Public international law: environment Books

Book SynopsisThis new and fully updated edition of Principles of International Environmental Law offers a comprehensive and critical account of one of the fastest growing areas of international law: the principles and rules relating to environmental protection. Introducing the reader to the key foundational principles, governance structures and regulatory techniques, Principles of International Environmental Law explores each of the major areas of international environmental regulation through substantive chapters, including climate change, atmospheric protection, oceans and freshwater, biodiversity, chemicals and waste regulation. The ever-increasing overlap with other areas of international law is also explored through examination of the inter-linkages between international environmental law and other areas of international regulation, such as trade, human rights, humanitarian law and investment law. Incorporating the latest developments in treaty and case law for key areas of environmental regulTrade Review'Principles of International Environmental Law remains the definitive treatise on this vitally important area of international law. The international community faces unprecedented environmental challenges and this work provides a comprehensive assessment of the capacity of environmental norms and institutions to address these threats. The work is an essential reference for anyone interested in the role of international law in preserving a safe operating space for humanity and the environmental systems we depend on in the Anthropocene.' Tim Stephens, University of Sydney Law School'This book makes one reality brutally clear - that international environmental law cannot and must not be viewed as a subject for international lawyers, scholars, and students to alone savour. Rather, this book illuminates the complex, and often-hidden, ways in which international environmental law permeates both the study and practice of law much more generally. Simply put, this is exactly the book that will allow international environmental law to escape its specialist field billing and to capture the wide attention of all those seeking to understand law and its relationship to the future of this planet.' Natasha Affolder, University of British Columbia'International environmental law continues to grow in significance and complexity. This new edition by two of the leading contemporary experts in the field is welcome and timely. It provides what must be the most comprehensive and accessible account of the key treaties relating to the environment and the underlying environmental principles of international law. The treatment of international trade and investment law as it affects the environment is especially valuable.' Richard Macrory, Emeritus Professor of Environmental Law, University College London'This is a 'must have' volume for all interested in international environmental law. It is remarkable in its scope and ambition. It locates the subject within the broader framework of public international law and is attuned to contemporary developments in governance practice and theory as well as law. One can only wonder at the breadth of knowledge and insight of the authors.' Joanne Scott, European University Institute, Florence'This fourth edition of Principles of International Environmental Law firmly establishes this classic text as the authoritative guide for academics, practitioners and students alike. Written in an accessible manner and clearly structured, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the rules of public international law that have environmental protection as their goal. The authors have succeeded in striking the right balance between breadth of coverage and analytical depth. This book is, indeed, a treasure trove of knowledge and information.' Jolene Lin, National University of Singapore and author of Governing Climate Change: Global Cities and Transnational LawmakingTable of ContentsPart I. The Legal and Institutional Framework: 1. The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions; 2. History; 3. Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors; 4. International law-making and regulation; 5. Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement; Part II. Principles and Rules Establishing Standards: 6. General principles and rules; 7. Atmospheric protection; 8. Climate change; 9. Freshwater resources; 10. Biological diversity; 11. Oceans, seas and marine living resources; 12. Hazardous substances and activities, and waste; 13. The Polar regions: Antarctica and the Arctic; Part III. Techniques for Implementing International Principles and Rules: 14. Environmental impact assessment; 15. Environmental information and technology transfer; 16. Liability for environmental damage; Part IV. Linkage of International Environmental Law and Other Areas of International Law: 17. Human rights and international humanitarian law; 18. International economic law: trade, investment and intellectual property; 19. Future developments.

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Book SynopsisThis Handbook will be an essential reference for scholars, students, practitioners, policymakers, and general readers interested in how corporate law and governance have exacerbated our most pressing environmental, social and economic challenges, and how reforms to these fields can help us resolve those challenges and achieve sustainability.Trade Review'Bringing together an impressive group of global scholars, this book weaves together insights and analysis of almost every manageable corporate sustainability issue resulting in a thorough and essential guide to corporations' ability to address sustainability challenges. A tour-de-force, this book is essential reading for scholars and corporations alike.' Barnali Choudhury, University College London'Sustainability - of corporations themselves, and of the wider society and environment to which they are inescapably linked - is reshaping managerial discourse and the practice of finance itself. New paradigms and methods are emerging in the academic disciplines associated with the study of the corporation. This Handbook, with 50 chapters by leading scholars from around the world, marks a seminal contribution to this reshaping of the field.' Simon Deakin, University of Cambridge'The Handbook investigates an under-explored but critical area: the relation of corporate law and corporate governance to sustainability. With a discussion of case studies from across the world and potential drivers for change, this Handbook will be an indispensable resource for anyone interested in exploring how corporations could contribute to a sustainable future.' Surya Deva, City University of Hong Kong'This Handbook is an essential reference for anyone working on one of today's most pressing challenges, which is the transition to a climate-neutral and sustainable economy. It is high on Europe's political agenda. Yet nobody should underestimate the implications and scale of such a transformation. It is cross-cutting by nature and requires a transdisciplinary policy approach.' Valdis Dombrovskis, The European Commission's Vice-President for the Euro and Social Dialogue, also in charge of Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union'It is increasingly clear that business must play a central part - even a leadership role - in addressing our global sustainability crisis. The challenges are profound, and Sjåfjell and Bruner have marshaled many of the world's greatest experts to help identify ways to move ahead. Having this book on your desk is like having those experts on call.' Kent Greenfield, Dean's Distinguished Scholar, Boston College, Massachusetts'Global business may shape the world more than government, yet government may still have instruments to give guidance. This handbook brings all three together, condensed into the three-partite title and structure - scope (sustainability), governance of firms and political guidance (actually well beyond 'corporate law' solely). This handbook gives us Hercules at labour - but rather at his seventh task than at his first.' Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute and Humboldt University, Berlin'Two leading international corporate law scholars, Beate Sjåfjell and Christopher M. Bruner, have done a great job in bringing together a group of scholars from all over the world to write on one of the most important issues in corporate law - namely, corporate governance and sustainability. The book is to be commended for including in one place such a comprehensive range of subjects.' Andrew Keay, University of Leeds'This is an important and comprehensive volume on a topic that is of immense importance for academics, policymakers and practitioners. The editors have brought together the leading researchers in the field to produce a volume that provides profound insights into the intersection of corporate governance, law and sustainability. It deserves to be widely read and referenced.' Colin Mayer, Peter Moores Professor of Management Studies, University of Oxford'This magisterial volume brings together a comprehensive collection of chapters treating law, legal theory, and law reform possibilities. Especially valuable is the impressive array of country-specific case studies from around the world. Essential reading for anyone interested in the crucially important question of the impact of business activity and corporate law on sustainability.' David Millon, J.B. Stombock Professor of Law, Emeritus, Washington and Lee University'This book is a monumental work of scholarship. In terms of substantive scope, geographic reach and diversity of insight it is quite simply staggering. Its analysis of the contemporary financial, environmental and social challenges facing global business corporations is unsurpassed in originality and rigour. This timely collection will be an essential cornerstone of every corporate governance scholar's book collection for many years to come.' Marc T. Moore, University College London'Humanity is at a new juncture. Deep into the Anthropocene we are now forced to consider the risk of destabilising the entire planet. What we need, and what this Handbook addresses in a comprehensive, convincing and state-of-the-art fashion, is to operationalise 'strong sustainability' in corporate law and governance. This book is a key contribution towards this transformation.' Johan Rockström, Director Potsdam Institute Climate Impact Research, University of Potsdam'At their best, corporations have been invaluable tools for solving big societal challenges - from building early America's roads, bridges and railways, to curing disease, to bringing electricity to the masses. This impressive collection of scholarship explores what it will take to focus corporations on solving today's grandest challenges: environmental, social and economic sustainability.' Judith Samuelson, Executive Director, The Aspen Institute Business and Society Program'An increasing number of political and business leaders are realizing the urgency of a fair transition to a sustainable economy and the depth of the challenges this poses to our ways to do and regulate business. When looking for effective answers, they will be well served by this most timely Handbook.' Frans Timmermans, First Vice President of the European Commission'This book, with its comprehensive coverage and impressive list of preeminent contributors is a must-read for scholars, practitioners and policy makers concerned with the impact of the corporation on society. It provides in-depth analysis of the role that corporate law and corporate governance plays in the sustainability crisis, and persuasively argues that they must therefore figure centrally in any resolution.' Michelle Welsh, Monash University'Sjåfjell and Bruner's book is a brilliant contribution to the most pressing questions of corporate law and governance today. It challenges the 'trade off mentality' that construes ecological and social issues as of corporate concern only if they pose financial risks to the firm. This book provides an extremely important basis for re-conceptualizing how we think about corporate obligations.' Cynthia A. Williams, Osler Chair in Business Law, York University, Toronto For the full list of advance praise, see under Resources.Table of ContentsPart I. Global Business and Fragmented Regulation; Part II. Corporate Law Financial Markets and Sustainability; Part III. Corporate Law Corporate Governance and Sustainability; Part IV. Potential Drivers for Change.

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Book SynopsisThe rapidly increasing human pressure on the biosphere is pushing biodiversity into the sixth mass extinction event in the history of life on Earth. The organisms being exterminated are integral working parts of our planet''s life support system,and their loss is permanent. Like climate change, this irreversible loss has potentially devastating consequences for humanity. As we come to recognise the many ways in which we depend on nature, this can pave the way for a new ethic that acknowledges the importance of co-existence between humans and other species. Biological Extinction features chapters contributed by leading thinkers in diverse fields of knowledge and practice, including biology, economics, geology, archaeology, demography, architecture and intermediate technology. Drawing on examples from various socio-ecological systems, the book offers new perspectives on the urgent issue of biological extinction, proposing novel solutions to the problems that we face.Trade Review'Many policy makers, especially those trained in economics, can describe the management of environmental systems as if we (humans) are best suited to be in the 'driver's seat', making all the decisions to assure our wellbeing is the sole consideration. They should all read the chapters in this volume! Extinction is an irreversible externality whose full impact is uncertain. By combining the insights of social and natural scientists, Dasgupta, Raven, and McIvor have assembled essays that will change this view. They are accessible, engaging, and important.' V. Kerry Smith, Emeritus Regents Professor, Arizona State University'Partha Dasgupta, unexcelled among economists for his contributions to ecological economics, and Peter Raven, revered for his leadership in biodiversity science, have combined to assemble a collection of papers by a virtual who's who of experts on the subject of biodiversity loss and sustainability. This volume, the product of an obviously remarkable meeting at the Vatican, will be a touchstone for all those concerned with our declining biodiversity, and the implications for the future welfare of humanity.' Simon A. Levin, James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University'This volume provides an informative reference for policy makers and practitioners, offering new perspectives on biological extinction that adopt principles of social justice and sustainability.' R. A. Delgado, Jr, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction Partha Dasgupta and Peter Raven; Prologue. Extinction: what it means to us Martin Rees; 1. Extinction in deep time: lessons from the past? Neil Shubin; 2. Biodiversity and global change: from creator to victim Timothy Lenton; 3. The state of the world's biodiversity Stuart Pimm and Peter Raven; 4. Extinction threats to life in the ocean and opportunities for their amelioration Jenna Sullivan, Vanessa Constant and Jane Lubchenco; 5. Out of the soil: soil (dark matter biodiversity) and societal 'collapses' from Mesoamerica to the Mesopotamia and beyond Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Nicholas Dunning; 6. The Green Revolution and crop biodiversity Prabhu Pingali; 7. Population: the current state and future prospects John Bongaarts; 8. Game over? Drivers of biological extinction in Africa Calestous Juma; 9. Why we're in the sixth great extinction and what it means to humanity Partha Dasgupta and Paul Ehrlich; 10. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig; 11. Terra incognita: in search of the disconnect Mathis Wackernagel; 12. How do we stem biodiversity loss? Gretchen Daily and Stephen Polasky; 13. Can smart villages help to stem biodiversity loss? Brian Heap, John Holmes and Bernie Jones; 14. The new design condition: planetary urbanism + resource scarcity + climate change John Hoal.

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Book SynopsisWe live in unprecedented times - the Anthropocene - defined by far-reaching human impacts on the natural systems that underpin civilisation. Planetary Health explores the many environmental changes that threaten to undermine progress in human health, and explains how these changes affect health outcomes, from pandemics to infectious diseases to mental health, from chronic diseases to injuries. It shows how people can adapt to those changes that are now unavoidable, through actions that both improve health and safeguard the environment. But humanity must do more than just adapt: we need transformative changes across many sectors - energy, housing, transport, food, and health care. The book discusses specific policies, technologies, and interventions to achieve the change required, and explains how these can be implemented. It presents the evidence, builds hope in our common future, and aims to motivate action by everyone, from the general public to policymakers to health practitioners.Trade Review'This book illustrates the dramatic change in humanity's awareness about the realities of our world and our destiny. Planetary Health describes the transformation that will move us to a healthier, safer and more sustainable future, with hope, optimism and confidence.' Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway and former Director-General of the World Health Organization'Andy Haines and Howie Frumkin's book provides an accessible and fast-paced account of the challenges we face in improving human health in parallel with our environment in the next decades. A must read for anyone involved in global health, and a must read for anyone interested in the future of our children and grandchildren.' Joy Phumaphi, Former Vice President of the World Bank and Director of the African Leaders Malaria Alliance'The climate crisis and other environmental challenges pose growing threats to the continued health of humanity. Andy Haines and Howie Frumkin's book cogently and accessibly summarizes these growing threats to human health, and outlines the transformative changes we need to enact to improve health around the world and at the same time safeguard the environment for our children and grandchildren. This book is essential reading for every decision-maker in government and NGOs formulating health or environmental policy. The book is also a wonderful overview of planetary health issues for the general reader and student. A more important topic for the future of humanity from two leading experts is hard to imagine. A very timely analysis of the central issues of our time.' Helen Clark, Former Prime Minister of New Zealand and Former Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme'Andrew Haines and Howard Frumkin are two of the modern giants in planetary health. Their book highlights the value of cross-cutting approaches to human health and the health of the environment, combining resilience, health, equity, and prosperity. The book highlights the potential for the topic of planetary health to transform higher education, helping us rise to the challenge of multiple global crises. As we emerge from a global pandemic, I cannot imagine a more timely and important topic. An amazing, brilliantly argued compendium.' Judith Rodin, former President of the Rockefeller Foundation and former President of the University of Pennsylvania'By its very nature, planetary health is a vast and multidisciplinary subject. Our understanding of the field is constantly expanding, our approaches to addressing it rapidly evolving, and the political landscape surrounding it increasingly complex, and yet, Haines and Frumkin masterfully summarize the issue in all of its complexity, leaving the reader with a solid foundation of essential knowledge and - more importantly - hope, and a clearly delineated path forward.' Michele Barry, Director of the Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, California'The Anthropocene Era. Our children and our children's children will be astonished that the first fully comprehensive book to describe their everyday life, was not written till 2021. And as they reflect on what Sir Andy Haines and Howard Frumkin have laid out, they will either ask why did we not follow the ideas for transformative change in this book; or they will stand together in hope saying, humanity took heed, it listened to evidence and common sense, and we were able to tilt the earth's systems on their axis. This book is a watershed, its integrated science combines separate strands of knowledge, and creates the space for far more equitable participation in and ownership of the actions needed. This book is published at a watershed moment in history, when the health of the planet is in our hands. Can Planetary Health become our zeitgeist?' Liz Grant, Assistant Principal, University of Edinburgh'Sir Andy Haines and Howard Frumkin's book Planetary Health: Safeguarding Human Health and the Environment in the Anthropocene is a fact-filled and thought-provoking volume that explains the origins and proposes sound solutions to the existential crises of the Anthropocene Era … This book offers a holistic approach that helps us understand why we must respect, protect and enforce multisectorial frameworks if we are to maintain the integrity of the unique integrated complex system that is the Earth. The book also describes the many actions each of us can choose to take across sectors and within the finite planetary boundaries and cultural context, to reverse and reduce the current risks to a minimum and to remain healthy. An important read!' Agnes Binagwaho, Vice Chancellor of the University of Global Health Equity in Rwanda'A brilliant book: Planetary Health, defined by founders of the field.' Tony Capon, Monash University, Victoria'A splendid and important piece of work. Andy Haines and Howard Frumkin have, over many decades, led the world in the understanding of the relationships between environment and health. In this crucially important book, they show how our destructive behaviour, on a huge scale, has undermined our environment in ways that foster pandemics and infectious diseases, and which profoundly damage our physical and mental health. They also show, through careful and evidence-based analysis, how we can transform how we live, work, and consume to not only restore our environment but also live in much healthier and more enjoyable ways.' Lord Nicholas Stern, London School of Economics'Wow! If you want state-of-the-art knowledge on humanity's future on Earth - here it is! From the depths of the great acceleration, tipping points and inequity, to transformative pathways, global justice and our grand prize - planetary health. Read it and you're equipped to navigate the Anthropocene.' Johan Rockström, Director, Potsdam Institute Climate Impact Research, and co-Chair of Future Earth'Focusing on potential solutions, the authors emphasize the integration of knowledge from different disciplinary and geographic perspectives to advance understanding. They cite at least 1,618 timely and scholarly sources, and dozens of tables, charts, and graphs enhance the text. Helpful chapter conclusions and the detailed index make this an excellent teaching tool … Essential. ' A. S. Ricker, Choice ConnectTable of Contents1. Our Changing Planet; 2. Climate Change; 3. Pollution, Land Use, Biodiversity, and Health; 4. Assessing Vulnerability and Risk in the Anthropocene Epoch; 5. Adaptation and Resilience to Planetary Change; 6. Addressing Conceptual, Knowledge and Implementation Challenges; 7. Health in the Sustainable Development Goals; 8. Transforming Energy and Industry: Toward a Net-zero Circular Economy for Health; 9. Sustaining Urban Health in the Anthropocene Epoch; 10. Food Systems and Land Use; 11. The Role of Health Professionals in Fostering Planetary Health; 12. Sustaining Planetary Health in the Anthropocene; Index.

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Book SynopsisInternational institutions are prevalent in world politics. More than a thousand multilateral treaties are in place just to protect the environment alone, and there are many more. And yet, it is also clear that these institutions do not operate in a void but are enmeshed in larger, highly complex webs of governance arrangements. This compelling book conceptualises these broader structures as the ''architectures'' of global governance. Here, over 40 international relations scholars offer an authoritative synthesis of a decade of research on global governance architectures with an empirical focus on protecting the environment and vital earth systems. They investigate the structural intricacies of earth system governance and explain how global architectures enable or hinder individual institutions and their overall effectiveness. The book offers much-needed conceptual clarity about key building blocks and structures of complex governance architectures, charts detailed directions for new rTable of Contents1. Architectures of Earth System Governance: Setting the Stage; Part I. The Building Blocks: 2. Intergovernmental institutions Ronald B. Mitchell, Arild Underdal, Steinar Andresen and Carel Dieperink; 3. International bureaucracies Dominique De Wit, Abby Lindsay Ostovar, Steffen Bauer and Sikina Jinnah; 4. Transnational institutions and networks Agni Kalfagianni, Lena Partzsch and Oscar Widerberg; 5. Institutional architectures for areas beyond national jurisdiction Oran R. Young; Part II. Core Structural Features: 6. Institutional interlinkages Thomas Hickmann, Harro Van Asselt, Sebastian Oberthür, Lisa Sanderink, Oscar Widerberg and Fariborz Zelli; 7. Regime complexes Laura Gomez-Mera, Jean-Frederic Morin and Thijs Van De Graaf; 8. Governance fragmentation Frank Biermann, Melanie Van Driel, Marjanneke J. Vijge and Tom Peek; Part III. Policy Responses: 9. Policy integration Hens Runhaar, Bettina Wilk, Peter Driessen, Niall Dunphy, Åsa Persson, James Meadowcroft and Gerard Mullally; 10. Interplay management Olav Schram Stokke; 11. Orchestration Kenneth W. Abbott, Steven Bernstein and Amy Janzwood; 12. Governance through global goals Marjanneke J. Vijge, Frank Biermann, Rakhyun E. Kim, Maya Bogers, Melanie Van Driel, Francesco S. Montesano and Abbie Yunita; 13. Hierarchization Rakhyun E. Kim, Harro Van Asselt, Louis J. Kotzé, Marjanneke J. Vijge and Frank Biermann; Part IV. Future Directions: 14. Taking stock and moving forward Frank Biermann, Rakhyun E. Kim, Kenneth W. Abbott, James Hollway, Ronald B. Mitchell and Michelle Scobie.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgement xxiii Table of Abbreviations xxv Table of Symbols xxvii List of Figures xxix List of Tables xxxiii List of Chemicals and Respective Molecular Weight xxxv 1 Air, Water and Soil: An Environmental Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Air 2 1.2.1 Composition of Air 2 1.2.2 Air Pollution 3 1.2.3 Air Pollutants 3 1.2.4 Adverse Effect of Contaminants 5 1.3 Water 6 1.3.1 Properties of Water Molecule 6 1.3.2 Global Significance of Water 8 1.3.3 Environmental Monitoring 9 1.3.4 Water Quality Assessment in Recycling 10 1.3.5 Wastewater Treatment Plant 10 1.3.6 Working of Sewage Treatment Plant 11 1.4 Soil 12 1.4.1 Importance of Soil 13 1.4.2 Types of Soil 13 1.4.3 Soil Pollution 14 1.4.4 Types of Soil Pollution 14 1.4.5 Anthropogenic Activities 15 1.4.6 Health Effects 16 1.4.7 Ecosystem Effects 16 1.4.8 Methods to Reduce Soil Pollution 17 References 18 2 Determination of Physical Properties of Environmental Samples 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Determination of Specific Gravity or Density in the Given Water Sample 22 2.2.1 Principle 22 2.2.2 Material Required 25 2.2.3 Procedure for Specific Gravity Measurements Using Pycnometer/Volumetric Flask 26 2.2.4 Observation Table 26 2.2.4.1 Measurement of Specific Gravity of Water Sample 26 2.2.4.2 Readings of Pycnometer 26 2.2.5 Calculations 27 2.2.6 Results 27 2.2.7 Notes 27 2.3 Determination of Turbidity of Given Water Sample 28 2.3.1 Principle 28 2.3.2 Nephelometric Method 28 2.3.3 Material Required 29 2.3.4 Procedure 30 2.3.5 Standard Curve 30 2.3.6 Calculation 31 2.3.7 Note 31 2.4 Determination of Total Suspended Solids 31 2.4.1 Principle 31 2.4.2 Material Required 32 2.4.3 Procedure 32 2.4.4 Observation 33 2.4.5 Observation Table 33 2.4.6 Calculation 34 2.4.7 Results 34 2.4.8 Notes 34 2.5 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids 34 2.5.1 Principle 34 2.5.2 Material Required 35 2.5.3 Procedure 36 2.5.4 Observations Table 36 2.5.5 Calculation 36 2.5.6 Result 36 2.5.7 Notes 37 2.6 Determination of the Moisture Content of Soil 37 2.6.1 Principle 37 2.6.2 Material Required 37 2.6.3 Procedure 38 2.6.4 Observation 38 2.6.5 Calculations 38 2.6.6 Result 38 2.7 Determination of pH Using Universal Indicator 39 2.7.1 Principle 39 2.7.2 pH of Natural Water Bodies 40 2.7.3 Effects of pH Variation on Aquatic Life 40 2.7.4 Universal Indicator 40 2.7.5 Dyes 40 2.7.5.1 Methyl Orange 40 2.7.5.2 Methyl Red 41 2.7.5.3 Bromothymol Blue 41 2.7.5.4 Phenolphthalein 42 2.7.6 Material Required 43 2.7.7 Reagents Preparations 43 2.7.8 Procedure 43 2.7.9 Observations 43 2.7.10 Results 44 2.7.11 Notes 44 2.8 pH Determination by Using pH Meter 45 2.8.1 Principle 45 2.8.2 Material Required 47 2.8.3 Reagent Preparation 47 2.8.4 Procedures 48 2.8.5 Result 48 2.8.6 Notes 48 2.9 pH Determination of Soil 48 2.9.1 Principle 48 2.9.2 Materials Required 49 2.9.3 Procedure 49 2.9.4 Observation 50 2.9.5 Results 50 2.10 Determination of pH of Soil by Using pH Meter 50 2.10.1 Principle 50 2.10.2 Material Required 50 2.10.3 Procedure 50 2.10.4 Result 51 2.11 Determination of pH of Soil by Using Universal Indicator 51 2.11.1 Principle 51 2.11.2 Reagent Preparation 51 2.11.3 Procedure 52 2.11.4 Observation Table 52 2.12 Determination of Conductivity of Water 53 2.12.1 Principle 53 2.12.2 Calibration of the Instrument 54 2.12.3 Reagent Preparation 54 2.12.4 Steps to be Followed for Calibration 54 2.12.5 Notes 55 References 55 3 Analysis of Organic Matter in Environmental Samples 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Determination of the Organic Content in Soil 62 3.2.1 Principle 62 3.2.2 Material Required 63 3.2.3 Reagent Preparation 63 3.2.4 Procedure 63 3.2.5 Observation Table 64 3.2.6 Calculations 64 3.2.7 Notes 65 3.3 Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil 65 3.3.1 Principle 65 3.3.2 Importance of CEC 66 3.3.3 Material Required 66 3.3.4 Reagent Preparation 66 3.3.5 Procedure 66 3.3.6 Calculations 67 3.3.7 Note 67 3.4 Rapid Method for the Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Soil 68 3.4.1 Material Required 68 3.4.2 Reagent Preparation 68 3.4.3 Procedure 68 3.4.4 Calculations 69 3.4.5 Notes 69 3.5 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by Winkler’s Method 69 3.5.1 Principle 69 3.5.2 Material Required 71 3.5.3 Reagents Preparation 71 3.5.4 Procedure 71 3.5.5 Observation Table 72 3.5.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 72 3.5.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 72 3.5.6 Calculation 73 3.5.7 Result 73 3.5.8 Notes 73 3.6 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand by Dilution/Seeding Method 74 3.6.1 Material Required 74 3.6.2 Reagent Preparation 75 3.6.3 Sample Preparation 76 3.6.4 Procedure 76 3.6.5 Observations 77 3.6.6 Observations Table 78 3.6.6.1 Dissolved Oxygen Initial or DO 0 78 3.6.6.2 Dissolved Oxygen After 5 Days or DO 5 78 3.6.7 Calculations 78 3.6.8 Result 79 3.6.9 Note 79 3.7 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand by Potassium Permanganate Method 79 3.7.1 Principle 79 3.7.2 Material Required 80 3.7.3 Reagent Preparation 80 3.7.4 Procedure 81 3.7.5 Observation Table 81 3.7.6 Calculations 81 3.7.7 Result 82 3.7.8 Notes 82 3.8 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand for Sewage Waste (Samples that do not contain Chloride, Nitrate, Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds) 82 3.8.1 Principle 82 3.8.2 Material Required 82 3.8.3 Reagent Preparation 82 3.8.4 Procedure 83 3.8.5 Observation Table 83 3.8.6 Calculations 83 3.8.7 Result 84 3.8.8 Notes 84 3.9 Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand for Toxic Organic Waste Sample That Contains Chloride, Nitrate, Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds 84 3.9.1 Principle 84 3.9.2 Material Required 84 3.9.3 Procedure 85 3.9.4 Observation 85 3.9.5 Observations Table 86 3.9.6 Calculations 86 3.9.7 Result 86 3.9.8 Note 86 References 86 4 Spectrophotometric and Titrimetric Methods for Determination of Anions 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Determination of Sulphate Content for the Given Water Samples 92 4.2.1 Principle 92 4.2.2 Acid Rain 93 4.2.3 Problems Caused by Sulphur 93 4.2.4 Spectrophotometric Method 93 4.2.5 Material Required 94 4.2.6 Reagent Preparation 94 4.2.7 Procedure 95 4.2.8 Observation Table 95 4.2.9 Results 96 4.2.10 Notes 96 4.3 Determination of Phosphate Content in Environmental Samples 96 4.3.1 Importance of Phosphate 96 4.3.2 Eutrophication 97 4.3.3 Principle 98 4.3.4 Material Required 98 4.3.5 Reagent Preparation 98 4.3.6 Procedure 99 4.3.7 Procedure Estimation of Phosphate in Soil 99 4.3.8 Observation Table 99 4.3.9 Note 100 4.4 Estimation of Nitrite and Nitrate in Water by Spectrophotometric Method 100 4.4.1 Principle 100 4.4.2 Materials Required 102 4.4.3 Reagent Preparation 102 4.4.4 Procedure 102 4.4.5 Estimation Nitrite and Nitrate in Soil Sample 103 4.4.6 Calculations 103 4.4.7 Observation Table 104 4.4.8 Notes 105 4.5 Determination of Chloride Content in Water by Mohr’s Method 105 4.5.1 Principle 105 4.5.2 Mohr’s Method 106 4.5.3 Importance 106 4.5.4 Material Required 106 4.5.5 Procedure 107 4.5.6 Observation Table 107 4.5.7 Calculation 107 4.5.8 Result 108 4.6 Determination of Chloride Content in Water by Volhard’s Method 108 4.6.1 Principle 108 4.6.2 Material Required 109 4.6.3 Reagent Preparation 109 4.6.4 Procedure 109 4.6.5 Observation Table 109 4.6.6 Calculation 109 4.6.7 Result 110 4.6.8 Note 110 4.7 Determination of Fluoride Content in Water 110 4.7.1 Principle 110 4.7.2 Material Required 112 4.7.3 Reagent Preparation 112 4.7.4 Procedure 112 4.7.5 For Resorcin Blue Method: Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 113 4.7.6 Note 113 4.8 Determination of Fluoride Content in Water Using Azurol B and Malachite Green 114 4.8.1 Principle 114 4.8.2 Material Required 114 4.8.3 Reagent Preparation 115 4.8.4 Procedure 115 4.8.5 For Malachite Green Method, Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 116 4.8.6 For Azurol B Method, Preparation of Fluoride Working Standards 117 4.9 Determination of Cyanide (Cyanide Anion) by Spectrophotometric Method 117 4.9.1 Principle 117 4.9.2 Cyanide Toxicity 118 4.9.3 Material Required 119 4.9.4 Reagent Preparations 119 4.9.5 Procedure 120 4.9.6 Calculation 120 4.9.7 Single Reagent Method 120 4.9.8 Observation Table 121 4.9.9 Notes 121 References 122 5 Determination of Air Pollutants Using Titrimetric and Spectrophotometric Methods 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Determination of Particulate Matter in Air 131 5.2.1 Principle 131 5.2.2 Material Required 132 5.2.3 Procedure 132 5.2.4 Calculations 133 5.2.5 Result 133 5.3 Determination of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in Air 133 5.3.1 Principle 133 5.3.2 Material Required 134 5.3.3 Reagent Preparation 134 5.3.4 Procedure 135 5.3.5 Calibration Curve 135 5.3.6 Calculation 136 5.3.7 Notes 136 5.4 Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Air 137 5.4.1 Principle 137 5.4.2 Material Required 138 5.4.3 Reagent Preparation 138 5.4.4 Procedure 138 5.4.5 For Estimation of NO2 in Air 138 5.4.6 Calculation 139 5.4.7 Results 139 5.5 Determination of Ozone Content in Air 139 5.5.1 Principle 139 5.5.2 Material Required 141 5.5.3 Reagent Preparation 141 5.5.4 Procedure 141 5.5.5 Calculations 142 5.5.6 Notes 142 5.6 Determination of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Atmosphere 142 5.6.1 Principle 142 5.6.2 Material Required 144 5.6.3 Protocol 144 5.6.4 Calculation 144 5.6.5 Note 145 5.7 Determination of Air Quality Using Chlorophyll as Biomarker 145 5.7.1 Principle 145 5.7.2 Material Required 145 5.7.3 Procedure 146 5.7.4 Calculations 147 5.7.5 Result 147 References 147 6 Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Heavy Metals 151 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Arsenic Determination by Using Variamine Blue 153 6.2.1 Toxicity of Arsenic 153 6.2.2 Principle 155 6.2.3 Material Required 155 6.2.4 Procedure 155 6.2.5 Determination of Arsenic in Soil 156 6.2.6 Standard Preparation 157 6.2.7 Notes 159 6.3 Arsenic Determination by Using Rhodamine-B 159 6.3.1 Principle 159 6.3.2 Material Required 160 6.3.3 Procedure 160 6.3.4 Standard Preparation 161 6.3.5 Notes 161 6.4 Chromium (VI) Determination by Using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide 162 6.4.1 Mechanism of Chromium Toxicity 162 6.4.2 Principle 162 6.4.3 Material Required 162 6.4.4 Reagent Preparation 163 6.4.5 Procedure 163 6.4.6 Standard Preparation 163 6.4.7 Notes 164 6.5 Lead (II) Determination by 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD) 164 6.5.1 Application of Lead 164 6.5.2 Lead Toxicity 165 6.5.3 Principle 165 6.5.4 Material Required 165 6.5.5 Reagent Preparation 165 6.5.6 Procedure 166 6.5.7 Standard Preparation 166 6.5.8 Notes 167 6.6 Lead (II) Determination by using 5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-p-hydroxybenzoic hydrazine (BHMBHBH) 167 6.6.1 Principle 167 6.6.2 Material Required 168 6.6.3 Reagent Preparation 168 6.6.4 Procedure 168 6.6.5 Standard Preparation 169 6.6.6 Notes 169 6.7 Mercury (II) Determination by using 2-Acetylpyridine Thiosemicarbazone (APT) 170 6.7.1 Mercury Toxicity 170 6.7.2 Mechanism of Toxicity 170 6.7.3 Material Required 171 6.7.4 Reagent Preparation 172 6.7.5 Sample Preparation 172 6.7.6 Procedure 172 6.7.7 Estimation of Mercury in Soil 173 6.7.8 Standard Preparation 173 6.7.9 Notes 174 6.8 Mercury (II) Determination by Using Diphenyl Thiocarbazone 174 6.8.1 Principle 174 6.8.2 Material Required 174 6.8.3 Reagent Preparation 175 6.8.4 Sample Preparation 175 6.8.5 Procedure 175 6.8.6 Determination of Mercury in Soil 175 6.8.7 Standard Preparation 176 6.8.8 Notes 177 6.9 Nickel (II) Determination by Using (E)-N1-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone (HNBISNH) and 2-(4-fluoro benzylideneamino) Benzene Thiol (FBBT) 177 6.9.1 Principle 177 6.9.2 Importance of Nickel 177 6.9.3 Material Required 178 6.9.4 Reagent Preparation 178 6.9.5 Procedure 179 6.9.6 Determination of Nickel in Soil 180 6.9.7 Standard Preparation 180 6.9.8 Notes 180 6.10 Cadmium Determination by Using 1, 2-Dihydroxy Anthraquinone-3-Sulphonic Acid, Sodium Salt (Alizarin red S) 181 6.10.1 Principle and Importance 181 6.10.2 Material Required 182 6.10.3 Reagent Preparation 182 6.10.4 Procedure 183 6.10.5 Determination of Cadmium in Soil 183 6.10.6 Calibration Curve in the Range of 1 μg/ml to 40 μg/ml 184 6.10.7 Notes 184 6.11 Cadmium Determination by Using 5,7–Dibromo-8-Hydroxyquinoline (DBHQ) 185 6.11.1 Principle 185 6.11.2 Material Required 185 6.11.3 Reagent Preparation 186 6.11.4 Procedure 186 6.11.5 Determination of Cadmium in Soil 186 6.11.6 Standard Preparation 187 6.11.7 Notes 188 6.12 Copper Determination by Using Thio Mishler’s Ketone (TMK) 188 6.12.1 Principle 188 6.12.2 Material Required 189 6.12.3 Reagent Preparation 189 6.12.4 Procedure 190 6.12.5 Standard Preparation 191 6.12.6 Notes 192 6.13 Selenium Determination by Using Azure B and Thionin 192 6.13.1 Importance of Selenium 192 6.13.2 Toxicity of Selenium 192 6.13.3 Principle 193 6.13.4 Material Required 193 6.13.5 Reagent Preparation 194 6.13.6 Sample Preparation 194 6.13.7 Procedure 194 6.13.8 Estimation of Selenium in Soil 195 6.13.9 Standard Preparation for Azure B Method 195 6.13.10 Standard Preparation for Thionin B Method 196 6.13.11 Notes 196 6.14 Zinc Determination by Using 5, 7–Dibromo-8-ydroxyquinoline (DBHQ) 197 6.14.1 Importance of Zinc 197 6.14.2 Zinc Toxicity 197 6.14.3 Principle 197 6.14.4 Material Required 198 6.14.5 Reagent Preparation 198 6.14.6 Sample Preparation 198 6.14.7 Procedure 199 6.14.8 Standard Preparation 199 6.14.9 Notes 200 6.15 Iron Determination 200 6.15.1 Principle 200 6.15.2 Reagent Preparation 201 6.15.3 Procedure 202 6.15.4 Estimation of Iron in Water 202 6.15.5 Standard Preparation 203 6.15.6 Notes 204 References 204 7 Determination of Carbonates in Environmental Samples 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Determination of the Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Content of Soil 214 7.2.1 Principle 214 7.2.2 Material Required 214 7.2.3 Reagent Preparation 214 7.2.4 Procedure 215 7.2.5 Observation Table 215 7.2.6 Calculations 216 7.2.7 Result 216 7.2.8 Notes 216 7.3 Determination of the Hardness of Water 216 7.3.1 Principle 216 7.3.2 Some Strategies to “Soften” Hard Water 217 7.3.3 Materials Required 219 7.3.4 Reagent Preparation 219 7.3.5 Procedure 220 7.3.6 Observation Table 220 7.3.7 Calculation 221 7.3.8 Result 221 7.4 Determination of Acidity and Total Acidity of Effluent Sample by Titrimetric Method 221 7.4.1 Principle 221 7.4.2 Material Required 222 7.4.3 Reagent Preparation 222 7.4.4 Procedure 222 7.4.5 Observation Table 223 7.4.6 Calculation 223 7.4.7 Result 224 7.5 Determination of Alkalinity and Total Alkalinity of Effluent Sample by Titrimetric Method 224 7.5.1 Principle 224 7.5.2 Material Required 224 7.5.3 Reagent Preparation 224 7.5.4 Procedure 225 7.5.5 Observation Table 225 7.5.6 Calculation 226 7.5.7 Result 226 References 226 8 Microbial Examination of Potable Water 229 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Microbial Estimation in Water by Filter Disc Method 232 8.2.1 Principle 232 8.2.2 Material Required 232 8.2.3 Reagent Preparation 232 8.2.4 Procedure 232 8.2.5 Result 233 8.2.6 Notes 233 8.3 Microbial Examination by Gram Staining 233 8.3.1 Principle 233 8.3.2 Material Required 234 8.3.3 Procedure 234 8.3.4 Result 235 8.3.5 Note 235 8.4 MPN (Most Probable Number) Method for Assessment of Water Quality 235 8.4.1 Principle 235 8.4.2 Presumptive Test 236 8.4.2.1 Media Preparation (For Testing Single Water Sample) 236 8.4.2.2 Procedure 237 8.4.2.3 Alternative Media (For Testing Single Water Sample) 237 8.4.2.4 Procedure 238 8.4.2.5 Observation Table for Presumptive Test 240 8.4.2.6 Results 245 8.4.2.7 Note 245 8.4.3 Confirmed Test 245 8.4.3.1 Media Preparation for Confirmed Test 245 8.4.3.2 Procedure 245 8.4.3.3 Result 246 8.4.4 Completed Test 246 8.4.4.1 Media Preparation for Completed Test 246 8.4.4.2 Procedure 246 8.4.4.3 Results 247 References 247 Appendix I 251 Appendix II 253 Appendix III 255 Index 257

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Book SynopsisThe role of law in responding to global environmental problems and the interplay between different levels of regulation and governance is becoming increasingly relevant in the field of liability and reparation for environmental damage. This book examines the relationship and reciprocal influences between the EU and the international legal order in a multilevel and comparative perspective, in relation to the ongoing efforts to elaborate effective regimes of liability and reparation for environmental damage. It offers a comparative analysis of legal developments in the field of environmental liability within the EU and at the international law level and addresses questions concerning the impact of such interaction on the development, implementation and enforcement of appropriate responses to environmental damage within the respective legal orders and on a global level.Given the book's focus and the transnational legal dimension of the issues covered, this volume will be of greaTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction—relevance of the topic and scope of the analysis 1. Background: the problem 2. The concept, role and function of liability in the environmental context 3. Environmental liability and access to justice 3.1. Access to justice in environmental matters 3.2. Access to justice and environmental liability 4. From theory to practice: current developments in environmental liability 4.1. The global picture 4.2. The elusive response of international law 5. Scope and aims of this book 5.1. Theoretical background 5.2. Focus, methodological approach and structure of the book PART 1Environmental liability in international law 1 The law of State responsibility and its application to environmental damage 1. Introduction 2. The responsibility of States for wrongful acts: general principles 3. Transboundary harm prevention and State responsibility 3.1. Early developments and evolution of the primary rules 3.2. From no-harm to prevention 3.3. Due diligence and environmental liability 3.4. The ‘significant harm’ threshold 3.5. The link of causality 4. From transboundary harm prevention and responsibility to States’ environmental liability 4.1. The concept of environmental damage 4.2. Reparation under the law of State responsibility 4.3. Valuation and assessment of environmental damage 5. Current challenges of the law of State responsibility in the environmental context 5.1. Non-state actors and State responsibility 5.2. The erga omnes character of environmental harms 6. State responsibility for environmental harm in the international States practice 7. Concluding remarks and assessment 2 The quest towards an international law framework of states’ environmental liability in the work of the ILC 1. State liability as a primary rule of international law 2. Environmental liability in the work of the ILC: from international liability to allocation of losses 3. Response measures and ex post prevention in the environmental field: between primary and secondary rules? 4. Conclusions 3 Civil liability for environmental damage in international treaties 1. Introductory remarks 2. The international liability framework for nuclear damage 2.1. The 1960 Paris and 1963 Vienna Conventions 2.2. The role of the state in the nuclear liability regime 2.2.1. State liability under the 1963 Vienna and 1960 Paris Conventions 2.3. Revising and enhancing the international nuclear liability regime 2.3.1. The 1988 linking protocol 2.3.2. The 1997 Vienna amending protocol2.3.3. The 1997 Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) 2.3.4. The 2004 protocols amending the Paris and Brussels Conventions 2.4. The international nuclear liability framework: an assessment 3. International civil liability regimes for sea pollution damage 3.1. The 1969 civil liability convention and the 1971 fund convention 3.2. The 1992 revision protocols of the oil pollution liability framework 3.3. The definition of oil pollution damage 3.4. Revising the amount of compensation 3.5. The International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Fund 3.6. The 2003 Supplementary Fund 3.7. Oil pollution liability treaties in a multilevel context 4. Complementing the oil pollution regime: the HNS and Bunker oil liability conventions 5. The international liability framework and the protection of the marine environment 6. ‘Second generation’ environmental liability agreements 6.1. The 1993 Council of Europe’s Lugano Convention 6.2. The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur supplementary protocol on liability for biodiversity damage 6.2.1. Liability and redress in the framework of the Biodiversity Convention 6.2.2. Liability for damage caused by LMOs 6.3. The liability annex to the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection 7. Conventional systems of international liability: a layered framework 8. Soft law developments in the field of environmental liability 9. Concluding remarks PART 2Harmonising environmental liability in the EU: Substantive and procedural legal aspects 4 The EU approach to environmental liability: The 2004/35 environmental liability directive 1. Introduction 2. Historical background 3. The underling regulatory and policy rationales 4. The Directive’s main elements and scope of application 4.1 Definition of ‘environmental damage’ 4.2. The natural resources covered 4.2.1. Damage to ‘biodiversity’ 4.2.2. Damage to water 4.2.3. Damage to land 4.3. A limited approach to environmental damage? 4.4. The notion of operator and the activities covered 4.5. The Directive’s temporal scope of application 4.6. Exceptions and defences under the Directive 4.7. Questions of causation and plurality of responsible parties 5. Enforcing environmental liability 5.1. Combining prevention and reparation for environmental harm 5.2. The competent authorities and the enforcement of the ELD’s liability regime 6. Remedies 7. Issues of access to justice under the ELD 8. Harmonising environmental liability in the EU: assessing the ELD and its potential added value 9. Concluding remarks 5 Transnational harm in Europe and the potential for a harmonised legal framework 1. Introduction 2. The harmonisation of conflict of law in Europe 3. The Brussels I Regulation and its application to transboundary environmental damage 4. Rome II regulation and the determination of applicable law 5. Transnational corporate litigation before domestic courts in Europe 6. Jurisdictional aspects, corporate liability and duty of care 7. The harmonisation of EU private international law rules: an assessment 8. Transboundary environmental liability litigation in Europe: perspectives after the ELD 9. The new proposal for a directive on corporate sustainability due diligence PART 3Exploring the interactions between EU law and international law 6 The EU’s contribution to international law-making in the field of environmental liability 1. Introduction 2. The EU’s participation in international agreements: general remarks 3. The principle of conferral and EU’s external competence 3.1. Express external competences 3.2. The doctrine of implied external powers 3.3. Choosing the appropriate legal basis 4. The practice of EU external relations 4.1. Mixed agreements 4.2. Member States acting as ‘trustees’ of the EU 5. The duty of cooperation and its impact on Member States’ external action 6. Reflections on the relationship between the EU legal order and international law 7. The participation of the EU in international environmental liability agreements 7.1. Liability agreements with an environmental dimension: the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol 7.2. Disrupting interaction? 7.3. The EU’s involvement in international civil liability treaties on marine pollution and nuclear damage 7.3.1. The external relations implications of Brussels I Regulation 7.3.2. The impact of the ELD on the EU’s participation in the marine pollution civil liability regime 7.4. EU’s and Member States’ ratification of international liability conventions 8. Interaction and coordination between liability regimes in a multilevel context 8.1. The practice of disconnection and non-affect clauses 8.2. Coordinating the ELD and the liability conventions on marine pollution and nuclear damage 8.3. Article 4 of the ELD 9. Environmental policy and governance perspectives on the interaction between the ELD and international law 10. Concluding remarks 7 Substantive aspects of the interplay between EU law and international environmental agreements 1. Introduction 2. The legal status and impact of international treaties to which the EU is a party in the EU legal order 2.1. The binding character of EU international agreements and the CJEU’s jurisdiction over them 2.2. Primacy of EU international agreements 3. The CJEU’s case-law and its approach to direct effect of international norms 4. Consistent interpretation 5. Towards a harmonious approach to the relationship between EU and international law 6. Consistent interpretation and the mutual supportiveness of EU law and international law in the field of environment 7. Interim findings 8. Between mutual supportiveness and complementarity in the CJEU’s case-law on environmental liability 9. Interactions and potential synergies between liability regimes in a multilevel context Conclusions 1. An evolving scenario 2. General trends and emerging principles 3. Environmental harms and the relationship between EU and international law: towards mutual supportiveness? 4. Closing remarks Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA riveting investigation into the dark underbelly of the global trash trade - a dirty, multi-billion-dollar industry that almost no one knows exists.

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Book SynopsisThis book evaluates the global response to climate change from a cosmopolitan justice perspective. Investigating the role of states, cities, corporations, and non-governmental organisations in the post-Paris Agreement era, Dietzel provides fresh insight into the 'big picture' of climate change (mis)management.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook to provide a clear understanding of law’s role in promoting the global growth of renewable energy production and consumption. The book introduces readers to the main legal frameworks shaping the rise of renewables at international, regional and national levels, including those which set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing renewable energy consumption. Clear explanations of challenges commonly confronting renewable developments and the legal responses to them aid readers’ understanding whatever their background. The author, a leading researcher in energy and environmental law, has drawn on 10 years’ experience of developing and teaching research-led courses on renewable energy law to produce an authoritative but accessible work. Readers will come away with a better understanding of how international law on climate change and sustainable development affects renewable energy, the roles of renewable energy targets and subsidies, the laws on integrating renewables into electricity networks, the legal response to public opposition to renewable energy development, the law surrounding offshore renewables, and issues raised by the decarbonisation of road transport.Trade ReviewClear, thematic coverage of the subject matter, well presented and nicely integrating the various legal regimes and instruments involved. -- Angus Johnston * University of Oxford *Extends beyond national law and regulation to international and also explains the nuts-and-bolts of renewable energy. -- Peter Cameron * University of Dundee *Table of Contents1. Renewable Energy Law: An Introduction 2. International Climate Change Law and Renewable Energy 3. Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy 4. Enabling Renewable Energy Growth: The Role of Targets 5. Securing Investment in Renewable Energy: The Role of Subsidies 6. Transmitting Electricity 7. Planning, Licensing, and Public Opposition 8. Offshore Renewables 9. Decarbonising Road Transport

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Book SynopsisInternational law is increasingly applied in the field of natural resources. This reflects the current and challenging problem of mankind, namely how should increasingly rare natural resources or commodities be explored and exploited. This collection draws on the experts in the field to explore questions such as mining and human rights; national resources and investment law; and authority over natural resources. Though asking probing questions from different sectors, each contribution keeps the big picture and the underlying conditions in mind to answer the collection’s research questions with one voice.Table of ContentsCh. 1 Energy as a Resource for Sustainable Development Ch. 2 Securing of Resources as a Valid Reason for Using Force? A Pre-Emptive Defence of the Prohibition on the Use of Force Ch. 3 Integrating Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources into International Mining Law Ch. 4 Extractives for Development Ch. 5 Resource Mining and Human Rights Ch. 6 Crimes against the Environment? The Deliberate Destruction of the Natural Environment and Natural Resources during War Ch. 7 Resource Mining and Law of the Sea: Evolving Issues and Challenges for the Indian State Practice Ch. 8 Space Resources and Property Rights – Unilateral and Multilateral Approaches Ch. 9 Natural Resources and Investment Law, in particular Investor State Contracts Ch.10 Resources and Investment – Understanding and Misunderstanding the Friction between the Right to Regulate and Investor Protection Ch. 11 Reforming International Investment Treaties for an Equitable Natural Resource-Related Investment Governance Regime Ch. 12 Authority over Natural Resources: No End of Geography

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Book SynopsisDr Louise Smail has extensive experience in the field of environmental law, climate change and risk management with a wide range of organisations, including local government, police, manufacturing and many train operating companies. Louise has worked as a principal consultant and director of two international consulting groups. She works on high profile projects looking at business risk evaluation and performance at board level, as well as the impact of changes in environmental legislation in both the UK and Europe.Louise is the author of a number of books published by Bloomsbury Professional, including Water and Waste Regulation (2024), and (co-authored with Charlotte Waters and Mike Appleby) The Law of Renewable Energy (2020) and HSE and Environment Agency Prosecution: The New Climate (2019).

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Book SynopsisThis important volume steps beyond conventional legal approaches to sustainability to provide fresh insights into perhaps one of the most critical global challenges of our time. Offering analysis of sustainability at land and sea alongside trade, labour and corporate governance perspectives, this book articulates important debates about the role of law. From impacts on local societies to domestic sustainable development policies and major international goals, it considers multiple jurisdictional levels. With original, interdisciplinary research from experts in their legal fields, this is a rounded assessment of the complex interplay of law and sustainability—both as it is now and as it should be in the future.Trade Review“Sustainability, though ubiquitous in modern discourse, remains contested in theory and praxis. This collection offers insightful coverage of challenges in operationalising sustainability in principle and in key areas of law.” * Karen Morrow, Swansea University *Table of ContentsIntroduction PART 1: SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH HISTORY Sustainability and Law: An historical and theoretical overview ~ Margherita Pieraccini and Tonia Novitz Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals: ‘responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making’? ~ Tonia Novitz and Margherita Pieraccini PART 2: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Accounting for Climate Change: Rethinking the chaotic corporate reporting landscape and its purpose with the UK’s failure as a case study ~ Charlotte Villiers and Georgina Tsagas Sustainable Corporate Governance: trimming or sowing? ~ Nina Boeger PART 3: TRADE The International Trade Regime and SDG 2: Reforming Agricultural Markets for Food Security ~ Clair Gammage Social Sustainability, Labour and Trade: Forging Connections ~ Tonia Novitz PART 4: PLACES Land Ownership, Use and Sustainability in a Pluriverse ~ Chris Willmore Sustainability and marine conservation law ~ Margherita Pieraccini

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Book SynopsisAs climate change begins to take a serious toll on the planet--with much more damage yet to come--a solution to our warming problems is hiding in plain sight. We need to commit to de-carbonizing our economy, and do so immediately, but so far we have lacked the courage to really try.Our fears of nuclear energy have grown irrationally large, even as our fears of climate change are irrationally small.In this clear-sighted and compelling book, Joshua Goldstein and Steffan Qvist come bearing good news: a real solution, one that is fast, cheap, and provably works. Based on Sweden's success cutting their carbon emissions in half, Goldstein and Qvist argue for a policy that combines nuclear and renewable energy sources. From 1970-1990, Sweden replaced coal power plants with nuclear ones, and slowly integrated renewable energy alongside it. During that same time period, the country generated more electricity than ever and its economy grew by 50 percent. They have had no nuclear accidents, nor has any of their uranium been stolen by terrorists.Separating facts from doomsday scenarios, Goldstein and Qvist force a real and meaningful dialogue about what the best energy policy is, and the dangers of remaining on our present path. And they offer an answer that really could work--if only we'd give it a try.

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Book SynopsisThwart Climate Change Now: Reducing Embodied Carbon Brick by Brick addresses an imperative-to slow the pace of climate change within the coming decade-before it's too late. While climate policy typically focuses on future decarbonization 10 to 20 years out, temperatures continue to rise. Greenhouse gases emitted upfront from the materials fabrication, construction, and renovation of our physical environment-embodied emissions-accelerate the rate of global warming now. Sadly, they increase atmospheric carbon before our buildings and infrastructure are even used. Often ignored or deemed too perplexing to resolve, the need to reduce embodied emissions immediately is the subject of this book.Written for a variety of readers-from policymakers and legislators to architects and developers-Thwart Climate Change Now addresses how to tackle the built environment's "embodied" carbon emissions, highlighting specific design and policy issues that overlook their own contribution to atmospheric carbon. The book brings together the science of climate change, sustainable design, and green policies in a language accessible to a diverse readership, followed by case study examples to support design, policy and legislative recommendations to slow emissions growth in the near term.

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Book Synopsis'What Wales is doing today, the world will do tomorrow.' –Nikhil Seth, UN Assistant Secretary General ‘...the story of this revolutionary engine for change holds enormous possibility and is a true beacon of hope.’ –Michael Sheen OBE, actor and UNICEF ambassador The story of how one small nation responded to global climate issues by radically rethinking public policy for future generations In #futuregen, Jane Davidson explains how, as Minister for Environment, Sustainability and Housing in Wales, she proposed the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015—the first piece of legislation on Earth to place regenerative and sustainable practice at the heart of government. Unparalleled in its scope and vision, the Act connects environmental and social health and looks to solve complex issues such as poverty, education and unemployment. Davidson reveals how and why such groundbreaking legislation was forged in Wales—once reliant on its coal, iron and steel industries—and explores how the shift from economic growth to sustainable growth is creating new opportunities for communities and governments all over the world. #futuregen is the inspiring story of a small, pioneering nation discovering prosperity through its vast natural beauty, renewable energy resources and resilient communities. It’s a living, breathing prototype for local and global leaders as proof of what is possible in the fight for a sustainable future.Trade ReviewKirkus Reviews— 'Wales stands as a leader of sustainability. Davidson, the former minister for Environment, Sustainability and Housing in Wales, among many other public roles, chronicles the complex, ultimately successful process by which the nation created the Well-being for Future Generations (Wales) Act, which became law in 2015. . . .A useful primer for environmental reform.'Foreword Reviews— 'Wales, though small, is a vanguard when it comes to integrating sustainable development via government policies and actions. The chief architect of its Well-Being of Future Generations Act, Jane Davidson, chronicles the law’s enactment in the lively #futuregen, which encompasses both her personal evaluations and the sweeping policy shift’s intriguing processes.'Booklist, Starred Review— 'A valuable insider primer for those hoping to enact equally sweeping green legislation in America and beyond.'‘Be inspired by this fascinating story of how Wales made into law the obligation for a country to pursue sustainable development on behalf of future generations.’–Gro Harlem Brundtland‘A truly pioneering Act that puts sustainability at the heart of every governmental decision combined with a country seeking to reimagine itself – the story of this revolutionary engine for change holds enormous possibility and is a true beacon of hope.’–Michael Sheen OBE, actor and UNICEF ambassador‘As the effects of climate change and ecological degradation become ever more apparent it is not despair that must drive us, but action. Jane Davidson’s wonderful #futuregen tells the inspiring story of how one country stepped up with just that – a groundbreaking new law to protect the interests of future generations. For those searching for hope, this is a must-read.’–Tony Juniper CBE, Environmentalist‘Once at the forefront of the industrial revolution, Wales now leads the world in the sustainability revolution. At the intersection of sustainability, economics, law, morality and politics, the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act enshrines the responsibility of a government to take care of its citizens, especially the vulnerable, and extends that responsibility to those who are the most vulnerable because they do not yet have a voice – the generations as yet unborn. In #futuregen, Jane Davidson, its chief architect, relates what inspired this groundbreaking Act and what impact it has had in the five years since it was passed. Politicians are not generally noted for their long-term, upstream thinking. Influenced by systems thinker Donella Meadows, Jane Davidson is an inspiring exception and has earned the gratitude of generations both future and current.’–Roz Savage MBE, ocean rower and sustainability advocate‘Please give this book to the sons and daughters of our leaders, then ask them to give it to their parents. Maybe they won’t make the change needed for the people who voted them in, but they might just do it for their children.’–David Hieatt, co-founder of Hiut Denim Co. and of The Do Lectures, author‘The very definition of sustainable development embodies the need to ensure the well-being of future generations and yet, until Wales in 2015 enacted its Well-being of Future Generations Act, no country had passed legislation to look ahead and give itself the ambition, permission and legal obligation to improve social, cultural, environmental and economic dimensions of well-being for current and future generations. Jane Davidson was a pioneer in pushing forward Wales’s pathbreaking Future Generations Act, blazing a trail for the rest of the world, and WWF was delighted and honoured to support her on that journey. Decision-makers everywhere should read her book to understand the importance of putting future generations at the heart of all they do and the actions needed to make that a reality.’–Pavan Sukhdev, President, WWF International

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Book SynopsisThis well received book, informed by its interdisciplinary framework, succinctly yet accurately traverses and illuminates the full gamut of international environmental issues, laws and policies challenging the world today. The fifth edition responds to important developments arising subsequent to the fourth edition, relating, inter alia, to sustainable development, climate change, and energy. These developments include the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2015, the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change that replaced the Kyoto Protocol, and the challenges posed by renewable energy and global poverty. In sum, the book offers an insightful analysis of the relevant treaties, customary law, and soft law instruments governing all areas of international environmental law.

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Book Synopsis'Humanity has been gambling for generations with the extent to which it can degrade nature and continue to prosper. Now the environmental debt is being called in and the ability of international diplomacy and law, government policy and political will to deal with the issues is being tested. Conservation, Biodiversity and International Law is a must read for any practitioner in the high-stakes business of restoring our ability to live in harmony with the natural world that sustains us.' - Alastair Morrison, Department of Conservation, New Zealand 'Biodiversity is the cornerstone of life - our plants, animals, and ecosystems are essential for livelihoods and have shaped our culture and traditions around the world. However our precious biodiversity is at risk as never before. Global targets to reduce biodiversity loss have not been met and we continue to lose biodiversity at an unprecedented rate. In fact we are currently in the middle of an extinction crisis and scientists have advised that one species from our planet is being lost every 38 minutes! The nature of this crisis and the actions taken to address it are clearly and articulately put forward in this landmark book by Professor Al Gillespie. This book is particularly useful in documenting the many policy and legal actions that have been taken to address these issues, and how the application of these instruments can be improved. Although focused on the law, the book covers a range of disciplines including science, philosophy and policy which lay the foundation for international law. This book makes a major and highly valued contribution to the disciple of environmental law and policy and is an invaluable reference for policy makers, practitioners and academic audiences.' - David Sheppard, CEO of the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)This important and timely book provides a rigorous overview of the defining issues presently facing conservation at international level. The author provides detailed coverage of topics ranging from the classification of species right through to access and benefit sharing, drawing on his personal experience at intergovernmental level. Each question is examined through the prism of dozens of treaties and hundreds of decisions and resolutions of the key multilateral regimes, and the law in each area is supplemented by the necessary considerations of science politics and philosophy - providing much-needed context for the reader. Combining expert scholarship and first-hand insight, Conservation, Biodiversity and International Law will be an invaluable resource for researchers and practitioners in international environmental law, as well as providing an accessible guide for students.Trade ReviewA major work: this book provides a comprehensive picture of the international legal challenges of natural heritage conservation. Truly an indispensable tool for policy-makers, experts and students. The book offers a complete guide to the complex world of treaties that regulate conservation at the global scale. --Francesco Bandarin, UNESCO Assistant Director-General for CultureThis book is written by a prominent and influential scholar who also has the benefit of first hand knowledge of practical working of environmental regimes, having participated in several important negotiations. Gillespie's monograph therefore stands out among other publications on the subject of conservation, combining thoughtful and scholarly approach to issues raised with un-parallel insights into the working of environmental law and the conservation of biodiversity. The book is very original in its presentation of this subject, especially in the selection of topics and the approach which is not only legal but also scientific, philosophical and political. This book is evidence of the great erudition of the author not only in the field of conservation but also in international environmental law and general international law, an example of which can be his analysis of the precautionary principle, trade and a very complex issue of the exception for indigenous peoples and science. Mention also must be made of his detailed approach to various multilateral treaty regimes such as Ramsar Convention and the World Heritage Convention. Gillespie wrote an exceptional book which is a must for international layers, both practitioners and scholars. It is a thought-provoking, very well researched and original monograph, which due to its all- encompassing approach will retain its importance for a very long period of time. --Malgosia Fitzmaurice, Queen Mary, University of London, UKThe book is an important contribution to environmental literature and specifically to environmental law internationally. International lawyers, both practitioners and academic lawyers alike - as well as policymakers - will welcome this thorough, scholarly and readable monograph as a must-have addition to their libraries. --Phillip Taylor MBE and Elizabeth Taylor, The Barrister MagazineTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Species and Areas 3. Extinct and Endangered 4. Classifications 5. Tangible Benefits 6. Intangible Considerations 7. Habitat 8. Trade 9. Exceptions for Indigenous Peoples, Science and the Military 10. Aliens, Disease, Pests, and Genetically Modified Species 11. Incidental Capture 12. Development 13. Overlaps and Gaps 14. Compliance 15. Compliance on the High Seas 16. Management 17. Access and Benefit Sharing 18. Local Peoples, Education and Finance 19. Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisInternational energy law is an elusive but important concept. There is no body of law called 'international energy law', nor is there any universally accepted definition for it, yet many specialized areas of international law have a direct relationship with energy policy. The Research Handbook on International Energy Law examines various aspects of international energy law and offers a comprehensive account of its basic concepts and processes.Adopting a practical approach, the Handbook traces the wide and somewhat informal notion of international energy law and covers the latest developments in the field. The expert contributors offer original research and analysis on pertinent topics such as energy investment, international energy disputes and energy trade. In addition to examining public international law issues and their application to energy activities, the Handbook also includes studies focused on private contractual arrangements and provides an angle on the human rights aspects of energy.This book will be a valuable tool for the expert audience - both academics and practitioners - and will provide students and early career practicing lawyers with a good understanding of what 'international energy law' really means.Contributors: R.J. Battaglia, A.V. Belyi, P. Cameron, M. Galligan, A.M.-Z. Gao, T.P.Gormley, K. Hobér, L. Holt, S. de Jong, A. Konoplyanik, L.A. Low, R. Maalouf, T. Martin, M. Naseem, S. Naseem, Y. Omorogbe, S.-L. Penttinen, P. Roberts, A. Sabater, S.W. Schill, Y. Selivanova, I.A. Siddiky, M. Stadnyk, K. Talus, R.P. Tscherning, A. Wawryk, J. Wouters, K. YafimavaTrade Review‘The book's diverse topics, and impressive array of authors will make it a useful resource to a wide array of energy lawyers. The world's energy, environmental, and economic goals present a monumental hill to climb; the Research Handbook on lntemational Energy Law should be welcomed for beginning to illuminate the path.’ -- James W.Coleman, International Energy Law ReviewTable of ContentsContents: PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Internationalisation of Energy Law Kim Talus 2. Institutional Actors in International Energy Law Sijbren de Jong and Jan Wouters 3. Interface Between National and International Energy Law Stephan W. Schill PART II: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INVESTMENTS 4. Multilateral and Bilateral Energy Investment Treaties: Do We Need a Global Solution? Energy Charter Treaty as Objective Result of Evolution of the International Energy Markets and Instruments of Investment Protection and Stimulation Andrey A. Konoplyanik 5. In Search of Investment Stability Peter Cameron 6. World Petroleum Regimes Mohd Naseem and Saman Naseem 7. Energy and International Boundaries Tim Martin PART III: INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND ENERGY 8. International Arbitration and Energy: How Energy Disputes Shaped International Dispute Resolution Aníbal Sabater and Mark Stadnyk 9. Recent Trends in Energy Disputes Kaj Hobér 10. The Role of the Court of Justice of European Union in the Energy Market Liberalization Sirja-Leena Penttinen PART IV: INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENERGY 11. The WTO Agreements and Energy Yulia Selivanova 12. The International Legal Instruments for Cross-border Pipelines Ishrak Ahmed Siddiky 13. Contractual Issues in International Gas Trade: LNG – the Key to the Golden Age of Gas Peter Roberts and Ruchdi Maalouf PART V: INTERNATIONAL POVERTY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND ENERGY 14. Policy, Law, and the Actualization of the Right of Access to Energy Services Yinka Omorogbe 15. Renewable Energy for Food and Water Security Projects in Dry-Land Countries: Towards a Model Legal Framework for the Qatar National Food Security Programme Rudiger P. Tscherning PART VI: ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 16. Promotion of Renewable Electricity: Free Trade and Domestic Industrial Development Anton Ming-Zhi Gao 17. EU Energy Efficiency Regulation and Governance: Lessons for the US? Lynne Holt and Mary Galligan PART VII: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY LAW 18. Corruption and the Energy Sector: Inevitable Bedfellows? Lucinda A. Low and Richard J. Battaglia 19. Transparency and International Energy Tonje Pareli Gormley 20. The Regulation of Oil Spills from Offshore Installations Alex Wawryk 21. Transit: The EU Energy Acquis and the Energy Charter Treaty Katja Yafimava 22. International Energy Law, Institutions and Geopolitics Andrei V. Belyi Index

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Book Synopsis'The alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment are both critical challenges for the vindication of basic human rights for all of humankind. This relationship is however not necessarily an easy one. While there is an inextricable link between poverty and the degradation of the environment, a sophisticated analysis of a problem needs to deal with those cases where the need to increase economic opportunity for poor communities may appear to conflict with fragile ecosystems or the preservation of traditional practices. This collection provides the most sustained engagement with these problems. Drawing on the expertise of a range of distinguished authors, this book presents the reader with an integrated global engagement with these problems. In doing so, it represents a landmark effort towards the creation of a coherent literature to deal with one of humankind's most pressing challenges.'- Dennis Davis, Judge of the High Court, South Africa This timely book explores the complex relationship between the alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment. There is every reason to believe that these issues are in many ways interdependent. However this book demonstrates that there are situations where alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment appear to be in a fraught relationship. The contributing authors illustrate that the role played by law in this relationship, whether at the international or national level, will vary depending on the situation and will be more successful at pursuing environmental justice in some cases than in others. This interdisciplinary study will appeal to academics and students in environmental law and other environmental disciplines, environmental policy makers and NGOs interested in issues of poverty, environment and indigenous peoples. Contributors: C.D. Aceves-Avila, D. Behn, K. Bubna-Litic, M.A. Cohen, E. Couzens, J.J. Gonzalez Marquez, S. Gruber, O.F. Jauregui, M. Kidd, Y. Le Bouthillier, P. Martin, A. Mumma, L.C. Paddock, C.G. Pring, G.W. Pring, S. Sabzwari, D.N. Scott, D. Shelton, S.L. SmithTrade ReviewThe complex, uneven and challenging relationships between poverty alleviation and environmental regulation are impossible to trace in a single book but this collection brings a carefully selected set of policy-relevant, context-responsive, practical legal analyses to bear in a fresh examination of the present and future challenges involved. This is a timely contribution in the search for regulatory responses that alleviate rather than exacerbate the myriad forms of adaptation apartheid now so painfully evident in the relationship between poverty, injustice and environmental degradation. - Anna Grear, University of Waikato, New Zealand The subject of poverty cannot be ignored by environmentalists as the poor are the most affected by the diverse impacts of environmental degradation and climate change such as on water, natural resources and cultural heritage sites. In addition, slum dwellings exacerbate the plight of the poor. The book is a collection of diverse topics by renowned environmental legal experts which deal with the relationship between the alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment. Each writer addresses the challenges raised in various issues and recommends solutions which range from linking with human rights, the need for public participation, the role of environmental courts and other mechanisms. - --Koh Kheng-Lian, National University of SingaporeTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction PART I: LINKAGES BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND POVERTY 2. Using Law and Equity for the Poor and the Environment Dinah Shelton 3. The Right of Access to Water in South Africa Michael Kidd PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POVERTY: WHAT IS AT STAKE FOR ABORIGINAL PEOPLES? 4. Climate Change Impacts on the Poor – a Case-study of Australia’s Indigenous Population and the Impact of Australia’s Response on this Population Karen Bubna-Litic 5. The Quest for Environmental Justice on a Canadian Aboriginal Reserve Sidra Sabzwari and Dayna Nadine Scott 6. Whaling and Dealing: Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, Politics and Poverty Ed Couzens PART III: THE NEED FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO COMBAT POVERTY 7. The Role of Public Engagement in Achieving Environmental Justice LeRoy C. (Lee) Paddock 8. The Right of Access to Information as a Tool for Environmental Protection and Poverty Eradication in Mexico Carla D. Aceves-Ávila PART IV: STATES’ APPROACHES TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POVERTY 9. Embedding Social Justice in the Design of Environmental Regulation Paul Martin 10. Planning and Environment in Mexico City’s Metropolitan Zone: Trying to Defeat Poverty Miriam Alfie Cohen and Oscar Flores Jáuregui PART V: THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 11. The ‘Greening’ of Justice: Will it Help the Poor? George W. (Rock) Pring and Catherine G. (Kitty) Pring 12. The Resolution of Urban Housing Development Disputes as a Mechanism for Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Kenya’s National Environment Tribunal Albert Mumma PART VI: GLOBAL CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS TO ADDRESS POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 13. Linking Climate Change Mitigation and Poverty Reduction: Continued Reform of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Post-Kyoto Era to Promote Sustainable Energy Development on the African Continent Daniel Behn 14. Poverty and the Loss of Cultural Heritage Sites Stefan Gruber 15. Chartering Sustainable Transnational Corporations Susan Lea Smith Index

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Book SynopsisThe crucial importance of biodiversity law to future human welfare is only now being fully appreciated. This wide-ranging handbook presents a range of perspectives from leading international experts reflecting up-to-date research thinking on the vital subject of biodiversity and its interaction with law.Through a rigorous examination of the principles, procedures and practices that characterise this area of law, this timely volume effectively highlights its objectives, implementation, achievements, and prospects. More specifically, the work addresses the regulatory challenges posed by the principal contemporary threats to biological diversity, the applicable general principles of international environmental law and the visions, values and voices that are shaping the development of the law. Presenting thematic rather than regime-based coverage, the editors demonstrate the state-of-the-art of current research and identify future research needs and directions.This comprehensive and authoritative handbook will be an indispensable resource for legal scholars, students and practitioners alike. Contributors include: K. Bastmeijer, M. Bowman, R. Caddell, E. Cloatre, P. Davies, M. Fitzmaurice, M. Fosci, D. French, E.J. Goodwin, K. Hulme, E.A. Kirk, V. Koester, N. Mohammed, R. Rayfuse, K.N. Scott, A. Trouwborst, T. WestTrade ReviewThis is a remarkable book. It comprises the best scholars in the field covering all of the essential elements needed to understand and respond to the foremost conservation challenges of the 21st century. It is contemporary, insightful and challenging. In my opinion, this work is essential for any scholar, practitioner or student who works in this area. --Alexander Gillespie, University of Waikato, New ZealandTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I VISIONS, VALUES AND VOICES 1. Law, Legal Scholarship and the Conservation of Biological Diversity: 2020 Vision and Beyond Michael Bowman 2. In Whose Interest? Instrumental and Intrinsic Value in Biodiversity Law Mattia Fosci and Tom West 3. Participatory Resource Management: A Caribbean Case Study Nicole Mohammed 4. The Role of Non-State Actors in Treaty Regimes for the Protection of Marine Biodiversity Elizabeth A. Kirk PART II SIGNIFICANT THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 5. Climate Change, Marine Biodiversity and International Law Rosemary Rayfuse 6. Broad Spectrum Efforts to Enhance the Conservation of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Edward J. Goodwin 7. Alien Invasive Species – is the EU’s Strategy Fit for Purpose? Peter Davies 8. Countering Fragmentation of Habitats under International Wildlife Regimes Arie Trouwborst 9. Armed Conflict and Biodiversity Karen Hulme PART III GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 10. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Concept of Sustainable Development: The Extent and Manner of the Convention’s Application of Components of the Concept Veit Koester 11. Whaling and Inter- and Intra-Generational Equity Malgosia Fitzmaurice 12. Common Concern, Common Heritage and other Global(-ising) Concepts: Rhetorical Devices, Legal Principles or a Fundamental Challenge? Duncan French PART IV REGULATORY CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES 13. Biodiversity, Knowledge and the Making of Rights: Reviewing the Debates on Bioprospecting and Ownership Emilie Cloatre 14. Ecological Restoration in International Biodiversity Law: A Promising Strategy to Address Our Failure to Prevent? Kees Bastmeijer 15. Non-Compliance Procedures and the Implementation of Commitments under Wildlife Treaties Karen N. Scott 16. ‘Only Connect’? Regime Interaction and Global Biodiversity Conservation Richard Caddell Index

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Book SynopsisThis excellent book covers the important legal and political perspectives on the world's freshwater resources. The chapters, written by distinguished experts from academia and practice, systematically address issues of economics, environment, sovereignty over resources, energy, conflict resolution, and in addition offer some in depth case studies. A wonderful book and compulsory reading for who needs to have the full picture of the complex international dynamics of freshwater in our time.'- Catherine Brölmann, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands'In sum, the volume is a must for all those who know and practice international and domestic water law, who influence the international water governance debate at the global, regional, and sub-regional scales, and who, in general, interact with water resources in the transboundary but also in the domestic setting of their respective countries.'- Stefano Burchi, Chairman of the International Association for Water Law - AIDA'International Law and Freshwater is an outstanding piece of legal and policy scholarship that poignantly, thoughtfully and effectively addresses the who, what, where, when and how of international waters governance and international law.'- Richard Kyle Paisley, University of British Columbia, CanadaThe issues surrounding water embody some of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. The editors of this timely book have brought together the leading authors in the field to explore the key questions involving international law and water governance.International Law and Freshwater connects recent legal developments through the breadth and synergies of a multidisciplinary analysis. It addresses such critical issues as water security, the right to water, international cooperation and dispute resolution, State succession to transboundary watercourse treaties, and facets of international economic law, including trade in 'virtual water' and the impacts of 'land grabs'.Containing detailed analysis and thought-provoking solutions, this book will appeal to researchers and academics working in the legal field, as well as international relations and natural sciences. Water practitioners, public officials, diplomats and students will also find much to interest them in this insightful study.Contributors: A.S. Al-Khasawneh, U. Alam, L. Boisson de Chazournes, L. Caflisch, M. Claassen, C. de Albuquerque, G. de los Cobos, L. del Castillo-Laborde, D. Garrick, J. Granit, D. Grey, E. Hey, V. Hughes, M. Kohen, C. Leb, G. Marceau, M.M. Mbengue, S.C. McCaffrey, O. McIntyre, S.M.A. Salman, D. Shelton, A. Tanzi, M. Tignino, B.A. YimerTrade ReviewFreshwater is an essential resource. This book offers a comprehensive international look at diverse issues arising from water use for human consumption, agriculture, energy, industry, waste disposal and ecosystem conservation. The contributions, written primarily but not exclusively by legal experts, are highly informed and insightful. In addition to more traditional topics, they address the WTO and natural resources, Ethiopia's large-scale commercial farms, and aquifer management in the Geneva region and Latin America. An important read for scholars, policy-makers, and concerned citizens. --Edith Brown Weiss, Georgetown University, USTable of ContentsContents: Foreword 1. Introduction Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Christina Leb and Mara Tignino 2. The Law of International Watercourses: Achievements and Challenges Lucius Caflisch PART I: WATER AS A VITAL RESOURCE FOR STATES AND INDIVIDUALS 3. Water Security, Perceptions and Politics: The Context for International Watercourse Negotiations David Grey and Dustin Garrick 4. Water and Sanitation are Human Rights: Why Does it Matter? Catarina de Albuquerque 5. Water Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Dinah Shelton 6. Do People Have Rights in Boundaries’ Delimitations? Marcelo Kohen and Mara Tignino PART II: THE PROMOTION OF WATER COOPERATION THROUGH UNIVERSAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL REGIMES 7. The Codification of Universal Norms: A Means to Promote Cooperation and Equity? Stephen C. McCaffrey 8. A Scalable Approach Towards Realizing Tangible Benefits in Transboundary River Basins and Regions Jakob Granit and Marius Claassen 9. Regional Contributions to International Water Cooperation: The UNECE Contribution Attila Tanzi 10. Transboundary Water Resources and International Law: The Example of the Aquifer Management of the Geneva Region (Switzerland and France) Gabriel de los Cobos 11. The Guaraní Aquifer Framework Agreement (2010) Lilian del Castillo-Laborde 12. The Senegal River Legal Regime and its Contribution to the Development of the Law of International Watercourses in Africa Makane Moïse Mbengue PART III: WATER AS A SHARED NATURAL RESOURCE 13. The Contribution of Procedural Rules to the Environmental Protection of Transboundary Rivers in Light of Recent ICJ Case Law Owen McIntyre 14. WTO and Trade in Natural Resources Valerie Hughes and Gabrielle Marceau 15. Virtual Water, ‘Land Grab’ and International Law Ellen Hey 16. Competing Water Use in Large-scale Commercial Farms: Ethiopia Bahakal Abate Yimer PART IV: PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT OF WATER-RELATED DISPUTES 17. Do Judicial Decisions Settle Water-related Disputes? Awn S. Al-Khasawneh 18. Mediation of International Water Disputes – The Indus, the Jordan, and the Nile Basins Interventions Salman M.A. Salman 19. India and Pakistan’s Truculent Cooperation: Can it Continue? Undala Alam 20. State Succession to Water Treaties: Uncertain Streams Christina Leb and Mara Tignino Index

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Book SynopsisWhy do people obey the law? And why do states abide by their international commitments? These are among the questions raised in this important book. The setting is the Barents Sea, home to some of the most productive fishing grounds on the planet, including the world's largest cod stock. Norway and Russia manage these fish resources together, in what appears to be a successful exception to the rule of failed fisheries management: stocks are in good shape, institutional cooperation is expanding and takes place in a constructive atmosphere. The author argues that post-agreement bargaining helps activate norms and establish standard operating procedure that furthers precautionary fisheries management. The Barents Sea fishery is seen as one of the best-managed international fisheries in the world, and the book specifically enquires into the lessons to be learned from the Norwegian-Russian partnership. It will therefore prove to be of invaluable interest to practitioners, scholars and policy makers working in the field of fisheries management and environmental agreements.Trade ReviewEnvironmental governance is not just a matter of laying down clear rules and regulations and then finding ways to enforce them. Developing the idea of ''post-agreement bargaining'' and drawing on his exceptional knowledge of the world-class fisheries of the Barents Sea, Geir Honneland illuminates the ongoing processes of interpretation, mutual accommodation, and adjustment to changing circumstances that play an essential role in making environmental regimes work. --Oran Young, University of California, Santa BarbaraFishing vessels plying the cold waters of the Barents Sea provide the empirical basis for this extraordinary effort to answer the question of what it takes for people and their governments to make and stick to agreements and follow the rules. Based on years of study of arrangements between Norway and the Soviet Union/Russia and interviews with the captains of the fishing ships that seek cod and other species in the far north, Honneland brings findings and theory from many disciplines to the question. In so doing he offers a powerful argument about how post-agreement bargaining at both state and individual levels contributes to compliance and hence sustainable fisheries. --Bonnie McCay, Rutgers UniversityIn Making Fishery Agreements Work, Geir Honneland extends his reputation as a leading scholar on Norwegian/Russian fisheries relationships. His new contribution focuses on the complicated and hard to track post-bargaining processes that can be used to improve compliance over time in situations with large power differentials. Well grounded in compliance theory and common property resource management, Honneland's interviews and personal observations capture the empirical motivations that underlie compliance in joint Barent's Sea fisheries. --David Fluharty, University of WashingtonTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Common-pool Resource Management and Compliance with International Commitments 3. Fisheries Management in the Barents Sea 4. Post-agreement Bargaining at State Level 5. Post-agreement Bargaining at Individual Level 6. Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisGovernance of Genetic Resources maps out a landscape of the international governance of genetic resources. It shows what governance efforts currently exist, what is missing, which areas are problematic, and outlines what the international community should be aiming for in regard to its future development and implementation.The book begins by exploring the historical development of international genetic resources governance and considers why the area has become so significant and complex. It goes on to analyze the current situation and develop recommendations on what governance efforts should be achieving for the future.This timely study will be of interest to students and academics concerned with the management of genetic resources and its connection to issues such as intellectual property rights, biodiversity conservation and food security. It will appeal strongly to academic researchers in the fields of international relations, international law and global governance, environmental science, development studies, and the biosciences. The book will also appeal to policy-makers and practitioners, particularly those working in or with international organizations involved in genetic resources governance and to national decision makers seeking information on the international context for genetic resources management.Contents: 1. Introduction Part I: Resources and Issues for International Governance of Genetic Resources 2. Resources 3. Issues Part II: Current Landscape of Genetic Resources Governance . Actors 5. Rules 6. Emerging Trends and Initiatives 7. Problems and Implications Part III: Improved Governance 8. Improved Governance 9. Conclusion References IndexTrade ReviewThis highly informative volume, organised around a clear structure, will guide newcomers as well as specialists through the labyrinth of what looks like, at first sight, a very technical and complicated issue. While building in details on the case of the genetic resources' institutional complex, already covered by former studies because of its distinctive features, this book provides the reader with updated information and interesting insights for its understanding and management. --Amandine Orsini, Universite Saint-Louis, Brussels, BelgiumThis is a valuable overview of the landscape of genetic resources governance at the international level identifying key resources, issues, rules, actors and processes. The work's key contribution is to identify interactions and connections between the different governance elements and then to systematically consider some of the cross cutting governance issues. This analysis is very clear and a welcome challenge to some of the existing orthodoxy. --Charles Lawson, Griffith Law School, AustraliaTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction Part I: Resources and Issues for International Governance of Genetic Resources 2. Resources 3. Issues Part II: Current Landscape of Genetic Resources Governance 4. Actors 5. Rules 6. Emerging Trends and Initiatives 7. Problems and Implications Part III: Improved Governance 8. Improved Governance 9. Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisProfessor Fisher's analysis reveals the rationality, or rather the lack of it, of current environmental decision-making. It also provides the evidence for an environmental grundnorm to guide legal reasoning. Without it, political and legal decision-makers will not be able to achieve ecologically sustainable development. A timely book on a hugely important issue.'- Klaus Bosselmann, University of Auckland, Australia'I am afraid that an endorsement of this kind, however condense and packed with praise, cannot do justice to Doug Fisher's latest book. A respected and seasoned environmental law scholar, Fisher skilfully reminds us that law is about language and that language is the point of commencement of legal reasoning, also in environmental law and governance. Importantly, language and legal argumentation and reasoning will play a determinative role in our efforts to achieve sustainability. The book's detailed account of the different forms of legal argumentation; the methodology of legal decision-making; and the connection between law, language and legal reasoning in international environmental law and governance, is an invaluable resource for scholars of legal hermeneutics, international lawyers generally, and specifically, for environmental lawyers.'BR>- Louis J. Kotzé, North West University, South AfricaLegal Reasoning in Environmental Law provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the range of legal reasoning processes to support the understanding, interpretation and application of international, regional and national rules of environmental law.The book considers how rules for environmental governance are designed to accommodate the various competing interests within each of the private and public sectors and also between the two sectors. The author then examines how decisions in particular cases reflect the sources of these rules together with their form, structure and language. He exposes the ways in which reliance upon an extensive range of legal reasoning processes are used to justify the particular decision by interpreting and applying these rules to the case in question.Much has been written about legal reasoning and about environmental law but relatively little about the relationship between the two. This book will strongly appeal to legal scholars for its analysis of intellectual processes, and to legal practitioners for its exposition of how decisions are made.Contents: Preface Part I: Reasoning in a Legal Context 1. Law, Language and Reasoning 2. Forms of Legal Argumentation 3. The Methodology of Legal Decision-making Part II: Legal Reasoning in International Environmental Law 4. Rules of Competence and Limitation: Territorial Resources 5. Rules of Limitation: Common Resources 6. Internationally Accepted Rules: The Normative Framework 7. Internationally Accepted Rules: Implementation Measures 8. Judicially Constructed Rules: Biological Resources 9. Judicially Constructed Rules: Common Resources Part III: Legal Reasoning in Applying Environmental Law 10. Rules in the Form of Human Rights 11. Rules in Instrumental Form 12. Rules in the Form of Constitutional Rights 13. Rules in the Form of Environmental Rights 14. The Structure, Form and Language of Statutory Rules 15. Rules Informing Adjudication 16. Strategic Rules Informing Decisions 17. Strategic Rules Regulating Decisions Part IV: Conclusion 18. Legal Reasoning in Environmental Law Bibliography IndexTrade Review‘Professor Fisher’s analysis reveals the rationality, or rather the lack of it, of current environmental decision-making. It also provides the evidence for an environmental grundnorm to guide legal reasoning. Without it, political and legal decision-makers will not be able to achieve ecologically sustainable development. A timely book on a hugely important issue.’ -- Klaus Bosselmann, University of Auckland, New Zealand‘I am afraid that an endorsement of this kind, however condense and packed with praise, cannot do justice to Doug Fisher’s latest book. A respected and seasoned environmental law scholar, Fisher skilfully reminds us that law is about language and that language is the point of commencement of legal reasoning, also in environmental law and governance. Importantly, language and legal argumentation and reasoning will play a determinative role in our efforts to achieve sustainability. The book’s detailed account of the different forms of legal argumentation; the methodology of legal decision-making; and the connection between law, language and legal reasoning in international environmental law and governance, is an invaluable resource for scholars of legal hermeneutics, international lawyers generally, and specifically, for environmental lawyers.’ -- Louis J. Kotzé, North West University, South Africa‘It can be said that Fisher’s new book is a speci?c delight to read because the author has such thorough knowledge of jurisprudence in this case, the theory of legal reasoning and a hands-on approach to environmental law in the most concrete sense of the word. It is a clearly structured, well-balanced, and well thought out presentation that ?lls an important gap in environmental law scholarship.’ -- Niko Soininen, Yearbook of International Environmental LawTable of ContentsContents: Preface Part I: Reasoning in a Legal Context 1. Law, Language and Reasoning 2. Forms of Legal Argumentation 3. The Methodology of Legal Decision-making Part II: Legal Reasoning in International Environmental Law 4. Rules of Competence and Limitation: Territorial Resources 5. Rules of Limitation: Common Resources 6. Internationally Accepted Rules: The Normative Framework 7. Internationally Accepted Rules: Implementation Measures 8. Judicially Constructed Rules: Biological Resources 9. Judicially Constructed Rules: Common Resources Part III: Legal Reasoning in Applying Environmental Law 10. Rules in the Form of Human Rights 11. Rules in Instrumental Form 12. Rules in the Form of Constitutional Rights 13. Rules in the Form of Environmental Rights 14. The Structure, Form and Language of Statutory Rules 15. Rules Informing Adjudication 16. Strategic Rules Informing Decisions 17. Strategic Rules Regulating Decisions Part IV: Conclusion 18. Legal Reasoning in Environmental Law Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisEmission trading schemes have become instruments of choice in climate change policy across many jurisdictions, and this has led to massive experimentation across very different contexts. The scale and urgency of the climate change problem and the real-life complexity of emission trading schemes combine to make high quality, detailed studies necessary, important, and sometimes fascinating. This book scores on all these fronts. By putting practical implementations within a sound theoretical framework, it will be of value both for seasoned and not so seasoned scholars and policymakers.'- Javier de Cendra de Larragán, IE Law School, SpainEmissions trading is becoming an increasingly popular policy instrument with growing diversity in design. This book examines emissions trading design, emissions trading implementation problems and how to address them.In an easily accessible way, the book examines advantages and disadvantages of emissions trading and presents policy considerations that designers should not neglect. Stefan Weishaar reviews the main implementation challenges emissions trading faces and assesses how they can be addressed in an effective, efficient and acceptable way. By reviewing existing and emerging emissions trading systems around the world, the book describes why emissions trading systems are used in an environmental policy mix, how an emissions trading system can be designed, what special design issues should be duly considered, and with whom emissions trading systems can be linked.Written from both a legal and an economic perspective, this book will appeal to academic researchers and postgraduate students in environmental law and policy, and those focused on energy and climate change issues. It will also be essential reading for policymakers, managers and consultants working in this field.Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Emission Trading and Alternative Instruments 3. Design Variants of Emissions Trading 4. Real-life Applications of Emissions Trading Systems 5. Implementation Issue 1: Initial Allocation of Emission Rights 6. Implementation Issues 2: Secondary Market for Emissions Rights 7. Implementation Issue 3: Operational Aspects of Emission Rights 8. Implementation Issue 4: Lawsuits Following from Emissions Trading 9. Linking Emissions Trading Schemes 10. Concluding Remarks References IndexTrade Review'Emission trading schemes have become instruments of choice in climate change policy across many jurisdictions, and this has led to massive experimentation across very different contexts. The scale and urgency of the climate change problem and the real-life complexity of emission trading schemes combine to make high quality, detailed studies necessary, important, and sometimes fascinating. This book scores on all these fronts. By putting practical implementations within a sound theoretical framework, it will be of value both for seasoned and not so seasoned scholars and policymakers.' -- Javier de Cendra de Larragán, IE Law School, Spain‘Policy makers in the relevant government bodies will undoubtedly consider this book essential reading, as will environmental lawyers of course, as well as technical consultants advising in this field. With its meticulous footnoting throughout, not to mention the detailed bibliography of over 20 pages, this book certainly emerges as a superb research tool for those seeking to enhance their understanding of this important environmental topic.’ -- Phillip Taylor MBE and Elizabeth Taylor, The Barrister Magazine‘This book addresses a large number of important design variables and reflects deep knowledge of the EU experience. For those reasons alone, it merits a read.’ -- David Driesen, Carbon and Climate Law Review‘I found this book both informative and easy to read. This book would be of interest to academics wishing to gain an understanding of emissions trading policy issues for research or teaching purposes. In addition, academics from science and the environment in general would ?nd it a most useful tool to increasing the policy impacts of their research. I also believe it would be a great book to recommend to the current federal Government in Australia and most likely many others around the globe.’ -- Deborah Cotton, Australian Journal of Agricultural & Resource EconomicsTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Emission Trading and Alternative Instruments 3. Design Variants of Emissions Trading 4. Real-life Applications of Emissions Trading Systems 5. Implementation Issue 1: Initial Allocation of Emission Rights 6. Implementation Issues 2: Secondary Market for Emissions Rights 7. Implementation Issue 3: Operational Aspects of Emission Rights 8. Implementation Issue 4: Lawsuits Following from Emissions Trading 9. Linking Emissions Trading Schemes 10. Concluding Remarks References Index

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Book Synopsis'The alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment are both critical challenges for the vindication of basic human rights for all of humankind. This relationship is however not necessarily an easy one. While there is an inextricable link between poverty and the degradation of the environment, a sophisticated analysis of a problem needs to deal with those cases where the need to increase economic opportunity for poor communities may appear to conflict with fragile ecosystems or the preservation of traditional practices. This collection provides the most sustained engagement with these problems. Drawing on the expertise of a range of distinguished authors, this book presents the reader with an integrated global engagement with these problems. In doing so, it represents a landmark effort towards the creation of a coherent literature to deal with one of humankind's most pressing challenges.'- Dennis Davis, Judge of the High Court, South Africa This timely book explores the complex relationship between the alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment. There is every reason to believe that these issues are in many ways interdependent. However this book demonstrates that there are situations where alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment appear to be in a fraught relationship. The contributing authors illustrate that the role played by law in this relationship, whether at the international or national level, will vary depending on the situation and will be more successful at pursuing environmental justice in some cases than in others. This interdisciplinary study will appeal to academics and students in environmental law and other environmental disciplines, environmental policy makers and NGOs interested in issues of poverty, environment and indigenous peoples. Contributors: C.D. Aceves-Avila, D. Behn, K. Bubna-Litic, M.A. Cohen, E. Couzens, J.J. Gonzalez Marquez, S. Gruber, O.F. Jauregui, M. Kidd, Y. Le Bouthillier, P. Martin, A. Mumma, L.C. Paddock, C.G. Pring, G.W. Pring, S. Sabzwari, D.N. Scott, D. Shelton, S.L. SmithTrade ReviewThe complex, uneven and challenging relationships between poverty alleviation and environmental regulation are impossible to trace in a single book but this collection brings a carefully selected set of policy-relevant, context-responsive, practical legal analyses to bear in a fresh examination of the present and future challenges involved. This is a timely contribution in the search for regulatory responses that alleviate rather than exacerbate the myriad forms of adaptation apartheid now so painfully evident in the relationship between poverty, injustice and environmental degradation. - Anna Grear, University of Waikato, New Zealand The subject of poverty cannot be ignored by environmentalists as the poor are the most affected by the diverse impacts of environmental degradation and climate change such as on water, natural resources and cultural heritage sites. In addition, slum dwellings exacerbate the plight of the poor. The book is a collection of diverse topics by renowned environmental legal experts which deal with the relationship between the alleviation of poverty and the protection of the environment. Each writer addresses the challenges raised in various issues and recommends solutions which range from linking with human rights, the need for public participation, the role of environmental courts and other mechanisms. - --Koh Kheng-Lian, National University of SingaporeTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction PART I: LINKAGES BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND POVERTY 2. Using Law and Equity for the Poor and the Environment Dinah Shelton 3. The Right of Access to Water in South Africa Michael Kidd PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POVERTY: WHAT IS AT STAKE FOR ABORIGINAL PEOPLES? 4. Climate Change Impacts on the Poor – a Case-study of Australia’s Indigenous Population and the Impact of Australia’s Response on this Population Karen Bubna-Litic 5. The Quest for Environmental Justice on a Canadian Aboriginal Reserve Sidra Sabzwari and Dayna Nadine Scott 6. Whaling and Dealing: Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, Politics and Poverty Ed Couzens PART III: THE NEED FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO COMBAT POVERTY 7. The Role of Public Engagement in Achieving Environmental Justice LeRoy C. (Lee) Paddock 8. The Right of Access to Information as a Tool for Environmental Protection and Poverty Eradication in Mexico Carla D. Aceves-Ávila PART IV: STATES’ APPROACHES TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POVERTY 9. Embedding Social Justice in the Design of Environmental Regulation Paul Martin 10. Planning and Environment in Mexico City’s Metropolitan Zone: Trying to Defeat Poverty Miriam Alfie Cohen and Oscar Flores Jáuregui PART V: THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 11. The ‘Greening’ of Justice: Will it Help the Poor? George W. (Rock) Pring and Catherine G. (Kitty) Pring 12. The Resolution of Urban Housing Development Disputes as a Mechanism for Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Kenya’s National Environment Tribunal Albert Mumma PART VI: GLOBAL CHALLENGES: INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS TO ADDRESS POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 13. Linking Climate Change Mitigation and Poverty Reduction: Continued Reform of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Post-Kyoto Era to Promote Sustainable Energy Development on the African Continent Daniel Behn 14. Poverty and the Loss of Cultural Heritage Sites Stefan Gruber 15. Chartering Sustainable Transnational Corporations Susan Lea Smith Index

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Book SynopsisAll too often, international environmental law is presented as a kind of guided tour of different treaties and environmental problems. Professor Hey succeeds beautifully in articulating the themes that connect all of these disparate areas, an effort that both students and scholars will appreciate.'- Daniel Farber, University of California, Berkeley, US'This volume presents a superb overview of international environmental law by a long-time observer. Ellen Hey shares her deep insight into the historical, environmental, technical and policy context of the law, and introduces the reader to regulatory techniques and choices, the main legal tools at actors' disposal, and the key developments in the field. The result is an accessible, yet sophisticated introduction to the evolution of the field, and its expanding modes of action and range of participants.'- Jutta Brunée, University of Toronto, Canada'This is a significant contribution from a leading figure in the field. Of particular note is the effort to embed international environmental law in its broader context, not only through the detailed analysis of its foundational principles or of its deep interactions with other fields of international law but, more generally, through the overarching theme of the Anthropocene. It is to be thoroughly recommended.'- Jorge E. Viñuales, University of Cambridge, UKElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars.This accessible and concise introduction provides a salient overview of contemporary international environmental law as well as a critical assessment of the controversies that arise when trying to achieve environmental protection through international law.Covering the origins, content, institutional structure and accountability mechanisms of international environmental law, in their social-economic and political context, Ellen Hey discusses substantive and procedural fairness, thus exploring questions of distributive justice, accountability and legitimacy. Providing an invaluable entry point to this complex area of the law, this book enables a rapid understanding of the core principles of this multi-faceted topic.Key features include:- Concise and compact overview- Discusses contemporary developments- Examines IEL's relationship to other areas of international law- Considers the social-economic context.Trade Review‘All too often, international environmental law is presented as a kind of guided tour of different treaties and environmental problems. Professor Hey succeeds beautifully in articulating the themes that connect all of these disparate areas, an effort that both students and scholars will appreciate.’ -- Daniel Farber, University of California, Berkeley, US‘This volume presents a superb overview of international environmental law by a long-time observer. Ellen Hey shares her deep insight into the historical, environmental, technical and policy context of the law, and introduces the reader to regulatory techniques and choices, the main legal tools at actors' disposal, and the key developments in the field. The result is an accessible, yet sophisticated introduction to the evolution of the field, and its expanding modes of action and range of participants.’ -- Jutta Brunée, University of Toronto, Canada‘This is a significant contribution from a leading figure in the field. Of particular note is the effort to embed international environmental law in its broader context, not only through the detailed analysis of its foundational principles or of its deep interactions with other fields of international law but, more generally, through the overarching theme of the Anthropocene. It is to be thoroughly recommended.’ -- Jorge E. Viñuales, University of Cambridge, UKTable of ContentsContents: 1. Setting the Scene 2. Origins and Development 3. Evolving Insights About What is at Stake 4. Principles 5. Institutional Structures 6. Dispute Settlement and Accountability Mechanisms 7. The Relationship with other Areas of International Law 8. Conclusion: Continuity and Change Index

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Book SynopsisForeword by Tony Press and Foreword by Bernie Funston'As climate change thrusts the Arctic and Antarctic towards the top of the global political agenda, this timely collection provides a broad overview of the issues, the options, and the rules and institutions that are already in place.'- Michael Byers, University of British Columbia, Canada and author of International Law and the Arctic'While at opposite ends of the earth, the shared characteristics of the Arctic and Antarctic are identified by this multidisciplinary collection of essays. Both regions need effective, flexible governance - whether through the Antarctic Treaty System or the Arctic Council - if they are to respond to the challenges of commercialization of hydrocarbons, climate change and the marine environment. Internationally recognized scholars grapple with the global politics of the polar regions, the perspectives of the Inuit people and the role of joint development. This invaluable, well-researched and stimulating collection clarifies the geopolitical and socio-economic dynamics of some of the world's most fragile and vulnerable environments.'- Gillian Triggs, Australian Human Rights CommissionThis timely book provides a cutting-edge assessment of how the dynamic ocean regions at the highest latitudes on Earth are being managed in an era of unprecedented environmental change. The Arctic and Southern Oceans are experiencing transformative environmental change as a result of climate change and ocean acidification. As areas of unparalleled environmental, cultural and scientific value, they are crucibles for testing how integrated, eco-systemic governance frameworks can be developed to meet and address volatile environmental, political and economic challenges.Drawing especially on Australian and Canadian experiences in polar oceans management through multilateral global and regional institutions, the book identifies policy options for improving the governance of the Arctic and Southern Oceans. In offering a pioneering 'bipolar' assessment of environmental management at both polar regions, this important book will be an essential resource for policy-makers, scholars and students actively engaged in discussion and debate on the future of polar oceans governance in the Anthropocene.Contributors: R. Davis, M. Doelle, M. Haward, R. Huebert, J. Jabour, R. Abdul Kadir, L. Kriwoken, S. Lalonde, D. Leary, T.L. McDorman, R. Rayfuse, D.R. Rothwell, T. Stephens, D.L. VanderZwaag, M. Weber, S. WrightTrade ReviewAs climate change thrusts the Arctic and Antarctic towards the top of the global political agenda, this timely collection provides a broad overview of the issues, the options, and the rules and institutions that are already in place.'--Michael Byers, University of British Columbia, Canada and author of International Law and the Arctic'While at opposite ends of the earth, the shared characteristics of the Arctic and Antarctic are identified by this multidisciplinary collection of essays. Both regions need effective, flexible governance - whether through the Antarctic Treaty System or the Arctic Council - if they are to respond to the challenges of commercialization of hydrocarbons, climate change and the marine environment. Internationally recognized scholars grapple with the global politics of the polar regions, the perspectives of the Inuit people and the role of joint development. This invaluable, well-researched and stimulating collection clarifies the geopolitical and socio-economic dynamics of some of the world's most fragile and vulnerable environments.'--Gillian Triggs, Australian Human Rights CommissionTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Tony Press Foreword Bernie Funston Preface Map One. Maritime Jurisdiction and Boundaries in the Arctic Region Map Two. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean 1. Polar Oceans Governance: Shifting Seascapes, Hazy Horizons Tim Stephens and David L. VanderZwaag PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE POLAR OCEANS 2. Environmental Change and Governance Challenges in the Southern Ocean Marcus Haward and Julia Jabour 3. Environmental Change in the Arctic Region Lorne Kriwoken PART II: GEOSTRATEGIC DYNAMICS IN THE POLAR OCEANS 4. Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions: Power Politics and Regime Building in the Arctic Rob Huebert 5. Power Politics in the Antarctic Treaty System Melissa Weber PART III: RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION – BIPOLAR PERSPECTIVES 6. Is Joint Development Possible in the Arctic? Rizal Abdul Kadir 7. From Hydrocarbons to Psychrophiles: The ‘Scramble’ for Antarctic and Arctic Resources David Leary 8. Polar Continental Shelves: Australian and Canadian Challenges and Opportunities Tim Stephens 9. The IMO’s PSSA Mechanism and the Debate over the Northwest Passage Suzanne Lalonde PART IV: DEVELOPING NATIONAL AND FOREIGN POLICY RESPONSES 10. Inuit Perspectives on the Governance in the Canadian Arctic Shelley Wright 11. Arctic Climate Governance: Can the Canary in the Coal Mine Lift Canada’s Head out of the Sand(s)? Meinhard Doelle 12. Coastal State Jurisdiction and the Polar Code: A Test Case for Arctic Oceans Governance? Rosemary Rayfuse 13. Canada, the United States and International Law of the Sea in the Arctic Ocean Ted L. McDorman 14. Middle Powers and Oceans Policy: Australian Perspectives on Antarctic Competition and Cooperation Donald R. Rothwell PART V: THE FUTURE OF POLAR OCEANS GOVERNANCE 15. The Durability of the ‘Antarctic Model’ and Southern Ocean Governance Ruth Davis 16. The Arctic Council and the Future of Arctic Ocean Governance: Edging Forward in a Sea of Governance Challenges David L. VanderZwaag Index

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Book SynopsisRafael Leal-Arcas expertly examines the interface of climate change mitigation and international trade law with a view to addressing the question: How can we make best use of the international trading system experience to aim at a global climate change agreement?The insightful book contributes to developing the architecture for a post­2012 global climate agreement and, in doing so, seeks and proposes new approaches to climate change mitigation by linking it to the international trade system. The author suggests the adoption of a bottom-up approach to climate change negotiations by using the evolution of multilateral trade agreements as a model for reaching a global climate treaty. He discusses the innovative approach of inserting climate goals within regional trade agreements, given their proliferation - especially bilateral - in the international trading system. He explains the trade implications of climate change mitigation policies by analyzing a couple of areas where the international regimes for trade and climate change mitigation may potentially clash.Climate Change and International Trade will strongly appeal to undergraduate and graduate students of international and European trade law, international and European environmental law as well as social science academics. NGOs, think tanks, practitioners, researchers, and international organizations will also find plenty of valuable information in this timely resource.Contents: 1. Prologue Part I: Setting the Scene 2. The Climate Change Challenge in the Context of International Trade 3. Environmental Protection and the International Trade System Part II: The Current State of Play 4. Legal and Policy Responses to Climate Change 5. Analyzing the Kyoto Protocol Part III: Moving Forward 6. Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches to Climate Change and Trade 7. Regional Trade Agreements and Climate Change 8. Geoengineering the Climate and Possible Trade Implications 9. Recommendations Bibliography IndexTrade ReviewA seminal work of impressive scholarship, Climate Change and International Trade>/i> is enhanced with an extensive bibliography, figures and charts, and a comprehensive index, making it an invaluable and highly recommended addition to professional, governmental, and academic library environmental studies and international business reference collections and supplemental reading lists. --The Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: 1. Prologue Part I: Setting the Scene 2. The Climate Change Challenge in the Context of International Trade 3. Environmental Protection and the International Trade System Part II: The Current State of Play 4. Legal and Policy Responses to Climate Change 5. Analyzing the Kyoto Protocol Part III: Moving Forward 6. Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches to Climate Change and Trade 7. Regional Trade Agreements and Climate Change 8. Geoengineering the Climate and Possible Trade Implications 9. Recommendations Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics surveys the broad range of environmental and sustainability challenges in the emerging Anthropocene and scrutinizes available concepts, methodological tools, theories and approaches, as well as overlaps with adjunct fields of study.This comprehensive reference work, written by some of the most eminent academics in the field, contains 68 entries on numerous aspects across 7 thematic areas, including concepts and definitions; theories and methods; actors; institutions; issue-areas; cross-cutting questions; and overlaps with non-environmental fields. With this broad approach, the volume seeks to provide a pluralistic knowledge base of the research and practice of global environmental governance and politics in times of increased complexity and contestation.Providing its readers with a unique point of reference, as well as stimulus for further research, this Encyclopedia is an indispensable tool for anyone interested in the politics of the environment, particularly students, teachers and researchers.Contributors: K.W. Abbott, C. Adelle, L. Andonova, S. Andresen, W.F. Baber, K. Bäckstrand, R.V. Bartlett, I. Baud, S. Bauer, S. Beck, M. Beisheim, D. Benson, S. Bernstein, K. Biedenkopf, F. Biermann, K. Booth, U. Brand, P.-O. Busch, S. Chan, K. Chelminski, J. Clapp, D. Compagnon, D. Cordell, V. Cornelissen, E. Dellas, S. Dietz, R. Eckersley, R. Floyd, D.J. Frank, V. Galaz, K. Genskow, S. Godin-Beekman, A. Gupta, J. Gupta, R. Haluza-DeLay, A. Hironaka, M. Isailovic, M. Ivanova, A. Jerneck, K. Jönsson, A. Jordan, S. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, M. Kok, A. Kronsell, M. Lang, S. Lim, J. Lister, K. Magyera, A. Mert, D. Moran, G. Nagtzaam, T. Nielsen, M. Nilsson, C. Okereke, T. Oliver, L. Olsson, P.H. Pattberg, J. Pinkse, A. Prakash, O. Renn, K. Rosendal, M.A.F. Ros-Tonen, D. Rothe, E. Schofer, B. Siebenhüner, N. Simon, J. Stel, H. Stevenson, O.S. Stokke, K. Szulecki, M.W.Tvedt, A. Underdal, T. Van de Graaf, D. Van Vuuren, P. Vellinga, P. Wapner, E. Weinthal, J. Wettestad, S. White, O. Widerberg, F. ZelliTrade Review'The Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics is an indispensable resource for researchers and students of global environmental governance. With balance and precision, entries by world-leading experts catalogue existing knowledge as well as offer new insights into the concepts, theories, institutions, and actors shaping core debates and issues.' --Peter Dauvergne, University of British Columbia, Canada'The Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Governance and Politics provides a comprehensive starting-point for understanding the complex and contested nature of global environmental governance. Pattberg and Zelli have assembled an impressive array of contributions written by leading scholars in their fields. The superbly edited volume provides an indispensable knowledge base for understanding - and tackling - the environmental challenges of the emerging Anthropocene.' --Robert Falkner, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and editor, Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy'This volume offers a balanced and differentiated perspective and review of the most relevant issues, methodologies, theories and trends in the study of global environmental governance and politics. In 68 key entries leading scholars introduce, explain and discuss systematically the main concepts, the most important findings and the future outlook. An indispensable compendium for scholars, students, practitioners and libraries engaged in environmental politics and governance around the world.' --Arthur P.J. Mol, Wageningen University, the NetherlandsTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 1. Anthropocene and Planetary Boundaries Victor Galaz 2. Consumerism Jane Lister 3. Earth System Governance Frank Biermann 4. Environment and Nature Paul Wapner 5. Global Environmental Governance Philipp Pattberg and Oscar Widerberg 6. Inclusive Development Joyeeta Gupta, Vincent Cornelissen and Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen 7. Liberal Environmentalism and Governance Norms Steven Bernstein 8. Risk Ortwin Renn 9. Sustainable Development Joyeeta Gupta and Isa Baud PART II THEORIES AND METHODS 10. Constructivism and Sociological Institutionalism Gerry Nagtzaam 11. Cost-Benefit Analysis Simon Dietz 12. Deep Ecology Kate Booth 13. Deliberative Policy Analysis Hayley Stevenson 14. Feminism Annica Kronsell 15. Governmentality Delf Rothe 16. Integrated Assessment Modelling Detlef van Vuuren and Marcel Kok 17. Neo-Gramscianism Chukwumerije Okereke 18. Neoliberal Institutionalism Thijs Van de Graaf 19. Qualitative Comparative Analysis Olav Schram Stokke and Arild Underdal 20. Quantitative Comparative Analysis Sijeong Lim and Aseem Prakash 21. Simulations Walter F. Baber and Robert V. Bartlett 22. Teaching Global Environmental Governance Maria Ivanova 23. World Society David John Frank, Ann Hironaka and Evan Schofer PART III ACTORS 24. Civil Society Karin Bäckstrand 25. European Union Camilla Adelle, David Benson and Andrew Jordan 26. Individuals Tom Oliver 27. International Bureaucracies Bernd Siebenhüner 28. Media Marija Isailovic 29. Private Sector Jonatan Pinkse 30. Religious Movements Randolph Haluza-DeLay 31. Scientists and Experts Silke Beck 32. States Daniel Compagnon 33. United Nations Liliana Andonova and Kathryn Chelminski PART IV INSTITUTIONS 34. Clubs Sylvia Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen 35. International Organizations Steffen Bauer 36. Mega-Conferences Sander Chan 37. Private Environmental Governance Philipp Pattberg and Marija Isailovic 38. Public-Private Partnerships Ayşem Mert 39. Regimes Eleni Dellas PART V ISSUE AREAS 40. Air Pollution Jørgen Wettestad 41. Arctic Oscar Widerberg 42. Biological Diversity Kristin Rosendal and Morten Walløe Tvedt 43. Biosafety and Genetically Modified Organisms Aarti Gupta 44. Chemicals Nils Simon 45. Climate Change Pier Vellinga 46. Desertification Steffen Bauer 47. Fisheries and Whaling Olav Schram Stokke 48. Forestry and Land Use Tobias Nielsen 49. Hazardous Waste Katja Biedenkopf 50. Ocean Space Jan Stel 51. Ozone Depletion Sophie Godin-Beekmann 52. Phosphorus Dana Cordell and Stuart White 53. Renewable Energy Kacper Szulecki 54. Water Erika Weinthal 55. Wetlands Kenneth Genskow and Kyle Magyera PART VI CROSS-CUTTING QUESTIONS AND EMERGING TOPICS 56. Effectiveness Steinar Andresen 57. Environmental Policy Diffusion Per-Olof Busch 58. Environmental Policy Integration Camilla Adelle and Måns Nilsson 59. Green Economy Ulrich Brand and Miriam Lang 60. Institutional Fragmentation Fariborz Zelli 61. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals Marianne Beisheim 62. Orchestration Kenneth W. Abbott PART VII BORDERS AND INTERLINKAGES 63. Agriculture Dominic Moran 64. Food Jennifer Clapp 65. Health Kristina Jönsson 66. Poverty Anne Jerneck and Lennart Olsson 67. Security Rita Floyd 68. Trade Robyn Eckersley Index

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Book SynopsisThis insightful book deals with the complexity of linking biodiversity with climate change. It combines perspectives from international, national and local case studies, and also addresses this question using a thematic approach.The book focuses on a number of key topics and examples, including: ecosystem services, human rights, MEA clustering, equity in ABS and REDD, forestation and deforestation, biosecurity, protected areas, mountain biodiversity, the Amazon rainforest, agricultural policy in the EU and patent licensing.Clearly demonstrating linkages between biodiversity law and climate change law and stimulating new ideas for future research, this book will be a valuable reference tool for academics, researchers, students and policy-makers.Trade Review'Environmental lawyers, particularly those who practice internationally will appreciate the diverse insights into biodiversity and climate change contained in this book. . . this book makes an important academic contribution towards linking legal solutions to global warming with biodiversity conservation.' -- Phillip Taylor MBE and Elizabeth Taylor, The Barrister Magazine'This insightful book deals with the complexity of linking biodiversity with climate change. It combines perspectives from international, national and local case studies, and also addresses this question using a thematic approach. . . Clearly demonstrating linkages between biodiversity law and climate change law and stimulating new ideas for future research, this book will be a valuable reference tool for academics, researchers, students and policy-makers.' -- Carbon and Climate Law Review'The diverse contributors to this substantial volume vividly illuminate the complex relationships between biodiversity and climate change, and explore potential solutions through environmental law in local, national and transnational settings. This book makes an important academic contribution towards linking legal solutions to global warming with biodiversity conservation, and it should appeal especially to scholars concerned about these issues in developing countries.' -- Benjamin J. Richardson, University of British Columbia, Canada'Today, climate change is already highly impacting on biodiversity. This adds to existing stress on biodiversity. Current extinction rates are unprecedented in history. This book addresses the many legal issues involved from a variety of perspectives by a range of esteemed authors from around the world. It does so in a positive way; aimed at finding solutions. This book greatly contributes to really addressing biodiversity loss by proposing new and innovative approaches.' -- Jonathan Verschuuren, Tilburg University, the NetherlandsTable of ContentsContents: Introduction PART I: NATIONAL AND LOCAL EXPERIENCES 1. Bureaucratic Rhetoric of Climate Change in Nigeria: International Aspiration versus Local Realities Rhuks Ako and Olubayo Oluduro 2. Combating Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss in a ‘Hot Spot’ Mega-diversity Country Gloria Estenzo Ramos 3. Does the Concept of Ecosystem Services Promote Synergies between European Strategies for Climate Change and Biodiversity? Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau and Alexandra Langlais 4. Impacts of Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss and Population on Sustainable Development in Ethiopia Mekete Bekele Tekle 5. Climate Change, Human Rights and the Darfur Crisis Linda Mbone Ndongo and Frank Maes PART II: INTERNATIONAL AND TRANSBOUNDARY APPROACHES 6. The Clustering of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Can the Clustering of the Chemicals-related Conventions be Applied to the Biodiversity and Climate Change Conventions? Nils Goeteyn and Frank Maes 7. Retreading Negotiations on Equity in Environmental Governance: Case Studies Contrasting the Evolution of ABS and REDD+ Claudia Ituarte-Lima and Suneetha M. Subramanian 8. Climate Change, Biodiversity and Human Rights: Can Synergy Help? Svitlana Kravchenko 9. Reducing Emissions in the Forest Sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A New Opportunity for Biodiversity Conservation? Annalisa Savaresi 10. Transboundary Conservation of Mountain Biodiversity in a Climate Change Impacted World: Governance Perspectives from Central Asia and the Island of Borneo Michelle Lim PART III: LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE 11. Climate Change, the EU Floods Directive and Biodiversity Protection: Lessons from the Scheldt on Land Use Planning as an Adaptive Measure Katrien Debeuckelaere and Gretta Goldenman 12. Climate Change and Biodiversity: The Vulnerability of the Amazon Rainforest in the Face of Increasing Ethanol Demand Heline Sivini Ferreira, Maria Leonor Paes Cavalcanti Ferreira and Patryck de Araújo Ayala 13. The Contribution of the EU Common Agricultural Policy to Protecting Biodiversity and Global Climate in Europe Eckard Rehbinder PART IV: SOLUTIONS FROM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 14. Creating Marine Protected Area Networks in Pacific North America for Biodiversity Conservation: Linking Ecology to Legislation Vernon G. Thomas 15. Preventing and Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss through Biosecurity Opi Outhwaite Index

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