Sociolinguistics Books

Book SynopsisThis volume provides an unprecedented collection of data from Asia Minor Greek, namely from Cappadocian, Pharasiot, Silliot, Smyrniot, Aivaliot, Bithynian, Pontic, Propontis Tsakonian and the dialect of Adrianoupolis. It offers fresh and original reflections on the study of morphology, dialectology and language contact by examining issues regarding inflection, derivation and compounding, dealt with by Metin Bağrıaçık, Marianna Gkiouleka, Aslı Göksel, Mark Janse, Brian D. Joseph, Petros Karatsareas, Nikos Koutsoukos, Io Manolessou, Theodore Markopoulos, Dimitra Melissaropoulou, Nikos Pantelidis and Angela Ralli. An in-depth investigation of phenomena aims to increase our understanding of language change. They result either from a natural evolution of Asia Minor Greek, or from the interaction between the fusional Greek and the agglutinative Turkish or the semi-analytical Romance.Table of ContentsForeword  Brian D. Joseph Abbreviations List of Maps and Figure Introduction: Selected Topics of the Morphology of Asia Minor Greek: an Introduction  Angela Ralli 1 The Historical Background of the Asia Minor Dialects  Io Manolessou 2 Agglutinative Noun Inflection in Cappadocian  Mark Janse 3 Two Turkish Suffixes in Pharasiot  Constraints Against Phrasal Bases  Metin Bağrıaçık, Aslı Göksel and Angela Ralli 4 The Morphology of Silliot  Paradigmatic Defectiveness, Paradigmatic Levelling and Affix Pleonasm  Petros Karatsareas 5 Adverbial Constructions in a Dialectal Context: a Case Study From Pontic  Marianna Gkiouleka 6 The Smyrna Dialect  Loanword Adaptation in a Multilingual Setting  Theodore Markopoulos 7 Affixoids and Verb Borrowing in Aivaliot Morphology  Angela Ralli 8 Subtractive Imperative Forms in Bithynian Greek  Nikos Koutsoukos and Nikolaos Pantelidis 9 Morphological Innovations in Propontis Tsakonian  Dimitra Melissaropoulou 10 The Greek of Ottoman-era Adrianoupolis  Brian D. Joseph Index

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Book SynopsisCet ouvrage interroge la pratique fréquente du changement de style chez les écrivains français depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, en croisant les approches. À l’époque moderne, avoir du style ne se limite pas à en avoir un seul. This collection addresses the common practice of the change of style among French authors since the end of the nineteenth century, crossing various approaches. During the contemporary period evidencing Style does not simply imply a one-way evidence.Table of ContentsNotices sur les auteurs Introduction : Pour penser l’évolution d’un style d’auteur Partie 1: Angles d’approche 1 Les êtres d’un lieu commun ? Conceptions du style de la fin du XVIIIe siècle au début du XXe siècle  Jacques-Philippe Saint-Gerand 2 Changement de style, changement de maison  Olivier Bessard-Banquy Partie 2: Parcours de polygraphes 3 Portrait d’auteure en démiurge polymorphe : Marguerite Yourcenar  Bruno Blanckeman 4 Les modulations de la représentation de discours dans l’écriture d’Annie Ernaux  Bérengère Moricheau-Airaud Partie 3: Changer la poésie 5 Recommencements poétiques  Serge Linarès 6 Désengagement surréaliste et dégagement d’un style chez René Char  Stéphanie Thonnerieux 7 Les évolutions poétiques de Genet : expérimentations stylistiques et opportunisme littéraire  Élise Nottet-Chedeville Partie 4: L’évolution des romans 8 La prose de Marguerite Duras : des styles à l’idiolecte  Sandrine Vaudrey-Luigi 9 Une rupture dans la continuité : Claude Simon et l’avènement du Nouveau Nouveau Roman  Ilias Yocaris 10 « Autant de départs, autant de styles » ? L’écriture de la phrase chez Michel Chaillou  Pauline Bruley Partie 5: Style d’écriture et style de vie 11 Crise de la foi et crise de l’écriture : mutations du style aphoristique (Barrès, Martin du Gard, Gide)  Stéphanie Bertrand 12 Changer de style, changer de décor, changer de peau : les mutations narratives dans l’œuvre de J. M. G. Le Clézio  Bruno Thibault Partie 6: Solutions de continuité 13 Henri de Régnier : moderne, classique, moderne classique ?  Élodie Dufour 14 Echenoz a-t-il (vraiment) changé de style ?  Stéphane Chaudier 15 Roland Barthes : le regard du caméléon  Claude Coste Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume consists of revised versions of presentations given at a roundtable on “New Directions for Historical Linguistics: Impact and Synthesis, 50 Years Later” held at the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics in San Antonio, Texas, in 2017, as well as an introduction by the editors. The roundtable discussed the evolution of historical linguistics since the 1966 symposium on “Directions for Historical Linguistics,” held in Austin, Texas. Six prominent scholars of historical linguistics and sociolinguistics contributed: William Labov (the only surviving author from the 1968 volume), Gillian Sankoff, Elizabeth Traugott, Brian Joseph, Sarah Thomason, and Paul Hopper (a graduate student assistant at the original symposium).Table of ContentsPreface 1 Where Was Historical Linguistics in 1968 and Where Is It Now?  Marc Pierce and Hans C. Boas 2 What Has Been Built on Empirical Foundations  William Labov 3 Building on Empirical Foundations: Individual and Community Change in Real Time  Gillian Sankoff 4 Timely Notes on Saussure and Hermann Paul after 1968  Paul J. Hopper 5 Historical Linguistics Since 1968: on Some of the Causes of Linguistic Change  Sarah G. Thomason 6 Precursors of Work on Grammaticalization and Constructionalization in Directions for Historical Linguistics  Elizabeth Closs Traugott 7 Historical Linguistics in the 50 Years Since Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog (1968)  Brian D. Joseph Index

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Book SynopsisYiddish, the language of Eastern-European Jews, has so far been mostly described as Germanic within the framework of the traditional, divergence-based Language Tree Model. Meanwhile, advances in contact linguistics allow for a new approach, placing the idiom within the mixed language spectrum, with the Slavic component playing a significant role. So far, the Slavic elements were studied as isolated, adstratal borrowings. This book argues that they represent a coherent system within the grammar. This suggests that the Slavic languages had at least as much of a constitutive role in the inception and development of Yiddish as German and Hebrew. The volume is copiously illustrated with examples from the vernacular language. With a contribution of Anna Pilarski, University of Szczecin.Table of ContentsPreface List of Illustrations and Tables Abbreviations 1 Max Weinreich and Slavic Component of Yiddish  Michał Gajek  1 Introduction  2 Max Weinreich on Slavic-Yiddish Language Contact—Attempts at Revision  3 Slavic Elements in Subsystems of Yiddish  4 Discussion and Conclusions 2 Yiddish in the Framework of the Mixed Language Debate  Ewa Geller and Michał Gajek  1 Introduction  2 Defining Terminology  3 Yiddish-Slavic Language Contact  4 Language Shift in Inception of Eastern Yiddish  5 Borrowing in Development of Eastern Yiddish  6 Yiddish as Mixed Language  7 Conclusions 3 Role of Slavic Matter Borrowings in New Pattern Grammaticalization  Ewa Geller  1 Introduction  2 Theoretical Framework  3 Method  4 Analysis and Its Results  5 Conclusions 4 De-Construction of German-Type Compounds  Agata Reibach  1 Introduction  2 Methods  3 Compound Types in Yiddish  4 Compounds in Yiddish Component Languages  5 Results  6 Conclusions 5 Core Vocabulary Borrowability Restrictions: Case of Semantic Field ‘Body’  Agata Reibach  1 Introduction  2 Methods  3 Results  4 Discussion and Desiderata  Appendix 6 Convergence of Syntactic Structures of Yiddish and Polish Direct Interrogative Sentences: Remarks on Parametric Structure of CP and wh-Movement  Anna Pilarski  1 Introduction  2 Methods  3 Analysis  4 Results  5 Conclusions 7 Yiddish as Donor Language for Polish  Michał Gajek  1 Introduction  2 Methodological Issues  3 Yiddish Loanwords in Polish—Integration and Assimilation  4 Yiddishisms in Polish Vocabulary as Example of Low-Variety Influence  5 Conclusions and Desiderata References Index

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Book SynopsisMissionary Linguistic Studies from Mesoamerica to Patagonia presents the results of in-depth studies of grammars, vocabularies and religious texts, dating from the sixteenth – nineteenth century. The researches involve twenty (extinct) indigenous Mesoamerican and South American languages: Matlatzinca, Mixtec, Nahuatl, Purépecha, Zapotec (Mexico); K’iche, Kaqchikel (Guatemala); Amage, Aymara, Cholón, Huarpe, Kunza, Mochica, Mapudungun, Proto-Tacanan, Pukina, Quechua, Uru-Chipaya (Peru); Tehuelche (Patagonia); (Tupi-)Guarani (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay). The results of the studies include: a) a digital model of a good, conveniently arranged vocabulary, applicable to all indigenous Amerindian languages; b) disclosure of intertextual relationships, language contacts, circulation of knowledge; c) insights in grammatical structures; d) phone analyses; e) transcriptions, so that the texts remain accessible for further research. f) the architecture of grammars; g) conceptual evolutions and innovations in grammaticography.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures Notes on Contributors Part 1 Mesoamerica 1 “The Beginning of Times” in Two Texts of Preachment from New Spain (Sixteenth Century)  Pilar Máynez, Mercedes Montes de Oca and Julio Alfonso Pérez Luna 2 Reviving Words: Methodological Implications and Digital Solutions for Editing and Corpus-Building of Colonial K’iche’ Dictionaries  Frauke Sachse and Michael Dürr 3 Wide-Lensed Approaches to Missionary Linguistics: The Circulation of Knowledge on Amerindian Languages through Sixteenth-Century Spanish Printed Grammars  Zanna Van Loon and Andy Peetermans 4 Between Grammars and Dictionaries: The ‘Tratado de las partículas’ (Treatise on Particles) in Diego de Basalenque’s Work on Matlatzinca  Otto Zwartjes Part 2 South America 5 Were There Ever Any Adjectives? The Recognition of the Absence of an Autonomous Adjective Class in Tupi-Guarani as Demonstrated in the Earliest Missionary Grammars  Justin Case 6 Chinchaysuyu Quechua and Amage Confession Manuals: Colonial Language and Culture Contact in Central Peru  Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz and Astrid Alexander-Bakkerus 7 Prosodia da Língua, an Unpublished Anonymous Eighteenth-Century Dictionary of Língua Geral Amazônica  Wolf Dietrich 8 Patagonian Lexicography (Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries)  Rebeca Fernández Rodríguez and Alejandra Regúnaga 9 Language Contacts of Pukina  Katja Hannß 10 Puquina Kin Terms  Arjan Mossel, Nicholas Q. Emlen, Simon van de Kerke and Willem F.H. Adelaar 11 The Representation of the Velar Nasal in Colonial Grammars and Other Pre-modern Sources on the Languages of the Central Andean Region  Matthias Urban Index

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Book SynopsisThis edited volume adopts a new angle on the study of Spanish in the United States, one that transcends the use of Spanish as an ethnic language and explores it as a language spreading across new domains: education, public spaces, and social media. It aims to position Spanish in the United States in the wider frame of global multilingualism and in line with new perspectives of analysis such as superdiversity, translanguaging, indexicality, and multimodality. All the 15 chapters analyze Spanish use as an instance of social change in the sense that monolingual cultural reproduction changes and produces cultural transformation. Furthermore, these chapters represent five macro-regions of the United States: the Southwest, the West, the Midwest, the Northeast, and the Southeast.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Introduction: Spanish in the United States and across Domains  Edwin M. Lamboy and Francisco Salgado-Robles Part 1 Spanish in the Education Domain 1 Spanish Heritage Education in the Southwestern United States: Fighting Restrictive Policies toward Language Maintenance in Arizona  Sara M. Beaudrie and Sergio Loza 2 Spanish as a Heritage Language in the Western United States: Are We Meeting the Demands in Colorado?  Devin L. Jenkins 3 Spanish in the Midwest: Hablando in the Heartland  Kim Potowski 4 Teaching Spanish as a Heritage Language in Northeastern United States: Washington DC, Maryland, and Virginia  Manel Lacorte, Elisa Gironzetti and Evelyn Canabal-Torres 5 Spanish Heritage Language Learners in Tennessee: Current Practices, Challenges, and Directions for the Future  Inmaculada Gómez Soler Part 2 Spanish in the Public Space Domain 6 Heritage Speakers of Spanish in Oklahoma City: An Examination of the Linguistic Landscape  Aaron B. Roggia 7 Hablamos español in the Western United States: A View of Marketing in the Multilingual Landscape of California  María Cecilia Colombi, Daniela Cerbino and Marta Llorente Bravo 8 Constructing La Villa Hispana: Cultural Citizenship, Economic Development, and Linguistic Landscaping in Ohio  Elena Foulis and Glenn Martinez 9 Avenida San Juan: The Linguistic Landscape of Buffalo, New York’s Hispanic Heritage District  Amanda Dixson and Angela George 10 Humanizing Approaches to Emergent Bilingual Learners en confianza: Cultivating a Community Linguistic Landscape at a Bilingual Library in the Hispanic Kentucky Bluegrass  Steven Alvarez Part 3 Spanish in the Social Media Domain 11 Presencia Virtual: Spanish as a Heritage Language Speakers’ Use of Instagram to Forward Notions of Identity in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region  Patricia MacGregor-Mendoza and Gabriela Moreno 12 “Cuando me da la gana. Me AF”: Washingtonian Bilingual Speakers of Spanish on Facebook  Víctor Fernández-Mallat 13 Communicative Purposes behind Language Choice and “Netspeak”: Use of Facebook by Heritage Speakers of Spanish in the American Midwest  Laura Valentín-Rivera and Earl K. Brown 14 “Dope!! Puta vergona”: Identity “en el middle” and Language Choice in Instagram among Urban Music Affiliated Male Spanish Legacy Speakers from Da DMV  José L. Magro 15 Understanding Language Attitudes among Members of a New Latino Community in the Southeastern United States: From Speech to Tweets  Chad Howe and Philip P. Limerick Epilogue: U.S. Spanish as a Sociolinguistic Conundrum  Francisco Moreno-Fernández Index

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Book SynopsisThis book, the first of its kind, is dedicated to different Spanish varieties spoken in the Amazonian regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The contributions present diverse perspectives on theoretical, methodological, and descriptive characterizations of the study of Amazonian Spanish. It includes linguistic (phonological, syntactic, discourse-pragmatic), typological, ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and language contact approaches. The analyses of oral corpora include comparisons between monolingual and contact varieties of the speech of bilingual speakers who are native speakers of an indigenous Amazonian variety. This collection contributes to the fields of Hispanic and Amerindian Linguistics, and language contact.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Abbreviations Notes on Contributors Part 1 Spanish in Contact in the Amazon: Sociolinguistics 1 Introduction  Margarita Jara and Anna María Escobar 2 Ethnocultural Languages in the Study of Language Contact: The Case of Amazonian Spanish  Anna María Escobar Part 2 Discourse-Pragmatics, Phonology, and Morphosyntax 3 Mirativity in Peruvian Amazonian Spanish: An Account of the Discourse Marker Ya Vuelta  Margarita Jara and Pilar Valenzuela 4 Focus Marking in the Intonation of Peruvian Amazonian Spanish  Miguel García 5 Tonal Units and Their Phonological Behavior in Amazonian Spanish from La Merced (Peru): An Exploration of the Intonational Patterns of Declarative and Interrogative Sentences  Jose Elias-Ulloa 6 Apuntes sobre la (no) Distinción de las Palatales Sonoras en el Castellano de Iquitos  Nila Vigil 7 Depalatalization and Delateralization in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Spanish /ʎ/ in Contact with Kichwa  Erin O’Rourke 8 Number and Possession in Peruvian Amazonian Spanish: The Role of Animacy in the Emergence of Grammar  Rosa Vallejos 9 Feature Selection in Clitic Expression in Two Bilingual Amazonian Spanish Varieties  Elisabeth Mayer and Liliana Sánchez Part 3 Lexicon, Morphology, and Corpus 10 Dialectal Affiliation of the Quechua Loanwords in Peruvian Amazonian Spanish: A First Approximation  Roberto Zariquiey 11 Spanish-Quechua Symbiosis in Northern Expansion Varieties: Mixed Word Forms in Peruvian Amazonian Spanish and Colombian Inga  Pieter Muysken 12 El Componente del Subcorpus Oral ALEC como Muestra del Español Hablado en la Amazonía Colombiana  Diana Alejandra Hincapié Moreno, Wilmar Gentil López Barrios, Ruth Yanira Rubio López, Johnatan Estiven Bonilla Huérfano, y Julio Alexander Bernal Chávez Index

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Book SynopsisIn The Dutch Language in Japan (1600-1900) Christopher Joby offers the first book-length account of the knowledge and use of the Dutch language in Tokugawa and Meiji Japan. For most of this period, the Dutch were the only Europeans permitted to trade with Japan. Using the analytical tool of language process, this book explores the nature and consequences of contact between Dutch and Japanese and other language varieties. The processes analysed include language learning, contact and competition, code switching, translation, lexical, syntactic and graphic interference, and language shift. The picture that emerges is that the multifarious uses of Dutch, especially the translation of Dutch books, would have a profound effect on the language, society, culture and intellectual life of Japan.Trade Review"It is this story of Rangaku (Dutch Studies in Japan) which is the central topic of Christopher Joby’s masterful new book, published in January by Brill [...]. The many interesting results Joby has produced in the pursuit of this new, multidisciplinary approach to the case of Rangaku, are underpinned by a formidable scholarly apparatus. [...]. Great praise, then, for Joby’s wide ranging, solid and impressive new study – for its clarity of structure, its thoroughness of substance and apparatus, its innovative combination of disciplines and the depth of analysis this has made possible; for his exemplary grip on this complex subject matter, with its multitude of data, detail, sources, languages and speakers; for the force of his conclusions on the impact this contact with the Dutch has had on Japanese culture and society; and last but not least, for the quality of his many well-chosen and beautifully reproduced illustrations. Page after page, one encounters the same delightful scholarship, with which Joby sets a standard that will last long. His book is a major contribution to Japanese and Asian Studies, and will strongly appeal also to scholars in many other fields, such as Dutch studies, book history, translation studies, European expansion, colonial lexicography, multilingualism, and above all contact linguistics." ~ Reiner Salverda, University College London, UK, in Dutch Crossing (June 2021), DOI: 10.1080/03096564.2021.1937780. “[…]Joby’s comprehensive approach – combined with an eye for the telling detail – makes The Dutch Language in Japan an extremely worthwhile read. There is much to savor and learn here for Dutch historians.” ~ Martine van Ittersum, University of Dundee in BMGN — Low Countries Historical Review, (Vol. 136, 2021), review 41. "Dit werk zal ontgetwijfeld een belangrijke bron van informatie en referentie worden voor onderzoekers in een breed domein. [...] Dit boek is een aantrekkelijk gepresenteerde, waardevolle en rijke bijdrage, niet alleen aan de geschiedenis van culturele en wetenschappelijke uitwisseling tussen Japan en Nederland, maar ook aan bredere taalkundige en interculturele studies. Ik heb het met plezier en interesse doorgenomen en zal het zeker nog regelmatig van de plank halen." ~ Henk de Groot, Professor Emeritus, in Neerlandia (126/3, 2022), pp. 44-45.

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Book SynopsisBased on a multi-year ethnography in one Spanish-speaking community in New Jersey, this book is a meticulous account of six Mexican families that explores the relationship between siblings’ language use patterns, practices, and ideologies. Combining insights gained from language socialization and heritage language studies within the larger field of sociolinguistics, the book’s findings examine siblings’ sociolinguistic environments and the ways in which these Latino children use and view their multilingual resources in the home, school, and broader community. This study emphasizes the links between siblings’ language ideologies, agentive decision making, and linguistic patterns, and the ways in which birth order influences the different dimensions of heritage language maintenance in the U.S..Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures and Tables 1 Introduction Theoretical Background: Child Bilingualism and the Role of Sibling Order in Heritage Language Maintenance  Introduction  1 Linguistic Outcomes Related to Child Heritage Speakers  2 Language Socialization Practices and Family Language Policy  3 The Role of Birth Order in Multilingual Families  4 The Current Study 2 Local Context and Methods  1 Local Context of NJ Latino Community  2 Participants of the Current Study  3 Summary of Protocols  4 Data Analysis  5 Researcher Positionality 3 Siblings’ Language Use Patterns Connections between Linguistic Domains  Introduction  1 Siblings’ Language Background and Reported Proficiencies  2 Results from Expressive Vocabulary Assessments  3 Siblings’ Oral Narratives in Spanish  4 Conclusions 4 Siblings’ Language Ideologies and Identities  Introduction  1 Siblings’ Language Ideologies in Support of Bilingualism  2 Siblings’ Negative Language Ideologies toward Bilingualism  3 Siblings’ Language Identities and Group Memberships  4 Conclusions 5 Siblings’ Language Practices in the Home and Community  Introduction  1 The Home Language Practices of Daniel and Mia (Family 1)  2 The Home Language Practices of Brent and Kyle (Family 2)  3 The Home Language Practices of Benito and Oscar (Family 3)  4 The Home Language Practices of Samuel and Kendra (Family 4)  5 The Home Language Practices of Lani and Leo (Family 5)  6 The Home Language Practices of Bryce and Melvin (Family 6)  7 Conclusions 6 Siblings’ Language Practices in the School  Introduction  1 The School Language Practices of Daniel and Mia (Family 1)  2 The School Language Practices of Brent and Kyle (Family 2)  3 The School Language Practices of Benito and Oscar (Family 3)  4 The School Language Practices of Samuel and Kendra (Family 4)  5 The School Language Practices of Lani and Leo (Family 5)  6 The School Language Practices of Bryce and Melvin (Family 6)  7 Conclusions 7 Conclusion Rethinking Heritage Language Maintenance in the U.S.  Introduction  1 Summary of Findings  2 Discussion  3 Limitations and Directions for Future Research Appendix References Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on today’s kibbutz and the metamorphosis which it has undergone. Starting with theoretical considerations and clarifications, it discusses the far-reaching changes recently experienced by this setting. It investigates how those changes re-shaped it from a setting widely viewed as synonymous to utopia, but which has gone in recent years through a genuine transformation. This work questions the stability of that “renewing kibbutz”. It consists of a collective effort of a group of specialized researchers who met for a one-year seminar prolonged by research and writing work. These scholars benefitted from resource field-people who shared with them their knowledge in major aspects of the kibbutz’ transformation. This volume throws a new light on developmental communalism and the transformation of gemeinschaft-like communities to more gesellschaft-like associations. Contributors are: Havatselet Ariel, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, Miriam Ben-Rafael, Sigal Ben-Rafael Galanti, Yechezkel Dar, Orit Degani Dinisman, Yuval Dror, Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui, Alon Gal, Rinat Galily, Shlomo Gans, Sybil Heilbrunn, Michal Hisherik, Meirav Niv, Michal Palgi, Alon Pauker, Abigail Paz-Yeshayahu, Yona Prital, Moshe Schwartz, Orna Shemer, Michael Sofer, Menahem Topel, and Ury Weber.Trade Review“The book addresses a real gap in the understanding of most observers of the Israeli scene as to the role of the kibbutz in contemporary Israeli life and would be a valuable addition to any library”. Mindy C. Reiser, in AJL News and Reviews, December 2021 | January 2022.Table of Contents Preface  Contributors  List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables 1 Introduction: the Metamorphosis of a Utopia – What Next?  Eliezer Ben-Rafael 2 Outline of the Book  Orna Shemer Part 1: Economy, Organization, Employment 3 The New Kibbutz Economy  Eliezer Ben-Rafael with Menahem Topel 4 Changes in Organizational Behaviour – From Traditional to Renewed Kibbutzim  Yechezkel Dar and Shlomo Getz 5 From Work to Income: Employment and Entrepreneurship  Michal Palgi, Michael Sofer and Sibylle Heilbrunn Part 2: Community 6 Statuses in the Kibbutz  Merav Niv and Rinat Galily 7 Recognition, Redistribution, Representation: Women in the Kibbutz Today  Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui and Michal Palgi 8 Education in the Changing Kibbutz  Yuval Dror and Yona Prital 9 The Subjective Experience in the Transition from Crisis to Recovery  Havatzelet Ariel and Orna Shemer Part 3: Ideology and Politics> 10 Can a New Kibbutz Ideology Emerge in the Twenty-First Century?  Moshe Schwartz, Orit Degani Dinisman and Uri Weber 11 The Post-crisis Kibbutz and Its Relations with the Political Arena  Sigal Ben-Rafael Galanti, Alon Pauker and Michal Hisherik Part 4: Culture and Language 12 Between a Culture Community and Culture in the Community  Abigail Paz-Yeshayahu 13 Kibbutz: Local, Regional, and Israeli Judaism  Yuval Dror 14 Changing Languages of the Kibbutz Agenda along the Time-Continuum  Alon Gan 15 Linguistic Landscape in Kibbutzim: Speech Acts in Reverse  Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Miriam Ben-Rafael  Epilogue  Appendix: Selected Facts and Figures (2017)  Glossary  Index

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Book SynopsisMultilingualism and Ageing provides an overview of research on a large range of topics relating to language processing and language use from a life-span perspective. It is unique in covering and combining psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic approaches, discussing questions such as: Is it beneficial to speak more than one language when growing old? How are languages processed in multilingual persons, and how does this change over time? What happens to language and communication in multilingual aphasia or dementia? How is multilingual ageing portrayed in the media? Multilingualism and Ageing is a joint, cross-disciplinary venture of researchers from the Centre for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan at The University of Oslo and the editors of this publication.Table of ContentsMultilingualism and Ageing An Overview  Kees de Bot, Charlotta Plejert and Hanne Gram Simonsen Abstract Keywords Preface  1 Introduction  2 Theories of Multilingualism and Ageing  3 Methods in the Study of Multilingualism and Ageing  4 Psycholinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism and Ageing  5 Cognitive Effects of Multilingualism  6 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism and Ageing  7 Multilingualism and Neurological Disorders in Elderly People  8 Perspectives on Multilingualism and Ageing  Bibliography

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Book SynopsisIs the relation between gestures and language conventionalized? Is it possible to investigate the backgrounds of the users by means of these gestures? This book offers an in-depth analysis and description of five recurrent gestures used by Hausa speakers from northern Nigeria, examined from a cross-cultural perspective. The method based on studying naturalistic data available online (sermons, interviews and talk shows) can be applied to other languages with no speech corpora. Particular attention is paid to cultural practices and routinized behavior that affect both the form of a gesture and its meaning. Everyday activities, such as greetings and religious rituals, as well as social hierarchy and gender differences are reflected in gestures. The results show that gestures and language reveal the shared cultural background of the speakers and reflect identical cognitive processes.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures and Tables Notational Conventions Introduction  Data and Method of Analysis  Content of the Book 1 Function, Meaning and Form of Gestures  1.1 What is a Gesture?  1.2 Gesture Phase  1.3 Form of the Gesture  1.4 The Role of Context in Determining the Function and Meaning of Gestures in an Utterance  1.5 Human Hands as a Tool of Performing Gestures  1.6 Types of Gestures  1.7 Formal Approach Towards Gestures 2 Gestures, Language and Cognition  2.1 Why Do We Gesture?  2.2 Physical and Mental Integration of Language and Gestures  2.3 Correlations between Lexicon and Gestures  2.4 Correlations between Gestures and Grammar: Gesture-Grammar Nexus  2.5 Schema—the Way to Understand Gesture and Language  2.6 The Role of Metonymy in Language and Gestures  2.7 Gestures and Metaphors 3 Hausa Culture, Society and Conceptualization of the World Exposed in Gestures  3.1 Overview of the Hausa Culture  3.2 Face-to-Face Communication and Orality  3.3 The Connection between Listening and Understanding  3.4 Repetition  3.5 Alternate Use of Two Scripts: Latin and Arabic  3.6 Hierarchy and Social Stratification  3.7 Religious Practices  3.8 Summary 4 The “Two-Finger Tap” Gesture  4.1 The Form and Semantic Core of the “Two-Finger Tap” Gesture  4.2 Friendship  4.3 Marriage  4.4 Meeting or Being in the Same Place  4.5 Relationships between People  4.6 Connection  4.7 Equality and Comparison  4.8 Introducing the Gesture Schema  4.9 Cognitive Foundations of the “Two-Finger Tap” Gesture and the Hypothesis Concerning Its Origin  4.10 Meanings of the “Two-Finger Tap” Gesture 5 Grasping Power—the “Holding” Gesture  5.1 Heterogeneity of “Holding” Gesture  5.2 From the Mundane Action to Gesture  5.3 Giving, Taking and Receiving  5.4 Transfer  5.5 Reinforcement and Increase  5.6 Eagerness to Undertake an Action  5.7 Control and Power  5.8 Respect  5.9 Intensity and Quality  5.10 Linking the Notions Associated with the “Holding” Gesture  5.11 The Gesture Schema CONTROL and Its Cognitive Foundations 6 The “Washing” Gesture—a Member of the Family of “Away” Gestures  6.1 Two Variants of the “Washing” Gesture  6.2 Cleaning and Purification  6.3 Improving  6.4 Mental Dirt and Contamination  6.5 Carelessness and Passive Acceptance  6.6 Obviousness  6.7 Rejection and Withdrawal  6.8 Termination, Summary, Gist  6.9 Totality, Completeness, Infinity  6.10 Gesture Cluster  6.11 Factors Affecting the Form of the “Washing” Gesture  6.12 Gesture Schema REMOVAL 7 The “Shaking” Gesture and the Process of Schematization  7.1 Formal Variants of the “Shaking” Gesture  7.2 Finger Shaking and Negation  7.3 Termination and Nonexistence  7.4 The Concept of Truth and Certainty  7.5 Disagreement, Opposition, Rejection  7.6 Generality and Specificity  7.7 Linking the Notions Associated with the “Shaking” Gesture  7.8 Words Concurrent with the “Shaking” Gesture  7.9 Gesture Schema CORRECTION 8 The “Snapping” Gesture, the Audible Gestures and the Sounds Accompanying Gestures  8.1 Sounds in Gestures and Signs from the African Perspective  8.2 Oral Gestures—a Link between Language and Gestures  8.3 Audible Singular Gestures  8.4 Audible Emblems  8.5 The “Snapping” Gesture 9 Form and Meaning of Recurrent Gestures and Their Link to Speech  9.1 The Emergence of Recurrent Gestures  9.2 Cultural Conventions Affecting Form of Gestures  9.3 Common Conceptualization Patterns in Gestures and Language  9.4 Verbo-gestural Collocations  9.5 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisThe relationship between language and identity is a complex topic everywhere in the world, but maybe it is even more crucial for those people living in the Balkans who speak a Romance variety. This volume is the result of a project started by the Balkan History Association, and brings together scholars trained in social sciences and humanities to offer the reader a thorough sociolinguistic and anthropological account of this region. It constitutes a contribution to a reformulation of methodological and analytical issues, providing a better insight in the linguistic and geopolitical processes taking place in the area. Contributors are Michael Studemund-Halévy, Cătălin Mamali, Anna-Christine Weirich, Ewa Nowicka, Daniela-Carmen Stoica, Mircea Măran, Zvjezdana Vrzić, and Monica Huțanu.Trade Review"The added value of this volume lies in the fact that the essays are written by scholars with various scientific backgrounds and approaches in the field of humanities and social sciences that successfully demonstrate the complex relationship between language and identity of the Romance-speaking communities in the Balkans, groups that often can be regarded as hidden and/or marginalized. [...] I warmly recommend this volume to all who are interested in the scientific community, especially to those in the field of (Romance) linguistics and sociolinguistics. However, this book is not just for them, as it provides a valuable contribution to the topic of language and identity in a much wider context. I am sure that the larger public will also find interest in this attention-grabbing topic." -Petar Radosavljević, Ph.D., University of Zagreb, in Hiperboreea 8/1 (2021): 155-158. "I believe that this volume will be of particular use to all scholars and students interested in issues of linguistic diversity in the Balkans, not only to experts in Romance languages, but also to those who wish to explore the fascinating issues of multilingualism and minority languages in various urban and non-urban “post-imperial” contexts, with meaningful links to other communities in the wider Eurasian space. Moreover, I think it sets an important precedent and example that can inspire other experts to work on a similar project focusing on the languages of further minority groups in the Balkans in a transnational perspective." -Giustina Selvelli, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, in Linguist List, 32.3626, Tue, Nov 16, 2021Table of ContentsPreface Notes on Editors Notes on Contributors Introduction 1 From Rashi to Cyrillic: Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo) Texts in Cyrillic  Michael Studemund-Halévy 2 Political Terror and Repressed Aromanian Core Identity: Ways to Re-assert and Develop Ethnolinguistic Identity  Cătălin Mamali 3 Sociolinguistic Relations and Return Migration: Italian in the Republic of Moldova  Anna-Christine Weirich 4 Between Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Familial Memory: Identity Dilemmas among the Eastern Romance Communities of the Balkan Peninsula  Ewa Nowicka 5 Identity Constructions among the Members of the Aromanian Community in the Korçë Area  Daniela-Carmen Stoica 6 Megleno-Romanians in the Serbian Banat: Colonization and Assimilation  Mircea Măran 7 Nation-State Ideology and Identity and Language Rights of Linguistic Minorities: Prospects for the Vlashki/Zheyanski-Speaking Communities  Zvjezdana Vrzić 8 “What Language Do We Speak?” The Bayash in the Balkans and Mother Tongue Education  Annemarie Sorescu-Marinković 9 Performing Vlach-ness Online: The Enregisterment of Vlach Romanian on Facebook  Monica Huțanu Index

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Book SynopsisIn The Interpersonal Metafunction in 1 Corinthians 1-4, James D. Dvorak offers a linguistic-critical discourse analysis of 1 Cor 1-4 utilizing Appraisal Theory, a model rooted in the modern sociolinguistic paradigm known as Systemic-Functional Linguistics. This work is concerned primarily with the interpersonal meanings encoded in the text and how they pertain to the act of resocialization. Dvorak pays particular attention to the linguistics of appraisal in Paul’s language to determine the values with which Paul expects believers in Christ to align. This book will be of great value to biblical scholars and students with interests in biblical Greek, functional linguistics, appraisal theory, hermeneutics, exegesis, and 1 Corinthians.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Abbreviations 1 The Interpersonal Metafunction and Interpersonal Discourse Analysis  1 Introduction  2 Theory: Key Tenets and Presuppositions  3 Conclusion 2 “What’s Your Take?” A Model for the Analysis of Intersubjective Stance in Written Discourse  1 Introduction  2 Modeling appraisal  3 Analytical Procedure 3 “Tell Us How You Really Feel, Paul!” (Part 1)  An Appraisal Analysis of 1 Cor 1:1–2:16  1 Introduction  2 To Corinth with Love: The Letter Opening and Thanksgiving (1 Cor 1:1–9)  3 Is Christ Divided? The Problem of Coteries in Corinth (1 Cor 1:10–4:21) (Part i)  4 Conclusion 4 “Tell Us How You Really Feel, Paul!” (Part 2)  An Appraisal Analysis of 1 Cor 3:1–4:21  1 Is Christ Divided? The Problem of Coteries in Corinth (1 Cor 1:10–4:21) (Part 2)  2 Conclusion 5 Conclusion Appendix: Survey of the Literature on the Study of 1 Corinthians Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisChinese immigrants who settle in Russia’s Far East without formal instruction in the Russian language communicate with local Russians using Russian vocabulary. Each immigrant forms their language to communicate with Russians, not with family or other immigrants. The ‘single-generation languages’ that immigrants form are not replications or simplifications of Chinese or Russian. Grammatical systems formed by these speakers challenge some fundamental assumptions in early 21st-century linguistic theories. Grammatical systems of single-generation languages provide a unique window into how complex grammatical systems emerge, what are the first formal means of expression, and what are the first meanings expressed in grammatical systems. Given massive migrations in the contemporary world, single-generation languages are common, yet understudied, products of language contact.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Introduction  1 The aim of the work  2 The languages  3 The importance of this study  4 Previous research  5 Sino-Russian idiolects are not ‘new varieties’  6 Previous research on Sino-Russian  7 Methodology  8 The data  9 A note about glossing convention 2 Phonology  1 Previous scholarship on phonology  2 Segmental structure, constraints and rules of Mandarin  3 Segmental structure, constraints and rules of Russian  4 The Sino-Russian segmental inventory  5 Resolution of features and phonotactic constraints  6 Phonotactics  7 The dental sonorants: r, l and n distinction  8 Stress assignment  9 Conclusions and implications about phonology 3 Other formal means of coding  1 Introduction to formal means  2 The category ‘word’  3 Pauses  4 Linear orders as a coding means  5 Free grammatical morphemes  6 Conclusions regarding the formal means of coding in Sino-Russian 4 Lexicons of the Sino-Russian idiolects  1 Aim of the chapter  2 Lexical categories  3 Number of words and number of different words in the texts  4 Lexical convergence  5 The choice of lexical items  6 Conclusions about lexical items 5 The emergence of phrasal categories  1 The importance of the chapter  2 The emergence of the noun phrase  3 The emergence of prepositional phrases  4 Numeral phrases  5 Verb phrases (lack of)  6 The role of pauses in defining the phrasal structure  7 Conclusion about the emergence of phrasal categories 6 The noun phrase  1 The defining features and the formal means of coding within the noun phrase  2 Inceptive coding of number  3 Modification of one noun by another  4 Modification by a pronoun  5 Modification by a property concept  6 Modification by a quantifier  7 Conclusions about noun phrase 7 System of reference  1 Introduction  2 The formal coding means  3 Introduction of new entities in discourse  4 Coding an unknown member of a set  5 Reference left to listener’s computation  6 Switch reference within discourse: the function of pronouns  7 Deixis  8 Anaphora  9 Unspecified entity  10 Locative anaphora  11 Conclusions about the system of reference 8 Antecedent-follow up relation  1 The role of pauses  2 The antecedent-comment distinction  3 Utterance-internal pauses  4 Discourse connection  5 Non-propositional addressee and presentative function  6 Conclusions 9 Modality  1 Introduction  2 Assertive modality  3 Interrogative modality  4 Negation  5 Imperative: Expectation of the immediate implementation  6 Obligation without the expectation of implementation  7 Optative or purpose function  8 Prohibitive modality  9 Conclusions about modality 10 Aspectual system  1 Aspectual systems in Russian and in Mandarin  2 Punctual aspect  3 Progressive aspect  4 Conclusions about the emergence of aspect 11 Tense system  1 Introduction  2 Emergence of a future tense  3 The emergence of the past tense  4 Time in relation to another time  5 Conclusion about tense system 12 Non-verbal predications  1 Introduction  2 The role of linear order in verbless predications  3 Identificational predication  4 Possessive predication  5 Equational predication  6 Attributive predication  7 Quantifier as a predicate  8 Existential predication  9 Conclusions about verbless clauses 13 Relations between the verbal predicate and noun phrases  1 Theoretical issues  2 Position of the verbal predicate  3 Omission of the predicate  4 Clauses without noun phrases  5 Number of arguments in a Sino-Russian clause  6 The order of arguments in the clause  7 The semantic role of the single noun phrase in a verbal clause  8 Argument versus adjunct distinction  9 Coding of semantic relations of noun phrases  10 Locative complements  11 Do the categories subject and object exist in Sino-Russian idiolects?  12 Conclusions regarding the relations between the verbal predicate and noun phrases 14 Situating the Event in Here and Now 15 Adverbs of Manner  1 The Importance of the Chapter  2 Adverbs of Manner in Sino-Russian Idiolects  3 Conclusions Concerning the Position of Adverbs 16 Comment clause  1 The category comment clause  2 The functions of the comment clause  3 The emergence of the comment clause as a function  4 Conclusions about the comment clause 17 Topicalization  1 Introduction  2 Topicalization through the use of prepositions  3 Topicalization and the role of the pause  4 Topicalization of noun phrases and prepositional phrases  5 Topicalization through the use of the demonstrative ʹɛta  6 Conclusions about topicalization 18 Relations between propositions  1 Introduction  2 Default propositional relation  3 Unexpected follow-up  4 Discourse connection  5 Conclusions about relationship between propositions 19 Complementation  1 Introduction  2 Complements of verbs of saying  3 Complements of cognitive verbs  4 Modality of obligation and wish in complement clause  5 Complements of the verbs of liking and loving  6 Complements of verbs of perception  7 Complements of volitional verbs  8 Complements of cognitive verbs  9 Purpose clause  10 Reason clause  11 Relative clause  12 Conclusions about complementation and subordination 20 Comparative predications  1 Introduction  2 Equal comparison  3 Unequal comparison  4 Conclusions about comparative constructions 21 Summary and implications  1 The scope of the chapter  2 The coding means  3 The functions  4 Implications for linguistic theory and methodology  5 Understanding the Sino-Russian idiolects  6 Sino-Russian idiolects and language contact  7 The grammar formation process  8 Lexical items and lexical categories  9 Open questions 22 Sample of texts  1 Boris: Bread and sausage  2 Ivan  3 Lida  4 Sveta about her work  5 Sveta about the New Year celebration  6 Sveta about food  7 Sveta about Russians  8 Sveta about food  9 Anonymous  10 Nina  11 Sveta ‘Wolf and rabbit’  12 Lyuda  13 Slava  14 Egor  15 Andrey  16 Konstantin. Narration of the ‘Pear story’.  17 Fedya about himself  18 Anna about herself  19 Anna about language learning  20 Anna’s Pear Story References Index

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Book SynopsisNobody can deny that an account of grammatical change that takes written contact into consideration is a significant challenge for any theoretical perspective. Written contact of earlier periods or from a diachronic perspective mainly refers to contact through translation. The present book includes a diachronic dimension in the study of written language contact by examining aspects of the history of translation as related to grammatical changes in English and Greek in a contrastive way. In this respect, emphasis is placed on the analysis of diachronic retranslations: the book examines translations from earlier periods of English and Greek in relation to various grammatical characteristics of these languages in different periods and in comparison to non-translated texts.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Part 1 Written Language Contact and Grammatical Change in English and Greek 1 Written Language Contact and Translations  1.1 Terminology of Language Contact  1.2 Written Language Contact  Acknowledgements 2 Early History of Translations and Grammatical Change: Landmarks in the Development of Early Translations  2.1 Early History of Translations and Grammatical Change in English  2.2 Greek in Written Contact: History of Early Translations 3 Biblical Translations  3.1 The Corpus of Biblical Translations: Source of Evidence of Grammatical Change  3.2 Biblical Translations as Factor of Grammatical Change  3.3 English Biblical Translations: Examples of Corpus-Based Surveys 4 Intralingual Translations: Two Directions—to the Past or to the Present  4.1 Introduction  4.2 Intralingual Translations as Evidence of Grammatical Change  4.3 Types of Greek Intralingual Translations  4.4 Retranslations and Their Relation to Intralingual Translations 5 Examples of Studies on Grammatical Change in English through Translations  5.1 Translations and Multilingualism in the History of English  5.2 Grammatical Characteristics and the Effect of Other Languages in the Diachrony of English 6 From Syntactic Diglossia and Universal Bilingualism to What Diachronic Translations Can Tell Us about Grammatical Multiglossia  6.1 A Theoretical Proposal: Grammatical Multiglossia  6.2 Historical Grammatical Multiglossia, L2 and Bilingualism  6.3 Historical Grammatical Multiglossia and Ferguson’s Diglossia  6.4 Historical Grammatical Multiglossia as Related to (Seminatural Change Part 2 Data: English and Greek Translations and Grammatical Change 7 English Data  7.1 Voice, Argument Structure and Transitivity in English Biblical Diachronic Retranslations  7.2 Voice and Transitivity in English Diachronic Biblical vs. Non-biblical Translations  7.3 English Biblical vs. Non-biblical Diachronic Retranslations: Borrowing of Word-Formation Morphology 8 Greek Data  8.1 Greek Diachronic Retranslations of the New Testament: Voice and Argument Structure  8.2 Greek Diachronic Retranslations: Phrase Matching Approach  8.3 Greek vs. English Data: An Approach to the Diachrony of Written Language Contact 9 Conclusion Appendix 1: Further Information on the Texts of the Corpus (I–II) Appendix 2: (i) The Corpus of Translations of Biblical Texts; (ii) The Corpus of Translations of Boethius’ De Consolatione Philosophiae References Index

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Book SynopsisThis essay presents Gould’s distinctive system for analyzing kin terminologies showing the system’s power, importance, and usefulness—and showing its relationship to other approaches and the payoffs each aims at. In revealing significant new empirical regularities and simplifications, Gould’s analytic system implies important constraints on future analytic and interpretative approaches to kin terminologies. Some of these new insights involve the demonstration of the effect of distributed collective cognitive systems over and above the effects of repeated iterations of individual cognitive constraints or pressures. It is the peculiar nature of the kinterm domain that allows these findings to be so directly shown, but the implication is that these findings apply more generally to the collective cognitive systems that make up language and culture.Table of Contents Preface  Acknowledgements  List of Figures and Tables  Abstract  Keywords  Introduction  Part 1 General: Definitions, Basics, and Givens  Part 2 Notational Schemes  Part 3 Equalities, Equivalences and Equations  Part 4 Gould’s Kingraphs  Part 5 Analysis  Part 6 System Types  Part 7 The Fanti Case  Part 8 Overview  Conclusion  References Cited  Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on today’s kibbutz and the metamorphosis which it has undergone. Starting with theoretical considerations and clarifications, it discusses the far-reaching changes recently experienced by this setting. It investigates how those changes re-shaped it from a setting widely viewed as synonymous to utopia, but which has gone in recent years through a genuine transformation. This work questions the stability of that “renewing kibbutz”. It consists of a collective effort of a group of specialized researchers who met for a one-year seminar prolonged by research and writing work. These scholars benefitted from resource field-people who shared with them their knowledge in major aspects of the kibbutz’ transformation. This volume throws a new light on developmental communalism and the transformation of gemeinschaft-like communities to more gesellschaft-like associations. Contributors are: Havatselet Ariel, Eliezer Ben-Rafael, Miriam Ben-Rafael, Sigal Ben-Rafael Galanti, Yechezkel Dar, Orit Degani Dinisman, Yuval Dror, Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui, Alon Gal, Rinat Galily, Shlomo Gans, Sybil Heilbrunn, Michal Hisherik, Meirav Niv, Michal Palgi, Alon Pauker, Abigail Paz-Yeshayahu, Yona Prital, Moshe Schwartz, Orna Shemer, Michael Sofer, Menahem Topel, and Ury Weber.Table of Contents Preface  Contributors  List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables 1 Introduction: the Metamorphosis of a Utopia – What Next?  Eliezer Ben-Rafael 2 Outline of the Book  Orna Shemer Part 1: Economy, Organization, Employment 3 The New Kibbutz Economy  Eliezer Ben-Rafael with Menahem Topel 4 Changes in Organizational Behaviour – From Traditional to Renewed Kibbutzim  Yechezkel Dar and Shlomo Getz 5 From Work to Income: Employment and Entrepreneurship  Michal Palgi, Michael Sofer and Sibylle Heilbrunn Part 2: Community 6 Statuses in the Kibbutz  Merav Niv and Rinat Galily 7 Recognition, Redistribution, Representation: Women in the Kibbutz Today  Sylvie Fogiel-Bijaoui and Michal Palgi 8 Education in the Changing Kibbutz  Yuval Dror and Yona Prital 9 The Subjective Experience in the Transition from Crisis to Recovery  Havatzelet Ariel and Orna Shemer Part 3: Ideology and Politics> 10 Can a New Kibbutz Ideology Emerge in the Twenty-First Century?  Moshe Schwartz, Orit Degani Dinisman and Uri Weber 11 The Post-crisis Kibbutz and Its Relations with the Political Arena  Sigal Ben-Rafael Galanti, Alon Pauker and Michal Hisherik Part 4: Culture and Language 12 Between a Culture Community and Culture in the Community  Abigail Paz-Yeshayahu 13 Kibbutz: Local, Regional, and Israeli Judaism  Yuval Dror 14 Changing Languages of the Kibbutz Agenda along the Time-Continuum  Alon Gan 15 Linguistic Landscape in Kibbutzim: Speech Acts in Reverse  Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Miriam Ben-Rafael  Epilogue  Appendix: Selected Facts and Figures (2017)  Glossary  Index

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the tension between a strategy of language maintenance (protecting and reinforcing the language where it is still spoken by community members) and a strategy of language revitalization (opening up access to the language to all interested people and encouraging new domains of its use). The case study presented concerns a grammar school in Upper Lusatia, which hosts the coexistence of a community of Upper Sorbian-speakers and a group of German native speakers who are learning Upper Sorbian at school. The tensions between these two groups studying at the same school are presented in this book against the background of various language strategies, practices and ideologies. The conflict of interests between the “traditional” community which perceives itself as the “guardians” of the minority language and its potential new speakers is played off on different levels by policy-makers and may be read through different levels of language policy and planning.

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Book SynopsisJapanese is definitely one of the best-known languages in typological literature. For example, typologists often assume that Japanese is a nominative-accusative language. However, it is often overlooked that Japanese, or more precisely, Tokyo Japanese, is just one of various local varieties of the Japonic language family (Japanese and Ryukyuan). In fact, the Japonic languages exhibit a surprising typological diversity. For example, some varieties display a split-intransitive as opposed to nominative-accusative system. The present volume is thus a unique attempt to explore the typological diversity of Japonic by providing a collection of grammatical sketches of various local varieties, four from Japanese dialects and five from Ryukyuan. Each grammatical sketch follows the same descriptive format, addressing a wide range of typological topics.Table of ContentsContents Preface List of Figures and Tables Abbreviations 1 The Japonic Languages: an Introduction  Michinori Shimoji 2 Tokunoshima (Kagoshima, Northern Ryukyuan)  Kanji Kato 3 Iheya (Okinawa, Northern Ryukyuan)  Salvatore Carlino 4 Kin (Okinawa, Northern Ryukyuan)  Koji Tamamoto 5 Aragusuku (Okinawa, Southern Ryukyuan)  Wang Danning 6 Shiraho (Okinawa, Southern Ryukyuan)  Yuko Urabe 7 Nambu (Aomori, Eastern Japanese)  Natsuko Nakagawa 8 Izumo (Shimane, Western Japanese)  Tatsuya Hirako 9 Yanagawa (Fukuoka, Kyūshū Japanese)  Aoi Matsuoka 10 Shiiba (Miyazaki, Kyūshū Japanese)  Michinori Shimoji and Naoyuki Hirosawa Index

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Book SynopsisFrom rethinking feminist archives, to inserting postpornography in academia, to approaching sex toys from a transpositive perspective, to dismantling the foundations of techno-capitalism, the areas of inquiry in this book are lenses through which to explore the relationships between genders, bodies and technologies. All the various chapters work to reimagine the body as a hybrid, malleable and subversive source of potentiality. These essays offer readers road maps for unimagined and uncharted social scapes: the relationship between bodies–technologies–genders means working within a space of monstrosity. Through this embodied discomfort the book questions existing techno-social norms, and imagines tranfeminist futures. Contributors are: Carlotta Cossutta, Valentina Greco, Arianna Mainardi, Stefania Voli, Lucía Egaña Rojas, Ludovico Virtù, Angela Balzano, Obiezione Respinta, Elisa Virgili, Rachele Borghi, and Diego Marchante “Genderhacker”.Table of ContentsList of Figures Notes on Contributors Translators’ Note   Julia Heim and Sole Anatrone A Note on the English Edition 1 Where the Margins Aren’t Borders   Carlotta Cossutta, Valentina Greco, Arianna Mainardi and Stefania Voli 2 Technofeminism Notes for a Transfeminist Technology (Version 3.0)   Lucía Egaña Rojas 3 Dis/Organizing D-I-Y Sexuality A Trans Perspective   Ludovico Virtù 4 Virtual Interfaces of Biotech Reproduction   Angela Balzano 5 Objection Denied   Obiezione Respinta 6 If I Was a Rich Girl Three Manifestos for Rethinking the Relationship between Gender, Technology and Capital   Elisa Virgili 7 eva kunin * Arigato (Gozaimasu) ebook   eva kunin 8 Notes from the Center’s Margins   Rachele Borghi (Zarra Bonheur) 9 Transcyborgdyke A Transfeminist and Queer Perspective on Hacking the Archive   Diego Marchante “Genderhacker” 10 Surveillance, Subjectivity and Public Space A Gendered Look at Technologies   Carlotta Cossutta and Arianna Mainardi Translators’ Epilogue   Julia Heim and Sole Anatrone Index

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Book SynopsisWhen I entered her shop, my friend turned to me and said: «Arà, che si dice?» (‘Hey there, how you doing?’). This was not a full-fledged sentence in Italian, as she had thrown a little Sicilian word in – arà. It was a greeting, of course, but also a way of expressing her surprise at seeing me there, and a way of prompting me to start our conversation. The fact she used Sicilian had a clear meaning too: the vernacular indicates a shared social identity. In a nutshell, this book analyses the cases of Sicilian arà and mentri to understand the complexity of discourse markers: what functions they perform, how they evolve historically, and what their social meaning is in a bilingual speech community.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures Introduction 1 The Theoretical and Methodological Framework  1.1 Discourse Markers (DM s) as a Research Object  1.2 Methodology: Approach, Area, and Data of the Research 2 Synchronic Analysis  2.1 The Case of arà  2.2 The Case of mentri 3 Diachronic Analysis  3.1 The Evolution of DM s: General Issues  3.2 Reconstructing the Evolution of arà  3.3 Reconstructing the Evolution of mentri 4 Sociolinguistic Analysis  4.1 DM s and Language Contact in the Repertoire  4.2 DM s and Social Meaning in the Community Conclusion Appendix 1: List of Diachronic Sources Appendix 2: List of Transcription Symbols Appendix 3: Socio-demographic Information About the Speakers (cf. § 4.2.1) Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book exemplifies that research into linguistic and cultural diversity not only contributes to the reduction of unjust human relations, but also has its own added value in creating and exposing new connections, relationships, identities, and communities through intercultural communication. It is not a handbook but offers nine studies that illustrate the reflection process from different scholarly perspectives. The approaches in this volume are interaction approach, contrastive approach, cultural representation approach, multilingualism approach and transfer approach including research into intercultural competences. Together, the chapters illustrate the essence of the essentialism and non-essentialism debate regarding diversity and inclusion.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors Part 4 Multilingual Approach 11 Speaking Dutch in Indonesia: Language and Identity  Martin Everaert, Anne-France Pinget and Dorien Theuns 12 The Effect of Migration on Identity: Sociolinguistic Research in a Plurilingual Setting  Elisa Candido 13 The Impact of Bilingual Education on Written Language Development of Turkish-German Students’ L2  Esin Gülbeyaz 14 Linguistic Advantages of Bilingualism: The Acquisition of Dutch Pronominal Gender  Elena Tribushinina and Pim Mak Part 5 Transfer / Intercultural Competence Approach 15 Different Frames of Reference [The Thing about Dutch Windows]  Debbie Cole 16 Education, Mobility and Higher Education: Fostering Mutual Knowledge through Peer Feedback  Emmanuelle Le Pichon-Vorstman and Michèle Ammouche-Kremers 17 English & Cultural Diversity: A Website for Teaching English as a World Language  Bridget van de Grootevheen 18 Turning International Experience into Intercultural Learning: Intercultural Ethnographies of Students Abroad  Jana Untiedt and Annelies Messelink 19 The Intercultural Deskpad: A Reflection Tool to Enhance Intercultural Competences  Karen Schoutsen, Rosanne Severs and Jan D. ten Thije Appendix: Contents Volume 1 Index of Names General Index

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Book SynopsisHow do you react to an intercultural situation that you do not understand? There are four options. You wait until it’s over. You adjust your behavior and “do as the natives do.” You blame the other as strange and stupid. Or you start to wonder by thinking about yourself and the other(s). This last option is called a Rich Point. This book provides an overview of research into intercultural communication. It is not a handbook, but offers nine studies that illustrate the reflection process from different scholarly perspectives. The approaches in this volume are the interaction approach, contrastive approach and cultural representational approach. Volume 2 offers nine additional chapters exemplifying the multilingualism approach and transfer approach including research into intercultural competences. Together, the chapters illustrate the essence of the essentialism and non-essentialism debate regarding diversity and inclusion. Have you ever found yourself in an intercultural situation you did not understand? How did you react? Did you wonder if you could have reacted differently? What have you learnt that could support you in similar future occasions? Test your knowledge of Intercultural Communication with this quiz! linkTable of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction: The Impact of (Non-)essentialism on Defining and Examining Intercultural Communication  Jan D. ten Thije Part 1 Interactive Approach 2 Discourse-Pragmatic Description  Kristin Bührig and Jan D. ten Thije 3 It’s Not All Black and White: Ethnic Self-Categorization of Multiethnic Dutch Millennials  Naomi Kok Luìs 4 Informal Interpreting in General Practice: Interpreters’ Roles Related to Trust and Control  Rena Zendedel, Bas van den Putte, Julia van Weert, Maria van den Muijsenbergh and Barbara Schouten 5 Gender Studies and Oral History Meet Intercultural Communication  Izabella Agardi, Arla Gruda, Shu-Yi (Nina) Huang and Berteke Waaldijk Part 2 Contrastive Approach 6 Cultural Filters in Persuasive Texts: A Contrastive Study of the Dutch and Italian IKEA Catalogs  Jan D. ten Thije and Manuela Pinto 7 An Analysis of Dutch and German Migration Discourses  Christoph Sauer Part 3 Cultural Representational Approach 8 Cultural Representation in Disney’s Cinderella and its Live-Action Adaptation  Azra Alagić and Roselinde Supheert 9 Turkish Transformations through Italian Eyes  Raniero Speelman 10 Fading Romantic Archetypes: Representing Poland in Dutch National Press in 1990 and 2014  Emmeline Besamusca and Daria van Kolck (Boruta) Appendix: Contents Volume 2 Index of Names General Index

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an empirically based examination of language patterns found among the Israeli Druze community, which is profiled against that of the Arabs in Israel. The results document the emergence of a mixed language previously undescribed and provides a socio-political analysis. This study intends thus to make a contribution to the debate on "mixed languages", introducing a model that facilitates the analysis of the link bewteen codeswitching and sociopolitical identity. Special attention is paid to the assessment of language and identity issues of Golan Heights Druze and Israeli Druze, taking into exam two major political debates within these communities, regarding the Israeli Nation-state Law and the so-called ‘Syrian–Israeli secret Golan deal’ speculation.

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Book SynopsisThe development of teaching and learning materials is an essential component of endangered language revitalisation, yet there is very little academic research on this crucial topic. Our volume seeks to address this imbalance by examining endangered language pedagogical materials from around the world including traditional resources such as grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks, as well as new media such as online courses, apps, video games, etc. Chapters provide theoretical and applied perspectives, and consider Indigenous and other threatened languages from various regions of the world including the Americas, Australia, Europe, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. This volume is the first in the FEL Yearbook Series.Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables List of Maps Notes on Contributors Introduction  Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi and Lily Kahn Part 1 Innovative Teaching and Learning Materials 1 Resourcing an Awakening Language: Kaurna of the Adelaide Plains, South Australia  Rob Amery, Mary-Anne Gale, and Susie Greenwood 2 Activating Resources for Teaching and Learning an Indigenous Australian Language Online: The Case of Bininj Kunwok  Catherine Bow 3 Contributions of the Mercator Centre and the Foundation for Siberian Cultures to Educational Materials for Endangered Languages: The Case of Itelmen  Tjeerd de Graaf and Erich Kasten 4 Experiences in Teaching an Endangered Language: Finding the Motivation and Means to Ensure the Acquisition of Livonian  Valts Ernštreits and Gunta Kļava Part 2 Educational Contexts for Teaching and Learning Materials 5 Not Enough Words: Language Acquisition and Identity Work in Tertiary-Level Gaelic-Medium Education  Timothy Currie Armstrong 6 Empowering Teachers and Students: Torwali Education Practices and Learning Materials  Mujahid Torwali and Jakelin Troy 7 Mother Tongue Education with Indigenous Trainee Teachers: The Açaí Project  Vera da Silva Sinha and Wany Bernardete de Araujo Sampaio 8 Exploring the Uses of Multilingual Dictionaries among the Safaliba in Ghana and the Gorontalo in Indonesia  Colleen Alena O’Brien and Ari Sherris Part 3 Ideological Issues regarding Teaching and Learning Materials 9 ‘It’s Our Turn Now’: The Tehuelches’ Own Artefactualisation of Their Language  Javier Domingo 10 ‘We Didn’t Wear Skirts’: Extralinguistic Factors in the Development of Wayoro Pedagogical Materials  Antônia Fernanda de Souza Nogueira, Gilson Wajuru Massaká, and Adão Wajuru 11 Ukrainian Language Revitalization Online: Targeting Ukraine’s Russian Speakers  Natalia Kudriavtseva Part 4 Teaching and Learning Methods for Endangered Languages 12 Can We Apply ‘Large Languages’ Teaching Methods to the Teaching of Endangered Languages?  Meili Fang and David Nathan 13 The Revitalization of Tobati, an Endangered Language of Papua in Indonesia  Satwiko Budiono 14 The Media-Based Syllabus for Adult Minority Language Learning  Tobias Weber Part 5 Orthography Development for Endangered Language Pedagogy 15 Writing for the Future: An Orthography for Heritage and New Speakers of a Critically Endangered Language  Jhonnatan Rangel 16 Changing Attitudes, Orthographic Variation, and the Creation of Pedagogical and Literacy Materials for Endangered Languages: The Case of Blanga, Solomon Islands  Radu Voica 17 Using Children’s Native Language Repertoire to Develop Literacy Materials: Early Writing in Torwali  Zubair Torwali 18 Developing Materials for Endangered Indigenous Scripts in the Philippines: Lessons from Mindoro  Louward Allen Zubiri, Anya Postma, Uyan Daay, Johnny Solina, Dindo Agan, Pinoy Tugas, Christopher Baylan, and Emerenciana Catapang Index

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Book SynopsisCerea, madamin, andoma bin? Less than a century ago, this was one of the most frequent greetings heard in Piedmont, a region in northwest Italy. Today, however, Piedmontese is severely endangered. This volume presents the first widely accessible and comprehensive grammatical description of the contemporary koine, covering its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics and typology, and drawing examples from both oral and written sources. Data on the history of the language and the local dialects and notes on revitalization efforts are also included.Table of ContentsConventions, Glosses and Symbols Maps of Place Names in Piedmont Mentioned in the Grammar List of Maps, Tables and Figures 1 The Language and Its History, Classification and Variation  1.1 Overview: Language and Speakers  1.2 Disentangling Classification and Ideology  1.3 The Dialects of Piedmontese: Features and Classification  1.4 The Internal Classification of the Piedmontese Varieties  1.5 Social Varieties in Old Piedmontese  1.6 The Speech of the Piedmontese Jews, Sinti and Waldensians  1.7 A Short Linguistic History of Piedmont  1.8 An Outline of the Piedmontese Literature 2 Phonetics and Phonology  2.1 Default Articulation of Phonemes  2.2 Loan Phonemes, Borrowing and Adaptation  2.3 Previous Accounts of the Phonology of Piedmontese  2.4 Phonetic Processes  2.5 Positional Restrictions on the Occurrence of Phonemes  2.6 Syllables  2.7 Clusters  2.8 Length  2.9 Stress  2.10 Pitch and Intonation 3 Writing System and Orthography  3.1 Overview  3.2 History  3.3 Evaluation 4 Words, Word Constituents and Word Classes  4.1 Roots, Stems, Words, Affixes and Clitics  4.2 Morphological Mechanisms  4.3 Suppletion  4.4 Syncretism  4.5 Word Classes 5 Nouns  5.1 Overview  5.2 Gender  5.3 Number  5.4 Derivational Morphology of Nouns 6 Adjectives  6.1 Overview  6.2 Semantics of Adjectives  6.3 Morphology of Adjectives  6.4 Comparative Constructions  6.5 Adjectives as Nouns  6.6 Derivational Morphology of Adjectives 7 Personal Pronouns  7.1 Overview  7.2 Independent Personal Pronouns  7.3 Subject Personal Pronouns  7.4 Non-subject Personal Pronouns: Object and Indirect Object  7.5 Interrogative Subject Clitics  7.6 Reflexive, Reciprocal and Impersonal Personal Pronouns  7.7 Attributive Pronoun  7.8 Lexicalized Verb-Clitic Constructions  7.9 Post-Tonic Vowel Dropping  7.10 Sequences of Clitics 8 Grounding and Deixis  8.1 Overview  8.2 Determiners and Classifiers  8.3 Deixis  8.4 Possessives 9 Quantifiers  9.1 Numerals  9.2 Generic Quantifiers  9.3 Negative Quantifiers  9.4 Interrogative Quantifiers  9.5 Quantificational Quantifiers 10 Verbs  10.1 Semantic Overview  10.2 Morphological Overview  10.3 Affixes, Allomorphy and Syncretism  10.4 Historical and Comparative Notes  10.5 Moods and Tenses  10.6 Use of the Auxiliaries  10.7 Verbal Derivation 11 Verbal Periphrases and Modalities  11.1 Valency-Increasing Operation, 1: Causative  11.2 Valency-Increasing Operation, 2: Permissive  11.3 Valency-Increasing Operation, 3: Middle  11.4 Modal Verbs  11.5 Progressive and Continuous  11.6 Imminential  11.7 Inchoative  11.8 Durative  11.9 Terminative  11.10 Immediative  11.11 Iterative 12 Adverbs  12.1 Overview  12.2 Predicate Adverbs  12.3 Degree Adverbs and Focalizers  12.4 Sentence Adverbs  12.5 Linking Adverbs  12.6 Adverb Formation Rules and Productivity 13 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases  13.1 The Expression of Location and Movement  13.2 Basic Prepositions  13.3 Non-basic Prepositions  13.4 Prepositional Use of Adverbs  13.5 Attributive Phrases and Binominal Constructions 14 Phrases  14.1 The Structure of the Noun Phrase  14.2 Grounding and Ordering of Phrases  14.3 Adjectival Phrases  14.4 Temporal Phrases and Telling the Time 15 Clauses  15.1 Non-verbal Predication  15.2 Declarative Clauses  15.3 Introducing the Ubiquitous che  15.4 “Bare” che in Non-verbal Predication  15.5 Relative Clauses  15.6 Imperative Clauses  15.7 Exhortative Clauses  15.8 Mirative and Exclamative Clauses  15.9 Questions  15.10 The Expression of Atmospheric Events 16 Linkage  16.1 Coordination  16.2 Subordination 17 Negation  17.1 Overview  17.2 Sentence Negators  17.3 Negation with Scope over Smaller Units  17.4 Other Negative Items  17.5 Negative Concord  17.6 Holophrastic Negation 18 Pragmatics and Discourse  18.1 Information Structure and Sentence Word Order  18.2 Hanging Topics and Clefts  18.3 Discourse Markers 19 Piedmontese in a Typological Perspective  19.1 Genealogy and Overview  19.2 Phonology  19.3 Morphosyntax  19.4 Lexical Typology  19.5 Piedmontese, Standard Average European, and Other Romance Languages 20 Use, Contact and Care: Codeswitching, Endangerment, Enrichment and Standardization  20.1 Language Ideology through Language Use  20.2 The Long Road toward Resurgence  20.3 Envoi Appendix: Text References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book takes a fresh look at the challenge of setting up educational writing intervention studies in authentic class contexts. In four sections, the book offers innovative approaches on how to conceptualize, design, implement, and evaluate writing interventions for research purposes. Hot topics in the field such as professional development for scaling up writing interventions, building research practice partnerships, implementation variation and fidelity, and response to intervention are addressed. To illustrate the proposed approaches for writing promotion, the book showcases a wide variety of writing interventions from around the world, ranging from single-participant designs to large-scale intervention studies in writing.Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors 1 Writing Intervention Research in Authentic Classroom Contexts: A Brief Introduction  Fien De Smedt, Renske Bouwer, Teresa Limpo and Steve Graham Part 1 Conceptualizing a Writing Intervention 2 Writing Instruction and Intervention Research: A Historical and Theoretical Perspective  Steve Graham Part 2 Designing High-Quality Interventions Research in Writing 3 Designing and Reporting Interventions: From a Blueprint to a Systematic and Analytic Description  Fien De Smedt 4 Designing Large-Scale Intervention Studies to Identify What Works in Writing  Kausalai (Kay) Wijekumar, Puiwa Lei and Herb Turner 5 Single Participant Designs: A Successful Method for Validating Writing Instruction  Jean Schumaker Part 3 Implementing Writing Interventions in Authentic Classroom Contexts 6 Practice-Based Professional Development for Scaling Up Writing Interventions: Lessons Learned and Challenges Remaining  Karen Harris, April Camping and Debra McKeown 7 Implementing Interventions in Authentic Classroom Contexts Researching with Professional Communities through Building Research Practice Partnerships  Judy Parr, Debra Myhill and Rebecca Jesson 8 Fidelity of Implementation  Amy Gillespie Rouse 9 Response to Intervention as a Framework to Implement Writing Interventions: Opportunities and Challenges  María Arrimada Part 4 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Writing Interventions 10 Guidelines for the Validation of Writing Assessment in Intervention Studies  Renske Bouwer, Elke Van Steendam and Marije Lesterhuis 11 Process Measures as Input for and as Outcome of Writing Intervention Studies  Nina Vandermeulen 12 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Writing Interventions: Motivational Outcomes  Sharon Zumbrunn and Roger Bruning 13 Qualitative and Mixed Methods in Assessing Writing Interventions  Anna Hall, Beth Beschorner, Kelley White and Qianyi Gao 14 On Multilevel Modeling in Writing Research: An Example  Huub van den Bergh and Sven De Maeyer 15 Reflections on Some Key Issues in Research on Writing Interventions  Charles A. MacArthur Index

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Book SynopsisEliezer and Miriam Ben-Rafael investigate world-cities’ linguistic landscapes about the intermingling influences of globalization, the national principle and multiculturalism through conjunctions of their respective codes - lingua francas, national languages and ethnic vernaculars. These analyses lead to the elaboration of a paradigm of multiple globalizations.Trade Review",,, the book is valuable for providing an overarching framework of societal influences upon the LL of world-cities. Scholars will also benefit immensely from the authors' summaries of a wealth of sociological theory bearing upon modernity, globalisation, multiculturalism and transnational diasporas, and nationhood." - Robert A. Troyer, Western Oregon University, in: Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development “This volume is undoubtedly a very solid contribution to the rather new field of LL (Linguistic Landscapes): on the one hand because of its sound grounding in sociological theory on globalization and multiculturalism, and on the other, for the promising theoretical model Ben-Rafael and Ben-Rafael have elaborated of a LL paradigm for multiple globalizations.” - Christine Hélot, University of Strasbourg, in: Linguistic Landscape 6/1 (2020)Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures, Illustrations and Tables Abbreviations Introduction 1 Investigating Multiple Globalizations  1 Linguistic Landscapes  2 World-cities and Globalization  3 Multiculturalism  4 The National Principle  5 Research Questions and the Theoretical Argument  6 In Search of Singularities 2 Methodologies and Research Objectives  1 The Research Settings  2 Collecting and Analyzing Data  3 Summing Up 3 Berlin  1 Introduction  2 Globalization in Downtowns  3 Galeries Lafayette  4 A Residential Middle-Class Neighborhood  5 A Turkish-Speaking Area  6 A Mixed Turkish-Arab Area  7 Where Arabic-Speakers Dominate  8 Conclusion 4 Paris  1 Introduction  2 The Champs Elysées  3 Chinatown  4 Jewish Sarcelles-Pletzel  5 Islam at the Goutte d’Or  6 Conclusion 5 Brussels  1 A Hub of Contradictions  2 Downtown Brussels  3 French-Speaking Neighborhoods  4 Flemish Areas  5 Arab Muslim Neighborhoods  6 The sub-Saharan Quarter  7 The Asian Quarter  8 The Turkish Neighborhood  9 The European Quarter  10 Conclusion 6 London  1 Introduction  2 Central London’s LL  3 Golders Green  4 Chinatown in Soho  5 London’s Little India  6 Conclusion 7 Tel Aviv-Jaffa  1 Introduction  2 Downtowns  3 Ramat Hasharon  4 Bnei Brak  5 Old Rosh Ha’Ayin  6 Ajami  7 The Central Bus Station  8 Conclusion 8 Downtowns Around the World  1 Introduction  2 Tokyo-Yokohama  3 New Delhi  4 Addis Ababa  5 Three cases – not too far away 9 An LL Paradigm for Multiple Globalizations  1 The Sociological Perspective  2 Configurations in Downtowns  3 Residential Areas  4 Ethno-cultural Quarters  5 Empirical Conclusions: Answering the Research Questions 10 Emblems of Singularities  1 Introduction  2 The Wall of Berlin: The East Gallery  3 Paris under-the-ground  4 Brussels’ Comic Strip Murals  5 London’s Double-Decker Buses  6 Tel Aviv: the Florentin neighborhood  7 Conclusion 11 General Conclusions  1 A sociology of Linguistic Landscape  2 From Modernity to Multiple Modernities  3 Globalization Instead of Modernity?  4 Multiculturalism and Transnational Diasporas  5 The Pertinence of the Nation  6 Multiple Globalizations Appendix 1: Indexes of Globalization Appendix 2: Major Areas of Destination for Contemporary Migration Flows Appendix 3: Number of Civil Servants per Population (Selected European Countries) Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisCovering all seven countries on the isthmus, this volume presents the first collection of original linguistic studies on Central American Spanish varieties, which have long been neglected in Hispanic Linguistics. The analyses in this collection span across disciplines such as sociolinguistics, corpus linguistics, bilingualism, historical linguistics, and pragmatics. This volume bridges the gap between international and Central American scholars, as it highlights the work that has already been done by Central American scholars but is relatively unknown to scholars outside of the region. It also introduces readers to more recent work that sheds new light on Central American Spanish varieties, from both urban and rural settings as well as in bilingual communities where Spanish is in contact with indigenous languages.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures, Maps, and Tables Notes on Contributors 1 On the Linguistic Analysis of Central American Spanish in Monolingual and Bi/Multilingual Contexts  Brandon Baird, Osmer Balam, and M. Carmen Parafita Couto 2 Rhotic Variation in Northern Belize: Beyond Tap-Trill Contrast Maintenance  Trevor Bero 3 Phonological Contrast Maintenance and Language Contact An Examination of the Spanish Rhotic System in a Bilingual Guatemalan Speech Community  Sean McKinnon 4 Variation of Absolute-Final /s/ in Tegucigalpa Spanish  Julio Ventura and Brandon Baird 5 Social Evaluations of Onset /s/ Lenition in Salvadoran Spanish  Franny D. Brogan, Lia Slotten, and Juan Manuel Menjívar 6 An Initial ToBI Analysis of Costa Rican Spanish Intonation  Eva Patricia Velásquez Upegui 7 Two Contact Induced Grammatical Changes in Spanish in Contact with Tz’utujil in Guatemala  Ana Isabel García Tesoro 8 Big Data and Small Dialects: Transitive andar in Central American Spanish  Shannon P. Rodríguez and Chad Howe 9 Variable Number Marking in Mosquito Coast Spanish  Madeline Critchfield 10 The Historical Evolution of Usted in Costa Rican Spanish  Munia Cabal-Jiménez 11 Rates and Constraints of Present Perfect and Preterit in Costa Rican Spanish: A Variationist Approach  Javier Rivas and Érick García Pineda 12 Address Pronouns in Panamanian Spanish A Historical Overview  Miguel Ángel Quesada Pacheco 13 Corner-Store Service Encounters in Nicaraguan Spanish in a Rural Setting  Jeff Michno, Evan Colby Myers and Will Przedpelski 14 Central American Spanish: Then, Now, and Onward  John M. Lipski Index

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