The environment Books
The University of Alabama Press André Michaux in North America
Book SynopsisKnown to today's biologists primarily as the “Michx”, at the end of more than 700 plant names, Andre Michaux was an intrepid French naturalist. Straddling the fields of documentary editing, history of the early republic, history of science, botany, and American studies, this book is the first complete English edition of Michaux's American journals.Trade ReviewMichaux is fascinating [but] largely unknown. All of the available works on Michaux are valuable for scholars seeking to understand him as well as the early environment of the South. [Yet] all have limitations.. The present effort—translations with annotations - will remedy the lack of a solid edition of Michaux's work.. The editors have done an excellent job in gathering material and presenting their work." - Kathryn E. Holland Braund, author of Tohopeka: Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812"AndrÉ Michaux in North America brings together a wealth of material from the many worlds of early American natural history. This book is a massive undertaking, invaluable and sure to serve as a lasting resource on the transatlantic culture of scientific discovery." - Thomas Hallock, coeditor of Travels on the St. Johns River: John Bartram and William Bartra "In 1785, the great French botanist was sent to America as the official representative of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to obtain plants, especially trees, of the New World for the King's garden at Versailles. In 1794, he climbed Grandfather Mountain and wrote in his journal, 'Reached the summit of the highest mountain in North America and with my companion and guide, sang the Marseillaise and shouted "Long Live America and the Republic of France, long live Liberty! To Michaux, it was the top of the visible world and the perfect place to celebrate the triumph of freedom. Michaux was fascinated by the surrounding forest array of unique flora. Michaux's personal relationships with Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington helped imbue him with a love of independence." - Text on museum display panel at Grandfather Mountain in North CarolinaTable of Contents List of Illustrations Foreword by James E. McClellan III Preface Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction: Biographical Sketch Chapter 1. Arrival in New York, November 1785, and Relocation to Charleston, September 1786 Chapter 2. Initial Journeys from Charleston, 1787 Chapter 3. Exploring Florida, 1788 Chapter 4. Exploring in the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Bahamas, 1788-1789 Chapter 5. Charleston to New York, 1789 Chapter 6. Charleston Interlude, 1790-1791 Chapter 7. Journey to Canada, 1792 Chapter 8. Journey into the Canadian Wilderness, 1792 Chapter 9. Philadelphia, Western Expeditions Considered, 1793 Chapter 10. Kentucky Journey for Genet, 1793 Chapter 11. North Carolina Mountains, 1794 Chapter 12. Journey West to the Mississippi River, 1795 Chapter 13. Kaskaskia to Charleston, December 1795-April 1796 Chapter 14. Charleston, Spring and Summer 1796 Chapter 15. Return Voyage to France and Shipwreck, August 1796-January 1797 Epilogue: Michaux's Last Years, 1797-1802 Appendix: Plant and Animal Indexes Notes Bibliography Index
£42.26
The University of Alabama Press Salleyland
Book SynopsisAn exercise in learning to learn about a patch of nature, thereby opening our eyes to the complexity and wonder of the natural world.
£17.95
University of Pittsburgh Press Out Of The Woods Essays in Environmental History
Book SynopsisEnvironmental History, formerly Environmental History Review, has helped define an entire discipline through the publication of the finest scholarship of humanists, social and natural scientists, and a variety of other professionals. Out of the Woods gathers the best of this scholarship.
£40.50
University of Pittsburgh Press Bureaucrats Politics And the Environment
Book SynopsisAn informative case study of how bureaucrats establish and enforce policy and law. By focusing on personnel from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the New Mexico Environment Department Bureaucrats, Politics, and the Environment puts a face on bureaucracy and provides an explanation for its actions.Trade ReviewA controversial, yet worthwhile contribution to the study of administrative politics.... Merits serious attention by scholars and practitioners interested in public administration, public policy, and American politics. - George A. Krause, University of South Carolina; ""Drives a stake through the heart of simplistic applications of agency theory and assumptions of budget-maximizing behavior while offering a far more sophisticated portrayal of the complex set of factors that shape regulation."" - Marc Allen Eisner, Wesleyan University
£35.00
University of Pittsburgh Press Devastation and Renewal
Book SynopsisJoel Tarr presents a collection of essays examining the tortured environmental history of Pittsburgh, a region blessed with an abundance of natural resources as well as a history of intensive industrial development. Awarded the 2005 Certificate of Commendation by Choice Magazine
£42.75
University of Pittsburgh Press To Love the Wind and the Rain
Book SynopsisAn examination of the relationship between African Americans and the environment in U.S. history, "To Love the Wind and the Rain" contains essays covering topics such as slavery, religion, the turpentine industry, gardening, outdoor recreation, women and politics.Trade ReviewFrom slavery to Jim Crow segregation to the eras of civil rights and environmental justice, the authors guide us through a multitude of periods and places, skillfully blending theory with practice while building an environmental history of African America.... The stories... in this volume must be read in the context of the enormity of this oppressive history and the struggles of individuals and communities to overcome its consequences. Set against this historical backdrop, the stories herein become more remarkable as the authors illuminate the vitality of their subjects' lives, the significance of their achievements, and the successes and failures of their work together. In so doing, the writers not only show us how to write a new kind of African American environmental history, but illustrate the ways that writing history can itself become a moral act. - Carolyn Merchant, University of California, Berkeley, from the foreword
£37.95
University of Pittsburgh Press Nature and National Identity After Communism
Book SynopsisWinner of the 2008 First Place Book Prize from the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies.
£42.75
University of Hawai'i Press Natives and Exotics World War II and Environment in the Southern Pacific
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£23.96
University of New Mexico Press Stewart L. Udall Steward of the Land
Book SynopsisAs a three-term member of Congress and as the secretary of the interior in the Kennedy and Johnson cabinets, Stewart L. Udall was a distinguished public servant and one of the great environmental leaders in US history. This book introduces his work to a new generation. The author traces the influences on Udall's career, the evolution of his views on conservation, and his setbacks and triumphs.
£26.06
University of New Mexico Press Camera Hunter George Shiras III and the Birth of
Book SynopsisIn 1906 George Shiras III published a series of remarkable nighttime photographs in National Geographic that celebrated American wildlife at a time when many species were going extinct. Camera Hunter recounts Shiras's life and craft as he traveled to wild country, refined his trail-camera techniques, and advocated for the protection of wildlife.
£23.76
CABI Publishing Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas
Book SynopsisThis book describes the state of the art of tourism planning and management in national parks and protected areas. It also provides guidelines for best practice in tourism operations.Trade Review"...It should be made available in every university library, and many lecturers will find it useful to have their own copy as it is a rich, and sometimes provocative, source of information and ideas on this important aspect of tourism management." Eric Lows, Tourism, April 2003"Table of Contents1: The Ecological and Cultural Goals of National Parks and Protected Areas 2: Park Tourism in the World 3: Social Roles of Park-based Tourism 4: Planning for Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Principles and Concepts 5: Management of Visitors in National Parks and Protected Areas 6: The Manager's Toolbox 7: Monitoring of Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas 8: Tourism Services and Infrastructure 9: Tourism, Protected Areas and Local Communities 10: Tourism in Marine Protected Areas 11: E A Halpenny, Nature Tourism Solutions, Ontario, Canada 12: The Economics of Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas, R N Moisey, University of Montana, USA 13: Park Finance and Tourism 14: Park Tourism Policy 15: The Future of Park-based Tourism
£46.17
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Handbook on the Economics of Natural Resources
Book SynopsisThe topics discussed in the Handbook on the Economics of Natural Resources are essential for those looking to understand how best to use and conserve the resources that form the foundation for human well-being.Trade Review'This book is essential reading for anyone who wishes to know how the field of Natural Resource Economics - broadly defined - has progressed over the past 20 years, and where it is headed in the future. It is an excellent collection of papers on the subject.' --Maureen Cropper, University of Maryland, College Park and Resources for the Future'With contributions by leading scholars in the field, this book surveys key concepts, methodologies and results from the important field of natural resource economics. The chapters are rigorous and sophisticated, but at the same time accessible to anyone with some graduate-level training in economics. They include both theoretical presentations and real-world discussions that tie the theory to critical resource challenges facing the world today. I highly recommend this either as a textbook for a graduate class in natural resource economics or as a key resource for anyone wanting an overview of state-of-the-art scholarship in this field.' --Kathleen Segerson, University of ConnecticutTable of ContentsContents: PART I NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES 1. Basic Economics of Nonrenewable Resource Use John M. Hartwick 2. The Hotelling Model with Multiple Demands Gérard Gaudet and Stephen W. Salant 3. Empirical Evidence on the Theory of Nonrenewable Resource Economics John Livernois and Henry Thille 4. The Taxation of Nonrenewable Natural Resources Gérard Gaudet and Pierre Lasserre 5. Rent Taxes and Royalties in Designing Fiscal Regimes for Nonrenewable Resources Robin Boadway and Michael Keen 6. The Political Basis of the Resource Curse Richard M. Auty PART II MODELING OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 7. Bioeconomics: Nature as Capital Eli P. Fenichel, Sathya Gopalakrishnan and Onon Bayasgalan 8. The Forest Harvesting Problem: Have We Reached the Limit of Our Understanding? Gregory S. Amacher 9. Biological Resistance Ramanan Laxminarayan and Markus Herrmann PART III CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 10. Structuring Rights and Privileges in Catch Share Systems Daniel Holland 11. Spatial Economics of Forest Conservation Heidi J. Albers and Elizabeth J.Z. Robinson 12. Ecosystem Services Edward B. Barbier 13. Conservation Prioritization Using Reserve Site Selection Methods Stephen C. Newbold and Juha Siikamaki PART IV WATER RESOURCES 14. Water Economics R. Quentin Grafton and Sarah Wheeler 15. Water Rate Policy: Prescription and Practice Ronald Griffin 16. Water Institutions and the Law of One Price Eric C. Edwards and Gary D. Libecap 17. Water Quality and Economics: Willingness to Pay, Efficiency, Cost-effectiveness, and New Research Frontiers Yusuke Kuwayama and Sheila Olmstead 18. Transboundary Water Issues Edward B. Barbier and Anik Bhaduri Index
£213.00
Washington State University Press Beyond the Wonder
Book Synopsis
£19.96
Harvard University Press Hinduism and Ecology
Book SynopsisThis fourth volume in the series exploring religions and the environment investigates the role of the multifaceted Hindu tradition in the development of greater ecological awareness in India. The 22 contributors ask how traditional concepts of nature in the classical texts might inspire or impede an eco-friendly attitude among modern Hindus.Trade Review[This] book is a major contribution to an important and expanding academic area, and it will be much appreciated by university audiences. -- David Gosling * Times Higher Education Supplement *This book opens with the startling statement that India boasts the world’s largest environmental movement, involving over 950 nongovernmental organizations… The central issue is whether the mores and tenets of Hinduism are compatible with the protection of the environment. The writers examine epics and sacred texts, arts and rituals, and the thoughts of Gandhi for what they show about the human use of nature in India… The quality of writing and scholarship is high. The writers are aware of parallels with the ecological crisis in the West; thus the book should be valuable to those interested in the global crisis. These lucid explanations of Indian thought and customs will help the Westerner to better understand India. -- W. C. Buchanan * Choice *
£37.76
Harvard University Press Ecologies of Human Flourishing
Book SynopsisIn this volume, prominent Buddhist scholar Donald Swearer posits that the future requires a radical shift toward living in recognition of the interdependence of all life forms and the consequent ethic of communality and a life style of moderation or “enoughness” that flows from that recognition, which he calls “an ecology of human flourishing.”Trade ReviewFrom the Foreword on, this book challenges—from multiple perspectives—the prevailing ‘modern’ paradigm of ecological and social individualism. Individual affluence is not sustainable in a milieu of widening human deprivation and ecological collapse; nor will your well-meaning voluntary individual self-restraint stanch poverty, pollution, and climate change. Only with a visceral collective recognition that we are all embedded absolutely and inextricably in complex, interdependent eco-social networks—accompanied by determined collective action—will there emerge genuine ecologies of human flourishing. -- J. Baird Callicott, University Distinguished Research Professor, Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies, University of North Texas, and author of Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental PhilosophyWith its splendid list of learned and wise contributors, and its focus on perhaps the single most important religious, moral, and political question of our time, this volume makes a highly significant contribution. We are fortunate to have it. -- Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Philosophy, Department of Humanities and Arts, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and author of A Greener Faith and Engaging Voices: Tales of Morality and Meaning in an Age of Global Warming
£17.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bioremediation and Sustainability
Book SynopsisBioremediation and Sustainability is an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of research and applications for some of the most important low-cost, green, emerging technologies in chemical and environmental engineering. .Table of ContentsDedications Preface Acknowledgements Editor List of Contributors Chapter 1. Elements of Sustainability and Bioremediation Ackmez Mudhoo and Romeela Mohee Chapter 2. Natural Attenuation R. Ryan Dupont Chapter 3. Anaerobic Digestion Processes Steven I. Safferman, Dana M. Kirk Louis L. Faivor, Wei Wu-Haan Chapter 4. Biosurfactants: Synthesis, Properties and Applications in Environmental Bioremediation Ramkrishna Sen, Ackmez Mudhoo and Gunaseelan, D. Chapter 5. Phytoremediation: An Efficient Approach for Bioremediation of Organic and Metallic Ions Pollutants Divya Gupta, Lalit Kumar Singh, Ashish Deep Gupta and Vikash Babu Chapter 6. Bioleaching Leo G. Leduc and Garry D. Ferroni Chapter 7. Biosorption of Heavy Metals – New Perspectives Teresa Taveres and Hugo Figueiredo Chapter 8. Biofiltration: Essentials, Research and Applications Smita Raghuvanshi, Subhajit Majumder and Suresh Gupta Chapter 9. Modeling and Implementation of Sustainable Remediation Based on Bioventing Hillel Rubin, Eran Rubin, and Holger Schüttrumpf Chapter 10. Bioremediation of Xenobiotics Kamal Saxena, Gajendra Kumar Aseri, Ashish Deep Gupta and Vikash Babu Index
£166.46
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Environmental Microbiology
Book SynopsisNew and expanded for its second edition, Environmental Microbiology: From Genomes to Biogeochemistry Second Edition, is a timely update to a classic text filled with ideas, connections, and concepts that advance an in-depth understanding of this growing segment of microbiology. Core principles are highlighted with an emphasis on the logic of the science and new methods-driven discoveries. Numerous up-to-date examples and applications boxes provide tangible reinforcement of material covered. Study questions at the end of each chapter require students to utilize analytical and quantitative approaches, to define and defend arguments, and to apply microbiological paradigms to their personal interests. Essay assignments and related readings stimulate student inquiry and serve as focal points for teachers to launch classroom discussions. A companion website with downloadable artwork and answers to study questions is also available. Environmental Microbiology: From GeTable of ContentsPreface viii About the Companion Website x 1 Significance, History, and Challenges of Environmental Microbiology 1 1.1 Core concepts can unify environmental microbiology 1 1.2 Synopsis of the significance of environmental microbiology 2 1.3 A brief history of environmental microbiology 6 1.4 Complexity of our world 10 1.5 Many disciplines and their integration 13 2 Formation of the Biosphere: Key Biogeochemical and Evolutionary Events 25 2.1 Issues and methods in Earth’s history and evolution 26 2.2 Formation of early planet Earth 26 2.3 Did life reach Earth from Mars? 30 2.4 Plausible stages in the development of early life 31 2.5 Mineral surfaces in marine hydrothermal vents: the early iron/sulphur world could have driven biosynthesis 35 2.6 Encapsulation (a key to cellular life) and an alternative (nonmarine) hypothesis for the habitat of precellular life 36 2.7 A plausible definition of the tree of life’s “Last universal common ancestor” (LUCA) 37 2.8 The rise of oxygen 39 2.9 Evidence for oxygen and cellular life in the sedimentary record 39 2.10 The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis 42 2.11 Consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis: molecular oxygen in the atmosphere and large pools of organic carbon 45 2.12 Eukaryotic evolution: endosymbiotic theory and the blending of traits from Archaea and Bacteria 48 3 Physiological Ecology: Resource Exploitation by Microorganisms 56 3.1 The cause of physiological diversity: diverse habitats provide selective pressures over evolutionary time 57 3.2 Biological and evolutionary insights from genomics 57 3.3 Fundamentals of nutrition: carbon- and energy-source utilization provide a foundation for physiological ecology 69 3.4 Selective pressures: ecosystem nutrient fluxes regulate the physiological status and composition of microbial communities 71 3.5 Cellular responses to starvation: resting stages, environmental sensing circuits, gene regulation, dormancy, and slow growth 76 3.6 A planet of complex mixtures in chemical disequilibrium 86 3.7 A thermodynamic hierarchy describing biosphere selective pressures, energy sources, and biogeochemical reactions 91 3.8 Using the thermodynamic hierarchy of half reactions to predict biogeochemical reactions in time and space 93 3.9 Overview of metabolism and the “logic of electron transport” 104 3.10 The flow of carbon and electrons in anaerobic food chains: syntrophy is the rule 105 3.11 The diversity of lithotrophic reactions 109 4 A Survey of the Earth’s Microbial Habitats 117 4.1 Terrestrial biomes 118 4.2 Soils: geographic features relevant to both vegetation and microorganisms 120 4.3 Aquatic habitats 124 4.4 Subsurface habitats: oceanic and terrestrial 131 4.5 Defining the prokaryotic biosphere: where do prokaryotes occur on Earth? 141 4.6 Life at the micron scale: an excursion into the microhabitat of soil microorganisms 145 4.7 Extreme habitats for life and microbiological adaptations 151 5 Microbial Diversity: Who is Here and How do we Know? 162 5.1 Defining cultured and uncultured microorganisms 163 5.2 Approaching a census: an introduction to the environmental microbiological “toolbox” 167 5.3 Criteria for census taking: recognition of distinctive microorganisms (species) 170 5.4 Proceeding toward census taking and measures of microbial diversity 175 5.5 The tree of life: our view of evolution’s blueprint for biological diversity 181 5.6 A Sampling of key traits of cultured microorganisms from the domains Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea 185 5.7 Placing the “uncultured majority” on the tree of life: what have nonculture-based investigations revealed? 205 5.8 Viruses: an overview of biology, ecology, and diversity 213 5.9 Microbial diversity illustrated by genomics, horizontal gene transfer, and cell size 220 5.10 Biogeography of microorganisms 224 6 Generating and Interpreting Information in Environmental Microbiology: Methods and Their Limitations 238 6.1 How do we know? 239 6.2 Perspectives from a century of scholars and enrichment-cultivation procedures 239 6.3 Constraints on knowledge imposed by ecosystem complexity 243 6.4 Environmental microbiology’s “Heisenberg uncertainty principle”: model systems and their risks 245 6.5 Fieldwork: being sure sampling procedures are compatible with analyses and goals 247 6.6 Blending and balancing disciplines from field geochemistry to pure cultures 253 6.7 Overview of methods for determining the position and composition of microbial communities 257 6.8 Methods for determining in situ biogeochemical activities and when they occur 276 6.9 Cloning-based Metagenomics and related methods: procedures and insights 280 6.10 cloning-free, next-generation sequencing and omics methods: procedures and insights 290 6.11 Discovering the organisms responsible for particular ecological processes: linking identity with activity 325 7 Microbial Biogeochemistry: A Grand Synthesis 356 7.1 Mineral connections: the roles of inorganic elements in life processes 357 7.2 Greenhouse gases and lessons from biogeochemical modeling 361 7.3 The “stuff of life”: identifying the pools of biosphere materials whose microbiological transformations drive the biogeochemical cycles 372 7.4 Elemental biogeochemical cycles: concepts and physiological processes 393 7.5 Cellular mechanisms of microbial biogeochemical pathways 409 7.6 Mass balance approaches to elemental cycles 418 8 Special and Applied Topics in Environmental Microbiology 432 8.1 Other organisms as microbial habitats: ecological relationships 432 8.2 Microbial residents of plants and humans 449 8.3 Biodegradation and bioremediation 461 8.4 Biofilms 489 8.5 Evolution of catabolic pathways for organic contaminants 493 8.6 Environmental biotechnology: overview and nine case studies 499 8.7 Antibiotic resistance 514 9 Future Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology 538 9.1 The influence of systems biology on environmental microbiology 538 9.2 Ecological niches and their genetic basis 546 9.3 Concepts help define future progress in environmental microbiology 551 Glossary 557 Index 564
£98.96
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Microbiology of Drinking Water
Book SynopsisMicrobiology of Drinking Water Production and Distribution addresses the public health aspects of drinking water treatment and distribution. It explains the different water treatment processes, such as pretreatment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and their impacts on waterborne microbial pathogens and parasites. Drinking water quality may be degraded in water distribution systemsmicroorganisms form biofilms within distribution systems that allow them to flourish. Various methodologies have been proposed to assess the bacterial growth potential in water distribution systems. Microbiology of Drinking Water Production and Distribution also places drinking water quality and public health issues in context; it addresses the effect of bioterrorism on drinking water safety, particularly safeguards that are in place to protect consumers against the microbial agents involved. In addition, the text delves into researTable of ContentsPREFACE xi 1 MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Transmission Routes of Pathogens and Parasites 1 1.3 Major Pathogens and Parasites of Health Concern in Drinking Water 6 Web Resources 27 Further Reading 27 2 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DRINKING WATER TREATMENT 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Worldwide Concern Over Drinking Water Safety 30 2.3 Microbiological Quality of Source Water 33 2.4 Overview of Processes Involved in Drinking Water Treatment Plants 35 2.5 Process Microbiology and Fate of Pathogens and Parasites in Water Treatment Plants 36 2.6 Waste Residuals from Water Treatment Plants 55 2.7 Drinking Water Quality at the Consumer’s Tap 55 Web Resources 62 Further Reading 63 3 DRINKING WATER DISINFECTION 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Chlorine 66 3.3 Chlorine Dioxide 72 3.4 Ozone 74 3.5 Ultraviolet Light 76 3.6 Use of Photocatalists in Water Disinfection 85 3.7 Physical Removal/Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens 86 Web Resources 89 Further Reading 89 4 DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: BIOFILM MICROBIOLOGY 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Biofilm Development in WDSs 93 4.3 Growh of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in WDSs 105 4.4 Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofilms in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution 109 4.5 Biofilm Control and Prevention 112 Web Resources 114 Further Reading 115 5 ESTHETIC AND OTHER CONCERNS ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING WATER TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Taste and Odor Problems in Drinking Water Treatment Plants 117 5.3 Algae and Cyanobacteria 121 5.4 Fungi 127 5.5 Actinomycetes 129 5.6 Protozoa 130 5.7 Invertebrates 132 5.8 Endotoxins 134 5.9 Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur Bacteria 134 5.10 Nitrifying Bacteria in Water Distribution Systems 135 Web Resources 137 Further Reading 138 6 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND BIOSTABILITY OF DRINKING WATER 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Biological Treatment of Drinking Water 141 6.3 Assessment of Biostability of Drinking Water 143 Web Resources 151 Further Reading 151 7 BIOTERRORISM AND DRINKING WATER SAFETY 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Early History of Biological Warfare 153 7.3 BW Microbial Agents and Biotoxins 154 7.4 Deliberate Contamination ofWater Supplies with BW Agents or Biotoxins 161 7.5 Early Warning Systems for Assessing the Contamination of Source Waters or Water Distribution Systems 165 7.6 Protection of Drinking Water Supplies 168 7.7 Disinfection of BW-Contaminated Drinking Water 169 Web Resources 170 Further Reading 171 8 WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 173 8.1 Introduction: Water for a Thirsty Planet 173 8.2 Some Statistics ofWaterborne Diseases in Developing Countries 174 8.3 Some HWT Methods or Technologies in Use in Developing Countries 175 8.4 Personal Portable Water Treatment Systems for Travelers and Hikers 189 Web Resources 193 Further Reading 194 9 BOTTLED WATER MICROBIOLOGY 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Sources and Categories of Bottled Water 197 9.3 Bottled Water Microorganisms 199 9.4 Regulations Concerning Bottled Water 203 Web Resources 204 Further Reading 205 10 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR DRINKING WATER 207 10.1 Health-Based Targets for Drinking Water 207 10.2 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) 208 10.3 Some Examples of Use of Risk Assessment to Assess the Risk of Infection or Disease From Exposure to Microbial Pathogens 212 Web Resources 216 Further Reading 216 REFERENCES 217 INDEX 289
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Advanced Materials for Agriculture Food and
Book Synopsis The book focuses on the role of advanced materials in the food, water and environmental applications. The monitoring of harmful organisms and toxicants in water, food and beverages is mainly discussed in the respective chapters. The senior contributors write on the following topics: Layered double hydroxides and environment Corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys of silanes New generation material for the removal of arsenic from water Prediction and optimization of heavy clay products quality Enhancement of physical and mechanical properties of fiber Environment friendly acrylates latices Nanoparticles for trace analysis of toxins Recent development on gold nanomaterial as catalyst Nanosized metal oxide based adsorbents for heavy metal removal Phytosynthesized transition metal nanoparticles- novel functional agents for textiles Kinetics and equilibrium modeling MagTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Fundamental Methodologies 1 1 Layered Double Hydroxides and the Environment: An Overview 3 Amita Jaiswal, Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides 4 1.3 Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides 6 1.4 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides 7 1.5 Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxides 11 1.6 Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 13 1.7 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgements 19 References 20 2 Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloys Applying Different Types of Silanes 27 Anca-Iulia Stoica, Norica Carmen Godja, Andje Stankovic, Matthias Polzler, Erich Kny and Christoph Kleber 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Silanes for Surface Treatment 31 2.3 Materials, Methods and Experimentals 40 2.4 Surface Analytics 42 2.5 Results and Discussion 43 2.6 Conclusions 56 Acknowledgements 57 References 57 3 New Generation Material for the Removal of Arsenic from Water 61 Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Arsenic Desorption/Sorbent Regeneration 76 3.3 Conclusions 78 Acknowledgement 79 References 79 4 Prediction and Optimization of Heavy Clay Products Quality 87 Milica Arsenovic, Lato Pezo, Lidija Mancic and Zagorka Radojevic 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Materials and Methods 89 4.3 Results and Discussions 94 4.4 Conclusions 117 Acknowledgement 118 References 118 5 Enhancement of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Fiber via Vacuum Resin Impregnation 121 M.R. Ishak, Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, M.Z.A. Rahman and U.M.K. Anwar 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Experimental 123 5.3 Results and Discussion 125 5.4 Conclusions 138 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 6 Environmentally-Friendly Acrylates-Based Polymer Latices 145 Sweta Shukla and J.S.P. Rai 6.1 Introduction 146 6.2 Polymerization Techniques 154 References 170 Part 2: Inventive Nanotechnology 177 7 Nanoparticles for Trace Analysis of Toxins: Present and Future Scenario 179 Anupreet Kaur and Shivender Singh Saini 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 Nanoremediation Using TiO2 Nanoparticles 180 7.3 Gold Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 183 7.4 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles 184 7.5 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 187 7.6 Other Materials for Nanoremediation 190 7.7 Conclusion 193 References 193 8 Recent Developments in Gold Nanomaterial Catalysts for Oxidation Reaction through Green and Sustainable Routes 197 Biswajit Chowdhury, Chiranjit Santra, Sandip Mandal and Rawesh Kumar 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Propylene Epoxidation Reaction 202 8.3 Reaction Mechanism 211 8.4 Glucose Oxidation 214 8.5 Alcohol Oxidation 225 8.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 9 Nanosized Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Removal: A Review 243 Deepak Pathania and Pardeep Singh 9.1 Introduction 244 9.2 Nanosized Metal Oxide 246 9.3 Hybrid Adsorbents 253 9.4 Conclusion 258 References 258 10 Future Prospects of Phytosynthesized Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Functional Agents for Textiles 265 Shahid-ul-Islam, Mohammad Shahid and Faqeer Mohammad 10.1 Introduction 266 10.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticle Using Various Plant Parts 266 10.3 Proposed Mechanisms 279 10.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Textile Modifications 282 10.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects 284 References 285 11 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics and Equilibrium Modeling 291 Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Amita Jaiswal and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 292 11.3 Toxicity to Human Health and Ecosystems 299 11.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 303 11.5 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 304 11.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 310 11.7 Modeling of Adsorption: Kinetic and Isotherm Models 316 11.8 Thermodynamic Analysis 322 11.9 Metal Recovery and Regeneration of Magnetic Nanoparticles 323 11.10 Conclusions 324 Acknowledgements 325 References 325 12 Potential Application of Nanoparticles as Antipathogens 333 Pratima Chauhan, Mini Mishra and Deepika Gupta 12.1 Introduction 333 12.2 Applications of Nanoparticles 336 12.3 Nanoparticles in Biology 340 12.4 Uses and Advantages of Nanoparticles in Medicine 341 12.5 Antibacterial Properties of Nanomaterials 342 12.6 Antiviral properties of Nanoparticles 345 12.7 Antifungal Activity 348 12.8 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticle inside the Body 349 12.9 Detecting the Antipathogenicity of Nanoparticles on Microorganisms in Vitro 350 12.10 Types of Nanoparticles 351 12.11 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Conventional Methods 351 12.12 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 353 12.13 Characterizations of Nanoparticles 355 12.14 Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles 356 12.15 Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 356 12.16 Conclusion 359 References 360 13 Gas Barrier Properties of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites: Application in Food Packaging 369 Sarat Kumar Swain 13.1 Introduction 370 13.2 Experimental 372 13.3 Objective 372 13.4 Background of Food Packaging 373 13.5 Conclusion 382 References 382 14 Application of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Environmental Clean Up 385 Ritu Singh and Virendra Misra 14.1 Introduction 386 14.2 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: A Versatile Tool for Environmental Clean Up 388 14.3 Reduction Mechanisms and Pathways 406 14.4 Pilot- and Field-Scale Studies 408 14.5 Transport of nFe0 in Environment 410 14.6 Integrated Approach 411 14.7 Challenges Ahead 412 14.8 Concluding Remarks 413 References 414 15 Typical Synthesis and Environmental Application of Novel TiO2 Nanoparticles 421 Tanmay Kumar Ghorai 15.1 Introduction 421 15.2 Use of Different Dyes 424 15.3 Synthetic Methods for Novel Titania Photocatalysts 427 15.4 Novel Chemical Synthesis Routes 438 References 445 16 Zinc Oxide Nanowire Films: Solution Growth, Defect States and Electrical Conductivity 453 Ajay Kushwaha and M. Aslam 16.1 Introduction 453 16.2 Solution Growth of ZnO Nanowire Films 456 16.3 Defects and Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO 465 16.4 Role of Defect States in Electrical Conductivity of ZnO 469 16.5 Defects and Electrical Conductivity of ZnO Nanowire Films 471 16.6 ZnO Nanowires for Energy Conversion Devices 478 References 483 Index 493
£157.45
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Human Footprint
Book SynopsisThe Human Footprint: A Global Environmental History, Second Edition, presents a multidisciplinary global history of Earth from its origins to the present day. Provides a comprehensive, global, multidisciplinary history of the planet from its earliest origins to the present era Draws on the most recent research in geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, archaeology, anthropology, history, demography and the social and physical sciences Features the latest research findings on planetary history, human evolution, the green agricultural revolution, climate change, global warming and the nature of world/human history interdependencies Offers in-depth analyses of topics relating to human evolution, agriculture, population growth, urbanization, manufacturing, consumption, industrialization, and fossil fuel dependency. Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction 1 The Nature of World History 1 The Nature of Big History 2 The Nature of World Environmental History 3 Earth's History and Human Origins 3 Mass Migrations and the Rise of Agriculture 4 Population Growth and the Rise of Cities 8 Cities and the Rise of Manufacturing and Industry 9 World Trade and New World Ecology 10 Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 11 Notes 12 1 An Evolving Earth 15 Introduction 15 The Origins of Earth and Its Unique Atmosphere: From Hot to Cold Planet 16 Icehouse Planet and Greenhouse Planet 18 Plate Tectonics, Super-continents, and Climate Change 20 The Warming 21 The Cooling 25 The Elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Global Climate 26 The Birth, Death, and Rebirth of the Mediterranean Sea and Its Hemispheric Environmental Effects 32 The Impact of the Isthmus of Panama on Global Climate Change 34 The Mid-Pliocene, Glacial and Interglacial Cycles, and "Modern" Times 35 Notes 38 2 Evolving Humanity 41 Introduction 41 Climatic Changes and Evolution 42 Another Effect of the Closing of the Mediterranean Sea 44 Human Ancestry 45 The Birth of Human Intelligence 46 Early Diets and Their Nutritional Value 51 Translating Human Intelligence into Action 54 Tectonic Upheavals, Landscape Changes, and Climate 55 Population Migration and Expansion 56 Homo Neanderthalensis vs. Homo Sapiens 58 The Broad Spectrum: An Economic Revolution 63 Notes 65 3 Foraging, Cultivating, and Food Production 69 Introduction 69 Early Farming and a Warming Climate 70 Settlement and Domestication 72 Early Agricultural Communities 74 Early Agriculture in China 77 Early Agriculture in Africa 79 Early Agriculture in Mesoamerica 80 Early Agriculture in Europe 81 World Agriculture during the Age of Manufacture and Industry 82 The First Green Revolution, 1840–1930 87 The Second Green Revolution, 1945– 88 Agro-business, Food Prices, and Climate Change 94 Notes 95 4 Populating the Earth: Diet, Domestication, and Disease 99 Introduction 99 A Modern Demographic Scenario 100 The Role of Disease in Calculating Population Size 102 The Impact of Migration and Settlement on Global Population Growth 106 The Role of Nutrition in Early Population Growth 107 The Role of Animal Domestication in the Spread of Infectious Disease 110 Nutrition, Climate Change, and Population 113 A Population Bomb or Not? 120 Notes 125 5 The Making of an Urban World 128 Introduction 128 What Does "Urban" Mean? 134 Early Urbanization and Its Environmental Effects 135 Ancient Urbanization 137 The Origin ofWriting 140 The Impact of Changing Rivers on Environmental Quality 143 Urbanization in the Indus Valley 145 China’s Early Cities 150 Ancient Mesoamerican Cities 152 Early European Cities 154 Notes 160 6 Mining, Making, and Manufacturing 163 Introduction 163 The Age of Copper and Bronze 166 The Effects of Ancient Mining on Human Health and the Environment 171 Mining in the Roman World 174 The Age of Iron 178 Iron-Making in China and India 180 Iron-Making in Premodern Europe 184 Manufacturing in West Africa, 1350–1800 CE 190 Manufacturing in Colonial America 192 Manufacturing in the Modern World 193 Notes 193 7 Industrial Work 196 Introduction 196 The Economies of China and India 196 European Hegemony and British Industrialization 198 Economic Developments in China, Japan, and India 199 Harnessing the Power of Water 203 Disease, Death, and a Public Health Response 205 The Power of Steam 208 The Role of Invention and Innovation 211 Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Britain 212 Coal, Iron, and Steel 222 Industrial Transformation and Global Auto Mobility 228 Notes 231 8 Trade and Consumption 235 Introduction 235 Global Trading Networks 236 Distancing Consumers from Producers 237 Material Goods 240 Luxury Foods Become Commodities 244 Tobacco 244 Sugar 249 Coffee and Tea 253 Environmental Effects of Increased Cultivation of Coffee 257 Conspicuous Consumption 258 Global Consumption 260 The Automobile and Electronics in Emerging Markets 263 The Great Recession, 2008–2013 264 Notes 265 9 Fossil Fuels and Wind, Water, Nuclear, and Solar Energy 269 Introduction 269 The Eotechnic World: Waterwheels and Windmills 270 The Paleotechnic World: Energy from Coal 280 The Neotechnic World: Energy from Oil 286 The Developing World's Demands for Energy 298 The Case for Natural Gas: A Neotechnic Energy Solution 299 Hydraulic Fracturing of Rock, or "Fracking," to Release Natural Gas Deposits 300 The Case for Nuclear Energy: Another Neotechnic Solution 302 The Case for Renewable Wind and Solar Power: A Return to the Eotechnic 303 Notes 309 10 A Warming Climate 312 Introduction 312 The Rise and Fall of the Mayan Civilization 315 The Medieval Warm Period (1000–1300 CE) and Little Ice Age (1300–1850 CE) 316 Current Global Climate Conditions 319 The Role of Solar Energy 322 The Role of the Atlantic Circulation Energy Exchange 323 The Role of Fossil Fuel Emissions 324 What Is to Be Done? 329 Notes 333 Epilogue 336 Notes 342 Index 343
£38.90
John Wiley & Sons Inc Sustainability Policy
Book SynopsisA complete guide to sustainability policy at the federal, state, and local levels Sustainability Policy: Hastening the Transition to a Cleaner Economy is a fundamental guide for public sector professionals new to sustainability policy development, implementation, strategy, and practice. Featuring detailed cases highlighting innovative sustainability initiatives, this book explores the elements that constitute effective policy, and the factors that can help or hinder implementation and adoption. Readers gain insight into policies in effect at the federal, state, and local levels, in the areas of water, energy, material use, and waste management, and the reasons why local policies are often the most innovative and successful. Discussion surrounding monitoring and measurement addresses the lack of standardization, as well as the government''s critical role in leading the field toward generally accepted sustainability metrics, while outlining the reasons why certain policTable of ContentsPreface: The Role of Government in the Transition to a Sustainable Economy vii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 What is Sustainability Management? 1 Chapter 2 Why We Need Sustainability Public Policy 21 Chapter 3 Policy Levers for Sustainability: The Federal Level 45 Chapter 4 Policy Levers for Sustainability: The State Level 83 Chapter 5 Policy Levers for Sustainability: The Local Level 123 Chapter 6 Sustainability Measurement and Metrics 161 Chapter 7 The Politics of Sustainability 187 Chapter 8 Conclusion 217 References 227 About the Authors 263 Index 267
£45.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Seismic Loads
Book SynopsisEarthquakes are a way of life on Earth, and, whether you live in an area that is often affected by earthquakes or not, every building, every road, every bridge, and, in fact, almost everything constructed by humans in which we walk, sleep, live, sit, or visit, has to be constructed to withstand an earthquake, by following local, regional, or national codes, laws, and regulations. Further to this, the science and engineering behind these constructions go further than what is mandated by government as a part of their practice. All construction, and, in general, all life on Earth, has some risk of seismic impacts. A comprehensive description of any seismic action may be given only on a probabilistic basis and, in general, is very bulky and quite uncertain. However, for a variety of structures or systems that meet fairly simple models of behavior during earthquakes, a general description of the seismic action is not required, for prediction of the status of such facilities or systems maTable of ContentsContents Preface vii 1 Statement of the Problem 1 1.1 General Scheme of Estimation of Seismic Stability 3 1.2 Seismic Hazard 11 1.3 Variation of Seismic Hazard 15 1.4 Seismic Loads 20 2 The Definition of Seismic Actions 29 2.1 The Probability of Loads During the Earthquake of a Given Intensity 32 2.2 Recognition of Earthquake Foci 53 2.3 The Calculation of Seism Caused by Movement in the Earthquake Focus 61 2.4 Physics of Focus and Control of Seismicity 82 2.5 Seismic Forces for a Fixed Position and Energy of the Earthquake Source 99 3 The Influence of Topography and Soil Conditions Secondary Processes 113 3.1 Influence of the Canyons 113 3.2 Dynamics of Water-Saturated Soil Equivalent Single-Phase Environment 117 3.3 Dynamics of Water-Saturated Soil as Multiphase Medium 121 3.4 The Real Estimates of the Property of Soils 145 3.4.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem 147 3.4.2 Examples of Calculations 152 3.5 Landslides and Mudflows 158 3.6 Waves on the Water 162 4 Example of Determination of Seismic Loads on the Object in an Area of High Seismicity 167 4.1 Assessment of Seismotectonics and Choice of Calculation of Seismicity 167 4.2 The Parameters of Impacts 171 4.3 Selection of Unique 179 4.4 Numerical Models of the Focus 183 4.5 The Influence of the Shape of the Canyon 189 5 Examples of Determination of Seismic Effects on Objects in Areas of Low Seismicity 195 5.1 Preliminary Analysis 195 5.2 Assessment of Seismic Risk on Seismological Data 201 5.3 Tectonic Structure of the Area 205 5.4 Recognition of Seismically Active Nodes’ Morphostructure 212 5.5 The Types of Computational Seismic Effects 225 5.6 Analog Modeling of Seismic Effects 233 5.7 Mathematical Modeling of Seismic Effects 237 6 Stability of Structures During Earthquakes 247 6.1 Stability of Concrete Dams 248 6.2 Vibration and Strength Reserves of the High Dams 278 6.2.1 Stability and Final Displacements of the Dam 282 6.2.2 Stress and Strain of the Dam 287 6.2.3 Character and Form of Dam Failure 292 6.3 The Reliability of Groundwater Dams 296 6.4 The Stability of Underground Structures 333 6.5 Seismic Effects Caused by Missing Floods Through the Waterworks 340 6.5.1 The Vibration of the Dam 345 6.5.2 Soil Vibration Outside of the Dam 352 6.5.3 Vibration Houses 356 6.5.4 Results and Recomendation 360 Conclusion 362 References 365 Index 375
£160.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Ecology of North America
Book SynopsisNorth America contains an incredibly diverse array of natural environments, each supporting unique systems of plant and animal life. These systems, the largest of which are biomes, form intricate webs of life that have taken millennia to evolve. This richly illustrated book introduces readers to this extraordinary array of natural communities and their subtle biological and geological interactions. Completely revised and updated throughout, the second edition of this successful text takes a qualitative, intuitive approach to the subject, beginning with an overview of essential ecological terms and concepts, such as competitive exclusion, taxa, niches, and succession. It then goes on to describe the major biomes and communities that characterize the rich biota of the continent, starting with the Tundra and continuing with Boreal Forest, Deciduous Forest, Grasslands, Deserts, Montane Forests, and Temperature Rain Forest, among others. Coastal environments, including the Laguna Trade Review"The disciplines of ecology and biogeography are so closely intertwined that many scholars of theserespective fields are, by necessity and shared interest, well versed in both (Jenkins and Ricklefs2011). This overlap is evident in the layout of Ecology of North America. With a scalable subject suchas ecosystems, the authors could have approached the discussion of their material from various angles. Their decision to employ a biomestructured theme to describe the assemblage of North American ecosystems is both logical and practical. This approach is certain to be appealing to biogeographers who use the textbook. In fact, this book could be used as a supplementary textbookin a biogeography class. Ecology of North America will serve as a good introductory text for students interested in the ecology of the continent. The book begins with an overview chapter of basic ecological principles and terms, including sound explanations of succession, biodiversity, and biogeography. Subsequent chapters are individually devoted to various North American ecosystems/biomes. These chapters define the unique attributes of each biome and fluidly address the important abiotic and biotic components of each, along with representative plant and animal assemblages, interactions, andadaptations, as well as characteristic biome-level disturbances and ecological challenges. Both authorsare wildlife ecology experts, yet their knowledge and understanding of plant ecology and their success in balancing the text between floral and faunal ecological discussions are both refreshing and impressive.....The inclusion of “infoboxes” is a meaningful addition; this type of aside succeeds in adding interest and depth to textbooks. Comprehensive bibliographies are included after each chapter,and the division of each one by chapter subheadings is helpful......The new edition of Ecology of NorthAmerica is a welcome addition to contemporary ecology textbook offerings. The authors have updateda good introductory text that is highly approachable and readable. It offers a worthy additionto textbook options in the discipline, and I recommend it as an essential resource for studentsand teachers of North American ecosystems" (Frontiers of Biogeography- December 2016)Table of ContentsForeword viii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 A brief overview of ecology 1 The ecosystem 2 Abiotic limits 3 Climate and topography 4 Soils and soil profiles 4 Biotic community 6 Community succession 6 Plant succession: from pioneer to climax 6 Primary and secondary succession 6 Succession and species abundance 7 The biome concept 7 Biodiversity 7 The “species richness gradient” 8 Biodiversity “hotspots” 8 Patterns of distribution 9 Continental patterns 9 Geographical and ecological distribution 10 Some ecological concepts 10 Niches 10 Ecological equivalents 12 Bergmann’s rule 12 Allen’s rule 13 Readings and references 14 2 Tundra 17 Climatic and glacial influences 17 Soils and geological influences 17 Permafrost 18 Patterned ground 18 Eskers and tundra wildlife 20 Glacial refugia 21 Features and adaptations 21 Plant adaptations to harsh conditions 21 Plant growth and reproduction 22 Decomposition and soil nutrients 23 Some animal adaptations 23 Major vegetative communities 24 Shrub tundra 25 Dwarf birch heath 25 Cottongrass heath 25 Fellfields 25 Invertebrates and tundra ecology 25 Selected tundra mammals 26 Lemmings 26 Arctic ground squirrels 27 Arctic foxes 28 Barren]ground caribou 28 Selected tundra birds 29 Gyrfalcons 29 Snowy owl 30 Ross goose 30 Highlights 31 Absentees: amphibians and reptiles 31 Lichens and “reindeer moss” 31 Snow goose “eat outs” 32 Alpine Tundra 33 Fragile Tundra 34 Impacts of human activity 34 Global warming 35 Readings and references 36 3 Boreal Forest 41 Climatic boundaries and soils 41 Features and adaptations 42 Plant adaptations 42 Animal adaptations 42 Frequent fires 42 Niches in the Boreal Forest 43 Selected biotic communities 44 Tree line and forest tundra 44 Muskeg 46 Coniferous swamps 46 Comparative ecology of lakes 46 Appalachian Extension 48 Mountain balds 48 Highlights 49 The 10]year cycle 49 Wolves and moose 50 A wealth of salamanders 52 Red squirrels 53 Ecological challenges 54 Acid rain 54 Spruce budworm and DDT 55 Balsam woolly adelgid 55 The Boreal Forest Agreement 56 Readings and references 57 4 Eastern Deciduous Forest 61 Climatic boundaries and soils 61 Features and adaptations 61 The forest primeval 63 The layered forest 63 Autumn leaves 64 Ground and leaf litter 64 Mast 65 Biotic associations 66 Northern hardwoods conifer forests 66 Beech–Maple–Basswood 67 Mesophytic forest 68 Oak–Hickory 69 Mississippi alluvial plain 70 Southern Mixed Forest 70 Some associated communities 71 Longleaf pine forests 71 New Jersey Pine Barrens 73 Carolina bays 74 Highlights 75 Acorns and blue jays 75 Deer yards 75 Kirtland’s warblers and fire 76 Franklin’s lost tree 77 Cicadas: buzz in the forest 77 Ecological challenges 78 Declines of neotropical migrants 78 Forest destruction by exotic organisms 80 Reintroduction of red wolves 81 Readings and references 82 5 Grasslands: Plains and Prairies 89 Major associations 89 Tallgrass prairie 89 Midgrass prairie 90 Shortgrass prairie 90 Transition zones 93 Aspen parklands 93 Cross Timbers 96 Western transition 96 Features and adaptations 97 Seasonal grasses 97 Soils 99 Role of fire 101 Prairie streams 101 Prairie wetlands and waterfowl 102 Pleistocene extinctions 103 Selected prairie mammals 104 Bison 104 Prairie dogs 104 Pronghorns 106 Selected prairie birds 106 Burrowing owls 106 Prairie chickens 107 Highlights 108 Riparian forests 108 The Platte River 108 Nebraska Sandhills 109 Ants 109 Isolation and contact on the plains 110 Grassland settlement 110 Prairie preservation 111 Readings and references 113 6 Regional Grasslands and Related Areas 120 Regional associations 120 Palouse prairie 120 California Annual Grasslands 122 Southwestern desert grasslands 124 Edwards Plateau 126 Tamaulipan Mezquital 127 Highlights 129 Rodents and vegetation 129 Channeled Scablands 130 Snake River Birds of Prey Conservation Area 130 Mima mounds 131 Desertification 132 Readings and references 132 7 Deserts 136 Physical geography 136 Why deserts are dry 136 Desert mountains and bajadas 138 Ancient lakes 138 Features and adaptations 139 Desert soils and surfaces 139 Plant adaptations 140 Animal adaptations 141 The major deserts 144 Chihuahuan Desert 144 Sonoran Desert 145 Mojave Desert 147 Great Basin Desert 149 Highlights 150 Nurse trees 150 “Trees” for desert woodpeckers 151 Boojums and elephants: unique trees 153 Yucca moths 154 Desert fishes 154 Realm of reptiles 155 Of soils and mice 156 Deserts and predators 157 Pygmies of the sagebrush steppe 158 Desert quail rainfall and vitamin A 159 Sailing stones 159 Wheeled threats to deserts 159 Readings and references 160 8 Chaparral and Pinyon]Juniper Woodlands 167 Features and adaptations of chaparral 168 Coastal (California) chaparral 171 Chamise chaparral 171 Manzanita chaparral 171 Ceanothus chaparral 171 Other chaparral communities 171 Interior (Arizona) chaparral 172 Pinyon]juniper woodlands 172 Distribution and ecology 172 Human uses 173 Chaparral and fire 173 Water]repellant soils 173 Post]fire vegetation 174 Wildlife and chaparral fires 174 Highlights 174 Allelopathy in chaparral 174 Animal associates in coastal chaparral 175 Lizards and burned chaparral 175 Pinyon jays 176 Human influences 176 Readings and references 176 9 Montane Forests 180 Features and adaptations 180 Montane Forest zones 181 Lower montane zone 181 Upper montane zone 181 Subalpine zone 182 Associated habitats 183 Mountain parks and meadows 183 Black Hills 185 Redwoods and sequoias 186 Bristlecone pine forest 188 Fire in montane forests 190 Highlights 192 Western chipmunks and competitive exclusion 192 Squirrels bears and pine cones 194 Sky islands in Arizona 195 Monarchs in winter 196 Bears and moths 196 Readings and references 198 10 Temperate Rain Forest 203 What is old]growth forest? 203 Features and adaptations 204 Valleys of rain forest 204 Epiphytes canopy roots and “scuzz” 206 More about logs 207 Succession on glacial till 208 Highlights 209 Bears salmon and forest enrichment 209 A seabird in the forest 212 Some small mammals and their ecology 213 Banana slugs 213 Pacific yew 214 Giant salamanders and other amphibians 214 Mount St Helens 215 Ecological controversy 217 Readings and references 218 11 Coastal Environments 223 Currents and climates 223 Features and adaptations 224 Rocky seashores and tidal pools 224 Sandy seashores 225 Chesapeake Bay 227 Mother Lagoon 228 Submergent communities 230 Seagrass meadows 230 Forests in the ocean 232 Oyster reefs 233 Emergent communities 235 Atlantic tidal marshes 235 Marshes of the Gulf Coast 236 Mangrove islands and thickets 238 Some associated communities 239 Barrier islands 239 Coral reefs 241 Maritime forests 243 Highlights 243 Synchrony at Delaware Bay 243 Waterbird colonies 245 A whale of a success 247 Ecological challenges 248 Natural disturbances 248 Sea]level rise 250 Readings and references 251 12 A Selection of Special Environments 259 The Grand Canyon 259 Caves 262 Arctic ice cap 265 Niagara Escarpment 267 The “Father of Waters” 268 The Everglades 271 Fossil Lagerstätten: Windows into North America’s ecological past 275 Burgess Shale 275 La Brea tar pits 277 The Florida Keys 278 The Great Lakes 280 Habitat highlights 282 Rivers of ice 282 Hot springs and geysers 283 Forest in the clouds 284 Granite outcrops and inselbergs 285 Palm forest 285 Mineral licks 286 Bogs and their carnivorous plants 287 Readings and references 288 Appendix 296 Glossary 309 Index 321
£61.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Green Mobile Networks
Book SynopsisGreen communications is a very hot topic. As mobile networks evolve in terms of higher rates/throughput, a consequent impact on operating costs is due to (aggregate) network energy consumption. As such, design on 4G networks and beyond have increasingly started to focus on `energy efficiency' or so-called green' networks. Many techniques and solutions have been proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of mobile networks, yet no book has provided an in-depth analysis of the energy consumption issues in mobile networks nor has detailed theories, tools and solutions for solving the energy efficiency problems. This book presents the techniques and solutions for enhancing energy efficiency of future mobile networks, and consists of three major parts. The first part presents a general description of mobile network evolution in terms of both capacity and energy efficiency. The second part discusses the advanced techniques to green mobile networks. The third part discusses the solutTable of ContentsPreface ix List of Abbreviations xi Part I Green Mobile Networking Technologies 1 1. Fundamental Green Networking Technologies 3 1.1 Energy Efficient Multi-cell Cooperation 3 1.2 Heterogeneous Networking 4 1.3 Mobile Traffic Offloading 6 1.3.1 Infrastructure Based Mobile Traffic Offloading 7 1.3.2 Ad-hoc Based Mobile Traffic Offloading 7 1.3.3 User–BS Associations in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 7 1.4 Device-to-Device Communications and Proximity Services 8 1.5 Powering Mobile Networks With Renewable Energy 9 1.6 Green Communications via Cognitive Radio Communications 9 1.7 Green Communications via Optimizing Mobile Content Delivery 11 2. Multi-cell Cooperation Communications 15 2.1 Traffic Intensity Aware Multi-cell Cooperation 15 2.1.1 Cooperation to Estimate Traffic Demands 17 2.1.2 Cooperation to Optimize Switching Off Strategy 18 2.2 Energy Aware Multi-cell Cooperation 19 2.3 Energy Efficient CoMP Transmission 19 2.3.1 Increasing Energy Efficiency for Cell Edge Communications 19 2.3.2 Enabling More BSs Into Sleep Mode 22 2.4 Summary and Future Research 22 2.4.1 Coalition Formation 23 2.4.2 Green Energy Utilization 24 2.4.3 Incentive Mechanism 24 2.5 Questions 24 3. Powering Mobile Networks with Green Energy 25 3.1 Green Energy Models: Generation and Consumption 25 3.1.1 Green Power Generation 25 3.1.2 Mobile Network Energy Consumption 25 3.2 Green Energy Powered Mobile Base Stations 26 3.2.1 Green Energy Provisioning 26 3.2.2 Base Station Resource Management 27 3.3 Green Energy Powered Mobile Networks 28 3.3.1 Off-Grid Green Mobile Networks 29 3.3.2 On-Grid Green Mobile Networks 30 3.3.3 Mixture of Green Base Stations and Grid Powered Base Stations 31 3.4 Summary 32 3.5 Questions 32 4. Spectrum and Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks 33 4.1 Spectrum Harvesting Techniques 33 4.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Spectrum Harvesting Networks 34 4.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency Through Spectrum Harvesting 39 4.2 Energy Harvesting Techniques 44 4.2.1 Green Energy Harvesting Models 44 4.2.2 Green Energy Utilization and Optimization 46 4.2.3 Cognitive Functionalities in Energy Harvesting 47 4.3 FreeNet: Spectrum and Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks 50 4.3.1 FreeNet Application Scenarios 51 4.3.2 Dynamic Network Architecture Optimization 53 4.3.3 Communication Protocol Suite Design 57 4.4 Summary 58 4.5 Questions 58 Part II Green Mobile Networking Solutions 59 5. Energy and Spectrum Efficient Mobile Traffic Offloading 61 5.1 Centralized Energy Spectrum Trading Algorithm 63 5.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 64 5.1.2 A Heuristic Power Consumption Minimization Algorithm 67 5.2 Auction-Based Decentralized Algorithm 70 5.2.1 An Auction-Based EST Scheme 72 5.3 Performance Evaluation 81 5.3.1 Centralized Energy Spectrum Trading Algorithm 81 5.3.2 Auction-Based Decentralized Algorithm 87 5.4 Summary 90 5.5 Questions 90 6. Optimizing Green Energy Utilization for Mobile Networks with Hybrid Energy Supplies 91 6.1 Green Energy Optimization Scheme for Mobile Networks With Hybrid Energy Supplies 91 6.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 93 6.1.2 Problem Formulation 95 6.1.3 The GEO Algorithm 99 6.1.4 Performance Evaluation 106 6.2 Optimal Renewable Energy Provisioning for BSs 110 6.2.1 Related Work on Provisioning the Green Power System 111 6.2.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 112 6.2.3 The Green Energy Provisioning Solution 116 6.2.4 Performance Evaluation 123 6.3 Summary 128 6.4 Questions 128 7. Energy Aware Traffic Load Balancing in Mobile Networks 129 7.1 Traffic Load Balancing in Mobile Networks 129 7.2 ICE: Intelligent Cell brEathing to Optimize the Utilization of Green Energy 131 7.2.1 Problem Formulation 132 7.2.2 The ICE Algorithm 133 7.2.3 ICE Algorithm Performance 135 7.3 Energy- and QoS-Aware Traffic Load Balancing 138 7.3.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 139 7.3.2 vGALA: A Green Energy and Latency Aware Load Balancing Scheme 144 7.3.3 Properties of vGALA 147 7.3.4 The Practicality of the vGALA Scheme 152 7.3.5 The Admission Control Mechanism 154 7.3.6 Performance Evaluation 155 7.4 Energy Efficient Traffic Load Balancing in Backhaul Constrained Small Cell Networks 165 7.4.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 166 7.4.2 Network Utility Aware Traffic Load Balancing 171 7.4.3 Performance Evaluation 176 7.5 Traffic Load Balancing in Smart Grid Enabled Mobile Networks 185 7.5.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 189 7.5.2 An Approximation Solution 191 7.5.3 Performance Evaluation 197 7.6 Summary 200 7.7 Questions 201 8. Enhancing Energy Efficiency via Device-to-Device Proximity Services 203 8.1 Energy Efficient Cooperative Wireless Multicasting 205 8.1.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 205 8.1.2 Gradient Guided Algorithm 206 8.1.3 Performance Evaluation 207 8.2 Green Relay Assisted D2D Communications 212 8.2.1 System Model and Problem Formulation 212 8.2.2 A Heuristic Green Relay Assignment Algorithm 214 8.3 Green Content Brokerage 221 8.3.1 Problem Formulation and Analysis 224 8.3.2 The Heuristic Traffic Offloading Algorithm 226 8.3.3 Performance Evaluation 232 8.4 Summary 236 8.5 Questions 237 9. Greening Mobile Networks via Optimizing the Efficiency of Content Delivery 239 9.1 Mobile Network Measurements 240 9.1.1 Packet Retransmission 240 9.1.2 Queuing in Mobile Core Networks 240 9.1.3 Network Asymmetry 241 9.1.4 Queue Management 241 9.1.5 First Packet Delay 242 9.1.6 TCP Flaws 242 9.1.7 Application Misbehavior 243 9.1.8 Mobile Devices 243 9.1.9 User Mobility 244 9.2 Mobile System Evolution 244 9.2.1 EUTRAN 245 9.2.2 Integrating Mobile Networks and CDN 247 9.3 Content and Network Optimization 247 9.3.1 Content Domain Techniques 247 9.3.2 Network Domain Techniques 249 9.3.3 Cross Domain Techniques 262 9.4 Mobile Data Offloading 264 9.4.1 Direct Data Offloading 264 9.4.2 Network Aggregation 265 9.5 Web Content Delivery Acceleration System 266 9.5.1 Web Acceleration System 267 9.6 Multimedia Content Delivery Acceleration 272 9.6.1 Adaptive Streaming 273 9.6.2 Other Methods 275 9.7 Summary 277 9.8 Questions 277 References 279 Index 299
£92.66
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Recent Advances in Trace Elements
Book SynopsisComprehensive and multidisciplinary presentation of the current trends in trace elements for human, animals, plants, and the environment This reference provides the latest research into the presence, characterization, and applications of trace elements and their role in humans, animals, and plants as well as their use in developing novel, functional feeds, foods, and fertilizers. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, describing the biological and industrial applications of trace elements. It covers various topics, such as the occurrence, role, and monitoring of trace elements and their characterization, as well as applications from the preliminary research to laboratory trials. Recent Advances in Trace Elements focuses on the introduction and prospects of trace elements; tackles environmental aspects such as sources of emission, methods of monitoring, and treatment/remediation processes; goes over the biological role of trace elements in plants, animals, and human oTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix 1 Introduction 1Katarzyna Chojnacka 2 Historical Aspects 11Henryk Górecki and Katarzyna Chojnacka 3 Modern Analytical Methods of Speciation and Determination of Trace Elements in Inorganic, Organic, and Biological Samples 33Bogusław Buszewski, Wojciech Piekoszewski, Paweł Pomastowski, Katarzyna Rafińska, Mateusz Sugajski, and Tomasz Kowalkowski 4 Trace Elements in the Environment – Law, Regulations, Monitoring and Biomonitoring Methods 61Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska 5 Problems of Trace Elements in Water and Wastewater Treatment 105Karol Pokomeda, Anna Dawiec‐Liśniewska, Daria Podstawczyk, Macarena Rodriguez‐Guerra Pedregal, Barbara Ortega Barcelo, and Anna Witek‐Krowiak 6 Trace Elements in Agricultural and Industrial Wastes 121Aneta Wiśniewska, Agnieszka Saeid, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 7 Trace Elements in Aquatic Environments 143Piotr Konieczka, Bartłomiej Cieślik, and Jacek Namieśnik 8 Trace Metals in Soils: A Review of Methods for Monitoring Trace Metals in Soils 161Philiswa N. Nomngongo, Joseph M. Matong, and Tshimangandzo S. Munonde 9 The Role of Trace Elements in Living Organisms 177Elżbieta Gumienna‐Kontecka, Magdalena Rowińska‐Żyrek, and Marek Łuczkowski 10 Fluorine and Silicon as Essential and Toxic Trace Elements 207Izabela Michalak and Katarzyna Chojnacka 11 Biological Functions of Cadmium, Nickel, Vanadium, and Tungsten 219Agnieszka Dmytryk, Łukasz Tuhy, Mateusz Samoraj, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 12 Biosorption of Trace Elements 235Inga Zinicovscaia 13 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Trace Elements in the Environment 251Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, and Elżbieta Maćkiewicz 14 Hydrometallurgy and Bio‐crystallization of Metals by Microorganisms 277Zygmunt Sadowski and Agnieszka Pawlowska 15 Trace Elements as Fertilizer Micronutrients 299Izabela Michalak, Agnieszka Saeid, Katarzyna Chojnacka, and Mateusz Gramza 16 Trace Elements in Animal Nutrition 319Łukasz Tuhy, Agnieszka Dmytryk, Mateusz Samoraj, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 17 Trace Elements in Human Nutrition 339Klaudia Konikowska and Anna Mandecka 18 Trace Elements in Human Health 373Renata Mozrzymas 19 Spirulina as a Raw Material for Products Containing Trace Elements 403Liliana Cepoi, Tatiana Chiriac, Ludmila Rudi, Svetlana Djur, Liliana Zosim, Valentina Bulimaga, Ludmila Batir, Daniela Elenciuc, and Valery Rudic 20 Dietary Food and Feed Supplements with Trace Elements 421Athanasios C. Pappas, Katarzyna Godlewska, and Peter F. Surai 21 Biofortification of Food with Trace Elements 443Mateusz Samoraj, Łukasz Tuhy, Agnieszka Dmytryk, and Katarzyna Chojnacka 22 Biomarkers of Trace Element Status 457Katarzyna Chojnacka and Marcin Mikulewicz 23 Human Exposure to Trace Elements from Dental Biomaterials 469Marcin Mikulewicz and Katarzyna Chojnacka 24 Industrial Use of Trace Elements and their Impact on the Workplace and the Environment 481Piotr Rusek and Marzena Mikos‐Szymańska 25 Speciation of Trace Elements and its Importance in Environmental and Biomedical Sciences 501Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska 26 Trace Elements – A Threat or Benefit? 545Katarzyna Chojnacka, Izabela Michalak, Agnieszka Saeid, Katarzyna Godlewska, Łukasz Tuhy, Mateusz Samoraj, Agnieszka Dmytryk, and Aneta Wiśniewska Index 569
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Materials and Processes for CO2 Capture
Book SynopsisAddresses materials, technology, and products that could help solve the global environmental crisis once commercialized This multidisciplinary book encompasses state-of-the-art research on the topics of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), and complements existing CCS technique publications with the newest research and reviews. It discusses key challenges involved in the CCS materials design, processing, and modeling and provides in-depth coverage of solvent-based carbon capture, sorbent-based carbon capture, membrane-based carbon capture, novel carbon capture methods, computational modeling, carbon capture materials including metal organic frameworks (MOF), electrochemical capture and conversion, membranes and solvents, and geological sequestration. Materials and Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion and Sequestration offers chapters on: Carbon Capture in Metal-Organic Frameworks; Metal Organic Frameworks Materials for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture; New Progress of Microporous Metal-OrgTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 CARBON CAPTURE IN METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 1Mehrdad Asgari and Wendy L. Queen 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The Importance of Carbon Dioxide Capture 1 1.1.2 Conventional Industrial Process of Carbon Capture and Limitations: Liquid Amines 3 1.1.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Synthesis 4 1.1.4 CCS Technologies and MOF Requirements 6 1.1.5 Molecule Specific 10 1.2 Understanding the Adsorption Properties of MOFs 11 1.2.1 Single-Component Isotherms 11 1.2.2 Multicomponent Adsorption 14 1.2.3 Experimental Breakthrough 15 1.2.4 In Situ Characterization 16 1.3 MOFs for Post-combustion Capture 30 1.3.1 Necessary Framework Properties for CO2 Capture 30 1.3.2 Assessing MOFs for CO2/N2 Separations 32 1.3.3 MOFs with Open Metal Coordination Sites (OMCs) 34 1.3.4 MOFs Containing Lewis Basic Sites 37 1.3.5 Stability and Competitive Binding in the Presence of H2O 45 1.4 MOFs for Pre-combustion Capture 48 1.4.1 Advantages of Pre-combustion Capture 48 1.4.2 Necessary Framework Properties for CO2 Capture 49 1.4.3 Potential MOF Candidates for CO2/H2 Separations 50 1.5 MOFs for Oxy-Fuel Combustion Capture 54 1.5.1 Necessary Framework Properties for O2/N2 Separations 54 1.5.2 Biological Inspiration for O2/N2 Separations in MOFs 55 1.5.3 Potential MOF Candidates for O2/N2 Separations 56 1.6 Future Perspectives and Outlook 61 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 2 METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS MATERIALS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE 79Anne M. Marti 2.1 Introduction: The Importance of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies 79 2.1.1 Post-combustion CO2 Capture Technologies 80 2.1.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks: Potential for Post-combustion CCS 82 2.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Sorbents 84 2.2.1 Criteria for Choosing the Best CO2 Sorbent 84 2.2.2 Discussion of Defined Sorbent Criteria 87 2.3 Metal–Organic Framework Membranes for CCS 99 2.3.1 Membrane Performance Defined 99 2.3.2 MOF Membrane Fabrication 102 2.4 Summary 104 References 104 3 NEW PROGRESS OF MICROPOROUS METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS IN CO2 CAPTURE AND SEPARATION 112Zhangjing Zhang, Jin Tao, Shengchang Xiang, Banglin Chen, and Wei Zhou 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Survey of Typical MOF Adsorbents 116 3.2.1 CO2 Capture and Separation at Low Pressure 116 3.2.2 CO2 Capture and Separation at High Pressure 139 3.2.3 Capture CO2 Directly from Air 140 3.2.4 CO2/CH4 Separation 145 3.2.5 CO2/C2H2 Separation 148 3.2.6 Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 149 3.2.7 Humidity Effect 152 3.3 Zeolite Adsorbents in Comparison with MOFs 158 3.4 MOFs Membrane for CCS 163 3.5 Summary and Outlook 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 167 4 IN SITU DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF SELECTED METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK MATERIALS FOR GUEST CAPTURE/EXCHANGE APPLICATIONS 180Winnie Wong-Ng 4.1 Introduction 180 4.1.1 Background 180 4.1.2 In Situ Diffraction Characterization 181 4.2 Apparatus for In Situ Diffraction Studies 182 4.2.1 Single-Crystal Diffraction Applications 182 4.2.2 Powder Diffraction Applications 185 4.3 In Situ Single-Crystal Diffraction Studies of MOFs 186 4.3.1 Thermally Induced Reversible Single Crystal-to-Single Crystal Transformation 187 4.3.2 Structure Transformation Induced by Presence of Guests 188 4.3.3 Dynamic CO2 Adsorption Behavior 190 4.3.4 Unstable Intermediate Stage During Guest Exchange 190 4.3.5 Mechanism of CO2 Adsorption 192 4.4 Powder Diffraction Studies of MOFs 193 4.4.1 Synchrotron/Neutron Diffraction Studies 193 4.4.2 Laboratory X-ray Diffraction Studies 204 4.5 Conclusion 207 References 207 5 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION 213Peng Zhang, Jingjing Tong, and Kevin Huang 5.1 Introduction 213 5.2 Current Electrochemical Methods for Carbon Capture and Conversion 214 5.2.1 Ambient-Temperature Approach 215 5.2.2 High-Temperature Approach 218 5.3 Development of High-Temperature Permeation Membranes for Electrochemical CO2 Capture and Conversion 224 5.3.1 Development of MECC Membranes 224 5.3.2 Development of MOCC Membranes 235 5.4 Summary and Outlook 255 Acknowledgments 258 References 258 6 ELECTROCHEMICAL VALORIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN MOLTEN SALTS 267Huayi Yin and Dihua Wang 6.1 Introduction 267 6.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Molten Salt Electrolytes 269 6.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Alkali Metal Carbonates 269 6.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Alkaline-Earth Metal Carbonates 275 6.2.3 Thermodynamic Viewpoint of Variables Affecting Electrolytic Products 277 6.2.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Mixed Melts 278 6.3 Electrochemistry of Cathode and Anode 282 6.3.1 Electrochemical Reactions at the Cathode 282 6.3.2 Electrochemical Reaction Pathway of CO2 and CO3 (C or CO?) 285 6.3.3 Electrochemical Reaction at the Anode 287 6.4 Applications of Electrolytic Products 289 6.5 Conclusion and Prospects 289 Acknowledgments 292 References 292 7 MICROSTRUCTURAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CO2 STORAGE USING MULTI-SCALE X-RAY SCATTERING METHODS 296Greeshma Gadikota and Andrew Allen 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 Experimental Investigations of Subsurface CO2 Trapping Mechanisms 298 7.3 Comparison of Material Measurements Techniques for Microstructure Characterization 300 7.4 Usaxs/Saxs Instrumentation 302 7.5 Analyses of Ultrasmall- and Small-Angle Scattering Data 304 7.5.1 Determination of the Volume Fractions, Mean Volumes, and Radius of Gyration Using Guinier Approximation and Scattering Invariant 304 7.5.2 Determination of the Surface Area from the Porod Scattering Regime 305 7.5.3 Shapes and Size Distributions 305 7.5.4 Fractal Morphologies 306 7.6 USAXS/SAXS/WAXS Characterization of CO2 Interactions with Na-Montmorillonite 307 7.6.1 Experimental Methods 307 7.6.2 Results and Discussion 310 7.7 Summary 312 Acknowledgments 313 References 313 8 CONTRIBUTION OF DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY TO MICROPOROUS MATERIALS FOR CARBON CAPTURE 319Eric Cockayne 8.1 Microporous Solids 320 8.2 Overview of DFT 323 8.2.1 Local Density Approximation 324 8.2.2 General Gradient Approximation 325 8.2.3 Meta-GGAs 325 8.2.4 Hybrid Methods 325 8.2.5 DFT+U 326 8.2.6 Van der Waals (Dispersion) Forces 327 8.2.7 Accuracy of DFT 327 8.3 DFT: Applications 328 8.3.1 CO2 Location and Binding Energetics 329 8.3.2 Bandgap 332 8.3.3 Elastic Properties 332 8.3.4 Phonons 333 8.3.5 Thermodynamics 335 8.3.6 NMR 336 8.3.7 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 336 8.3.8 CO2 Diffusion 337 8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 337 References 338 9 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING STUDY OF MNO2 OCTAHEDRAL MOLECULAR SIEVES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE–CAPTURE APPLICATIONS 344I. Williamson, M. Lawson, E. B. Nelson, and L. Li 9.1 Introduction 344 9.2 Atomic Structure Versus Magnetic Ordering 345 9.3 Pore Size and Dimensionality 346 9.4 CO2 Sorption Behavior 347 9.4.1 Experimental Observations 347 9.4.2 DFT Studies 348 9.5 Comparison of Cation Dopant Types 348 9.5.1 Cation Effects on CO2 Sorption in OMS-2 349 9.6 OMS-5 351 9.7 Summary 353 References 354 Index 357
£108.30
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Urban Pollution
Book SynopsisMultidisciplinary treatment of the urgent issues surrounding urban pollution worldwide Written by some of the top experts on the subject in the world, this book presents the diverse, complex and current themes of the urban pollution debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. It uniquely combines the science of urban pollution with associated policy that seeks to control it, and includes a comprehensive collection of international case studies showing the status of the problem worldwide. Urban Pollution: Science and Management is a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of increasing urban living and associated issues with contamination by offering solutions specifically for the built environment. It covers: the impacts of urban pollution; historical urban pollution; evolution of air quality policy and management in urban areas; ground gases in urban environments; bioaccessTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii 1 Insights and Issues into the Impacts of Urban Pollution 1Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Examples of Urban Pollution 2 1.3 Structure of This Book 4 1.4 Conclusions 5 References 5 2 Historical Urban Pollution 7Ann Power and Annie Worsley 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Historical Pollution Monitoring using Environmental Archives 8 2.3 Ancient Air Pollution 8 2.4 Industrial Revolution 10 2.5 Twentieth‐Century Urban Pollution 13 2.6 Industrial Emissions 16 2.7 Transport 18 2.8 Conclusions 20 References 20 3 Evolution of Air Quality Policy and Management in Urban Areas 29Enda Hayes 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Sources of Urban Air Pollution 29 3.3 Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution 30 3.4 Historical Context of Air Quality Policy and Management 30 3.5 Future Urban Challenges 34 3.6 Conclusions 36 References 36 4 UK and EU Water Policy as an Instrument of Urban Pollution 39Anne‐Marie McLaughlin, Susanne M. Charlesworth, and Stephen J. Coupe Acronyms used in This Chapter 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Determining Water Quality 40 4.3 UK Water Policy 41 4.4 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 46 4.5 European Policy 49 4.6 The Future 51 4.7 Conclusions 53 References 54 5 Soil Quality and Policy 57J. Webb, Jose L. Rubio, and Michael A. Fullen 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Soil Pollutants and Their Sources 57 5.3 Consequences of Urban Soil Pollution 58 5.4 Soils Legislation 61 5.5 Conclusions 65 References 66 6 Ground Gases in Urban Environments – Sources and Solutions 69Andrew B. Shuttleworth 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 The Biochemistry of Ground Gas Production 71 6.3 Ground Gas Monitoring and Risk Assessment 73 6.5 Other Approaches 76 6.6 Passive Barriers and Subfloor Ventilation 77 6.7 Practical Examples of Gas Protection Details 79 6.8 Pathway Interception Systems for Receptor Protection and Control of Historic Sources 82 6.9 Examples of Other Techniques and Solutions: Biodegradation of Gaseous Pollutants 86 6.10 Conclusion 87 References 87 7 Insights and Issues of Trace Elements Found in Street and Road Dusts 91Susanne M. Charlesworth, Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, and Colin A. Booth 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Sources of Street and Road Dusts 92 7.3 House Dust 98 7.4 Urban Soil 99 7.5 Urban Geochemical Cycles 99 7.6 Conclusions 100 References 101 8 Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Urban Environments 107Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, Fernando Barrio‐Parra, Miguel Izquierdo‐Díaz, Rodrigo Álvarez, Juan Mingot, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Analytical Protocols 108 8.3 Bioaccessibility and Urban Environments 109 8.4 Bioaccessibility and Human Health Risk Assessment 113 8.5 Conclusions 113 References 113 9 The Necessity for Urban Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal 119Colin A. Booth, David Oloke, Andrew Gooding, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Wastewater Collection in Developed Countries 120 9.3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 121 9.4 Sludge Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 124 9.5 WASH in Developing Countries 125 9.6 Conclusions 127 References 127 10 Living Green Roofs 131Sara Wilkinson and Fraser Torpy 10.1 Introduction 131 10.2 Increasing Urbanisation: Urban Growth 131 10.3 Increasing Urbanisation: Soil, Water, and Air Pollution 132 10.4 Urban Heat Islands and Human Health 135 10.5 Green Roof Options 137 10.6 Case Study: University of Technology, Sydney, Food‐Producing Roof and Urban Pollution 139 10.7 Conclusions and Next Steps 140 References 141 11 Light Pollution 147Fabio Falchi 11.1 Introduction 147 11.2 Environmental and Health Effects of Light Pollution 149 11.3 How to Reduce Light Pollution 151 11.4. The example of the Italian Regional Laws 153 11.5 Conclusions 155 References 156 12 The Role of Forensic Science in the Investigation and Control of Urban Pollution 161Kenneth Pye 12.1 Introduction 161 12.2 Types of Urban Pollutants 161 12.3 Stages in the Forensic Investigation of Urban Pollution 165 12.4 Methods Used to Identify Sources of Pollutants 165 12.5 Conclusions 168 References 169 13 River Ecology and Urban Pollution 173Martin Fenn 13.1 Introduction 173 13.2 History of River Ecology Monitoring 174 13.3 Success Stories 184 13.4 Conclusions 185 References 185 14 Urban Meadows on Brownfield Land 187Lynn Besenyei 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 Creating Flower‐Rich Meadows 189 14.3 Brownfield Soils for Meadow Creation 192 14.4 Management of Created Meadows 193 14.5 Opportunities for Urban Meadow Creation 195 14.6 Conclusions 196 References 196 15 Urban Pollution and Ecosystem Services 199Rebecca Wade 15.1 Introduction 199 15.2 Ecosystem Services (ES), the Ecosystem Approach, and Ecosystem Service Valuation 199 15.3 Urban Impacts on ES 201 15.4 ES and Urban Pollution in the UK Legislative Context 202 15.5 Enhancing Urban ES to Mitigate Urban Pollution 203 15.6 Conclusions 206 References 207 16 Greywater Recycling and Reuse 211Katherine Hyde and Matthew Smith 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 The Ubiquitous Nature of Pollutants in Wastewater from Baths, Showers, and Handbasins 211 16.3 The Quality of Untreated Greywater and Its Water Resource Value 212 16.4 Greywater Terminologies Used in this Chapter 213 16.5 Pollutants in Untreated Greywater 213 16.6 Standardising Greywater Treatment Systems: Removing and Minimising Pollutant Concentrations 214 16.7 Managing the Environmental Characteristics, Applications, and Urban Uses of Treated Greywater 216 16.8 University of Reading’s 2016 Experimental Irrigation of Sedum using Treated Greywater 217 16.9 Soil Results Evaluated during Irrigation using Greywater Constituents 218 16.10 Applying the Principles of Controlled Waters to Greywater Discharges for Sustaining Green Infrastructure 218 16.11 Concluding Comments and Review 220 Acknowledgements 220 References 220 17 Containment of Pollution from Urban Waste Disposal Sites 223Isaac I. Akinwumi, Colin A. Booth, Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri, Adebanji S. Ogbiye, and Akinwale O. Coker 17.1 Introduction 223 17.2 Generation of Waste Worldwide 224 17.3 Waste Management Issues 224 17.4 Landfill Liners 229 17.5 Conclusions 231 References 231 18 Mitigating Urban Pollution through Innovative Use of Construction Materials 235Jamal M. Khatib, A. A. Elkordy, and Z. Abou Saleh 18.1 Introduction 235 18.2 Recycled Materials 235 18.3 Cement Replacement and Geopolymer‐Based Materials 237 18.4 Innovative Ways of Using Waste Clay 238 18.5 Treatment and Stabilisation of Contaminated Sites 239 18.6 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste 239 18.7 Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Wastes 240 18.8 Paper Industry Waste 240 18.9 Shelled Compressed Earth 241 18.10 Innovative Green Construction Materials 241 18.11 Innovative Chemical Admixtures for Construction Materials 242 18.12 Conclusions 242 References 243 19 Application of Zeolites to Environmental Remediation 249Craig D. Williams 19.1 Introduction 249 19.2 Heavy Metal Removal 249 19.3 Pesticide Removal 250 19.4 Zeolites Used in Transport 250 19.5 Zeolites Used in Wastewater Treatment 251 19.6 Zeolites Used in Nuclear Clean‐Up 251 19.7 Zeolites in Organic Clean‐Up 252 19.8 Zeolites used in Agriculture 252 19.9 Zeolites as Slow Release Agents 254 19.10 Zeolite Safety 254 19.11 Conclusions 255 References 255 20 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Theoretical Background and Applications to Groundwaters 259Alan P. Newman, Andrew B. Shuttleworth, and Ernest O. Nnadi 20.1 Introduction 259 20.2 Essentials for Bioremediation 259 20.3 Bioremediation of Groundwater 262 20.4 In Situ Plume Treatment 262 20.5 Electron Acceptor Management in Groundwater Bioremediation 264 20.6 Oxygen Releasing Compounds 265 20.7 Anaerobic Bioremediation of Groundwater 266 20.8 Reductive Anaerobic Degradation 267 20.9 PRBs and Bioremediation 268 20.10 Reductive Biodegradation in Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) 270 20.11 Conclusion 270 References 270 21 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Applications to Solid Media 277Andrew B. Shuttleworth, Alan P. Newman, and Ernest O. Nnadi 21.1 Introduction 277 21.2 In Situ Treatment above the Water Table 278 21.3 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 280 21.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation in Unsaturated Strata 282 21.5 Conclusion 288 References 289 22 Use of Environmental Management Systems to Mitigate Urban Pollution 293Rosemary Horry and Colin A. Booth 22.1 Introduction 293 22.2 Why Is Environmental Management Important? 293 22.3 Organisational Benefits and Barriers of Implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) 294 22.4 What can Companies do in Relation to their Environmental Impacts? 294 22.5 What Happens when Things Go Wrong? 297 22.6 Conclusions 301 References 301 23 Role of Citizen Science in Air Quality Monitoring 303Natasha Constant 23.1 Introduction 303 23.2 Air Pollution in Urban Environments 304 23.3 Citizen Science and New Advances in Air Quality Monitoring 304 23.4 Citizen Science, Biomonitoring, and Plants 306 23.5 Social Dimensions of Citizen Science Air Quality Monitoring 307 23.6 Conclusions 308 References 309 24 Unique Environmental Regulatory Framework Streamlines Clean‐Up and Encourages Urban Redevelopment in Massachusetts, United States 313Catherine M. Malagrida, Ileen Gladstone, and Ryan S. Hoffman 24.1 Introduction 313 24.2 LSPs and the Privatised System 314 24.3 The Risk‐Based Clean‐Up Programme 314 24.4 Brownfield Redevelopment Incentives 315 24.5 Case Studies 315 24.6 Conclusions 324 References 325 25 Urban Pollution in China 327Jianmin Ma and Jianzhong Xu 25.1 Introduction 327 25.2 Urban Air Pollution in China 327 25.3 Urban Land/Soil Pollution 332 25.4 Municipal Waste Contamination in Urban China 332 25.5 A Case Study of Urban Pollution in Beijing 333 25.6 Conclusions 337 References 337 26 Urban Pollution in India 341Manoj Shrivastava, Avijit Ghosh, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, and S.D. Singh 26.1 Introduction 341 26.2 Issues Related to Urban Pollution in India 341 26.3 Pollution from Solid Waste and Wastewater in Indian Urban Areas 345 26.4 Air Pollution in Urban Areas of India 346 26.5 Water Pollution in Urban Areas of India 348 26.6 Soil Contamination in Urban Areas of India 350 26.7 Noise Pollution in Urban Areas of India 350 26.8 Ways to Reduce Urban Pollution in India 351 26.9 Conclusions 352 References 352 27 Urban Aquatic Pollution in Brazil 357Felippe Fernandes, Paulo Roberto Bairros Da Silva, Cristiano Poleto, and Susanne M. Charlesworth 27.1 Introduction 357 27.2 Current Brazilian Environmental Regulations 358 27.3 Ecological Risk Assessment Approaches in Brazil 360 27.4 Environmental Studies in Brazil 361 27.5 A Case Study of Curitiba, Paraná 365 27.6 Conclusions 366 References 367 28 Potentially Toxic Metal‐Bearing Phases in Urban Dust and Suspended Particulate Matter: The Case of Budapest, Hungary 371Péter Sipos, Tibor Németh, Viktória Kovács Kis, Norbert Zajzon, Chung Choi, and Zoltán May 28.1 Introduction 371 28.2 Materials and Methods 372 28.3 Results and Discussion 373 28.4 Conclusions 379 References 380 29 The Role of Urban Planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa Urban Pollution Management 385Kwasi Gyau Baffour Awuah 29.1 Introduction 385 29.2 Overview of Urban Pollution in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) 386 29.3 Urban Planning as a Panacea 389 29.4 Lessons for SSA Urban Planning 392 References 393 30 Water Pollution and Urbanisation Trends in Lebanon: Litani River Basin Case Study 397Jamal M. Khatib, Safaa Baydoun, and A. A. ElKordi 30.1 Introduction 397 30.2 Water Resources in Lebanon 399 30.3 Urbanisation Trends 400 30.4 Wastewater Management 401 30.5 Water Quality 402 30.6 The Case of the Litani River Basin 403 30.7 Urbanisation and Water Pollution Trends 404 30.8 Pollution Impact 408 30.9 Current Management Efforts and Strategies 409 30.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 409 References 410 31 Closing Comments on Urban Pollution 417Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 31.1 Introduction 417 31.2 The Future for Towns and Cities 421 Reference 421 Index 423
£94.46
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater
Book SynopsisA groundbreaking book on the application of the economic and environmentally effective treatment of industrial wastewater Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment contains a review of the state-of-the-art applications of constructed wetland technology for industrial wastewater treatment. This green technology offers many economic, environmental, and societal advantages. The text examines the many unique uses and the effectiveness of constructed wetlands for the treatment of complex and heavily polluted wastewater from various industrial sources. The editor a noted expert in the field and the international author team (93 authors from 22 countries) present vivid examples of the current state of constructed wetlands in the industrial sector. The text is filled with international case studies and research outcomes and covers a wide range of applications of these sustainable systems including facilities such as the oil and gas industry, agro-industries, paper mills, phTable of ContentsSeries Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xvii List of Contributors xix Preface xxvii Acknowledgements xxix Introduction to Constructed Wetland Technology 1 Alexandros I. Stefanakis 1 From Natural to Constructed Wetlands 1 2 The Need for Sustainable Solutions 3 3 Constructed Wetlands or Conventional Systems – Pros and Cons 3 4 Classification of Constructed Wetlands 6 4.1 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands (FWS CWs) 7 4.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HSF CWs) 7 4.3 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) 8 4.4 Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) 9 4.5 Sludge Treatment Wetlands (STWs) 10 4.6 Aerated Constructed Wetlands 11 5 Design Considerations of Constructed Wetlands 11 6 Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Solution for the Industrial Sector 14 7 Scope of this Book 16 References 17 Part I Petrochemical and Chemical Industry 23 1 Integrated Produced Water Management in a Desert Oilfield Using Wetland Technology and Innovative Reuse Practices 25 Alexandros I. Stefanakis, Stephane Prigent and Roman Breuer 1.1 Introduction 25 1.2 Constructed Wetland for Produced Water Treatment 27 1.2.1 Location and Description 27 1.2.2 Weather Station 28 1.2.3 Chemical Analyses 30 1.3 Results and Discussion 32 1.3.1 Weather Data 32 1.3.2 Water Quality 32 1.3.3 Environmental Performance 35 1.4 Treated Effluent Reuse for Saline Irrigation 36 1.5 Conclusions 39 References 39 2 Constructed Wetlands Treating Water Contaminated with Organic Hydrocarbons 43 Martin Thullner, Alexandros I. Stefanakis and Saeed Dehestani 2.1 Introduction 43 2.1.1 Benzene Removal in Constructed Wetlands 44 2.2 MTBE Removal in Constructed Wetlands 48 2.3 Phenol Removal in Constructed Wetlands 51 2.4 Combined Treatment of Different Compounds 54 References 56 Part II Food and Beverage Industry 65 3 Aerated Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Municipal and Food Industry Wastewater 67 A. Pascual, D. De la Varga, M. Soto, D. Van Oirschot, R.M. Kilian, J.A. Álvarez, P. Carvalho, H. Brix and C.A. Arias 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Aerated Constructed Wetlands 68 3.2.1 Oxygen Transfer at the Water–Biofilm Interface 69 3.2.2 Benefits of Artificial Aeration in Constructed Wetlands 70 3.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen Profile along CWs 71 3.2.4 TSS Removal 71 3.2.5 COD Removal 71 3.2.6 Nitrogen Removal 72 3.3 HIGHWET Project 72 3.3.1 KT Food Pilot Plant 73 3.3.2 Research Operational Plan of KT Food Treatment Plant 73 3.3.2.1 Campaign 1 77 3.3.2.2 Campaign 2 78 3.3.2.3 Campaign 3 80 3.3.2.4 Campaign 4 82 3.3.2.5 Campaign 5 84 3.3.3 Comparison of Results 85 3.4 Conclusions 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 4 Treatment of Wineries and Breweries Effluents using Constructed Wetlands 95 F. Masi, A. Rizzo, and R. Bresciani 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Wastewater Production and Characterization 96 4.2.1 Wineries 96 4.2.2 Breweries 96 4.3 Applications and Configurations 97 4.3.1 Wineries 97 4.3.1.1 Multistage CW with Nature-Based Composting as Pretreatment for Wastewater: An Italian Case Study 98 4.3.1.2 Multistage CW with Technological Composting as Pretreatment for Wastewater: A Spanish Case Study 99 4.3.1.3 Multistage CW with Technological Aerobic Reactor and Subsequent Composting on CW: A French Case Study 100 4.3.2 Breweries 101 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions 101 4.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Multistage CW Treatment Plants 101 4.4.2 Future Perspectives of CW for Brewery Wastewater Treatment 103 References 103 5 Treatment of Effluents from Fish and Shrimp Aquaculture in Constructed Wetlands 105 YalçınTepeandFulyaAydın Temel 5.1 Introduction 105 5.1.1 Concerns in Aquaculture 105 5.2 Overview of Aquaculture and Effluent Treatment 107 5.2.1 Effluent Water Quality Considerations 108 5.3 Use of Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Fish and Shrimp Aquaculture Effluents 112 5.3.1 Free Water Surface Constructed Wetlands (FWS CWs) 113 5.3.2 Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCWs) 114 5.3.3 Hybrid Systems (HS) 115 5.4 Conclusions 119 References 120 6 Evaluation of Treatment Wetlands of Different Configuration for the Sugarcane-Mill Effluent under Tropical Conditions 127 E. Navarro, R. Pastor, V. Matamoros and J.M. Bayona 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Modeling Water Consumption Minimization 130 6.2.1 First Approach to Linearity 131 6.2.2 A MILP Approach to the Problem 131 6.3 Type of Effluent and Pretreatment 133 6.3.1 Physical–Chemical Methods 133 6.3.2 Intensive Biological Processes 133 6.3.2.1 Suspended Bed Reactor 133 6.3.2.2 Fixed Bed Reactor 133 6.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor 134 6.3.3 Extensive Biological Processes 134 6.4 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) 135 6.4.1 Case Studies 135 6.4.1.1 India 135 6.4.1.2 Kenya 137 6.4.1.3 Mexico 137 6.4.1.4 South Africa 138 6.4.1.5 Thailand 138 6.4.2 Effects of Design and Operation on the COD, BOD and Nutrient Removal 139 6.4.3 Other Water Quality Parameters 140 6.4.3.1 Turbidity 140 6.4.3.2 Pigments 140 6.4.3.3 Sulfate 140 6.4.3.4 Nitrogen Removal 141 6.4.3.5 Phosphorus 141 6.5 Research Needs 141 Acknowledgements 141 References 142 7 Treatment of Effluents from Meat, Vegetable and Soft Drinks Processing using Constructed Wetlands 145 Marco Hartl, Joseph Hogan and Vasiliki Ioannidou 7.1 Treatment of Slaughterhouse and Meat Processing Wastewater 145 7.2 Treatment of Potato Washing Wastewater 150 7.3 Treatment of Molasses Wastewater 153 7.4 Treatment of Effluents from Coffee Processing 157 References 160 Part III Agro-Industrial Wastewater 163 8 Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment in Constructed Wetlands 165 F. Masi, A. Rizzo, R. Bresciani, Dimitrios V. Vayenas, C.S. Akratos, A.G. Tekerlekopoulou and Alexandros I. Stefanakis 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Wastewater Production and Characterization 166 8.3 Applications and Configurations 166 8.3.1 The Greek Experiences 168 8.3.1.1 Free Water Surface CWs 168 8.3.1.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow CWs 170 8.3.1.3 Vertical Flow CWs 170 8.3.1.4 Hybrid Wetland Systems 171 8.4 Evaporation Plus Constructed Wetlands: An Italian Innovative Approach 172 8.5 Discussion and Conclusions 172 References 173 9 Dairy Wastewater Treatment with Constructed Wetlands: Experiences from Belgium, the Netherlands and Greece 175 C.S. Akratos, D. Van Oirschot, A.G. Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitrios V. Vayenas and Alexandros I. Stefanakis 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Brief Literature Review on Wetland Systems for Dairy Wastewater Treatment 176 9.3 Experiences from the Netherlands and Belgium 181 9.3.1 Wetland System Description 182 9.3.2 Operation 183 9.3.3 Results from the Netherlands 184 9.3.3.1 Experimental Projects 184 9.3.3.2 Stimulation of Denitrification through Recirculation of Effluent 185 9.3.3.3 Phosphorus Removal 185 9.3.4 Results from Belgium 187 9.3.4.1 System at Poppe, Eeklo 187 9.3.4.2 System at De Paep, Sint-Gillis Waas in Belgium 188 9.3.4.3 System at PDLT, Geel in Belgium 189 9.3.4.4 Aerated Wetland (FBA) at PDLT, Geel in Belgium 190 9.4 Experiences from Greece 192 9.4.1 First Experimental Project 192 9.4.2 Second Experimental Project 196 9.5 Conclusions 197 References 198 10 The Performance of Constructed Wetlands for Treating Swine Wastewater under Different Operating Conditions 203 Gladys Vidal, Catalina Plaza de Los Reyes and Oliver Sáez 10.1 Introduction 203 10.1.1 The Swine Sector and the Generation of Slurries 203 10.1.2 Characterization of Slurries 203 10.1.3 Environmental Effects of the Application of Slurry in Soils 205 10.1.4 Integrated Management for Treating Swine Slurry 205 10.1.5 Primary Treatment (Solids Removal) 207 10.1.6 Secondary Treatment (Organic Matter Removal) 207 10.1.6.1 Anaerobic Treatment Systems 207 10.2 Removal of Nutrients by Constructed Wetlands 207 10.2.1 Constructed Wetland (CW) 208 10.2.1.1 Macrophyte Species Used in Constructed Wetlands 209 10.2.1.2 Nitrogen Elimination Mechanisms in Constructed Wetlands 209 10.2.1.3 Incorporation into Plant Tissue (Assimilation) 212 10.2.1.4 Ammonium Sedimentation/Adsorption 212 10.2.1.5 Anammox (or Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation) 213 10.3 Removal of Nutrients by Constructed Wetlands using Biological Pretreatments 213 Acknowledgements 216 References 216 Part IV Mine Drainage and Leachate Treatment 223 11 Constructed Wetlands for Metals: Removal Mechanism and Analytical Challenges 225 Adam Sochacki, Asheesh K. Yadav, Pratiksha Srivastava, Naresh Kumar, Mark Wellington Fitch and Ashirbad Mohanty 11.1 Sources of Metal Pollution and Rationale for Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Metal-Laden Wastewater 225 11.2 Removal Mechanisms 226 11.2.1 Adsorption 226 11.2.2 Filtration and Sedimentation 226 11.2.3 Association with Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 227 11.2.4 Precipitation as Sulfides 227 11.2.4.1 Mechanism of the Process 228 11.2.4.2 Bacterial Sulfate Reduction in Constructed Wetlands 230 11.2.4.3 Carbon Source for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 231 11.2.5 Microbial Removal Processes 232 11.2.6 Plant Uptake of Metals in Constructed Wetlands 232 11.2.6.1 Metal Uptake by Aquatic Macrophytes 232 11.2.6.2 Metal Uptake by the Roots 233 11.2.6.3 Metal Uptake by the Shoots 233 11.2.6.4 Indirect Assistance in Metal Removal by Plants 233 11.2.6.5 Role of Plants in Removing Metals from Industrial Wastewater 234 11.2.7 Other Processes 235 11.3 Analytical Challenges 235 11.3.1 Background and Overview of Methods 235 11.3.2 Sequential Extraction Procedures and their Applicability to Wetland Substrates 237 11.3.3 State-of-the-Art Instrumental Methods 238 11.3.4 Advanced Analytical Techniques 239 References 241 12 A Review on the Use of Constructed Wetlands for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 249 C. Sheridan, A. Akcil, U. Kappelmeyer and I. Moodley 12.1 What is Acid Mine Drainage? 249 12.2 Sources of AMD 250 12.3 Environmental and Social Impacts of AMD 251 12.3.1 Environmental Impacts 251 12.3.2 Social Impacts of AMD 253 12.4 Remediation of AMD 253 12.4.1 Constructed Wetlands 254 12.4.1.1 Constructed Wetland Configuration Types 254 12.4.1.2 Mechanism by which CWs Remediate Most AMD/ARD 254 12.4.1.3 Constructed Wetlands for Treating AMD Prior to 2000 255 12.4.1.4 Constructed Wetlands for Treating AMD Between 2001 and 2010 256 12.4.1.5 Constructed Wetlands for Treating AMD from 2010 to the Present 258 12.5 Summary 259 References 259 13 Solid Waste (SW) Leachate Treatment using Constructed Wetland Systems 263 K.B.S.N. Jinadasa, T.A.O.K. Meetiyagoda and Wun Jern Ng 13.1 The Nature of Solid Waste (SW) and SW Leachate 263 13.2 Characteristics of SW Leachate in Tropical Developing Countries 265 13.3 Treatment Methods for SW Leachate 267 13.3.1 Advantages of Constructed Wetlands for Leachate Treatment Under Tropical Climate 269 13.4 Experimental Methodology for Plant Species and CW Performance Evaluation 270 13.5 Effect of Plant Species on Leachate Components 273 13.5.1 Effect on Organic Compounds 273 13.5.2 Effect on Removal and Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds 276 13.6 Summary 279 References 279 Part V Wood and Leather Processing Industry 283 14 Cork Boiling Wastewater Treatment in Pilot Constructed Wetlands 285 Arlindo C. Gomes, Alexandros I. Stefanakis, António Albuquerque and Rogério Simões 14.1 Introduction 285 14.1.1 Cork Production and Manufacture 285 14.1.2 Cork Boiling Wastewater Characteristics 286 14.2 Cork Boiling Wastewater Treatment 289 14.2.1 Physico-Chemical Treatment 289 14.2.2 Biological Treatment 298 14.2.3 Sequential Treatment 299 14.3 Constructed Wetland Technology 300 14.3.1 Experimental Setup of Microcosm-Scale Constructed Wetlands 301 14.3.2 Experimental Results 302 14.4 Conclusions 304 Acknowledgements 305 References 305 15 Constructed Wetland Technology for Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment 309 Satish Kumar and Ashutosh Kumar Choudhary 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Characteristics 310 15.3 Remediation of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Pollution 311 15.4 Constructed Wetlands 312 15.4.1 Performance of CWs for Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment 312 15.5 Conclusions 322 References 322 16 Treatment of Wastewater from Tanneries and the Textile Industry using Constructed Wetland Systems 327 Christos S. Akratos, A.G. Tekerlekopoulou and Dimitrios V. Vayenas 16.1 Introduction 327 16.1.1 Tannery Wastewaters 327 16.1.2 Azo Dye and Textile Industries 330 16.2 Discussion 332 16.3 Constructed Wetlands for Cr(VI) Removal: A Case Study 332 16.4 Conclusions 337 References 338 Part VI Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Industry 343 17 Removal Processes of Pharmaceuticals in Constructed Wetlands 345 A. Dordio and A.J.P. Carvalho 17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Pharmaceutical Compounds in the Environment: Sources, Fate and Environmental Effects 348 17.3 Pharmaceuticals Removal in Constructed Wetlands 352 17.3.1 Removal Efficiency of Pharmaceuticals in CWS 352 17.3.2 Main Removal Processes for Pharmaceuticals in SSF-CWS 365 17.3.2.1 Abiotic Processes 365 17.3.2.2 Biotic Processes 367 17.3.3 The Role of SSF-CWS Components in Pharmaceuticals Removal 370 17.3.3.1 The Role of Biotic Components (Plants and Microorganisms) in Pharmaceuticals Removal 370 17.3.3.2 The Role of the Support Matrix in Pharmaceuticals Removal 381 17.4 Final Remarks 385 References 386 18 Role of Bacterial Diversity on PPCPs Removal in Constructed Wetlands 405 María Hijosa-Valsero, Ricardo Sidrach-Cardona, Anna Pedescoll, Olga Sánchez and Eloy Bécares 18.1 Introduction 405 18.2 Mesocosm-Scale Experiences 406 18.2.1 Description of the Systems 406 18.2.2 Sampling Strategy 406 18.2.3 Analytical Methodology 408 18.3 Pollutant Concentrations and Removal Efficiencies in Mesocosms CWs 409 18.4 Microbiological Characterization 409 18.5 Link between Microbiological Richness and Pollutant Removal in CWs 413 18.5.1 Microbial Richness and Conventional Pollutant Removal 413 18.5.1.1 Roots 413 18.5.2 Microbial Richness and PPCP Removal 414 18.5.2.1 Gravel 414 18.5.2.2 Interstitial Liquid 414 18.5.2.3 Roots 414 18.5.3 Effect of Physico-Chemical Parameters on Microbial Richness 416 18.5.3.1 Gravel 416 18.5.3.2 Interstitial Liquid 416 18.5.3.3 Roots 416 18.6 Mechanisms and Design Parameters Involved in PPCPs Removal 418 18.7 Conclusions 420 Acknowledgements 421 References 421 Part VII Novel Industrial Applications 427 19 Dewatering of Industrial Sludge in Sludge Treatment Reed Bed Systems 429 S. Nielsen and E. Bruun 19.1 Introduction 429 19.2 Methodology 431 19.2.1 Description of an STRB 431 19.2.2 Description of STRB Test-System 432 19.3 Treatment of Industrial Sludge in STRB Systems 434 19.3.1 Organic Material in Sludge 434 19.3.2 Fats and Oil in Sludge 434 19.3.3 Heavy Metals in Sludge 435 19.3.4 Nutrients in Sludge 436 19.3.5 Hazardous Organic Compounds in Sludge 436 19.4 Case Studies – Treatment of Industrial Sludge in Full-Scale and Test STRB Systems 437 19.4.1 Case 1: Treatment of Industrial Sewage Sludge with High Contents of Fat 437 19.4.2 Case 2: Treatment of Industrial Sewage Sludge with High Contents of Heavy Metal (Nickel) 438 19.4.3 Case 3: Treatment of Water Works Sludge 440 19.4.3.1 Feed Sludge and Resulting Filtrate Quality 442 19.4.3.2 Sedimentation and Capillary Suction Time 443 19.4.3.3 Sludge Volume Reduction and Sludge Residue Development 446 19.4.3.4 Filtrate Water Flow 447 19.5 Discussion and Conclusions 448 19.5.1 Industrial Sludge 448 19.5.2 Water Works Sludge 449 Acknowledgements 450 References 450 20 Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement and Temperature Reduction at a Power-Generating Facility 453 Christopher H. Keller, Susan Flash and John Hanlon 20.1 Introduction 453 20.2 Basis of Design 453 20.2.1 Design for Ammonia and Copper Reduction 454 20.2.2 Design for pH, Toxicity, and Specific Conductance 456 20.2.3 Design for Temperature Reduction 456 20.2.4 Process Flow and Final Design Criteria 458 20.3 Construction 458 20.4 Operational Performance Summary 459 20.4.1 Inflow and Outflow Rates and Wetland Water Depths 459 20.4.2 Ammonia 463 20.4.3 Copper 463 20.4.4 pH 463 20.4.5 Temperature 464 20.4.6 Whole Effluent Toxicity 466 20.4.7 Specific Conductance 466 20.5 Discussion 466 References 468 21 Recycling of Carwash Effluents Treated with Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands 469 A. Torrens, M. Folch, M. Salgot and M. Aulinas 21.1 Introduction 469 21.2 Case Study: Description 471 21.2.1 Pilot Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland 471 21.2.2 Pilot Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland 471 21.2.3 Operation and Monitoring 472 21.3 Case Study: Results and Discussion 474 21.3.1 Influent Characterization 474 21.3.2 Effluent Quality for Recycling 477 21.3.3 Performance of the Constructed Wetland Pilots 478 21.3.3.1 Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland 478 21.3.3.2 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland 482 21.3.3.3 Comparison of Performances 486 21.4 Design and Operation Recommendations 488 21.4.1 Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland 488 21.4.2 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland 489 21.5 Conclusions 489 References 490 22 Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell: An Emerging Integrated Technology for Potential Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Bio-Electricity Generation 493 Asheesh K. Yadav, Pratiksha Srivastava, Naresh Kumar, Rouzbeh Abbassi and Barada Kanta Mishra 22.1 Introduction 493 22.2 The Fundamentals of MFC and Microbial Electron Transfer to Electrode 495 22.3 State of the Art of CW-MFCs 496 22.3.1 Design and Operation of CW-MFCs 496 22.3.2 Performance Evaluation of Various CW-MFCs 497 22.4 Potential Industrial Wastewater Treatment in CW-MFCs 500 22.5 Challenges in Generating Bio-Electricity in CW-MFCs During Industrial Wastewater Treatment 502 22.6 Future Directions 503 Acknowledgements 504 References 504 23 Constructed Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment from Specific (Dutch) Industrial Surfaces 511 Floris Boogaard, Johan Blom and Joost van den Bulk 23.1 Introduction 511 23.2 Stormwater Characteristics 511 23.2.1 Stormwater Quality in Urban Areas 511 23.2.2 Industrial Stormwater Quality 513 23.2.3 Fraction of Pollutants Attached to Particles 513 23.2.3.1 Particle Size Distribution 515 23.2.4 Removal Efficiency 515 23.3 Best Management Practices of (Dutch) Wetlands at Industrial Sites 515 23.3.1 Amsterdam Westergasfabriekterrein 518 23.3.2 Constructed Wetland Oostzaan: Multifunctional High Removal Efficiency 518 23.3.3 Constructed Wetland Hoogeveen, Oude Diep 520 23.3.4 Cost 520 23.3.5 Choosing Best Location(s) of Wetlands on Industrial Areas 521 23.4 Innovation in Monitoring Wetlands 523 23.4.1 Innovative Determination of Long-Term Hydraulic Capacity of Wetlands 523 23.4.2 Innovating Monitoring of Removal Efficiency and Eco-Scan 525 23.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 525 23.5.1 Conclusions 525 23.5.2 Recommendations 527 References 527 Part VIII Managerial and Construction Aspects 529 24 A Novel Response of Industry to Wastewater Treatment with Constructed Wetlands: A Managerial View through System Dynamic Techniques 531 Ioannis E. Nikolaou and Alexandros I. Stefanakis 24.1 Introduction 531 24.2 Theoretical Underpinning 532 24.2.1 Constructed Wetlands – A Short Review 532 24.2.2 Constructed Wetlands: An Economic–Environmental Approach 533 24.2.3 Constructed Wetlands: An Industrial Viewpoint 534 24.2.4 CWs Through a CSR Glance 534 24.3 Methodology 536 24.3.1 Research Structure 536 24.3.2 The CSR-CWs Agenda 537 24.3.3 CSR-CWs Balanced Scorecard 537 24.3.4 CSR-CWs Balanced Scorecard System Dynamic Model 539 24.3.5 Some Certain Scenario Developments 540 24.4 Test of Scenarios and a Typology Construction for Decision Making 541 24.4.1 Scenario Analysis 541 24.4.1.1 The Proactive Industry – The Business Case Approach 541 24.4.1.2 Proactive Industry – The Ethical Case Approach 541 24.4.1.3 Reactive Industry – The Business Case Approach 543 24.4.1.4 Reactive Industry – The Ethical Case Approach 543 24.4.2 A Typology of Industry Decision Making in CSR-CWs Agenda 544 24.5 Conclusion and Discussion 545 References 546 25 A Construction Manager’s Perception of a Successful Industrial Constructed Wetland Project 551 Emmanuel Aboagye-Nimo, Justus Harding and Alexandros I. Stefanakis 25.1 Key Performance Indicators for Construction Projects 551 25.2 Function and Values of Constructed Wetlands 552 25.2.1 Constructed Wetland Components 553 25.3 Clear Deliverables of Project 554 25.3.1 Health and Safety Considerations in Construction Projects 555 25.3.2 Hazard Identification and Risk Screening 556 25.3.3 Securing the Project 556 25.4 Critical Points in Constructing Wetlands 556 25.5 Summary 559 References 560 Index 563
£118.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Mathematical Methods for
Book SynopsisThe authors' aim is to offer the reader the fundamentals of numerous mathematical methods with accompanying practical environmental applications. The material in this book addresses mathematical calculations common to both the environmental science and engineering professionals. It provides the reader with nearly 100 solved illustrative examples and the interrelationship between both theory and applications is emphasized in nearly all of the 35 chapters. One key feature of this book is that the solutions to the problems are presented in a stand-alone manner. Throughout the book, the illustrative examples are laid out in such a way as to develop the reader's technical understanding of the subject in question, with more difficult examples located at or near the end of each set. In presenting the text material, the authors have stressed the pragmatic approach in the application of mathematical tools to assist the reader in grasping the role of mathematical skills in environmental prTable of ContentsPreface ix Part I: Introduction 1 1 Fundamentals and Principles of Numbers 3 2 Series Analysis 21 3 Graphical Analysis 29 4 Flow Diagrams 43 5 Dimensional Analysis 53 6 Economics 73 7 Problem Solving 89 Part II: Analytical Analysis 99 8 Analytical Geometry 101 9 Differentiation 115 10 Integration 121 11 Differential Calculus 133 12 Integral Calculus 147 13 Matrix Algebra 161 14 Laplace Transforms 173 Part III: Numerical Analysis 183 15 Trial-and-Error Solutions 185 16 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 195 17 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations 209 18 Differentiation 219 19 Integration 225 20 Ordinary Differential Equations 235 21 Partial Differential Equations 247 Part IV: Statistical Analysis 259 22 Basic Probability Concepts 261 23 Estimation of Mean and Variance 275 24 Discrete Probability Distribution 287 25 Continuous Probability Distribution 307 26 Fault Tree and Event Tree Analysis 343 27 Monte Carlo Simulation 357 28 Regression Analysis 371 Part V: Optimization 385 29 Introduction to Optimization 387 30 Perturbation Techniques 395 31 Search Methods 405 32 Graphical Analysis 419 33 Analytical Analysis 435 34 Introduction to Linear Programming 449 35 Linear Programming Applications 465
£143.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemistry and Toxicology of Pollution
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface How to use this book CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS CHAPTER 3: POLLUTANTS, HEALTH, AND ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 4: CHEMODYNAMICS OF POLLUTANTS CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY CHAPTER 6: GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS CHAPTER 7: SOME PRINCIPLES OF POLLUTION ECOLOGY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY CHAPTER 8: POLLUTANTS IN THE OCEANS, ESTUARIES, AND FRESHWATER SYSTEMS CHAPTER 9: PESTICIDES CHAPTER10: PETROLEUM, COAL, AND BIOFUELS CHAPTER11: TOXIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS CHAPTER 12: METALS CHAPTER 13: AIR POLLUTANTS CHAPTER 14: GREENHOUSE GASES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND CLIMATE CHANGE CHAPTER15: SOIL AND GOUNDWATER POLLUTION CHAPTER 16: SOLID, LIQUID, AND HAZARDOUS WASTES CHAPTER 17: POLLUTION MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 18: HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT CHAPTER19: MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS CHAPTER 20: POLLUTION: MOVING TOWARD A HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Index
£105.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Environmental Policy
Book SynopsisEXPAND YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AFFECTS BUSINESS, THE ECONOMY, AND YOUR LIFE WITH THIS ESSENTIAL RESOURCE Environmental Policy: An Economic Perspective offers readers a comprehensive examination of the ever-broadening scope and impact of environmental policy, law, and regulation. Editors Thomas Walker, Northrop Sprung-Much, and Sherif Goubran walk readers through a variety of subjects while maintaining a global perspective on the expanding role of environmental law. This book takes a pragmatic and practical approach to its subject matter, showing readers the real impact across the world of different kinds of environmental policy. Among other topics, Environmental Policy: An Economic Perspective tackles: Climate change legislation Water conservation and pricing Biodiversity of the marine environment Wildlife ranching Emission trading schemes Green job strategies Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Notes on Contributors xiii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Acknowledgments xxv 1 An Introduction to the Current Landscape: Environmental Policy and the Economy 1Tyler Schwartz and Sherif Goubran Section I An Overview 9 2 Responses to Climate Change: Individual Preferences and Policy Actions around the World 11Andrew Brennan, Astghik Mavisakalyan, and Yashar Tarverdi 3 Legislation or Economic Instruments for a Successful Environmental Policy? Reflections After “Dieselgate” 33Theodoros Zachariadis 4 Environmental Legislation and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): A Literature Review 49Eleni Sfakianaki Section II Governing and Protecting Natural Resources 71 5 Bulk Water Pricing Policies and Strategies for Sustainable Water Management: The Case of Ontario, Canada 73Guneet Sandhu, Michael O. Wood, Horatiu A. Rus, and Olaf Weber 6 The Role of Water Pricing Policies in Steering Urban Development: The Case of the Bogotá Region 89Camilo Romero 7 Effective Environmental Protection and Regulatory Quality: A National Case Study of China 105Sharanya Basu Roy 8 The EU Legal and Regulatory Framework for Measuring Damage Risks to the Biodiversity of the Marine Environment 121Ivelin M. Zvezdov 9 Redefining Nature and Wilderness through Private Wildlife Ranching: An Economic Perspective of Environmental Policy in South(ern) Africa 139Tariro Kamuti Section III Energy, Emissions, and the Economy 153 10 Climate Change Regulations and Accounting Practices: Optimization for Emission-Intensive Publicly Traded Firms 155Carol Pomare and David H. Lont 11 The Economic Aspects of Renewable Energy Policies in Developing Countries: An Overview of the Brazilian Wind Power Industry 167Elia E. Cia Alves and Andrea Q. Steiner 12 Ontario’s Energy Transition: A Successful Case of a Green Jobs Strategy? 193Bruno Arcand 13 Ethical and Sustainable Investing and the Need for Carbon Neutrality 213Quintin G. Rayer Section IV Financing the Environmental Transition 233 14 Building Sustainable Communities Through Market-Based Instruments 235Ying Zhou, Amelia Clarke, and Stephanie Cairns 15 Climate Justice and Food Security: Experience from Climate Finance in Bangladesh 249Muhammad Abdur Rahaman and Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman 16 A Survey of UK-Based Ethical and Sustainable Fund Managers’ Investment Processes Addressing Plastics in the Environment 269Quintin G. Rayer Index 299
£92.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Evolution of Earths Climate
Book SynopsisWritten by a group of the most experienced and well-known environmental engineers in the world, from a unique perspective, this volume explores the hot-button issue of climate change, its causes, and the future of the planet. Climate change is one of the most controversial and argued issues in the world today, and it has been for years. It has been politicized by politicians on all sides, some scientists have used the study of it for their own material gain above true scientific discovery, and some scientific theories surrounding it have been believed even though proven false. But there is not, by any means, complete agreement among all scientists throughout the world on this issue. Written by two of the world''s most well-respected environmental and petroleum engineers, this book is meant to be one voice in the scientific literature on this important subject. Other books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, take the opposite stance, but it is important, in ourTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Acknowledgments xix Part I: Climatic Paradox 1 1 Climatic Paradox 3 Historic Temperatures of Early Earth 3 Concepts by Some of Global Warming 5 Earth’s Historic Temperature Charts 6 Misuse of Temperature Charts 7 Use of Paleoclimatology to Estimate Prehistoric Temperatures 8 Use of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures 9 Historic Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY 10 Glacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 BY AGO) 10 Historic Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY 11 Today’s Temperature Charts 16 The Sun—a Primary Source of Energy 17 Physical Aspects of the Sun 18 Sunspots 18 Solar Irradiation Reaching the Earth 20 The Sun’s Energy 23 Energy Received by the Earth from the Sun 26 The Paradox Reviewed 27 2 Adiabatic Theory 29 Troposphere 29 How is Heat Transferred in the Troposphere? 31 Modeling the Earth’s Troposphere 33 Features of the Earth’s Atmosphere 33 Development of an Adiabatic Equation 35 Development of the Adiabatic Equation 37 Earth’s Troposphere Model 41 Effect of Precession Angle 42 Application of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus 47 3 The Earth’s Synoptic Activities 51 Greenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory 51 Model of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere 52 Part II: Development of the Hydrosphere 59 4 Development of Earth’s Hydrosphere 61 Hydrosphere of the Primordial Earth 61 Formation of the Hydrosphere 66 Part III: Development of the Earth’s Atmosphere 79 5 Earth’s Historic Atmospheres 81 Earth’s Primordial Atmosphere 81 Earth’s First Atmosphere (Hadean time—4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 83 Earth’s Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago) 85 Earth’s Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to mid-Phanerozoic time – 2.5 to 0.54 BY ago) 86 Today’s Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago to today) 89 The Earth’s Future Atmosphere 89 6 Nitrogen in Earth’s Atmosphere 91 Origin of Earth’s Atmospheric Nitrogen 91 Estimate of the Earth’s Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments 95 7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 99 Oxygen 99 History of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 100 8 Development of Methane in Earth’s Atmosphere 111 Methane the Gas 111 Historic Levels of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere 114 Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions 126 9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases 129 The Greenhouse Gases 129 The Classic Greenhouse Effect 130 The Greenhouse Gases 131 Understanding the Greenhouse Effect 134 The Greenhouse Effect 135 Effect of the Precession Angle 138 Convective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere 140 Effect of Water Vapor on Heat Transfer 140 Effect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution 141 The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions 143 10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Atmosphere 147 Carbon Dioxide 147 Sources of Carbon Dioxide 148 The Carbon Cycle 148 Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Crust 151 Mass of Carbon in the Earth’s Mantle 151 Historic Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere 155 Earth’s Hadean Atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 155 Earth’s Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago) 156 Earth’s Proterozoic and Phanerozoic Atmosphere (2.4 BY ago to today) 159 Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 163 Historic Effect of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide 168 11 Ozone in the Earth’s Atmosphere 173 Properties of Ozone 173 Ozone Layer as the “Earth’s Shield” 174 Atmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy 175 The Ozone Hole 184 Ozone – Methane Reaction 188 Concluding Remarks 189 12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure 191 Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases 191 Part IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Earth’s Climate 197 13 Earth’s Orbital Distance from the Sun 199 Effect of Gravity on Earth’s Orbital Paths 199 Earth’s Orbital Path About the Sun 200 Kepler’s Laws Pertaining to Planetary Orbits 202 Eccentricity of an Object’s Orbit 205 Effect of Other Planets on Earth’s orbit 206 The Effect of the Planet Jupiter on Earth’s Orbital Path 212 14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift 223 Continental Drift’s Effect on the Earth’s Precession Angle 223 Latitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth’s Surface 228 15 Earth’s Future Climate 235 Conclusions 239 References and Bibliography 241 Author Index 271 Subject Index 275
£164.66
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Earth Environments
Book SynopsisComprehensive coverage of the whole Earth system throughout its entire existence and beyond Complete with a new introduction by the authors, this updated edition helps provide an understanding of the past, present, and future processes that occur on and in our Earththe fascinating, yet potentially lethal, set of atmospheric, surface, and internal processes that interact to produce our living environment. It introduces students to our planet's four key interdependent systems: the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, focusing on their key components, the interactions between them, and environmental change. The book also uses geological case studies throughout, in addition to the modern processes. Topics covered in the Second Edition of Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future include: an Earth systems model; components systems and processes; atmospheric systems; oceanography; surface and internal geological systems; biogeography; aTable of ContentsAbout the Companion Website xxiii Introduction xxv Section I Introduction to Earth Systems 1 1 Introduction to Earth Systems 3 1.1 Introduction to Earth’s Formation 4 1.2 Introduction to Earth Spheres 5 1.3 Scales in Space and Time 7 1.4 Systems and Feedback 8 1.5 Open and Closed Flow Systems 9 1.6 Equilibrium in Systems 11 1.7 Time Cycles in Systems 13 Section II Atmospheric and Ocean Systems 17 2 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere 19 2.1 Structure of the Atmosphere 20 2.2 Composition of the Atmosphere 21 2.3 Carbon Dioxide and Methane 23 2.4 Water Vapour 24 3 Energy in the Atmosphere and the Earth Heat Budget 27 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Solar Radiation 28 4 Moisture in the Atmosphere 41 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 The Global Hydrological Cycle 42 4.3 Air Stability and Instability 46 4.4 Clouds 48 4.5 Precipitation 49 5 Atmospheric Motion 55 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure 56 5.3 Winds and Pressure Gradients 58 5.4 The Global Pattern of Atmospheric Circulation 62 6 Weather Systems 67 6.1 Introduction 68 6.2 Macroscale Synoptic Systems 68 6.3 Meso‐Scale: local Winds 81 6.4 Microclimates 83 6.5 Weather Observation and Forecasting 89 7 World Climates 99 7.1 Introduction 100 7.2 Classification of Climate 100 8 Ocean Structure and Circulation Patterns 113 8.1 Introduction 114 8.2 Physical Structure of the Oceans 114 8.3 Temperature Structure of the Oceans 117 8.4 Ocean Circulation 117 8.5 Sea‐Level Change 121 9 Atmospheric Evolution 125 9.1 Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere 126 10 Principles of Climate Change 131 10.1 Introduction 132 10.2 Evidence for Climate Change 133 10.3 Causes of Climate Change 145 Section III Endogenic Geological Systems 159 11 Earth Materials: Mineralogy, Rocks and the Rock Cycle 161 11.1 What is a Mineral? 162 11.2 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 173 11.3 Vulcanicity and Igneous Rocks 175 11.4 Sedimentary Rocks, Fossils and Sedimentary Structures 176 11.5 Metamorphic Rocks 187 12 The Internal Structure of the Earth 191 12.1 Introduction 192 12.2 Evidence of Earth’s Composition from Drilling 192 12.3 Evidence of Earth’s Composition from Volcanoes 193 12.4 Evidence of Earth’s Composition from Meteorites 194 12.5 Using Earthquake Seismic Waves as Earth Probes 194 13 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism: Processes, Products, and Landforms 199 13.1 Introduction 200 13.2 Global Tectonics: how Plates, Basins, and Mountains are Created 200 13.3 Volcanic Processes and the Global Tectonic Model 204 13.4 Magma Eruption 215 13.5 Explosive Volcanism 220 13.6 Petrographic Features of Volcaniclastic Sediments 228 13.7 Transport and Deposition of Pyroclastic Materials 228 13.8 The Relationship Between Volcanic Processes and the Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate 238 13.9 Plate Tectonics, Uniformitarianism and Earth History 245 14 Geotectonics: Processes, Structures, and Landforms 255 14.1 Introduction 256 14.2 Tectonic Structures 256 14.3 Tectonic Structures as Lines of Weakness in Landscape Evolution 263 Section IV Exogenic Geological Systems 265 15 Weathering Processes and Products 267 15.1 Introduction 268 15.2 Physical or Mechanical Weathering 270 15.3 Chemical Weathering 281 15.4 Measuring Weathering Rates 293 15.5 Weathering Landforms 295 16 Slope Processes and Morphology 299 16.1 Introduction 300 16.2 Slopes: Mass Movement 300 16.3 Hillslope Hydrology and Slope Processes 329 16.4 Slope Morphology and its Evolution 336 17 Fluvial Processes and Landform-Sediment Assemblages 349 17.1 Introduction 350 17.2 Loose Boundary Hydraulics 350 17.3 The Energy of a River and Its Ability to Do Work 353 17.4 Transport of the Sediment Load 353 17.5 Types of Sediment Load 355 17.6 River Hydrology 356 17.7 The Drainage Basin 358 17.8 Drainage Patterns and their Interpretation 362 17.9 Fluvial Channel Geomorphology 362 18 Carbonate Sedimentary Environments and Karst Processes and Landforms 411 18.1 Introduction 412 18.2 Carbonate Sedimentary Environments and Carbonate Rock Characteristics 412 18.3 Evaporites 430 18.4 Carbonate Facies Models 430 18.5 Karst Processes 435 19 Coastal Processes, Landforms, and Sediments 467 19.1 Introduction to the Coastal Zone 468 19.2 Sea Waves, Tides, and Tsunamis 470 19.3 Tides 476 19.4 Tsunamis 480 19.5 Coastal Landsystems 485 19.6 Distribution of Coastal Land systems 527 19.7 The Impact of Climatic Change on Coastal Landsystems: What Lies in the Future? 530 20 Glacial Processes and Land Systems 535 20.1 Introduction 536 20.2 Mass Balance and Glacier Formation 538 20.3 Mass Balance and Glacier Flow 546 20.4 Surging Glaciers 548 20.5 Processes of Glacial Erosion and Deposition 552 20.6 Glacial Landsystems 574 21 Periglacial Processes and Landform‐Sediment Assemblages 605 21.1 Introduction to the Term ‘Periglacial’ 606 21.2 Permafrost 606 21.3 Periglacial Processes and Landforms 609 21.4 Frost Heaving and Frost Thrusting 612 21.5 Landforms Associated with Frost Sorting 614 21.6 Needle Ice Development 615 21.7 Frost Cracking and the Development of Ice Wedges 615 21.8 Growth of Ground Ice and Its Decay, and the Development of Pingos, Thufurs, and Palsas 620 21.9 Processes Associated with Snowbanks (Nivation Processes) 626 21.10 Cryoplanation or Altiplanation Processes and Their Resultant Landforms 628 21.11 The Development of Tors 633 21.12 Slope Processes Associated with the Short Summer Melt Season 638 21.13 Cambering and Associated Structures 645 21.14 Wind Action in a Periglacial Climate 645 21.15 Fluvial Processes in a Periglacial Environment 648 21.16 Alluvial Fans in a Periglacial Region 650 21.17 An Overview of the Importance of Periglacial Processes in Shaping the Landscape of Upland Britain 652 21.18 The Periglaciation of Lowland Britain 654 22 Aeolian (Wind) Processes and Landform-Sediment Assemblages 655 22.1 Introduction 656 22.2 Current Controls on Wind Systems 657 22.3 Sediment Entrainment and Processes of Sand Movement 657 22.4 Processes of Wind Transport 659 22.5 Aeolian Bedforms 661 22.6 Dune and Aeolian Sediments 677 22.7 Dust and Loess Deposition 678 22.8 Wind Erosion Landforms 682 Section V The Biosphere 687 23 Principles of Ecology and Biogeography 689 23.1 Introduction 690 23.2 Why Do Organisms Live Where They Do? 690 23.3 Components of Ecosystems 694 23.4 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 699 23.5 Food Chains and Webs 704 23.6 Pathways of Mineral Matter (Biogeochemical Cycling) 707 23.7 Vegetation Succession and Climaxes 714 23.8 Concluding Remarks 732 24 Soil-forming Processes and Products 733 24.1 Introduction 734 24.2 Controls on Soil Formation 735 24.3 Soils as Systems 738 24.4 Soil Profile Development 739 24.5 Soil Properties 744 24.6 Key Soil Types, with a Description and Typical Profile 752 24.7 Podsolization: Theories 756 24.8 Soil Classification 757 24.9 Regional and Local Soil Distribution 759 24.10 The Development of Dune Soils: An Example from the Sefton Coast 768 24.11 The Development of Woodland Soils in Delamere Forest 770 24.12 Intrazonal Soils Caused by Topographic Change 770 24.13 Palaeosols 771 25 World Ecosystems 775 25.1 Introduction 776 25.2 The Tundra Ecozone 778 25.3 The Tropical (Equatorial) Rain Forest, or Humid Tropics Sensu Stricto, Ecozone 786 25.4 The Seasonal Tropics or Savanna Ecozone 793 25.5 Potential Effects of Global Warming on the World’s Ecozones 800 Section VI Global Environmental Change: Past, Present and Future 807 26 The Earth as a Planet: Geological Evolution and Change 809 26.1 Introduction 810 26.2 How Unique is the Earth as a Planet? 810 26.3 What Do We Really Know About the Early Earth? 811 26.4 The Early Geological Record 811 26.5 The First Earth System 815 26.6 How Did the Earth’s Core Form? 817 26.7 Evolution of the Earth’s Mantle 818 26.8 Evolution of the Continental Crust 827 27 Atmospheric Evolution and Climate Change 831 27.1 Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere 832 27.2 Future Climate Change 833 28 Future Change in Ocean Circulation and the Hydrosphere 843 28.1 Introduction 844 28.2 Sea‐Level Change and the Supercontinental Cycle 844 28.3 Projected Long‐Term Changes in the Ocean 849 28.4 Future Changes in the Water Cycle 850 29 Biosphere Evolution and Change 855 29.1 Introduction 856 29.2 Mechanisms of Evolution in the Fossil Record 856 29.3 The Origins of Life 860 29.4 An Outline History of the Earth’s Biospheric Evolution 862 29.5 Mass Extinctions and Catastrophes in the History of Life on Earth 887 30 Environmental Change: Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth Phases and Climates Prior to Recent Changes 899 30.1 Introduction 900 30.2 Early Glaciations in the Proterozoic Phase of the Pre‐Cambrian (the Snowball Earth Hypothesis) 900 30.3 Examples of Changes from Greenhouse to Icehouse Climates in the Earth’s Past 908 30.4 Late Cenozoic Ice Ages: Rapid Climate Change in the Quaternary 922 30.5 Late Glacial Climates and Evidence for Rapid Change 932 30.6 The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum and the LIA 942 31 Global Environmental Change in the Future 951 31.1 Introduction 952 31.2 Future Climate Change 952 31.3 Change in the Geosphere 955 31.4 Change in the Oceans and Hydrosphere 958 31.5 Change in the Biosphere 959 31.6 A Timeline for Future Earth 960 31.7 Causes for Future Optimism? 961 31.8 Concluding Remarks 965 Index 967
£80.70
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Water and SanitationRelated Diseases and the Changing Environment
Book SynopsisThe revised and updated second edition of Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment offers an interdisciplinary guide to the conditions responsible for water and sanitation related diseases. The authors discuss the pathogens, vectors, and their biology, morbidity and mortality that result from a lack of safe water and sanitation. The text also explores the distribution of these diseases and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them.The text includes contributions from authorities from the fields of climate change, epidemiology, environmental health, environmental engineering, global health, medicine, medical anthropology, nutrition, population, and public health. Covers the causes of individual diseases with basic information about the diseases and data on the distribution, prevalence, and incidence as well as interconnected factors such as environmental factors. The authors cover access to and maintenance of clean water,Table of ContentsFOREWORD ixPaul Farmer PREFACE xiJanine M. H. Selendy CONTRIBUTORS xiii INTRODUCTION xvJanine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aagaard-Hansen SECTION I WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE: MEETING THE NEED 1 1 Toward Universal Access to Basic and Safely Managed Drinking Water: Remaining Challenges and New Opportunities in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals 3Mitsuaki Hirai and Jay Graham 2 The Human Right to Sanitation 17Anoop Jain and Jay Graham 3 Coping with Water Needs: The Demographic Future 25Guigui Yao and Robert Wyman 4 Water, Food, and the Environment 39Robert Wyman and Guigui Yao 5 Water and Armed Conflict 53Barry S. Levy 6 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 59Nikhil Chandavarkar SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED DISEASES 63 7 Infectious Diarrhea 65Sean Fitzwater, Anita Shet, Mathuram Santosham, and Margaret Kosek 8 Soil‐Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 95Alexander T. Yu and Brian G. Blackburn 9 Food Systems and Nutrition in the Context of Climate Change 111José Graziano da Silva 10 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: New Understanding and Directions for Intervention 127Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer 11 Schistosomiasis 147Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard‐Hansen 12 Trachoma 159Emma M. Harding‐Esch, Joseph A. Cook, David C. Mabey, and Anthony W. Solomon SECTION III ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURALLY OCCURRING POLLUTANTS 171 13 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment 173M. Danielle McDonald 14 Other Water Pollutants: Antimicrobial Resistance 177Rochelle Rainey 15 Global Substitution of Mercury‐Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 189Anitha Nimmagadda, Ivorie Stanley, Joshua Karliner, and Peter Orris SECTION IV WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE 197 16 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low‐Income Countries 199Thomas F. Clasen SECTION V CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH 213 17 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 215Mary E. Wilson 18 Reassessing Multiple‐Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 229Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro 19 Ecosystem Health as the Basis for Human Health 245Tom Barker and Jane Fisher 20 Addressing the Nexus of Water, Sanitation, Health, and Climate Change Through Multistakeholder Partnerships 271Nikhil Chandavarkar SECTION VI SUCCESS STORIES 275 21 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 277Julio Frenk and Octavio Gomez‐Dantés 22 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 283Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz‐Tiben 23 Sanitation Case Studies 291Anoop Jain and Jay Graham 24 Catalyzing Rural Sanitation at Scale: Lessons Learned from the Global Sanitation Fund 297Patrick England and Carolien Van der Voorden AFTERWORD 311 INDEX 313
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Environmental Science
Book SynopsisHistorically viewed as a sub-discipline of biology or ecology, environmental science has quickly grown into its own interdisciplinary field; grounded in natural sciences with branches in technology and the social science, today's environmental science seeks to understand the human impacts on the Earth and develop solutions that incorporate economic, ethical, planning, and policy thinking. This lab manual incorporates the field's broad variety of perspectives and disciplines to provide a comprehensive introduction to the everyday practice of environmental science. Hands-on laboratory activities incorporate practical techniques, analysis, and written communication in order to mimic the real-world workflow of an environmental scientist. This updated edition includes a renewed focus on problem solving, and offers more balanced coverage of the field's diverse topics of interest including air pollution, urban ecology, solid waste, energy consumption, soil identification, water quality assess
£73.10
John Wiley & Sons Inc Submarine Landslides Subaqueous Mass Transport
Book SynopsisAn examination of ancient and contemporary submarine landslides and their impact Landslides are common in every subaqueous geodynamic context, from passive and active continental margins to oceanic and continental intraplate settings. They pose significant threats to both offshore and coastal areas due to their frequency, dimensions, and terminal velocity, capacity to travel great distances, and ability to generate potentially destructive tsunamis. Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits from Outcrops to Seismic Profiles examines the mechanisms, characteristics, and impacts of submarine landslides. Volume highlights include: Use of different methodological approaches, from geophysics to field-based geologyData on submarine landslide deposits at various scalesWorldwide collection of case studies from on- and off-shorePotential risks to human society and infrastructureImpacts on the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphereTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Part I: Submarine Landslide Deposits in Orogenic Belts 1. Submarine Landslide Deposits in Orogenic Belts: Olistostromes and Sedimentary Melanges 3Kei Ogata, Andrea Festa, Gian Andrea Pini, and Juan Luis Alonso 2. Mass-Transport Deposits in the Foredeep Basin of the Miocene Cervarola Sandstones Formation (Northern Apennines, Italy) 27Alberto Piazza and Roberto Tinterri 3. Late Miocene Olistostrome in the Makran Accretionary Wedge (Baluchistan, SE Iran): A Short Review 45Jean‐Pierre Burg 4. Spatial Distribution of Mass-Transport Deposits Deduced From High‐Resolution Stratigraphy: The Pleistocene Forearc Basin (Boso Peninsula, Central Japan) 57Masayuki Utsunomiya and Yuzuru Yamamoto 5. Mass‐Transport Deposits as Markers of Local Tectonism in Extensional Basins 71Tiago M. Alves and Davide Gamboa 6. Block Generation, Deformation, and Interaction of Mass-Transport Deposits with the Seafloor: An Outcrop‐Based Study of the Carboniferous Paganzo Basin (Cerro Bola, NW Argentina) 91Matheus S. Sobiesiak, Victoria Valdez Buso, Ben Kneller, G. Ian Alsop, and Juan Pablo Milana 7. The Carboniferous MTD Complex at La Pena Canyon, Paganzo Basin (San Juan, Argentina) 105Victoria Valdez Buso, Juan Pablo Milana, Matheus S. Sobiesiak, and Ben Kneller 8. Mass-Transport Complexes of the Marnoso‐arenacea Foredeep Turbidite System (Northern Apennines, Italy): A Reappraisal After Twenty‐Years 117Gian Andrea Pini, Claudio Corrado Lucente, Sonia Venturi, and Kei Ogata 9. Fold and Thrust Systems in Mass‐Transport Deposits Around the Dead Sea Basin 139G.Ian Alsop, Rami Weinberger, Shmuel Marco, and Tsafrir Levi 10. Eocene Mass-Transport Deposits in the Basque Basin (Western Pyrenees, Spain): Insights Into Mass‐Flow Transformation and Bulldozing Processes 155Aitor Payros and Victoriano Pujalte 11. Neogene and Quaternary Mass-Transport Deposits From the Northern Taranaki Basin (North Island, New Zealand): Morphologies, Transportation Processes, and Depositional Controls 171Suzanne Bull, Malcolm Arnot, Greg Browne, Martin Crundwell, Andy Nicol, and Lorna Strachan Part II: Submarine Landslide Deposits in Current Active and Passive Margins 12. Modern Submarine Landslide Complexes: A Short Review 183Katrin Huhn, Marcos Arroyo, Antonio Cattaneo, Mike A. Clare, Eulàlia Gràcia, Carl B. Harbitz, Sebastian Krastel, Achim Kopf, Finn Løvholt, Marzia Rovere, Michael Strasser, Peter J. Talling, and Roger Urgeles 13. An Atlas of Mass‐Transport Deposits in Lakes 201Maddalena Sammartini, Jasper Moernaut, Flavio S. Anselmetti, Michael Hilbe, Katja Lindhorst, Nore Praet, and Michael Strasser 14. Style and Morphometry of Mass-Transport Deposits Across the Espirito Santo Basin (Offshore SE Brazil) 227Davide Gamboa, Tiago M. Alves, and Kamaldeen Olakunle Omosanya 15. Submarine Landslides on the Nankai Trough Accretionary Prism (Offshore Central Japan) 247Gregory F. Moore, Jason K. Lackey, Michael Strasser, and Mikiya Yamashita 16. Seismic Examples of Composite Slope Failures (Offshore North West Shelf, Australia) 261Nicola Scarselli, Ken McClay, and Chris Elders 17. Submarine Landslides Around Volcanic Islands: A Review of What Can Be Learned From the Lesser Antilles Arc 277Anne Le Friant, Elodie Lebas, Morgane Brunet, Sara Lafuerza, Matt Hornbach, Maya Coussens, Sebastian Watt, Michael Cassidy, Peter J. Talling, and IODP 340 Expedition Science Party 18. Submarine Landslides in an Upwelling System: Climatically Controlled Preconditioning of the Cap Blanc Slide Complex (Offshore NW Africa) 299Morelia Urlaub, Sebastian Krastel, and Tilmann Schwenk 19. Submarine Landslides Along the Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Margin of the Great Barrier Reef (Offshore Australia) 313Ángel Puga‐Bernabéu, Jody Michael Webster, Robin Jordan Beaman, Amanda Thran, Javier Lopez‐Cabrera, Gustavo Hinestrosa, and James Daniell 20. Submarine Landslides on the Seafloor: Hints on Subaqueous Mass‐Transport Processes From the Italian Continental Margins (Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, Offshore Italy) 339Fabiano Gamberi, Giacomo Dalla Valle, Federica Foglini, Marzia Rovere, and Fabio Trincardi Index 357
£153.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nitrogen Overload
Book SynopsisFinalist for the 2021 PROSE Award for Environmental Science! An integrated approach to understanding and mitigating the problem of excess nitrogen Human activities generate large amounts of excess nitrogen, which has dramatically altered the nitrogen cycle. Reactive forms of nitrogen, especially nitrate and ammonia, are particularly detrimental. Given the magnitude of the problem, there is an urgent need for information on reactive nitrogen and its effective management. Nitrogen Overload: Environmental Degradation, Ramifications, and Economic Costs presents an integrated, multidisciplinary review of alterations to the nitrogen cycle over the past century and the wide-ranging consequences of nitrogen-based pollution, especially to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Volume highlights include: Comprehensive background information on the nitrogen cycle Detailed description of anthropogenic nitrogen sources Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Nitrogen Cycle 15 3. Sources of Reactive Nitrogen and Transport Processes 29 4. Methods to Identify Sources of Reactive Nitrogen Contamination 49 5. Adverse Human Health Effects of Reactive Nitrogen 71 6. Terrestrial Biodiversity and Surface Water Impacts from Reactive Nitrogen 91 7. Groundwater Contamination from Reactive Nitrogen 119 8. Nitrate Contamination in Springs 155 9. Co‐occurrence of Nitrate with Other Contaminants in the Environment 175 10. Economic Costs and Consequences of Excess Reactive Nitrogen 197 11. Strategies for Reducing Excess Reactive Nitrogen to the Environment 221 Index 243
£145.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bird Strike in Aviation
Book SynopsisGroundbreaking Handbook Offers Detailed Research and Valuable Methodology to Address Dangerous and Costly Aviation Hazard Though annual damages from bird and bat collisions with aircraft have been estimated at $400 million in the United States and up to $1.2 billion in commercial aviation worldwide and despite numerous conferences and councils dedicated to the issue, very little has been published on this expensive and sometimes-lethal flying risk. Bird Strike in Aviation seeks to fill this gap, providing a comprehensive guide to preventing and minimizing damage caused by bird strike on aircraft. Based on a thorough and comprehensive examination of the subject, Dr. El-Sayed offers different approaches to reducing bird strikes, including detailed coverage of the three categories necessary for such reduction, namely, awareness/education, bird management (active and passive control), and aircraft design. In addition, the text discusses the importance Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Bird Strike: Foreign Object Damage (FOD) 2 1.3 A Brief History of Bird Strike 6 1.4 Brief Statistics of Bird Strike 8 1.5 Classification of Birds Based on Size 10 1.5.1 Small Birds (Less than 2 lb) 10 1.5.2 Small–Medium Birds (2–4 lb) 11 1.5.3 Medium–Large Birds (4–8 lb) 11 1.5.4 Large Birds (8–12 lb) 11 1.5.5 Massive Birds (12–30 lb) 13 1.6 Bird Strike Risk 14 1.6.1 Civilian Aircraft 14 1.6.2 Military Aircraft 15 1.6.3 Helicopters 17 1.7 Severity of Bird Strikes 17 1.8 Field Experience of Aircraft Industry and Airlines Regarding Bird Ingestion into Aero Engines 18 1.8.1 Pratt & Whitney (USA) 18 1.8.2 General Electric Aviation (USA) 18 1.8.3 Southwest Airlines (USA) 19 1.8.4 MTU (Germany) 19 1.8.5 FL Technics (Vilnius, Lithuania) 19 1.9 Bird Strike Committees 19 References 20 2 Aircraft Damage 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Accidents vs. Incidents 25 2.2.1 Accident 25 2.2.2 Serious Injury 25 2.2.3 Incident 26 2.3 Consequences of Bird Strike 26 2.4 Impact Force 28 2.5 Locations of Bird Strike Damage for Airliners 30 2.5.1 Nose and Radar Dome (Radome) 30 2.5.2 Windshield and Flight Cockpit 33 2.5.3 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Systems 37 2.5.4 Fuselage 39 2.5.5 Wings 40 2.5.6 Empennage 40 2.5.7 Power Plant 41 2.5.8 Propeller 53 2.5.9 V‐22 Osprey as a Military Example 53 2.5.10 Other Strikes to Aircraft Instruments 54 2.6 Helicopters 56 2.7 Some Accident Data 59 2.7.1 Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 59 2.7.2 Rotary‐Wing Aircraft (Helicopters) 60 References 63 3 Statistics for Different Aspects of Bird Strikes 67 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Statistics for Bird Strike 69 3.3 Classifying Bird Strikes 70 3.3.1 Single or Multiple Large Bird(s) 70 3.3.2 Relatively Small Numbers of Medium‐Sized Birds (2–10 Birds) 70 3.3.3 Large Flocks of Relatively Small Birds (Greater Than 10 Birds) 70 3.4 Classification of Birds Based on Critical Sites in the Aerodrome 70 3.4.1 Birds Flying or Soaring Over the Aerodrome or Approach Paths (100–4000 ft AGL) 71 3.4.2 Birds Flying, Sailing Low, or Hovering Over Active Runway and Shoulders (2200 ft AGL) 72 3.4.3 Birds Perching and Walking on Runway/Shoulders 72 3.4.4 Birds Squatting on the Runway to Rest 72 3.4.5 Birds Feeding on Live or Dead Insects or Animals on the Runway 73 3.4.6 Birds Perched on Runway Lights, Floodlight Towers, Electric Poles, and Other Perches 73 3.5 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 74 3.5.1 Transport Aircraft (Airliners, Civilian, and Military Cargo) 74 3.5.1.1 Airframe 74 3.5.1.2 Engines 74 3.5.2 General Aviation Aircraft 75 3.5.3 Light Non‐Commuter Aircraft 75 3.6 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Rotorcrafts 75 3.6.1 Large Rotorcraft 75 3.6.2 Small Rotorcraft 75 3.7 Statistics for Fixed‐Wing Civilian Aircraft 75 3.7.1 Critical Parts of Turbofan/Turbojet Aircraft 76 3.7.2 Critical Modules of Turboprop/Piston Aircraft 81 3.7.3 Bird Strike Versus Altitude 83 3.7.4 Bird Strike by the Phase of Flight 87 3.7.5 Annual Bird Strike Statistics 89 3.7.6 Monthly Bird Strike Statistics 91 3.7.7 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 93 3.7.8 Bird Strike by Continent 95 3.7.9 Bird Strike by Weight of Birds 95 3.7.10 Bird Strike by Aircraft Category 96 3.7.11 Bird Strike by Bird Species 98 3.7.12 Populations of Some Dangerous Bird Species in North America 100 3.7.13 Dangerous Bird Species in Europe 102 3.8 Military Aviation 103 3.8.1 Introduction 103 3.8.2 Annual Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 104 3.8.3 Annual Costs of Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 106 3.8.4 Statistics of Bird Strike by Altitude 107 3.8.5 Bird Strike by Aircraft Type 108 3.8.6 Bird Strike by Flight Phase 109 3.8.7 Bird Strike by the Distance from the Base 109 3.8.8 Bird Strike by Month 110 3.8.9 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 110 3.8.10 Bird Strike by Part 110 3.8.11 Critical Bird Species 112 3.9 Bird Strikes on Helicopters (Rotating Wing Aircraft) 112 3.9.1 Bird Strike with Civilian Helicopters 112 3.9.2 Bird Strike with Military Helicopters 114 3.10 Birds Killed in Strikes with Aircraft 115 References 116 4 Fatal Bird Strike Accidents 119 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Civil Aircraft 120 4.2.1 Introduction 120 4.2.2 Statistics of Annual Fatal Accidents Due to Bird Strike 121 4.2.3 Statistics of Critical Flight Phases 124 4.3 Fatal Accidents of Civil Aircraft 125 4.4 Statistics for Civil Aircraft Accidents 146 4.4.1 Statistics for Critical Damaged Parts of Aircraft 146 4.4.2 Statistics for Strikes with Different Types of Engines 148 4.4.3 Effects of the Wildlife Strike on the Flight 148 4.4.4 Dangerous Birds 149 4.5 Statistics for Bird Strike Incidents/Accidents in the USA (1990–2015) 150 4.6 Statistics for Russian Accidents (1988–1990) 150 4.7 Military Aircraft 153 4.7.1 Introduction 153 4.7.2 Statistics for Military Aircraft Accidents 154 4.7.3 Statistics for Ex‐Soviet Union Air Force in East Germany 157 4.7.4 Details of Some Accidents for Military Aircraft 159 4.7.5 Details of Accidents for Military Aircraft in Norway in 2016 163 4.7.6 Comparison between Bird Strikes with Civilian and Military Aircraft 166 4.8 Helicopters 166 4.8.1 Introduction 166 4.8.2 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Civil and Military Helicopters in the USA 168 4.8.3 Statistics for Bird Strikes with a Flight Phase 169 4.8.4 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Time of Day 170 4.8.5 Statistics for Parts of Helicopters Struck by Birds (January 2009 Through February 2016) 170 4.8.6 Statistics for Bird Species Striking and Damaging Helicopters 170 4.8.7 Fatal Accidents 170 4.9 Conclusions 173 References 174 5 Bird Migration 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Why Do Birds Migrate? 182 5.3 Some Migration Facts 183 5.4 Basic Types of Migration 183 5.4.1 Classification of Migration Based on the Pattern 184 5.4.2 Classification of Migration Based on the Type of Motion 186 5.4.3 Classification of Migration Based on Distance Traveled 186 5.4.4 Permanent Residents 187 5.5 Flight Speed of Migrating Birds 187 5.6 Navigation of Migrating Birds 187 5.7 Migration Threats 188 5.8 Migratory Bird Flyways 188 5.8.1 Introduction 188 5.8.2 North American Migration Flyways – The Four Ways 191 5.8.2.1 The Atlantic Flyway 191 5.8.2.2 The Mississippi Flyway 193 5.8.2.3 The Central Flyway 193 5.8.2.4 The Pacific Flyway 194 5.8.3 The Americas Bird Migration 194 5.8.3.1 North–South Americas 194 5.8.3.2 Alaska’s Flyways 194 5.8.4 Africa Eurasia Flyways 194 5.8.5 East Asian–Australian Flyways 199 5.9 Radio Telemetry 200 References 202 6 Bird Strike Management 205 6.1 Introduction 206 6.2 Why Birds Are Attracted to Airports 206 6.2.1 Food 206 6.2.2 Water 207 6.2.3 Cover 208 6.3 Misconceptions or Myths 209 6.4 The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation 209 6.5 Management for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 214 6.5.1 Reduction of Bird Strike Hazard 214 6.5.2 Awareness 214 6.5.3 Airfield Bird Control 215 6.5.4 Aircraft Design 215 6.6 Control of Airport and Surroundings 215 6.7 Active Controls 215 6.7.1 Auditory (or Bioacoustic) Methods 216 6.7.1.1 Pyrotechnics 216 6.7.1.2 Gas Cannons 217 6.7.1.3 Bioacoustics 217 6.7.2 Visual Techniques 219 6.7.2.1 Lasers 219 6.7.2.2 Falconry 221 6.7.2.3 Dogs 222 6.7.2.4 Scarecrow 223 6.7.2.5 Human Scarer 223 6.7.2.6 Radio‐Controlled Craft 224 6.7.2.7 All‐Terrain Vehicles (ATV) 224 6.7.2.8 Pulsating Lights 224 6.7.2.9 Scaring Aircraft 224 6.7.2.10 The Robotic Peregrine, Hawk and Falcon (Robop and Robird) 224 6.7.2.11 Corpses 227 6.7.3 Lethal Techniques 228 6.7.3.1 Shooting 228 6.7.3.2 Live Trapping 230 6.7.3.3 Removal of Nests and Young 230 6.7.3.4 Egg Manipulation 231 6.7.4 Chemical Repellents 233 6.7.4.1 Polybutene 233 6.7.4.2 Anthraquinone 233 6.7.4.3 Methyl Anthranilate 233 6.7.4.4 Naphthalene 234 6.7.4.5 Avitrol 234 6.7.5 Exclusion 234 6.7.5.1 Netting 234 6.7.5.2 Porcupine Wire (Nixalite) 235 6.7.5.3 Bird‐B‐Gone 235 6.7.5.4 Avi‐Away 235 6.7.5.5 Fine Wires (Large‐Area Applications) 235 6.7.5.6 Bird Balls™ 235 6.8 Habitat Modification or Passive Management Techniques 236 6.8.1 Food Control 236 6.8.2 Water Control 238 6.8.3 Shelter Control 238 6.8.3.1 Managing Reforested Areas 240 6.8.3.2 Landscaping 240 6.9 Air Traffic Service Providers 240 6.9.1 Controllers and Flight‐Service Specialists 240 6.9.2 Terminal Controllers 242 6.9.3 Tower and Ground Controllers 244 6.9.4 Flight Service Specialists (FSS) 244 6.9.5 Pilots 244 6.9.5.1 Preflight Preparation 244 6.9.5.2 Taxiing for Takeoff 245 6.9.5.3 Takeoff 245 6.9.5.4 Climb 245 6.9.5.5 En Route 245 6.9.5.6 Approach and Landing 245 6.9.5.7 Post‐Flight 246 6.9.6 Air Operators 246 6.9.6.1 Introduction 246 6.9.6.2 Air Operator General Flight Planning and Operating Principles 247 6.9.6.3 Flight Planning 247 6.9.6.4 Managing Agricultural Programs in Airfields 247 6.10 Aircraft Design 247 6.10.1 Certification Standards 248 6.10.1.1 Airframe Certification Standards 248 6.10.1.2 Engine Certification Standards 248 6.10.1.3 Improved Design and Material Developments of Both Airframe and Engine Parts 249 6.10.2 Additional Requirements 249 6.10.2.1 New Aircraft Categories 249 6.10.2.2 Aircraft Modules 249 6.11 Rotary‐Wing Aviation 250 6.11.1 Helicopters 250 6.11.2 Heliports 251 6.12 Bird Avoidance 252 6.12.1 Avian Radar 252 6.12.1.1 Avian Radar Fundamentals 252 6.12.1.2 Integration into Airport Operations 254 6.12.2 Optical Systems 260 References 262 7 Airframe and Engine Bird Strike Testing 267 7.1 Introduction 267 7.2 Bird Impact Test Facilities 268 7.2.1 Introduction 268 7.2.2 Test Facilities 269 7.2.2.1 USA 269 7.2.2.2 Canada 269 7.2.2.3 Europe 269 7.3 Details of Some Test Facilities 269 7.3.1 Aircraft Windshield and Airframe Testing 270 7.3.1.1 Chicken Gun or Chicken Cannon 270 7.3.1.2 Alenia Plant Testing 270 7.3.2 Engine Testing 270 7.3.3 Artificial Birds Versus Real Birds 271 7.3.3.1 Real Birds 272 7.3.3.2 Artificial Birds 272 7.4 Certification Requirements 273 7.5 Airframe Testing of Transport Aircraft 273 7.5.1 Wing Testing 273 7.5.1.1 Case Study 274 7.5.2 Empennage Testing 275 7.5.2.1 Case Study 1 275 7.5.2.2 Case Study 2 276 7.6 Airframe Testing of Military Aircraft 277 7.6.1 Canopy and Windscreen 278 7.6.2 Lift Fan Inlet Door (STOVL Mode) 279 7.7 Engine Testing of Civil and Military Aircraft 280 7.7.1 Certification Regarding Bird Strike 280 7.7.2 Typical Damage to Turbofan Modules 283 7.8 Helicopters 283 References 285 8 Numerical Simulation of Bird Strike 287 8.1 Introduction 287 8.2 Numerical Steps 289 8.2.1 Pre‐processing 290 8.2.2 Solution 290 8.2.3 Post‐processing 291 8.3 Bird Impact Modeling 291 8.3.1 Modeling the Geometry and Material of Birds 291 8.3.2 Impact Modeling 293 8.4 Numerical Approaches for Bird Strike 296 8.4.1 Mathematical Models 296 8.4.2 The Lagrangian Method 297 8.4.3 The Eulerian Approach 298 8.4.4 The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) 299 8.4.5 Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) 300 8.5 Case Study 301 8.5.1 Leading Edges of Wing/Tail 302 8.5.1.1 Wing 302 8.5.1.2 Vertical Tail 306 8.5.1.3 Horizontal Tail 307 8.5.2 Sidewall Structure of an Aircraft Nose 308 8.5.3 Windshield 309 8.5.4 Fan 312 8.5.5 Helicopter Windshield 316 8.5.6 Helicopter Rotor and Spinner 318 References 318 9 Bird Identification 323 9.1 Introduction 323 9.2 Collecting Bird Strike Material 325 9.2.1 Feathers 325 9.2.2 Tissue/Blood (“Snarge”) 325 9.2.2.1 Dry Material 325 9.2.2.2 Fresh Material 325 9.3 Reporting and Shipping 326 9.4 Methods Used to Identify Bird Strike Remains 327 9.4.1 Examination by Eye 327 9.4.2 Microscopic Examination 328 9.4.3 Keratin Electrophoresis 330 9.4.4 DNA Analysis 330 9.5 Accident Analysis 331 References 332 Index 335
£111.56
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Rivers in the Landscape
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Connectivity and Inequality 3 1.2 Six Degrees of Connection 8 1.3 Rivers as Integrators 11 1.4 Organization of this Volume 13 1.5 Understanding Rivers 15 1.5.1 The Colorado Front Range 15 1.6 Only Connect 26 2 Creating Channels and Channel Networks 27 2.1 Generating Water, Solutes, and Sediment 27 2.1.1 Generating Water 27 2.1.2 Generating Sediment and Solutes 28 2.2 Getting Water, Solutes, and Sediment Downslope to Channels 30 2.2.1 Downslope Pathways of Water 30 2.2.2 Downslope Movement of Sediment 39 2.2.3 Processes and Patterns of Water Chemistry Entering Channels 42 2.2.4 Influence of the Riparian Zone on Fluxes into Channels 43 2.3 Human Influences on Fluxes from Uplands to Channels 46 2.3.1 Climate Change 46 2.3.2 Altered Land Cover 48 2.3.2.1 Deforestation 48 2.3.2.2 Afforestation 49 2.3.2.3 Grazing 50 2.3.2.4 Crop Growth 50 2.3.2.5 Urbanization 50 2.3.2.6 Upland Mining 51 2.3.2.7 Land Drainage 52 2.3.2.8 Commercial Recreational Property Development 52 2.4 Channel Initiation 53 2.5 Extension and Development of the Drainage Network 57 2.5.1 Morphometric Indices and Scaling Laws 58 2.5.2 Optimality 61 2.6 Spatial Differentiation within Drainage Basins 62 2.7 Summary 64 Part I Channel Processes I 67 3 Water Dynamics 69 3.1 Hydraulics 69 3.1.1 Flow Classification 70 3.1.2 Energy, Flow State, and Hydraulic Jumps 74 3.1.3 Uniform Flow Equations and Flow Resistance 76 3.1.4 Velocity and Turbulence 86 3.1.5 Measures of Energy Exerted Against the Channel Boundaries 93 3.1.6 Numerical Models of Hydraulics 94 3.2 Hydrology 95 3.2.1 Measuring Discharge 95 3.2.2 Indirectly Estimating Discharge 96 3.2.3 Modeling Discharge 103 3.2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis 105 3.2.5 Hydrographs and Flow Regime 106 3.2.6 Other Parameters Used to Characterize Discharge 110 3.2.7 Hyporheic Exchange and Hydrology 110 3.2.8 River Hydrology in Cold Regions 114 3.2.9 Human Influences on Hydrology 115 3.2.9.1 Flow Regulation 115 3.2.9.2 River Corridor Engineering 122 3.2.10 The Natural Flow Regime 123 3.3 Summary 124 Part II Channel Processes II 125 4 Fluvial Sediment Dynamics 127 4.1 The Channel Bed and Initiation of Motion 128 4.1.1 Bed Sediment Characterization 128 4.1.2 Entrainment of Noncohesive Sediment 129 4.1.2.1 Forces Acting on a Grain 131 4.1.2.2 Grain Properties 133 4.1.2.3 Turbulence 134 4.1.2.4 Biotic Processes 134 4.1.3 Erosion of Cohesive Beds 135 4.1.3.1 Erosion of Bedrock 135 4.1.3.2 Erosion of Cohesive Sediment 139 4.2 Sediment Transport 139 4.2.1 Dissolved Load 139 4.2.1.1 Nitrogen 141 4.2.1.2 Carbon 141 4.2.1.3 Trace Metals 143 4.2.1.4 Other Environments 144 4.2.2 Suspended Load 144 4.2.3 Bed Load 151 4.2.3.1 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Coarse Surface Layer 152 4.2.3.2 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Characteristics of Grain Movements 154 4.2.3.3 Bed Load in Channels with Coarse-Grained Substrate: Controls on Bed-Load Dynamics 156 4.2.3.4 Estimating Bed-Load Flux 158 4.2.3.5 Field Measurements of Bed Load 161 4.3 Bedforms 163 4.3.1 Readily Mobile Bedforms 163 4.3.2 Infrequently Mobile Bedforms 167 4.3.2.1 Particle Clusters 167 4.3.2.2 Transverse Ribs 167 4.3.2.3 Steep Alluvial Channel Bedforms 168 4.3.2.4 Step–Pool Channels 169 4.3.2.5 Pool–Riffle Channels 171 4.3.2.6 Bars 175 4.3.3 Bedforms in Cohesive Sediments 175 4.4 In-Channel Depositional Processes 176 4.5 Downstream Trends in Grain Size 178 4.6 Bank Stability and Erosion 179 4.7 Sediment Budgets 184 4.8 Human Influences on Sediment Dynamics 189 4.9 The Natural Sediment Regime 193 4.10 Summary 194 Part III Channel Processes III 197 5 Large Wood Dynamics 199 5.1 The Continuum of Vegetation in River Corridors 199 5.2 Recruitment of Wood to River Corridors 201 5.3 Wood Entrainment and Transport 203 5.4 Wood Deposition 207 5.5 Wood Storage 208 5.6 Wood Interactions with Water and Sediment 212 5.7 Human Influences on Wood Dynamics 215 5.8 The Natural Wood Regime 216 5.9 Summary 218 6 Channel Forms 219 6.1 Cross-Sectional Geometry 220 6.1.1 Bankfull, Dominant, and Effective Discharge 220 6.1.2 Width-to-Depth Ratio 222 6.1.3 Hydraulic Geometry 223 6.1.3.1 At-A-Station Hydraulic Geometry 223 6.1.3.2 Downstream Hydraulic Geometry 225 6.1.4 Lane’s Balance 226 6.1.5 Complex Response 228 6.1.6 Channel Evolution Models 228 6.2 Channel Planform 231 6.2.1 Straight Channels 232 6.2.2 Meandering Channels 233 6.2.3 Wandering Channels 238 6.2.4 Braided Channels 239 6.2.5 Anabranching Channels 244 6.2.6 Compound Channels 246 6.2.7 Karst Channels 246 6.2.8 Continuum Concept 246 6.2.9 River Metamorphosis 247 6.3 Confluences 250 6.4 Bedrock Channels 254 6.5 River Gradient 255 6.5.1 Longitudinal Profile 257 6.5.2 Stream Gradient Index 261 6.5.3 Knickpoints 262 6.6 Adjustment of Channel Form 265 6.6.1 Extremal Hypotheses of Channel Adjustment 266 6.6.2 Nonlinear Behavior and Alternative States 267 6.6.3 Geomorphic Effects of Floods 268 6.7 Human Influences on Channel Form 270 6.8 Summary 276 7 Extra-Channel Environments 277 7.1 Floodplains 277 7.1.1 Floodplain Functions 278 7.1.2 Floodplain Hydrology 281 7.1.3 Depositional Processes and Floodplain Stratigraphy 281 7.1.4 Erosional Processes and Floodplain Turnover Times 287 7.1.5 Downstream Trends in Floodplain Form and Process 289 7.1.6 Classification of Floodplains 290 7.1.7 Human Influences on Floodplains 290 7.2 Terraces 291 7.2.1 Terrace Classifications 292 7.2.2 Mechanisms of Terrace Formation and Preservation 295 7.2.3 Terraces as Paleoprofiles and Paleoenvironmental Indicators 297 7.3 Alluvial Fans 300 7.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Processes 302 7.3.2 Fan Geometry and Stratigraphy 303 7.3.3 Mapping, Studying, and Living on Fans 305 7.4 Deltas 306 7.4.1 Processes of Erosion and Deposition 308 7.4.2 Delta Morphology and Stratigraphy 309 7.4.3 Paleoenvironmental Records 312 7.4.4 Deltas in the Anthropocene 313 7.5 Estuaries 314 7.6 Summary 316 8 Rivers in the Landscape 319 8.1 Rivers and Topography 319 8.1.1 Tectonics, Topography, and Large Rivers 321 8.1.2 Indicators of Relations Between Rivers and Landscape Evolution 323 8.1.3 Tectonic Influences on River Geometry 323 8.1.4 Effects of River Incision on Tectonics 324 8.1.5 Bedrock-Channel Incision and Landscape Evolution 325 8.2 Climatic Signatures 328 8.2.1 High Latitudes 328 8.2.2 Low Latitudes 331 8.2.3 Warm Drylands 333 8.3 Spatial Differentiation Along a River 336 8.4 Connectivity 338 8.5 River Management in an Environmental Context 342 8.5.1 Reference Conditions 342 8.5.2 Restoration 344 8.5.3 Instream, Channel Maintenance, and Environmental Flows 350 8.5.4 River Health 353 8.6 Rivers with a History 355 8.7 The Greater Context 357 References 361 Index 491
£59.80
John Wiley & Sons Inc Ecosystem Crises Interactions
Book SynopsisExplores the human impacts on environment that lead to serious ecological crises, an innovative resource for students, professionals, and researchers alike Ecosystem Crises Interaction: Human Health and the Changing Environment provides a timely and innovative framework for understanding how negative human activity impacts the environment, and how seemingly disparate factors connect to, and magnify, hazardous consequences under a changing climate. Presenting a coherent, holistic perspective to the subject, this compelling textbook and reference examines the diverse, often unexpected links that connect our complex world in context of global climate change. The text illustrates how eco-crisis interactionthe synergistic interface of two or more environmental events or pollutantscan multiply to produce harmful health effects that are greater than their additive impact. This concept is highlighted through numerous real and relatable examples, from the use of sTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction: public health, EcoHealth, planetary health, and you 1 1.1 Connections 1 1.2 Is this a dangerous book? 1 1.3 Three alternative approaches to health and the environment 5 1.3.1 EcoHealth 6 1.3.2 One Health 8 1.3.3 Planetary health 10 1.4 Global warming or climate change? 12 1.5 Depth of the human footprint 13 1.6 Introducing ecocrises interactions and health 15 1.7 Thresholds in the environment 18 1.8 Sustainability of human life on Earth 18 1.9 How did things get this bad? 20 1.10 Age of the Anthropocene 21 1.11 The hottest year on record 23 1.12 Organization of this book 23 References 24 Part 1 Impact on ecosystems 31 2 Intricacies of ecosystems 33 2.1 The nature of nature and the pathway to understanding 33 2.2 Developing a historic understanding of ecology and ecosystems 33 2.2.1 Ancient Greece 33 2.2.2 Indigenous environmental knowledge 36 2.3 Modern ecology 41 2.3.1 Ecosystems 42 2.3.2 Biodiversity and the multitude of species 45 2.3.3 Regional and planet-wide natural interconnecting structures 53 2.3.4 Human-dominated ecosystems 54 2.3.5 Human ecology 55 References 58 3 The social and technological making of environmental crises 63 3.1 Earth is now a different place 63 3.2 The longue durée and the rise and development of capitalism 63 3.2.1 Toward environment crises: critical turning points in human history 64 3.3 Environmental neoliberalism and the polluting elites 76 3.4 The Anthropocene or the Capitolocene? 81 3.5 The future of Eaarth 83 References 83 4 Engaging catastrophe 90 4.1 Introduction to a dismal theme 90 4.2 Prepping for doomsday 91 4.3 The record of past radical environmental change 94 4.3.1 Planetary change and mass extinction 94 4.3.2 The sixth mass extinction? 97 4.3.3 Planetary change in the archeological record 101 4.4 Popular concern with the environment 104 4.4.1 History of the environmental movement 105 4.4.2 Environmental crisis and the media 111 References 112 5 A home in peril: major contemporary environmental crises 119 5.1 Case studies in contemporary environmental crises 119 5.2 Deforestation 119 5.3 Acidification of the oceans 122 5.4 Eutrophication of estuarine and coastal waters 125 5.5 Depletion of the oceans 132 5.6 Pollution of waters 137 5.7 Oil spills 141 5.8 Desertification 144 5.9 Concluding remarks 145 References 146 6 The threat of ecocrises interaction 157 6.1 Compounded perturbations and ecological surprises 157 6.2 Climate change and polluted Superfund sites 158 6.3 Global toxic sites and climate change 164 6.3.1 Camp Century, Greenland 167 6.4 The ecocrises of unfettered mining 169 6.5 Cement, asbestos, and climate change 171 6.6 The climate change–nuclear ecocrisis nexus 177 6.6.1 Radiation and health 178 6.6.2 Climate change and nuclear facilities 180 6.7 Concluding remarks 183 References 184 Part 2 Environmental crisis 193 7 Encountering degrading environments 195 7.1Complexities of the environment–health nexus 195 7.2 Ecosystem distress syndrome 199 7.3 Case studies of degraded environments 201 7.3.1 Degrading Arctic permafrost 201 7.3.2 Drugged aquatic environments 208 7.4 Case studies of fragmented environments 209 7.4.1 Fragmenting sky islands 212 7.4.2 Fragmenting forests 213 7.4.3 Fragmenting grasslands 215 7.5 The dilemma of simplified environments 216 7.6 Fragmented environments, ticks, and human health 217 7.7 Solastalgia: distress linked to environmental change 219 References 220 8 Climate change, crisis enhancement 229 8.1 Consensus on climate change 229 8.2 Driving climate change 230 8.3 How serious is climate change? 232 8.4 Drought and heatwaves 236 8.5 Melting and ice and tundra 241 8.6 Coastal flooding 245 8.7 The polar vortex 248 8.8 Hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, and tropical storms 249 8.9 Infectious diseases 250 8.10 Food loss to heat and insect pests 253 References 262 9 Business as deadly usual: resisting environmental science 272 9.1 A consistent pattern of climate change denial 272 9.2 A time of questioning environmental science 274 9.3 Skirting accountability: polluters, innocence, and the victim slot 278 9.4 Fighting for the “right” to pollute 279 9.5 Deadly business: Big Energy and the denial of climate change 282 9.5.1 Phase I: claiming global warming is a hoax 284 9.5.2 Phase II: admitting global warming is real, denying its urgency 290 9.5.3 Phase III: arguing we’re all in it together 292 9.6 The politics of climate change denial 294 9.7 The institutions of the climate change denial machine 295 9.8 Taking climate change deniers to court 298 9.9 Fundamentalist denial 299 References 300 Part 3 Human health risks with changing environment 309 10 Crossing boundaries and thresholds 311 10.1 Are there biophysical boundaries for humanity? 311 10.2 Key biogeochemical and biophysical Earth system processes 311 10.3 Exploring planetary boundaries 313 10.3.1 Global environmental governance and planetary boundaries 314 10.3.2 Modification of values used to define specific planetary boundary dimensions 316 10.3.3 Sustainable development goals and planetary boundaries 317 10.3.4 Downscaling planetary-level to subglobal boundaries 320 10.4 Environmental tipping points 325 References 332 11 Time for change? Toward sustainability, toward life 337 11.1 Why go to school? 337 11.2 Social movements 340 11.2.1 The local level 341 11.2.2 The regional/national level 346 11.2.3 The global level 354 11.3 Stepping toward change 359 11.4 Toward changing the system: addressing ultimate causes 362 11.5 The solidarity economy 363 11.6 Stateless democracy 365 11.7 Ecosocialism 367 References 368 Index 376
£89.10
John Wiley & Sons Inc Hazardous Wastes
Book SynopsisHazardous Wastes An illuminating, problem-solving approach to source area analysis, environmental chemodynamics, risk assessment, and remediation In the newly revised second edition of Hazardous Wastes: Assessment and Remediation, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a foundational and comprehensive treatment of all aspects of hazardous waste problems. The book offers two sectionsone on assessment and the following on remediationwhile exploring topics crucial to the study of environmental science and engineering at the senior or master's level. This latest edition includes a new emphasis on the chemistry of emerging contaminants, including perfluorinated compounds, 1,4-dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, and personal care products. It also offers updated data on contaminant Threshold Limit Value, Reference Dose, Slope Factor, Reference Concentration, and Inhalation Unit Risk. New remediation chapters also provide many design problems, incorporating economic analyses and the selection of various design alternatives. Approximately 200 new end-of-chapter problemswith solutionshave been added as well. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to hazardous wastes, including discussion of pre-regulatory disposal and hazardous waste legislationComprehensive discussions of common hazardous wastes, including their nomenclature, industrial uses, and disposal historiesIn-depth explorations of partitioning, sorption, and exchange at surfaces, as well as volatilization Extensive descriptions of the concepts of hazardous waste toxicology and quantitative toxicology Perfect for senior- and masters-level college courses in hazardous wastes in Environmental Science, Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, or Chemical Engineering programs, Hazardous Wastes: Assessment and Remediation will also earn a place in the libraries of professional environmental scientists and engineers.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi About the Companion Website xxv 1 Introduction 1 Part I Assessment 35 2 Common Hazardous Wastes: Nomenclature, Industrial Uses, Disposal Histories 39 3 Common Hazardous Wastes: Properties and Classification 121 4 Source Analysis 161 5 Partitioning, Sorption, and Exchange at Surfaces 191 6 Volatilization 223 7 Abiotic and Biotic Transformations: Parallel Pathways 241 8 Contaminant Release and Transport from the Source 289 9 Concepts of Hazardous Waste Toxicology 317 10 Quantitative Toxicology 346 11 Hazardous Waste Risk Assessment 366 Part II Remediation and Treatment 385 12 Approaches to Hazardous Waste Minimization, Remediation, Treatment, and Disposal 387 13 Design of Sorption- and Partitioning-Based Treatment Processes 420 14 Design of Volatilization-Based Treatment Processes 472 15 Design of Abiotic Transformation-Based Treatment Processes 493 16 Design of Biotic Transformation-Based Treatment Processes 530 17 Mitigation of Residuals 570 Appendix References 668 Index 675
£125.06
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Environmental Ethics
Book SynopsisThe latest edition of an essential resource in the theory and applications of environmental ethics In the newly revised Third Edition of Environmental Ethics, internationally renowned philosopher Michael Boylan delivers another accessible introduction for students new to ethics, and an invaluable reference for scholars of all levels. The anthology includes important essays, both established and contemporary, as well as eight brand-new contributions commissioned specifically for this edition. This new material is the foundation for students'' understanding of the most recent ethical debates on the environment and humanity''s place within it. The balanced combination of new material on recent developments in the field and well-known, foundational articles appears alongside helpful pedagogical materials, including case studies and sample questions. The book brings students up to speed on all the main themes in the area, including worldview arguments for environmentTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors xi Preface to the Third Edition xiii Source Credits xvi Companion Website xviii Part I Theoretical Background 1 1 Ethical Reasoning 3Michael Boylan 2 What is ‘Nature,’ and Why Should We Care? 15Michael Boylan 3 The Tragedy of the Commons 35Garrett Hardin 4 Worldview Arguments for Environmentalism 48 A. The Land Ethic and Deep Ecology 51The Land Ethic 51Aldo Leopold The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary 58Arne Naess What Social Ecology? 63Murray Bookchin B. Eco-Feminism and Social Justice 75 Ecofeminism and Feminist Theory 75Carolyn Merchant The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism 81Karen J. Warren Patently Wrong: The Commercialization of Life Forms 89Wanda Teays C. Aesthetics 101 Aesthetics and the Value of Nature 101Janna Thompson Worldview and the Value-Duty Link to Environmental Ethics 114Michael Boylan 5 Anthropocentric Versus Biocentric Justifications 130 A. Anthropocentric Justifications 133 Human Rights and Future Generations 133Alan Gewirth Environmental Values, Anthropocentrism and Speciesism 137Onora O’Neill B. Biocentric Justifications 151 Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World 151Holmes Rolston III Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics 169Paul W. Taylor C. Searching the Middle 180 Reconciling Anthropocentric and Nonanthropocentric Environmental Ethics 180James P. Sterba On the Reconciliation of Anthropocentric and Nonanthropocentric Environmental Ethics 194Brian K. Steverson Reconciliation Reaffirmed: A Reply to Steverson 205James P. Sterba Part II Applied Environmental Problems 211 6 Pollution and Climate Change 213 A. Air and Water Pollution 215 Blue Water 215Michael Boylan Polluting and Unpolluting 228Benjamin Hale Moral Valuation of Environmental Goods 243Mark A. Seabright B. Climate Change 256 Does a Failure in Global Leadership Mean it’s All Over? Climate, Population, and Progress 256Ruth Irwin Collective Responsibility and Climate Change 271Seumas Miller 7 Animal Rights 283 All Animals are Equal 285Peter Singer The Radical Egalitarian Case for Animal Rights 300Tom Regan A Critique of Regan’s Animal Rights Theory 309Mary Anne Warren Mary Anne Warren and “Duties to Animals” 317Michael Boylan Against Zoos 322Dale Jamieson 8 Sustainability 332 A. Sustainability: What it is and How it Works 334 Defining Sustainability Ethic 334Randall Curren A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption 349Stephen M. Gardiner Sustainability and Adaptation: Environmental Values and the Future 362Bryan G. Norton B. Sustainability and Development 375 ‘Sustainable Development’: Is it a Useful Concept? 375Wilfred Beckerman On Wilfred Beckerman’s Critique of Sustainable Development 391Herman E. Daly Globalizing Responsibility for Climate Change 398Steve Vanderheiden 9 Public Policy, Activism, and Technology: The Cold and Tragic Logic of Climate Change Denial 414Michael Goldsby The A, B, Cs of Social Activism: My Journey 423Barbara Wien International Public Policy on Environmental Regulation 435Carl Joachim Kock What About the Coal Miners? Addressing the Downside of Effective Environmental Policies 450Frederick Bird Electricity 461Geert Demuijnck Technology and the Environment: From Bones to Markets 471David E. McClean Rising Above the Rising Seas 486Avery Kolers
£39.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management
Book SynopsisExplores how the management of wetlands can influence carbon storage and fluxes. Wetlands are vital natural assets, including their ability to take-up atmospheric carbon and restrict subsequent carbon loss to facilitate long-term storage. They can be deliberately managed to provide a natural solution to mitigate climate change, as well as to help offset direct losses of wetlands from various land-use changes and natural drivers. Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management presents a collection of wetland research studies from around the world to demonstrate how environmental management can improve carbon sequestration while enhancing wetland health and function. Volume highlights include: Overview of carbon storage in the landscapeIntroduction to wetland management practicesComparisons of natural, managed, and converted wetlandsImpact of wetland management on carbon storage or lossTechniques for scientific assessment of wetland carbon processesCase studies covering tropical, cTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword xvii Preface xix Part I Introduction to Carbon Management in Wetlands 1 A Review of Global Wetland Carbon Stocks and Management Challenges Benjamin Poulter, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gustaf Hugelius, Charlie Koven, Lola Fatoyinbo, Susan E. Page, Judith A. Rosentreter, Lindsey S. Smart, Paul J. Taillie, Nathan Thomas, Zhen Zhang, and Lahiru S. Wijedasa 3 2 Wetland Carbon in the United States: Conditions and Changes Bergit Uhran, Zhiliang Zhu, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Sleeter, Nancy Cavallaro, Kevin D. Kroeger, and Gyami Shrestha 21 3 Biogeochemistry of Wetland Carbon Preservation and Flux Scott C. Neubauer and J. Patrick Megonigal 33 4 An Overview of the History and Breadth of Wetland Management Practices John Andrew Nyman 73 Part II Tidal Wetlands: Carbon Stocks, Fluxes and Management 5 Carbon Flux, Storage, and Wildlife Co-Benefits in a Restoring Estuary: Case Study at the Nisqually River Delta, Washington Isa Woo, Melanie J. Davis, Susan E. W. De La Cruz, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Judith Z. Drexler, Kristin B. Byrd, Ellen J. Stuart-Haëntjens, Frank E. Anderson, Brian A. Bergamaschi, Glynnis Nakai, Christopher S. Ellings, and Sayre Hodgson 105 6 Enhancing Carbon Storage in Mangrove Ecosystems of China through Sustainable Restoration and Aquaculture Actions Luzhen Chen, Hangqing Fan, Zhinan Su, Qiulian Lin, and Yancheng Tao 127 7 Potential for Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration by Restoring Tidal Connectivity and Enhancing Soil Surface Elevations in Denuded and Degraded South Florida Mangrove Ecosystems Nicole Cormier, Ken W. Krauss, Amanda W. J. Demopoulos, Brita J. Jessen, Jennifer P. McClain Counts, Andrew S. From, and Laura L. Flynn 143 8 Optimizing Carbon Stocks and Sedimentation in Indonesian Mangroves under Different Management Regimes Daniel Murdiyarso, Virni B. Arifanti, Frida Sidik, Meriadec Sillanpää, and Sigit D. Sasmito 159 9 Hydrological Rehabilitation and Sediment Elevation as Strategies to Restore Mangroves in Terrigenous and Calcareous Environments in Mexico Jorge López-Portillo, Arturo Zaldívar-Jiménez, Ana Laura Lara-Domínguez, Rosela Pérez-Ceballos, Mariana Bravo-Mendoza, Nereida Núñez Álvarez, and Laura Aguirre-Franco 173 10 Controlling Factors of Long-Term Carbon Sequestration in the Coastal Wetland Sediments of the Modern Yellow River Delta Area, China: Links to Land Management Lei He, Siyuan Ye, and Edward A. Laws 191 11 The Impacts of Aquaculture Activities on Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in the Subtropical Estuarine Zones of China Derrick Y. F. Lai, Ping Yang, and Chuan Tong 213 12 Soil and Aboveground Carbon Stocks in a Planted Tropical Mangrove Forest (Can Gio, Vietnam) Truong Van Vinh, Cyril Marchand, Tran Vu Khanh Linh, Adrien Jacotot, Nguyen Thanh Nho, and Michel Allenbach 229 Part III Non-Tidal and Inland Wetlands: Carbon Stocks, Fluxes and Management 13 Carbon Flux Trajectories and Site Conditions from Restored Impounded Marshes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Alex C. Valach, Kuno Kasak, Kyle S. Hemes, Daphne Szutu, Joe Verfaillie, and Dennis D. Baldocchi 249 14 Land Management Strategies Influence Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Prairie Potholes of North America Sheel Bansal, Brian A. Tangen, Robert A. Gleason, Pascal Badiou, and Irena F. Creed 273 15 Environmental and Human Drivers of Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Ebro Delta, Spain María Belenguer-Manzanedo, Maite Martinez-Eixarch, Siobhan Fennessy, Antonio Camacho, Daniel Morant, Carlos Rochera, Antonio Picazo, Anna C. Santamans, Javier Miralles-Lorenzo, Alba Camacho-Santamans, and Carles Ibañez 287 16 Controls on Carbon Loss During Fire in Managed Herbaceous Peatlands of the Florida Everglades Brian W. Benscoter, James Johnson, and Lisa Reger 307 17 Winter Flooding to Conserve Agricultural Peat Soils in a Temperate Climate: Effect on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential Brian A. Bergamaschi, Frank A. Anderson, Ellen J. Stuart-Haëntjens, and Brian A. Pellerin 321 18 Carbon Storage in the Coastal Swamp Oak Forest Wetlands of Australia Jeffrey J. Kelleway, Maria Fernanda Adame, Connor Gorham, Jennifer Bratchell, Oscar Serrano, Paul S. Lavery, Christopher J. Owers, Kerrylee Rogers, Zachary Nagel-Tynan, and Neil Saintilan 339 19 Managing Water Regimes: Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fires in Indonesian Tropical Peat Swamp Forests Daniel Murdiyarso, Iska Lestari, Bayu Budi Hanggara, Meli Saragi-Sasmito, Imam Basuki, and Muh Taufik 355 20 Carbon Fluxes and Potential Soil Accumulation within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands W. Barclay Shoemaker, Frank E. Anderson, Matt J. Sirianni, and Andre Daniels 371 21 Modeling the Impacts of Hydrology and Management on Carbon Balance at the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, USA Rachel R. Sleeter 385 Part IV Syntheses and Perspectives 22 Ecosystem Service Co‐Benefits of Wetland Carbon Management Emily J. Pindilli 403 23 Status and Challenges of Wetlands in Carbon Markets Sarah K. Mack, Robert R. Lane, Rori Cowan, and Jeffrey W. Cole 411 24 The Importance of Wetland Carbon Dynamics to Society: Insight from the Second State of the Carbon Cycle Science Report Randy Kolka, Carl Trettin, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers 421 25 Summary of Wetland Carbon and Environmental Management: Path Forward Zhiliang Zhu, Ken W. Krauss, Camille L. Stagg, Eric J. Ward, and Victoria L. Woltz 437 Index 447
£171.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Environmental Nanotechnology for Water
Book SynopsisDyes, pigments and metals are extensively used in food, paper, carpet, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, and textile industries, in order to color and finish products. As a result, they generate a considerable amount of coloured wastewater rich in organic, inorganic, and mineral substances which are continuously polluting the water bodies and affecting human and aquatic life. Besides these industries, urban and agricultural activities also generate effluents high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In recent years, considerable research work has been done in this area and is underway to eliminate heavy metals particularly mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), selenium and cadmium (Cd) and synthetic dyes from polluted waters which have high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Currently a number of methods are in operation to decontaminate the polluted waters. Among several purification technologies, use of nanoparticles/composites have gained much attention asTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1Mohammad Shahadat, Momina, Yasmin, Suzylawati Ismail, S. Wazed Ali and Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Bodies 3 1.1.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles Toxicity on Human Health 4 1.1.2.1 Entry of Nanoparticles into Environment 11 1.1.2.2 Exposure of Nanomaterials 13 1.1.2.3 Consumption of Nanoparticles Through Inhalation and Injection 14 1.1.2.4 Penetration of NPs Through Skin 16 1.1.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles 17 1.1.4 Methods for Assessment of Nanoparticles Toxicity 21 1.1.4.1 Proliferation Assays 21 1.1.4.2 Necrosis Assay 22 1.1.4.3 Apoptosis Assay 22 1.1.4.4 Oxidative Stress Assay 23 1.2 A Critical Evaluation of Challenges and Conclusions 23 Acknowledgement 24 References 24 2 Conventional and Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 33S. Bairagi and S. Wazed Ali 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Water Filtration by Various Technologies 35 2.3 Conventional Technologies 36 2.3.1 Sedimentation 36 2.3.2 Flocculation 37 2.3.3 Adsorption 38 2.3.4 Filtration 39 2.3.5 Coagulation 40 2.4 Advanced Technologies 41 2.4.1 Water Filtration Using Nanofibrous Membrane 41 2.4.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metal from the Wastewater 42 2.4.1.2 Removal of Microorganisms from Water 45 2.4.1.3 Removal of Dye from Water 49 2.5 Conclusion 53 References 54 3 Nanocarbons-Mediated Water Purification: An Application Towards Wastewater Treatment 57Vinchurkar, Prasen and Shah, Sejal 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Importance of Various Nanocarbons in Water Purification 60 3.3 Various Methods of Nanocarbon-Mediated Purifications of Water 62 3.3.1 Nanocarbon Adsorption (Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents) 62 3.3.2 Graphene Sieves and CNTs’ Membranes Membrane Process 71 3.3.2.1 CNT’s Membranes and Membrane Process 75 3.3.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes 77 3.3.4 Nanocarbon Composite Membranes 82 3.3.5 Antimicrobial Actions of Various Nanocarbons 83 3.4 Regeneration or Recycling of Nanocarbons 83 3.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Environmental Impact of Broad Spectrum of Nanocarbons 84 3.6 Limitations and Research Needs 87 3.6.1 Limitations 87 3.6.2 Research Needs 87 3.7 Conclusion 87 References 88 4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Applications 101Khursheed Ahmad and Waseem Raza 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Photocatalysts 104 4.2.1 Graphene/ZnO as Photocatalyst 104 4.2.2 Graphene/TiO2 as Photocatalyst 113 4.3 Conclusion 117 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 5 Synthesis of Stable and Monodispersed Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Application as Light-Driven Photocatalytic Agents for Dye Degradation 123Farzana Majid, Sadia Ata, Nida Sohaib, Imran Deen, Adnan Ali, Ismat Bibi, Munawar Iqbal and Arif Nazir 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Materials and Methodology 125 5.2.1 Materials 125 5.2.2 Synthesis of Co Metal NPs 125 5.2.3 Photocatalytic Process 128 5.2.3.1 Photocatalytic Experiment 128 5.2.4 Characterizations 129 5.3 Results and Discussion 129 5.3.1 Physiochemical Characterization of Co Metal NPs 129 5.3.1.1 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV–Vis) 129 5.3.1.2 Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 130 5.3.1.3 Effect of Concentration of Salt on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 131 5.3.1.4 Effect of pH of Reaction Medium on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.1.5 Effect of Reaction Temperature on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.1.6 Effect of Reaction Heating Time on the Optical Properties of Co NPs 132 5.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 132 5.3.2.1 X-Ray Analysis of Co Metal NPs 132 5.3.3 FTIR Analysis 138 5.3.3.1 FTIR Interferogram for Co Metal NPs 138 5.3.4 Photocatalytic Properties 139 5.3.4.1 Photocatalysis of Methylene Blue With Co Metal NPs 139 5.3.4.2 Comparison of Activity of Methylene Blue 140 5.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 141 5.3.5.1 SEM Analysis for Co Metal NPs 141 5.3.6 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Applications 141 5.4 Conclusion 144 References 145 6 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Decontamination and Purification 151Shams Tabrez Khan, Faizan Ahmad, Mohammad Shahadat, Wasi Ur Rehman and Abu Mustafa Khan 6.1 Introduction 152 6.2 Threats to Drinking Water 153 6.2.1 Suspended Solids in Water 153 6.2.2 Waterborne Pathogens 153 6.2.3 Chemical Pollutants in Drinking Water 157 6.3 Losses Due to Impure Water 158 6.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Water Purification With Special Reference to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 160 6.4.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Water Purification 162 6.4.2 The Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Water Purification 167 6.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Their Possible Role in Water Purification 168 6.4.4 Iron Nanoparticles 169 6.4.5 Nanocomposites With Improved Antimicrobial Activities 169 6.5 Types of Nanomaterials 170 6.5.1 Nanofilters 170 6.5.2 Nanoadsorbents 171 6.5.3 Nanofiber-Based Membranes 171 6.6 Commercially Available Products for Water Purification 171 6.7 Challenges 174 6.7.1 Health or Toxicity Concerns 174 6.7.2 Economic Viability 176 6.7.3 Operational Concerns 176 6.7.4 Legal Constraints and Regulations 177 6.8 Conclusion 177 Acknowledgements 178 References 178 7 Recent Advances in Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Environmental Remediation 187Umar Farooq, Ashiq Hussain Pandit and Ruby Phul 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 Synthesis of Heterostructures 189 7.2.1 Hydrothermal Method 190 7.2.2 Co-Precipitation Method 191 7.2.3 Sol–Gel Method 191 7.2.4 Dip-Coating 192 7.2.5 Chemical-Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 192 7.3 Nanostructured Heterostructures for Water Splitting and Organic Pollutant Degradation 192 7.3.1 Metal Oxide/Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 193 7.3.2 Metal Oxide/Metal Sulphide Heterostructures for Water Splitting 197 7.3.3 Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructures 202 7.4 Conclusion 209 Acknowledgement 209 References 210 8 Electrospun Nanofibers for Water Purification 217Ali Akbar Merati and Mahsa Kangazian Kangazi 8.1 Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers 218 8.2 Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment 218 8.2.1 Nanofibers as Pressure-Driven Membrane 219 8.2.1.1 Nanofibers as Microfiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 220 8.2.1.2 Nanofibers as Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 221 8.2.1.3 Nanofibers as Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment 223 8.2.1.4 Nanofibers as Membrane/Mid-Layer for Reverse Osmosis 224 8.2.2 Nanofibers as Membranes for Membrane Distillation 226 8.2.3 Nanofibers as Membrane Support Layer for Forward Osmosis 229 8.2.4 Nanofibers as Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization 230 8.2.5 Nanofibers as Porous Floating Membrane for Solar Steam Generation 231 8.2.6 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Oil–Water Separation 232 8.2.7 Nanofibers as Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Water/Wastewater 234 8.2.8 Nanofibers as Photocatalytic Membrane for Water Treatment 235 8.2.9 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment 236 8.3 Effects of Different Parameters on Resultant Nanofibrous Membranes 238 8.3.1 Tunable Structural Characteristic of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Purification of Wastewater 243 8.4 Materials Selection for Nanofibrous Membranes in Water Purification 246 8.5 Conclusion 248 References 249 9 ZnO Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation 259Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Photocatalysis 262 9.3 Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance of Dare ZnO 264 9.4 Doping With Transition Metals 265 9.4.1 Doping with Rare Earth (RE) Metals 269 Conclusion 277 References 278 10 Nanocatalysts in Wet Air Oxidation 285Anushree, Sheetal and Satish Kumar 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Catalyst Selection Criterion 288 10.3 Nanocatalysts in CWAO 289 10.3.1 Mesoporous Materials 290 10.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 293 10.3.3 Nanoparticles 293 10.4 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts 295 10.4.1 Bare-Nanocatalysts 296 10.4.2 Supported Nanocatalysts 297 10.5 Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts for CWAO 298 10.5.1 Synthesis and Characterization 299 10.5.1.1 Synthesis 299 10.5.1.2 Characterization 300 10.5.2 CWAO of Industrial Wastewater 301 10.5.2.1 Chlorophenolics Removal 302 10.5.2.2 Reusability and Leaching Studies 305 10.5.2.3 Kinetic Study 306 10.6 Comparative Study of Different Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts 307 10.6.1 Structural and Textural Properties 307 10.6.2 Treatment Efficiency 308 10.7 Role of Ceria-Based Nanocatalyst in CWAO 309 10.8 Conclusion 310 References 310
£164.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Environmental Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe most comprehensive and up-to-date volume on environmental chemistry available today, this is the standard reference for any chemical or environmental engineer. This book is a very comprehensive project designed to provide complete information about environmental chemistry, including air, water, soil and all life forms on earth. The complete chemical composition and all the essential components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, lithosphere and biosphere are discussed in detail. Numerous forms of pollutants and their toxic effects along with sustainable solutions are provided. Not just covering the basics of environmental chemistry, the authors discuss many specific areas and issues, and they provide practical solutions. The problems of non-renewable energy processes and the merits of renewable energy processes along with future fuels are discussed in detail, making this volume a comprehensive collaboration of many other relevant fields which tries toTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction to Environmental Chemistry 1 1.1 Beginning of the Universe 1 1.2 Plank’s Time 2 1.3 Components of Solar System 3 1.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Radiations 5 1.4.1 Types of Electromagnetic Radiations 5 1.4.1.1 Cosmic Rays 5 1.4.1.2 Gamma Rays 6 1.4.1.3 X-Rays 6 1.4.1.4 Ultra-Violet Region 6 1.4.1.5 Visible Region 7 1.4.1.6 Infra-Red Region 7 1.4.1.7 Terahertz Region 7 1.4.1.8 Microwave Region 8 1.4.1.9 Radiowave Region 8 1.5 Evolution of Environmental Segments 8 1.5.1 Evolution of Atmosphere 8 1.5.1.1 First Stage of Atmospheric Evolution 9 1.5.1.2 Second Stage of Atmospheric Evolution 9 1.5.1.3 Third Stage of Atmospheric Evolution 9 1.5.2 Evolution of Hydrosphere 10 1.5.3 Evolution of Lithosphere/Geosphere 10 1.5.4 Evolution of Biosphere 11 1.6 Environmental Segments 11 1.7 Scope of Environmental Chemistry in Modern World 12 1.7.1 Pollution 12 1.7.2 Climate Change 12 1.7.3 Global Warming 12 1.7.4 Deforestation 13 1.7.5 Overpopulation 13 1.7.6 Industrial and Household Waste 13 1.7.7 Acid Rain 13 1.7.8 Ozone Layer Depletion 14 1.7.9 Genetic Engineering 14 1.7.10 Urban Sprawl 14 1.8 Solutions of Environmental Problems 14 1.8.1 Green Chemistry 15 1.8.2 Renewable Energy Processes 15 1.8.3 Biofuels 15 1.8.4 Role of Biotechnology 16 2 Atmosphere 17 2.1 Introduction to Atmosphere 17 2.1.1 Layers of Atmosphere 18 2.1.1.1 Troposphere 18 2.1.1.2 Stratosphere 19 2.1.1.3 Mesosphere 20 2.1.1.4 Thermosphere 20 2.1.1.5 Exosphere 21 2.1.2 Importance of Atmosphere 21 2.1.3 Components of Atmosphere 22 2.1.3.1 Primary Gases 23 2.1.3.2 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) 23 2.1.3.3 Reactive Gases 24 2.1.3.4 Aerosols 28 2.1.3.5 Deviations with Height 28 2.1.3.6 Deviations with Latitude and Season 29 2.1.3.7 Deviations with Time 30 2.2 Solar Radiations and Energy Budget 32 2.2.1 Total Radiations of Sun 32 2.2.1.1 Solar Output 32 2.2.1.2 Distance from Sun 34 2.2.1.3 Altitude of Sun 35 2.2.1.4 Day Length 35 2.2.2 Effects of Solar Radiations 35 2.2.2.1 Transference of Energy 35 2.2.2.2 Effect of Atmosphere 36 2.2.2.3 Effect of Cloud Cover 37 2.2.2.4 Effect of Latitude 37 2.2.2.5 Effect of Land and Sea 38 2.2.2.6 Effect of Elevation 40 2.2.2.7 Temperature Variations with Height 40 2.2.3 IR Radiations and Greenhouse Effects 41 2.2.4 Earth’s Heat Budget 43 2.3 Atmospheric Moisture Budget 44 2.3.1 Condensation 44 2.3.2 Precipitation 44 2.3.2.1 Forms of Precipitation 45 2.3.2.2 Characteristics of Precipitation 46 2.3.2.3 Pattern of Precipitation 46 2.4 Variability of Atmosphere 47 2.4.1 Cloud Formation 47 2.4.1.1 Condensation Nuclei 47 2.4.1.2 Types of Clouds 48 2.4.1.3 Cloud Cover 54 2.4.2 Precipitation Formation 54 2.5 Reactions in Atmosphere 55 2.5.1 Photochemical Reactions 56 2.5.2 Biochemical Reactions 61 2.5.3 Acid Base Reactions 62 2.5.4 Reactions of Oxygen 63 2.5.5 Reactions of Nitrogen 66 2.5.6 Reactions of Carbon Dioxide 68 3 Air Pollution and Control Strategies 71 3.1 Introduction to Air Pollution 71 3.1.1 Particles in Atmosphere 72 3.1.2 Inorganic Air Pollutants 73 3.1.2.1 Composition of Particles 74 3.1.2.2 Fly Ash 75 3.1.2.3 Asbestos 76 3.1.2.4 Toxic Heavy Metals 77 3.1.2.5 Radioactive Particles 79 3.1.2.6 Effects of Particles 80 3.1.2.7 Water as Particulate Matter 80 3.1.3 Oxides of Carbon 81 3.1.3.1 Sources of Carbon Monoxide 81 3.1.3.2 Fate of Carbon Monoxide 82 3.1.3.3 Effects of Carbon Monoxide 82 3.1.3.4 Controlled Emissions of Carbon Monoxide 83 3.1.3.5 Sources of Carbon Dioxide 83 3.1.3.6 Natural Carbon Cycle 85 3.1.3.7 Chemical Reactions of Carbon Dioxide 85 3.1.3.8 Ozone Depletion and Greenhouse Effect 86 3.1.3.9 Impacts on Plant Growth 87 3.1.3.10 Impacts on Human Health 89 3.1.3.11 Impacts on Animals 90 3.1.3.12 Controlled Emissions of Carbon Dioxide 91 3.1.4 Oxides of Sulphur 91 3.1.4.1 Reactions of Sulphur Dioxide 92 3.1.4.2 Effects of Sulphur Dioxide on Ecosystem, Animals and Plants 94 3.1.4.3 Removal of Sulphur Dioxide 96 3.1.5 Oxides of Nitrogen 99 3.1.5.1 Reactions of Oxides of Nitrogen 101 3.1.5.2 Effects of Oxides of Nitrogen on Ecosystem, Humans and Animals 103 3.1.5.3 Removal of Oxides of Nitrogen 105 3.1.6 Acid Rain 106 3.1.6.1 Emissions of Acidified Chemicals 108 3.1.6.2 Chemical Processes 109 3.1.6.3 Acid Deposition 109 3.1.6.4 Effects of Acid Rain 110 3.1.6.5 Preventive Measures 111 3.1.7 Atmospheric Ammonia 111 3.1.8 Fluorine, Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride 112 3.1.9 Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbonyl Sulphide and Carbon Disulphide 113 3.1.10 Organic Air Pollutants 114 3.1.10.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources 114 3.1.10.2 Distillation and Fractionation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 117 3.1.11 Reactions of Aryl Hydrocarbons 117 3.1.12 Nonhydrocarbon Organic Compounds 121 3.1.12.1 Carbonyl Compounds 121 3.1.12.2 Miscellaneous Oxygen Compounds 124 3.1.12.3 Organohalides 126 3.1.12.4 Organo Sulphur Compounds 130 3.1.12.5 Organo Nitrogen Compounds 131 3.1.13 Photochemical Smog 133 3.1.14 Indoor Air Pollutants 133 3.1.15 Outdoor Air Pollutants 134 3.2 Accidents and Episodes 134 3.2.1 Smog in London, England (1952) 135 3.2.2 Radionuclides Emissions, Three Mile Island, United States (1979) 135 3.2.3 Bhopal Disaster, India (1984) 135 3.2.4 Chernobyl Legacy, Ukraine (1986) 136 3.2.5 Smog of Punjab, Pakistan/India (2016) 136 3.3 Air Pollution Control Strategies 136 3.3.1 Control of Particulates 137 3.3.2 Control of Oxides of Nitrogen 138 3.3.3 Control of Sulphur Dioxide 138 3.3.4 Control of Mercury 138 4 Hydrosphere 141 4.1 Introduction to Hydrosphere 141 4.2 Importance of Hydrosphere 142 4.3 Unique Properties of Water 142 4.3.1 Water, Ice and Vapors 143 4.3.2 Chemical Properties of Water 145 4.3.3 Reactions of Water 146 4.4 Hydrologic Cycle 148 4.5 Characteristics of Water Bodies 149 4.6 Life in Water 150 4.7 Aquatic Chemistry 151 4.8 Gases in Water 153 4.9 Alkalinity 154 4.10 Calcium and Other Metals in Water 155 4.10.1 Hydrated Metals Ions as Acids 156 4.10.2 Contents of Calcium 157 4.11 Complexation and Chelation 157 4.12 Hydrolysis and Complexation of Polyphosphates in Water 160 4.13 Complexation by Humic Substances 162 4.14 Complexation and Redox Processes 164 4.15 Oxidation-Reduction 164 4.16 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases and Water 165 4.17 Formation of Sediments 165 4.18 Colloidal Particles in Water 167 4.18.1 Occurrence of Colloids 167 4.18.2 Types of Colloidal Particles 167 4.18.3 Colloidal Stability 168 4.19 Colloidal Properties of Clays 170 4.20 Microbial Biochemistry in Water 171 4.20.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes 172 5 Water Pollution and Treatment Technologies 173 5.1 Water Pollution 173 5.1.1 Toxic Heavy Metals 175 5.1.1.1 Cadmium (Cd) 176 5.1.1.2 Lead (Pb) 176 5.1.1.3 Mercury (Hg) 177 5.1.1.4 Beryllium (Be) 178 5.1.2 Metalloids 178 5.1.2.1 Arsenic (As) 178 5.1.2.2 Boron (B) 180 5.1.3 Organometallic Compounds 181 5.1.3.1 Organolead Compounds 181 5.1.3.2 Organonickel Compounds 182 5.1.3.3 Organomercury Compounds 182 5.1.3.4 Organoarsenic Compounds 183 5.1.3.5 Organotin Compounds 183 5.1.3.6 Organozinc Compounds 184 5.1.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 185 5.1.5 Synthetic Organic Compounds 195 5.1.6 Inorganic Compounds 203 5.1.7 Pesticides 210 5.1.7.1 Insecticides 210 5.1.7.2 Herbicides 215 5.1.7.3 Fungicides 218 5.1.7.4 Nematicides 218 5.1.7.5 Rodenticides 219 5.1.8 Persistent Organic Pollutants 219 5.1.9 Eutrophication 225 5.1.10 Acidity, Alkalinity and Salinity 225 5.1.11 Oxygen, Oxidants and Reductants 226 5.1.12 Soaps, Detergents and Detergent Builders 227 5.1.13 Radionuclides in Aquatic Environment 229 5.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 230 5.2.1 Water Treatment and Water Use 231 5.2.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment 231 5.2.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use 232 5.2.4 Sewage/Municipal Treatment 233 5.2.4.1 Primary Waste Treatment 233 5.2.4.2 Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes 234 5.2.4.3 Tertiary Waste Treatment 236 5.2.4.4 Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater 237 5.2.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 238 5.2.6 Removal of Solids 239 5.2.7 Removal of Calcium and Magnessium 240 5.2.8 Removal of Iron and Manganese 244 5.2.9 Removal of Dissolved Organics 245 5.2.10 Removal of Herbicides 247 5.2.11 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics 247 5.2.11.1 Electrodialysis 248 5.2.11.2 Ion Exchange 249 5.2.11.3 Reverse Osmosis 250 5.2.12 Removal of Phosphorous 250 5.2.13 Removal of Nitrogen 251 5.2.14 Sludge 252 5.2.15 Water Disinfection 254 5.2.15.1 Chlorine Dioxide 256 5.2.15.2 Ozone 256 5.2.16 Natural Water Purification Processes 257 5.2.17 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil 258 5.2.18 Wastewater Characteristics of Pulp and Paper Mills 259 5.2.18.1 Water Pollution by Paper and Pulp Industry 259 5.2.18.2 Suspended Solids 260 5.2.18.3 Dissolved Solids Organic Matter 260 5.2.18.4 Inorganic Matter 260 5.2.18.5 Chlorine and Chlorine-Based Materials 261 5.2.18.6 Sulfur, Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide 261 5.2.19 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 262 5.2.19.1 Biological Wastewater Treatment 262 5.2.19.2 Research and Development in Pollution Control 263 5.2.20 Water Reuse and Recycling 263 5.3 Drinking Water Quality Standards 264 5.3.1 Colour of Water 264 5.3.2 Microbial Standards for Drinking Water 264 5.3.3 Taste and Odour 265 5.3.4 Turbidity 265 5.3.5 The pH of Drinking Water 266 5.3.6 Aluminium (Al) 266 5.3.7 Antimony (Sb) 267 5.3.8 Arsenic (As) 267 5.3.9 Barium (Ba) 267 5.3.10 Boron (B) 267 5.3.11 Cadmium (Cd) 268 5.3.12 Chloride (Cl) 268 5.3.13 Chromium (Cr) 268 5.3.14 Copper (Cu) 268 5.3.15 Cyanide (CN) 269 5.3.16 Fluoride (F) 269 5.3.17 Iodine (I) 269 5.3.18 Lead (Pb) 269 5.3.19 Manganese (Mn) 270 5.3.20 Mercury (Hg) 270 5.3.21 Nickel (Ni) 270 5.3.22 Nitrate and Nitrite 271 5.3.23 Selenium (Se) 271 5.3.24 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 271 5.3.25 Zinc (Zn) 271 5.3.26 Radioactive Material 272 5.3.27 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 272 5.3.28 Pesticides, Herbicides and Fungicides 272 5.4 Future Plan for Improved Water Quality 273 6 Lithosphere/Geosphere 275 6.1 Introduction to Lithosphere/Geosphere 275 6.2 Composition of Rocks 276 6.3 Characteristics of Igneous Rocks 278 6.3.1 Types of Igneous Rocks 279 6.3.2 Igneous Rocks and Bowen Reaction Series 280 6.4 Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks 281 6.5 Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks 282 6.5.1 Heat and Metamorphism 282 6.5.2 Pressure and Metamorphism 283 6.5.3 Chemical Actions of Fluids 283 6.5.4 Types of Metamorphism 283 6.5.5 Common Metamorphic Rocks 284 6.6 Structure of Earth and Isostacy 284 6.7 Plate Tectonics 285 6.8 Earthquakes 286 6.8.1 Earthquake Waves 287 6.9 Volcanism 288 6.10 Weathering 289 6.10.1 Products of Weathering 289 6.10.2 Chemical Weathering 290 6.10.3 Physical Weathering 290 6.10.4 Biological Weathering 291 6.11 Landform of Weathering 292 6.11.1 Regiolith and Soil 292 6.11.2 Limestone Landforms 292 6.11.3 Periglacial Landforms 293 6.12 Introduction to Soil 293 6.12.1 Organic Activity 294 6.12.2 Translocation 294 6.12.3 Soil Texture 294 6.12.4 Soil pH 295 6.12.5 Soil Colour 295 6.12.6 Soil Profile 296 6.13 Interaction of Lithosphere with other Spheres 296 7 Soil Pollution and Remediation Processes 299 7.1 Introduction to Soil Pollution 299 7.2 Causes of Land Pollution 302 7.3 Soil Contaminants 303 7.3.1 Organic Pollutants 303 7.3.2 Inorganic Pollutants 303 7.3.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 303 7.3.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 335 7.3.5 Radionuclides 340 7.4 Effects of Soil Pollution 341 7.4.1 Endangering Human Health 341 7.4.2 Economic Losses 341 7.4.3 Air and Water Contamination 341 7.4.4 Effect on Plant Life 342 7.4.5 Acidification 342 7.4.6 Diminished Soil Fertility 342 7.4.7 Changes in Soil Structure 342 7.4.8 Increase in Soil Salinity 343 7.5 Ecotoxicology of Soil 343 7.5.1 Role of Microorganisms in Soil 343 7.5.2 Effects of POPs on Soil 344 7.5.3 Effects of Pesticides on Soil 344 7.6 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 344 7.6.1 Ex situ Methods 345 7.6.1.1 Destructive Methods 347 7.6.1.2 Thermal Methods 349 7.6.1.3 Biological Methods 357 7.6.1.4 Physiochemical Methods 366 7.6.2 In situ Methods 376 7.6.2.1 Physical Methods 376 7.6.2.2 Chemical Methods 379 7.6.2.3 Biological Methods 382 7.6.2.4 Thermal Methods 384 7.7 Solutions to Soil Pollution 391 7.7.1 Reduced Use of Pesticides 391 7.7.2 Organic Farming 392 7.7.3 Reduced Yield Pressure 392 7.7.4 Control Grazing and Forest Management 392 7.7.5 Wind Breaks and Wind Shield 395 7.7.6 Special Pits for Dumping Wastes 395 7.7.7 Soil Binding Greases 395 7.7.8 Afforestation and Reforestation 396 7.7.9 Recycling of Materials 397 7.7.10 Solid Waste Treatment 398 8 Biosphere 399 8.1 Introduction to Biosphere 399 8.2 Extent of Earth’s Biosphere 399 8.3 Components of Biosphere 400 8.4 Industrial Ecology 403 8.4.1 Industrial Ecosystem 404 8.4.2 Societal Factors and Environmental Ethics 404 8.5 Natural Cycles 405 8.5.1 Hydrologic Cycle 405 8.5.2 Carbon Cycle 406 8.5.3 Nitrogen Cycle 410 8.5.4 Sulphur Cycle 413 8.5.5 Phosphorous Cycle 415 8.5.6 Oxygen Cycle 415 8.5.7 Halogens and Organohalides 416 8.5.8 Iron Cycle 416 8.5.9 Selenium Cycle 419 8.6 Disturbances in Biosphere 419 8.7 Remote Sensing of Biosphere at NASA 424 9 Noise Pollution 427 9.1 What Is Noise Pollution? 427 9.2 Noise Sources 427 9.2.1 Typical Range of Noise Levels 427 9.2.2 Characteristics of Industrial Noise 429 9.2.2.1 Industrial Noise Sources 430 9.2.2.2 Mining and Construction Noise 431 9.2.3 Transportation Noise 432 xvi Contents 9.2.4 Urban Noise 432 9.2.5 Specific Noise Sources 434 9.3 Effects of Noise 434 9.3.1 Reactions to Noise 434 9.3.1.1 Auditory Effects 435 9.3.1.2 Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) 435 9.3.1.3 Acoustic Trauma 436 9.3.2 Damage-Risk Criteria 436 9.3.3 Psychological Effects of Noise Pollution 436 9.3.3.1 Speech Interference 436 9.3.3.2 Annoyance 437 9.3.3.3 Sleep Interference 437 9.3.3.4 Effects on Performance 437 9.3.3.5 Acoustic Privacy 438 9.3.3.6 Subjective Responses 438 9.4 Noise Measurements 438 9.4.1 Instruments for Measuring Noise 439 9.4.2 Impacts and Impulse Magnitude 440 9.4.3 Monitoring Devices 440 9.4.4 Field Measurements 440 10 Toxicological Chemistry 443 10.1 Introduction to Toxicological Chemistry 443 10.2 Synergism, Potentiation and Antagonism 444 10.3 Dose Response Relationship 444 10.4 Relative Toxicities 444 10.5 Reversibility and Sensitivity 445 10.5.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity 445 10.6 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances 445 10.7 Toxicological Chemistry 446 10.7.1 Toxicants in Body 446 10.8 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase 446 10.8.1 Primary Reaction in Dynamic Phase 447 10.8.2 Biochemical Effects in Dynamic Phase 447 10.8.3 Response to Toxicants 447 10.8.4 Tetragenesis 448 10.8.5 Mutagenesis 448 10.8.6 Carcinogenesis 448 10.8.6.1 Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis 448 10.8.6.2 Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis 449 10.8.7 Testing for Carcinogens 449 10.8.8 Immune System Response 449 10.8.9 Estrogenic Substances 450 10.9 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles 450 10.10 Biotransformation of Xenobiotics 450 10.10.1 Basic Properties of Xenobiotic Bio-Transforming Enzymes 450 10.10.2 Biotransformation versus Metabolism 451 10.10.3 Stereochemical Aspects of Xenobiotic Biotransformation 451 10.10.4 Phase I and Phase II Biotransformation 452 10.10.5 Nomenclature of Xenobiotic Bio-Transforming Enzymes 452 10.10.6 Distribution of Xenobiotic Bio-Transforming Enzymes 452 10.10.7 Xenobiotic Biotransformation by Phase I Enzymes 452 10.10.7.1 Hydrolysis 453 10.10.7.2 Reduction 453 10.10.7.3 Oxidation 453 10.10.7.4 Activation of Xenobiotics by Cytochrome P450 454 10.10.7.5 P450 Knockout Mice 454 10.10.7.6 Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 454 10.10.7.7 Induction of Cytochrome P450 455 10.10.8 Phase II Enzyme Reactions 455 10.10.8.1 Glucuronidation 455 10.10.8.2 Sulfation 456 10.10.8.3 Methylation 456 10.10.8.4 Acetylation 456 10.10.8.5 Amino Acid Conjugation 457 10.10.8.6 Glutathione Conjugation 457 10.10.8.7 Rhodanese 457 10.10.8.8 Phosphorylation 458 10.11 Toxic Inorganic Compounds 458 10.11.1 Cyanide 458 10.11.2 Carbon Mono Oxide 459 10.11.3 Nitrogen Oxides 459 10.11.4 Hydrogen Halides 459 10.11.5 Asbestos 460 10.11.6 Inorganic Compounds of Silicon 460 10.11.7 Inorganic Phosphorous Compounds 461 10.11.8 Inorganic Compounds of Sulphur 461 10.11.9 Organo Metallic Compounds 462 10.11.9.1 Organo Lead Compounds 462 10.11.9.2 Organo Tin Compounds 462 10.12 Toxicology of Organic Compounds 463 10.12.1 Alkane Hydrocarbon 463 10.12.2 Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons 463 10.12.3 Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbon 464 10.12.4 Oxygen Containing Organic Compounds 464 10.12.5 Organo Nitrogen Compounds 465 10.12.6 Organo Halide Compounds 466 10.12.7 Organo Halide Pesticide 466 10.12.8 Organo Sulphur Compounds 467 10.12.9 Organo Phosphorous Compounds 467 11 Environmental Disasters 469 11.1 Introduction to Environmental Disasters 469 11.2 Types of Environmental Disasters 469 11.2.1 Agricultural Disasters 469 11.2.2 Biodiversity Disasters 470 11.2.3 Industrial Disasters 470 11.2.4 Human Health Disasters 470 11.2.5 Natural Disasters 470 11.2.6 Nuclear Disasters 470 11.2.7 Geo-Hydrological Disasters 471 11.2.8 Climate Change and Disasters 472 11.3 Historical Environmental Disasters 472 11.3.1 “Fat Man” and “Little Boy” Attack on Japan (1945) 472 11.3.2 Plant Emissions in Donora, Penn., U.S. (1948) 473 11.3.3 Four-Day Fog in London, England (1952) 473 11.3.4 Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York (1953) 474 11.3.5 New York Smog (1966) 474 11.3.6 Smiling Buddha Indian Nuclear Test (1974) 475 11.3.7 Release of Methyl Isocynate in Bhopal, India (1984) 475 11.3.8 Radionuclide Releases, Chernobyl, Ukraine (1986) 476 11.3.9 Air Pollution Asia (2016) 477 11.3.10 Fuel Tanker Explosion, Bahawalpur, Pakistan (2017) 477 11.3.11 Beirut Explosion, Lebanon (2020) 478 12 Hazardous Wastes 479 12.1 Introduction to Hazardous Wastes 479 12.2 Classification of Hazardous Wastes 479 12.3 Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes 480 12.4 Types of Wastes 495 12.4.1 Radionuclides/Nuclear Waste 526 12.4.2 Chemical Waste 527 12.4.3 Biological Waste 527 12.5 Hazardous Waste Management 528 12.5.1 Radionuclide/Nuclear Waste Management 528 12.5.2 Chemical Waste Management 529 12.5.3 Biological Waste Management 529 13 Non-Renewable Energy Resources 531 13.1 What Is Energy? 531 13.2 Types of Energy 532 13.3 Natural Gas 533 13.3.1 Global Statistics 533 13.3.2 Historical Perspective 534 13.3.3 Chemical Composition 535 13.3.4 Process of Formation of Natural Gas 535 13.3.5 Generation and Transmission of Electricity 536 13.3.6 What Is LNG? 537 13.3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 537 13.4 Coal 538 13.4.1 Global Trends in Coal 538 13.4.2 Historical Milestones 538 13.4.3 Types of Coal 539 13.4.4 Process of Coal Formation 540 13.4.5 Electricity Production from Coal Power Plant 540 13.4.6 Coal in Steel Production 540 13.4.7 Coal Liquification 541 13.4.8 Coal and Cement 542 13.4.9 Advantages and Disadvantages 542 13.5 Petroleum 543 13.5.1 Global Petroleum Reserves 543 13.5.2 Historical Perspective 544 13.5.3 Chemistry of Petroleum 544 13.5.4 Classification of Crude Oil 545 13.5.5 Process of Formation 545 13.5.6 Worldwide Applications of Petroleum 546 13.5.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 546 13.6 Nuclear Energy 547 13.6.1 Nuclear Fusion 547 13.6.2 Nuclear Fission 549 13.6.3 Nuclear Reactor 550 13.6.4 Generation of Electricity from Nuclear Energy 550 13.6.5 Global Statistical Perspective 552 13.6.6 Future Demands of Nuclear Energy 552 13.6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 553 14 Renewable Energy Resources 555 14.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources 555 14.2 Wind Energy 556 14.2.1 History of Wind Energy 557 14.2.2 World Wind Energy Statistics 558 14.2.3 Types of Wind Turbines 558 14.2.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine 559 14.2.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine 560 14.2.3.3 Ducted Wind Turbines 560 14.2.4 Method of Electricity Generation from Wind Energy 561 14.2.5 Importance of Area Selection for Wind Energy 562 14.2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages 562 14.3 Solar Energy 563 14.3.1 Historical Perspective 563 14.3.2 Global Statistics 564 14.3.3 Types of Solar Cells 565 14.3.3.1 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell 565 14.3.3.2 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell 565 14.3.3.3 Monocrystalline Solar Cell 566 14.3.3.4 Polycrystalline Solar Cell 566 14.3.3.5 Thin Film Solar Cell 567 14.3.4 Working Principle of Solar Energy System 567 14.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 569 14.4 Water-Derived Energy 569 14.4.1 Tidal Power 569 14.4.2 Wave Power 570 14.4.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 570 14.4.4 Method of Generation of Electricity 571 14.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 572 14.5 Geothermal Energy 572 14.5.1 Brief History 573 14.5.2 Statistical Interpretation 573 14.5.3 Principles of Electricity Generation 574 14.5.4 Geysers 575 14.5.5 Flash Steam Geothermal Power Plant 576 14.5.6 Binary Cycle Geothermal Power Plant 576 14.5.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 577 14.6 Fuel Cells 577 14.6.1 History of Fuel Cells 577 14.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells 578 14.6.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) 578 14.6.2.2 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 578 14.6.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) 579 14.6.2.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 579 14.6.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 580 14.6.3 Working Principle of Fuel Cell 580 14.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 581 15 Biofuels 583 15.1 Introduction to Biofuels 583 15.2 Properties of Biofuels 584 15.2.1 Molecular Structure 584 15.2.2 Physical Properties 584 15.2.3 Chemical Properties 585 15.3 Potential of Biomass 586 15.4 Biofuel Standardization 587 15.5 Types of Biofuels 587 15.5.1 First-Generation Biofuels 588 15.5.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 588 15.5.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 589 15.6 Bioethanol 589 15.6.1 Food Stock Production 589 15.6.1.1 Sugar Crops 590 15.6.1.2 Starch Crops 592 15.6.1.3 Cellulosic Feedstock 593 15.6.2 Bioethanol Production 593 15.6.2.1 Sugar to Ethanol Process 594 15.6.2.2 Starch to Ethanol Process 594 15.6.2.3 Cellulose to Ethanol Process 595 15.6.2.4 Distillation and Dehydration Process 596 15.6.3 Properties of Bioethanol 596 15.6.4 Technology Applications of Bioethanol 597 15.6.4.1 Spark Ignition Engines 597 15.6.4.2 Fuel Cells 597 15.6.5 Standardization of Bioethanol 598 15.6.6 Energy Balance of Bioethanol 598 15.6.7 Bioethanol Emissions 599 15.6.7.1 Green House Emissions 599 15.6.7.2 Toxic Exhaust Emissions 600 15.6.8 Other Environmental Aspects of Bioethanol 600 15.6.8.1 Water Issues 600 15.6.8.2 Land Use and Biodiversity 601 15.6.8.3 Human Health 602 15.6.9 Economy of Bioethanol 602 15.7 Lipid-Derived Biofuels 603 15.7.1 Feedstock Production 603 15.7.1.1 Oil Seed Crops 604 15.7.1.2 Microalgae 606 15.7.1.3 Animal Fats 607 15.7.1.4 Waste Oils 608 15.7.2 Fuel Production 608 15.7.2.1 Oil Extraction 609 15.7.2.2 Oil Refining 610 15.7.2.3 Trans Esterification 611 15.7.3 Properties and Use of Lipid Biofuels 612 15.7.3.1 Properties of Pure Plant Oil 612 15.7.3.2 Properties of Biodiesel 613 15.7.4 Technology Applications of Lipid Biofuels 614 15.7.4.1 Compression Ignition Engine for Biodiesel Use 614 15.7.4.2 Compression Ignition Engine for PPO Use 615 15.7.5 Standardization of Lipid Biofuels 615 15.7.5.1 Standardization of PPO 615 15.7.5.2 Standardization of Biodiesel 615 15.7.7 Emission of Lipid Biofuels 617 15.7.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 617 15.7.7.2 Toxic Exhaust Emissions 618 15.7.8 Other Environmental Impacts of Lipid Biofuels 618 15.7.8.1 Water Issues 619 15.7.8.2 Land Use and Biodiversity 619 15.7.8.3 Human Health 620 xxii Contents 15.7.9 Economy of Lipid Biofuels 620 15.8 BtL Fuels 621 15.8.1 Feedstock Production 621 15.8.2 BtL Production 622 15.8.2.1 Gasification 622 15.8.2.2 Gas Cleaning 623 15.8.2.3 Synthesis Process 623 15.8.3 Properties and Emissions of BtL Fuels 624 15.9 Biomethane 624 15.9.1 Feedstock Production 624 15.9.2 Biomethane Production 625 15.9.2.1 Digestion Process 625 15.9.2.2 Digestion Types 626 15.9.2.3 Biogas Purification 627 15.9.3 Properties and Use of Biomethane 627 15.9.4 Technology Applications of Biomethane 627 15.9.4.1 Infrastructure Requirements for Biomethane 627 15.9.4.2 Vehicle Technologies for Biomethane 628 15.9.5 Standardization of Biomethane 628 15.9.6 Biomethane Emissions 629 15.9.6.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 629 15.9.6.2 Toxic Exhaust Emissions 629 15.9.7 Other Environmental Effects of Biomethane 629 15.9.8 Economy of Biomethane 630 15.10 Biohydrogen 630 15.10.1 Biohydrogen Processing 630 15.10.2 Use of Biohydrogen 632 15.11 Biomass Conversion Inhibitors and in situ Detoxification 632 15.11.1 Introduction to Inhibitors 632 15.11.2 Inhibitory Compounds Derived from Biomass Pretreatment 633 15.11.3 Inhibitory Effects 635 15.11.4 Removal of Inhibitors 636 15.11.5 Inhibitor Tolerant Strain Development 637 15.11.6 Inhibitor Conversion Pathways 638 15.11.7 Molecular Mechanism of in situ Detoxification 639 15.12 Policies in Biofuel 642 15.13 Strategies for New Vehicle Technologies 643 15.14 Market Barriers of Biofuels 644 About the Authors 647 Index 649
£179.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Congo Basin Hydrology Climate and Biogeochemistry
Book SynopsisNew scientific discoveries in the Congo Basin as a result of international collaborations The Congo is the world''s second largest river basin and home to 120 million people. Understanding the cycling of water, sediments, and nutrients is important as the region faces climatic and anthropogenic change. Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry: A Foundation for the Future explores variations in and influences on rainfall, hydrology and hydraulics, and sediment and carbon dynamics. It features contributions from experts in the region and their international collaborators. Volume highlights include: New in-situ and remotely sensed measurements and model results Use of historic data to assess precipitation and hydrologic changes Exploration of water exchange between wetlands and rivers Biogeochemical processes in the Congo''s forests and wetlands A scientific foundation for hydrologic resourceTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xvii 1 Congo Basin Research: Building a Foundation for the Future 1Raphael M. Tshimanga, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Alain Laraque, Sharon E. Nicholson, Jean-Marie Kileshye Onema, Raymond Lumbuenamo, and Douglas Alsdorf Part I Influences on Rainfall 2 Central African Climate: Advances and Gaps 15Wilfried Pokam Mba, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, and Pierre Honore Kamsu-Tamo 3 The Rainfall and Convective Regime over Equatorial Africa, with Emphasis on the Congo Basin 25Sharon E. Nicholson 4 Influence of “Slab-Ocean” Parameterization in a Regional Climate Model (RegCM4) over Central Africa 49François Xavier Mengouna, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, Thierry C. Fotso-Nguemo, Denis Sonkoué, Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou, and Pascal M. Igri 5 Understanding the Influence of Climate Variability on Surface Water Hydrology in the Congo Basin 63Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Vagner G. Ferreira, Augusto Getirana, and Nathan O. Agutu 6 Hydroclimatic Dynamics of Upstream Ubangi River at Mobaye, Central African Republic: Comparative Study of the Role of Savannah and Equatorial Forest 83Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet, Didier Orange, Jean-Pascal Waterendji, and Athanase Yambele 7 Evaluation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 and 3B43 Products Relative to Synoptic Weather Station Observations over Cameroon 97Pascal M. Igri, Roméo Stève Tanessong, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Wilfried Pokam Mba, Taguemfo Kammalac Jores, Samuel Kaïssassou, Guy Merlin Guenang, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, and Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou Part II Variations in Rainfall and Runoff 8 A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time Series 123Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Alain Laraque, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Gil Mahé, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 9 Historical Changes in Rainfall Patterns over the Congo Basin and Impacts on Runoff (1903–2010) 145Christopher E. Ndehedehe and Nathan O. Agutu 10 Water Budgets and Droughts under Current and Future Conditions in the Congo River Basin 165Venkataramana Sridhar, Hyunwoo Kang, Syed A. Ali, Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, and Venkataraman Lakshmi 11 Spatiotemporal Variability of Droughts in the Congo River Basin: The Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport 187Rogert Sorí, Milica Stojanovic, Raquel Nieto, Margarida L. R. Liberato, and Luis Gimeno Part III Hydrology and Hydraulics 12 Two Decades of Hydrologic Modeling and Predictions in the Congo River Basin: Progress and Prospect for Future Investigations 207Raphael M. Tshimanga 13 Sources and Sinks of Water of the Cuvette Centrale Wetlands Using Multiple Remote Sensing Measurements and a Hydrologic Model 237Ting Yuan, Hyongki Lee, R. Edward Beighley, Hahn Chul Jung, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 14 Investigating the Role of the Cuvette Centrale in the Hydrology of the Congo River Basin 247Pankyes Datok, Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Adrien Paris, Vanessa Dos Santos, Alain Laraque, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez 15 Estimation of Bathymetry for Modeling Multi-thread Channel Hydraulics: Application to the Congo River Middle Reach 275Andrew B. Carr, Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark W. Smith, Duncan J. Borman, and Paul D. Bates 16 Reviewing Applications of Remote Sensing Techniques to Hydrologic Research in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a Special Focus on the Congo Basin 295Guy J.-P. Schumann, Delwyn K. Moller, Louise Croneborg-Jones, and Konstantinos M. Andreadis 17 Spatial Hydrology and Applications in the Congo River Basin 323Christophe Brachet, Alice Andral, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Pierre-Olivier Malaterre, and Sebastien Legrand 18 Monitoring Hydrological Variables from Remote Sensing and Modeling in the Congo River Basin 339Adrien Paris, Stéphane Calmant, Marielle Gosset, Ayan S. Fleischmann, Taina Sampaio Xavier Conchy, Pierre-André Garambois, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Fabrice Papa, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Vinícius Alencar Siqueira, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Rodrigo Paiva, Joecila Santos da Silva, and Alain Laraque 19 Long-Term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooué River Basin 367Sakaros Bogning, Fréderic Frappart, Gil Mahé, Fernando Niño, Adrien Paris, Joëlle Sihon, Franck Ghomsi, Fabien Blarel, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Raphaël Onguene, Jacques Etame, Frédérique Seyler, Marie-Claire Paiz, and Jean-Jacques Braun Part IV Sediments and Carbon 20 Fluvial Carbon Dynamics across the Land to Ocean Continuum of Great Tropical Rivers: the Amazon and Congo 393Jeffrey E. Richey, Robert G. M. Spencer, Travis W. Drake, and Nicholas D. Ward 21 Measuring Geomorphological Change on the Congo River Using Century-Old Navigation Charts 413Mark A. Trigg, Andrew B. Carr, Mark W. Smith, and Raphael M. Tshimanga 22 Site Selection, Design, and Implementation of a Sediment Sampling Program on the Kasai River, a Major Tributary of the Congo River 427Catherine A. Mushi, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Jules T. Beya, Paul D. Bates, and Felix Mtalo 23 New Measurements of Water Dynamics and Sediment Transport along the Middle Reach of the Congo River and the Kasai Tributary 447Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Denis A. Hughes, Andrew B. Carr, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Gode B. Bola, Catherine A. Mushi, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, Gabriel M. Mokango, Felix Mtalo, and Paul D. Bates Part V Water Resources 24 Towards a Framework of Catchment Classification for Hydrologic Predictions and Water Resources Management in the Ungauged Basin of the Congo River: An a priori Approach 471Raphael M. Tshimanga, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Landry Nkaba, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Paul D. Bates, Denis A. Hughes, Alain Laraque, Ross Woods, and Thorsten Wagener 25 The Environmental Issues of the Ubangui Water Transfer Project to Lake Chad 449Chanel Nzango, Pascal Bartout, Laurent Touchart, and Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet 26 Variability Of Lake Chad: What Hydraulic Management Will Preserve Natural Resources? 513Hadiza Kiari Fougou and Jacques Lemoalle 27 Multi-Return Periods, Flood Hazards, and Risk Assessment in the Congo River Basin 519Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Lukanda Mwamba, and Paul D. Bates 28 Putting River Users at the Heart of Hydraulics and Morphology Research in the Congo Basin 541Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Felix Mtalo, Denis A. Hughes, Catherine A. Mushi, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Mark Bernhofen, Jeffrey Neal, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, and Paul D. Bates Index 555
£165.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Global Climate Change and Human Health From
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContents Dedication Preface Foreward: Climate Change and the PandemicAcknoledgements The Editors The Contributors Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health...xxiJay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen, and Hanna Lindstadt Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science...1Christopher K. Uejio, James D. Tamerius, Yoonjung Ahn, and Elaina Gonsoroski Scientific ConsensusWeather, Climate Variability, Climate Change and Scientific TheoryEnergy BalanceEvidence of a Changing Climate Projected Future Climate Changes Acknowledgement References Chapter 2 Climate Related Disasters: The Role of Prevention for Managing Health Risk...25Mark E KeimIntroduction Global TrendsPublic Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to HazardManaging the Health Risk of Climate-Related DisastersSummary References Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat...47 Xiangmei (May) Wu and Rupa Basu IntroductionHeat-Triggered Health EffectsFactors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience Summary References Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases...67Jan C. Semenza Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Summary Acknowledgment Online Resources References Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality...93Kim Knowlton an Vijay S. Limaye Climate Change and Air Quality Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change Wildfires Drought Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health Mold and Fungi Air Pollution- Vulnerable Populations Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air PollutionMitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Assoicated Co-Pollutant Air PollutionAdaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability ConclusionOnline ResourcesReferences Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms...115J.S Metcalf and N.R. Souza Introduction Toxic Producing Groups of Algae Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins? Long-Term Solutions and Remediation Emerging Questions and Conclusions References Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective...131Lewis H. Ziska and Kristie L. Ebi Introduction Direct Consequences Indirect Consequences Conclusion References Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases...151Andrea G. Buchwald, Jada F. Garofalo, Kenneth L. Gage, Charles B. Beard, and Rosemary RochfordArbovirusesMalariaLyme Disease in the United StatesSummary and ConclusionsReferences Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All...171Cristina Tirado Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks Integrated Multisectoral Adapation for MalnutritionSustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns ConclusionsReferences Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health...187 Salma M. Abdalla, Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea Overview Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms High Ambient Temperature and HeatwavesNatural Disasters Forced Migration Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict Phsyical Health A Disproportionate Burden Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental HealthConclusion References Chapter 11 Worker Health...203Miranda Dally and Lee S. Newman Introduction HazardsMigrant Workers and Climate Change Adaptation and Response Worker, Family, and Societal Burden ConclusionsReferences Chapter 12 Women's Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender...223Tracy A. Cushing and Cecilia J. Sorensen IntroductionDirect Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women Temperature Air Quality Climate-Related Disasters and Forced MigrationFood Insecurity Water ScarcityInfectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness The Role of Women and Gener in Climate Change Policy and Planning Summary ReferencesChapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts...235Kristopher B. Karnauskas Greenhouse Gases and Radiative ForcingWhat Is a Global Climate Model?Global Climate Models and Global Change Science Summary and Closing RemarksReferences Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning...249 Peter Berry, Kristie L. Ebi, Rebekka Schnitter, Louise Aubin, and Sherilee Harper IntroductionThe Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on HealthMethods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Vulnerability and Adaptation AssessmentsThe Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation AssessmentsSummary References Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future...267Nikhil A. Ranadive and Jeremy J. Hess A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projection ModelingThe Role of GCM ProjectionsThe Role of Scenarios Characterizations of Projected ExposuresChoosing and Quantifying Exposure-Outcome AssociationsProjecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events Comparisons and the Counterfactual Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature Characterization of Risk Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact ProjectionSummary References Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change...289Cecilia Martinez and Nicky Sheats IntroductionClimate Resiliency and Environmental Justice Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Air Quality, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Heat Waves, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice Indigenous Rights and Climate Change Next Steps Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication...307Adam Corner, Chris Shaw, Stuart Capstick, and Nick PidgeonIntroductionPublic Understanding of Climate Change and Principle of Climate Change CommunicationCommunicating the Impacts of Climate Change Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Piublic Health Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 18 International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation Kristie L. Ebi Introduction Historical Perspective International Framework for AdaptationAssessing Adaptation Needs and OptionsNAPAs and NAPs Adaptation OptionSummary References Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies...343 Elizabeth J. Carlton, Amber S. Khan, and Justin V. Remais Introduction Climate Mitigation Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector Challenges and ConsiderationsSummary References Chapter 20 International Institutions and Global Governance on Climate Change...365Ambereen K. Shaffie Introduction Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies International Governance Structures Addressing Climate MitigationAn Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate NexusClimate NegotiationsConclusionReferences and Further Reading Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health...393 Alison Blaiklock, Carmel Williams, and Rhys Jones Introduction What are Human Rights? What is the Right to Health? Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to HealthUnjust Disparities Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate CrisisSummary References Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction...407Virginia Murray, Debra Parkinson, and Ellen Bloomer Overview Climate-Related Disasters and Their ImpactsThe 2015 UN Landmark Agreements The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk ReductionWHO's Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework Summary References Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration Craig Spencer, Amit Chandra, and Micaela Y. Arthur Introduction The Decision to Migrate Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration Summary Online Resources References Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health...433Allison Crimmins Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health?Economic Valuation Economic Models Exmaples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change Summary References Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience...455Caitlin S. Rublee, Emilie Calvello Hynes and John M. Balbus Introduction Definitions Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems Natural Systems and ResourcesInternational Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience Green and Resilient Health Care Case Studies Econimics and Equity Research Needs Summary References Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement...477Amy Collins, Shanda Demorest, and Sarah Spengeman IntroductionSocial Movements Advocacy within the Health Care Sector Clinically Sustainable Health Care Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change Encouraging Trends Summary Online Resources References Chapter 27 Specific Impacts Upon Human Health...497Caleb Dresser and Satchit Balsari IntroductionCardiovascular Disease Respiratory Disease Pneumonic Plague Pulmonary HantavirusRenal Disease Neurologic DiseaseReproductive Health and Disease Ocular Disease Hematology and Oncology Psychiatric Disease Dermatologic Disease Gastrointestinal Disease Endocrine Disease Multisystem Heat-Related IllnessInfectious Disease, Immunology and ToxicologySummary ReferencesChapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity...521Richard Salkowe and Mark R. Hafen Introduction Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity LossHistorical Perspective Biodiversity loss in the 21st Century Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Polar Ocean Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Rainforest Ecosystems Desert Ecosystems Mountain Ecosystems Summary References Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services...537 Lydia Olander, Sara Mason, Heather Tallis, Joleah Lamb, Yuta J. Masuda and Randall KramerWhat are Ecosystem Services? How does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health?Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health Summary References Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska...561 Micah Hahn IntroductionEnvironmental Change in Alaska How is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States?Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska OneHealth Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate...583Hanna Linstadt, Cecilia J. Sorensen and Morgan D. Bazilian IntroductionCurrent Trends in Global Energy Supply The Energy Transition and Climate Change Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs Clean Energy Transitions and Health Conclusion References Loss of Coral Reefs...591 Carolyn Sotka The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action...600Shanda Demorset Glossary Index
£62.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Handbook of Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering
Book SynopsisLearnfrom this integrated approach to the management and restoration of ecosystemsedited by an international leader in the field TheHandbook of Ecological and Ecosystem Engineeringdeliversa comprehensive overview of the latest research and practical developments in the rapidly evolving fields of ecological and ecosystem engineering.Beginning with an introduction to the theory and practice of ecological engineering and ecosystem services, the book addresses a wide variety of issues central to the restorationand remediation of ecological environments. The bookcontains fulsome analyses of the restoration, rehabilitation, conservation, sustainability, reconstruction, remediation, and reclamation of ecosystems using ecological engineering techniques.Case studies are used to highlight practical applications of the theory discussed within. The material in theHandbook of Ecological and Ecosystem Engineeringis particularly relevant at a time when the human population is dramaticallyrising,and tTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi 1 Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Services – Theory and Practice 1Fábio Carvalho Nunes, Thaís de Marchi Soares, Lander de Jesus Alves, José Rodrigues de Souza Filho, Cláudia Cseko Nolasco de Carvalho, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ecological Engineering: History and Definition 3 1.3 Ecosystem Services: History, Concepts, and Dimensions 7 1.3.1 Sizing Ecosystem Services 10 1.3.2 Agriculture and Ecosystem Services 15 1.4 Final Considerations: Challenges for the Future 19 Notes 20 References 20 2 Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering for Economic-Environmental Revitalization 25Bruno Barbosa and Ana Luísa Fernando 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Revitalization of Physical/Environmental Factors 27 2.2.1 Low Temperature 27 2.2.2 Limited Soil Drainage and Shallow Rooting Depth 28 2.2.3 Unfavorable Texture and Stoniness 29 2.2.4 Sloping Areas 30 2.2.5 Dryness 30 2.2.6 Waterlogging 31 2.3 Revitalization of Chemical Factors 32 2.3.1 Acidity 32 2.3.2 Heavy Metals and Organic Contaminants 33 2.3.3 Salinity and Sodicity 34 2.4 Economic Revitalization of Degraded Soil Ecosystems 35 2.5 Conclusions 36 References 37 3 Environmental Issues and Priority Areas for Ecological Engineering Initiatives 47Sanchayita Rajkhowa, Nazmun Ara Khanom, and Jyotirmoy Sarma 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Basic Concepts of Ecological Engineering 50 3.3 Practice and Implication of Ecological Engineering 53 3.4 Priority Areas for Ecological Engineering 54 3.4.1 Coastal Ecosystem Restoration 55 3.4.2 Mangrove Restoration 56 3.4.3 River and Wetland Restoration 57 3.4.4 Ecological Engineering in Soil Restoration and Agriculture 59 3.5 Conclusion 61 Notes 62 References 63 4 Soil Meso- and Macrofauna Indicators of Restoration Success in Rehabilitated Mine Sites 67Sara Pelaez Sanchez, Ronan Courtney, and Olaf Schmidt 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Restoration to Combat Land Degradation 67 4.3 Mine Rehabilitation 68 4.3.1 Mine Tailings 68 4.3.2 Rehabilitation of Mine Tailings 68 4.3.3 The Challenge of Metal Mine Rehabilitation 68 4.4 Restoration Success Assessment: Monitoring Diversity, Vegetation, and Ecological Processes 69 4.4.1 Monitoring Diversity 70 4.4.2 Vegetation 70 4.4.3 Ecological Processes 71 4.5 Gaps in the Assessment of Restoration Success in Mine Sites 72 4.6 Increasing Restoration Success by Enhancing Soil Biodiversity and Soil Multifunctionality 73 4.7 Using Keystone Species and Ecosystem Engineers in Restoration 74 4.7.1 Earthworms 83 4.7.2 Ants 84 4.7.3 Termites 85 4.7.4 Collembola and Mites 85 4.8 Conclusions and Further Perspective for the Restoration of Metalliferous Tailings 85 Acknowledgements 86 References 86 5 Ecological Engineering and Green Infrastructure in Mitigating Emerging Urban Environmental Threats 95Florin-Constantin Mihai, Petra Schneider, and Mihail Eva 5.1 Dimensions of Ecological Engineering in the Frame of Ecosystem Service Provision 95 5.2 Landfill Afteruse Practices Based on Ecological Engineering and Green Infrastructure 97 5.2.1 Old Landfill Closure and Rehabilitation Procedures 97 5.2.2 Landfill Restoration Examples Around the World 98 5.2.2.1 Conventional Landfill Closure (Campulung, Romania) 98 5.2.2.2 Elbauenpark Including Am Cracauer Anger Landfill (Magdeburg, Germany) 99 5.2.2.3 World Cup Park (Nanjido Landfill, Seoul, South Korea) 99 5.2.2.4 Fudekeng Environmental Restoration Park (Taiwan) 100 5.2.2.5 Hong Kong 100 5.2.2.6 Hyria Landfill Site (Tel Aviv, Israel) 101 5.2.2.7 Valdemingomez Forest Park (Madrid, Spain) 102 5.2.2.8 Freshkills Park – A Mega Restoration Project in the US 103 5.3 Role of Ecological Engineering in Transforming Brownfields into Greenfields 104 5.3.1 UGI Options for Brownfield Recycling 107 5.3.2 Pilot Case: Restoration of a Brownfield to Provide ES – Albert Railway Station (Dresden, Germany) Transformation into the Weißeritz Greenbelt 107 5.4 Green Infrastructures for Mitigating Urban Transport-Induced Threats 112 5.4.1 Transportation Heritage from the Industrial Period 112 5.4.2 The Cases of the Rose Kennedy Greenway and Cheonggyecheon River Restoration 113 5.4.2.1 The Concept: Expressway-to-Greenway Conversion 113 5.4.2.2 Environmental Efficiency and Effectiveness 114 5.4.2.3 Social Impact 116 5.4.2.4 Economic Efficiency 116 5.5 Conclusions 117 References 118 6 Urban Environmental Issues and Mitigation by Applying Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering 123Shailendra Yadav, Suvha Lama, and Atya Kapley 6.1 Urbanization 123 6.2 Global Trends of Urbanization and Its Consequences 124 6.3 Urban Environmental Issues 125 6.3.1 Physical Urban Environmental Issues 126 6.3.1.1 Urban Heat Islands 126 6.3.1.2 Urban Flooding 127 6.3.1.3 Urban Pollution (Air, Water, Noise) and Waste Management 128 6.3.2 Biological Urban Environmental Issues 130 6.3.2.1 Declining Urban Ecosystem Services Due to Loss of Biodiversity 130 6.3.2.2 Increasing Disease Epidemiology 131 6.4 Ecosystem Engineering 133 6.5 Approaches for Mitigation of Urban Environmental Issues 134 6.5.1 Nature-Based Solutions 134 6.5.1.1 Green Infrastructure (GI) 134 6.5.1.2 Urban Wetlands and Riparian Forests 136 6.5.1.3 Solar Energy 136 6.5.2 Artificial Engineering Approaches 137 6.5.3 Landfill Gas as an Alternative Source of Energy: Waste to Wealth 137 6.5.3.1 Wastewater/Sewage Treatment Plants as Sources of Energy 137 6.5.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting 137 6.5.3.3 Constructed Floating Islands for Water Treatment 138 6.5.3.4 Microgrids 138 6.6 Future Perspective 138 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 7 Soil Fertility Restoration, Theory and Practice 147V. Matichenkov and E. Bocharnikova 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Materials and Methods 148 7.3 Results 149 7.4 Discussion and Conclusions 151 Acknowledgment 155 References 155 8 Extracellular Soil Enzymes Act as Moderators to Restore Carbon in Soil Habitats 159Rupinder Kaur and Anand Narain Singh 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 161 8.3 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) 162 8.4 Soil Carbon Sequestration 162 8.5 Extracellular Soil Enzymes 164 8.6 Interactive Role of Extracellular Soil Enzymes in Soil Carbon Transformation 166 8.6.1 Cellulase 167 8.6.2 β-Glucosidase 169 8.6.3 Invertase 170 8.6.4 Amylase 170 8.6.5 Xylanase 171 8.7 Conclusion 172 References 172 9 Ecological Engineering for Solid Waste Segregation, Reduction, and Resource Recovery – A Contextual Analysis in Brazil 183Luís P. Azevedo, Fernando G. da Silva Araújo, Carlos A.F. Lagarinhos, Jorge A.S. Tenório, Denise C.R. Espinosa, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Municipal Solid Waste in Brazil 188 9.3 Compostable Waste 189 9.4 Anaerobic Digestion 190 9.5 Recycling 190 9.6 Burning Waste Tires 190 9.7 Energy Recovery 191 9.8 Coprocessing Industrial Waste in Cement Kilns 192 9.9 Conclusions 193 References 195 10 Urban Floods and Mitigation by Applying Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering 201Jyotirmoy Sarma and Sanchayita Rajkhowa 10.1 Sustainable Ecosystems through Engineering Approaches 201 10.2 Flooding and, Specifically, Urban Flooding as a Problem of Interest 202 10.3 Causes and Impacts of Urban Flooding 204 10.4 Protection Against and Mitigation of Urban Flooding in the Context of Sustainability 207 10.4.1 Living with Floods as a Sustainable Approach 208 10.4.2 Urban Flood Risk Management 208 10.4.3 Integrated and Interactive Flood Management 209 10.4.4 Structural and Nonstructural Measures for Flood Control 210 10.4.5 River and Wetland Restoration 211 10.4.6 Low Impact Development (LID) and Best Management Practices (BMPs) 214 10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 215 References 216 11 Ecological Engineering and Restoration of Mine Ecosystems 219Marcin Pietrzykowski 11.1 Background and Definitions 219 11.2 Ecological Criteria for Successful Mine Site Restoration 222 11.3 Examples of Reclamation Technology and Afforestation in Mining Areas 223 11.4 Selected Reclamation Practices Versus Mining Extraction and Environmental Conditions 226 11.5 Final Comments and Remarks 227 References 228 12 Ecological Restoration of Abandoned Mine Land: Theory to Practice 231Jitendra Ahirwal and Subodh Kumar Maiti 12.1 Introduction 231 12.2 Integration of Ecology Theory, Restoration Ecology, and Ecological Restoration 233 12.2.1 Disturbance 233 12.2.2 Succession 233 12.2.3 Fragmentation 233 12.2.4 Ecosystem Functions 233 12.2.5 Restoration 233 12.2.6 Reclamation 234 12.2.7 Rehabilitation 234 12.2.8 Regeneration 234 12.2.9 Recovery 234 12.3 Restoration Planning 235 12.4 Components of Restoration 236 12.4.1 Natural Processes 236 12.4.2 Physical and Nutritional Constraints 236 12.4.3 Species Diversity 237 12.5 Afforestation of Mine-Degraded Land 237 12.5.1 Miyawaki Planting Methods 237 12.6 Methods of Evaluating Ecological Restoration Success 239 12.6.1 Criteria for Restoration Success 239 12.6.2 Indicator Parameters of a Restored Ecosystem 240 12.6.3 Soil Quality Index 241 12.7 Development of a Post-Mining Ecosystem: A Case Study in India 242 12.8 Conclusions and Future Research 244 References 245 13 Wetland, Watershed, and Lake Restoration 247Bhupinder Dhir 13.1 Introduction 247 13.2 Renovation of Wastewater 247 13.2.1 Physical Methods 248 13.2.2 Chemical Methods 248 13.2.3 Biological Methods 248 13.2.4 Other Methods 249 13.3 Restoration of Bodies of Water 250 13.3.1 Watersheds 251 13.3.2 Wetlands 252 13.3.2.1 Methods of Restoring Wetlands 253 13.3.3 Rivers 253 13.3.4 Lakes 254 13.3.5 Streams 254 13.3.6 Case Studies 255 13.4 Problems Encountered in Restoration Projects 255 13.5 Conclusion 256 References 256 14 Restoration of Riverine Health: An Ecohydrological Approach –Flow Regimes and Aquatic Biodiversity 261S.P. Biswas 14.1 Introduction 261 14.2 Habitat Ecology 261 14.2.1 Riverine Habitats 262 14.2.2 Linked Ecosystems 262 14.3 Riverine Issues 262 14.3.1 Bank Erosion, Siltation, and Aggradations of Rivers 263 14.3.2 Deforestation in Catchment Areas 264 14.3.3 River Pollution and Invasive Species 266 14.3.4 Fishing Pressure 266 14.3.5 Status of Wetlands (FPLs) 267 14.3.6 Regulated Rivers and Their Impacts 267 14.4 Ecorestoration of River Basins 268 14.4.1 Environmental Flow 268 14.4.2 Success Story of a Conservation Effort for Aquatic Fauna 268 14.4.2.1 River Dolphins 268 14.4.2.2 Hilsa Fishery 270 14.4.3 Biomonitoring of Riverine Health and Ecosystem Engineering 270 14.4.4 Integrated River Basin Management 271 14.5 Summary and Conclusion 273 Acknowledgments 274 References 274 15 Ecosystem Services of the Phoomdi Islands of Loktak, a Dying Ramsar Site in Northeast India 279Sijagurumayum Geetanjali Devi, Niteshwori Thongam, Maibam Dhanaraj Meitei, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 15.1 What Are Ecosystem Services? 279 15.2 Phoomdi Islands of Loktak 279 15.3 Ecosystem Degradation of Loktak 280 15.4 Ecosystem Services Provided by the Phoomdi Islands of Loktak 284 15.5 Phoomdi and Provisioning Services 284 15.6 Phoomdi as Reservoirs of Biodiversity 287 15.7 Phoomdi and Fisheries 288 15.8 Phoomdi and Cultural Services 288 15.9 Phoomdi and Regulating Services 289 15.10 Phoomdi and Supporting Services 289 15.11 Conclusion 290 Acknowledgments 291 References 291 16 The Application of Reefs in Shoreline Protection 295Anu Joy and Anu Gopinath 16.1 General Introduction 295 16.2 Types of Coral Reefs 296 16.3 Global Distribution of Coral Reefs 296 16.4 Benefits of Coral Reefs 296 16.5 Threats to Coral Reefs 298 16.5.1 Global Threats 298 16.5.1.1 Ocean Acidification 299 16.5.1.2 Coral Bleaching 299 16.5.1.3 Cyclones 300 16.5.2 Local Threats 300 16.5.2.1 Over-Fishing and Destructive Fishing Methods 300 16.5.2.2 Coastal Development 300 16.5.2.3 Recreational Activities 300 16.5.2.4 Sedimentation 300 16.5.2.5 Coral Mining and Harvesting 300 16.5.2.6 Pollution 301 16.5.2.7 Invasive Species 301 16.6 Important Coral Reefs of the World 301 16.7 The Application of Reefs in Shoreline Protection 303 16.7.1 Coral Reefs 304 16.7.2 Oyster Reefs 307 16.7.3 Artificial Reefs 307 16.7.4 Coral Reef Restoration 308 16.7.5 Oyster Reef Restoration 309 16.8 Conclusion 310 References 310 17 Mangroves, as Shore Engineers, Are Nature-Based Solutions for Ensuring Coastal Protection 317Ajanta Dey, J.R.B. Alfred, Biswajit Roy Chowdhury, and Udo Censkowsky 17.1 Introduction 317 17.2 Sundarban: A Case Study 318 17.3 Restoration Models 319 17.4 Methodology 320 17.5 Results and Analysis 326 17.6 Conclusion 329 Acknowledgments 330 References 331 18 Forest Degradation Prevention Through Nature-Based Solutions: An Indian Perspective 333Purabi Saikia, Akash Nag, Rima Kumari, Amit Kumar, and M.L. Khan 18.1 Introduction 333 18.2 Causes of Forests Degradation and Present Status Forests in India 335 18.3 Effects of Forest Degradation 338 18.4 Forest Degradation Management Strategies 339 18.5 Policies for Preventing Forest Degradation 339 18.6 Ecological Engineering: A Tool for Restoration of Degraded Forests 341 18.7 Forest Landscape Restoration: A Nature-Based Solution 342 18.8 Success Stories of ER from India 342 18.9 Yamuna Biodiversity Park 343 18.10 Ecological Restoration in Corbett National Park 343 18.11 Conclusion and Recommendations 345 References 345 19 Restoring Ecosystem Services of Degraded Forests in a Changing Climate 353Smita Chaudhry, Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu, and Rashmi Paliwal 19.1 Introduction 353 19.2 Role of Forests in Maintaining Ecological Balance and Providing Services 354 19.2.1 Forests and Rainfall 355 19.2.2 Forests and Carbon Sequestration 355 19.2.3 Forests and Climate 356 19.2.4 Forests and Soil Erosion 356 19.2.5 Forest and Water Quality 357 19.3 Types of Forests in India 357 19.4 Forest Degradation 357 19.4.1 Invasive Alien Species 360 19.4.2 Forest Fires 361 19.4.3 Overpopulation and Exploitation of Forest Resources 361 19.4.4 Overgrazing 361 19.5 Impacts of Forest Degradation 362 19.5.1 Carbon Sequestration 362 19.6 Nutritional Status of Soil 362 19.7 Hydrological Regimes 362 19.8 Ecological Services 363 19.9 Social Implications 363 19.10 Methods for Restoring and Rehabilitating Forests 364 19.11 Conclusion 367 References 368 20 Forest Degradation Prevention 377Marta Jaskulak and Anna Grobelak 20.1 Introduction 377 20.2 The Problem of Forest Degradation 379 20.3 Assessing Levels of Forest Degradation 380 20.4 Drivers of Forest Degradation 382 20.4.1 Strategies to Address Causes of Forest Degradation 382 20.4.2 The Hierarchy of Land Degradation Responses 383 20.5 The Role of Forest Management in Degradation Prevention 384 20.5.1 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) for Prevention of Degradation and the Restoration of Degraded Areas 385 20.6 Conclusions – Prioritization and Implementation 387 References 387 21 Use of Plants for Air Quality Improvement 391Richa Rai, Madhoolika Agrawal, and S.B. Agrawal 21.1 Introduction 391 21.2 Current Status of Air Pollutants 392 21.3 Green Roofs, Urban Forests, and Air Pollution 393 21.4 Traits for Phytoremediation of Air Pollution 397 21.4.1 Physiological and Biochemical Traits 398 21.5 Conclusions 400 References 400 22 Phylloremediation for Mitigating Air Pollution 405Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 22.1 Introduction 405 22.2 Significance of Tree Canopy Architecture and Types of Canopies for Mitigating Air Pollution 407 22.3 Air-Improving Qualities of Plants 414 22.3.1 Dust-Capturing Mechanisms Using Plants 414 22.3.2 Environmental Factors for Efficient Dust Capture by Plants 414 22.3.2.1 Light Intensity 414 22.3.2.2 Moisture 414 22.3.2.3 Wind Velocity 414 22.4 Effects of Vegetation on Urban Air Quality 414 22.4.1 Interception and Absorption of Pollution 414 22.4.2 Temperature Effects 416 22.4.3 Impact on Energy Use 416 22.5 Urban Air Quality Improvement through Dust-Capturing Plant Species 416 Acknowledgments 417 References 417 23 Green Belts for Sustainable Improvement of Air Quality 423S.B. Chaphekar, R.P. Madav, and Seemaa S. Ghate 23.1 Introduction 423 23.2 Tolerance of Plants to Air Pollutants 424 23.2.1 Agro-Climates in India 425 23.2.2 Green Belts 426 23.2.3 Choosing Plant Species 427 23.2.4 Designing Green Belts 427 23.2.4.1 Ground-Level Concentration (GLC) of Emitted Pollutants 427 23.2.4.2 Mathematical Model 429 23.2.4.3 Two Approaches 430 23.2.4.4 Planting Along Roadsides 430 23.2.4.5 Choice of Plants for Roadsides 431 23.2.4.6 Nurturing Green Belts 431 23.3 Conclusion 433 References 433 24 Air Quality Improvement Using Phytodiversity and Plant Architecture 437D.N. Magana-Arachchi and R.P. Wanigatunge 24.1 Introduction 437 24.2 Phytodiversity 438 24.3 Plant Architecture 438 24.3.1 Leaf Architecture – Regulation of Leaf Position 439 24.3.2 Development of Internal Leaf Architecture 439 24.4 Phytoremediation 440 24.4.1 Role of Plants During Particulate Matter and Gaseous Phytoremediation 440 24.4.2 Ways of Improving Air Quality 442 24.4.2.1 Outdoor Air Pollutants 442 24.4.2.2 Indoor Air Pollutants 444 24.4.2.3 Phyllosphere Microorganisms 444 24.5 Conclusion 446 Acknowledgment 446 References 446 25 Information Explosion in Digital Ecosystems and Their Management 451Chanchal Kumar Mitra and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 25.1 Introduction 451 25.1.1 Digital Computers 452 25.1.2 Modern Architectures for Computer Systems 452 25.1.3 Microprocessors 454 25.1.4 Networks of Computers 454 25.1.5 Development of Databases 455 25.1.6 Data as Knowledge 456 25.2 Growth 456 25.2.1 Traditional Models for Growth 456 25.2.2 Growth Curves 457 25.2.3 Limits of Growth 458 25.2.4 Growth vs. Life 459 25.3 Sustainability 459 25.3.1 Production vs. Consumption 459 25.4 Knowledge vs. Information 460 25.5 Circulation of Information 460 25.6 Quality vs. Quantity 461 25.6.1 Case Study 1: Facebook and Cambridge Analytica Scandal 461 25.6.2 Case Study 2: Aarogya Setu Mobile App by National Informatics Centre (NIC) of the GoI 462 25.7 How Does the Digital Ecosystem Work? 462 25.7.1 Digital Ecosystem and Sustainable Development 463 25.7.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 465 25.7.3 SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth 465 25.7.4 SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 465 25.7.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 466 25.7.6 SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production 466 25.8 Conclusions 466 References 466 26 Nanotechnology in Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering 469L.R. Sendanayake, H.A.D.B. Amarasiri, and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya 26.1 Ecology, Ecosystem, and Ecosystem Engineering 469 26.2 Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Nanoscience 469 26.3 Nanotechnology in Ecological and Ecosystem-Engineering 470 26.4 Nanotechnology to Remediate Environmental Pollution 470 26.5 Environmental Remediation 471 26.6 Surface Water Remediation 471 26.6.1 Adsorption 472 26.6.2 Photocatalysis 473 26.6.3 Disinfection 474 26.6.4 Nanomembranes 475 26.7 Groundwater Remediation and Soil Remediation 475 26.8 Air Remediation 478 26.9 Future Scope of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience in Ecological and Ecosystem Engineering 479 References 480 Index 487
£158.35
