Scientific equipment, experiments and techniques Books

Book SynopsisAdopting a didactical approach from fundamentals to actual experiments and applications, this handbook and ready reference covers real-time observations using modern scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while also providing information on the required stages and samples. The text begins with introductory material and the basics, before describing advancements and applications in dynamic transmission electron microscopy and reflection electron microscopy. Subsequently, the techniques needed to determine growth processes, chemical reactions and oxidation, irradiation effects, mechanical, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties as well as cathodoluminiscence and electromigration are discussed.Table of Contents((short)) Basics Thermodynamics Mechanical Properties Magnetic Properties Optical Properties Electronic Properties Ferroelectric Properties Soft Matter ((long)) I. Basics Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Focused Ion Beam Microscopy (FIB) Transmission Electron Microscopy (including HRTEM and STEM) Camera Systems for Dynamic TEM Experiments II. Thermodynamics Growth Processes Melting and Pre-melting Chemical Reactions and Oxidation Interface Kinetcs Formation of Silicides from a-Si and metal layers Formation of Surface Patterns observed by Reflection Electron Microscopy III. Mechanical Properties The FIB Platform Mechanical Tests in the SEM Strain Mapping by Image Correlation (SEM to HRTEM) Dislocation Mechanisms New Developments: In-situ Nanoindentation, AFM, and STM Experiments in the TEM IV. Magnetic Properties Lorentz-Microscopy Dynamic Observations of Domains, Vortices and of Ultrafast Phenomena by TEM and PEEM V. Optical Properties Cathodoluminiscence in SEM and TEM Optical Properties of Nanotubes VI. Electronic Properties EBIC (SEM) and Potential Contrast Electromigration (SEM, TEM) VII. Ferroelectric Properties Ferroelectric Domains VIII. Soft Matter Experiments using Wet-cells (SEM, ESEM, biological samples and materials) Structure Determination of Soft Matter using In-situ Techniques

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Book SynopsisThis unique book on super-resolution microscopy techniques presents comparative, in-depth analyses of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual approaches. It was written for non-experts who need to understand the principles of super-resolution or who wish to use recently commercialized instruments as well as for professionals who plan to realize novel microscopic devices. Explaining the practical requirements in terms of hardware, software and sample preparation, the book offers a wealth of hands-on tips and practical tricks to get a setup running, provides invaluable help and support for successful data acquisition and specific advice in the context of data analysis and visualization. Furthermore, it addresses a wide array of transdisciplinary fields of applications. The author begins by outlining the joint efforts that have led to achieving super-resolution microscopy combining advances in single-molecule photo-physics, fluorophore design and fluorescent labeling, instrument design and software development. The following chapters depict and compare current main standard techniques such as structured illumination microscopy, single-molecule localization, stimulated emission depletion microscopy and multi-scale imaging including light-sheet and expansion microscopy. For each individual approach the experimental setups are introduced, the imaging protocols are provided and the various applications illustrated. The book concludes with a discussion of future challenges addressing issues of routine applications and further commercialization of the available methods. Guiding users in how to make choices for the design of their own experiments from scratch to promising application, this one-stop resource is intended for researchers in the applied sciences, from chemistry to biology and medicine to physics and engineering.Table of ContentsPreface Abbreviations INTRODUCTION The Classical Resolution Limit Methods to Circumvent the Classical Resolution Barrier in Fluorescence Microscopy Implementation of Super-Resolution Microscopy (SRM) Contrast Applications to Study Nuclear DNA Other Applications PHYSICOCHEMICAL BACKGROUND Motivation Labeling Transitions of the Fluorophores Samples HARD- AND SOFTWARE Hardware Requirements Software Open Source and Best Practice STRUCTURED ILLUMINATION AND IMAGE SCANNING MICROSCOPY Axially Structured Illumination Microscopy (aSIM) Laterally Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) Image Scanning Microscopy Super-Resolution Using Rotating Coherent Scattering (ROCS) Microscopy LOCALIZATION MICROSCOPY On the Principles of Localization Microscopy PALM/STORM/fPALM/SPDM Approach Implementation of SMLM On the Principles of Three-Dimensional SMLM Reduction of Out-of-Focus Light How to Build a Three-Dimensional SMLM High-Density Single Emitter Microscopy Methods: SOFI, 3B, SHRImP, etc. Approaches Towards Counting Molecules Requirements and Sample Preparation Data Acquisition Data Analysis Troubleshooting Meta Analysis Tailored for SMLM Example Applications STIMULATED EMISSION DEPLETION MICROSCOPY (STED) On the Principles of Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Implementation of STED Fluorescent Probes Dye Combinations for Dual-Color STED Requirements and Sample Preparation Data Acquisition Data Analysis and Visualization Example Applications Conclusion MULTI-SCALE IMAGING Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and Sample Clearing Alternative Approaches DISCUSSION Future Challenges Commercialization of Super-Resolution Microscopes Concluding Remarks Index

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Book SynopsisDuring their active lives, scientific instruments generally inhabit the laboratory, observatory, classroom or the field. But instruments have also lived in a wider set of venues, as objects on display. As such, they acquire new levels of meaning; their cultural functions expand. This book offers selected studies of instruments on display in museums, national fairs, universal exhibitions, patent offices, book frontispieces, theatrical stages, movie sets, and on-line collections. The authors argue that these displays, as they have changed with time, reflect changing social attitudes towards the objects themselves and toward science and its heritage. By bringing display to the center of analysis, the collection offers a new and ambitious framework for the study of scientific instruments and the material culture of science. Contributors are: Amy Ackerberg-Hastings, Silke Ackermann, Marco Beretta, Laurence Bobis, Alison Boyle, Fausto Casi, Ileana Chinnici, Suzanne Débarbat, Richard Dunn, Inga Elmqvist-Söderlund, Ingrid Jendrzejewski, Peggy A. Kidwell, Richard Kremer, Mara Miniati, Richard A. Paselk, Donata Randazzo, Steven Turner.Trade Review"Several papers in this volume present excruciating details concerning the struggles that various people have faced when trying to get historic scientific instruments onto exhibit and keeping them there. Seldom, however, do they grapple with the question of why anyone, other than the odd collector, curator or historian of technology, should want to look at these instruments." - At: http://www.erittenhouse.org/reviews/, by Deborah Jean Warner, curator at the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Washington and the founding editor of Rittenhouse, the forerunner of eRittenhouse. “The book […] can be put to use by scholars interested in the history of science, scientific instruments, material culture, museums and the history of science in public. It joins a growing literature that reveals a desire to bring such studies together for their mutual benefit.” - Rebekah Higgit (University of Kent), The British Journal for the History of Science, 2015, 697-699 pp.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Notes on Contributors Introduction Silke Ackermann, Richard L. Kremer and Mara Miniati Colour Plates 1. Andrea Corsini and the Creation of the Museum of the History of Science in Florence (1930-1961) Marco Beretta 2. “Not for their beauty”: Instruments and narratives at the Science Museum, London Alyson Boyle 3. “More Artistic than Scientific”: Exhibiting Instruments as Decorative Arts in the Victoria & Albert Museum Richard Dunn 4. “Of sufficient interest …, but not of such value …”: 260 Years of Displaying Scientific Instruments in the British Museum Silke Ackermann 5. Instruments on Display at the Paris Observatory Laurence Bobis and Suzanne Débarbat 6. Looking at Scientific Instruments on Display at the United States Centennial Exhibition of 1876 Richard L. Kremer 7. Permanent Demonstrations: The Science Teaching Museum at the University of Chicago Steven C. Turner 8. The Display of Twentieth-Century Instruments at Humboldt State University Richard A. Paselk 9. Slide Rules on Display in the United States, 1840-2010 Peggy Aldrich Kidwell and Amy Ackerberg-Hastings 10. “Exceedingly Ridiculous”: Telescopes on Displayon the Seventeenth-Century Stage Ingrid Jendrzejewski 11. Instruments on Movie Sets: A Case Study Ileana Chinnici, Donatella Randazzo and Fausto Casi 12. Display of Instruments on Seventeenth Century Astronomical Frontispieces Inga Elmqvist Söderlund General Index

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays discusses the marketing of scientific and medical instruments from the eighteenth century to the First World War. The evidence presented here is derived from sources as diverse as contemporary trade literature, through newspaper advertisements, to rarely-surviving inventories, and from the instruments themselves. The picture may not yet be complete, but it has been acknowledged that it is more complex than sketched out twenty-five or even fifty years ago. Here is a collection of case-studies from the United Kingdom, the Americas and Europe showing instruments moving from maker to market-place, and, to some extent, what happened next. Contributors are: Alexi Baker, Paolo Brenni, Laura Cházaro, Gloria Clifton, Peggy Aldrich Kidwell, Richard L. Kremer, A.D. Morrison-Low, Joshua Nall, Sara J. Schechner, and Liba Taub.Trade Review"this is a volume that helps to broaden our understanding of the complex nature and status of what for convenience we call scientific instruments and to think about them as consumed commodities." Richard Dunn (Royal Museums Greenwich), British Journal for the History of Science 50:1: 149-150. "Recommended. Faculty and professionals only" - N. Sadanand (Central Connecticut State University), Choice, 1 May 2017.Table of ContentsPreface vii A. D. Morrison-Low, Sara J. Schechner and Paolo Brenni List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xvi Colour Plates xix 1 Symbiosis and Style: The Production, Sale and Purchase of Instruments in the Luxury Markets of Eighteenth-century London 1 Alexi Baker 2 Selling by the Book: British Scientific Trade Literature after 1800 21 Joshua Nall and Liba Taub 3 The Gentle Art of Persuasion: Advertising Instruments during Britain’s Industrial Revolution 43 A. D. Morrison-Low 4 Some Considerations about the Prices of Physics Instruments in the Nineteenth Century 57 Paolo Brenni 5 Mathematical Instruments Changing Hands at World’s Fairs, 1851–1904 88 Peggy Aldrich Kidwell 6 Connections between the Instrument-making Trades in Great Britain and Ireland and the North American Continent 104 Gloria Clifton 7 European Pocket Sundials for Colonial Use in American Territories 119 Sara J. Schechner 8 Selling Mathematical Instruments in America before the Printed Trade Catalogue 171 Richard L. Kremer 9 Trade in Medical Instruments and Colonialist Policies between Mexico and Europe in the Nineteenth Century 212 Laura Cházaro General Index 227

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Book SynopsisHistorically, the idea that the stars and planets influence the Earth and its inhabitants has proved powerful in almost every culture, offering an important context for the use of mathematical and astronomical instruments. In the past, however, historians of astronomy have paid relatively little attention to astrology and other “non-scientific” topics, while historians of astrology have tended to concentrate on the analysis of texts rather than surviving artefacts, scientific instruments in particular. Heaven and Earth United is an attempt to redress the balance through an exploration of the astrological contexts in which instruments once found a place. Contributors are Silke Ackermann, Marisa Addomine, Jim Bennett, Marvin Bolt, Louise E. Devoy, Richard Dunn, Seb Falk, Stephen Johnston, Richard L. Kremer, Günther Oestmann, Josefina Rodríguez-Arribas, Petra G. Schmidl, Giorgio Strano, and Sylvia Sumira.Table of ContentsList ofFigures and Tables Contributors Introduction 1 Using Astrolabes for Astrological Purposes: The Earliest Evidence Revisited  Petra G. Schmidl 2 What’s on the Back of an Astrolabe? Astrolabes as Supports for Planetary Calculators  Seb Falk 3 Medical and Astrological Plates: Their Roles in Medieval and Renaissance Knowledge  Josefina Rodríguez-Arribas 4 “Preciseness and Pleasure”: The Astrological Diptychs of Thomas Hood  Stephen Johnston 5 Displaying Astrological Knowledge through Tabulation: Some Notes Pertaining to Particular Arrangement on Instruments  Günther Oestmann 6 Astrological Aspectaria on Early Modern Instruments  Louise E. Devoy 7 Italian Astronomical Clocks as Public Astrological Machines  Marisa Addomine 8 Astrological Time in Public Space: The Görlitz Arachne (1550) and Planetary Hours  Richard L. Kremer 9 The Heavens at the Medici Court: Antonio Santucci’s Cosmological Models  Giorgio Strano 10 Were Globes Used in the Practice of Early Modern Astrology?  Jim Bennett and Sylvia Sumira 11 Instruments and the Astrologer’s Image  Richard Dunn* 12 Defining Scientific Instruments in Astrological Practice: A Response  Marvin Bolt Glossary 263  Richard Dunn General Index 277

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Book SynopsisThese essays draw on recent and versatile work by museum staff, science educators, and teachers, showing what can be done with historical scientific instruments or replicas. Varied audiences - with members just like you - can be made aware of exciting aspects of history, observation, problem-solving, restoration, and scientific understanding, by the projects outlined here by professional practitioners. These interdisciplinary case studies, ranging from the cinematic to the hands-on, show how inspiration concerning science and the past can give intellectual pleasure as well as authentic learning to new participants, who might include people like you: students, teachers, curators, and the interested and engaged public. Contributors are Dominique Bernard, Paolo Brenni, Roland Carchon, Elizabeth Cavicchi, Stéphane Fischer, Peter Heering, J.W. Huisman, Françoise Khantine-Langlois, Alistair M. Kwan, Janet Laidla, Pierre Lauginie, Panagiotis Lazos, Pietro Milici, Flora Paparou, Frédérique Plantevin, Julie Priser, Alfonso San-Miguel, Danny Segers, Constantine (Kostas) Skordoulis, Trienke M. van der Spek, Constantina Stefanidou, and Giorgio Strano.    Table of ContentsList of Figures Contributors Foreword Introduction: Using Historical Scientific Instruments in Contemporary Education – Experiences and Perspectives   Elizabeth Cavicchi and Peter Heering 1. Reading Instruments for Historical Scientific Practice: An Experiential Pedagogy for Material Culture   Alistair Kwan 2. Filming Nineteenth Century Physics Demonstrations with Historical Instruments   Paolo Brenni 3. Making It about the Objects: A Reboot of a History of Science Course   Janet Laidla 4. Using Original Instruments from a Museum Collection in Demonstrations   Jan Waling Huisman 5. The Collections of Scientific Instruments of the Faculty of Sciences of Rennes: A Tool for School Education and for the Training of Students and Teachers   Julie Priser and Dominique Bernard 6. The Collection of Scientific Instruments from the Maraslean Teaching Center and Experimental Science Education: Then and Now   Panagiotis Lazos, Constantina Stefanidou and Constantine Skordoulis 7. Examples of the Use in Education of Historical Physics Instruments at Secondary School and University Level in France supported by ASEISTE   Françoise Khantine-Langlois, Alfonso San-Miguel and Pierre Lauginie 8. The Use of the Museum Collection for Educational Purposes   Roland Carchon and Danny Segers 9. Historical Scientific Instruments in Exploratory Teaching and Learning   Elizabeth Cavicchi 10. “What Is Happening in the Lab?” Transforming the School Laboratory into a Contextual Science Teaching Environment   Flora Paparou 11. Historical Instruments, Education, and Do-It-Yourself in the Cabinet of Curiosity of Brest, France: University Experiences in Mathematics   Frédérique Plantevin and Pietro Milici 12. Educational Experiences in Re-Enacting Historical Experimental Procedures   Peter Heering > 13. The Lorentz Lab: Reviving the Scientific History of Teylers Museum with Working Replicas   Trienke M. van der Spek 14. The Fall of Bodies According to Galileo: A Free Adaptation from the Geneva Museum of the History of Science   Stéphane Fischer Index

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