Sustainability Books

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisWater resources are of enormous societal and ecological importance. In coastal areas, they are under ever greater pressure due to population growth, more affluent lifestyles, food production and the growing tourism industry. Changes to the coastal landscape, through urbanisation and land reclamation, and by natural processes such as climate change and sea level rise, modify the interaction between seawater and groundwater and put water resources at risk. This comprehensive volume covers both theory and practice of coastal hydrogeology. It discusses hydrochemistry; submarine groundwater discharge; groundwater management; palaeo-hydrology; land reclamation; climate change and sea level rise; and mathematical models of variable-density flow. With its up-to-date coverage and numerous case studies that illustrate practical implications, it is perfect for students, practitioners, managers and researchers who wish to develop an in-depth understanding of topics relevant to sustainably managingTrade Review'This book presents a systematic and comprehensive approach to understanding coastal groundwater and gives readers a balanced examination of almost all important facets of coastal hydrogeology, ranging from palaeo groundwater issues in the recent geological past to future behaviour of coastal aquifers in response to climate change and sea level rise. Numerous international case studies from coastal aquifers cultivate reader understanding of the occurrence, movement and hydrochemistry of coastal groundwater in a variety of geologic settings. I am delighted to have this excellent book on my shelf and believe it will become a classic. I have no hesitation in recommending it as a 'must use' book to all those who work in any aspect of groundwater in the coastal environment.' John Cherry, University of Guelph'The reader of Jiao and Post's book will find excellent chapters from the principles of hydrology and hydrodynamics to highly practical issues of coastal hydrogeology, complementary to the genetic knowledge of aquifers. The book provides the knowledge and background necessary for all researchers, engineers and practitioners dealing with coastal issues, including groundwater resources, land use, environmental values and ecological services.' Emilio Custodio, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona'At last - a readable and comprehensive compilation of the principles, analytical solutions and literature relevant to coastal groundwater. Jiao and Post have done an incredible job of summarising and discussing the diverse and voluminous literature on coastal hydrogeology in a highly readable book. Basic principles such as equivalent freshwater head and Darcy's law in variable density flow are clearly explained and illustrated. Topics covered range from salt water intrusion, submarine groundwater discharge, tidal dynamics and geochemistry to land reclamation, sea level change and relict (palaeo) salt water in coastal aquifers, with interesting historical insights included throughout. A final chapter pulls together many of the concepts in a discussion of coastal aquifer management and seawater intrusion control. This book is essential for anyone interested in groundwater in coastal areas.' Mary P. Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison'Coastal groundwater presents unique challenges to hydrogeologists, both in its vulnerable position squeezed between land and sea and in the physical and chemical complexities created by variations in density, sources of contamination and characteristic coastal forcings. As pressures on coastal water resources rise with increasing demand, changes in climate and sea-level rise, careful management of coastal groundwater is a greater priority than ever. This book is a timely contribution that provides both a broad overview and a thorough dive into fundamental and emerging topics in the field. With a mix of theory and application, this will be a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners and managers looking to address the coastal water challenges of the coming decades. Holly Michael, University of Delaware'A timely, unusual, and valuable resource … Figures illustrating important aspects of these concepts abound, and the authors keep advanced mathematics to a minimum, making the book accessible and readable. This volume will be helpful in the classroom and as a secondary resource for those interested in hydrogeology.' M. S. Field, Choice'Coastal Hydrogeology is a well written and comprehensive monograph that is founded in deep understanding and practical experience …The book has a global feeling and is urban-aware; coastal megacities are often the locus of the problems.' Michael C. Sukop, GroundwaterTable of ContentsForeword John A. Cherry; 1. Introduction to coastal groundwater systems; 2. Governing equations for density-variable flow; 3. Analytical solutions for a steady freshwater-saltwater interface; 4. Groundwater tidal dynamics; 5. Hydrogeochemistry of coastal aquifer systems; 6. Seawater intrusion; 7. Submarine groundwater discharge; 8. Coastal palaeo-hydrogeology; 9. Impact of land reclamation on coastal groundwater systems; 10. Sea level change and coastal aquifers; 11. Tide-induced airflow in unsaturated zones; 12. Coastal aquifer management and seawater intrusion control; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisAs western-style food systems extend further around the world, food sustainability is becoming an increasingly important issue. Such systems are not sustainable in terms of their consumption of resources, their impact on ecosystems or their effect on health and social inequality. From 2009 to 2011, the duALIne project, led by INRA and CIRAD, assembled a team of experts to investigate food systems downstream of the farm, from the farm gate, to consumption and the disposal of waste. Representing a diverse range of backgrounds spanning academia and the public and private sectors, the project aimed to review the international literature and identify major gaps in our knowledge. This book brings together its key conclusions and insights, presenting state-of-the-art research in food sustainability and identifying priority areas for further study. It will provide a valuable resource for researchers, decision-makers and stakeholders in the food industry.Trade Review'… the duALIne project brought together 125 experts on food systems from various sectors to review the literature and make recommendations on future research priorities … This volume is full of food for thought for advanced students, researchers, and policy makers in agricultural economies, public health, and sociology. Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.' E. G. Harrington, ChoiceTable of ContentsForeword; Introduction; 1. Context: new challenges for food systems; 2. Consumption and consumers; 3. Carbon footprint and nutritional quality of diets in France; 4. Food systems; 5. Industrial organisation and sustainability; 6. Urbanisation and the sustainability of food systems; 7. Losses and wastage; 8. International trade, price volatility and standards for sustainability; 9. Elements for a foresight debate on food sustainability; 10. A critical panorama of methods used to assess food sustainability; Conclusion; References; List of abbreviations; List of duALIne experts; Index.

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Book SynopsisReflecting the very latest research, this book provides an in-depth review of the role of resilience in the management of social-ecological systems and the ecosystem services they provide. Leaders in the field outline seven principles for building resilience in social-ecological systems, examining how these can be applied to advance sustainability.Trade Review'Clear concepts, structure, and logic make this work a coherent and integrated multi-authored book. It is an essential read for those who care about the future of our planet.' Conservation Biology'… carefully designed and edited … this work provides the best available overview and critical discussion of principles that could be used to strengthen the resilience of ecosystems.' Hanna Weise, The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsList of contributors; Foreword Carl Folke; Acknowledgements; 1. An introduction to the resilience approach and principles to sustain ecosystem services in social-ecological systems Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs, Maja Schlüter and Michael L. Schoon; 2. Politics and the resilience of ecosystem services Michael L. Schoon, Martin D. Robards, Katrina Brown, Nathan Engle, Chanda L. Meek and Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs; 3. Principle 1: maintain diversity and redundancy Karen Kotschy, Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs, Tim Daw, Carl Folke and Paul West; 4. Principle 2: manage connectivity Vasilis Dakos, Allyson Quinlan, Jacopo A. Baggio, Elena Bennett, Örjan Bodin and Shauna BurnSilver; 5. Principle 3: manage slow variables and feedbacks Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs, Line Gordon, Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne, Maja Schlüter and Brian Walker; 6. Principle 4: foster complex adaptive systems thinking Erin L. Bohensky, Louisa S. Evans, John M. Anderies, Duan Biggs and Christo Fabricius; 7. Principle 5: encourage learning Georgina Cundill, Anne M. Leitch, Lisen Schultz, Derek Armitage and Garry Peterson; 8. Principle 6: broaden participation Anne M. Leitch, Georgina Cundill, Lisen Schultz and Chanda L. Meek; 9. Principle 7: promote polycentric governance systems Michael L. Schoon, Martin D. Robards, Chanda L. Meek and Victor Galaz; 10. Reflections on building resilience: interactions among principles and implications for governance Maja Schlüter, Reinette (Oonsie) Biggs, Michael L. Schoon, Martin D. Robards and John M. Anderies; Index.

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Book SynopsisEarth''s climate is in crisis. Climate governance has failed. This book diagnoses climate governance as if it were a sick patient, uncovering the fundamental factors causing the worsening climate crisis. It distils decades of global climate negotiations to reveal the features of international relations that are impeding climate action, and it identifies political obstacles to climate governance across a variety of countries in the Americas, Asia, and Europe. The psychosocial aspects of climate change are explored to show how human nature, overconsumption, and global capitalism conspire to stymy climate action. Remedies are suggested for how to overcome hurdles to effective climate governance internationally and nationally, with ideas provided for individuals to help them align their own interests with those of the global environment. Covering all of the major recent events in climate politics and governance, this is an accessible book for concerned readers who want to understand the clTrade Review'Paul Harris provides an excellent account of the major structural, political and psychosocial causes of the climate crisis and the failures of climate governance - but ends positively with a shopping list of plausible policy solutions. Very accessible, often provocative, sometimes depressing, but always engaging, this should be read by everyone interested in climate politics.' Neil Carter, University of York'In this book, Paul Harris provides a thought-provoking analysis of the instincts and behaviours that governance systems and societies will need to confront if they are to succeed in controlling the most serious impacts of climate change. Its accessible writing style and clear lines of argumentation will make it a useful resource for academics, decision-makers and students of the politics of climate change.' Ian Bailey, University of Plymouth'Highly recommended.' M. E. Carranza, Choice ConnectTable of ContentsAcknowledgements; List of figures and tables; List of abbreviations and acronyms; Part I. Problems: 1. Dysfunction in climate governance; 2. The worsening climate crisis; Part II. Pathologies: 3. Pathologies of international relations; 4. Pathologies of national politics in the United States and China; 5. Pathologies of national politics in the Global North; 6. Pathologies of national politics in the Global South; 7. Pathologies of human nature; Part III. Prescriptions: 8. Reconsidering international, national and human governance; 9. Prescriptions for governing climate change; 10. Policies and prospects for climate governance; Conclusion; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscover a straightforward and holistic look at energy conversion and conservation processes using the exergy concept with this thorough text. Explains the fundamental energy conversion processes in numerous diverse systems, ranging from jet engines and nuclear reactors to human bodies. Provides examples for applications to practical energy conversion processes and systems that use our naturally occurring energy resources, such as fossil fuels, solar energy, wind, geothermal, and nuclear fuels. With more than one-hundred diverse cases and solved examples, readers will be able to perform optimizations for a cleaner environment, a sustainable energy future, and affordable energy generation. An essential tool for practicing scientists and engineers who work or do research in the area of energy and exergy, as well as graduate students and faculty in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and physics.Trade Review'Beginners will discover a simple and holistic view of the energy conversion and conservation process with an exergy concept. The concise but practical description of the fundamental energy conversion process in various systems, from jet engines and nuclear reactors to the human body, is given. Readers can find useful examples of practical energy conversion processes and systems that use naturally occurring energy resources such as fossil fuels, solar energy, wind power, geothermal power, and nuclear fuel. The chapter 'Exergy in Biological Systems' is an outstanding feature of this textbook. Readers can find fundamental examples with solutions of biomass energy conversion system, such as, 'Animal and Human Systems', 'Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Biological Systems', and 'Entropy Production and Exergy Destruction in Humans.'' Yoshiharu Amano, Waseda University'The book offers a treatment of the exergy concept by fuel type, energy utilization, system scale and contemporary industrial technologies and natural systems. Treatment of exergy in plant, animal and natural systems expands the value of this book well beyond industrial applications. Economic aspects of sustainable energy and exergy concepts complete the well-rounded comprehensive treatment of the subject. The book is a fundamental reference and a must read for students, scientists and engineers.' F. A. Kulacki, University of Minnesota'An excellent reference book extending the application of exergy analysis to several relevant contexts with practical examples: electrical and reactive systems, drying, desalination, transportation, energy storage, environmental sustainability and biological systems including human body metabolism and physical activity. Recommended and full of attractive ideas.' Giampaolo Manfrida, University of Florence'This book tackles exergy in a truly unique way that makes the reader appreciate its meaning and applicability to everyday systems and devices undergoing energy conversion processes. The book has numerous examples and problems that make it not only a great reference book on the subject, but also a great textbook for graduate and senior level undergraduate courses in energy conversion.' S. A. Sherif, University of Florida'Exergy quantifies the work potential of energy forms and energy resources and is a crucial concept for modern-day energy efficiency assessments. This book shows how exergy is used when analysing, developing, designing or retrofitting processes and systems - not only power plants! - that use and convert energy. Energy can neither be consumed nor destroyed - but exergy can be, and energy not used offers new opportunities, now or later.' Ron Zevenhoven, Åbo Akademi University'This volume by engineering professor Michaelides (Texas Christian Univ.) is essentially an intermediate thermodynamics textbook with an emphasis on losses during energy conversion processes … This book will be most appreciated by postgraduate scholars and instructors who want to advance their existing knowledge of energy conversion processes … Recommended.' M. Alam, Choice MagazineTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Exergy; 3. Energy conversion systems and processes; 4. Exergy consumption and conservation; 5. Exergy in biological systems; 6. Ecosystems, the environment, and sustainability; 7. Optimization and exergoeconomics.

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Book SynopsisIn light of growing urgency in tackling the global environmental crisis, there is a need for new visions and strategies to ensure a more sustainable and just world. This book provides a comprehensive overview of Green perspectives on a range of global issues, including security, the economy, the state, global governance, development and the environment. Drawing on academic literature on Green political theory, combined with insights from real-world practice and the author''s own extensive personal experience, it provides a timely and accessible account of why we need to embrace Green politics in order to tackle the multiple crises facing the world today. Presenting alternative visions and concrete strategies for achieving change, this book will be of interest to activists and policy-makers as well as students of environment, development and politics.Trade Review'With young people on the streets and the climate emergency top of the political agenda, Green politics has never been more important. With everybody trying to steal the Greens' political clothes, a book that explains the role Green politics can play in ensuring a safe, sustainable and happy life for all global citizens is very timely.' Molly Scott Cato, Member of the European Parliament'Change can simmer for decades then happen overnight. Peter Newell has concentrated years of thought into a single, landscape-shaping publication which reveals the potential of Green politics and the perils of it remaining the poor relation of how we try to understand the world. He shows that, without a Green perspective, there can be no answer to our epochal challenges of conflict, inequality, migration and climate breakdown.' Andrew Simms, NewWeather Institute'Radical, ecologically oriented political perspectives have much to teach us about the study and practice of world politics. For the first time, Global Green Politics fully exposes the deep insights and essential lessons from these perspectives. Anyone who wants to understand why our global sustainability crisis is escalating, and what action is necessary, should rush to read Peter Newell's visionary book.' Peter Dauvergne, University of British Columbia'Accessible, timely and comprehensive, Peter Newell's latest book provides a lucid and thorough review of the various strands of Green politics and discusses how they might enrich the broader field of international relations. Most valuable is the insightful and pragmatic way that Global Green Politics offers a set of tools and frameworks that enable the systematic application of these perspectives to a range of key contemporary issues, including the economy, security and development. Overall, the book illuminates how Green politics can provide the conceptual frameworks, critical analysis, and practical strategies needed to address the severe challenges facing our societies and the planet.' David Levy, University of Massachusetts–Boston'Global Green Politics makes the case for international relations scholarship to take seriously Green politics … as an important critical normative and analytical approach to IR issues ranging from state security and sovereignty to 'globalisation' and international political economy. Against the backdrop of growing (if uneven) recognition of the scale and urgency of the changes necessary to meet the challenges and transformative opportunities of climate and ecological breakdown, Newell makes the persuasive case for the long overdue acknowledgement of the insights of Green political theory and political economy within IR thinking. Global Green Politics not only is the first comprehensive integration of Green political analysis and IR, but in doing so constitutes an invaluable and pioneering guide to how to think globally in the twenty-first century, and how to understand and navigate our uncertain and turbulent times.' John Barry, Queens University Belfast'At last, here is a critical introduction to global Green politics from one of the field's most versatile intellectual pioneers. Grounded in a deep appreciation of the inextricable interconnections between social and ecological systems, this book offers a clear normative vision, a penetrating critique of business and politics as usual and a set of practical strategies for sustainability transitions. Younger generations can now take heart!' Robyn Eckersley, University of Melbourne'Newell's incisive analysis brings a vital Green lens to the study of global politics that has been largely neglected by mainstream scholars of international relations. Global Green Politics provides powerful insights and critiques that arise from taking an expressly ecological perspective on humanity's most pressing global concerns.' Jennifer Clapp, University of Waterloo'In addition to its relevance for international relations, this volume provides a well-documented survey of the current state of green thought … In the end, Newell is convincing in arguing that an approach such as the one he lays out is needed if the global society is to ward off catastrophic collapse.' J. C. Berg, Choice'In addition to its relevance for international relations, this volume provides a well-documented survey of the current state of green thought … In the end, Newell is convincing in arguing that an approach such as the one he lays out is needed if the global society is to ward off catastrophic collapse.' J. C. Berg, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Global Green politics: for the common good; 2. What is green politics?; 3. Green security; 4. Green economy; 5. Green state; 6. Green global governance; 7. Green development; 8. Green sustainability; 9. Conclusions: global politics for the common goal; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisExplore sustainable electric power generation technology, from first principles to cutting-edge systems, in this in-depth resource. Including energy storage, carbon capture, hydrogen and hybrid systems, the detailed coverage includes performance estimation, operability concerns, economic trade-off and other intricate analyses, supported by implementable formulae, real-world data and tried-and-tested quantitative and qualitative estimating techniques. Starting from basic concepts and key equipment, this book builds to precise analysis of balance of plant operation through data and methods gained from decades of hands-on design, testing, operation and trouble-shooting. Gain the knowledge you need to operate in conditions beyond standard settings and environment, with thorough descriptions of off-design operations. Novel technologies become accessible with stripped-back descriptions and physics-based calculations. This book is an ideal companion for engineers in the gas turbine and electrTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Prologue; 3. Equipment; 4. Operation; 5. Energy storage; 6. Compressed air energy storage; 7. Hybrid systems; 8. Hydrogen; 9. Nuclear power; 10. Supercritical CO2; 11. Carbon capture; 12. Concentrated solar power; 13. Coal redux; 14. A technology leap?; 15. Epilogue; 16. Odds and ends.

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Book SynopsisA beautifully designed guide to natural beauty products, home cleaners, health remedies, and other household tips inspired by the techniques of our ancestors.Using ingredients from your kitchen cupboards, garden, and vegetable patch (or your local supermarket), Forgotten Ways for Modern Days draws on the wisdom of homemakers, gardeners, and crafters of the past, introducing their knowledge and time-tested tips. From brightening your whites by putting eggshells in your washing to making beeswax furniture polish to herbal hair rinses, Rachelle Blondel brings the crafty ways of our grandparents into modern times.

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Book SynopsisThrough detailed studies of two different orphan support organizations in Uganda, the author shows how many Ugandans view material forms of Catholic charity as deeply intertwined with their own ethics of care and exchange. She reassesses the generally assumed paradox of material aid as both promising independence and preventing it.Trade Review"A fascinating and original book that unsettles preconceptions-and social science theories-about the evils of charity. Scherz convincingly shows how Ugandan nuns' practices of charity, which center not upon autonomy but on interdependence, are a better fit with the relational ethics of the region than are NGO workers' practices of development. This regional ethics of interdependence prescribes correct (and correctly flexible) relations between patron and client. In such a worldview charity is no insult and independence from others no laudable goal." (Claire Wendland, University of Wisconsin-Madison)"

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Book SynopsisThe latest in the NBER's influential Studies in Income and Wealth series, which has played a key role in the development of national account statistics in the United States and other nations, this book explores collaborative solutions between academics, policy researchers, and official statisticians to economic measurement challenges.

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Book SynopsisAn impassioned and inspiring story from the creator of the award-winning documentary Sharkwater. Beginning with a childhood spent catching poisonous snakes and chasing after alligators, Rob Stewart, the award-winning documentary filmmaker behind Sharkwater, charts his development into one of the world''s leading environmental activists. Risking arrest and mafia reprisal in Costa Rica, nearly losing a leg in Panama and getting lost at sea in the remote Galapagos Islands, Stewart is living proof that the best way to create change in the world is to dive in over your head. With his efforts to save sharks leading to tangible policy change in countries around the world, Stewart sets his sights on a slightly bigger goal: saving humanity. Criss-crossing the globe to meet with the visionaries, entrepreneurs, scientists and children working to solve our environmental crises, Stewart''s message is clear: the revolution to save humanity has started, the only thing missing

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Book SynopsisRecipes, DIY projects, and inspiration for a beautiful and low-waste life, from the creator of @simply.living.well on Instagram   In this timely and motivational guide, author Julia Watkins shares rituals, recipes, and projects for living simply and sustainably at home. For every area of your household—kitchen, cleaning, wellness, bath, and garden—Julia shows you how to eliminate wasteful packaging, harmful ingredients, and disposable items. Practical checklists outline easy swaps (instead of disposable sponges, opt for biodegradable sponges or Swedish dishcloths; choose a bamboo toothbrush over a plastic one) and sustainable upgrades for common household tools and products. Projects include scrap apple cider vinegar, wool dryer balls, kitchen bowl covers and cloth produce bags, non-toxic dryer sheets, all-purpose citrus cleaner, herbal tinctures and balms, and more, plus recipes for package-free essentials like homemade nut milk, hummus, k

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Book SynopsisA guide to creating and growing a backyard garden simply and sustainably—from planning to planting to harvest, with profiles of essential vegetables and herbs, ecological tips, and fun and creative projectsGrowing food in your backyard (or even on a porch or windowsill!) is one of the simplest and most rewarding ways to nourish yourself, be self-sufficient, and connect with nature in a hands-on way. Here sustainability expert Julia Watkins shares everything you need to know to grow your own vegetables, fruits, and herbs (as well as wildflowers and other beneficial companion plants). The book covers all the nuts and bolts of creating and caring for your garden—planning, building, planting, tending, and harvesting—followed by a deeper dive into the plants themselves: demystifying annuals vs. perennials, cold-weather vs. warm-weather veggies, and profiles of favorite crops. Throughout, Julia offers tips for creating an eco-friendly and sustaina

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Book SynopsisThe current literature compartmentalizes the complex issue of water and wastewater into its discrete components; technology, planning, policy, construction, economics, etc. Considered from the perspective of sustainability, however, water in the urban environment must be approached as a single resource that can be continuously reused and recycled. This book will be the first to capture all of the current work on this idea in a single, integrated, plan for designing the water-centric cities of the future. From new construction to the retrofitting of existing systems, this book presents the case for a new urban relationship to water, one with a more sustainableconnection tothe environment and the hydrological cycle. Through case studies of successfully planned and built systems around the world, the book will educate the reader about the need for a new approach to urban water management, and make the case that these changes are not only possible but imperative.Table of ContentsPREFACE xii I HISTORIC PARADIGMS OF URBAN WATERSTORMWATER WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND DRIVERS FOR CHANGE 1 I.1 Introduction 1 I.2 Historic Paradigms: From Ancient Cities to the 20th Century 5 I.2.1 First Paradigm 8 I.2.2 Second Paradigm 9 I.2.3 Third Paradigm 15 I.2.4 Fourth Paradigm 25 I.2.5 The Impact of Automobile Use 32 I.2.6 Urban Sprawl 38 I.2.7 The Rise of New Great Powers Competing for Resources 40 I.3 Drivers for Change towards Sustainability 42 I.3.1 Population Increases and Pressures 44 I.3.2 Water Scarcity Problems and Flooding Challenges of Large Cities 49 I.3.3 Greenhouse Emissions and Global Warming Effects 51 I.3.4 Aging Infrastructure and the Need to Rebuild and Retrofit 59 I.3.5 The Impossibility of Maintaining the Status Quo and Business as Usual 60 I.4 The 21st Century and Beyond 65 References 68 II URBAN SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS 72 II.1 The Vision of Sustainability 72 II.2 The Sustainability Concept and Definitions 73 II.2.1 A New (Fifth) Paradigm Is Needed 73 II.2.2 Definition of Pollution 76 II.2.3 Sustainability Definitions 80 II.2.4 Economic versus Resources Preservation Sustainability 82 II.2.5 Sustainability Components 85 II.2.6 The Environment and Ecology 87 II.2.7 Living within the Limits in the Urban Landscape 90 II.2.8 The Economy 94 II.3 Towards the Fifth Paradigm of Sustainability 97 II.3.1 Emerging Sustainable Urban Water Stormwater Used Water Systems 99 II.3.2 Triple Bottom Line—Life Cycle Assessment (TBL—LCA) 104 II.3.3 Water Reclamation and Reuse 106 II.3.4 Restoring Urban Streams 108 II.3.5 Stormwater Pollution and Flood Abatement 110 II.3.6 Urban Landscape 113 II.4 Cities of the Future—Water Centric Ecocities 114 II.4.1 Drainage and Water Management 114 II.4.2 Microscale Measures and Macroscale Watershed Goals 116 II.4.3 Integrated Resource Management Clusters—Ecoblocks of the Cities of the Future 120 II.4.4 Interconnectivity of Clusters—Spatial Integration 123 II.5 Ecocity Ecovillage Concepts 124 References 129 III PLANNING AND DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT CITIES: THEORIES, STRATEGIES, AND BEST PRACTICES FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 135 III.1 Introduction 135 III.1.1 Achieving Sustainability 135 III.1.2 Sustainability through Urban Planning and Design 137 III.2 Ecosystem Services 138 III.2.1 Concepts 138 III.2.2 The Non-Equilibrium Paradigm 141 III.3 Planning for Resilient and Sustainable Cities 143 III.3.1 Ecosystem Service Goals and Assessments 143 III.3.2 Resilience Strategies 144 III.3.3 Scenario Planning 155 III.3.4 Transdisciplinary Process 157 III.3.5 Adaptive Planning 157 III.4 Best Practices for Green Infrastructure 158 III.4.1 SEA Street Seattle 159 III.4.2 Westergasfabriek Park, Amsterdam 162 III.4.3 Staten Island Blue Belt, New York 162 III.4.4 Ecostaden (Ecocities): Augustenborg Neighborhood and Western Harbor, Malm¨o, Sweden 164 III.5 Discussion 170 References 171 IV STORMWATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND FLOOD CONTROL—STORMWATER AS A RESOURCE 177 IV.1 Urban Stormwater—A Problem or an Asset? 177 IV.1.1 Problems with Urban Stormwater 177 IV.1.2 Current Urban Drainage 182 IV.1.3 Urban Stormwater Is an Asset and a Resource 184 IV.1.4 Low Impact Development (LID) 186 IV.2 Best Management Practices to Control Urban Runoff for Reuse 189 IV.2.1 Soft Surface Approaches 190 IV.2.2 Ponds and Wetlands 201 IV.2.3 Winter Limitations on Stormwater Management and Use 212 IV.2.4 Hard Infrastructure 216 IV.2.5 ID Urban Drainage—A Step to the Cities of the Future 218 References 222 V WATER DEMAND AND CONSERVATION 228 V.1 Water Use 228 V.1.1 Water on Earth 228 V.1.2 Water Use Fundamentals 232 V.1.3 Municipal Water Use in the U.S. and Worldwide 235 V.1.4 Components of Municipal Water Use 239 V.1.5 Virtual Water 240 V.2 Water Conservation 241 V.2.1 Definition of Water Conservation 241 V.2.2 Residential Water Use 241 V.2.3 Commercial and Public Water Use and Conservation 249 V.2.4 Leaks and Other Losses 251 V.3 Substitute and Supplemental Water Sources 252 V.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) 252 V.3.2 Gray Water Reclamation and Reuse as a Source of New Water 256 V.3.3 Desalination of Seawater and Brackish Water 260 V.3.4 Urban Stormwater and Other Freshwater Flows as Sources of Water 266 References 268 VI WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE 272 VI.1 Introduction 272 VI.2 Water Reclamation and Reuse 274 VI.2.1 The Concept 274 VI.2.2 Reclaiming Rainwater and Stormwater 279 VI.2.3 Water-Sewage-Water Cycle—Unintended Reuse 280 VI.2.4 Centralized versus Decentralized Reclamation 281 VI.2.5 Cluster Water Reclamation Units 282 VI.3 Water Quality Goals and Limits for Selecting Technologies 286 VI.3.1 Concepts 286 VI.3.2 Landscape and Agricultural Irrigation 289 VI.3.3 Urban Uses Other Than Irrigation and Potable Water Supply 293 VI.3.4 Potable Reuse 297 VI.3.5 Groundwater Recharge 300 VI.3.6 Integrated Reclamation and Reuse—Singapore 304 References 308 VII TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY UNIT PROCESSES 311 VII.1 Brief Description of Traditional Water and Resource Reclamation Technologies 311 VII.1.1 Basic Requirements 311 VII.1.2 Considering Source Separation 312 VII.1.3 Low-Energy Secondary Treatment 315 VII.1.4 New Developments in Biological Treatment 324 VII.2 Sludge Handling and Resource Recovery 329 VII.2.1 Types of Solids Produced in the Water Reclamation Process 331 VII.2.2 A New Look at Residual Solids (Sludge) as a Resource 334 VII.3 Nutrient Recovery 336 VII.4 Membrane Filtration and Reverse Osmosis 339 VII.5 Disinfection 340 VII.6 Energy and GHG Emission Issues in Water Reclamation Plants 346 VII.7 Evaluation and Selection of Decentralized Water Reclamation Technologies 348 VII.7.1 Closed Cycle Water Reclamation 348 References 354 VIII ENERGY AND URBAN WATER SYSTEMS—TOWARDS NET ZERO CARBON FOOTPRINT 358 VIII.1 Interconnection of Water and Energy 358 VIII.1.1 Use of Water and Disposal of Used Water Require Energy and Emit GHGs 358 VIII.1.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Areas 360 VIII.1.3 The Water-Energy Nexus on the Regional and Cluster Scale 362 VIII.1.4 Net Zero Carbon Footprint Goal for High-Performance Buildings and Developments 365 VIII.2 Energy Conservation in Buildings and Ecoblocks 71 VIII.2.1 Energy Considerations Related to Water 371 VIII.2.2 Heat Recovery from Used Water 379 VIII.3 Energy from Renewable Sources 380 VIII.3.1 Solar Energy 380 VIII.3.2 Wind Power 387 VIII.4 Energy from Used Water and Waste Organic Solids 392 VIII.4.1 Fundamentals 392 VIII.4.2 Biogas Production, Composition, and Energy Content 394 VIII.4.3 Small and Medium Biogas Production Operations 397 VIII.4.4 Anaerobic Upflow Reactor 398 VIII.5 Direct Electric Energy Production from Biogas and Used Water 399 VIII.5.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 400 VIII.5.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) 403 VIII.5.3 Harnessing the Hydraulic Energy of Water Used Water Systems 406 VIII.6 Summary and a Look into the Future 408 VIII.6.1 A New Look at the Used Water Reclamation Processes 408 VIII.6.2 Integrated Resource Recovery Facilities 411 VIII.7 Overall Energy Outlook—Anticipating the Future 416 VIII.7.1 A Look into the Future 20 or More Years Ahead 416 VIII.7.2 Is Storage a Problem? 421 References 422 IX RESTORING URBAN STREAMS 427 IX.1 Introduction 427 IX.1.1 Rediscovering Urban Streams 427 IX.1.2 Definitions 437 IX.2 Adverse Impacts of Urbanization to Be Remedied 438 IX.2.1 Types of Pollution 438 IX.2.2 Determining Main Impact Stressors to Be Fixed by Restoration 443 IX.2.3 Effluent Dominated and Effluent Dependent Urban Water Bodies 447 IX.3 Water Body Restoration in the Context of Future Water Centric (Eco) Cities 453 IX.3.1 Goals 453 IX.3.2 Regionalized versus Cluster-Based Distributed Systems 455 IX.3.3 New Developments and Retrofitting Older Cities 457 IX.4 Summary and Conclusions 476 References 479 X PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE FUTURE COMMUNITIES 482 X.1 Integrated Planning and Management 482 X.1.1 Introduction 482 X.1.2 Footprints 484 X.2 Urban Planning 487 X.2.1 Ecocity Parameters and Demographics—Population Density Matters 488 X.3 Integrated Resources Management (IRM) 493 X.3.1 Sustainability 493 X.4 Clusters and Ecoblocks—Distributed Systems 497 X.4.1 The Need to Decentralize Urban WaterStormwaterUsed Water Management 497 X.4.2 Distribution of Resource Recovery, Reclamation and Management Tasks 499 X.4.3 Cluster Creation and Size 503 X.4.4 Types of WaterEnergy Reclamations and Creation of a Sustainable Urban Area 505 X.5 System Analysis and Modeling of Sustainable Cities 514 X.5.1 Complexity of the System and Modeling 514 X.5.2 Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Assessment 518 X.6 Institutions 525 X.6.1 Institutions for Integrated Resource Management 526 X.6.2 Enhanced Private Sector 532 X.6.3 Achieving Multibenefit System Objectives 533 References 535 XI ECOCITIES: EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS 539 XI.1 Introduction 539 XI.2 Case Studies 542 XI.2.1 Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden 542 XI.2.2 Dongtan, China 549 XI.2.3 Qingdao (China) Ecoblock and Ecocity 556 XI.2.4 Tianjin (China) 560 XI.2.5 Masdar (UAE) 566 XI.2.6 Treasure Island (California, U.S.) 573 XI.2.7 Sonoma Mountain Village (California, U.S.) 579 XI.2.8 Dockside Green 585 XI.3 Brief Summary 588 References 590 APPENDIX 595 INDEX 597

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Book SynopsisSustainable Solutions for Water Resources provides a basic overview of water resources, hydrology, the current problems involving water resources, and the potential impact of global warming and climate change.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1.0 Overview 1 1.1 The Importance of Water Resources 1 1.2 Overview of Water Resources 3 1.2.1 Rivers and Streams 3 1.2.2 Groundwater and Aquifers 5 1.2.3 Lakes and Reservoirs 9 1.2.4 Wetlands 10 1.2.5 Coastal Zones 12 1.2.6 Precipitation 15 1.2.7 Sources of Information 17 2.0 Issues Involving Water Resources in the United States 19 2.1 Global Warming and Climate Change 19 2.1.1 Impacts of Climate Change 19 2.1.2 Addressing Climate Change 21 2.1.3 Sources of Information 21 2.2 Drought and Water Wars 22 2.2.1 Worldwide Water Wars 24 2.2.2 Southwest Water Wars 24 2.2.3 Southeast Water Wars 26 2.2.4 Peachtree Water Wars 27 2.3 Water Demands 30 2.3.1 Meeting Needs 30 2.3.2 Demands in Las Vegas 32 2.3.3 Uses of Water 33 2.3.4 Options for Meeting Demands 33 2.3.5 Water Sources 34 2.4 Development Pressures 35 2.4.1 Traditional Approaches to Meet Demands 35 2.4.2 Growth in the South 36 2.4.3 The Corps Meeting Demands 38 2.5 Environmental Concerns 39 2.5.1 Wadeable Streams Assessment 40 2.5.2 National Rivers and Streams Assessment 40 2.5.3 Large River Bioassessment Protocols 41 2.6 Economic Concerns 42 2.6.1 Cost of Water 42 2.6.2 Infrastructure Cost 42 2.6.3 Costs of Polluted Water 43 2.6.4 Privatization 44 2.7 Agricultural Uses 44 2.7.1 Impacts 45 2.7.2 Reducing Impacts 47 2.8 Water Quality 48 2.8.1 Water Quality Regulations 49 2.9 Legal Issues 54 2.9.1 Riparian Rights 54 2.9.2 First in Time 54 2.9.3 Groundwater Soil Moisture and Precipitation 55 2.9.4 Direct Flow and Storage 56 2.9.5 Water Law 56 3. 0 Sustainable Planning Approaches for Water Resources 59 3.1 An International and U.S. National Perspective on Water Resources Laws Policies Regulations and Permits 59 3.1.1 Federal Reserved Water Rights 60 3.1.2 National Laws Acts and Policies 60 3.1.3 Other Acts 62 3.1.4 Water for America Initiative 63 3.1.5 Federal Agencies Involved with Water Resources 63 3.1.6 Clean Water Act 66 3.1.7 Water for America Initiative 69 3.1.8 Flood Management at a National Level 69 3.1.9 National Drought Policy 72 3.2 Planning at the State Level 74 3.2.1 State Actions 76 3.3 Regional Approaches to Water Management 82 3.3.1 Interstate Water Commissions 82 3.3.2 Regional Approaches within States 84 3.3.3 Power Companies 86 3.4 Planning at the District Level 88 3.4.1 St. Johns River Water Management District 90 3.4.2 Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District 91 3.5 Watershed Planning 92 3.5.1 Conservation Approach 93 3.5.2 Watershed Assessment 95 3.5.3 Tools for Water Resource Analysis 95 3.5.4 Watershed Boundaries 96 3.6 Water Markets and Water Supply Systems 98 3.7 Wetland Planning and Wetland Banking 99 3.7.1 Wetland Recommendations 100 3.7.2 Wetlands Data 101 3.7.3 Wetlands of International Importance 103 3.7.4 National Wetlands Inventory 103 3.7.5 National Data 104 3.7.6 Wetland Mapper 105 3.7.7 Wetlands Master Geodatabase 105 3.7.8 Data at the State Level 106 3.8 Stormwater Management and Erosion Control 107 3.8.1 State Procedures 109 3.8.2 Minimizing Erosion 110 3.8.3 Controlling Pollution 111 3.9 Land Use Planning and Management 111 3.9.1 Land Use and Zoning 112 3.9.2 Ordinances 113 3.9.3 Land Use Data 113 3.10 Shoreline Management 114 3.10.1 Stabilization and Protection 115 3.10.2 Shoreline Ownership and Access 115 3.10.3 Shoreline Use Permits 116 3.11 Natural Resource Protection 116 3.11.1 Local to Federal 116 3.12 Urban Hydrology 117 3.12.1 Existing Systems 119 3.12.2 Impervious Cover Model 119 3.12.3 Sewage and Septic 120 3.12.4 Trees in Urban Watersheds 120 3.12.5 Landscape in Flux 122 3.12.6 Watershed Scale 122 3.13 Groundwater Protection 123 3.13.1 A Sustainable Approach 124 3.13.2 Data at the Local Level 124 3.13.3 Data at the National Level 125 3.13.4 Groundwater Modeling 125 3.14 Water Outreach Efforts 126 3.14.1 Demonstration Projects 128 3.15 Case Studies 128 4.0 Sustainable Practices for Site Planning Design and Implementation 207 4.1 Developing Goals and Objectives 207 4.2 Working with Local Stakeholders 211 4.2.1 Types of Stakeholders 212 4.2.2 Web-Based Communication Technologies 214 4.2.3 Public Involvement Plan 215 4.3 Design Process 215 4.3.1 Research 216 4.3.2 Inventory/Analysis 216 4.3.3 Synthesis 218 4.3.4 Implementation 220 4.4 Lake Management Plan and Actions 223 4.4.1 Lake Water Quality 223 4.4.2 Water Changes 224 4.4.3 Water Clarity Readings 226 4.5 River Lake and Wetland Restoration 228 4.5.1 Hydromodification 228 4.5.2 Stream Repair Practices 229 4.5.3 Fish Passages 230 4.5.4 Constructed Wetlands 230 4.5.5 Unified Stream Assessment 231 4.5.6 Bridging Solutions 232 4.5.7 U.S. Gulf Coast 233 4.6 Low-Impact Development and Smart Growth 235 4.6.1 Low-Impact Development 235 4.6.2 Smart Growth 238 4.7 Recreational Use 240 4.7.1 Marinas 243 4.8 Wildlife Management and Habitat Restoration 244 4.8.1 Habitat Restoration Efforts 244 4.8.2 Federal Wildlife Programs 247 4.9 New Lakes Reservoirs and Dams 248 4.9.1 Tennessee Permitting Process for New Dams 250 4.9.2 Dam Removal 251 4.10 Land Acquisition 252 4.10.1 Fee Simple Acquisition 252 4.10.2 Conservation Easements 252 4.10.3 Leases Deed Restrictions and Covenants 252 4.10.4 Purchase of Development Rights 253 4.10.5 Transfer of Development Rights 253 4.10.6 Land Trusts 254 4.10.7 Acquisition Programs 254 4.11 Best Management Practices 255 4.11.1 BMP Databases 255 4.11.2 Structural and Nonstructural Best Management Practices 257 4.11.3 Vegetative Practices 257 4.11.4 Runoff and Sediment Control 259 4.11.5 Wetlands 259 4.11.6 Rainwater Harvesting 260 4.11.7 Rooftop Runoff Management 261 4.11.8 Filtering Systems 261 4.11.9 Erosion and Sediment Control Plans 262 4.11.10 Controlling Runoff from Croplands 265 4.12 Case Studies 266 5.0 Conclusion 327 5.1 Avoiding Predictions 327 5.2 A Focus on Sustainability 327 5.3 Revisiting Atlanta 328 5.4 Legal Battles 328 5.5 Addressing the Problem 329 5.6 The Future 329 Further Reading 331 References 335 Index 345

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Book SynopsisA technology-savvy engineer shows architects and engineers alike practical solutions for implementing advanced building technologies in sustainably designed buildings.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION viii Chapter 1 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY 1Quality of Life Benefits 7Finite Fossil Fuel Resources 8Greenhouse Gases 10Profits and Savings from Energy Efficiency 11Site-to-Source Effect 12New LEED Version 2009 13Per Capita Energy Consumption 14Building Energy End-Use Splits, People Use Energy 15Carbon Footprint 17Funding Opportunities 19 Chapter 2 RADIANT COOLING 21History 21Introduction 23Why Radiant Cooling? 26Applications 28Radiant Cooling and Historic Preservation 39 Chapter 3 DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION 41History 41Introduction 42Conventional or Mixed-Air Systems 42Difference Between Displacement and Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) 47Applications 48Large Public Spaces (Cafeterias, Dining Halls, Exhibit Spaces) 48 Chapter 4 CHILLED BEAMS 61Principle of Operation and Technology 62Benefits of Chilled Beams 63Types of Chilled Beams 67Chilled Beam Applications 72Chilled Beam Use with Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Applications 78 Chapter 5 UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION (UFAD) 83Validation of UFAD Designs with CFD Analysis 91Impact on Buildings 95Chapter 6 DISPLACEMENT INDUCTION UNITS (DIU) 101Benefits of Displacement Induction Units 103History of Induction Units 106Applications 107 Chapter 7 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE 115Engaging and Nonengaging Envelopes 116High-Performance Envelope Definition 117Most Common Energy Codes: ANSI and ASHRAE 90.1 118Glazing Characteristics 123How to Exceed the Mandatory Code Performance 128 Chapter 8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 145Renewable Energy Storage 146Conventional Air Conditioning Systems 153Nonrenewable Energy Storage 156 Chapter 9 SOLAR ENERGY AND NET-ZERO BUILDINGS 163Net-Zero Step 1: Harvesting Solar Energy 166Solar Energy in Net-Zero Buildings 177Net-Zero Step 2: Improve Energy Efficiency of the Building and Its Mechanical and Electrical Systems 181Net-Zero Step 3: Reduce Consumption 183 Chapter 10 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS 185Introduction 185Geothermal Heat Pumps 190Types of Heat Pumps 198 Chapter 11 COGENERATION 205Other Applications of Cogeneration 207Cogeneration Technologies 211Micro-Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP) 221 Chapter 12 DATA CENTER SUSTAINABILITY 223History of Data Centers 2242011: Top Ten Trends in Data Centers 225Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) 226Technologies That Can Benefit Data Center Efficiency 230Office Building Applications 234Air Management in the Data Center 237 INDEX 239

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Book SynopsisComprising a huge wealth of information, this timely and well-edited volume covers the 2nd International Symposium on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, which took place in Arendal, Norway between 3-7 July 2011.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors vi Contributors vii Referees xi Preface xiii Chapter 1 The Role of Science in the Transition to Sustainability: the Systems Approach Framework for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 1 Tom Sawyer Hopkins and Denis Bailly Section 1 Coastal Habitats and Ecosystem Services Chapter 2 The Norwegian Programme for Mapping of Marine Habitats – Providing Knowledge and Maps for ICZMP 21 Trine Bekkby, Frithjof E. Moy, Heidi Olsen, Eli Rinde, Torjan Bodvin, Reidulv Bøe, Henning Steen, Ellen S. Grefsrud, Sigurd H. Espeland, Are Pedersen and Nina M. Jørgensen Chapter 3 Monitoring Ecological Quality of Coastal Waters by the Nature Index (NI) – an Integrated Measure of Biodiversity 31 Eivind Oug, Gro I. van der Meeren, Gregoire Certain and Signe Nybø Chapter 4 The Scomberomorus brasiliensis Gill-net Production System in Northern Brazil; an “Invisible” and Mismanaged Small-scale Fishery 49 Victoria J. Isaac, Roberto V.E. Santo, Bianca S. Bentes, Keila R.M. Mour˜ao and Flavia Lucena-Fredou Chapter 5 A Combination of Seagrass and Macroalgal Beds Enhances Survival of Young-of-the-Year Rockfish Sebastes Cheni 61 Yasuhiro Kamimura and Jun Shoji Section 2 Adaptation/Mitigation to Change in Coastal Systems Chapter 6 Natural Resource Potential of Macroalgae Harvesting in the Baltic Sea—Case Study Trelleborg, Sweden 71 Emma Risen, Joseph Santhi Pechsiri, Maria E. Malmstrom, Nils Brandt and Fredrik Grondahl Chapter 7 Conserving Mangrove Ecosystem for Climate Change Adaptation in the Ganges Basin 85 M. Shahadat Hossain Chapter 8 Monitoring Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Behaviour in a Highly Urbanised Coastline: Gold Coast, Australia 101 Jan-Olaf Meynecke, Silje Vindenes and Daniella Teixeira Section 3 Coastal Governance Chapter 9 An Overview of the Implementation of SAF Methodology Regarding the Stakeholder Response, in the Mussel-Farming Area of Chalastra, Thermaikos Gulf 117 Zoi I. Konstantinou and Yannis N. Krestenitis Chapter 10 Knowledge Issues in ICZM and EBM Applied on Small Geographic Scales: Lessons from a Case Study in Risør, Norway 127 H°akan T. Sandersen, Eirik Mikkelsen, Erlend Moksness and Jon Helge Vølstad Chapter 11 Governance Systems for Marine Protected Areas in Ecuador 145 Vincent Gravez, Robert Bensted-Smith, Pippa Heylings and Taylor Gregoire Wright Chapter 12 The Battle for Space – the Position of Norwegian Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal Zone Planning 159 Bjørn Hersoug Section 4 Linking Science and Management Chapter 13 Integrated Coastal Zone Management – Preview and Evaluation of its Application on the Coast of Cyprus 171 Nicholas Kathijotes and Athina Papatheodoulou Chapter 14 Framing a ‘Post-Normal’ Science–Policy Interface for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 179 Scott Bremer Chapter 15 Co-Learning in Marine Protected Areas for Integrated Coastal Zone Management 192 Mohammad A.L. Siddique, S. Zafrin, S. Myers, T. Smith, R. Babcock, and R.W. (Bill) Carter Chapter 16 Reflexively Mapping the Science–Policy Interface for Coastal Zones 206 Anne Blanchard and Scott Bremer Chapter 17 Bridging the Science–Policy Divide in the Coastal Zone: Is There a Role for Learning Processes? 218 Melissa Nursey-Bray and Nick Harvey Chapter 18 Perspectives of Social and Ecological Systems 229 Paul Tett, Audun Sandberg, Anne Mette, Denis Bailly, Marta Estrada, Thomas Sawyer Hopkins, Maurizio Ribera d’Alcala and Loraine McFadden Index 245 Colour plates appear between pages 48 and 49

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Book SynopsisAmidst crisis and fragmentation, the need for sociable, practical and sustainable housing is manifest.Trade Review'With great insight, Anitra Nelson shows how collaborative housing is emerging across the world to re-ignite the 'Small is Beautiful' spirit of E.F. Schumacher. This is a wonderful guide featuring inspiring examples for those who want to use shared eco-housing to tackle the challenges ahead' -- Paul Chatterton, Professor of Urban Futures, University of Leeds, and co-founder of the Lilac cohousing co-operative'This is a timely report and a critical and informed exploration of an important and growing housing sector in which ideas of equity, sharing, and ecological responsibility are essential parts of real, successful communities' -- Paul Downton — Ecopolis urbanist and cofounder of Christie Walk cohousing (Adelaide, Australia)Table of ContentsList of Figures, Tables and Boxes Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Less is More: Living Closely on a Finite Planet Part I: Compact Urban Housing 2. Once We Were Small: Traditional and Contemporary Homes 3. Apartment Living in Cities 4. Apartment Household Practices and Affordability Part II: Eco-Cohousing and Ecovillages 5. From Sharing a House to Eco-cohousing 6. Ecovillages: Sustainability and System Change Part III: Futures: Scaling Up, Shared Landscapes, Shared Livelihoods 7. ‘Will You Dance With Us?’ Governments and Collaborative Housing 8. ‘To Market, To Market’: Eco-collaborative Housing for Sale 9. Grassroots Sustainability, Sociality and Governance Conclusion 10. Small is Necessary and, with Sharing, Feasible Appendix: Key Sources and Links Notes Index

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Book SynopsisTake a visually rich tour through a burgeoning community on Mexico''s Baja Penninsula, and learn how the dream of visionaries is shaping the community of Loreto Bay as a model for the future. Indigenous materials and culture are helping to shape the physical makeup of this new resort community near Loreto, and the city''s inhabitants are reaping the benefits of development dollars. What is being imported is an exciting vision of a sustainable future, a shared goal of community, and a love of place. That place is wonderfully illustrated here, from the colorful adobe architecture and Spanish mission furnishings, to the scenes presented by the white sands of the Sea of Cortez and the fertile desert beyond.

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Book SynopsisBuilding a green home or redesigning an existing home to be green is more than energy efficiency and preservation of natural resources. It is about integrating cost-effective design and materials to better the well being of inhabitants. Explore the many ways architects have achieved sustainability, incorporating commonsense strategies of solar orientation, natural ventilation, recycling of household water, and making use of cutting-edge materials and building technologies such as earth sheltering, thermal mass, super insulation, geothermal heating and cooling, and photovoltaic electrical generation all without compromising their aesthetic goals. Here are more than 50 green homes in North America, shown in 400 color photographs. Many have won major awards; others have been the subject of media attention and tours. This book will help the homeowner, builder, and architect design homes that are more energy efficient, reduce consumption and emissions, and incorporate sustainable mater

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Book SynopsisArchitect David Wright helped pioneer the concept of passive solar architecture, and his thoughts and experiments have helped shape the evolution of solar design throughout the world. His years of exploration are distilled in this comprehensive book, which provides simple graphics and language to illuminate concepts including greenhouse effect, heat storage, surface-to-volume ratio, ventilation, and cooling.. Tips, rules-of-thumb, regional characteristics, and many other considerations are presented to help readers, from initial site selection to visionary design. Written for architects, designers, and others who seek to tap the free resources offered by earth and sun, this invaluable tool will help reduce dependence on outside energy sources. You will be inspired.

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Book SynopsisWhether you live in a town house, a village colonial, a country barn, or a coastal saltbox, you can convert your old house into an ecologically sound new house. This design book provides inspiration for aesthetically pleasing and practical renovations that can change the environment one house at a time. Starting with a section on basic planning, this guide walks you through some major considerations necessary to the success of an eco-renovation. Tour 45 projects around the country, including homes that have been reconfigured, renovated, added to, or otherwise redone to address everything from the size of the building's footprint and energy needs, to its use of sustainable or even reused materials and its pollution emissions. Illustrated with nearly 300 photos and building plans, and complete with design resources, this is a great reference for anyone considering an eco-renovation.

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Book SynopsisThe incredible story of the man behind TOMS Shoes and One for One, the revolutionary business model that marries fun, profit, and social good   “A creative and open-hearted business model for our times.”—The Wall Street Journal   Why this book is for you:   • You’re ready to make a difference in the world—through your own start-up business, a nonprofit organization, or a new project that you create within your current job. • You want to love your work, work for what you love, and have a positive impact on the world—all at the same time. • You’re inspired by charity: water, method, and FEED Projects and want to learn how these organizations got their start. • You’re curious about how someone who never made a pair of shoes, attended fashion school, or worked in retail created one of the fastest-growing footwear companies in the wor

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Book SynopsisIn a powerful argument for free market environmentalism, Terry Anderson and Laura Huggins break down liberal and conservative stereotypes of what it means to be an environmentalist. They show that, by forming local coalitions around market principles, stereotypes are replaced by pragmatic solutions that improve environmental quality without necessarily increasing red tape.

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Book SynopsisIn a powerful argument for free market environmentalism, Terry Anderson and Laura Huggins break down liberal and conservative stereotypes of what it means to be an environmentalist. They show that, by forming local coalitions around market principles, stereotypes are replaced by pragmatic solutions that improve environmental quality without necessarily increasing red tape.

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Book SynopsisCreating sustainable metropolitan communities in the 21st century may pose challenges for Michigan and other states in the region. This book links critical scholarship to issues facing Michigan's metropolitan communities and increases understanding of the key economic, environmental, social and political reasons for why change is underway.

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Book SynopsisDrawing on the testimony of leaders and residents of three communities in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, this title explores grassroots assumptions, values, and practices of sustainable development and, in particular, the ways in which they overlap with or challenge international financial institutions' discourse of sustainability.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures, Tables, and Maps List of Acronyms Preface and Acknowledgements 1. Contested Visions of Sustainability 2. Poverty and Forests: Development and (Dis)Empowerment in Central America 3. 'All The Land Belongs to the Foreigners': Ecotourism and Sustainability 4. 'Nature That Gives Them Life': Grassroots Sustainability on the Osa Peninsula 5. 'Right Behind Him Are the Campesinos with Axes': Developing the Estero Real 6. 'He Has Been Taught Not to Be Afraid': Grassroots Sustainability in Miraflores 7. 'Before, There Were Only Kuna': The Struggle for the Comarca 8. 'There Are No Poor People Here': Grassroots Sustainability in Ipeti 9. Bringing the Case Studies Together 10. Conclusion Appendix: Methods Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisGet practical how-to information on designing and developing attractive, profitable, and environmentally responsible planned communities. This book includes 10 case studies of successful projects in the US, the UK and Australia.

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Book SynopsisEnergy and Global Climate Change: Bridging the Sustainable Development Divide focuses attention on two urgent global development challenges faced by the UN and its member states: access to sustainable energy for all, and global climate change.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Confronting the Neglected Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 1 1.1 Confronting the neglected nexus between climate change and energy access for the poor: Time for “bold action” 1 1.2 Framing the argument and issuing the necessary caveats 20 1.3 Escalating risks and increasing costs of the climate change: Scaling up and linkages matter 27 1.4 Towards a better understanding of the nexus between global climate change and energy access for the poor 35 1.5 Energy access for the poor and climate change cannot exist as separate global silos: A shared post]2015 development agenda necessitates integration not siloization 45 References 49 2 Where is the “Energy” in Global Climate Change Negotiations Outcomes? Examining Key UN Global Climate Change Outcomes from 1992 to 2014 for References to the Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 55 2.1 Framing the question: Has energy access for the poor been referenced in key outcomes of 20 years of climate change negotiations? 55 2.2 Global climate change negotiations analyses: A brief overview of broad trends 58 2.3 Examining key global climate change outcomes for references to the “energy” and “poverty reduction” nexus: Has “energy access for the poor” been referenced in key agreed outcomes? 67 2.3.1 The early years: Examining the 1992 UNFCC and the 1997 KP for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 68 2.3.2 The middle years: Examining the Bali Road Map and the Copenhagen Accord for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 77 2.3.3 The recent years: Examining the Cancun Agreements, Durban Outcomes, Doha Climate Gateway, the Warsaw Outcomes and the LCCA for references to the energy and poverty reduction nexus, and to energy access for the poor 83 2.4 The absence of concrete references to “energy access for the poor” in key agreed global climate outputs: A puzzling disconnect in the lead]up to 2015 110 References 113 3 Where’s the “Energy” in Key Un Global Outcomes on Sustainable Development? Examining the Record from Unche 1972 to Rio+20 2012 for References to the Nexus Between Climate Change and Energy Access for the Poor 121 3.1 Setting the stage: Why linkages between energy access for the poor and climate change matter for the UN’s quest for sustainable development 122 3.2 The locus of “energy” within the UN context: Framing the issue of energy access for the poor at the global level 126 3.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in key UN global conferences on environment and sustainable development from 1972 to 2000 135 3.3.1 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 1972 UNCHE 137 3.3.2 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the WCED 140 3.3.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 1992 Agenda 21 145 3.3.4 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the lead]up to, and in, the 2000 Millennium Declaration and the MDGs 149 3.4 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in key post]millennium UN sustainable development outcomes (2001–2012) 155 3.4.1 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 2001 CSD 155 3.4.2 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the 2002 JPOI 159 3.4.3 Examining the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the lead]up to, and at, the 2012 Rio+20 Summit: AGECC/SE4All, Global Sustainability Panel Report and the Rio+20 Summit’s Future We Want 166 3.5 Conclusion: Implications for the energy–poverty–climate change nexus in the UN’s post]2015 development agenda 179 References 188 4 Understanding the Acronym Soup of Voluntary Initiatives and Partnerships on Sustainable Development Within the UN Context: Locating Energy Access and Climate Change Voluntary Efforts 193 4.1 Delving into the acronym soup of voluntary initiatives for sustainable development at the UN 193 4.2 The variegated world of PSDs, GPSD and VCs within the UN context: Making the case for conceptual and definitional clarity 196 4.3 Tracing the emergence of PSDs, GPSD, and VCs within key global sustainable development outcomes from 1992 to 2014: Locating energy access and climate change 204 4.4 An abundance of voluntary initiatives but an absence of a universal accountability framework: Examining energy access and climate change initiatives 216 4.5 Need for improved clarity and accountability of voluntary initiatives on sustainable development 225 References 228 5 Towards an Integrated Framework on Energy Access for the Poor and Climate Change: Issues to Consider for the UN]Led Post]2015 Development Agenda 231 5.1 The absence of “energy access for poor” in the negotiating silos on climate change and sustainable development: Summary of findings 232 5.2 Separate silos pose challenges for a shared post]2015 development agenda 235 5.3 Increasing energy access for the poor and reducing SLCPs: Two key global multi]stakeholder initiatives 242 5.4 Bold action is needed to address the nexus between energy access for the poor and climate change: Possibilities for consideration 246 References 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively addresses surface modification of natural fibers to make them more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.Table of ContentsContributors xii Preface xiv 1 Biodegradable Green Composites 1 Sreerag Gopi, Anitha Pius, and Sabu Thomas 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Biodegradable Polymers 2 1.2.1 Starch 2 1.2.2 Cellulose 4 1.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 4 1.2.4 Proteins 5 1.3 Nanofillers for Composites 5 1.3.1 Cellulose‐Based Nanofillers 5 1.3.2 Carbon Nanotube 7 1.3.3 Clay 7 1.3.4 Functional Fillers 7 1.4 Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources 8 1.4.1 Cellulose Nanocomposites 9 1.4.2 CNT Nanocomposites 9 1.4.3 Clay Nanocomposites 10 1.4.4 Functional Nanocomposites 10 1.5 Processing of Green Composites 10 1.6 Applications 11 1.6.1 Packaging 11 1.6.2 Electronics, Sensor, and Energy Applications 11 1.6.3 Medicinal Applications 12 1.7 Conclusion 12 References 12 2 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers Using Plasma Treatment 18 Danmei Sun 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Natural Fiber Materials and their Properties 19 2.1.2 Conventional Modification Methods and Drawbacks 19 2.1.3 Plasma Environment and the Advantages of Plasma Surface Modification 20 2.2 Mechanisms of Plasma Treatment and Types of Plasma Machines 21 2.2.1 Principle of Plasma Surface Modification 21 2.2.2 Interactive Mechanisms between Plasma and Substrates 22 2.2.3 Types of Plasma Treatment Systems 24 2.3 Effects and Applications of Plasma Treatment 27 2.3.1 Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition Change 27 2.3.2 Improved Hydrophilicity and Efficiency in Aqueous Processes 28 2.3.3 Improved Hydrophobicity 31 2.3.4 Mechanical Properties Affected by Plasma Treatment 33 2.3.5 Medical Applications of Plasma Treatment 34 2.3.6 Plasma‐Modified Fibers in Polymer Composites 34 2.3.7 Other Areas of Applications 35 2.4 Conclusions and Industrial Implications 35 References 35 3 Reinforcing Potential of Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers 40 Levent Onal and Yekta Karaduman 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Enzymes 42 3.2.1 A Brief History 42 3.2.2 Classification and Nomenclature 43 3.2.3 Enzyme Structure 43 3.2.4 Enzymatic Catalysis 44 3.3 Natural Fibers as Enzyme Substrates 45 3.3.1 Physical Properties of Lignocellulosic Fibers 46 3.3.2 Chemical Properties and Composition of Lignocellulosic Fibers 47 3.3.2.1 Cellulose 47 3.3.2.2 Hemicellulose 49 3.3.2.3 Lignin 49 3.3.2.4 Pectin 50 3.3.2.5 Other Aromatic Compounds 51 3.3.2.6 Fats, Waxes, and Lipids 51 3.4 Types of Enzymes Used in Natural Fiber Modification 51 3.4.1 Cellulases 51 3.4.2 Xylanases 52 3.4.3 Pectinases 53 3.4.4 Laccases 53 3.5 Effect of Enzymatic Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Natural Fibers 54 3.6 Polymer Composites Reinforced with Enzymatically Modified Natural Fibers 62 3.7 Enzyme‐Assisted Biografting Methods 69 3.8 Conclusions 73 References 74 4 Recent Developments in Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for their use in Biocomposites 80 Jaspreet Kaur Bhatia, Balbir Singh Kaith, and Susheel Kalia 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Biocomposites 82 4.2.1 Classification: Biomass Derived and Petroleum‐Derived Matrix 83 4.2.2 Advantage over Traditional Composites 86 4.3 Natural Fiber: Structure and Composition 86 4.4 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers 89 4.4.1 Silylation, Esterification, and other Surface Chemical Modifications 89 4.4.2 Noncovalent Surface Chemical Modifications 93 4.4.3 Cationization 95 4.4.4 Polymer Grafting 95 4.4.5 TEMPO‐Mediated Oxidation 98 4.4.6 Green Modification 100 4.5 Biocomposites: Recent Trends and Opportunities for the Future 100 4.6 Biodegradability of Biocomposites 101 4.7 Conclusions 103 References 105 5 Nanocellulose‐Based Green Nanocomposite Materials 118 Qi Zhou and Núria Butchosa 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Nanocellulose 119 5.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 120 5.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils 120 5.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose 122 5.3 Composite Matrices 122 5.3.1 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives 122 5.3.2 Hemicelluloses and other Polysaccharides 123 5.3.3 Starch 124 5.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan 125 5.3.5 Proteins 126 5.3.6 Polylactic Acid and Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) 127 5.3.7 Inorganic Nanoparticles 128 5.4 Composite Properties 129 5.4.1 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 129 5.4.2 Barrier Properties 130 5.4.3 Antimicrobial Properties 133 5.4.4 Optical Properties 134 5.5 Conclusions 136 References 137 6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Green Composites 149 Mahbub Hasan, Azman Hassan, and Zainoha Zakaria 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Manufacturing Techniques of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 151 6.2.1 Melt Mixing/Blending 151 6.2.2 Extrusion/Injection Molding 153 6.2.3 Other Techniques 155 6.3 Properties of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 156 6.3.1 Mechanical Properties 156 6.3.1.1 Tensile Properties 156 6.3.1.2 Flexural Properties 157 6.3.1.3 Impact Strength 158 6.3.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 158 6.3.3 Thermal Properties 160 6.3.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 160 6.3.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 162 6.3.4 Surface Morphology 162 6.3.5 Electrical Properties 163 6.4 Applications of PLA Hybrid Green Composites 164 6.5 Conclusions 164 References 164 7 Lignin/Nanolignin and their Biodegradable Composites 167 Anupama Rangan, M.V. Manjula, K.G. Satyanarayana, and Reghu Menon 7.1 Introduction 168 7.1.1 Renewable Bioresources-Sustainability and Biodegradability Issues 168 7.1.2 Nanotechnology and Application of Nanotechnology (Specifically for Cellulose and Lignin) 170 7.2 Lignin 170 7.2.1 Structure, Chemical Nature, Complexity, and Linkage Heterogeneity 170 7.2.2 Types, Structure, Properties, and Uses of Modified/Processed Lignin 172 7.2.2.1 Kraft Lignin 173 7.2.2.2 Soda Lignin 173 7.2.2.3 Lignosulfonates 173 7.2.2.4 Organosolv Lignin 175 7.2.2.5 Hydrolysis Lignin 175 7.3 Nanolignin and Methods of Preparation of Nanolignin 175 7.3.1 Precipitation Method 175 7.3.2 Chemical Modification Method 178 7.3.3 Electrospinning Followed by Surface Modification 178 7.3.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization 179 7.3.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology 179 7.3.6 Chemomechanical Methods 180 7.3.7 Nanolignin by Self‐Assembly 181 7.3.8 Template‐Mediated Synthesis of Lignin‐based Nanotubes and Nanowires 181 7.4 Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles 183 7.4.1 Microscopy 183 7.4.2 Thermal Analysis 185 7.4.3 X‐Ray Diffraction 186 7.4.4 Other Methods 186 7.5 Lignin Composites/Nanolignin‐Based “Green” Composites 186 7.5.1 Lignin‐based Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 186 7.5.2 Rubber‐based Lignin Composites 187 7.5.3 Lignin‐reinforced Biodegradable Composites 187 7.5.4 Lignin‐reinforced Foam‐based Composites 188 7.5.5 Lignin‐based Composite Coatings 188 7.5.6 Synthesis of Lignin–PLA Copolymer Composites 190 7.5.7 Nanolignin‐based “Green” Composites 190 7.6 Potential Applications of Lignin/Nanolignin 190 7.7 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 192 References 192 Web Site References 198 8 Starch‐Based “Green” Composites 199 K.G. Satyanarayana and V.S. Prasad 8.1 Introduction 200 8.1.1 Starch 200 8.1.1.1 Thermoplastic Starch 202 8.1.1.2 Starch Nanocrystals 203 8.1.1.3 Structure and Properties of Starch/TPS 207 8.2 Starch‐Based Composites 215 8.2.1 Processing Techniques/Methods 215 8.2.1.1 Processing of Starch‐based Microcomposites 215 8.2.1.2 Processing of Starch‐based Nanocomposites 220 8.2.2 Structure and Properties of Starch-Polymer Systems (Blends/Composites) 222 8.2.2.1 Starch-Polymer Systems 222 8.2.2.2 Starch–Natural Materials‐based “Green” Composites 239 8.2.2.3 Starch‐based Nanocomposites 257 8.2.2.4 Starch Nanoparticles in Composites 269 8.3 Applications 272 8.4 Perspectives 275 8.5 Concluding Remarks 275 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 9 Green Composite Materials Based on Biodegradable Polyesters 299 Pramendra Kumar Bajpai 9.1 Introduction 299 9.2 Fabrication Techniques for Green Composites 301 9.2.1 Hand Lay‐Up Fabrication Technique 301 9.2.2 Compression Molding 302 9.2.3 Injection Molding Fabrication Technique 304 9.2.4 Resin Transfer Fabrication Technique 306 9.2.5 Pultrusion Fabrication Technique 307 9.3 Processing of Green Composites Through Microwave Heating 308 9.4 Application of Green Composite 308 9.5 Concluding Remark 309 References 309 10 Applications of Green Composite Materials 312 Koronis Georgios, Arlindo Silva, and Samuel Furtado 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Green Composite Materials 313 10.2.1 Reinforcement 314 10.2.2 The Matrix 316 10.3 Consumer Products 317 10.4 Biomedical Applications 319 10.5 Packaging 321 10.6 Transportation Industry 322 10.7 Construction 326 10.8 Energy Industry 327 10.9 Sports and Leisure Industry 327 10.9.1 Boat Hulls and Canoes 328 10.9.2 Snowboards/Skis and Surfboards 328 10.9.3 Toys 329 10.9.4 Musical Instruments 329 10.10 Conclusions 330 References 330 Index 338

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, renewables-based technology and sustainability assessment methods have grown tremendously. Renewable energy and products have a significant role in the market today, and the same time sustainability assessment methods have advanced, with a growing standardization of environmental sustainability metrics and consideration of social issues as part of the assessment. Sustainability Assessment of Renewables-Based Products: Methods and Case Studies is an extensive update and sequel to the 2006 title Renewables-Based Technology: Sustainability Assessment. It discusses the impressive evolution and role renewables have taken in our modern society, highlighting the importance of sustainability principles in the design phase of renewable-based technologies, and presenting a wide range of sustainability assessment methods suitable for renewables-based technologies, together with case studies to demonstrate their applications. This book is a valuTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Series Editor’s Preface xxiii Preface xxvii 1 The Growing Role of Biomass for Future Resource Supply—Prospects and Pitfalls 1Helmut Haberl 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Global Ecological and Socioeconomic Biomass Flows 3 1.3 Global Biomass Potentials in 2050 5 1.4 Critical Socio-Ecological Feedbacks and Sustainability Issues 9 1.5 Conclusions 12 Acknowledgements 12 References 13 2 The Growing Role of Photovoltaic Solar, Wind and Geothermal Energy as Renewables for Electricity Generation 19W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, J.G. Schepers, and J.D.A.M. van Wees 2.1 General Introduction 19 2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 21 2.3 Wind Energy 24 2.4 Geothermal Energy 28 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 34 3 Assessment of Sustainability within Holistic Process Design 37Alexei Lapkin, Philipp]Maximilian Jacob, Polina Yaseneva, Charles Gordon, and Amy Peace 3.1 Introduction: Holistic Process Design from Unit Operations to Systems Science Methods 37 3.2 Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Holistic Process Design 403.3 A Decision-Tree Methodology for Complex Process Design 41 3.4 Generation of New Synthesis Routes in Bio-Based Supply Chains 45 3.5 Conclusions 47 Acknowledgements 48 References 48 4 A Mass Balance Approach to Link Sustainable Renewable Resources in Chemical Synthesis with Market Demand 51Claudius Kormann and Andreas Kicherer 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Renewable Feedstock: Market Drivers, Political Frame 52 4.3 Traceability of Biomass as Feedstock in the Chemical Industry 53 4.4 Standard of Mass Balance in Chemical Synthesis 57 4.5 Sustainability Aspects of Renewable Resources 60 4.6 Discussion 61 4.7 Vision and Summary 62 References 63 5 Early R&D Stage Sustainability Assessment: The 5 Pillar Method 65Akshay D. Patel, John A. Posada, Li Shen, and Martin K. Patel 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Methodology 67 5.3 Case Study 73 5.4 Validation Case Study 75 5.5 Critical Review and Outlook 76 5.6 Conclusion 79 References 79 6 Assessing the Sustainability of Land Use: A Systems Approach 81Miguel Brandão 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Methodological Issue 1: Consequential Analysis of Land Use Decisions 82 6.3 Methodological Issue 2: Land Use Impacts on Ecosystems 87 6.4 Methodological Issue 3: Land Use Impacts on Climate 89 6.5 Methodological Issue 4: Economic and Social Impact Assessment 90 6.6 Methodological Issue 5: Integrating Environmental and Economic Assessments 92 6.7 Discussion 93 6.8 Conclusions 94 References 94 7 Water Use Analysis 97Francesca Verones, Stephan Pfister, and Markus Berger 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Methods and Tools for Assessing the Sustainable Use of Water 98 7.3 Case Study: Water Consumption Analysis of Biofuels and Fossil Fuels 102 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion 105 References 106 8 Material Intensity of Food Production and Consumption 109Lucia Mancini and Michael Lettenmeier 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Material Flow Based Approaches for Assessing Sustainable Production and Consumption Systems 110 8.3 MIPS Concept and Methodology 111 8.4 Material Intensity of Food Systems 113 8.5 Results of MIPS for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs 118 8.6 Conclusions 121 References 122 9 Material and Energy Flow Analysis 125Goto Naohiro, Nova Ulhasanah, Hirotsugu Kamahara, Udin Hasanudin, Ryuichi Tachibana, and Koichi Fujie 9.1 Background 125 9.2 Methodology 128 9.3 Case Study 131 9.4 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgements 139 References 139 10 Exergy and Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 141Sofie Huysman, Thomas Schaubroeck, and Jo Dewulf 10.1 What Is Exergy 141 10.2 Calculation of Exergy 142 10.3 Applications of Exergy 144 10.4 Cumulative Exergy Use Analysis 146 10.5 Conclusions 151 References 152 11 Carbon and Environmental Footprint Methods for Renewables based Products and Transition Pathways to 2050 155Geoffrey P. Hammond 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Carbon and Environmental (or Eco) Footprinting 159 11.3 The Relationship between Environmental Footprint Analysis (EFA) and Environmental Life]Cycle Assessment (LCA) 166 11.4 Carbon and Environmental Footprints Associated with Global Biofuel Production 167 11.5 Carbon and Environmental Footprints of Low Carbon Transition Pathways 171 11.6 Concluding Remarks 174 Acknowledgements 175 References 176 12 Tracking Supply and Demand of Biocapacity through Ecological Footprint Accounting 179David Lin, Alessandro Galli, Michael Borucke, Elias Lazarus, Nicole Grunewald, Jon Martindill, David Zimmerman, Serena Mancini, Katsunori Iha, and Mathis Wackernagel 12.1 Summary and Rationale 179 12.2 Methodology 182 12.3 Usage Recommendations 193 12.4 Future Developments 195 References 195 13 Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Supporting Decision Making by Business and Policy 201Sala Serenella, Fabrice Mathieux, and Rana Pant 13.1 Life Cycle Assessment: A Systemic Approach to Evaluate Impacts 201 13.2 LCA: Supporting Sustainability Assessment 205 13.3 Role of LCA in Supporting Decisions in Business and Policy Context 206 13.4 Tools and Support to Put LCA into Practice 210 13.5 Conclusion and the Way Forward 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 212 14 Life Cycle Costing 215Andreas Ciroth, Jutta Hildenbrand, and Bengt Steen 14.1 Life Cycle Costing – Definition and Principles 215 14.2 Environmental LCC 216 14.3 Societal LCC 220 14.4 LCC and Renewables 221 14.5 Example Case 222 References 228 15 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Methodologies and Practice 229Alessandra Zamagni, Pauline Feschet, Anna Irene De Luca, Nathalie Iofrida, and Patrizia Buttol 15.1 Introduction 229 15.2 Social Life Cycle Assessment: Scientific Background 230 15.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment in Practice 232 15.4 SLCA and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Methodological Challenges 234 15.5 Conclusions and Outlook 236 References 237 16 Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Technologies 241F. Ardente, M. Cellura, S. Longo, and M. Mistretta 16.1 Introduction 241 16.2 Solar Technologies 242 16.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Solar Technologies 245 16.3.1 Solar Thermal Plants 246 16.3.2 Photovoltaic Plants 246 16.3.3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plants and Solar Heating/Cooling Plants 249 16.4 Assessment of Solar Technologies 249 16.5 Conclusions 256 References 256 17 Assessing the Sustainability of Geothermal Utilization 259Ruth Shortall, Gudni Axelsson, and Brynhildur Davidsdottir 17.1 Introduction 259 17.2 Sustainable Geothermal Utilization 260 17.3 Broader Sustainability Assessment of Energy Developments 266 17.4 Sustainability Assessment Framework for Geothermal Power 266 17.5 Conclusion 271 References 271 18 Biofuels from Terrestrial Biomass: Sustainability Assessment of Sugarcane Biorefineries in Brazil 275Otavio Cavalett, Marcos D.B. Watanabe, Alexandre Souza, Mateus F. Chagas, Tassia L. Junqueira, and Antonio Bonomi 18.1 Introduction 275 18.2 The Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) 276 18.3 Methods Used in the VSB 277 18.4 Biorefinery Scenarios Case Study 279 18.5 Final Remarks 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 19 Algae as Promising Biofeedstock; Searching for Sustainable Production Processes and Market Applications 289Sue Ellen Taelman, Steven De Meester, and Jo Dewulf 19.1 Introduction 289 19.2 Algae Background 290 19.3 Algal Cultivation and Processing Methods 292 19.4 Algae: Production and Potential Applications 294 19.5 Environmental Sustainability of Algae Production 298 19.6 Conclusions 302 References 303 20 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased and Fossil Based Succinic Acid 307Marieke Smidt, Jeroen den Hollander, Henk Bosch, Yang Xiang, Maarten van der Graaf, Anne Lambin, and Jean]Pierre Duda 20.1 Production of Succinic Acid 307 20.2 Life Cycle Assessment: Biobased Succinic Acid and Fossil]Based Equivalent 310 20.3 Sensitivity Analysis 316 20.4 Conclusions 319 References 320 21 Biobased Poly Vinylchloride (PVC) 323Rodrigo A.F. Alvarenga, Zdenek Hruska, Alain Wathelet, and Jo Dewulf 21.1 Introduction 323 21.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased PVC 324 21.3 Carbon Footprint of Biobased Product 329 21.4 Environmental Sustainability of Bioethanol Use 330 21.5 Conclusions 331 References 332 22 Evaluation of Wood Cascading 335Karin Höglmeier, Gabriele Weber-Blaschke, and Klaus Richter 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Environmental Assessment of Wood Cascading by LCA 338 22.3 Discussion and Conclusion 343 Acknowledgements 345 References 345 23 Time]Dependent Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Materials 347Maartje N. Sevenster 23.1 Introduction 347 23.2 Methodology 351 23.3 Results 353 23.4 Discussion 357 23.5 Conclusions 358 References 358 24 Conclusions 361Jo Dewulf 24.1 The Importance of Renewables]Based Products and Services 361 24.2 The Need for Sustainability Assessment for Renewables: Even More Than in the Past 362 24.3 The Growing Sustainability Assessment Toolbox 363 24.4 Outlook: Pending Challenges 364 Index

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