Social Power and the Future 19Richard Newbold Adams 2. Energy and the Rise of American Industrial Society 32Ian Barbour, Harvey Brooks, Sanford Lakoff, and John Opie 3. Energy Transitions in Historical Perspective 45Martin Melosi Energy in Action 1 61 Contemplating the Abyss: The Role of Environmental Degradation in the Collapse of Human SocietiesWilliam Rees 4. Introduction to the Steady-State Economy 65Herman E. Daly Energy in Action 2 84 Net-Zero Energy Home Generating an Energy Surplus 5. Dimensions of the ‘‘People Problem’’ in Energy Research and ‘‘the’’ Factual Basis of Dispersed Energy Futures 87Laura Nader and Norman Milleron 6. Red Land and Uranium Mining: How the Search for Energy Is Endangering Indian Tribal Lands 105Winona La Duke Energy in Action 3 110 How Energy Search Challenges Indian Tribal LifeMark Stevens 7. The House that Uranium Built: Perspectives on the Effects of Exposure on Individuals and Community 113Margaret Amalia Hiesinger 8. Uranium Mining and Milling: Navajo Experiences in the American Southwest 132Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan E. Dawson, and Gary E. Madsen Part II Mind-Sets – a Critical Perspective 147 9. ‘‘Introduction,’’ The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry Into Its Origin and Growth 149Charles A. Beard 10. On the Road to Riches 162Henry Ford 11. Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken? 166Amory B. Lovins 12. Barriers to Thinking New About Energy 198Laura Nader 13. The Three-Cornered Constellation: Magic, Science, and Religion Revisited 205Laura Nader 14. Energy as it Relates to the Quality and Style of Life 219Laura Nader and Stephen Beckerman 15. Conclusions – Replacing Myths with Maxims: Rethinking the Relationship Between Energy and American Society 246Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown Part III The Politics of Energy 265 16. ‘‘Prologue,’’ The Politics of Energy 267Barry Commoner 17. The Middle East: Geostrategy and Oil 271Rashid Khalidi 18. Winning the Oil Endgame 282Amory B. Lovins 19. ‘‘Introduction,’’ Power Struggle: The 100 Year War Over Electricity 287Richard Rudolph and Scott Ridley 20. The Overcharge in the Light Bill 290US Senator Lee Metcalf and Vic Reinemer 21. Human Rights 305Jim Garrison and Pyare Shivpuri Energy in Action 4 309 Three Mile Island: 30th Anniversary of the Worst Nuclear Accident in US History 22. The Politics of Energy: Toward a Bottom-Up Approach 313Laura Nader Energy in Action 5 318 A New Gang Comes to Los Angeles: Solar-Panel InstallersMiriam Jordan Part IV Energy Choices 321 23. ‘‘Introduction,’’ ‘‘The Problem of Externalities,’’ and ‘‘Coal and Corporate Power,’’ Coal: A Memoir and Critique 323Duane Lockard Energy in Action 6 351 Rural Renewal: Small-Town America Looks to Alternative Energy for a LifelineJennifer Vogel 24. There Was Blood 353Caleb Crain Energy in Action 7 363 Capitol Climate Action: Mass Civil Disobedience in DC Against Use of Coal at Capitol Hill Power Plant 25. Unconventional Crude: Canada’s Synthetic-Fuels Boom 368Elizabeth Kolbert Energy in Action 8 377 Poop Powers California Cars as Orange County Converts SewageAlan Ohnsman 26. Nuclear Power: Climate Fix or Folly? 380Amory B. Lovins, Imran Sheikh, and Alex Markevich Energy in Action 9 399 Power Q&A: S. David FreemanDave Gilson 27. Solar Possibilities 402Denis Hayes Energy in Action 10 413 Workers Retrain for Wind-Energy JobsMaria Dickerson 28. Cool Communities: Strategies for Heat Island Mitigation and Smog Reduction 415Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Hashem Akbari, Joseph J. Romm, and Melvin Pomerantz Energy in Action 11 439 First Rosebud Wind Turbine Generates Support: An Interview with Intertribal COUP Secretary Robert GoughTara Tidwell 29. Ethanol Production: Energy, Economic, and Environmental Losses 442David Pimentel, Tad Patzek, and Gerald Cecil Energy in Action 12 458 Biofuels Do Far More Harm Than GoodGeorge Monbiot Part V Power Shifts 461 30. Natural Capitalism 463Paul Hawken Energy in Action 13 476 With Energy in Focus, Heat Pumps Win FansLiz Galst 31. An Unstable Concoction of Interests 479 Tadeusz W. Patzek Energy in Action 14 481 Shell Dumps Wind, Solar and Hydro Power in Favor of BiofuelsTim Webb 32. Ticket to Ride 48Ben Adler Energy in Action 15 487 Get on the BusLaura C. Dean 33. Selling the Sun 488Michael Behar Energy in Action 16 498 Eight Energy Suggestions for Obama, from SunEdison’s FounderKate Galbraith 34. The Island in the Wind 500Elizabeth Kolbert Energy in Action 17 514 A Cool IdeaElizabeth Kolbert Part VI Energy Choices in a Democratic Society 515 35. The Harder Path – Shifting Gears 517Laura Nader Energy in Action 18 535 The Showhouse that Sustainability BuiltBarnaby J. Feder 36. Who Shall Decide? 538Laura Nader Index 541

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Book SynopsisThe people, policies, and forces transforming a national treasurethe Chesapeake Bay. When Captain John Smith arrived in Virginia in 1607, he discovered a paradise in the Chesapeake Bay. In the centuries that followed, the Bay changed vastlyand not for the better. European landowners and enslaved Africans slashed, burned, and cleared the surrounding forests to grow tobacco. Watermen overfished oysters, shad, and sturgeon, decimating these crucial species. Baltimore, Washington, and Richmond used its rivers as urban sewers. By the 1960s, the Chesapeake was dying. A crossroads of life and culture, the Chesapeake straddles the North and the South, mixes salt water with fresh, and is home to about 18 million people and 3,600 species of animals and plants. Although recent cleanup efforts have improved its overall health, they have not been enough to save this national treasure. In The Chesapeake in Focus, award-winning writer Tom Pelton examines which environmental policies have worked aTrade ReviewTom Pelton, one of the country's leading environmental journalists, offers us a wealth of knowledge about the Chesapeake Bay, collected from his more than two decades of reporting on this ecological, cultural, and historical treasure . . . The highlight, perhaps, comes toward the end, when Pelton proposes 10 realistic steps for bay restoration. We should listen to him.—Lauren Larocca, Baltimore MagazineA terrific book . . . Really puts in perspective the different issues swirling about the Bay.—Tom Hall, "Midday" on WYPR 88.1 FMReally good book about a really great ecosystem.—Society of Environmental JournalistsTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. The WatersSusquehanna RiverGunpowder RiverCorsica RiverPatuxent RiverPotomac RiverJames RiverSouthern Bay2. The PeopleHarry HughesParris GlendeningJohn GriffinBonnie BickMichael BeerCarole MorisonOoker Eskridge3. The WildlifeOystersDermo and MSXBlue CrabsStriped BassAmerican EelsSturgeon4. The PoliciesEnforcementPennsylvaniaAir Pollution versus Water PollutionAgricultureClimate ChangeAdvocacy and Pollution TradingAccountabilityConclusionNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book outlines the creative process of making environmental management decisions using the approach called Structured Decision Making. It is a short introductory guide to this popular form of decision making and is aimed at environmental managers and scientists. This is a distinctly pragmatic label given to ways for helping individuals and groups think through tough multidimensional choices characterized by uncertain science, diverse stakeholders, and difficult tradeoffs. This is the everyday reality of environmental management, yet many important decisions currently are made on an ad hoc basis that lacks a solid value-based foundation, ignores key information, and results in selection of an inferior alternative. Making progress in a way that is rigorous, inclusive, defensible and transparent requires combining analytical methods drawn from the decision sciences and applied ecology with deliberative insights from cognitive psychology, facilitation and negoTrade Review"I recommend this book to anyone who must function at the interface between environmental science and decision making. Even if you do not have the opportunity to implement the full structured decision-making process, it will give you a better idea of how to think about your role and those of the other parties. The authors write clearly and forcefully." (Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM)), 1 October 2012) "I highly recommend the groundbreaking and very accessible book Structured Decision Making: A Practical Guide to Environmental Management Choices by Robin Gregory, Lee Failing, Michael Harstone, Graham Long, Tim McDaniels, Dan Ohlson, to anyone in resource management, risk analysis, land use planning, industry leadership, environmental NGOs, facilitation and negotiation, government, policy making, academia, and undergraduate or graduate studies who is seeking a clear and concise approach to developing workable solutions to even the most challenging environmental problems." (Blog Business World, 13 August 2012)Table of ContentsForeword Foreword vii Preface ix 1 Structuring Environmental Management Choices 1 2 Foundations of Structured Decision Making 21 3 Decision Sketching 47 4 Understanding Objectives 69 5 Identifying Performance Measures 93 6 Incorporating Uncertainty 122 7 Creating Alternatives 150 8 Characterizing Consequences 173 9 Making Trade-Offs 208 10 Learning 239 11 Reality Check: Implementation 262 12 Conclusion 282 Index 289

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental issues are inherently interdisciplinary, and environmental academic programs increasingly use an interdisciplinary approach. This timely book presents a core framework for conducting high quality interdisciplinary research. It focuses on the opportunities rather than the challenges of interdisciplinary work and is written for those doing interdisciplinary work (rather than those studying it). It is designed to facilitate high quality interdisciplinary work and the author uses illustrative examples from student work and papers published in the environmental literature. This book''s lucid, problem-solving approach is framed in an accessible easy-to-read style and will be indispensable for anyone embarking on a research project involving interdisciplinary collaboration. Readership: graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and researchers involved in the interface between human and natural environmental systemsTrade Review“Although it does not reveal a prescriptive path for interdisciplinary work, for our group, this volume served as a valuable catalyst for thinking about interdisciplinary research. We look forward to future conversations that build on Öberg’s examples of how to navigate problem-oriented, interdisciplinary research.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 September 2012) Table of ContentsForeword x Preface xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Challenges and opportunities 3 On quality 4 Background 5 A note on terminology 7 Notes 9 Chapter 2: Beyond CP Snow 11 Quantitative and qualitative studies 12 Improved understanding and quality 13 Drawing on commonalities 14 Context dependence and quantifi cation 18 Interpretation and context 21 Notes 23 Chapter 3: Questioning to learn and learning to question 24 Part I: Interdisciplinary expectations (Questions 1 to 3) 25 Part II: Transacademic aspirations (Questions 4 and 5) 26 Part III: Academic rigour (Questions 6 to 10) 27 Notes 29 Chapter 4: Why do you conduct interdisciplinary work? 30 Where do you position yourself on the refl ection scale? (Question 1) 30 To what end are you using knowledge from different disciplines? (Question 2) 37 What makes your work interdisciplinary? (Question 3) 42 Notes 46 Chapter 5: Why do you interact with society? 48 Academic knowledge and decision-making 48 Who participates in which part of the study and how? (Question 4) 51 Why do you interact with society? (Question 5) 56 A word of warning: Don’t be snobbish 58 Notes 59 Chapter 6: Rigorous but not rigid 61 On quality assessment 63 Confusing form and credibility – an example 64 Communication 67 Notes 73 Chapter 7: Marking your playground 74 Framing 75 Aim 79 Operationalizing the aim 82 Confusing interdisciplinarity with "Everything" 84 Notes 85 Chapter 8: Evidence that holds for scrutiny 86 How or why? 87 Common procedures 90 Mixing various types of empirical evidence 100 Notes 100 Chapter 9: Anchoring your canoe 101 Clarifying your sources 102 Anchoring your frame 103 Anchoring your method 106 Notes 110 Chapter 10: Analysis 111 Defi ning “analysis” 112 Clarifying the own, the new 115 Relevant literature – your canon 116 Common knowledge 119 Original research 119 Textbooks 122 The style of recognized scholars 124 Passive and active voice 126 Notes 129 Contents ix Chapter 11: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 131 Headings 132 Where do I place the refl ections? 135 Where do I describe the context? 136 References 137 Notes 141 Chapter 12: Being interdisciplinary 142 Creating an open and respectful climate 143 Hierarchies that impair 144 Humbleness and courage 147 Outstanding studies 148 Dialogue, feedback and how to manage supervisors 149 Notes 150 References 152 Primary sources 152 Secondary sources 154 Index 158

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Book SynopsisGroundbreaking book that examines the essential contribution of the social sciences to understanding and conserving biodiversity across the globe Authored by leading scholars at the nexus of social science and biodiversity conservation, Conservation Social Science addresses the growing realization that biodiversity conservation is, at heart, a social phenomenon. Threats to biological diversity are influenced by a wide range of political, economic and cultural factors. The conservation of biodiversity is conceived and carried out by people. Biodiversity conservation is a manifestation of human beliefs and values. Choices about which species and habitats to conserve, how to prioritize efforts, and how to conserve them are inherently social - with consequences not just for wildlife but also human lives and livelihoods. Key topics covered in this thought-provoking text include: An introduction to key social science disciplines and how each field specificallyTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xv 1 Introduction: Biodiversity Conservation and the Social Sciences 1Ivan R. Scales, Daniel C. Miller, and Michael B. Mascia 2 Social Science Foundations 21Katie Moon and Deborah Blackman 3 Anthropology and Conservation 49Diane Russell and C. Anne Claus 4 Economics and Conservation 99Stephen Polasky 5 Human Geography and Conservation 139Ivan R. Scales and William M. Adams 6 Political Science and Conservation 185Daniel C. Miller and Arun Agrawal 7 Psychology and Conservation 233Olin Eugene Myers Jr. 8 Sociology and Conservation 289Jennifer Swanson, Steven R. Brechin, and J. Timmons Roberts 9 Conclusion: Toward Better Conversations about Conservation 335Daniel C. Miller, Ivan R. Scales, and Michael B. Mascia Glossary 349 Index 353

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Book SynopsisExplore how the peoples of America understood and changed their natural environments, remaking their politics, culture, and societies In this newly revised Second Edition of American Environmental History, celebrated environmental historian and author Louis S. Warren provides readers with insightful examination of how different American peoples created and reacted to environmental change and threats from the era before Columbus to the COVID-19 pandemic. You''ll find concise editorial introductions to each chapter and interpretive interventions throughout this meticulous collection of essays and historical documents. This book covers topics as varied as Native American relations with nature, colonial invasions, American slavery, market expansion and species destruction, urbanization, Progressive and New Deal conservation, national parks, theenvironmental impact of consumer appetites, environmentalism and the backlash against it, environmental justice, and Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: What is Environmental History? 1 The Nature of Indian America Before Columbus Article: William M. Denevan, “The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492” (Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3) 1992: 369-385) Documents Richard Nelson, “The Watchful World” (from Richard Nelson, Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest (University of Chicago, 1983): 14 – 32. From Gilbert Wilson, Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden (Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987) Images of Florida Indians planting and making an offering of a stag to the sun (Images and text extracts from Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, The Work of Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Vols. I and II). U.S. Geological Survey, map of Bitterroot Forest Reserve showing burned areas, 1890. 2 The Other Invaders: Deadly Diseases and Extraordinary Animals Article: Alfred W. Crosby, “Virgin Soil Epidemics” (excerpted from Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900 – 1900 (Cambridge, 1987)) Documents Frank Givens, “Saynday and Smallpox: The White Man’s Gift” From Thomas James, Three Years among the Indians and Mexicans John C. Ewers, “Horse Breeding” George Catlin, “Wild Horses at Play” 3 Colonial Natures: Marketing the Countryside Article: William Cronon, “A World of Fields and Fences” excerpt from Changes in the Land: Indians Colonists and the Ecology of New England (Hill & Wang, 1983) Documents Robert Cushman, “Reasons and Considerations Touching the Lawfulness of Removing out of England into the Parts of America” (1622) Lion Gardener, “Livestock and War in Colonial New England” Spanish priests Joseph Murguia and Thomas de la Pena explain Indian frustration with settler livestock in colonial California 4 Slavery and the South Through Environmental History Article: Mart Stewart, “Towards an Environmental History of the U.S. South” Documents newspaper advertisements for African slaves “from ‘The Rice Coast’ of West Africa, with knowledge of rice growing” Wilderness songs of enslaved people, William Francis Allen, Slave Songs of the United States (1867) Frederick Law Olmsted, “The Rice District” 5 Frontier Expansion and Waste Article: Alan Taylor, “Wasty Ways”: Stories of American Settlement” (from Environmental History 3(3) July 1998: 291 – 309 (excerpted)). Documents James Fenimore Cooper on “The Wasty Ways of Pioneers” John J. Audubon and the Wonder of the Passenger Pigeon, 1830s Reporting on Passenger Pigeons (1850) Frederick J. Haskin, “One Bird Survives Millions” (1913) Edwin Bryant, What I Saw in California Thomas Cole, Excerpt from “Essay on American Scenery” (1836) 6 Environmental Reform In City and Factory Article: Charles E. Rosenberg, From The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (“Introduction,” and “The Epidemic,” from The Cholera Years (1962, rev. ed. 1987), 1-7, 13 – 39, excerpted) Documents “The Metropolitan Board of Health Suppresses Nuisances” (1866) “Underground Life—Health Officers Clean Out a Dive” (1873) San Francisco fire, 1850s Los Angeles crowd with water flowing into aqueduct Dynamited LA aqueduct, 1927. Alice Hamilton describes the industrial workplace of the early 1900s (1943) 7 Emerging Markets and Vanishing Animals Article: Dan Flores, “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy Redux: Another Look at the Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850” (from Dan Flores, The Natural West: Environmental History in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains (University of Oklahoma, 2001)). Documents Billy Dixon, “Memories of buffalo hunting” (1870s) Harper’s Weekly, “Curing Hides and Bones” (1874) Drake Hotel, Thanksgiving Menu, 1886 Baleen Demand and the Destruction of Whales (1907) Advertisement for Thomson’s Glove-Fitting Corset (1874) “Destruction of Birds for Millinery Purposes,” (1886) “Cruelties of Fashion-Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds” (1883) 8 The Many Uses of Progressive Conservation Article: Benjamin Heber Johnson, “Conservation, Subsistence, and Class at the Birth of Superior National Forest” (Environmental History 4(1) January 1999, 80 – 99). Documents Gifford Pinchot, “The Meaning of Conservation” “Mr. A. A. Anderson, Special Supervisor of the Yellowstone and Teton Timber Reserves, Talks Interestingly of the Summer’s Work” Women Activists Take on Bird Hat Fashion --Celia Thaxter, “Woman’s Heartlessness” (1887) Charles Askins Describes Game and Hunting Conditions in the South Ben Senowin testifies about being apprehended for game law violations 9 National Parks and the Trouble With Wilderness Article: William Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness, or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature” (from William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground (Norton, 1995). Documents John Muir on Saving Hetch Hetchy Peter Oscar Little Chief requests permission to hunt in Glacier Park National Parks Act, 1916; Wilderness Act, 1964 10 Conservation and the New Deal Article: Neil Maher, “A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps,” Environmental History, 7, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 435-461 (excerpt) Documents Ann Marie Low, Farmer’s Daughter, Describes the New Deal Excerpt from Russell Moore, Roosevelt Riddles (1936) Photo Gallery--Dorothea Lange and Arthur Rothstein Capture the Dust Bowl Eli Gorman and Deneh Bitsilly Remember New Deal Livestock Reduction in Navajo Country (1974) 11 Something In the Wind: Radiation, Pesticides, and Air Pollution Article: Robert Gottlieb, “Reconstructing Environmentalism: Complex Movements, Diverse Roots” (Environmental History 17(4) Winter, 1993: 1-19 (excerpted). Documents “Fallout: The Silent Killer” (1959) From Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962) Monsanto Corporation, excerpt from “The Desolate Year” (1962) The Hugh Moore Fund, “The Population Bomb” (1954) The Air Pollution Control Act (1955) The Clean Air Act, with amendments (2001) United Farm Workers, “Pesticides: The Poisons We Eat” (1969) 12 Environmental Protection and the Environmental Movement Article: J. Brooks Flippen, “Richard Nixon and the Triumph of Environmentalism” (excerpted from Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (New Mexico, 2000): 1- 16, 46-49, 83-87, 98, 233-6, 243-4, 250, 254-5). Documents National Environmental Policy Act (1969) The Endangered Species Act (1973) From Daniel Yankelovich, “The New Naturalism” (1972) Gaylord Nelson Newsletter, “Earth Day” (1970) Black Environmentalists See “Another Side of Pollution” (1970) From Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (1969) 13 Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice Article: Eileen Maura McGurty, “From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The Origins of the Environmental Justice Movement” (excerpted from Environmental History 2(3) July, 1997: 301-323. Documents Lois Gibbs on toxic waste and environmental justice(1992) From United Church of Christ, Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States (1987) The Letter that Shook a Movement (1993) Flint Water Advisory Task Force, “Final Report” (Excerpt) (2016) 14 Global Consumers and Global Environments Article: Matt Klingle, “Spaces of Consumption in Environmental History,” History and Theory, 42(4) Dec. 2003, 94 – 110 (excerpt) Documents A Botanist’s Report on Bananas in Honduras (1931) The Impact of Coffee Farming on Indigenous Peoples (2005) State of Denial—California’s Appetite for World Resources (2003) 15 Back-Lash Against the Environmental Movement Article: James Morton Turner, “The Specter of Environmentalism: Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right,” Journal of American History 96 (1) June, 2009: 123 - 149 Documents Map of U.S. Federal Lands (2020) Tim Peckinpaugh, “Special Report-The Specter of Environmentalism: The Threat of Environmental Groups” (1982) Joe Lane (National Cattlemen’s Association) and Larry Echohawk (Shoshone and Bannock Tribes of Idaho), testify about the Sagebrush Rebellion (1980) Carl Pope, “The Politics of Plunder” S. Fred Singer, “The Costs of Environmental Overregulation” Mark Douglas Whitaker, “’Jobs vs. Environment’ Myth” 16 Shifting Scale: Climate Change and Global Peril Article: Mike Hulme, “Reducing the Future to Climate: A Story of Climate Determinism and Reductionism” (excerpt, from Osiris 2011 26:245-266) Documents Ben J. Wattenberg, “The Population Explosion is Over” (1996) “World Population is Expected to Nearly Stop Growing by the End of the Century” From United Nations, “World Population Prospects” (2019) Graph of Economic Growth and Air Emission Trends, 1970 – 2018 Graph of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, 1958-2020 Atmospheric CO2 concentrations, 800,000 BP-present The Acid Rain Experience, 1990-2002 Atmospheric CFC Concentration, 1977-2019 Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 2020 (NASA) Index

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Book SynopsisThis study focuses on forms of commons-based entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa that have developed in response to issues ranging from land and natural resources management to public services, employment and training, climate change and biodiversity.

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Book SynopsisExamines how access to and choice on science, technology, engineering, and mathemetics (STEM) affect enrollments in upper secondary, technical, and vocational education and training (TVET), and higher education in Sri Lanka. The goal is to increase access to and participation in STEM programs and careers.

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Book SynopsisSri Lanka is at a crossroads. There is an urgent need to enhance skills in Sri Lanka to increase inclusion, support recovery, and build resilience. This report addresses these issues and provides recommendations for strengthening skills and improving education.

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Book SynopsisIn the last two hundred years, the earth has increasingly become the private property of a few classes, races, transnational corporations, and nations. Repeated claims about the tragedy of the commons and the crisis of capitalism have done little to explain this concentration of land, encourage solution-building to solve resource depletion, or address our current socio-ecological crisis. The Commons in an Age of Uncertainty presents a new explanation, vision, and action plan based on the idea of commoning the land. The book argues that by commoning the land, rather than privatising it, we can develop the foundation for prosperity without destructive growth and address both local and global challenges. Making the land the most fundamental priority of all commons does not only give hope, it also opens the doors to a new world in which economy, environment, and society are decolonised and liberated.Trade Review"The Commons in An Age of Uncertainty is a tour de force." -- Ulrich Duchrow, University of Heidelberg * American Journal of Economics and Sociology *"An interesting contribution to urban studies, in addition to a comprehensive examination of the socio-ecological crisis." -- Domen Žalac, University of Ljubljana * Urbani izziv *"The Commons in an Age of Uncertainty is a tour de force." -- Ulrich Duchrow, University of Heidelberg * American Journal of Economics and Sociology *"Throughout, Obeng-Odoom seeks to clearly illustrate the theoretical paradigms set through their structural limitations, which he transcends with empirically supported examples that he devises along the lines of the Radical Alternative discourse." -- Domen Žalac, University of Ljubljana * Urbani izziv *"This is a significant contribution to modern political economy, integrating Georgist ideas about land with considerations of the progressive potential of the commons and its management." -- Frank Stilwell * Journal of Australian Political Economy *"In his new book, leading Georgist scholar Franklin Obeng-Odoom argues that Ostrom is not the piper at the dawn of a new commons-era. In fact, her approach is consistent with a ‘not if, but when’ view of commons enclosure." -- Emily Sims, Prosper Australia * Progress *"The author is provocative and provides a nuanced analysis of the political ecology of cities, technologies, oil, and water. He challenges land economists and suggests a new ecological political economy founded on the conceptualization of land as a methodological approach. […] In The Commons in an Age of Uncertainty, Obeng-Odoom opens an avenue for imagining the possibilities of a new world anchored on the commons." -- Maano Ramutsindela, University of Cape Town * LSE Review of Books *Table of ContentsPreface Part A: The Problem 1. The Age of Uncertainty Part B: The Debates and a Path through Them 2. Historical Debates on the Commons 3. Rethinking the Commons Part C: The Proof 4. Cities 5. Technology 6. Oil 7. Water Part D: The Future of the Commons 8. Concluding Remarks: Towards a New Ecological Political Economy References Index

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Book SynopsisFemale Doctors in Canada is an accessible collection of articles by experienced physicians and researchers exploring how systems, practices, and individuals must change as medicine becomes an increasingly female-dominated profession.Table of ContentsPreface: Why a Book about Female Doctors? Acknowledgments Section One. Introductory Perspectives: Female Doctors in Canada 1. The Feminization of Medicine: Issues and Implications SHELLEY ROSS 2. "Unsex Me Here!" Gender as a Barrier to Female Practice: A Historical Introduction to Women Doctors in Canada Professionalization in Canada – An Annotated Timeline HEATHER STANLEY 3. Cultural Barriers within Medicine SETORME TSIKATA 4. Current State of Women in Medicine: The Statistics DEENA M. HAMZA AND SHELLEY ROSS Section Two. Navigating the Reality of Becoming and Being a Female Physician in a Traditionally Male Profession: Social and Cultural Issues 5. Gendered Experience, Role Models and Mentorship, Leadership, and the Hidden Curriculum CHERI BETHUNE 6. Female International Medical Graduates in Canada INGE SCHABORT Section Three. Career Experience: Examining Cultural Patterns within the Medical Community and Health Care System 7. Career Trajectory of Women in Medicine: Taming the Winds That Blow Us KATHLEEN GARTKE AND JANET DOLLIN 8. Quality of Life/Life-Work Balance SHELLEY ROSS Section Four. Contemporary Perspectives on Women in Medicine 9. Women Physicians as Ethical Decision Makers ERIN FREDERICKS 10. Women Physicians and New Forms of Medicine MONICA OLSEN, MAMTA GAUTAM, AND GILLIAN KERNAGHAN |11. Patients, Women Family Doctors, and Patient-Centred Care PERLE FELDMAN Section Five. Female Doctors in Canada: Futures 12. Female Doctors in Canada: The Way Forward EARLE WAUGH, SHELLEY ROSS, AND SHIRLEY SCHIPPER Contributors

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Book SynopsisCostly Fix examines the post-1995 Alberta tar sands boom, detailing how the state inflated the profitability of the tar sands and turned a blind eye to environmental issues.Trade Review"The sweep and density of Ian Urquhart’s analysis will ensure that, for years to come, Costly Fix will be a standard text in the Canadian political economy canon, placing it in the company of such classics as Larry Pratt and John Richards’ Prairie Capitalism (1979)." -- Chris Tollefson * The Tyee.ca, January 28, 2019 *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Tables and Charts Acronyms Introduction: A Neo-Liberal Klondike The Boom A Modern Klondike…If Not for the Role of the State The Path Ahead 1. Market Fundamentalism and the State Introduction Capital's Privilege in Market Societies Economic Liberalism's Resurrection: Market Fundamentalism Conclusion 2. State, Capital, and the Foundations of Exploiting the Tar Sands Introduction Alberta's Bitumen Early History The Social Credit Years: The Birth of Great Canadian Oil Sands (Suncor) Syncrude Confused Seas on the Voyage to Free Trade Conclusion 3. Building Canada's Oil Factory: Reregulating the Tar Sands Introduction Struggling to Survive? The Liberal Renaissance The Missionary The State Embraces the Sermon: Alberta The State Embraces the Sermon: Canada "An Era of Unprecedented Growth" Conclusion 4. Landscape of Sacrifice: The Environmental Consequences of Reregulating the Tar Sands Introduction State Institutions: No Friends to Environmental Concerns Integrated Resource Planning in Name Only: Sacrificing a Potential World Heritage Site The Cumulative Environmental Management Association: Too Little, Too Late The Pembina Institute and the Limits of the Reformist Critique Conclusion 5. First Nations: Resistance and Compromise Introduction First Nations' Concerns and Objections: Developing a Scientific Critique First Nations' Concerns and Objections: The Constitutional Critique Compromise: The Other Face of the First Nations' Relationship to the Tar Sands First Nations: Partners in Exploiting the Tar Sands Building First Nations' Organizational Capacity...with Strings Attached Conclusion 6. Prison Break? The Political Economy of Royalty Reform Introduction The Politics of Leadership Succession and Petroleum Royalties Establishing the Public's "Fair Share": The Alberta Royalty Review Panel Industry Strikes Back Alberta's 2007 Oil Sands Royalty Changes: Draconian or Reaffirming? Conclusion 7. Taking Environmental Issues Abroad: Toxic Tailings, Dead Ducks Introduction Mr. Smith Goes to Washington "The Press Is the Enemy" Dead Ducks, Tarred Images The Bitumen Triangle: Industry, Government, and Universities Unite to Tell a Better Story Directive 074 and the Politics of Tailings Ponds Reclamation The Institutional Framework Conclusion 8. The Tar Sands and the Politics of Climate Change Introduction Dirty Oil, Climate Change, and the Transnational Environmental Critique Congress, the Bush Administration, and the Security of Tar Sands Access to US Markets What to Reduce in Alberta? Emissions and/or Emissions Intensity? The Specified Gas Emitters Regulation: Alberta's 12 Percent Solution The Climate Change and Emissions Management Corporation (CCEMC) The Keystone XL Pipeline Conclusion 9. An Inconvenient Truth: New Government, Same Approach Introduction Let's Talk Royalties (Again) Directive 085: Letting the Fox Guard the Henhouse? Alberta's Climate Leadership Plan Conclusion 10. Conclusion: Market Fundamentalism in the Tar Sands Market Fundamentalism and the Character of Exploitation Market Fundamentalism and Nature Market Fundamentalism and Countermovements The Future Appendix 1: Oil Sands Production, 1995–2015, BPD (000s) References Index

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Book SynopsisAn environmental history of Southern California’s Salton Sea, the state’s largest inland body of water, and the complex politics of environmental and human health in the West.Trade Review"Writing from an environmental justice framework, Voyles (women's and gender studies, Univ. of Oklahoma) presents a detailed environmental history of the area around the Salton Sea, covering early Indigenous people, the coming of the settler colonists, the flora and fauna, the role of dams, insects, prisons, and the military's use of the area. . . . This is a must-read volume for anyone interested in environmental justice."—H. Quintana, Choice"This book is cutting edge scholarship. It incorporates feminist studies, settler colonialism, carceral studies, and environmental justice into local history. . . . It belongs on the top shelf of histories of southern California."—Benny J. Andrés Jr., Southern California Quarterly"As an act of intersectional scholarship, The Settler Sea is a remarkable achievement. Voyles is a competent writer with an enviable ability to build a narrative from reams of data, oral histories, census rolls, newspaper accounts and other sources. She gathers many spools of thread and artfully weaves them so the reader sees the links between past and present, the many unintended consequences of colonialism, including the colonization of the Colorado River which sits at the heart of this story, as well as the social and ecological impacts of military bases, corporate agriculture, tourism, and prisons. The picture that emerges by the end of the book is full and complex, but also disturbing when one reflects on the reasons behind all the damage wrought to the region."—Brian Tanguay, California Review of Books“In this story of the Salton Sea, Voyles paints an unconventional picture of a landscape that has been subject to every kind of abuse the settler state can inflict. It is a cautionary tale that links colonization of people with colonization of nature, refusing to see the two as different. And it reminds us that when we think spatially, centering land in our social narratives, we can more clearly see the inequities imposed by the settler state on racialized others. The Settler Sea is a delight to read, mixing metaphor with fact in a way that reflects the contradictions and ambiguities of the Salton Sea.”—Dina Gilio-Whitaker, author of As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice from Colonization to Standing Rock“The Salton Sea may seem an odd place to interrogate the history of a settler society that dispossessed Native peoples and transformed the American West, but as Traci Voyles brilliantly shows us, all of the toxic pathologies of the colonial have flowed into and concentrated in this closed desert sink, only to become exposed to view as the shimmering settler dream evaporates. The Settler Sea is what the next generation of environmental history should look like.”—Paul S. Sutter, author of Let Us Now Praise Famous Gullies: Providence Canyon and the Soils of the South“Deeply researched and elegantly written. . . . Through the themes of settler colonialism and border studies, The Settler Sea reveals the ways that the exploitation of the environment in the name of food security through industrial agriculture went hand-in-glove with exploitation of the people and their labor in the Imperial Valley. The result is that the Salton Sea today is both a toxic wasteland from overuse as well as an indispensable natural resource that has endured despite the onslaught.”—Maria E. Montoya, author of Translating Property: The Maxwell Land Grant and the Conflict over Land in the American West, 1840–1900“Traci Brynne Voyles masterfully centers settler colonialism in environmental history, particularly the ways that landscapes and built environments, such as the Salton Sea and its related components, are refigured through settler colonialism to produce settler colonial outcomes. Voyles adeptly draws on many analytical angles to reveal the complexity of the Salton Sea, its complicated ecologies, and its problems.”—Joshua L. Reid, author of The Sea Is My Country: The Maritime World of the Makahs“Drawing on deep research, Voyles analyzes her subject matter brilliantly. Moreover, her prose is evocative, giving the reader a deep sense of both place and change over time. Consistently absorbing, The Settler Sea offers a powerful and disturbing history of a place that illuminates the costs of centuries of colonialism and points to the future. The Settler Sea makes an important contribution to Western history, environmental history, and Native American and Indigenous studies.”—Christina Snyder, author of Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of JacksonTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments A Note on Naming Introduction: A World on the Brink Part 1 1. Desert 2. Flood Part 2 3. Birds 4. Concrete 5. Bodies Part 3 6. Bombs 7. Chains 8. Toxins Conclusion: A How-To Guide to Saving the Salton Sea Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA sweeping social and environmental history, The Riviera, Exposed illuminates the profound changes to the physical space that we know as the quintessential European tourist destination. Stephen L. Harp uncovers the behind-the-scenes impact of tourism following World War II, both on the environment and on the people living and working on the Riviera, particularly North African laborers, who not only did much of the literal rebuilding of the Riviera but also suffered in that process.Outside of Paris, the Riviera has been the most visited region in France, depending almost exclusively on tourism as its economic lifeline. Until recently, we knew a great deal about the tourists but much less about the social and environmental impacts of their activities or about the life stories of the North African workers upon whom the Riviera''s prosperity rests. The technologies embedded in roads, airports, hotels, water lines, sewers, beaches, and marinas all requiTrade ReviewThis engrossing environmental and social history of the French Riviera invites us to critically interrogate the profound interplay between environmental destruction and social inequality more generally, and will surely give readers much to ponder when they plan their next vacation. * Journal of Social History *In six sharply written and lively chapters, Stephen Harp renders visible what the tourism industry demands remain invisible: laborers and environmental degradation. * Journal of Tourism History *Specialists will learn much from Harp's innovative research and eclectic use of sources[.] * Choice *Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Hidden Riviera 1. Building Hotels and Housing for the Rich and the Rest 2. Reconstructing the Riviera, Sleeping in Squats and Shantytowns 3. Providing Potable Water and WCs 4. Fattening Up Beaches and Polluting the Mediterranean 5. Erecting an Airport and Living with Jet Planes 6. Remaking Roads and Disciplining Drivers Epilogue: The More Things Change

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Book SynopsisIn the midst of the current ecological crisis, there is often lofty talk of the need for humanity to ‘overcome its divisions’ and work together to tackle the big challenges of our time. But as this new book by Razmig Keucheyan shows, the real picture is very different. Just take the case of the siting of toxic waste landfills in the United States: if you want to know where waste is most likely to be dumped, ask yourself where Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and other racial minorities live and where the poorest neighbourhoods are. This kind of ‘environmental racism’ is by no means restricted to the United States: it is very much a global phenomenon. Keucheyan show how the capitalist response to the crisis has been marked by a massive expansion in ‘environmental finance’. From ‘carbon markets’ to ‘pollution permits’, ‘climate derivatives’ and ‘catastrophe bonds’, we are seeing a proliferation of nature-related financial products. Instead of tackling the root of the problem, the neoliberal strategy seeks to profit from environmental risks. Moreover, with the rise in natural disasters, resource scarcity, food crises, the destabilization of the poles and oceans and the prospect of tens of millions of ‘climate refugees’, Western powers are increasingly adopting a military response to ecological problems. The Cold War is over: welcome to the ‘green wars’. From New Orleans to the Siachen glacier via the Arctic floes, Keucheyan explores the landmark sites of this new ‘climate geostrategy’. Through a sharp critique of the way capitalism responds to environmental disaster, this innovative book provides a fresh perspective on some of the most critical issues confronting our societies today.Trade Review"We now have an eloquent new perspective on the crises of our time, illuminating the multiple links and intricate relationships among inequality/racism/globalization on the one hand, and the capitalist, financial, and military elites that drive them, on the other, all of this mediated by their multiple connections to the state and nature. Nature is a Battlefield is essential reading for understanding the next fifty years." John Foran, University of California, Santa BarbaraTable of ContentsContents Introduction Chapter One: Environmental racism A philosophical event The colour of ecology Hurricane Katrina as a �metaphor� for environmental racism The spatiality of racism Lead poisoning and class struggle Postcolonialism and environmental crisis: the conflict in Darfur Ecological inequalities: A Marxist approach The archaeology of environmental racism Race and reforestation Purifying nature� � and naturalising race Exporting the environment The coming political ecology Conclusion Chapter Two: Financialising nature: Insuring climatic risks Financial markets �plugged into� nature Principles of insurance New risks? The ontology of catastrophe Risk and postmodernity Cat (catastrophe) bonds Nature as �real abstraction� Carbon markets and unequal development Constructing profitable markets A �multi-cat� bond in Mexico Ecological crisis and the fiscal crisis of the state A derivative nature Nature as accumulation strategy Conclusion Chapter Three: Green wars, or the militarisation of ecology A doctrine emerges A benevolent dictatorship Chaos specialists Terrorism and climate change The new military ecology Conservation and counter-insurgency Econationalism Agent Orange From the Cold War to green wars The end of conventional wars? Double movement Climate refugees Nuclear deterrence and ecological crisis War and biofuels The oceans destabilised The scramble for the Arctic The North Pole and globalisation Commodifying the thaw The speed of the circulation of capital Conclusion Conclusion: Game over? Notes

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Book SynopsisIn the midst of the current ecological crisis, there is often lofty talk of the need for humanity to ‘overcome its divisions’ and work together to tackle the big challenges of our time. But as this new book by Razmig Keucheyan shows, the real picture is very different. Just take the case of the siting of toxic waste landfills in the United States: if you want to know where waste is most likely to be dumped, ask yourself where Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans and other racial minorities live and where the poorest neighbourhoods are. This kind of ‘environmental racism’ is by no means restricted to the United States: it is very much a global phenomenon. Keucheyan show how the capitalist response to the crisis has been marked by a massive expansion in ‘environmental finance’. From ‘carbon markets’ to ‘pollution permits’, ‘climate derivatives’ and ‘catastrophe bonds’, we are seeing a proliferation of nature-related financial products. Instead of tackling the root of the problem, the neoliberal strategy seeks to profit from environmental risks. Moreover, with the rise in natural disasters, resource scarcity, food crises, the destabilization of the poles and oceans and the prospect of tens of millions of ‘climate refugees’, Western powers are increasingly adopting a military response to ecological problems. The Cold War is over: welcome to the ‘green wars’. From New Orleans to the Siachen glacier via the Arctic floes, Keucheyan explores the landmark sites of this new ‘climate geostrategy’. Through a sharp critique of the way capitalism responds to environmental disaster, this innovative book provides a fresh perspective on some of the most critical issues confronting our societies today.Trade Review"We now have an eloquent new perspective on the crises of our time, illuminating the multiple links and intricate relationships among inequality/racism/globalization on the one hand, and the capitalist, financial, and military elites that drive them, on the other, all of this mediated by their multiple connections to the state and nature. Nature is a Battlefield is essential reading for understanding the next fifty years." John Foran, University of California, Santa BarbaraTable of ContentsContents Introduction Chapter One: Environmental racism A philosophical event The colour of ecology Hurricane Katrina as a �metaphor� for environmental racism The spatiality of racism Lead poisoning and class struggle Postcolonialism and environmental crisis: the conflict in Darfur Ecological inequalities: A Marxist approach The archaeology of environmental racism Race and reforestation Purifying nature� � and naturalising race Exporting the environment The coming political ecology Conclusion Chapter Two: Financialising nature: Insuring climatic risks Financial markets �plugged into� nature Principles of insurance New risks? The ontology of catastrophe Risk and postmodernity Cat (catastrophe) bonds Nature as �real abstraction� Carbon markets and unequal development Constructing profitable markets A �multi-cat� bond in Mexico Ecological crisis and the fiscal crisis of the state A derivative nature Nature as accumulation strategy Conclusion Chapter Three: Green wars, or the militarisation of ecology A doctrine emerges A benevolent dictatorship Chaos specialists Terrorism and climate change The new military ecology Conservation and counter-insurgency Econationalism Agent Orange From the Cold War to green wars The end of conventional wars? Double movement Climate refugees Nuclear deterrence and ecological crisis War and biofuels The oceans destabilised The scramble for the Arctic The North Pole and globalisation Commodifying the thaw The speed of the circulation of capital Conclusion Conclusion: Game over? Notes

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Book SynopsisFrom DNA sequences stored on computer databases to archived forensic samples and biomedical records, bioinformation comes in many forms. Its unique provenance – the fact that it is 'mined' from the very fabric of the human body – makes it a mercurial resource; one that no one seemingly owns, but in which many have deeply vested interests. Who has the right to exploit and benefit from bioinformation? The individual or community from whom it was derived? The scientists and technicians who make its extraction both possible and meaningful or the commercial and political interests which fund this work? Who is excluded or even at risk from its commercialisation? And what threats and opportunities might the generation of 'Big Bioinformational Data' raise?In this groundbreaking book, authors Bronwyn Parry and Beth Greenhough explore the complex economic, social and political questions arising from the creation and use of bioinformation. Drawing on a range of highly topical cases, including the commercialization of human sequence data; the forensic use of retained bioinformation; biobanking and genealogical research, they show how demand for this resource has grown significantly driving a burgeoning but often highly controversial global economy in bioinformation. But, they argue, change is afoot as new models emerge that challenge the ethos of privatisation by creating instead a dynamic open source 'bioinformational commons' available for all future generations.Trade Review"Data sciences and life sciences are deeply intertwined and bio information enjoys all the leverage and easy circulation of other kinds of data. Yet bio information is never quite disentangled from its donors, the real human lives that make it meaningful. This study is an invaluable guide to the vicissitudes of living data in all their social complexity."—Catherine Waldby, Australian National University "Bioinformation is a detailed and accessible analysis of how data and information derived from humans and other living organisms are used to create value, meaning and profits. A refreshing alternative to starry-eyed celebrations of the opportunities of big data, it shows how the collection and use of bioinformation affects the distribution of power and other resources in our societies."—Barbara Prainsack, King's College London "Bronwyn Parry and Beth Greenhough's Bioinformation is a brief yet rich tour of a dynamic, complex field, following the winding paths that connect databases to the hopes and rights of the people and communities from whose bodies the information was drawn."—New Scientist "Bioinformation offers an interesting, readable introduction to its subject matter, while suggesting promising avenues that future research might explore"—Bionews "This slim but informative book describes the sources of what the authors call 'bioinformation' and the current and possible future beneficial uses of such data, ...."—Foreign AffairsTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1 Genesis: What is Bioinformation? 2 Provenance: Where does bioinformation come from? 3 Property: Who owns Bioinformation? 4 Markets: Who consumes Bioinformation? 5 The Big Data Revolution 6 Bioinfomatic Futures: The datafication of everything? Selected readings

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Book SynopsisFrom DNA sequences stored on computer databases to archived forensic samples and biomedical records, bioinformation comes in many forms. Its unique provenance – the fact that it is 'mined' from the very fabric of the human body – makes it a mercurial resource; one that no one seemingly owns, but in which many have deeply vested interests. Who has the right to exploit and benefit from bioinformation? The individual or community from whom it was derived? The scientists and technicians who make its extraction both possible and meaningful or the commercial and political interests which fund this work? Who is excluded or even at risk from its commercialisation? And what threats and opportunities might the generation of 'Big Bioinformational Data' raise?In this groundbreaking book, authors Bronwyn Parry and Beth Greenhough explore the complex economic, social and political questions arising from the creation and use of bioinformation. Drawing on a range of highly topical cases, including the commercialization of human sequence data; the forensic use of retained bioinformation; biobanking and genealogical research, they show how demand for this resource has grown significantly driving a burgeoning but often highly controversial global economy in bioinformation. But, they argue, change is afoot as new models emerge that challenge the ethos of privatisation by creating instead a dynamic open source 'bioinformational commons' available for all future generations.Trade Review"Data sciences and life sciences are deeply intertwined and bio information enjoys all the leverage and easy circulation of other kinds of data. Yet bio information is never quite disentangled from its donors, the real human lives that make it meaningful. This study is an invaluable guide to the vicissitudes of living data in all their social complexity."—Catherine Waldby, Australian National University "Bioinformation is a detailed and accessible analysis of how data and information derived from humans and other living organisms are used to create value, meaning and profits. A refreshing alternative to starry-eyed celebrations of the opportunities of big data, it shows how the collection and use of bioinformation affects the distribution of power and other resources in our societies."—Barbara Prainsack, King's College London "Bronwyn Parry and Beth Greenhough's Bioinformation is a brief yet rich tour of a dynamic, complex field, following the winding paths that connect databases to the hopes and rights of the people and communities from whose bodies the information was drawn."—New Scientist "Bioinformation offers an interesting, readable introduction to its subject matter, while suggesting promising avenues that future research might explore"—Bionews "This slim but informative book describes the sources of what the authors call 'bioinformation' and the current and possible future beneficial uses of such data, ...."—Foreign AffairsTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1 Genesis: What is Bioinformation? 2 Provenance: Where does bioinformation come from? 3 Property: Who owns Bioinformation? 4 Markets: Who consumes Bioinformation? 5 The Big Data Revolution 6 Bioinfomatic Futures: The datafication of everything? Selected readings

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Book SynopsisIn the space of another generation, the population of the earth will rise by 2.5 billion. Yet the real problem we face is not so much the increase in numbers as the fact that growth will be highly uneven. Whereas rich countries will see aging populations with little growth, populations in poor countries will double or even triple, having a much higher percentage of young people. Against this backdrop, demographer Massimo Livi Bacci examines the implications of this disproportionate demographic development for domestic social stability, international migration flows, the balance of power among nations and the natural environment. Covering 10,000 years of human history from the Stone Age to the present, Livi Bacci shows how the space available for every inhabitant of the planet has decreased by a factor of a thousand. The notion of limits to the world's capacity - which once seemed a remote matter - is now among the most pressing issues we face, and the need to create effective global mechanisms for sustainable development is now more urgent than ever. An indispensable book for anyone concerned with the moral and political implications of our ever more crowded planet.Trade Review"A welcome reminder of how geographical differences in demography have a profound affect on people's lives."New Scientist"In this succinct and eclectic essay one of the great demographers of our time reflects on past, present, and likely future trends in population, migration, and aging and on their impacts on the environment, on politics, and on much more besides. A timely tour de force."J.R. McNeill, Georgetown University "Livi Bacci thinks deeply and writes broadly about population in the context of our planet's history, environmental constraints, and the future - from a constructive rather than alarmist perspective. He is concerned equally with unsustainably low fertility in rich countries and high fertility in poor ones, and with the global tensions that result."Ronald D. Lee, University of California, Berkeley"Ib this authoritative, beautifully synthesized analysis of global population, demographer Massimo Livi Bacci pinpoints a planet-sized problem"NatureTable of Contents Author’s note Introduction Chapter One Growing and shrinking Eros, Thanatos and the demographic balance in the ancient world. From biological-instinctual conditions to individual choice. The world’s changeable geodemography. Demographic transition and demographic revolution: from 1 to 10 billion in two centuries. Chapter Two Land, water, air Simeon Stylites and his environmental footprint. The cabal of the 10 x 2 x 7. More than half the planet changed by human intervention. Population and fragile regions: coasts, forests and urbanisation. From the London smog of the seventeenth century to the greenhouse effect in the twenty-first. Chapter Three Adaptation and self-regulation Demographic systems’ adaptation and self-regulation. Examples from history. The possibility of regulating modern populations: reproduction levels and migration. Biological and social change. Italy after the crisis: a system-change? Chapter Four SustainableÉ for whom? Zeus, the Brundtland Report and sustainability. The Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals: isn’t population a priority any more? Demographic explosion, demographic decline: both unsustainable. The parable of Tycoonia and Pauperia. Chapter Five Geodemography and geopolitics Mussolini Ð numbers mean power. The pendulum of fear, between growth and decline. Geodemography and geopolitics. The weight of numbers within states: ethnicities, religions, minorities and majorities. Power rankings. Chapter Six Homo sapiens, Homo movens Shipwrecks and barriers. International migration grows despite obstacles. Demographic and economic pressures. Three past globalisation processes, and the fourth one to come. The unsustainability of politics without international rules. Chapter Seven Long lifespans have their cost A woman from Arles lived to 122 years of age. In the rich countries a life expectancy of 90 is not far off. The sustainability of long lifespans. The profile of a 100 year society. Rigid ages, flexible roles. Four generations under one roof. Chapter Eight Few prescriptions for many ills Poverty and hunger: the Millennium Development Goals reached. But the numbers of poor and hungry in Africa increase. The burden of 168 objectives. The Malthusian trap. Nuclear-armed India with one in five children wasted. Political mission: concentrate efforts, dismantle the trap. Epilogue Our shrinking planet A thousand times more crowded, a thousand times smaller. Still today a pendulum of fear, between overpopulation and depopulation. Seven demographic and political notes. Awareness of limits. Notes Index

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Book SynopsisIn the space of another generation, the population of the earth will rise by 2.5 billion. Yet the real problem we face is not so much the increase in numbers as the fact that growth will be highly uneven. Whereas rich countries will see aging populations with little growth, populations in poor countries will double or even triple, having a much higher percentage of young people. Against this backdrop, demographer Massimo Livi Bacci examines the implications of this disproportionate demographic development for domestic social stability, international migration flows, the balance of power among nations and the natural environment. Covering 10,000 years of human history from the Stone Age to the present, Livi Bacci shows how the space available for every inhabitant of the planet has decreased by a factor of a thousand. The notion of limits to the world's capacity - which once seemed a remote matter - is now among the most pressing issues we face, and the need to create effective global mechanisms for sustainable development is now more urgent than ever. An indispensable book for anyone concerned with the moral and political implications of our ever more crowded planet.Trade Review"A welcome reminder of how geographical differences in demography have a profound affect on people's lives."New Scientist"In this succinct and eclectic essay one of the great demographers of our time reflects on past, present, and likely future trends in population, migration, and aging and on their impacts on the environment, on politics, and on much more besides. A timely tour de force."J.R. McNeill, Georgetown University "Livi Bacci thinks deeply and writes broadly about population in the context of our planet's history, environmental constraints, and the future - from a constructive rather than alarmist perspective. He is concerned equally with unsustainably low fertility in rich countries and high fertility in poor ones, and with the global tensions that result."Ronald D. Lee, University of California, Berkeley"In this authoritative, beautifully synthesized analysis of global population, demographer Massimo Livi Bacci pinpoints a planet-sized problem."NatureTable of Contents Author’s note Introduction Chapter One Growing and shrinking Eros, Thanatos and the demographic balance in the ancient world. From biological-instinctual conditions to individual choice. The world’s changeable geodemography. Demographic transition and demographic revolution: from 1 to 10 billion in two centuries. Chapter Two Land, water, air Simeon Stylites and his environmental footprint. The cabal of the 10 x 2 x 7. More than half the planet changed by human intervention. Population and fragile regions: coasts, forests and urbanisation. From the London smog of the seventeenth century to the greenhouse effect in the twenty-first. Chapter Three Adaptation and self-regulation Demographic systems’ adaptation and self-regulation. Examples from history. The possibility of regulating modern populations: reproduction levels and migration. Biological and social change. Italy after the crisis: a system-change? Chapter Four SustainableÉ for whom? Zeus, the Brundtland Report and sustainability. The Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals: isn’t population a priority any more? Demographic explosion, demographic decline: both unsustainable. The parable of Tycoonia and Pauperia. Chapter Five Geodemography and geopolitics Mussolini Ð numbers mean power. The pendulum of fear, between growth and decline. Geodemography and geopolitics. The weight of numbers within states: ethnicities, religions, minorities and majorities. Power rankings. Chapter Six Homo sapiens, Homo movens Shipwrecks and barriers. International migration grows despite obstacles. Demographic and economic pressures. Three past globalisation processes, and the fourth one to come. The unsustainability of politics without international rules. Chapter Seven Long lifespans have their cost A woman from Arles lived to 122 years of age. In the rich countries a life expectancy of 90 is not far off. The sustainability of long lifespans. The profile of a 100 year society. Rigid ages, flexible roles. Four generations under one roof. Chapter Eight Few prescriptions for many ills Poverty and hunger: the Millennium Development Goals reached. But the numbers of poor and hungry in Africa increase. The burden of 168 objectives. The Malthusian trap. Nuclear-armed India with one in five children wasted. Political mission: concentrate efforts, dismantle the trap. Epilogue Our shrinking planet A thousand times more crowded, a thousand times smaller. Still today a pendulum of fear, between overpopulation and depopulation. Seven demographic and political notes. Awareness of limits. Notes Index

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Book SynopsisOur politics is intimately linked to the environmental conditions - and crises - of our time. The challenges of sustainability and the discovery of ecological limits to growth are transforming how we understand the core concepts at the heart of political theory. In this essential new textbook, leading political theorist Steve Vanderheiden examines how the concept of sustainability challenges – and is challenged – by eight key social and political ideas, ranging from freedom and equality to democracy and sovereignty. He shows that environmental change will disrupt some of our most cherished ideals, requiring new indicators of progress, new forms of community, and new conceptions of agency and responsibility. He draws on canonical texts, contemporary approaches to environmental political theory, and vivid examples to illustrate how changes in our conceptualization of our social aspirations can inhibit or enable a transition to a just and sustainable society. Vanderheiden masterfully balances crystal clear explanation of the essentials with cutting-edge analysis to produce a book that will be core reading for students of environmental and green political theory everywhere.Trade Review"Steve Vanderheiden’s Environmental Political Theory is a great piece of engaged political theorising on the most important challenge of this age of the Anthropocene: how do we think about and respond to the climate and ecological emergency? He offers an analytically detailed and careful reappraisal of 'progress' and progressive politics for navigating our increasingly turbulent world. A monumental achievement from one of the world's leading EPT scholars."—John Barry, Queen's University Belfast "The book is a triumph: a confident and engaged discussion by a leading environmental theorist at the top of his game. It is by far the best analysis available of the perils and promise of our most cherished political ideals in an age of environmental crises."—Catriona McKinnon, University of Exeter "... highly accessible, impeccably organised and insightful."Environmental Values

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