Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books
Taylor & Francis Ltd Water Pollution Control A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£120.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Adapting Buildings for Changing Uses Guidelines
Book SynopsisAdapting Building for Changing Uses discusses the comprehensive refurbishment of buildings to enable them to be used for purposes different to those originally intended.For those involved in the often risky business of conversion of buildings from one type of use to another, Adapting Building for Changing Uses provides secure guidance on which uses may be best suited to a particular location. This guidance is based on a unique decision tool, the Use Comparator, which was developed through research carried out at UCL in the mid 1990''s. The Use Comparator compares the physical and locational characteristics of a building with the characteristics best suited to various types of use. A total of 77 targeted types of use are evaluated, in contrast to the 17 uses normally considers by regulatory planners.Adapting Building for Changing Uses also identifies the key problems experienced by building managers involved in assembling the coalition of Producers, InTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Preface. 1. Adaptive Re-use.2. Finding Viable Uses for Redundant Buildings. 3. Securing the Management of Implementation. 4. Robust Buildings for Changing Use. Appendix. Bibliography.
£82.64
Elsevier Science Microplastics
Book Synopsis
£86.36
Elsevier Science Electric Vehicle Tribology
Book Synopsis
£999.99
Elsevier Science Design of Experiments for Engineers and
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to Industrial Experimentation 2. Fundamentals of Design of Experiments 3. Understanding Key Interactions in Processes 4. A Systematic Methodology for Design of Experiments 5. Screening Designs 6. Full Factorial Designs 7. Fractional Factorial Designs 8. Some Useful and Practical Tips for Making Your Industrial Experiments Successful 9. Case Studies 10. Design of Experiments and its Applications in the Service Industry 11. Design of Experiments and its Role Within Six Sigma 12. Design of Experiments in the Service Industry: A Critical Literature Review and Future Research Directions 13. Design of Experiments in the Service Industry: Results from a Global Survey and Directions for Further Research
£54.00
Elsevier Science Emerging Practices in Telehealth
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Telehealth basics - what’s known, how it works 2. Technology and workflow implementation for telehealth 3. Integration into EMRs and clinical workflows 4. Billing basics / Fundamentals 5. Optimizing the patient experience 6. Using RPM with Telehealth 7. Creating the perfect telehealth product 8. Increasing access and decreasing disparity with telehealth 9. International telehealth implementation - The Russian experience 10. International telehealth implementation – The Gujarat experience 11. Global telehealth and digital health – how to support programs and infrastructure 12. The rise of artificial intelligence in telehealth
£999.99
Elsevier Science Battery Technology
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to battery technology 2. Thermodynamics of batteries 3. Electrochemical modeling of batteries 4. Thermal behavior of batteries 5. Battery thermal management systems 6. Battery system design 7. Integrated battery-based systems 8. Closing remarks and future directions on batteries and their thermal management
£113.40
Elsevier Science Metamaterial Design and Additive Manufacturing
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Mechanical metamaterials 3. Acoustic metamaterials 4. Thermal metamaterials 5. Metamaterial-based porous metallic biomaterials 6. Microlattice metamaterials 7. Plate-lattice Metamaterials 8. Business opportunities and future research directions
£121.50
Elsevier Science Advanced Reactor Concepts ARC
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the authors Acknowledgments. Preface 1. Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) 2. Electromagnetic Pump for Large Pool Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Concept 3. Nuclear Power Reactors Driven Radiation Harden Environments 4. Heat pipe application driven fission nuclear power plant 5. Nuclear thermal hydraulics: Heat, water, and nuclear power safety 6. Traversing in-core probe (TIP) system, nuclear instrumentation, and control 7. Heated junction thermocouple system 8. Gamma thermometer (GT) system Appendix A Index
£110.70
Elsevier Science Advances in Applied Microbiology
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsFundamentals of utilising Microbes in Advanced Cancer Therapeutics: Current Understanding and Potential Applications Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Data Analyses for Prokaryotes - Past, Present and Future Concepts Valuable biomolecules from Rhodotorula sp. Next generation sequencing for quantifying emerging antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)
£93.57
Elsevier Science Understanding Geologic Carbon Sequestration and
Book Synopsis
£124.20
Elsevier Science Textile and FiberBased Triboelectric Nanogenerators
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£184.50
Elsevier Science Switchgear Design Operation and Maintenance Using Industry Standards
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£148.00
Elsevier Science Massive MIMO in Practice
Book Synopsis
£112.79
Elsevier Science Digital Platforms for Sustainable Business
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£146.69
Elsevier Science Eukaryotic Microorganisms as Sources of Bioproducts
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£229.59
Elsevier Science Transformation of Liquid Waste to Energy
£175.19
Elsevier Science Fuelling the Future
£143.09
Elsevier Science Wind Energy Systems
£146.69
Elsevier Science MATLAB Scientific Plotting and Data Analysis
£147.24
Elsevier Science Progress in Medicinal Chemistry
Book SynopsisWhat defines a quality lead, where these quality leads come from and how one discovers them has been the subject of intense debate within the pharmaceutical industry. This volume addresses these questions and discusses diabetes, obesity and tuberculosis. It presents research in the field of drug discovery.Table of ContentsPreface List of Contributors Hit and Lead Identification: Efficient practices for drug discovery DPPIV Inhibition: Promising Therapy for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Recent Progress Towards Nonpeptide Ligands for the Melanocortin-4 Receptor Tuberculosis chemotherapy: recent developments and future perspectives Subject Index Author Index (Volumes 1-45) Subject Index (Volumes 1-45)
£151.05
Basic Books Too Big to Know
Book SynopsisWith the advent of the Internet and the limitless information it contains, we''re less sure about what we know, who knows what, or even what it means to know at all. And yet, human knowledge has recently grown in previously unimaginable ways and in inconceivable directions. In Too Big to Know , David Weinberger explains that, rather than a systemic collapse, the Internet era represents a fundamental change in the methods we have for understanding the world around us. With examples from history, politics, business, philosophy, and science, Too Big to Know describes how the very foundations of knowledge have been overturned, and what this revolution means for our future.Trade ReviewMarc Benioff, chairman, CEO salesforce.com, bestselling author of Behind the Cloud "Led by the Internet, knowledge is now social, mobile, and open. Weinberger shows how to unlock the benefits." John Seely Brown, co-author of The Social Life of Information and A New Culture of Learning "Too Big to Know is a stunning and profound book on how our concept of knowledge is changing in the age of the Net. It honors the traditional social practices of knowing, where genres stay fixed, and provides a graceful way of understanding new strategies for knowing in today's rapidly evolving, networked world. I couldn't put this book down. It is a true tour-de-force written in a delightful way." Daniel H. Pink, author of Drive and A Whole New Mind "With this insightful book, David Weinberger cements his status as one of the most important thinkers of the digital age. If you want to understand what it means to live in a world awash in information, Too Big to Know is the guide you've been looking for." Tony Burgess, Cofounder, CompanyCommand.com "David Weinberger's Too Big to Know is an inspiring read--especially for networked leaders who already believe that the knowledge to change the world is living and active, personal, and vastly interconnected. If, as David writes, 'Knowledge is becoming inextricable from--literally unthinkable without--the network that enables it' our great task as leaders is to design networks for the greater good. David casts the vision and gives us excellent examples of what that looks like in action, even as he warns us of the pitfalls that await us."
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electronics Projects For Dummies
Book SynopsisThese projects are fun to build and fun to use Make lights dance to music, play with radio remote control, or build your own metal detector Who says the Science Fair has to end? If you love building gadgets, this book belongs on your radar.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Project Prep. Chapter 1: Exploring the World of Electronics Projects. Chapter 2: Safety First. Chapter 3: Assembling Your Electronics Arsenal. Chapter 4: Running Down the Skills You Need. Part II: Sounding Off! Chapter 5: Making Light Dance to the Music. Chapter 6: Focusing Sound with a Parabolic Microphone. Chapter 7: Murmuring Merlin. Chapter 8: Surfing the Airwaves. Part III: Let There Be Light. Chapter 9: Scary Pumpkins. Chapter 10: Dancing Dolphins. Chapter 11: Controlling a Go-Kart Infrared Style. Part IV: Good Vibrations. Chapter 12: A Handy-Dandy Metal Detector. Chapter 13: Sensitive Sam Walks the Line. Chapter 14: Couch Pet-ato. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 15: Ten Great Parts Suppliers. Chapter 16: Ten Great Electronics Resources. Chapter 17: Ten Specialized Electronics Resources. Glossary. Index.
£18.69
Wiley Formulation and Analytical Development for LowDose Oral Drug Products
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biophilic Design
Book Synopsis"When nature inspires our architecture-not just how it looks but how buildings and communities actually function-we will have made great strides as a society. Biophilic Design provides us with tremendous insight into the 'why,' then builds us a road map for what is sure to be the next great design journey of our times.Trade Review"Stephen Kellert, a social ecologist, has spent much of his career thinking and writing about biophilia, the innate human affinity for nature. Biophilic Design is an exploration of how we cut ourselves off from nature in the way we design the buildings and neighborhoods where we live and work. And it's an argument for re-connecting these spaces to the natural world, with plenty of windows, daylight, fresh air, plants and green spaces, natural materials, and decorative motifs from the natural world." (Yale Environment 360, December 2009) "…Kellert asserts that people "learn better, work more comfortably, and recuperate more successfully in buildings that echo the environment in which the human species evolved." He says there are a number of ways to improve worker productivity and retention and reduce absenteeism. The most basic step is to improve the availability of natural light. Kellert is analyzing the effect of biophilic design on office work productivity, absenteeism, number of sick days. Kellert believes there is a definite connection between biophilic spaces and improved productivity, and some studies point to a positive relationship." (dirt.asla.org, September 2009) "By applying biophilia to design, the editors and contributors hope to go beyond the standard green architecture goal of simply lowering the environmental impact of buildings. They hope to enhance the human relationship with nature through buildings believing, that one's affinity for light or water should be incorporated into the placement of windows. The book is divided into three parts. The first provides a theory of biophilic design and offers general guidelines. The second offers a more focused look at health issues and the role of nature. The third examines applied instances of biophilic design. Summing Up: Recommended" (Choice, September 2009) "These authors urge architects to do what they can to incorporate nature in the design of buildings." (GreenSource, April 2009) "Biophilic Design collects descriptions of current destructive practices, analyzes their roots in human nature, and offers low-cost, low-impact strategies for change." (Architecture Boston; Nov/Dec 2008) "Stephen Kellert's Biophilic Design…brings together biologists, ecologists, psychologists, architects, designers and city planners to probe the confluence of people, nature and design." (Miller-McCune.com, 7/14/08) "Make no mistake: Biophilic Design, all 400 pages of it, is one of the best design books of this decade." (New Urban News, April-May 2008)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Contributors Biographies. Preface (Stephen R. Kellert and Judith Heerwagen). Prologue: Afterword, years after (Hillary Brown). I. THE THEORY OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 1: Dimensions, Elements, and Attributes of Biophilic Design (Stephen Kellert). Chapter 2: The Nature of Human Nature (Edward O. Wilson). Chapter 3: A Good Place to Settle: Biomimicry, Biophilia, and the Return of Nature’s Inspiration to Architecture (Janine Benyus). Chapter 4: Water, Biophilic Design, and the Built Environment (Martin Mador). Chapter 5: Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design (Nikos Salingaros and Kenneth Masden). II. THE SCIENCE AND BENEFITS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 6: Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design (Roger Ulrich). Chapter 7: Nature Contact and Human Health: Building the Evidence Base (Howard Frumkin). Chapter 8: Where Windows Become Doors (Vivian Loftness). Chapter 9: Restorative Environmental Design: What, When, Where, and for Whom (Terry Hartig, Tina Bringslimark ,and Grete Grindal Patil)? Chapter 10: Healthy Planet, Healthy Children: Designing Nature into the Daily Spaces of Childhood (Robin Moore and Clare Cooper Marcus). Chapter 11: Children and the Success of Biophilic Design (Richard Louv). Chapter 12: The Extinction of Natural Experience in the Built Environment (Robert Pyle and David Orr). III. THE PRACTICE OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 13: Biophilia and Sensory Aesthetics (Judith Heerwagen and Bert Gregory). Chapter 14: Evolving an Environmental Aesthetic (Stephen Kieran). Chapter 15: The Picture Window: the Problem of Viewing Nature through Glass (Kent Bloomer). Chapter 16: Biophilic Architectural Space (Grant Hildebrand). Chapter 17: Towards Biophilic Cities: Strategies for Integrating Nature into Urban Design (Tim Beatley). Chapter 18: Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia (Jonathan Rose). Chapter 19: The Greening of the Brain (Pliny Fisk). Chapter 20: Bringing Buildings to Life (Tom Bender). Chapter 21: Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature (Alex Wilson). Chapter 22: Transforming Building Practices through Biophilic Design (Jenifer Seal Cramer and William Browning). Chapter 23 Reflections on Implementing Biophilic Design (Robert Fox and Robert Berkebile).
£70.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering
Book SynopsisThis expanded third edition of the most popular book on electromagnetic compatibility reflects all of the latest advances and developments in the field. It demonstrates how and why noise in electronic digital systems can be avoided or minimized.Trade Review"This is an outstanding book. At 872 pages thick, it is a valuable follow-up to Ott's earlier books, Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems (first edition, 1975; second edition, 1987) . . . EMC will remain with us in the foreseeable future, and we need books like this one." (The Radio Science Bulletin, 1 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Part 1 EMC Theory 1 1 Electromagnetic Compatibility 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Noise and Interference 3 1.3 Designing for Electromagnetic Compatibility 4 1.4 Engineering Documentation and EMC 6 1.5 United States’ EMC Regulations 6 1.6 Canadian EMC Requirements 19 1.7 European Union’s EMC Requirements 20 1.8 International Harmonization 26 1.9 Military Standards 27 1.10 Avionics 28 1.11 The Regulatory Process 30 1.12 Typical Noise Path 30 1.14 Miscellaneous Noise Sources 33 1.15 Use of Network Theory 36 Summary 38 Problems 39 References 41 Further Reading 42 2 Cabling 44 2.1 Capacitive Coupling 45 2.2 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling 48 2.3 Inductive Coupling 52 2.4 Mutual Inductance Calculations 54 2.5 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling 56 2.6 Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation 64 2.7 Shielding a Receptor Against Magnetic Fields 67 2.8 Common Impedance Shield Coupling 69 2.9 Experimental Data 70 2.10 Example of Selective Shielding 74 2.11 Shield Transfer Impedance 75 2.12 Coaxial Cable Versus Twisted Pair 75 2.13 Braided Shields 79 2.14 Spiral Shields 81 2.15 Shield Terminations 84 2.16 Ribbon Cables 94 2.17 Electrically Long Cables 96 Summary 96 Problems 98 References 103 Further Reading 104 3 Grounding 106 3.1 AC Power Distribution and Safety Grounds 107 3.2 Signal Grounds 120 3.3 Equipment/System Grounding 132 3.4 Ground Loops 142 3.5 Low-Frequency Analysis of Common-Mode Choke 147 3.6 High-Frequency Analysis of Common-Mode Choke 152 3.7 Single Ground Reference for a Circuit 154 Summary 155 Problems 156 References 157 Further Reading 157 4 Balancing and Filtering 158 4.1 Balancing 158 4.2 Filtering 174 4.3 Power Supply Decoupling 178 4.4 Driving Capacitive Loads 186 4.5 System Bandwidth 188 4.6 Modulation and Coding 190 Summary 190 Problems 191 References 192 Further Reading 193 5 Passive Components 194 5.1 Capacitors 194 5.2 Inductors 203 5.3 Transformers 204 5.4 Resistors 206 5.5 Conductors 208 5.6 Transmission Lines 215 5.7 Ferrites 225 Summary 233 Problems 234 References 237 Further Reading 237 6 Shielding 238 6.1 Near Fields and Far Fields 238 6.2 Characteristic and Wave Impedances 241 6.3 Shielding Effectiveness 243 6.4 Absorption Loss 245 6.5 Reflection Loss 249 6.6 Composite Absorption and Reflection Loss 257 6.7 Summary of Shielding Equations 260 6.8 Shielding with Magnetic Materials 260 6.9 Experimental Data 265 6.10 Apertures 267 6.11 Waveguide Below Cutoff 280 6.12 Conductive Gaskets 282 6.13 The ‘‘IDEAL’’ Shield 287 6.14 Conductive Windows 288 6.16 Internal Shields 293 6.17 Cavity Resonance 295 6.18 Grounding of Shields 296 Summary 296 Problems 297 References 299 Further Reading 300 7 Contact Protection 302 7.1 Glow Discharges 302 7.2 Metal-Vapor or Arc Discharges 303 7.3 AC Versus DC Circuits 305 7.4 Contact Material 306 7.5 Contact Rating 306 7.6 Loads with High Inrush Currents 307 7.7 Inductive Loads 308 7.8 Contact Protection Fundamentals 310 7.9 Transient Suppression for Inductive Loads 314 7.10 Contact Protection Networks for Inductive Loads 318 7.11 Inductive Loads Controlled by a Transistor Switch 322 7.12 Resistive Load Contact Protection 323 7.13 Contact Protection Selection Guide 323 7.14 Examples 324 Summary 325 Problems 326 References 327 Further Reading 327 8 Intrinsic Noise Sources 328 8.1 Thermal Noise 328 8.2 Characteristics of Thermal Noise 332 8.3 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 334 8.4 Shot Noise 337 8.5 Contact Noise 338 8.6 Popcorn Noise 339 8.7 Addition of Noise Voltages 340 8.8 Measuring Random Noise 341 Summary 342 Problems 343 References 345 Further Reading 345 9 Active Device Noise 346 9.1 Noise Factor 346 9.2 Measurement of Noise Factor 349 9.3 Calculating S/N Ratio and Input Noise Voltage from Noise Factor 351 9.4 Noise Voltage and Current Model 353 9.5 Measurment of Vn and In 355 9.6 Calculating Noise Factor and S/N Ratio from Vn–In 356 9.7 Optimum Source Resistance 357 9.8 Noise Factor of Cascaded Stages 360 9.9 Noise Temperature 362 9.10 Bipolar Transistor Noise 364 9.11 Field-Effect Transistor Noise 368 9.12 Noise in Operational Amplifiers 370 Summary 375 Problems 376 References 377 Further Reading 378 10 Digital Circuit Grounding 379 10.1 Frequency Versus Time Domain 380 10.2 Analog Versus Digital Circuits 380 10.3 Digital Logic Noise 380 10.4 Internal Noise Sources 381 10.5 Digital Circuit Ground Noise 384 10.6 Ground Plane Current Distribution and Impedance 391 10.7 Digital Logic Current Flow 412 Summary 419 Problems 420 References 421 Further Reading 422 Part 2 EMC Applications 423 11 Digital Circuit Power Distribution 425 11.1 Power Supply Decoupling 425 11.2 Transient Power Supply Currents 426 11.3 Decoupling Capacitors 431 11.4 Effective Decoupling Strategies 436 11.5 The Effect of Decoupling on Radiated Emissions 454 11.6 Decoupling Capacitor Type and Value 456 11.7 Decoupling Capacitor Placement and Mounting 457 11.8 Bulk Decoupling Capacitors 459 11.9 Power Entry Filters 460 Summary 461 Problems 461 References 463 Further Reading 463 12 Digital Circuit Radiation 464 12.1 Differential-Mode Radiation 465 12.2 Controlling Differential-Mode Radiation 471 12.3 Common-Mode Radiation 477 12.4 Controlling Common-Mode Radiation 480 Summary 488 Problems 489 References 490 Further Reading 491 13 Conducted Emissions 492 13.1 Power Line Impedance 492 13.2 Switched-Mode Power Supplies 495 13.3 Power-Line Filters 511 13.4 Primary-to-Secondary Common-Mode Coupling 523 13.5 Frequency Dithering 524 13.6 Power Supply Instability 524 13.7 Magnetic Field Emissions 525 13.8 Variable Speed Motor Drives 528 13.9 Harmonic Suppression 536 Summary 541 Problems 542 References 544 Further Reading 544 14 RF and Transient Immunity 545 14.1 Performance Criteria 545 14.2 RF Immunity 546 14.3 Transient Immunity 557 14.4 Power Line Disturbances 572 Summary 575 Problems 576 References 578 Further Reading 579 15 Electrostatic Discharge 580 15.1 Static Generation 580 15.2 Human Body Model 587 15.3 Static Discharge 589 15.4 ESD Protection in Equipment Design 592 15.5 Preventing ESD Entry 594 15.6 Hardening Sensitive Circuits 608 15.7 ESD Grounding 608 15.8 Nongrounded Products 609 15.9 Field-Induced Upset 610 15.10 Transient Hardened Software Design 612 15.11 Time Windows 617 Summary 617 Problems 619 References 620 Further Reading 621 16 PCB Layout and Stackup 622 16.1 General PCB Layout Considerations 622 16.2 PCB-to-Chassis Ground Connection 625 16.3 Return Path Discontinuities 626 16.4 PCB Layer Stackup 635 Summary 655 Problems 657 References 658 Further Reading 658 17 Mixed-Signal PCB Layout 660 17.1 Split Ground Planes 660 17.2 Microstrip Ground Plane Current Distribution 662 17.3 Analog and Digital Ground Pins 665 17.4 When Should Split Ground Planes Be Used? 668 17.5 Mixed Signal ICs 669 17.6 High-Resolution A/D and D/A Converters 671 17.7 A/D and D/A Converter Support Circuitry 676 17.8 Vertical Isolation 679 17.9 Mixed-Signal Power Distribution 681 17.10 The IPC Problem 684 Summary 685 Problems 686 References 687 Further Reading 687 18 Precompliance EMC Measurements 688 18.1 Test Environment 689 18.2 Antennas Versus Probes 689 18.3 Common-Mode Currents on Cables 690 18.4 Near Field Measurements 694 18.5 Noise Voltage Measurements 697 18.6 Conducted Emission Testing 700 18.7 Spectrum Analyzers 707 18.8 EMC Crash Cart 711 18.9 One-Meter Radiated Emission Measurements 713 18.10 Precompliance Immunity Testing 717 18.11 Precompliance Power Quality Tests 723 18.12 Margin 726 Summary 728 Problems 729 References 730 Further Reading 731 Appendix 733 A. The Decibel 733 B. The Ten Best Ways to Maximize the Emission from Your Product 740 C. Multiple Reflections of Magnetic Fields in Thin Shields 743 D. Dipoles for Dummies 746 E. Partial Inductance 765 F. Answers to Problems 790 Index 825
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nikon D90 For Dummies
Book SynopsisAll the know-how a novice digital photographer needs to get comfortable with the Nikon D90 The full-color Digital Cameras & Photography For Dummies guide packaged in this bundle delivers the basics on how to best use a camera's controls to get great photos.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 A Quick Look at What’s Ahead 1 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 2 Part II: Taking Creative Control 2 Part III: Working with Picture Files 3 Part IV: The Part of Tens 3 Icons and Other Stuff to Note 3 About the Software Shown in This Book 4 Practice, Be Patient, and Have Fun! 5 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 7 Chapter 1: Getting the Lay of the Land 9 Getting Comfortable with Your Lens 10 Attaching a lens 10 Removing a lens 12 Using a VR (vibration reduction) lens 12 Setting the focus mode (auto or manual) 13 Zooming in and out 14 Adjusting the Viewfinder Focus 15 Working with Memory Cards 16 Exploring External Camera Controls 18 Topside controls 19 Back-of-the-body controls 20 Front-left buttons 23 Front-right controls 24 Ordering from Camera Menus 26 Monitoring Shooting Settings 28 Asking Your Camera for Help 31 Reviewing Basic Setup Options 31 Cruising the Setup menu 31 Browsing the Custom Setting menu 35 Chapter 2: Taking Great Pictures, Automatically 41 Getting Good Point-and-Shoot Results 42 Using Flash in Automatic Exposure Modes 46 Exploring Your Automatic Exposure Options 47 Auto mode 48 Digital Vari-Program modes 50 Changing the (Shutter Button) Release Mode 55 Chapter 3: Controlling Picture Quality and Size 59 Diagnosing Quality Problems 60 Considering Resolution (Image Size) 62 Pixels and print quality 63 Pixels and screen display size 64 Pixels and file size 64 Resolution recommendations 66 Understanding the Image Quality Options 68 JPEG: The imaging (and Web) standard 68 NEF (Raw): The purist’s choice 71 My take: Choose JPEG Fine or NEF (Raw) 75 Setting Image Size and Quality 75 Chapter 4: Monitor Matters: Picture Playback and Live View Shooting 79 Enabling Automatic Picture Rotation 80 Disabling and Adjusting Instant Review 81 Viewing Images in Playback Mode 82 Viewing multiple images at a time 84 Displaying photos in Calendar view 86 Zooming in for a closer view 87 Viewing Picture Data 89 File Information mode 90 RGB Histogram mode 92 Highlight display mode 94 Shooting Data display mode 95 GPS Data mode 97 Overview Data mode 97 Hiding Photos during Playback 99 Deleting Photos 101 Deleting images one at a time 101 Deleting all photos 102 Deleting a batch of selected photos 102 Protecting Photos 104 Exploring Live View Shooting 105 Taking pictures in Live View mode 107 Recording movies 110 Customizing the Live View display 113 Part II: Taking Creative Control 115 Chapter 5: Getting Creative with Exposure and Lighting 117 Introducing the Exposure Trio: Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO 118 Understanding exposure-setting side effects 120 Doing the exposure balancing act 124 Exploring the Advanced Exposure Modes 126 Reading the Meter 127 Setting ISO, Aperture, and Shutter Speed 129 Adjusting aperture and shutter speed 129 Controlling ISO 130 Choosing an Exposure Metering Mode 134 Applying Exposure Compensation 138 Using Autoexposure Lock 141 Expanding Tonal Range with Active D-Lighting 143 Using Flash in P, S, A, and M modes 145 Setting the flash mode 146 Adjusting flash output 151 Locking flash exposure on your subject 154 Exploring a few additional flash options 155 Using an external flash head 156 Bracketing Exposures 158 Chapter 6: Manipulating Focus and Color 163 Reviewing Focus Basics 164 Adjusting Autofocus Performance 166 Understanding the AF-area mode setting 166 Changing the Autofocus mode setting 171 Choosing the right autofocus combo 172 Using autofocus lock 173 Autofocusing in Live View mode 173 Manipulating Depth of Field 176 Controlling Color 183 Correcting colors with white balance 183 Changing the white balance setting 185 Fine-tuning white balance settings 188 Creating white balance presets 190 Bracketing white balance 196 Choosing a Color Space: sRGB vs Adobe RGB 198 Taking a Quick Look at Picture Controls 200 Chapter 7: Putting It All Together 205 Recapping Basic Picture Settings 206 Setting Up for Specific Scenes 206 Shooting still portraits 206 Capturing action 211 Capturing scenic vistas 214 Capturing dynamic close-ups 217 Coping with Special Situations 219 Part III: Working with Picture Files 223 Chapter 8: Downloading, Organizing, and Archiving Your Picture Files 225 Sending Pictures to the Computer 226 Connecting the camera and computer 227 Starting the transfer process 228 Downloading and Organizing Photos with the Nikon Software 231 Downloading with Nikon Transfer 231 Browsing images in Nikon ViewNX 235 Viewing picture metadata 238 Organizing pictures 240 Processing Raw (NEF) Files 242 Processing Raw images in the camera 244 Processing Raw files in ViewNX 247 Chapter 9: Printing and Sharing Your Pictures 251 Printing Possibilities: Retail or Do-It-Yourself? 252 Preventing Potential Printing Problems 253 Match resolution to print size 253 Allow for different print proportions 256 Get print and monitor colors in synch 258 Preparing Pictures for E-Mail 260 Creating small copies using the camera 262 Downsizing images in Nikon ViewNX 265 Creating a Digital Slide Show 267 Setting up a simple slide show 268 Creating Pictmotion slide shows 269 Viewing Your Photos on a Television 271 Part IV: The Part of Tens 273 Chapter 10: Ten (Or So) Fun and Practical Retouch Menu Features 275 Applying the Retouch Menu Filters 276 Removing Red-Eye 278 Straightening Tilting Horizon Lines 279 Shadow Recovery with D-Lighting 281 Boosting Shadows, Contrast, and Saturation Together 282 Two Ways to Tweak Color 284 Applying digital lens filters 284 Manipulating color balance 285 Creating Monochrome Photos 287 Removing (or Creating) Lens Distortion 289 Adding a Starburst Effect 291 Cropping Your Photo 293 Chapter 11: Ten Special-Purpose Features to Explore on a Rainy Day 297 Annotate Your Images 297 Creating Your Own Menu 300 Creating Custom Image Folders 302 Customizing External Controls 305 Adjusting the On/Off switch 305 Changing the function of the OK button 305 Assigning a duty to the Function button 306 Changing the function of the AE-L/AF-L button 307 Customizing the command dials 309 Two Roads to a Multi-Image Exposure 310 Index 313
£22.09
John Wiley & Sons Inc Inductance
Book SynopsisThe only resource devoted Solely to Inductance Inductance is an unprecedented text, thoroughly discussing loop inductance as well as the increasingly important partial inductance. These concepts and their proper calculation are crucial in designing modern high-speed digital systems. World-renowned leader in electromagnetics Clayton Paul provides the knowledge and tools necessary to understand and calculate inductance. Unlike other texts, Inductance provides all the details about the derivations of the inductances of various inductors, as well as: Fills the need for practical knowledge of partial inductance, which is essential to the prediction of power rail collapse and ground bounce problems in high-speed digital systems Provides a needed refresher on the topics of magnetic fields Addresses a missing link: the calculation of the values of the various physical constructions of inductorsboth intentionalTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Background. 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Lumped Circuits. 1.3 Outline of the Book. 1.4 "Loop" Inductance vs. "Partial" Inductance. 2 Magnetic Fields of DC Currents (Steady Flow of Charge). 2.1 Magnetic Field Vectors and Properties of Materials. 2.2 Gauss’s Law for the Magnetic Field and the Surface Integral. 2.3 The Biot–Savart Law. 2.4 Ampére’s Law and the Line Integral. 2.5 Vector Magnetic Potential. 2.5.1 Leibnitz’s Rule: Differentiate Before You Integrate. 2.6 Determining the Inductance of a Current Loop:. A Preliminary Discussion. 2.7 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field. 2.8 The Method of Images. 2.9 Steady (DC) Currents Must Form Closed Loops. 3 Fields of Time-Varying Currents (Accelerated Charge). 3.1 Faraday’s Fundamental Law of Induction. 3.2 Ampère’s Law and Displacement Current. 3.3 Waves, Wavelength, Time Delay, and Electrical Dimensions. 3.4 How Can Results Derived Using Static (DC) Voltages and Currents be Used in Problems Where the Voltages and Currents are Varying with Time?. 3.5 Vector Magnetic Potential for Time-Varying Currents. 3.6 Conservation of Energy and Poynting’s Theorem. 3.7 Inductance of a Conducting Loop. 4 The Concept of "Loop" Inductance. 4.1 Self Inductance of a Current Loop from Faraday’s Law of Induction. 4.1.1 Rectangular Loop. 4.1.2 Circular Loop. 4.1.3 Coaxial Cable. 4.2 The Concept of Flux Linkages for Multiturn Loops. 4.2.1 Solenoid. 4.2.2 Toroid. 4.3 Loop Inductance Using the Vector Magnetic Potential. 4.3.1 Rectangular Loop. 4.3.2 Circular Loop. 4.4 Neumann Integral for Self and Mutual Inductances Between Current Loops. 4.4.1 Mutual Inductance Between Two Circular Loops. 4.4.2 Self Inductance of the Rectangular Loop. 4.4.3 Self Inductance of the Circular Loop. 4.5 Internal Inductance vs. External Inductance. 4.6 Use of Filamentary Currents and Current Redistribution Due to the Proximity Effect. 4.6.1 Two-Wire Transmission Line. 4.6.2 One Wire Above a Ground Plane. 4.7 Energy Storage Method for Computing Loop Inductance. 4.7.1 Internal Inductance of a Wire. 4.7.2 Two-Wire Transmission Line. 4.7.3 Coaxial Cable. 4.8 Loop Inductance Matrix for Coupled Current Loops. 4.8.1 Dot Convention. 4.8.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines. 4.9 Loop Inductances of Printed Circuit Board Lands. 4.10 Summary of Methods for Computing Loop Inductance. 4.10.1 Mutual Inductance Between Two Rectangular Loops. 5 The Concept of "Partial" Inductance. 5.1 General Meaning of Partial Inductance. 5.2 Physical Meaning of Partial Inductance. 5.3 Self Partial Inductance of Wires. 5.4 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Parallel Wires. 5.5 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Parallel Wires that are Offset. 5.6 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Wires at an Angle to Each Other. 5.7 Numerical Values of Partial Inductances and Significance of Internal Inductance. 5.8 Constructing Lumped Equivalent Circuits with Partial Inductances. 6 Partial Inductances of Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section. 6.1 Formulation for the Computation of the Partial Inductances of PCB Lands. 6.2 Self Partial Inductance of PCB Lands. 6.3 Mutual Partial Inductance Between PCB Lands. 6.4 Concept of Geometric Mean Distance. 6.4.1 Geometrical Mean Distance Between a Shape and Itself and the Self Partial Inductance of a Shape. 6.4.2 Geometrical Mean Distance and Mutual Partial Inductance Between Two Shapes. 6.5 Computing the High-Frequency Partial Inductances of Lands and Numerical Methods. 7 "Loop" Inductance vs. "Partial" Inductance. 7.1 Loop Inductance vs. Partial Inductance: Intentional Inductors vs. Nonintentional Inductors. 7.2 To Compute "Loop" Inductance, the "Return Path" for the Current Must be Determined. 7.3 Generally, There is no Unique Return Path for all Frequencies, Thereby Complicating the Calculation of a "Loop" Inductance. 7.4 Computing the "Ground Bounce" and "Power Rail Collapse" of a Digital Power Distribution System Using "Loop" Inductances. 7.5 Where Should the "Loop" Inductance of the Closed Current Path be Placed When Developing a Lumped-Circuit Model of a Signal or Power Delivery Path?. 7.6 How Can a Lumped-Circuit Model of a Complicated System of a Large Number of Tightly Coupled Current Loops be Constructed Using "Loop" Inductance?. 7.7 Modeling Vias on PCBs. 7.8 Modeling Pins in Connectors. 7.9 Net Self Inductance of Wires in Parallel and in Series. 7.10 Computation of Loop Inductances for Various Loop Shapes. 7.11 Final Example: Use of Loop and Partial Inductance to Solve a Problem. Appendix A: Fundamental Concepts of Vectors. A.1 Vectors and Coordinate Systems. A.2 Line Integral. A.3 Surface Integral. A.4 Divergence. A.4.1 Divergence Theorem. A.5 Curl. A.5.1 Stokes’s Theorem. A.6 Gradient of a Scalar Field. A.7 Important Vector Identities. A.8 Cylindrical Coordinate System. A.9 Spherical Coordinate System. Table of Identities, Derivatives, and Integrals Used in this Book. References and Further Readings. Index.
£113.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Printed Antennas for Wireless Communications RSP
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and
Book SynopsisZinc Oxide (ZnO) powder has been widely used as a white paint pigment and industrial processing chemical for nearly 150 years. However, following a rediscovery of ZnO and its potential applications in the 1950s, science and industry alike began to realize that ZnO had many interesting novel properties that were worthy of further investigation.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xv Preface xvii List of Contributors xxi 1 Fundamental Properties of ZnO 1 T. C. Collins and R. J. Hauenstein 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Overview 1 1.1.2 Organization of Chapter 2 1.2 Band Structure 2 1.2.1 Valence and Conduction Bands 2 1.3 Optical Properties 5 1.3.1 Free and Bound Excitons 5 1.3.2 Effects of External Magnetic Field on ZnO Excitons 6 1.3.3 Strain Field 8 1.3.4 Spatial Resonance Dispersion 9 1.4 Electrical Properties 10 1.4.1 Intrinsic Electronic Transport Properties 10 1.4.2 n-type Doping and Donor Levels 11 1.4.3 p-type Doping and Dopability 13 1.4.4 Schottky Barriers and Ohmic Contacts 17 1.5 Band Gap Engineering 19 1.5.1 Homovalent Heterostructures 20 1.5.2 Heterovalent Heterostructures 22 1.6 Spintronics 22 1.7 Summary 25 References 25 2 Optical Properties of ZnO 29 D. C. Reynolds, C. W. Litton and T. C. Collins 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Free Excitons 29 2.3 Strain Splitting of the G5 and G6 Free Excitons in ZnO 35 2.4 Photoluminescence from the Two Polar Faces of ZnO 36 2.5 Bound-Exciton Complexes in ZnO 38 2.6 Similarities in the Photoluminescence Mechanisms of ZnO and GaN 46 2.7 The Combined Effects of Screening and Band Gap Renormalization on the Energy of Optical Transitions in ZnO and GaN 51 2.8 Closely Spaced Donor–Acceptor Pairs in ZnO 55 2.9 Summary 58 References 58 3 Electrical Transport Properties in Zinc Oxide 61 B. Claflin and D. C. Look 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Hall-Effect Analysis 62 3.2.1 Single-Band Conduction 62 3.2.2 Two-Band Mixed Conduction 65 3.2.3 Conducting Surface Layers 66 3.3 Donor States and n-type Doping 66 3.3.1 Native Point Defects – Donors 68 3.3.2 Substitutional Donors 69 3.4 Hydrogen 69 3.5 Acceptor States and p-type Doping 70 3.5.1 Native Point Defects – Acceptors 71 3.5.2 Substitutional Acceptors 72 3.6 Photoconductivity 76 3.7 Summary 78 References 78 4 ZnO Surface Properties and Schottky Contacts 87 Leonard J. Brillson 4.1 Historical Background of Schottky Contacts on ZnO 87 4.1.1 ZnO Surface Effects 88 4.1.2 Early Schottky Barrier Studies 90 4.2 Recent Schottky Barrier Studies 91 4.2.1 Surface Cleaning in Vacuum 91 4.2.2 Surface Cleaning Effects on Impurities and Defects 92 4.3 The Influence of Surface Preparation on Schottky Barriers 93 4.4 The Influence of Defects on Schottky Barriers 97 4.5 The Influence of ZnO Polarity on Schottky Barriers 102 4.6 The Influence of Chemistry 103 4.7 Charge Transport and Extended Metal–ZnO Schottky Barriers 108 4.8 Conclusion 110 Acknowledgements 110 References 110 5 Native Point Defects and Doping in ZnO 113 Anderson Janotti and Chris G. Van de Walle 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Theoretical Framework 114 5.3 Native Point Defects 115 5.3.1 Oxygen Vacancies 117 5.3.2 Zinc Interstitials 119 5.3.3 Zinc Antisites 120 5.3.4 Zinc Vacancies 121 5.3.5 Defect Migration 121 5.4 Donor Impurities 125 5.4.1 Aluminum, Gallium and Indium 125 5.4.2 Fluorine 125 5.4.3 Hydrogen 125 5.5 Acceptor Impurities 129 5.5.1 Lithium 129 5.5.2 Copper 129 5.5.3 Nitrogen 129 5.5.4 Phosphorous, Arsenic and Antimony 130 5.5.5 Co-Doping 130 5.6 Isoelectronic Impurities 131 Acknowledgements 131 References 131 6 Spectral Identification of Impurities and Native Defects in ZnO 135 B.K. Meyer, D.M. Hofmann, J. Stehr and A. Hoffmann 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Optical Spectroscopy 136 6.2.1 Excitons Bound to Shallow Donors 136 6.2.2 Recombinations Caused by Nitrogen and Arsenic Doping 145 6.3 Magnetic Resonance Investigations 153 6.3.1 Shallow Donors 154 6.3.2 Deep Level Defects 158 6.3.3 Extrinsic Acceptors: Li, Na and N 161 6.3.4 Intrinsic Acceptors 166 References 166 7 Vapor Transport Growth of ZnO Substrates and Homoepitaxy of ZnO Device Layers 171 Gene Cantwell, Jizhi Zhang and J.J. Song 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Transport Theory and Comparison with Growth Data 172 7.3 Characterization 175 7.3.1 Crystallinity 175 7.3.2 Purity 176 7.3.3 Electrical 177 7.3.4 Optical 178 7.4 In-situ Doping 180 7.5 ZnO Homoepitaxy 181 7.5.1 Substrate Preparation 182 7.5.2 Homoepitaxial Films on c-plane SCVT ZnO Substrates 183 7.5.3 ZnO Homoepitaxial Films on a-plane SCVT ZnO Substrates 185 7.6 Summary 185 Acknowledgement 186 References 186 8 Growth Mechanisms and Properties of Hydrothermal ZnO 189 M. J. Callahan, Dirk Ehrentraut, M. N. Alexander and Buguo Wang 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Overview of Hydrothermal Solution Growth 190 8.3 Thermodynamics of Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO 190 8.3.1 Solubility of ZnO in Various Aqueous Media 190 8.3.2 ZnO Phase Stability in H2O System 191 8.4 Hydrothermal Growth Techniques 194 8.4.1 Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Powder 194 8.4.2 Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of ZnO Single Crystals 194 8.4.3 Industrial Growth of Large ZnO Crystals 197 8.5 Growth Kinetics of Hydrothermal ZnO 200 8.5.1 Crystallographic Structure of Hydrothermal ZnO 200 8.5.2 Growth Rates of the Crystallographic Facets of Hydrothermal ZnO 200 8.6 Properties of Bulk Hydrothermal ZnO 205 8.6.1 Extended Imperfections (Dislocations, Voids, etc.) and Surface Studies 205 8.6.2 Impurities 208 8.6.3 Electrical Properties 210 8.6.4 Optical Properties 213 8.6.5 Etching and Polishing 215 8.7 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgements 217 References 218 9 Growth and Characterization of GaN/ZnO Heteroepitaxy and ZnO-Based Hybrid Devices 221 Ryoko Shimada and Hadis Morkoç 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Growth of GaN/ZnO 222 9.3 Compositional Analysis 230 9.4 Structural Analysis 232 9.5 Surface Studies 235 9.6 Optical Properties 237 9.6.1 Transmission Analysis 237 9.6.2 Cathodoluminescence Analysis 239 9.6.3 Photoluminescence Analysis 242 9.7 Electrical Properties 249 9.8 GaN/ZnO Hybrid Devices 252 9.8.1 Hybrid ZnO/GaN Heterojunction LED 253 9.8.2 ZnO-based Hybrid Microcavity 259 9.9 Conclusions 261 Acknowledgements 262 References 262 10 Room Temperature Stimulated Emission and ZnO-Based Lasers 265 D.M. Bagnall 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Emission Mechanisms 266 10.3 Stimulated Emission 267 10.3.1 Bulk ZnO 267 10.3.2 Epitaxial Layers 267 10.3.3 Quantum wells and Superlattices 270 10.3.4 ZnMgO/ZnO Structures 270 10.3.5 ZnO/ZnCdO Structures 272 10.4 Zinc Oxide Lasers 274 10.4.1 Introduction 274 10.4.2 Microstructural Lasers 275 10.4.3 Powder Lasers 278 10.4.4 Nanowire Lasers 279 10.4.5 ZnO Laser Diodes 280 10.5 Conclusions 281 References 282 11 ZnO-Based Ultraviolet Detectors 285 Jian Zhong and Yicheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Photoconductivity in ZnO 288 11.2.1 Persistent Photoconductivity 293 11.2.2 Negative Photoconductivity 295 11.3 ZnO Film-Based UV Photodetectors 297 11.3.1 Photoconductive UV Detector 297 11.3.2 Schottky Barrier UV Photodetectors 301 11.3.3 Integrated Surface Acoustic Wave and Photoconductive Wireless UV Detectors 305 11.3.4 Photodetectors Using ZnO TFT 314 11.3.5 MgxZn1_xO UV Photodetector 315 11.4 ZnO NW UV Photodetectors 318 11.4.1 Photoconductive Gain in a ZnO NW 318 11.4.2 Noise Characteristics of ZnO NW UV Photodetector 323 11.5 Conclusions 325 Acknowledgements 325 References 326 12 Room-Temperature Stimulated Emission from ZnO Multiple Quantum Wells Grown on Lattice-Matched Substrates 331 Takayuki Makino, Yusaburo Segawa, Masashi Kawasaki and Hideomi Koinuma 12.1 Introduction 331 12.2 Experimental Details 333 12.3 Quantum Confinement Effect of Excitons in QWs 333 12.4 Exciton–Phonon Interaction in QWs 336 12.5 The Localization Mechanism of the Exciton in a QW 337 12.6 Time-Resolved Luminescence in ZnO QWs 341 12.7 Stimulated Emission in MQWs 342 12.8 Summary 346 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 Index 351
£999.99
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Sustainable Dairy Production
Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in sustainable dairy production, helping the industry to develop more sustainable dairy products, through new technologies, implementing life cycle analysis, and upgrading and optimization of their current production lines.Trade Review“In summary, a very worth-while addition to the series that provides an excellent source for those working with this technology.” (International Journal of Dairy Technology, 16 July 2013) Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Peter de Jong 1.1 Sustainability and the dairy industry: hype or trend? 2 1.2 Quantifying the issue: measuring footprints 4 1.3 Communication: telling the whole story 5 1.4 Structure of this book 6 References 8 2 Greenhouse gas emissions from global dairy production 9 Theun V. Vellinga, Pierre Gerber and Carolyn Opio 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Methods for calculating emissions 11 2.3 Total emissions of the dairy sector 14 2.4 Discussion 26 References 28 3 Life cycle assessment 31 Maartje N. Sevenster 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Current life cycle assessment 32 3.3 Life cycle assessment in application 37 3.4 Life cycle assessment of dairy products 41 3.5 Life cycle assessment in strategy and policy 50 Acknowledgements 51 References 52 4 Sustainability and resilience of the dairy sector in a changing world: a farm economic and EU perspective 55 Roel Jongeneel and Louis Slangen 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Dairy economics and sustainability 62 4.3 Sustainability evaluation of the EU dairy sector 71 4.4 Agricultural policy 79 4.5 Conclusion 83 References 85 5 Dairy processing 87 Arjan J. van Asselt and Michael G. Weeks 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Key unit operations and their water and energy use 89 5.3 Possibilities for optimisation 101 5.4 Revisiting dairy processing: breakthrough technologies 114 References 117 6 The role of packaging in a sustainable dairy chain 119 Erika Mink 6.1 Introduction 120 6.2 Packaging sustainability: a growing market expectation 123 6.3 Packaging’s contribution to dairy sustainability 130 6.4 Global alignment of packaging requirements: implications for dairy 139 6.5 A company response: the example of Tetra Pak 150 6.6 Outlook: growing importance of economic and social pillars of sustainability 158 References 160 7 The business case for sustainable dairy products 163 Jaap Petraeus 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 From a process-driven to a product-driven approach 164 7.3 Success factors for creating more sustainable processes and products 169 7.4 Implementation of sustainability within the company 175 7.5 The business case for sustainability 180 7.6 Policy and strategy adopted by different dairy companies 183 7.7 Looking to the future 183 7.8 Conclusion 184 References 186 Appendix: Overview of the sustainability policy and strategy of various companies 187 8 A case study of marketing sustainability 191 Grietsje Hoekstra, Corine Kroft and Klaas Jan van Calker 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 What is sustainability? 193 8.3 Motivations for sustainability 196 8.4 Choose your battles: sustainability strategy issues 198 8.5 Getting to work 203 8.6 Communicating sustainability 212 8.7 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgement 218 References 219 9 Cradle to Cradle for innovations in the dairy industry 221 Wil A.M. Duivenvoorden 9.1 Introduction 222 9.2 A tool for C2C®-driven innovation (PROPER model) 229 9.3 Cradle to Cradle for the dairy industry 232 9.4 Conclusion 238 References 241 10 The future of sustainable dairy production 243 Peter de Jong 10.1 Future relevance of sustainable dairy 243 10.2 Next steps in chain innovation 244 10.3 Communication and marketing 247 10.4 Business case: people, planet and profit 247 10.5 Conclusion 249 References 250 Index 251
£141.26
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Biodiversity and Insect Pests
Book SynopsisBiodiversity offers great potential for managing insect pests. It provides resistance genes and anti-insect compounds; a huge range of predatory and parasitic natural enemies of pests; and community ecology-level effects operating at the local and landscape scales to check pest build-up.Trade Review"Suitable as a textbook for advanced students, the volume perhaps has its greatest value as an enduring source of information and ideas to practitioners and conservationists." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 June 2014) “Biodiversity and Insect Pestsis well illustrated, with several colour plates. It has an excellent index and a companion website, http://www.wiley.com/go/gurr/biodiversity, with downloadable figures and tables. Although relatively expensive, and at times very technical, it is recommended as a must-read book for the agricultural community, researchers and the general public.” (Austral Ecology, 1 October 2013) Table of ContentsPreface, vii Foreword, ix Contributors, x INTRODUCTION, 1 1 Biodiversity and insect pests, 3 Geoff M. Gurr, Steve D. Wratten and William E. Snyder FUNDAMENTALS, 21 2 The ecology of biodiversity–biocontrol relationships, 23 William E. Snyder and Jason M. Tylianakis 3 The role of generalist predators in terrestrial food webs: lessons for agricultural pest management, 41 K.D. Welch, R.S. Pfannenstiel and J.D. Harwood 4 Ecological economics of biodiversity use for pest management, 57 Mark Gillespie and Steve D. Wratten 5 Soil fertility, biodiversity and pest management, 72 Miguel A. Altieri, Luigi Ponti and Clara I. Nicholls 6 Plant biodiversity as a resource for natural products for insect pest management, 85 Opender Koul 7 The ecology and utility of local and landscape scale effects in pest management, 106 Sagrario Gámez-Virués, Mattias Jonsson and Barbara Ekbom METHODS, 121 8 Scale effects in biodiversity and biological control: methods and statistical analysis, 123 Christoph Scherber, Blas Lavandero, Katrin M. Meyer, David Perovic, Ute Visser, Kerstin Wiegand and Teja Tscharntke 9 Pick and mix: selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects, 139 Felix L. Wäckers and Paul C.J. van Rijn 10 The molecular revolution: using polymerase chain reaction based methods to explore the role of predators in terrestrial food webs, 166 William O.C. Symondson 11 Employing chemical ecology to understand and exploit biodiversity for pest management, 185 David G. James, Sofia Orre-Gordon, Olivia L. Reynolds (née Kvedaras) and Marja Simpson APPLICATION, 197 12 Using decision theory and sociological tools to facilitate adoption of biodiversity-based pest management strategies, 199 M.M. Escalada and K.L. Heong 13 Ecological engineering strategies to manage insect pests in rice, 214 Geoff M. Gurr, K.L. Heong, J.A. Cheng and J. Catindig 14 China's 'Green Plant Protection' initiative: coordinated promotion of biodiversity-related technologies, 230 Lu Zhongxian, Yang Yajun, Yang Puyun and Zhao Zhonghua 15 Diversity and defence: plant–herbivore interactions at multiple scales and trophic levels, 241 Finbarr G. Horgan 16 'Push–pull' revisited: the process of successful deployment of a chemical ecology based pest management tool, 259 Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A.O. Midega, Jimmy Pittchar, Toby J.A. Bruce and John A. Pickett 17 Using native plant species to diversify agriculture, 276 Douglas A. Landis, Mary M. Gardiner and Jean Tompkins 18 Using biodiversity for pest suppression in urban landscapes, 293 Paula M. Shrewsbury and Simon R. Leather 19 Cover crops and related methods for enhancing agricultural biodiversity and conservation biocontrol: successful case studies, 309 P.G. Tillman, H.A. Smith and J.M. Holland SYNTHESIS, 329 20 Conclusion: biodiversity as an asset rather than a burden, 331 Geoff M. Gurr, William E. Snyder, Steve D. Wratten and Donna M.Y. Read Index, 340 Colour plates fall between pages 84 and 85
£101.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nonlinear Distortion in Wireless Systems
Book SynopsisThis resource describes principles of modeling and simulation of nonlinear distortion in single and multichannel wireless communication systems using both deterministic and stochastic signals.Trade Review“It is appropriate for professionals or graduate students.” (Book News, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xv List of Abbreviations xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxvii Acknowledgements xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Nonlinearity in Wireless Communication Systems 1 1.1.1 Power Amplifiers 2 1.1.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) 4 1.1.3 Mixers 6 1.2 Nonlinear Distortion in Wireless Systems 6 1.2.1 Adjacent-Channel Interference 8 1.2.2 Modulation Quality and Degradation of System Performance 9 1.2.3 Receiver Desensitization and Cross-Modulation 11 1.3 Modeling and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems 12 1.3.1 Modeling and Simulation in Engineering 12 1.3.2 Modeling and Simulation for Communication System Design 14 1.3.3 Behavioral Modeling of Nonlinear Systems 15 1.3.4 Simulation of Nonlinear Circuits 16 1.4 Organization of the Book 19 1.5 Summary 20 2 Wireless Communication Systems, Standards and Signal Models 21 2.1 Wireless System Architecture 21 2.1.1 RF Transmitter Architectures 23 2.1.2 Receiver Architecture 26 2.2 Digital Signal Processing in Wireless Systems 30 2.2.1 Digital Modulation 31 2.2.2 Pulse Shaping 37 2.2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 39 2.2.4 Spread Spectrum Modulation 41 2.3 Mobile System Standards 45 2.3.1 Second-Generation Mobile Systems 46 2.3.2 Third-Generation Mobile Systems 48 2.3.3 Fourth-Generation Mobile Systems 51 2.3.4 Summary 51 2.4 Wireless Network Standards 52 2.4.1 First-Generation Wireless LANs 52 2.4.2 Second-Generation Wireless LANs 52 2.4.3 Third-Generation Wireless Networks (WMANs) 53 2.5 Nonlinear Distortion in Different Wireless Standards 55 2.6 Summary 56 3 Modeling of Nonlinear Systems 59 3.1 Analytical Nonlinear Models 60 3.1.1 General Volterra Series Model 60 3.1.2 Wiener Model 62 3.1.3 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 63 3.1.4 The Parallel Cascade Model 65 3.1.5 Wiener–Hammerstein Models 66 3.1.6 Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) Volterra Model 67 3.1.7 The Polyspectral Model 67 3.1.8 Generalized Power Series 68 3.1.9 Memory Polynomials 69 3.1.10 Memoryless Models 70 3.1.11 Power-Series Model 70 3.1.12 The Limiter Family of Models 72 3.2 Empirical Nonlinear Models 74 3.2.1 The Three-Box Model 74 3.2.2 The Abuelma’ati Model 75 3.2.3 Saleh Model 76 3.2.4 Rapp Model 76 3.3 Parameter Extraction of Nonlinear Models from Measured Data 76 3.3.1 Polynomial Models 77 3.3.2 Three-Box Model 79 3.3.3 Volterra Series 80 3.4 Summary 80 4 Nonlinear Transformation of Deterministic Signals 83 4.1 Complex Baseband Analysis and Simulations 84 4.1.1 Complex Envelope of Modulated Signals 85 4.1.2 Baseband Equivalent of Linear System Impulse Response 89 4.2 Complex Baseband Analysis of Memoryless Nonlinear Systems 90 4.2.1 Power-Series Model 92 4.2.2 Limiter Model 92 4.3 Complex Baseband Analysis of Nonlinear Systems with Memory 94 4.3.1 Volterra Series 94 4.3.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 95 4.3.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model 96 4.4 Complex Envelope Analysis with Multiple Bandpass Signals 97 4.4.1 Volterra Series 97 4.4.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 99 4.4.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model 100 4.4.4 Multi-Input Single-Output Nonlinear Model 103 4.4.5 Memoryless Nonlinearity-Power-Series Model 104 4.5 Examples–Response of Power-Series Model to Multiple Signals 106 4.5.1 Single Tone 107 4.5.2 Two-Tone Signal 107 4.5.3 Single-Bandpass Signal 108 4.5.4 Two-Bandpass Signals 108 4.5.5 Single Tone and a Bandpass Signal 109 4.5.6 Multisines 110 4.5.7 Multisine Analysis Using the Generalized Power-Series Model 111 4.6 Summary 111 5 Nonlinear Transformation of Random Signals 113 5.1 Preliminaries 114 5.2 Linear Systems with Stochastic Inputs 114 5.2.1 White Noise 115 5.2.2 Gaussian Processes 116 5.3 Response of a Nonlinear System to a Random Input Signal 116 5.3.1 Power-Series Model 116 5.3.2 Wiener–Hammerstein Models 118 5.4 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Gaussian Inputs 119 5.4.1 Limiter Model 120 5.4.2 Memoryless Power-Series Model 123 5.5 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Multiple Random Signals 123 5.5.1 Power-Series Model 124 5.5.2 Wiener–Hammerstein Model 126 5.6 Response of Nonlinear Systems to a Random Signal and a Sinusoid 128 5.7 Summary 129 6 Nonlinear Distortion 131 6.1 Identification of Nonlinear Distortion in Digital Wireless Systems 132 6.2 Orthogonalization of the Behavioral Model 134 6.2.1 Orthogonalization of the Volterra Series Model 136 6.2.2 Orthogonalization of Wiener Model 137 6.2.3 Orthogonalization of the Power-Series Model 139 6.3 Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Analysis of the Orthogonalized Model 140 6.3.1 Output Autocorrelation Function 142 6.3.2 Power Spectral Density 142 6.4 Relationship Between System Performance and Uncorrelated Distortion 144 6.5 Examples 146 6.5.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise 146 6.5.2 Multisines with Deterministic Phases 148 6.5.3 Multisines with Random Phases 152 6.6 Measurement of Uncorrelated Distortion 154 6.7 Summary 155 7 Nonlinear System Figures of Merit 157 7.1 Analogue System Nonlinear Figures of Merit 158 7.1.1 Intermodulation Ratio 158 7.1.2 Intercept Points 159 7.1.3 1-dB Compression Point 160 7.2 Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) 161 7.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 161 7.4 CDMA Waveform Quality Factor (ρ) 163 7.5 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) 163 7.6 Co-Channel Power Ratio (CCPR) 164 7.7 Noise-to-Power Ratio (NPR) 164 7.7.1 NPR of Communication Signals 165 7.7.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal 166 7.8 Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems 167 7.8.1 Nonlinear Noise Figure 169 7.8.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal and Noise 171 7.9 Summary 173 8 Communication System Models and Simulation in MATLAB® 175 8.1 Simulation of Communication Systems 176 8.1.1 Random Signal Generation 176 8.1.2 System Models 176 8.1.3 Baseband versus Passband Simulations 177 8.2 Choosing the Sampling Rate in MATLAB® Simulations 178 8.3 Random Signal Generation in MATLAB® 178 8.3.1 White Gaussian Noise Generator 178 8.3.2 Random Matrices 179 8.3.3 Random Integer Matrices 179 8.4 Pulse-Shaping Filters 180 8.4.1 Raised Cosine Filters 180 8.4.2 Gaussian Filters 182 8.5 Error Detection and Correction 183 8.6 Digital Modulation in MATLAB® 184 8.6.1 Linear Modulation 184 8.6.2 Nonlinear Modulation 186 8.7 Channel Models in MATLAB® 188 8.8 Simulation of System Performance in MATLAB® 188 8.8.1 BER 190 8.8.2 Scatter Plots 195 8.8.3 Eye Diagrams 196 8.9 Generation of Communications Signals in MATLAB® 198 8.9.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise 198 8.9.2 OFDM Signals 199 8.9.3 DS-SS Signals 203 8.9.4 Multisine Signals 206 8.10 Example 210 8.11 Random Signal Generation in Simulink® 211 8.11.1 Random Data Sources 211 8.11.2 Random Noise Generators 212 8.11.3 Sequence Generators 213 8.12 Digital Modulation in Simulink® 214 8.13 Simulation of System Performance in Simulink® 214 8.13.1 Example 1: Random Sources and Modulation 216 8.13.2 Example 2: CDMA Transmitter 217 8.13.3 Simulation of Wireless Standards in Simulink® 220 8.14 Summary 220 9 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in MATLAB® 221 9.1 Generation of Nonlinearity in MATLAB® 221 9.1.1 Memoryless Nonlinearity 221 9.1.2 Nonlinearity with Memory 222 9.2 Fitting a Nonlinear Model to Measured Data 224 9.2.1 Fitting a Memoryless Polynomial Model to Measured Data 224 9.2.2 Fitting a Three-Box Model to Measured Data 228 9.2.3 Fitting a Memory Polynomial Model to a Simulated Nonlinearity 234 9.3 Autocorrelation and Spectrum Estimation 235 9.3.1 Estimation of the Autocorrelation Function 235 9.3.2 Plotting the Signal Spectrum 237 9.3.3 Power Measurements from a PSD 239 9.4 Spectrum of the Output of a Memoryless Nonlinearity 240 9.4.1 Single Channel 240 9.4.2 Two Channels 243 9.5 Spectrum of the Output of a Nonlinearity with Memory 246 9.5.1 Three-Box Model 246 9.5.2 Memory Polynomial Model 249 9.6 Spectrum of Orthogonalized Nonlinear Model 251 9.7 Estimation of System Metrics from Simulated Spectra 256 9.7.1 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) 257 9.7.2 EVM 260 9.7.3 ACPR 262 9.8 Simulation of Probability of Error 263 9.9 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio 268 9.10 Simulation of Nonlinear Noise Figure 271 9.11 Summary 278 10 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in Simulink® 279 10.1 RF Impairments in Simulink® 280 10.1.1 Communications Blockset 280 10.1.2 The RF Blockset 280 10.2 Nonlinear Amplifier Mathematical Models in Simulink® 283 10.2.1 The “Memoryless Nonlinearity” Block-Communications Blockset 283 10.2.2 Cubic Polynomial Model 284 10.2.3 Hyperbolic Tangent Model 284 10.2.4 Saleh Model 285 10.2.5 Ghorbani Model 285 10.2.6 Rapp Model 285 10.2.7 Example 286 10.2.8 The “Amplifier” Block–The RF Blockset 286 10.3 Nonlinear Amplifier Physical Models in Simulink® 289 10.3.1 “General Amplifier” Block 290 10.3.2 “S-Parameter Amplifier” Block 296 10.4 Measurements of Distortion and System Metrics 297 10.4.1 Adjacent-Channel Distortion 297 10.4.2 In-Band Distortion 297 10.4.3 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio 300 10.4.4 Error Vector Magnitude 300 10.5 Example: Performance of Digital Modulation with Nonlinearity 301 10.6 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio 302 10.7 Simulation of Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems 304 10.8 Summary 306 Appendix A Basics of Signal and System Analysis 307 A.1 Signals 308 A.2 Systems 308 Appendix B Random Signal Analysis 311 B.1 Random Variables 312 B.1.1 Examples of Random Variables 312 B.1.2 Functions of Random Variables 312 B.1.3 Expectation 313 B.1.4 Moments 314 B.2 Two Random Variables 314 B.2.1 Independence 315 B.2.2 Joint Statistics 315 B.3 Multiple Random Variables 316 B.4 Complex Random Variables 317 B.5 Gaussian Random Variables 318 B.5.1 Single Gaussian Random Variable 318 B.5.2 Moments of Single Gaussian Random Variable 319 B.5.3 Jointly Gaussian Random Variables 319 B.5.4 Price’s Theorem 320 B.5.5 Multiple Gaussian Random Variable 320 B.5.6 Central Limit Theorem 321 B.6 Random Processes 321 B.6.1 Stationarity 322 B.6.2 Ergodicity 323 B.6.3 White Processes 323 B.6.4 Gaussian Processes 324 B.7 The Power Spectrum 324 B.7.1 White Noise Processes 325 B.7.2 Narrowband Processes 326 Appendix C Introduction to MATLAB® 329 C.1 MATLAB® Scripts 329 C.2 MATLAB® Structures 330 C.3 MATLAB® Graphics 330 C.4 Random Number Generators 330 C.5 Moments and Correlation Functions of Random Sequences 332 C.6 Fourier Transformation 332 C.7 MATLAB® Toolboxes 333 C.7.1 The Communication Toolbox 334 C.7.2 The RF Toolbox 334 C.8 Simulink® 335 C.8.1 The Communication Blockset 339 C.8.2 The RF Blockset 339 References 341 Index 347
£85.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Machine Learning in Image Steganalysis
Book SynopsisSteganography is the art of communicating a secret message, hiding the very existence of a secret message. This book is an introduction to steganalysis as part of the wider trend of multimedia forensics, as well as a practical tutorial on machine learning in this context.Table of ContentsPreface xi PART I OVERVIEW 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Real Threat or Hype? 3 1.2 Artificial Intelligence and Learning 4 1.3 How to Read this Book 5 2 Steganography and Steganalysis 7 2.1 Cryptography versus Steganography 7 2.2 Steganography 8 2.3 Steganalysis 17 2.4 Summary and Notes 23 3 Getting Started with a Classifier 25 3.1 Classification 25 3.2 Estimation and Confidence 28 3.3 Using libSVM 30 3.4 Using Python 33 3.5 Images for Testing 38 3.6 Further Reading 39 PART II FEATURES 4 Histogram Analysis 43 4.1 Early Histogram Analysis 43 4.2 Notation 44 4.3 Additive Independent Noise 44 4.4 Multi-dimensional Histograms 54 4.5 Experiment and Comparison 63 5 Bit-plane Analysis 65 5.1 Visual Steganalysis 65 5.2 Autocorrelation Features 67 5.3 Binary Similarity Measures 69 5.4 Evaluation and Comparison 72 6 More Spatial Domain Features 75 6.1 The Difference Matrix 75 6.2 Image Quality Measures 82 6.3 Colour Images 86 6.4 Experiment and Comparison 86 7 The Wavelets Domain 89 7.1 A Visual View 89 7.2 The Wavelet Domain 90 7.3 Farid’s Features 96 7.4 HCF in the Wavelet Domain 98 7.5 Denoising and the WAM Features 101 7.6 Experiment and Comparison 106 8 Steganalysis in the JPEG Domain 107 8.1 JPEG Compression 107 8.2 Histogram Analysis 114 8.3 Blockiness 122 8.4 Markov Model-based Features 124 8.5 Conditional Probabilities 126 8.6 Experiment and Comparison 128 9 Calibration Techniques 131 9.1 Calibrated Features 131 9.2 JPEG Calibration 133 9.3 Calibration by Downsampling 137 9.4 Calibration in General 146 9.5 Progressive Randomisation 148 PART III CLASSIFIERS 10 Simulation and Evaluation 153 10.1 Estimation and Simulation 153 10.2 Scalar Measures 158 10.3 The Receiver Operating Curve 161 10.4 Experimental Methodology 170 10.5 Comparison and Hypothesis Testing 173 10.6 Summary 176 11 Support Vector Machines 179 11.1 Linear Classifiers 179 11.2 The Kernel Function 186 11.3 ν-SVM 189 11.4 Multi-class Methods 191 11.5 One-class Methods 192 11.6 Summary 196 12 Other Classification Algorithms 197 12.1 Bayesian Classifiers 198 12.2 Estimating Probability Distributions 203 12.3 Multivariate Regression Analysis 209 12.4 Unsupervised Learning 212 12.5 Summary 215 13 Feature Selection and Evaluation 217 13.1 Overfitting and Underfitting 217 13.2 Scalar Feature Selection 220 13.3 Feature Subset Selection 222 13.4 Selection Using Information Theory 225 13.5 Boosting Feature Selection 238 13.6 Applications in Steganalysis 239 14 The Steganalysis Problem 245 14.1 Different Use Cases 245 14.2 Images and Training Sets 250 14.3 Composite Classifier Systems 258 14.4 Summary 262 15 Future of the Field 263 15.1 Image Forensics 263 15.2 Conclusions and Notes 265 Bibliography 267 Index 279
£80.96
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Design Managers Handbook
Book SynopsisDesign management as a recognised role in the built environment industry is relatively new, initially arising from the need for better co-ordination and delivery of design information from design teams to main contractors - particularly important as procurement routes involving contractor led design have become much more commonplace.Table of ContentsForeword by Paul Monaghan, Allford Hall Monaghan and Morris, Architects ix Preface – ‘My Why’ xi Acknowledgements xiii Note to the reader xv Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction – the CIOB Design Manager’s Handbook 1 Context, scope, audience and structure 2 Process 19 Project context, processes, CDM, cost management 3 DMTCQ 59 The Design Management Benchmark, a framework model for Design Management based on Time, Cost and Quality 4 Tools 63 Generic tools to control design production and design development 5 Procurement 91 Main procurement routes, Employer’s Requirements/Contractor’s Proposals 6 Value and innovation 101 Value management, innovation and DM 7 People 111 Context, tsunamis, tribes and people 8 Training 123 Roles, skills, training 9 Quality 127 Urban and environmental context of design, quality, legacy 10 Stories 133 People, projects – some stories 11 Future 145 Context, external and internal factors, BIM, DM2050 Afterword 161 Addendum – October 2012 163 Appendices 165 A Lean Project Delivery – Alan Mossman, Glenn Ballard & Christine Pasquire 165 B The ‘ADePT’ methodology – Paul Waskett and Andrew Newton 191 C Choosing by Advantages – Alan Mossman 197 D Delivering value – A Guidance Note for Design Managers – Michael Graham 201 E Style, Behaviours & your ‘Leadership Moments’ – Saima Butt 209 F Educating the Design Manager of the future – Paula Bleanch 213 G Facilitating workshops – John Eynon 221 Bibliography/Resources/Further Reading 223 Index 229
£47.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Modelling and Simulation of
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to the derivation of computational models from basic physical mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to represent the basic architecture of air vehicles and their embedded systems.
£58.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Principles of Flight for Pilots
Book SynopsisAn accessible, clearly organized study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, this book also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to improve their understanding of the principles of flight.Trade Review“Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Expofairs, 27 April 2013) "Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Aeroweb-fr.net, 1 March 2011)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Weight and Mass xxxi Part 1 The Preliminaries 1 1 Basic Principles 3 1.1 The Atmosphere 3 1.2 The Composition of Air 3 1.2.1 The Measurement of Temperature 3 1.2.2 Air Density 4 1.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 4 1.3.1 ISA Deviation 5 1.3.2 JSA Deviation 5 1.3.3 Height and Altitude 6 1.3.4 Pressure Altitude 7 1.3.5 Density Altitude 7 1.4 The Physical Properties of Air 7 1.4.1 Fluid Pressure 7 1.4.2 Static Pressure 7 1.4.3 Dynamic Pressure 7 1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 8 1.5.1 Definitions 8 1.5.2 First Law 8 1.5.3 Second Law 8 1.5.4 Third Law 9 1.6 Constant-Acceleration Formulae 9 1.7 The Equation of Impulse 9 1.8 The Basic Gas Laws 10 1.8.1 Boyles Law 10 1.8.2 Charles’ Law 10 1.8.3 Pressure Law 10 1.8.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 10 1.9 The Conservation Laws 11 1.10 Bernoulli’s Theorem 11 1.10.1 Viscosity 11 1.11 The Equation of Continuity 12 1.12 Reynolds Number 12 1.12.1 Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) 13 1.13 Units of Measurement 13 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 15 2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions 19 2.1 Aerofoil Profile 19 2.2 Aerofoil Attitude 20 2.3 Wing Shape 21 2.4 Wing Loading 23 2.5 Weight and Mass 24 2.5.1 The Newton 24 2.6 Airspeeds 24 2.6.1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) 24 2.6.2 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) 25 2.6.3 Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) 25 2.6.4 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) 25 2.6.5 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) 25 2.6.6 True Airspeed (TAS) 25 2.6.7 Mach Number 26 2.7 Speed Summary 26 2.8 The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds 27 2.8.1 a. Below the Tropopause 27 2.8.2 b. Above the Tropopause 27 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 29 Part 2 Basic Aerodynamics 33 3 Basic Control 35 3.1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation 35 3.1.1 The Longitudinal or Roll Axis 35 3.1.2 The Lateral or Pitch Axis 35 3.1.3 The Normal or Yaw Axis 35 3.2 The Flight Controls 35 3.3 The Elevators 37 3.4 Pitch Control 37 3.4.1 Control Surface Area 38 3.4.1.1 Control Surface Angular Deflection 38 3.4.2 The Moment Arm 38 3.4.3 Angle of Attack 38 3.5 Alternative Pitch Controls 39 3.5.1 Variable Incidence Tailplane 39 3.5.2 The Stabilator 40 3.5.3 The Elevons 40 3.6 The Rudder 40 3.7 Yaw Control 41 3.7.1 Control-Surface Area 41 3.7.1.1 Control-Surface Deflection 41 3.7.2 The Moment Arm 41 3.7.2.1 Engine-Induced Yaw 41 3.8 Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment 42 3.8.1 Critical Power Unit 42 3.9 Asymmetric Rolling Moment 43 3.10 Minimum Control Speeds 44 3.10.0.1 For Take-off 44 3.10.0.2 For Landing 44 3.10.1 VMC 44 3.10.2 VMCG 44 3.10.2.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCG and VMC 45 3.10.3 VMCL 45 3.10.4 VMCL(1out) 45 3.10.5 VMCL-2 46 3.10.5.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCL 46 3.11 The Ailerons 46 3.12 Roll Control 46 3.12.1 The Flaperon 47 3.13 Wing Twist 47 3.14 Geometric Twist 47 3.15 Aerodynamic Twist 47 3.15.1 Twisterons 48 3.16 High-Speed Twist 49 3.16.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.2 High-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.3 Roll Spoilers 50 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 51 4 Lift Generation 55 4.1 Turbulent Flow 55 4.2 Streamline Flow 55 4.3 The Boundary Layer 57 4.4 The Laminar Boundary Layer 58 4.4.1 The Transition Point 58 4.5 The Turbulent Boundary Layer 58 4.5.1 Leading-Edge Separation 59 4.6 Boundary-Layer Control 59 4.6.1 Blowing 59 4.6.2 Suction 60 4.6.3 Vortex Generators 60 4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow 61 4.8 The Stagnation Point 61 4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow 61 4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow 61 4.9 Lift Production 62 4.9.1 Symmetrical Aerofoils 62 4.9.2 Cambered Aerofoils 62 4.9.2.1 a. Negative Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.2 b. Small Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.3 c. Large Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.10 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 64 4.11 Pitching Moments 65 4.12 The Aerodynamic Centre 67 4.13 Three-Dimensional Flow 68 4.14 Wing-Tip Vortices 68 4.15 Wake Turbulence 70 4.16 Spanwise Lift Distribution 70 4.16.1 The Effect of Wing Planform 70 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 75 Part 3 Level-Flight Aerodynamics 79 5 Lift Analysis 81 5.1 The Four Forces 81 5.2 Mass 81 5.3 Lift Analysis 82 5.4 The Factors Affecting CL 84 5.5 The Effect of Angle of Attack 84 5.6 The Effect of the Wing Shape 85 5.6.1 The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius 86 5.6.2 The Effect of Camber 86 5.6.3 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 87 5.6.4 The Wing Planform 88 5.6.4.1 The Effect of Sweepback 88 5.7 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition 89 5.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number 91 5.9 The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and CL 92 5.10 Aerofoil Profiles 93 5.10.1 High-Lift Aerofoils 93 5.10.2 General-Purpose Aerofoils 94 5.10.3 High-Speed Aerofoils 94 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 95 6 Lift Augmentation 99 6.1 Wing Loading 99 6.2 CLmax Augmentation 99 6.3 Slats 100 6.3.1 Automatic Slats 101 6.3.2 Manual Slats 103 6.4 Slots 103 6.5 Leading-Edge Flaps 103 6.5.1 The Krueger Flap 105 6.5.2 The Drooped Leading Edge 106 6.6 Trailing-Edge Flaps 106 6.6.1 The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap 107 6.6.2 The Split Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.3 The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.4 The Fowler Flap 109 6.6.4.1 The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps 110 6.6.5 Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations 110 6.6.5.1 The Effect of Sweepback on Flap 112 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 113 7 Drag 119 7.1 Parasite (Profile) Drag 119 7.2 Surface-Friction Drag 120 7.2.0.1 Surface Area 120 7.2.0.2 Coefficient of Viscosity 120 7.2.0.3 Rate of Change of Airspeed 120 7.2.1 Flow Transition 120 7.2.1.1 Surface Condition 121 7.2.1.2 Speed and Size 121 7.2.1.3 Adverse Pressure Gradient 121 7.3 Form (Pressure) Drag 121 7.3.1 Interference Drag 122 7.4 Induced Drag 122 7.4.1 The Effect of Speed 123 7.4.2 The Effect of Mass 125 7.4.3 The Effect of Planform 125 7.4.4 The Effect of Sweepback 125 7.4.5 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 126 7.4.6 The Effect of Flap 126 7.4.7 The Effect of the CG Position 126 7.4.8 Effects Summary 127 7.5 Ground Effect 127 7.6 Wing-Tip Design 128 7.7 Wingspan Loading 129 7.8 The Coefficient of Induced Drag (CDI) 129 7.9 Total Drag 130 7.10 Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve 130 7.11 The Velocity of Minimum Drag (VIMD) 130 7.12 The Velocity of Minimum Power (VIMP) 132 7.13 The Maximum EAS/Drag Ratio (VI/Dmax) Speed 132 7.14 Speed Stability and Instability 133 7.15 The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag 134 7.15.1 The Effect of Altitude 134 7.15.2 The Effect of Mass 134 7.15.3 The Effect of Flap 134 7.16 The CL v CD Polar Diagram 136 7.17 Analysis of the Lift/Drag Ratio 137 7.17.1 The Effect of Flap 138 7.17.2 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 138 7.17.3 The Effect of Mass 139 7.18 Drag Augmentation 139 7.19 Airbrakes 139 7.20 Spoilers 139 7.20.1 Flight Spoilers 139 7.20.2 Ground Spoilers 140 7.20.3 Roll Spoilers 141 7.21 Barn-Door Flaps 142 7.22 Drag Parachutes 142 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 143 8 Stalling 153 8.0.1 The Stall 153 8.1 The Boundary Layer 153 8.2 Boundary-Layer Separation 154 8.2.1 Trailing-Edge Separation 154 8.2.2 Leading-Edge Separation 155 8.3 The Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4 Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4.1 Slat/Flap Setting 156 8.4.2 Ice Accretion 157 8.4.3 Effect on Take-off and Landing 158 8.4.3.1 Take-Off 158 8.4.3.2 Landing 158 8.4.3.3 Reduced Stalling Angle 159 8.4.3.4 Abnormal Stalling Characteristics 159 8.4.4 Heavy Rain 159 8.5 The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall 159 8.5.1 Swept Wings 160 8.5.2 Elliptical Wings 161 8.5.3 Rectangular Wings 161 8.5.4 Straight Tapered Wings 161 8.6 Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices 161 8.6.1 The Wing Fence 162 8.6.2 The Sawtooth Leading Edge 162 8.6.3 The Notched Leading Edge 162 8.6.4 Vortex Generators 162 8.7 Wing-Tip Stalling 164 8.7.1 The Effect of Flap 164 8.7.2 The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling 165 8.7.2.1 a. Washout 165 8.7.2.2 b. Root Spoiler 165 8.7.2.3 c. Changing Camber 165 8.7.2.4 d. Slats and Slots 165 8.7.2.5 e. Aspect Ratio 165 8.8 Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.1 Ideal Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.2 Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics 166 8.9 Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle 166 8.10 Aerodynamic Stall Warning 166 8.11 Mechanical Stall Warning 167 8.11.1 The Flapper Switch 167 8.11.2 The Angle of Attack Sensor 167 8.11.3 Stick Shakers 168 8.11.4 Stick Pushers 168 8.12 Stalling Speed 168 8.13 Factors Affecting Stalling Speed 169 8.14 Centre of Gravity (CG) 169 8.14.1 Forward CG 169 8.14.1.1 Disadvantage 169 8.14.1.2 Advantage 169 8.14.2 Aft CG 169 8.14.2.1 Disadvantage 170 8.14.2.2 Advantage 170 8.15 Mass 170 8.16 Altitude 171 8.17 Configuration 171 8.18 Ice Accretion 171 8.19 Wing Planform 172 8.20 Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed 172 8.21 The Speed Boundary 172 8.22 The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor 173 8.23 Turn Stalling Speed 174 8.24 Stalling-Speed Definitions 174 8.24.1 VCLmax 175 8.24.2 VMS 175 8.24.3 VMS0 175 8.24.4 VMS1 175 8.24.5 VS 176 8.24.6 VS0 176 8.24.7 VS1 176 8.24.8 VS1g 176 8.24.9 VSR 176 8.24.10 VSR0 176 8.24.11 VSR1 176 8.25 The Deep Stall 177 8.26 The Accelerated Stall 177 8.27 The Power-On Stall 177 8.28 The Shock Stall 178 8.29 Stall Recovery 178 8.29.1 The Low-speed Stall 178 8.29.2 The Deep Stall 178 8.29.3 The Accelerated Stall 178 8.29.4 The Power-On Stall 179 8.29.5 The Shock Stall 179 8.30 The Spin 179 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 181 9 Thrust and Power in Level Flight 189 9.1 Thrust 189 9.2 Analysis of the Thrust Curves 189 9.2.1 Thrust Available 189 9.2.2 Thrust Required 190 9.2.2.1 Maximum Speed (EAS) 190 9.3 The Effect of the Variables on Thrust 191 9.3.1 Altitude 191 9.3.2 Mass 193 9.3.3 Asymmetric Flight 193 9.3.4 Centre of Gravity 195 9.4 Power 196 9.5 Analysis of the Power Curves 196 9.5.1 Maximum TAS 197 9.5.2 VMP and VMD 197 9.6 The Effect of the Variables on Power 198 9.6.1 Altitude 198 9.6.2 Mass 200 9.7 Summary 201 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 203 10 Advanced Control 207 10.1 Wing Torsion and Flexing 207 10.2 Wing Flutter 207 10.3 Torsional Flexural Flutter 207 10.4 Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.1 Torsional Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.2 Flexural Aileron Flutter 211 10.4.2.1 The Mass Balance 212 10.5 Divergence 213 10.6 Control Secondary Effects 213 10.7 Adverse Yaw 213 10.8 Counteraction Devices 214 10.8.1 Rudder/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.2 Slot/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.3 Spoiler/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.4 Differential Aileron Deflection 214 10.8.5 Frise Ailerons 214 10.9 Control-Surface Operation 215 10.10 Aerodynamic Balance Methods 216 10.10.1 The Hinge Balance 216 10.10.2 The Horn Balance 216 10.10.3 The Internal Balance 217 10.10.4 The Balance Tab 217 10.10.5 The Antibalance Tab 218 10.10.6 The Spring Tab 218 10.10.7 The Servo Tab 220 10.11 Primary Control-Surface Trimming 221 10.11.1 Variable Trim Tabs 222 10.11.2 Fixed Trim Tabs 222 10.11.3 Stabilizer Trim Setting 222 10.12 Powered Controls 223 10.13 Power-Assisted Controls 223 10.14 Fully Powered Controls 223 10.14.1 Artificial Feel 224 10.14.1.1 The Simple System 224 10.14.1.2 The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System 224 10.15 Fly-by-Wire 225 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 227 Part 4 Stability 231 11 Static Stability 233 11.1 Static Stability 233 11.2 The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability 235 11.3 Directional Static Stability 235 11.4 Yaw and Sideslip 235 11.5 The Directional Restoring Moment 235 11.5.1 Fin and Rudder Design 237 11.5.2 The Dorsal Fin 237 11.5.3 The Ventral Fin 237 11.5.4 The Moment Arm 237 11.6 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Directional Static Stability 238 11.6.1 Fuselage 238 11.6.2 Wing 238 11.6.2.1 Dihedral 239 11.6.3 Sweepback 239 11.7 Propeller Slipstream 240 11.8 Neutral Directional Static Stability 240 11.9 Lateral Static Stability 240 11.10 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.1 Increased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.2 Decreased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.11 Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient 243 11.12 Analysis of Design Feature Effects 244 11.13 Wing Contribution 244 11.13.1 Dihedral 244 11.13.2 Anhedral 245 11.13.3 Sweepback 245 11.14 Wing/Fuselage Interference 246 11.14.1 Shielding Effect 246 11.14.2 Wing Location 246 11.15 Fuselage/Fin 246 11.15.1 Fin Size 246 11.15.2 Ventral Fin 246 11.16 Handling Considerations 247 11.16.1 Propeller Slipstream 247 11.16.2 Crosswind Landings 247 11.16.3 Flaps 247 11.17 Longitudinal Static Stability 248 11.18 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 249 11.19 The Neutral Point (NP) 250 11.19.1 Types of Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.1 The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.2 The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.2 The Effect of the CG at the NP 250 11.20 The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) 251 11.21 The Centre of Gravity (CG) 251 11.21.1 The CG Envelope 251 11.21.1.1 CG Envelope Limitations 251 11.21.1.2 CG Movement 252 11.21.2 The Effect of CG at the Limits 252 11.21.2.1 CG at the Forward Limit 252 11.21.2.2 CG at the Aft Limit 252 11.22 The Static Margin (SM) 253 11.23 The Trim Point (TP) 253 11.24 Longitudinal Dihedral 253 11.25 Aeroplane-Design Variations 255 11.26 The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability 255 11.26.1 Elevator Deflection 255 11.26.2 Trim 256 11.26.3 The Fuselage 257 11.26.4 Angle of Attack 257 11.26.5 Configuration 257 11.26.5.1 Trailing-Edge Flaps 257 11.26.5.2 Undercarriage 257 11.27 Stick-Fixed Longitudinal Static Stability 257 11.27.1 Stick-Position Stability 258 11.28 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 258 11.28.1 Stick Force 259 11.29 Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirements 260 11.29.1 a. Class ‘A’ Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) 260 11.29.2 b. Class ‘B’ Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) 260 11.30 The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force 260 11.31 Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability 261 11.31.1 The Manoeuvre Point 261 11.32 Factors Affecting Stick Force 262 11.33 Summary 262 11.34 The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions 264 11.34.1 Ice Accretion 264 11.34.2 Heavy Rain 264 11.34.3 Altitude 264 11.35 The Factors Affecting Static Stability 264 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 267 12 Dynamic Stability 277 12.1 Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 279 12.1.1 The Phugoid 279 12.1.2 Short-Period Oscillation 280 12.1.3 Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 280 12.2 Lateral Dynamic Stability 280 12.2.1 Sideslip 281 12.2.2 Rolling 281 12.2.3 Spiral 281 12.2.4 Dutch Roll 281 12.3 Spiral Instability 281 12.4 Dutch Roll 282 12.5 Asymmetric Thrust 282 12.6 Aerodynamic Damping 283 12.7 Summary 283 12.8 The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability 283 12.8.1 a. General 283 12.8.2 b. Longitudinal 284 12.8.3 c. Lateral 284 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 285 Part 5 Manoeuvre Aerodynamics 289 13 Level-Flight Manoeuvres 291 13.1 The Manoeuvre Envelope 291 13.1.1 The Flight Load Factor 291 13.2 Manoeuvre-Envelope Limitations 291 13.2.1 The Stalling Speed 291 13.2.2 The ‘g’ Limitation 292 13.2.3 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Limiting Parameters 294 13.2.4 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Maximum-Speed Limitation 294 13.3 Stalling and Design Speed Definitions 294 13.4 Limiting Speeds 296 13.5 The Load Factor 296 13.6 The Gust Load Factor 297 13.7 Buffet 299 13.7.1 Low-Speed Buffet 299 13.7.2 High-Speed Buffet 300 13.8 The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart 300 13.9 Turns 302 13.9.1 The Load Factor in a Turn 303 13.9.2 The Turn Radius 303 13.9.3 Rate of Turn 305 13.10 Turn and Slip Indications 306 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 307 14 Climb and Descent Aerodynamics 315 14.1 Climbing Flight 315 14.2 The Forces in a Climb 315 14.3 The Effect of the Variables on the Climb 316 14.3.1 Altitude 316 14.3.2 Mass 316 14.3.3 Flap Setting 316 14.3.4 Wind Component 317 14.4 Climb Gradient 317 14.5 Climb-Gradient Calculations 318 14.5.1 Method 1 318 14.5.2 Method 2 320 14.6 Rate of Climb 321 14.7 Rate-of-Climb Calculations 321 14.8 VX and VY 323 14.9 VX 323 14.10 VY 325 14.11 Aircraft Ceiling 326 14.12 VY at the Absolute Ceiling 327 14.12.1 Piston/Propeller Aeroplanes 328 14.12.2 Jet Aeroplanes 328 14.13 The Effect of the Variables on VX and VY 329 14.13.1 Mass 329 14.13.2 Flap 329 14.13.3 Altitude 329 14.13.4 Temperature 329 14.13.5 Wind Component 329 14.14 The Effect of Climbing-Speed Variations 331 14.15 Factors Affecting the Climb 332 14.16 The Glide Descent 332 14.16.1 The Glide Variables 333 14.17 Gliding for Maximum Range 334 14.18 The Effect of the Variables on a Glide Descent 335 14.18.1 Speed 335 14.18.2 Wind Component 336 14.18.3 Mass 337 14.18.4 Angle of Attack 338 14.18.5 Flap 338 14.19 Gliding for Maximum Endurance 338 14.20 Climbing and Descending Turns 339 Self-Assessed Exercise 14 341 Part 6 Other Aerodynamic Considerations 349 15 High-Speed Flight 351 15.0.1 General Introduction 351 15.1 High-Speed Definitions 352 15.2 High-Speed Calculations 352 15.3 The Shockwave 353 15.3.1 Compressibility 353 15.3.2 Shockwave Formation 353 15.4 Air-Pressure-Wave Patterns 354 15.4.1 Subsonic 357 15.4.2 Sonic 357 15.4.3 Supersonic 357 15.5 The Shockwave Deflection Angle 357 15.6 The High-Speed CP 358 15.7 Critical Mach Number (MCRIT) 358 15.8 The Effect of a Shockwave 359 15.8.1 Wave Drag 359 15.8.2 Drag Divergence Mach Number 360 15.9 The Flying Controls 360 15.10 The Effect of the Aerofoil Profile 361 15.10.1 Thickness/Chord Ratio 362 15.10.2 Wing Camber 362 15.11 Swept Wings 362 15.12 The Effect of Sweepback 362 15.12.1 The Advantages of Sweepback 362 15.12.1.1 Increased MCRIT 363 15.12.1.2 Aerodynamic Effects 363 15.12.2 The Disadvantages of Sweepback 363 15.13 Remedial Design Features 364 15.13.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 365 15.13.2 High-Speed Ailerons 365 15.14 Area Rule 365 15.15 High-Speed-Flight Characteristics 367 15.15.1 High-Speed Buffet 367 15.15.2 Tuck Under 367 15.15.3 The Shock Stall 367 15.15.4 The Buffet Boundary 368 15.15.5 Coffin Corner 368 15.16 Speed Instability 368 15.16.1 The Mach Trimmer 369 15.16.2 Lateral Instability 369 15.17 The Supercritical Wing 369 15.18 Supersonic Airflow 370 15.18.1 The Convex Corner Mach Wave (Expansion Wave) 370 15.18.2 The Concave-Corner Shockwave 372 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 373 16 Propellers 387 16.1 Propeller Definitions 387 16.2 Basic Principles 389 16.3 Factors Affecting Propeller Efficiency 391 16.4 Airspeed 391 16.4.1 Fixed-Pitch Propellers 391 16.4.2 Variable-Pitch Propellers 393 16.5 Power Absorption 393 16.5.1 Propeller-Blade Shape 393 16.5.1.1 Blade Length 393 16.5.1.2 Blade Chord 394 16.5.2 Propeller-Blade Number 394 16.5.3 Solidity 394 16.6 The Effects of a Propeller on Aeroplane Performance 395 16.6.1 Torque 395 16.6.2 Slipstream Effect 396 16.6.3 Asymmetric Blade 396 16.6.4 Gyroscopic Effect 397 16.7 Propeller Forces and Moments 398 16.7.1 Centrifugal Force (CF) 398 16.7.2 Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) 398 16.7.3 Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) 398 16.8 Propeller-Blade Positions 400 16.9 The Constant-Speed Unit (CSU) 400 16.9.1 Propeller Windmilling 401 16.9.2 Propeller Feathering 401 16.9.3 Reverse Pitch 403 16.10 The Effect of a Constant Speed Propeller on a Glide Descent 403 16.11 Engine Failure 403 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 405 17 Operational Considerations 411 17.1 Runway-Surface Contamination 411 17.1.1 Surface Contaminants 411 17.1.1.1 Standing Water 411 17.1.1.2 Slush 411 17.1.1.3 Wet Snow 411 17.1.1.4 Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.5 Very Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.6 Compacted Snow 412 17.1.1.7 Ice 412 17.1.1.8 Specially Prepared Winter Runway 412 17.1.1.9 Mixtures 412 17.1.1.10 Contaminant Drag 413 17.1.1.11 Water-Equivalent Depth 413 17.2 The Effect of Runway Contamination 413 17.2.1 Take-off 413 17.3 Aeroplane Contamination 415 17.3.1 The Effect of Heavy Rain 415 17.3.2 The Effect of Propeller Icing 415 17.3.3 The Effect of Airframe Icing 416 17.3.4 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Damage 416 17.3.5 The Effect of Turbulence 416 17.4 Windshear 417 17.4.1 The Effect of Windshear 417 17.4.1.1 Energy Loss 417 17.4.1.2 Energy Gain 417 17.4.2 Downdraught 418 17.4.2.1 Take-off 418 17.4.2.2 Landing 418 17.4.3 Countering Windshear 419 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 421 Part 7 Conclusion 425 18 Summary 427 18.1 Aerofoil-Profile Definitions 427 18.2 Aerofoil-Attitude Definitions 427 18.3 Wing-Shape Definitions 428 18.4 High-Speed Definitions 428 18.5 Propeller Definitions 429 18.6 V Speeds 430 18.7 PoF Formulae 432 18.7.1 Drag 433 18.7.2 Wing Loading/Load Factor 433 18.7.3 Stalling Speed Calculations 434 18.7.3.1 Mass Change 434 18.7.3.2 Load Factor 434 18.7.3.3 Turn 434 18.7.4 Design Manoeuvre Speed (VA) 434 18.7.5 Turn Details 434 18.7.5.1 Radius of Turn 434 18.7.5.2 Rate of Turn 434 18.7.6 Climb Calculations 434 18.7.7 Descent Calculations 434 18.7.7.1 Maximum Glide Range 435 18.7.8 Mach Angle (µ) Calculation 435 18.8 Key Facts 435 18.9 Stalling 435 18.9.1 The Maximum Coefficient of Lift (CLmax) 435 18.9.2 The Critical Angle 435 18.9.3 The Stalling Speed 436 18.10 Stability 436 18.10.1 Static Stability 436 18.10.2 Dynamic Stability 436 18.10.3 The Stick Force 438 18.10.4 The Gust Load Factor 439 18.11 Propellers 439 18.11.1 Propeller Efficiency 439 18.11.2 Fixed Pitch Angle of Attack 439 18.11.3 Propeller Gyroscopic Effect 440 18.12 The Effect of the Variables on Performance 440 18.12.1 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.2 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.3 Altitude 441 18.12.4 Aspect Ratio 441 18.12.5 Camber 441 18.12.6 CG Position 442 18.12.7 Flap 442 18.12.8 Sweepback 443 18.12.9 Dihedral 443 18.12.10 Mass 443 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 445 19 Solutions (with page references) 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 449 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 450 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 451 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 452 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 14 456 14.0.1 Vx &Vy Mathematical Proof 457 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 458 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 Turn Calculations 460 Index 461
£58.46
Wiley-Blackwell BioGlasses
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
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Wiley Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents
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£116.96
Wiley NearCapacity MultiFunctional MIMO Systems
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£141.26
Wiley Spectral Element Method in Str
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John Wiley & Sons Inc On Solar Hydrogen and Nanotechnology
Book SynopsisMore energy from the sun strikes Earth in an hour than is consumed by humans in an entire year. Efficiently harnessing solar power for sustainable generation of hydrogen requires low-cost, purpose-built, functional materials combined with inexpensive large-scale manufacturing methods. These issues are comprehensively addressed in On Solar Hydrogen & Nanotechnology an authoritative, interdisciplinary source of fundamental and applied knowledge in all areas related to solar hydrogen. Written by leading experts, the book emphasizes state-of-the-art materials and characterization techniques as well as the impact of nanotechnology on this cutting edge field. Addresses the current status and prospects of solar hydrogen, including major achievements, performance benchmarks, technological limitations, and crucial remaining challenges Covers the latest advances in fundamental understanding and development in photocatalytic reactions, semiconductor nanostructures and hTrade Review"I find that this work contains solid in-depth science, and goes far beyond "trendy" issues. I can recommend this collection to interested readers." (Angewandte Chemie, 2010) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Editor Biography. PART ONE-FUNDAMENTALS, MODELING, AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS FOR DIRECT SOLAR HYDROGEN GENERATION. 1 Solar Hydrogen Production by Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: The Promise and Challenge (Eric L. Miller). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Hydrogen or Hype? 1.3 Solar Pathways to Hydrogen. 1.4 Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting. 1.5 The Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface. 1.6 Photoelectrode Implementations. 1.7 The PEC Challenge. 1.8 Facing the Challenge: Current PEC Materials Research. Acknowledgments. References. 2 Modeling and Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactions at TiO2 Surfaces (Hideyuki Kamisaka and Koichi Yamashita). 2.1 Importance of Theoretical Studies on TiO2 Systems. 2.2 Doped TiO2 Systems: Carbon and Niobium Doping. 2.3 Surface Hydroxyl Groups and the Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of TiO2. Conversion. 2.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. 2.5 Future Directions: Ab Initio Simulations and the Local Excited States on TiO2. Acknowledgments. References. 3 Photocatalytic Reactions on Model Single Crystal TiO2 Surfaces (G.I.N. Waterhouse and H. Idriss). 3.1 TiO2 Single-Crystal Surfaces. 3.2 Photoreactions Over Semiconductor Surfaces. 3.3 Ethanol Reactions Over TiO2(110) Surface. 3.4 Photocatalysis and Structure Sensitivity. 3.5 Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Over Au/TiO2 Catalysts. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 Fundamental Reactions on Rutile TiO2(110) Model Photocatalysts Studied by High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Stefan Wendt, Ronnie T. Vang, and Flemming Besenbacher). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Geometric Structure and Defects of the Rutile TiO2 (110) Surface. 4.3 Reactions of Water with Oxygen Vacancies. 4.4 Splitting of Paired H Adatoms and Other Reactions Observed on Partly Water Covered TiO2(110). 4.5 O2 Dissociation and the Role of Ti Interstitials. 4.6 Intermediate Steps of the Reaction Between O2 and H Adatoms and the Role of Coadsorbed Water. 4.7 Bonding of Gold Nanoparticles on TiO2(110) in Different Oxidation States. 4.8 Summary and Outlook. References. PART TWO-ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ENERGETICS, AND TRANSPORT DYNAMICS OF PHOTOCATALYST NANOSTRUCTURES. 5 Electronic Structure Study of Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxides Using Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy (Jinghua Guo, Per-Anders Glans, Yi-Sheng Liu, and Chinglin Chang). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. 5.3 Experiment Set-Up. 5.4 Results and Discussion. Acknowledgments. References. 6 X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Oxide Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production (Clemens Heske, Lothar Weinhardt, and Marcus B€ar). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Soft X-Ray and Electron Spectroscopies. 6.3 Electronic Surface-Level Positions of WO3 Thin Films. 6.4 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy of ZnO:Zn3N2 Thin Films. 6.5 In Situ Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Brief Outlook. 6.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Applications of X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Photocatalysis for Hydrogen Generation (Lin X. Chen). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (XTA). 7.3 Tracking Electronic and Nuclear Configurations in Photoexcited Metalloporphyrins. 7.4 Tracking Metal-Center Oxidation States in the MLCT State of Metal Complexes. 7.5 Tracking Transient Metal Oxidation States During Hydrogen Generation. 7.6 Prospects and Challenges in Future Studies. Acknowledgments. References. 8 Fourier-Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts (Lars Osterlund). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy on TiO2 Photocatalysts: Experimental Considerations. 8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. 8.4 Gas-Solid Photocatalytic Reactions Probed by FTIR Spectroscopy. 8.5 Model Gas-Solid Reactions on Pure and Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy. 8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 9 Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions in CdS Quantum Dot Sensitized TiO2 Nanocrystalline Electrodes (Yasuhiro Tachibana). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Nanomaterials. 9.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. 9.4 Controlling Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions by Nanomaterial Design. 9.5 Application of QD-Sensitized Metal-Oxide Semiconductors to Solar Hydrogen Production. 9.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. PART THREE-DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED NANOSTRUCTURES FOR EFFICIENT SOLAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM CLASSICAL .LARGE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS. 10 Ordered Titanium Dioxide Nanotubular Arrays as Photoanodes for Hydrogen Generation (M. Misra and K.S. Raja). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Crystal Structure of TiO2. References. 11 Electrodeposition of Nanostructured ZnO Films and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties (Torsten Oekermann). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition. 11.3 Electrodeposition of Metal Oxides and Other Compounds. 11.4 Electrodeposition of Zinc Oxide. 11.5 Electrodeposition of One- and Two-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures. 11.6 Use of Additives in ZnO Electrodeposition. 11.7 Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties. 11.8 Photocatalytic Properties. 11.9 Outlook. References. 12 Nanostructured Thin-Film WO3 Photoanodes for Solar Water and Sea-Water Splitting (Bruce D. Alexander and Jan Augustynski). 12.1 Historical Context. 12.2 Macrocrystalline WO3 Films. 12.3 Limitations of Macroscopic WO3. 12.4 Nanostructured Films. 12.5 Tailoring WO3 Films Through a Modified Chimie Douce Synthetic Route. 12.6 Surface Reactions at Nanocrystalline WO3 Electrodes. 12.7 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 13 Nanostructured a-Fe2O3 in PEC Generation of Hydrogen (Vibha R. Satsangi, Sahab Dass, and Rohit Shrivastav). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 a-Fe2O3. 13.3 Nanostructured a-Fe2O3 Photoelectrodes. 13.5 Efficiency and Hydrogen Production. 13.6 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. PART FOUR-NEW DESIGN AND APPROACHES TO BANDGAP PROFILING AND VISIBLE-LIGHT-ACTIVE NANOSTRUCTURES. 14 Photoelectrocatalyst Discovery Using High-Throughput Methods and Combinatorial Chemistry (Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein, Peng Zhang, Yongsheng Hu, and Eric W. McFarland). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Use of High-Throughput and Combinatorial Methods for the Discovery and Optimization of Photoelectrocatalyst Material Systems. 14.3 Practical Methods of High-Throughput Synthesis of Photoelectrocatalysts. 14.4 Photocatalyst Screening and Characterization. 14.5 Specific Examples of High-Throughput Methodology Applied to Photoelectrocatalysts. 14.6 Summary and Outlook. References. 15 Multidimensional Nanostructures for Solar Water Splitting: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications (Abraham Wolcott and Jin Z. Zhang). 15.1 Motivation for Developing Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.2 Colloidal Methods for 0D Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis. 15.3 1D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.4 2D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures. 15.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 16 Nanoparticle-Assembled Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting (Frank E. Osterloh). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Two-Component Catalysts. 16.3 CdSe Nanoribbons as a Quantum-Confined Water-Splitting Catalyst. 16.4 Conclusion and Outlook. Acknowledgment. References. 17 Quantum-Confined Visible-Light-Active Metal-Oxide Nanostructures for Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Generation (Lionel Vayssieres). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Design of Advanced Semiconductor Nanostructures by Cost-Effective Technique. 17.3 Quantum Confinement Effects for Photovoltaics and Solar Hydrogen Generation. 17.4 Novel Cost-Effective Visible-Light-Active (Hetero)Nanostructures for Solar Hydrogen Generation. 17.5 Conclusion and Perspectives. References. 18 Effects of Metal-Ion Doping, Removal and Exchange on Photocatalytic Activity of Metal Oxides and Nitrides for Overall Water Splitting (Yasunobu Inoue). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Experimental Procedures. 18.3 Effects of Metal Ion Doping. 18.4 Effects of Metal-Ion Removal. 18.5 Effects of Metal-Ion Exchange on Photocatalysis. 18.6 Effects of Zn Addition to Indate and Stannate. 18.7 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 19 Supramolecular Complexes as Photoinitiated Electron Collectors: Applications in Solar Hydrogen Production (Shamindri M. Arachchige and Karen J. Brewer). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Supramolecular Complexes for Photoinitiated Electron Collection. 19.3 Conclusions. List of Abbreviations. Acknowledgments. References. PART FIVE-NEW DEVICES FOR SOLAR THERMAL HYDROGEN GENERATION. 20 Novel Monolithic Reactors for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting (Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos and Souzana Lorentzou). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Solar Hydrogen Production. 20.3 HYDROSOL Reactor. 20.4 HYDROSOL Process. 20.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 21 Solar Thermal and Efficient Solar Thermal/Electrochemical Photo Hydrogen Generation (Stuart Licht). 21.1 Comparison of Solar Hydrogen Processes. 21.2 STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of H2. 21.3 STEP Theory. 21.4 STEP Experiment: Efficient Solar Water Splitting. 21.5 NonHybrid Solar Thermal Processes. 21.6 Conclusions. References. Index
£213.26
Wiley Sound Propagation
Book SynopsisIn Sound Propagation: An Impedance Based Approach, Professor Yang-Hann Kim introduces acoustics and sound fields by using the concept of impedance. Kim starts with vibrations and waves, demonstrating how vibration can be envisaged as a kind of wave, mathematically and physically. One-dimensional waves are used to convey the fundamental concepts. Readers can then understand wave propagation in terms of characteristic and driving point impedance. The essential measures for acoustic waves, such as dB scale, octave scale, acoustic pressure, energy, and intensity, are explained. These measures are all realized by one-dimensional examples, which provide mathematically simplest but clear enough physical insights. Kim then moves on to explaining waves on a flat surface of discontinuity, demonstrating how propagation characteristics of waves change in space when there is a distributed impedance mismatch. Next is a chapter on radiation, scattering, and diffraction, where Kim shows how Trade Review"These measures are all illustrated by one-dimensional examples, which provide mathematically simplest but clear enough physical insights.... The bulk of the book is concerned with introducing fundamental concepts, but the appendices cover some additional topics to extend the learning." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Vibration and Waves. 1.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 1.2 From String Vibration to Wave. 1.3 One-dimensional Wave Equation. 1.4 Specific Impedance (Reflection and Transmission). 1.5 The Governing Equation of a String. 1.6 Forced Response of a String: Driving Point Impedance. 1.7 Wave Energy Propagation along a String. 1.8 Chapter Summary. 1.9 Essentials of Vibration and Waves. 1.9.1 Single- and Two-degree of Freedom Vibration Systems. 1.9.2 Fourier Series and Fourier Integral. 1.9.3 Wave Phenomena of Bar, Beam, Membrane, and Plate. Exercises. 2 Acoustic Wave Equation and Its Basic Physical Measures. 2.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 2.2 One-dimensional Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.3 Acoustic Intensity and Energy. 2.4 The Units of Sound. 2.5 Analysis Methods of Linear Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.6 Solutions of the Wave Equation. 2.7 Chapter Summary. 2.8 Essentials of Wave Equations and Basic Physical Measures. 2.8.1 Three-dimensional Acoustic Wave Equation. 2.8.2 Velocity Potential Function. 2.8.3 Complex Intensity. 2.8.4 Singular Sources. Exercises. 3 Waves on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 3.2 Normal Incidence on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.3 The Mass Law (Reflection and Transmission due to a Limp Wall). 3.4 Transmission Loss at a Partition. 3.5 Oblique Incidence (Snell’s Law). 3.6 Transmission and Reflection of an Infinite Plate. 3.7 The Reflection and Transmission of a Finite Structure. 3.8 Chapter Summary. 3.9 Essentials of Sound Waves on a Flat Surface of Discontinuity. 3.9.1 Locally Reacting Surface. 3.9.2 Transmission Loss by a Partition. 3.9.3 Transmission and Reflection in Layers. 3.9.4 Snell's Law When the Incidence Angle is Larger than the Critical Angle. 3.9.5 Transmission Coefficient of a Finite Plate. Exercises. 4 Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction. 4.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 4.2 Radiation of a Breathing Sphere and a Trembling Sphere. 4.3 Radiation from a Baffled Piston. 4.4 Radiation from a Finite Vibrating Plate. 4.5 Diffraction and Scattering. 4.6 Chapter Summary. 4.7 Essentials of Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction. 4.7.1 Definitions of Physical Quantities Representing Directivity. 4.7.2 The Radiated Sound Field from an Infinitely Baffled Circular Piston. 4.7.3 Sound Field at an Arbitrary Position Radiated by an Infinitely Baffled Circular Piston. 4.7.4 Understanding Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction Using the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz Integral Equation. 4.7.5 Scattered Sound Field Using the Rayleigh Integral Equation. 4.7.6 Theoretical Approach to Diffraction Phenomenon. Exercises. 5 Acoustics in a Closed Space. 5.1 Introduction/Study Objectives. 5.2 Acoustic Characteristics of a Closed Space. 5.3 Theory for Acoustically Large Space (Sabine's theory). 5.4 Direct and Reverberant Field. 5.5 Analysis Methods for a Closed Space. 5.6 Characteristics of Sound in a Small Space. 5.7 Duct Acoustics. 5.8 Chapter Summary. 5.9 Essentials of Acoustics in a Closed Space. 5.9.1 Methods for Measuring Absorption Coefficient. 5.9.2 Various Reverberation Time Prediction Formulae. 5.9.3 Sound Pressure Distribution in Closed 3D Space Using Mode Function. 5.9.4 Analytic Solution of 1D Cavity Interior Field with Any Boundary Condition. 5.9.5 Helmholtz Resonator Array Panels. Exercises. Index.
£98.96
Wiley Adaptive WCDMA Theory and Practice Electrical
Book SynopsisWCDMA is the main air interface used for third generation mobile communication systems and is characterized by a wider band than CDMA. This volume covers the theoretical principles and standards of WCDMA. It begins with a general overview and then proceeds to more advanced material, providing a roadmap for the reader.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Fundamentals 1 1.1 Adaptive Communications and the Book Layout 1 1.2 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals 10 1.3 Theory versus Practice 16 References 19 2 Pseudorandom sequences 23 2.1 Properties of Binary Shift Register Sequences 23 2.2 Properties of Binary Maximal-Length Sequence 26 2.3 Sets of Binary Sequences with Small Cross-Correlation Maximal Connected Sets of m-Sequences 30 2.4 Gold Sequences 30 2.5 Goldlike and Dual-BCH Sequences 33 2.6 Kasami Sequences 33 2.7 JPL Sequences 35 2.8 Kroncker Sequences 36 2.9 Walsh Functions 36 2.10 Optimum PN Sequences 37 2.11 Theory and Practice of PN Codes 39 2.12 PN Matched Filter 39 Symbols 40 References 41 3 Code acquisition 43 3.1 Optimum Solution 43 3.2 Practical Solutions 45 3.3 Code Acquisition Analysis 46 3.4 Code Acquisition in CDMA Network 51 3.5 Modeling of the Serial Code Acquisition Process for RAKE Receivers in CDMA Wireless Networks with Multipath and Transmitter Diversity 54 3.6 Two-Dimensional Code Acquisition in Spatially and Temporarily White Noise 57 3.7 Two-Dimensional Code Acquisition in Environments with Spatially Nonuniform Distribution of Interference 62 3.8 Cell Search in W-CDMA 71 References 75 4 Code tracking 79 4.1 Code-Tracking Loops 79 4.2 Code Tracking in Fading Channels 87 4.3 Signal Subspace-Based Channel Estimation for CDMA Systems 94 4.4 Turbo Processor Aided RAKE Receiver Synchronization for UMTS W-CDMA 102 Appendix: Linear and Matrix Algebra 114 References 120 5 Modulation and demodulation 123 5.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 123 5.2 Frequency-Error Detection 125 5.3 Carrier Phase Measurement: Nonoffset Signals 129 5.4 Performance of the Frequency and Phase Synchronizers 136 Symbols 145 References 145 6 Power control 147 6.1 Algorithms 147 6.2 Closed-Loop Power Control in DS-CDMA Cellular System: Problem Definition 150 6.3 Reference Power Level 156 6.4 Feedback Control Loop Analysis 159 6.5 Nonlinear Power Control 163 6.6 Fuzzy Logic Power Control 165 6.7 Imperfect Power Control in CDMA Systems 177 6.8 Adaptive Communications 182 Symbols 185 References 186 7 Interference suppression and CDMA overlay 191 7.1 Narrowband Interference Suppression 191 7.2 Generalization of Narrowband Interference Suppression 194 7.3 Recursive Solutions for the Filter Coefficients 198 7.4 The Learning Curve and its Time Constant 203 7.5 Practical Applications: CDMA Network Overlay 210 References 214 8 CDMA network 217 8.1 CDMA Network Capacity 217 8.2 Cellular CDMA Network 220 8.3 Impact of Imperfect Power Control 228 8.4 Channel Modeling in CDMA Networks 235 8.5 RAKE Receiver 249 8.6 CDMA Cellular System with Adaptive Interference Cancellation 254 8.7 Diversity Handover in DS-CDMA Cellular Systems 258 Symbols 267 References 270 9 CDMA network design 271 9.1 Basic System Design Philosophy 271 9.2 CDMA Network Planning 278 9.3 Spectral Efficiency of WCDMA 289 Symbols 292 References 292 10 Resource management and access control 295 10.1 Power Control and Resource Management for a Multimedia CDMA Wireless System 295 10.2 Access Control of Data in Integrated Voice/Data in CDMA Systems 300 10.3 Delta Modulation–Based Prediction for Access Control in Integrated Voice/Data CDMA Systems 308 10.4 Mixed Voice/Data Transmission using PRMA Protocol 313 10.5 Fuzzy/Neural Congestion Control 320 10.6 Adaptive Traffic Admission Based on Kalman Filter 331 10.7 Soft Handoff in CDMA Cellular Networks 343 10.8 A Measurement-Based Prioritization Scheme for Handovers 354 Symbols 364 References 365 11 CDMA packet radio networks 369 11.1 Dual-Class CDMA System 369 11.2 Access Control for Wireless Multicode CDMA Systems 375 11.3 Reservation-Code Multiple Access 379 11.4 MAC Protocol for a Cellular Packet CDMA with Differentiated QoS 386 11.5 CDMA ALOHA Network Using p-Persistent CSMA/CD Protocol 390 11.6 Implementation Losses in MAC Protocols in Wireless CDMA Networks 397 11.7 Radio Resource Management in Wireless IP Networks and Differentiated Services 404 References 418 12 Adaptive CDMA networks 421 12.1 Bit Rate/Space Adaptive CDMA Network 421 12.2 MAC Layer Packet Length Adaptive CDMA Radio Networks 433 Appendix 451 References 452 13 Multiuser CDMA receivers 455 13.1 Optimal Receiver 455 13.2 Linear Multiuser CDMA Detectors 460 13.3 Multistage Detection in Asynchronous CDMA 462 13.4 Noncoherent Detector 465 13.5 Multiuser Detection in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channel 470 13.6 Multiuser Detection in Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channel 476 Symbols 487 References 488 14 MMSE multiuser detectors 491 14.1 Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Linear Multiuser Detection 491 14.2 System Model in Multipath Fading Channel 494 14.3 MMSE Detector Structures 497 14.4 Spatial Processing 500 14.5 Single-User LMMSE Receivers for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 503 Symbols 516 References 516 15 Wideband CDMA network sensitivity 519 15.1 Theory and Practice of Multiuser Detection 519 15.2 System Model 521 15.3 Capacity Losses 527 15.4 Near Far Self-Resistant CDMA Wireless Network 537 Appendix 1 Coherent Detection of (mMτ-CDMA) 549 Appendix 2 Coherent Detection of (amMτ-CDMA) 553 Appendix 3 Noncoherent Detection of (mMτ-CDMA) 556 Appendix 4 Noncoherent Detection of (amMτ-CDMA) 559 References 562 16 Standards 565 16.1 IS 95 Standard 565 16.2 IS-95B CDMA 575 16.3 CDMA2000 575 16.4 IS-665 W-CDMA 581 References 588 17 UMTS standard: WCDMA/FDD Layer 1 591 17.1 Transport Channels and Physical Channels (FDD) 591 17.2 Multiplexing, Channel Coding and Interleaving 598 17.3 Spreading and Modulation 600 17.4 Physical Layer Procedures (FDD) 604 References 607 Index 609
£168.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Aircraft Systems Integration of AirLaunched
Book SynopsisFrom the earliest days of aviation where the pilot would drop simple bombs by hand, to the highly agile, stealthy aircraft of today that can deliver smart ordnance with extreme accuracy, engineers have striven to develop the capability to deliver weapons against targets reliably, safely and with precision. Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons introduces the various aspects of weapons integration, primarily from the aircraft systems integration viewpoint, but also considers key parts of the weapon and the desired interactions with the aircraft required for successful target engagement. Key features: Addresses the broad range of subjects that relate directly to the systems integration of air-launched weapons with aircraft, such as the integration process, system and subsystemarchitectures, the essential contribution that open, international standards have onimproving interoperability and reducing integration costs and timescales <Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction to Weapons Integration 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Chapter Summaries 2 1.2.1 The Systems Integration Process 2 1.2.2 Stores Management System Design 2 1.2.3 The Global Positioning System 3 1.2.4 Weapon Initialisation and Targeting 3 1.2.5 The Role of Standardisation in Weapons Integration 3 1.2.6 Interface Management 4 1.2.7 A Weapons Integration Scenario 4 1.2.8 ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 5 1.2.9 Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 5 1.2.10 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration 6 1.3 Weapons 6 1.3.1 Types of Weapon 6 1.3.2 Targets 6 1.3.3 Weapon Requirements 7 1.3.4 Lethality 7 1.3.5 Precision 8 1.3.6 Stand-Off Range 10 1.3.7 Typical Weapon Configurations 11 1.3.8 Implications for the Launch Aircraft 11 1.4 Carriage Systems 14 1.4.1 Mechanical Attachments 14 1.4.2 Downward Ejection 14 1.4.3 Forward Firing 15 1.4.4 Multi-weapon Carriage Systems 15 Further Reading 16 2 An Introduction to the Integration Process 17 2.1 Chapter Summary 17 2.2 Introduction 17 2.3 The V-Diagram 18 2.4 Responsibilities 18 2.5 Safety 20 2.6 The Use of Requirements Management Tools in the Systems Engineering Process 24 2.7 Weapons Integration Requirements Capture 24 2.8 The Need for Unambiguous, Clear and Appropriate Requirements 26 2.9 Minimising Requirements 29 Further Reading 30 3 Requirements Analysis, Partitioning, Implementation in Aircraft Subsystems 31 3.1 Chapter Summary 31 3.2 Introduction 31 3.3 System Architecture 33 3.4 Requirements Decomposition 34 3.5 Requirements Partitioning 35 3.6 Subsystem Implementation 36 3.7 Maturity Reviews 37 3.8 Right-Hand Side of the V-Diagram 38 3.9 Proving Methods 38 3.10 Integration 41 3.11 Verification 42 3.12 Validation 42 3.13 The Safety Case and Certification 42 Further Reading 45 4 Armament Control System and Global Positioning System Design Issues 47 4.1 Chapter Summary 47 4.2 Stores Management System Design 48 4.2.1 SMS Design Requirements 48 4.2.2 Other System Components 50 4.2.3 Typical System Architectures 53 4.2.4 Training System 55 4.3 GPS: Aircraft System Design Issues 59 4.3.1 GPS Overview 59 4.3.2 Satellite Acquisition Concepts 64 4.3.3 Acquisition Strategies 65 4.3.4 GPS Signal Distribution 65 4.3.5 Aircraft Requirements 67 4.3.6 Aircraft Implementation Concepts 68 4.3.7 Cost of Complexity 70 Further Reading 70 5 Weapon Initialisation and Targeting 71 5.1 Chapter Summary 71 5.2 Targeting 71 5.3 Aiming of Ballistic Bombs 72 5.4 Aircraft/Weapon Alignment 73 5.5 Aiming of Smart Air-to-Ground Weapons 74 5.6 Air-to-Air Missiles 76 5.6.1 Sensors 76 5.6.2 Engagement Modes 77 5.6.3 Air-to-Air Weapons Training 78 Further Reading 79 6 Weapon Interface Standards 81 6.1 Chapter Summary 81 6.2 Benefits of Standardisation 81 6.3 MIL-STD-1760 AEIS 82 6.3.1 MIL-STD-1760 Interface Points 83 6.3.2 Connectors 83 6.3.3 Signal Sets 85 6.3.4 GPS RF Signal Distribution 85 6.3.5 Data Protocols 90 6.3.6 Data Entities 94 6.3.7 Time Tagging 94 6.3.8 Mass Data Transfer 95 6.3.9 High-Speed 1760 96 6.4 Standardisation Conclusions 96 Further Reading 97 7 Other Weapons Integration Standards 99 7.1 Chapter Summary 99 7.2 AS5725 Miniature Mission Store Interface 99 7.2.1 Interface Points 99 7.2.2 Connector 101 7.2.3 Signal Set 101 7.3 AS5726 Interface for Micro Munitions 103 7.3.1 Interface Points 103 7.3.2 Connectors 104 7.3.3 Signal Set 104 7.4 Other Weapons Integration Standards 106 7.4.1 Generic Aircraft–Store Interface Framework 106 7.4.2 Mission Data Exchange Format 108 7.4.3 Common Launch Acceptability Region Approach 109 Further Reading 110 8 Interface Management 111 8.1 Chapter Summary 111 8.2 Introduction 111 8.3 Management of the Aircraft/Store Interface 112 8.4 Approaches to Interface Documentation 114 8.5 Interfaces Documented in the ICD 115 8.6 Controlling the Interface of Store Variants 119 8.7 Information Exchange between Design Organisations 120 8.8 Process for Managing Integration Risk 120 Further Reading 124 9 A Weapons Integration Scenario 125 9.1 Chapter Summary 125 9.2 Introduction 125 9.3 The Weapons Integration Scenario 126 9.4 The V-Diagram Revisited 129 9.5 Systems Integration Activities 130 9.6 Safety 132 9.6.1 Aircraft/System Hazards 136 9.6.2 Weapon Hazards 139 9.7 Systems Requirements Decomposition, Design and Implementation 140 9.7.1 Weapon System Integration Requirement 140 9.7.2 Functional Definition and Development/Interface Definition 140 9.7.3 Weapon Interfacing 141 9.7.4 Data Flows between Aircraft Subsystems 143 9.8 Loading to Dispersion Sequence 143 9.8.1 Weapon Loading 145 9.8.2 System Power-Up/Store Discovery 145 9.8.3 Build Inventory 146 9.8.4 Weapon BIT/System Power-Down 147 9.8.5 Download Target Data/Power-Down Weapons 148 9.8.6 Taxi/Take-Off/On-Route Phase 149 9.8.7 Weapon Selection and Priming 149 9.8.8 Update Target Data 150 9.8.9 Steer to Target LAR/Confirm in LAR 151 9.8.10 Initiate Release Sequence 151 9.8.11 Weapon Release Phase 153 9.8.12 Selective/Emergency Jettison 154 9.8.13 Carriage Store Control 155 9.8.14 Training Capability 156 9.8.15 Implications of Aeromechanical Aspects – Weapon Physical Alignment 156 Further Reading 158 10 A Weapons Integration Scenario: System Proving and Certification 159 10.1 Chapter Summary 159 10.2 Introduction 159 10.3 Simulators and Emulators 160 10.4 Avionic Weapons 160 10.5 Interface Proving 160 10.6 Rig Trials 161 10.7 Avionic Trials 162 10.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility 162 10.9 Airworthiness and Certification 163 10.10 Declaration of Design and Performance/Statement of Design 164 10.11 Certificate of Design 164 10.12 Safety Case 165 10.13 Airworthiness Flight Limitations 165 10.14 Release to Service 165 10.15 User Documentation 165 10.16 Weapon System Evaluation 166 10.17 Conclusion 167 Further Reading 167 11 Introduction to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 169 11.1 Chapter Summary 169 11.2 Systems Integration Considerations 169 11.3 The Journey to ‘Plug and Play’ Weapons Integration 171 11.4 ‘Plug and Play’ Technologies 172 11.5 Adoption of ‘Plug and Play’ Technology 172 11.6 Introduction to Aircraft, Launcher and Weapons Interoperability 173 11.7 ALWI Study 174 11.8 ALWI-2 Study 176 11.9 ALWI Common Interface Study 179 11.9.1 Technical Architecture 180 11.9.2 Greater Interoperability through a Common ICD Approach 181 11.9.3 Common Store Control Service 181 11.9.4 Model-Driven Architecture Approach 183 11.9.5 Implementation Considerations 185 11.10 ALWI Conclusions 186 Further Reading 187 12 Open Systems 189 12.1 Chapter Summary 189 12.2 Introduction 189 12.3 The Contracting and Industry Environment 190 12.4 Current Systems 191 12.5 A Typical Mission Systems Upgrade Programme 192 12.6 ASAAC Architecture 193 12.7 ASAAC and ‘Plug and Play’ 195 12.8 Certification Issues 198 12.9 Easing the Upgrade Programme 200 Further Reading 201 13 The Universal Armament Interface 203 13.1 Chapter Summary 203 13.2 Introduction 203 13.3 Objectives of UAI 204 13.4 Fundamental Principles of UAI 207 13.5 Platform/Store Interface 209 13.6 Mission Planning 210 13.7 Launch Acceptability Region 211 13.8 Integration Work Flow 211 13.9 UAI Interface Management 213 13.10 Certification Tools 214 13.11 Benefits 215 13.12 NATO UAI 216 13.13 ‘Plug and Play’ Conclusions 216 Further Reading 217 14 Weaponised Unmanned Air Systems 219 14.1 Chapter Summary 219 14.2 Introduction 219 14.3 Distributed Weapon System 220 14.4 System Architecture Partitioning 222 14.5 Conclusions 226 Further Reading 226 15 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration 227 15.1 Chapter Summary 227 15.2 Introduction 227 15.3 The Cost Landscape 229 15.4 Reducing the Cost of Weapons Integration – Other Initiatives 231 15.4.1 Streamlined Integration Processes 232 15.4.2 Common Goals for the ADO and WDO 232 15.4.3 Employment of New Technology Which Eases Integration 233 15.4.4 The Need for Exports 233 15.4.5 Spiral Introduction of Capability 234 15.4.6 Organisational Re-structuring 234 15.4.7 Adoption of International Standards 234 15.5 Conclusions 234 15.6 The Future 236 Further Reading 237 Index 239
£88.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guided Waves in Structures for SHM
Book SynopsisUnderstanding and analysing the complex phenomena related to elastic wave propagation has been the subject of intense research for many years and has enabled application in numerous fields of technology, including structural health monitoring (SHM). In the course of the rapid advancement of diagnostic methods utilising elastic wave propagation, it has become clear that existing methods of elastic wave modeling and analysis are not always very useful; developing numerical methods aimed at modeling and analysing these phenomena has become a necessity. Furthermore, any methods developed need to be verified experimentally, which has become achievable with the advancement of measurement methods utilising laser vibrometry. Guided Waves in Structures for SHMreports on the simulation, analysis and experimental investigation related propagation of elastic waves in isotropic or laminated structures. The full spectrum of theoretical and practical issues associated with propagation of eTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to the Theory of Elastic Waves 1 1.1 Elastic Waves 1 1.1.1 Longitudinal Waves (Compressional/Pressure/Primary/P Waves) 2 1.1.2 Shear Waves (Transverse/Secondary/S Waves) 2 1.1.3 Rayleigh Waves 3 1.1.4 Love Waves 4 1.1.5 Lamb Waves 4 1.2 Basic Definitions 5 1.3 Bulk Waves in Three-Dimensional Media 10 1.3.1 Isotropic Media 10 1.3.2 Christoffel Equations for Anisotropic Media 12 1.3.3 Potential Method 14 1.4 Plane Waves 15 1.4.1 Surface Waves 16 1.4.2 Derivation of Lamb Wave Equations 17 1.4.3 Numerical Solution of Rayleigh–Lamb Frequency Equations 26 1.4.4 Distribution of Displacements and Stresses for Various Frequencies of Lamb Waves 29 1.4.5 Shear Horizontal Waves 32 1.5 Wave Propagation in One-Dimensional Bodies of Circular Cross-Section 35 1.5.1 Equations of Motion 35 1.5.2 Longitudinal Waves 36 1.5.3 Solution of Pochhammer Frequency Equation 39 1.5.4 Torsional Waves 42 1.5.5 Flexural Waves 43 References 45 2 Spectral Finite Element Method 47 2.1 Shape Functions in the Spectral Finite Element Method 53 2.1.1 Lobatto Polynomials 54 2.1.2 Chebyshev Polynomials 56 2.1.3 Laguerre Polynomials 60 2.2 Approximating Displacement, Strain and Stress Fields 62 2.3 Equations of Motion of a Body Discretised Using Spectral Finite Elements 67 2.4 Computing Characteristic Matrices of Spectral Finite Elements 72 2.4.1 Lobatto Quadrature 75 2.4.2 Gauss Quadrature 76 2.4.3 Gauss–Laguerre Quadrature 78 2.5 Solving Equations of Motion of a Body Discretised Using Spectral Finite Elements 81 2.5.1 Forcing with an Harmonic Signal 82 2.5.2 Forcing with a Periodic Signal 83 2.5.3 Forcing with a Nonperiodic Signal 84 References 92 3 Three-Dimensional Laser Vibrometry 93 3.1 Review of Elastic Wave Generation Methods 94 3.1.1 Force Impulse Methods 94 3.1.2 Ultrasonic Methods 94 3.1.3 Methods Based on the Electromagnetic Effect 97 3.1.4 Methods Based on the Piezoelectric Effect 98 3.1.5 Methods Based on the Magnetostrictive Effect 102 3.1.6 Photothermal Methods 103 3.2 Review of Elastic Wave Registration Methods 104 3.2.1 Optical Methods 106 3.3 Laser Vibrometry 109 3.4 Analysis of Methods of Elastic Wave Generation and Registration 114 3.5 Exemplary Results of Research on Elastic Wave Propagation Using 3D Laser Scanning Vibrometry 116 References 121 4 One-Dimensional Structural Elements 125 4.1 Theories of Rods 125 4.2 Displacement Fields of Structural Rod Elements 127 4.3 Theories of Beams 133 4.4 Displacement Fields of Structural Beam Elements 135 4.5 Dispersion Curves 141 4.6 Certain Numerical Considerations 143 4.6.1 Natural Frequencies 144 4.6.2 Wave Propagation 147 4.7 Examples of Numerical Calculations 155 4.7.1 Propagation of Longitudinal Elastic Waves in a Cracked Rod 156 4.7.2 Propagation of Flexural Elastic Waves in a Rod 158 4.7.3 Propagation of Coupled Longitudinal and Flexural Elastic Waves in a Rod 162 References 164 5 Two-Dimensional Structural Elements 167 5.1 Theories of Membranes, Plates and Shells 167 5.2 Displacement Fields of Structural Membrane Elements 169 5.3 Displacement Fields of Structural Plate Elements 175 5.4 Displacement Fields of Structural Shell Elements 181 5.5 Certain Numerical Considerations 184 5.6 Examples of Numerical Calculations 189 5.6.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Angle Bar 189 5.6.2 Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Half-Pipe Aluminium Shell 192 5.6.3 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Aluminium Plate 195 References 198 6 Three-Dimensional Structural Elements 201 6.1 Solid Spectral Elements 202 6.2 Displacement Fields of Solid Structural Elements 202 6.2.1 Six-Mode Theory 202 6.2.2 Nine-Mode Theory 203 6.3 Certain Numerical Considerations 204 6.4 Modelling Electromechanical Coupling 208 6.4.1 Assumptions 213 6.4.2 Linear Constitutive Equations 213 6.4.3 Basic Equations of Motion 214 6.4.4 Static Condensation 215 6.4.5 Inducing Waves 216 6.4.6 Recording Waves 216 6.4.7 Electrical Boundary Conditions 216 6.5 Examples of Numerical Calculations 220 6.5.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Half-Pipe Aluminium Shell 220 6.5.2 Propagation of Elastic Waves in an Isotropic Plate – Experimental Verification 222 6.6 Modelling the Bonding Layer 227 References 230 7 Detection, Localisation and Identification of Damage by ElasticWave Propagation 233 7.1 Elastic Waves in Structural Health Monitoring 235 7.2 Methods of Damage Detection, Localisation and Identification 247 7.2.1 Energy Addition Method 253 7.2.2 Phased Array Method 255 7.2.3 Methods Employing Continuous Registration of Elastic Waves within the Analysed Area 263 7.2.4 Damage Identification Algorithms 266 7.3 Examples of Damage Localisation Methods 269 7.3.1 Localisation Algorithms Employing Sensor Networks 269 7.3.2 Algorithms Based on Full Field Measurements of Elastic Wave Propagation 275 References 288 Appendix: EWavePro Software 295 A.1 Introduction 295 A.2 Theoretical Background and Scope of Applicability (Computation Module) 296 A.3 Functional Structure and Software Environment (Pre- and Post-Processors) 298 A.4 Elastic Wave Propagation in aWing Skin of an Unmanned Plane (UAV) 312 A.5 Elastic Wave Propagation in a Composite Panel 320 References 333 Index 335
£104.36
Wiley-Blackwell Soil Biology Guide
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£194.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Kinematic Wave Modeling in Water Resources
Book SynopsisKinematic wave modeling methods are gaining wide acceptance as a fast and accurate way of handling a wide range of water modeling problems. This book provides a thorough reference to the application of KW methods to such problems as the spatial representation of watersheds, overland flow routing, and channel flow routing.Table of ContentsWater Resources Modeling. Spatial Representation of Watersheds. HYDRAULIC PRELIMINARIES. Hydraulic Equations for Surface Flow. Linearization of Hydraulic Equations. Flow Resistance. WATER WAVES. Shallow Water Waves. Kinematic Wave Theory. Diffusion Wave Theory. Accuracy of Kinematic Wave and Diffusion Wave Theories. OVERLAND FLOW. St. Venant Equations for Flow Over A Plane. Diffusion Wave Modeling. Kinematic Wave Modeling of Overland Flow on A Plane: AnalyticSolutions. Kinematic Wave Modeling of Overland Flow on an Infiltrating Plane:Analytical Solutions. Kinematic Wave Modeling of Overland Flow on a Plane: NumericalSolutions. Kinematic Wave Modeling of Overland Flow on ConvergingSurfaces. Kinematic Wave Modeling of Overland Flow on DivergingSurfaces. Kinematic Shock. CHANNEL FLOW ROUTING. Dynamic Wave Modeling for Channel Flow Routing. Diffusion Wave Modeling for Channel Flow Routing. Kinematic Wave Flow Routing. Dam-Break Flood-Wave Routing. Appendices. References. Index.
£302.36
