A thorough introduction
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgment xv
About the Companion Website xvii
1 Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Why Do We Use So Much Energy? 4
1.3 Energy Basics 7
1.3.1 General 7
1.3.2 Forms of Energy 8
1.3.3 Power 10
1.4 Units of Energy 11
1.4.1 The Joule 12
1.4.2 The British Thermal Unit 12
1.4.3 The Calorie 12
1.4.4 The Foot-Pound 12
1.4.5 The Electron-Volt 12
1.5 Scientific Notation 13
1.6 Energy Consumption in the United States 14
1.7 The Principle of Energy Conservation 20
1.8 Transformation of Energy from One Form to Another 21
1.9 Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources 22
1.9.1 Nonrenewable Energy Sources 23
1.9.2 Renewable Energy Sources 23
Key Terms 24
Questions and Problems 25
Multiple Choice Questions 26
Suggested Reading and References 28
2 The Fossil Fuels 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Petroleum 32
2.3 History of the Production of Petroleum in the United States 33
2.4 Petroleum Resources of the United States 34
2.5 World Production of Petroleum 38
2.6 The Cost of Gasoline in the United States 39
2.7 Petroleum Refining 40
2.8 Natural Gas 43
2.9 The History of Use of Natural Gas 44
2.10 The Natural Gas Resource Base in the United States 47
2.11 The Natural Gas Resource Base for the World 48
2.12 The Formation of Coal 50
2.13 Coal Resources and Consumption 50
2.14 Oil Shale 53
2.15 Tar Sands 56
2.16 Summary 57
Key Terms 58
Questions and Problems 58
Multiple Choice Questions 59
Suggested Reading and References 62
3 Heat Engines 65
3.1 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 65
3.2 The Energy Content of Fuels 66
3.3 The Thermodynamics of Heat Engines 67
3.4 Generation of Electricity 69
3.5 Electric Power Transmission 71
3.6 Practical Heat Engines 73
3.6.1 Steam Engines 74
3.6.2 Gasoline Engines 75
3.6.3 Diesel Engines 77
3.6.4 Gas Turbines 78
3.7 Heat Pumps 79
3.8 Cogeneration 82
Key Terms 84
Questions and Problems 85
Multiple Choice Questions 86
Suggested Reading and References 90
4 Renewable Energy Sources I: Solar Energy 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Energy from the Sun 93
4.3 A Flat-Plate Collector System 97
4.4 Passive Solar 102
4.5 Solar Thermal Electric Power Generation 105
4.5.1 Power Towers 107
4.5.2 Parabolic Dishes and Troughs 109
4.6 The Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electrical Energy 110
4.7 Solar Cooling 118
Key Terms 119
Questions and Problems 119
Multiple Choice Questions 120
Suggested Reading and References 123
5 Renewable Energy Sources II: Alternatives 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Hydropower 126
5.3 Wind Power 132
5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 139
5.5 Biomass as an Energy Feedstock 143
5.6 Biomass: Municipal Solid Waste 149
5.7 Biomass-Derived Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 150
5.8 Geothermal Energy 154
5.9 Tidal Energy 159
5.10 Wave Energy 161
5.11 Summary 162
Key Terms 162
Questions and Problems 162
Multiple Choice Questions 164
Suggested Reading and References 167
6 The Promise and Problems of Nuclear Energy 169
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 A Short History of Nuclear Energy 170
6.3 Radioactivity 173
6.4 Nuclear Reactors 175
6.5 The Boiling Water Reactor 177
6.6 Fuel Cycle 179
6.7 Uranium Resources 180
6.8 Environmental and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Energy 182
6.9 Nuclear Reactor Accidents 185
6.9.1 The Chernobyl Disaster 185
6.9.2 Fukushima Daiichi Disaster 186
6.10 Nuclear Weapons 187
6.11 The Storage of High-Level Radioactive Waste 189
6.12 The Cost of Nuclear Power 191
6.13 Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Source 192
6.14 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions 194
6.15 A Fusion Reactor 194
Key Terms 199
Questions and Problems 199
Multiple Choice Questions 201
Suggested Reading and References 204
7 Energy Conservation 207
7.1 A Penny Saved Is a Penny Earned 207
7.2 Space Heating 210
7.2.1 Thermal Insulation 210
7.2.2 Air Infiltration 215
7.2.3 Furnaces, Stoves, and Fireplaces 216
7.2.4 Solar and Other Sources of Heat Energy 219
7.2.5 Standards for Home Heating 220
7.3 Water Heaters, Home Appliances, and Lighting 221
7.3.1 Water Heating 221
7.3.2 Appliances 222
7.3.3 Lighting 225
7.3.4 The Energy-Conserving House 227
7.4 Energy Conservation in Industry and Agriculture 227
7.4.1 Housekeeping 228
7.4.2 Waste Heat Recovery and Cogeneration 229
7.4.3 Process Changes 229
7.4.4 Recycling 229
7.4.5 New Developments 230
7.4.6 Help from Public Utilities 231
Key Terms 232
Questions and Problems 232
Multiple Choice Questions 234
Suggested Reading and References 236
8 Transportation 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 Power and Energy Requirements 242
8.3 Electric Batteries, Flywheels, Hybrids, Hydrogen, Alcohol 248
8.3.1 Electric Vehicles 250
8.3.2 Flywheel-Powered Vehicles 252
8.3.3 Hybrid Vehicles 255
8.3.4 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells 257
8.3.5 Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel 261
8.4 Mass Transportation 263
Key Terms 266
Questions and Problems 266
Multiple Choice Questions 267
Suggested Reading and References 270
9 Air Pollution 271
9.1 Spaceship Earth 271
9.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere 272
9.3 Thermal Inversions 273
9.4 Carbon Monoxide 277
9.5 The Oxides of Nitrogen 282
9.6 Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog 284
9.7 Reduction of Vehicle Emissions 286
9.8 Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere 289
9.9 Particulates as Pollutants 292
9.10 Acid Rain 295
Key Terms 300
Questions and Problems 301
Multiple Choice Questions 302
Suggested Reading and References 305
10 Global Effects 307
10.1 Introduction 308
10.2 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 308
10.3 The Greenhouse Effect and World Climate Changes 312
Key Terms 326
Questions and Problems 326
Multiple Choice Questions 327
Suggested Reading and References 328
Appendix 329
Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems 335
Index 337
