Physics: Fluid mechanics Books

Book SynopsisTheory of Dislocations provides unparalleled coverage of the fundamentals of dislocation theory, with applications to specific metal and ionic crystals. Rather than citing final results, step-by-step developments are provided to offer an in-depth understanding of the topic. The text provides the solid theoretical foundation for researchers to develop modeling and computational approaches to discrete dislocation plasticity, yet it covers important experimental observations related to the effects of crystal structure, temperature, nucleation mechanisms, and specific systems. This new edition incorporates significant advances in theory, experimental observations of dislocations, and new findings from first principles and atomistic treatments of dislocations. Also included are new discussions on thin films, deformation in nanostructured systems, and connection to crystal plasticity and strain gradient continuum formulations. Several new computer programs and worked problems allow the readeTrade Review'The classic book by Hirth and Lothe has been made much more assessable to a wider audience of students and researchers. The chapters include greatly expanded and improved illustrations. A complete set of worked solutions and supporting MATLAB codes for the problems at the end of each chapter, a set of Powerpoint files containing all figures in the book and Errata are all available at the Cambridge University Press website.' William D. Nix, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford UniversityTable of ContentsPart I. Isotropic Continua: 1. Introductory material; 2. Elasticity; 3. Theory of straight dislocations; 4. Theory of curved dislocations; 5. Applications to dislocation interactions; 6. Applications to self energies; 7. Dislocations at high velocities; Part II. Effects of Crystal Structure: 8. The influence of lattice periodicity; 9. Slip systems of perfect dislocations; 10. Partial dislocations in FCC metals; 11. Partial dislocations in other structures; 12. Dislocations in ionic crystals; 13. Dislocations in anisotropic elastic media; Part III. Interactions with Point Defects: 14. Equilibrium defect concentrations; 15. Diffusive glide and climb processes; 16. Glide of jogged dislocations; 17. Dislocation motion in vacancy supersaturations; 18. Effects of solute atoms on dislocation motion; Part IV. Groups of Dislocations: 19. Grain boundaries and interfaces; 20. Dislocation sources; 21. Dislocation pileups and cracks; 22. Dislocation intersections and barriers; 23. Deformation twinning.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an up-to-date and rigorous introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows for advanced students, and a reference work for researchers in the atmospheric sciences. With student exercises at the end of each chapter and worked solutions online, this is an invaluable resource for any related course.Trade Review'This textbook is well-structured, coherently explained and it is ideally priced for advanced students and researchers in the fields of aeronautical, mechanical and environmental engineering as well as oceanography, applied mathematics and physics.' International Journal of Metrology'The many quotations from researchers working in the field provide an interesting historical perspective. Such personal touches are welcome in a turbulence text. The book would probably be most accessible to students of atmospheric science who are familiar with concepts such as static stability and geostrophic balance. Nevertheless, Turbulence in the Atmosphere is admirable in its exposition and its breadth. It will still serve well as a graduate textbook and certainly conveys the author's affection for the subject.' Joseph H. LaCasce, Universitetet i Oslo'… provides a modern introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows, written by a specialist in the field. … an excellent textbook on atmospheric turbulence with a fully developed mathematical presentation for advanced students and researchers in the atmospheric sciences, meteorology, aeronautical, mechanical and environmental engineering, and oceanography. … written in an agreeable and clear way … should be included in the library of every researcher in the field.' Contemporary Physics'… useful as a reference and as a resource for course instructors since each section is clearly demarcated and the terse style allows specific points to be located quickly … The range and quality of questions on key concepts and problems … at the end of each chapter, will definitely prove useful for others.' Meteorologische ZeitschriftTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. A Grammar of Turbulence: 1. Introduction; 2. Getting to know turbulence; 3. Equations for averaged variables; 4. Turbulent fluxes; 5. Conservation equations for covariances; 6. Large-eddy dynamics, the energy cascade, and large-eddy simulation; 7. Kolmogrov scaling, its extensions, and two-dimensional turbulence; Part II. Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: 8. The equations of atmospheric turbulence; 9. The atmospheric boundary layer; 10. The atmospheric surface layer; 11. The convective boundary layer; 12. The stable boundary layer; Part III. Statistical Representation of Turbulence: 13. Probability densities and distributions; 14. Isotropic tensors; 15. Covariances, autocorrelations, and spectra; 16. Statistics in turbulence analysis; Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Kip S. Thorne, Co-Winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics""Roger D. Blandford, Co-Winner of the 2016 Crafoord Prize in Astronomy and Winner of the 2020 Shaw Prize in Astronomy"

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Book SynopsisHypersonic turbulent boundary layers are a fundamental phenomenon in high-speed flight. The interaction of shock waves with hypersonic turbulent boundary layers has a critical impact on vehicle aerothermodynamic loading including surface heat transfer, pressure and skin friction. This book provides a comprehensive exposition of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers, including the fundamental mathematical theory, structure of equilibrium boundary layers, and extensive surveys of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and experiments. It also provides a roadmap for both future experiments and DNS and LES simulations. Descriptions of hypersonic ground test facilities is included as an appendix. As a research and reference text, this book would appeal to graduate students and researchers in hypersonics and could be the basis for professional training courses.Key FeaturesProvides a summary of the state-of-th

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Book SynopsisA printed collection of 78 full-length, peer-reviewed technical papers from this conference covering fluid applications and systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the diverse and rapidly expanding field of Entropy Generation Minimization (EGM), the method of thermodynamic optimization of real devices. The underlying principles of the EGM method - also referred to as thermodynamic optimization, thermodynamic design, and finite time thermodynamics - are thoroughly discussed, and the method's applications to real devices are clearly illustrated.The EGM field has experienced tremendous growth during the 1980s and 1990s. This book places EGM's growth in perspective by reviewing both sides of the field - engineering and physics. Special emphasis is given to chronology and to the relationship between the more recent work and the pioneering work that outlined the method and the field.Entropy Generation Minimization combines the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. EGM applies these principles to the modeling and optimization of real systems and processes that are characterized by finite size and finite time constraints, and are limited by heat and mass transfer and fluid flow irreversibilities.Entropy Generation Minimization provides a straightforward presentation of the principles of the EGM method, and features examples that elucidate concepts and identify recent EGM advances in engineering and physics. Modern advances include the optimization of storage by melting and solidification; heat exchanger design; power from hot-dry-rock deposits; the on & off operation of defrosting refrigerators and power plants with fouled heat exchangers; the production of ice and other solids; the maximization of power output in simple power plant models with heat transfer irreversibilities; the minimization of refrigerator power input in simple models; and the optimal collection and use of solar energy.Table of Contents(Chapter Titles)Thermodynamics Concepts and LawsEntropy Generation and Exergy DestructionEntropy Generation in Fluid FlowEntropy Generation in Heat TransferHeat ExchangersInsulation SystemsStorage SystemsPower GenerationSolar-Thermal Power GenerationRefrigerationTime-Dependent OperationAppendices: Local Entropy Generation Rate. Variational Calculus.Author IndexSubject Index

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Book SynopsisNewly updated and translated into English for the first time, this standalone handbook perfectly combines background and theory with real-world experiments. An ideal companion for graduate students and researchers, as well as engineers involved in design of offshore systems.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Environmental conditions; 3. Wave theories; 4. Wave and current loads on slender bodies; 5. Flow-induced instabilities; 6. Large bodies. Linear theory; 7. Large bodies. Second-order effects; 8. Large bodies. Other nonlinear effects; 9. Model testing; Appendix A. Introduction to potential flow theory; Appendix B. Hydrostatics; Appendix C. Damped mass spring system; Appendix D. The boundary integral equation method.

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Book SynopsisTransport barriers are observed inhibitors of the spread of substances in flows. The collection of such barriers offers a powerful geometric template that frames the main pathways, or lack thereof, in any transport process. This book surveys effective and mathematically grounded methods for defining, locating and leveraging transport barriers in numerical simulations, laboratory experiments, technological processes and nature. It provides a unified treatment of material developed over the past two decades, focusing on the methods that have a solid foundation and broad applicability to data sets beyond simple model flows. The intended audience ranges from advanced undergraduates to researchers in the areas of turbulence, geophysical flows, aerodynamics, chemical engineering, environmental engineering, flow visualization, computational mathematics and dynamical systems. Detailed open-source implementations of the numerical methods are provided in an accompanying collection of Jupyter notTrade Review'This is a must read for anyone interested in data-driven fluid mechanics. Coherent structures are central to how we understand fluids, and Haller has been a pioneer in this field for decades. This book covers an exciting range of topics from introductory to advanced material, complete with beautiful graphics and illustrations.' Steven L. Brunton, University of Washington'George Haller has written a clear, well-illustrated text that step-by-step explains the mathematics needed to understand and quantify fluid motions that cause mixing and describes and identifies the corresponding transport barriers to mixing processes. The ideas are introduced in a systematic way, with examples that highlight analytical features, software available via github, and interpretations to help the reader build intuition for the mathematical concepts and their application to physical processes.' Howard A. Stone, Princeton University'Dynamical systems theory was developed in the 1980s, but for fluid dynamics has not played the prominent role it deserves. The present insightful and well-written book `Transport Barriers and Coherent Structure in Flow Data' by George Haller now bridges this gap between modern fluid dynamics and dynamical systems theory. It is based on mathematically grounded and solid methods, which are then applied to fluid dynamical problems and data sets. It also includes the usage of modern data-driven methods. The book is complemented by clickable links to a library of numerical implementations of transport barrier detection methods. It is a wonderful textbook for Turbulence and Advanced Fluid Mechanics classes for students in Applied Mathematics, Physics, and Mechanical and Chemical Engineering alike and unmissable for scientists working at the interface between dynamical systems theory and fluid dynamics.' Detlef Lohse, University of TwenteTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Eulerian and Lagrangian fundamentals; 3. Objectivity of transport barriers; 4. Barriers to chaotic advection; 5. Lagrangian and objective Eulerian coherent structures; 6. Flow separation and attachment surfaces as transport barriers; 7. Inertial LCSs: Transport barriers in finite-size particle motion; 8. Passive barriers to diffusive and stochastic transport; 9. Dynamically active barriers to transport; Appendix; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Computational Vibroacoustics presents an advanced computational method for the prediction of sound and structural vibrations, in low- and medium-frequency ranges - complex structural acoustics and fluid-structure interaction systems encountered in aerospace, automotive, railway, naval, and energy-production industries. The formulations are presented within a unified computational strategy and are adapted for the present and future generation of massively parallel computers. A reduced-order computational model is constructed using the finite element method for the damped structure and the dissipative internal acoustic fluid (gas or liquid with or without free surface) and using an appropriate symmetric boundary-element method for the external acoustic fluid (gas or liquid). This book allows direct access to computational methods that have been adapted for the future evolution of general commercial software. Written for the global market, it is an invaluable resource for academiTable of Contents1. Principal objectives and a strategy for modeling vibroacoustic systems; 2. Definition of the vibroacoustic system; 3. External inviscid acoustic fluid equations; 4. Internal dissipative acoustic fluid equations; 5. Structure equations; 6. Vibroacoustic boundary-value problem; 7. Computational vibroacoustic model; 8. Reduced-order computational model; 9. Uncertainty quantification in computational vibroacoustics; 10. Symmetric BEM without spurious frequencies for the external acoustic fluid.

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Book SynopsisThis 2006 textbook is a concise and accessible introduction to geophysical fluid dynamics for intermediate to advanced students of the physics, chemistry, and/or biology of Earth's fluid environment. Developed from the author's first-year graduate course at UCLA, readers should be familiar with general mechanics and PDEs.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: '… a delightfully refreshing introduction to graduate-level geophysical fluid dynamics. This well-written text includes a concise review of the needed applied mathematics, physics and fluid dynamics. The text pulls examples not only from the atmospheres and oceans but also from recent numerical studies and laboratory experiments in nonlinear dynamics, solitons, chaos and 2- and 3-dimensional turbulence, with an appropriate emphasis on their relevance to geophysical fluid dynamics. Some topics, for example geostrophic adjustment, are more clearly explained and are better physically motivated here than in any other text I have read. This book should not only be on the shelves of all geophysical fluid dynamicists, but also physicists, astronomers, and applied mathematicians.' Philip Marcus, University of California, BerkeleyReview of the hardback: ' … a very good introductory text to geophysical fluid dynamics. Explanations of complex subjects are clear, concise, and insightful. Distracting and unnecessary details are avoided in discussions, and the organization of the material is well thought-out and logical … ideal for use as a first exposure to the subject matter.' Leif Thomas, University of WashingtonReview of the hardback: 'Jim McWilliams' introductory book to the fundamentals of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics is clearly written and well posed. The author relies on examples based on jets and vortices to introduce concepts such as turbulence, chaotic dynamics, bolus velocities, boundary layers, etc. that have not been extensively covered by existing textbooks. This book will therefore be very useful not only to graduate students, but also to scientists who are looking for a well-written reference book that is complementary to what is presently available.' Eric P. Chassignet, University of MiamiReview of the hardback: 'McWilliams shows how the simplified models of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) can be used to explain the underlying physics in the complex turbulent flows in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.' John A Johnson, University of East AngliaTable of ContentsPreface; Symbols; 1. Purposes and value of geophysical fluid dynamics; 2. Fundamental dynamics; 3. Barotropic and vortex dynamics; 4. Rotating shallow-water and wave dynamics; 5. Baroclinic and jet dynamics; 6. Boundary-layer and wind-gyre dynamics; Afterword; Exercises; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to present numerical methods for compressible flows. It is appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and specialists working in high speed flows. The focus is on the unsteady one-dimensional Euler equations which form the basis for numerical algorithms in compressible fluid mechanics.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: '… this is a clear and concise book on key elements of an important set of numerical methods for simulating flows with shocks. I am very glad to have it on my bookshelf.' Theoretical and Computational Fluid DynamicsTable of Contents1. Governing equations; 2. Mathematical nature of 1-D Euler equations; 3. 1-D Euler equations; 4. Reconstruction; 5. Godunov methods; 6. Flux vector splitting methods; 7. Temporal quadrature; 8. TVD methods; Index; Notes; Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThis text focuses on the physics of fluid transport in micro- and nanofabricated liquid-phase systems, with consideration of gas bubbles, solid particles, and macromolecules. This text was designed with the goal of bringing together several areas that are often taught separately - namely, fluid mechanics, electrodynamics, and interfacial chemistry and electrochemistry - with a focused goal of preparing the modern microfluidics researcher to analyse and model continuum fluid mechanical systems encountered when working with micro- and nanofabricated devices. This text serves as a useful reference for practising researchers but is designed primarily for classroom instruction. Worked sample problems are included throughout to assist the student, and exercises at the end of each chapter help facilitate class learning.Table of Contents1. Kinematics, conservation equations, and boundary conditions for incompressible flow; 2. Unidirectional flow; 3. Hydraulic circuit analysis; 4. Passive scalar transport: dispersion, patterning, and mixing; 5. Electrostatics and electrodynamics; 6. Electroosmosis; 7. Potential fluid flow; 8. Stikes flow; 9. The diffuse structure of the electrical double layer; 10. Zeta potential in microchannels; 11. Species and charge transport; 12. Microchip chemical separations; 13. Particle electrophoresis; 14. DNA transport and analysis; 15. Nanofluidics: fluid and current flow in molecular-scale and thick-double-layer systems; 16. AC electrokinetics and the dynamics of diffuse charge; 17. Particle and droplet actuation: dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, and digital microfluidics; Appendices: A. Units and fundamental constants; B. Properties of electrolyte solutions; C. Coordinate systems and vector calculus; D. Governing equation reference; E. Nondimensionalization and characteristic parameters; F. Multipolar solutions to the Laplace and Stokes equations; G. Complex functions; H. Interaction potentials: atomistic modeling of solvents and solutes.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive textbook, first published in 2007, introduces the necessary fluid dynamics to understand a wide range of astronomical phenomena. The authors introduce the fundamental equations, supplemented by explanatory text, and emphasise the observable phenomena that rely on these processes. It will be used by final-year undergraduate and starting graduate students of astrophysics.Table of Contents1. Introduction to concepts; 2. The fluid equations; 3. Gravitation; 4. The energy equation; 5. Hydrostatic equilibrium; 6. Propagation of sound waves; 7. Supersonic flows; 8. Blast waves; 9. Bernoulli's equation; 10. Fluid instabilities; 11. Viscous flows; 12. Accretion disks in astrophysics; 13. Plasmas; Appendix 1. Equations in curvilinear coordinates; Appendix 2. Exercises; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisA cell, whose spatial extent is small compared with a surrounding flow, can develop inside a vortex. Such cells, often referred to as vortex breakdown bubbles, provide stable and clean flame in combustion chambers; they also reduce the lift force of delta wings. This book analyzes cells in slow and fast, one- and two-fluid flows and describes the mechanisms of cell generation: (a) minimal energy dissipation, (b) competing forces, (c) jet entrainment, and (d) swirl decay. The book explains the vortex breakdown appearance, discusses its features, and indicates means of its control. Written in acceptable, non-math-heavy format, it stands to be a useful learning tool for engineers working with combustion chambers, chemical and biological reactors, and delta-wing designs.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Creeping eddies; 3. Two-fluid creeping flows; 4. Formation of cells in thermal convection; 5. Swirl decay mechanisms; 6. Vortex breakdown in a sealed cylinder; 7. Cellular whirlpool flow; 8. Cellular water-spout flow; 9. Cellular flows in vortex devices.

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Book SynopsisTurbulent mixing induced by hydrodynamic instabilities is found in many high- and low- energy-density regimes, ranging from supernovae to inertial confinement fusion to scramjet engines. While these applications have long been recognized, unprecedented advances in both computational and experimental tools have provided novel, critical insights to the field. Incorporating the most recent theoretical, computational, and experimental results, this title provides a comprehensive yet accessible description of turbulent mixing driven by Rayleigh?Taylor, Richtmyer?Meshkov, and Kelvin?Helmholtz instabilities. An overview of core concepts and equations is provided, followed by detailed descriptions of complex and turbulent flows. The influences of stabilizing mechanisms, rotations, magnetic fields, and time-dependent accelerations on the evolution of hydrodynamic instabilities are explained. This book is ideal for advanced undergraduates as well as graduates beginning research in this exciting field, while also functioning as an authoritative reference volume for researchers in the wide range of disciplines for which it has applications.

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Book SynopsisBased on class-tested material, this concise yet comprehensive treatment of the fundamentals of solid mechanics is ideal for those taking single-semester courses on the subject. It provides interdisciplinary coverage of the key topics, combining solid mechanics with structural design applications, mechanical behavior of materials, and the finite element method. Part I covers basic theory, including the analysis of stress and strain, Hooke''s law, and the formulation of boundary-value problems in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Part II covers applications, from solving boundary-value problems, to energy methods and failure criteria, two-dimensional plane stress and strain problems, antiplane shear, contact problems, and much more. With a wealth of solved examples, assigned exercises, and 130 homework problems, and a solutions manual available online, this is ideal for senior undergraduates studying solid mechanics, and graduates taking introductory courses in solid mechanics and Trade Review'The Lubardas, a father-son duo, deliver a unique and well-balanced textbook on solid mechanics. The material is presented at the intermediate level, and is tested by many years of well-received classroom instruction by both authors in their respective institutions. The authors take the reader from basic concepts of traction, stress, and strain, to boundary-value problems in elasticity, and finish with more advanced topics, such as contact, variational principles, and failure criteria. The book is well suited for advanced undergraduate students as a course textbook, as well as for first- and second-year graduate students as a reference for more advanced courses in solid mechanics. The book strikes an excellent balance between theory and application examples, and presents a perfect jumping-off point to study more advanced topics in solid mechanics, such as damage, plasticity, fracture, and advanced numerical approaches such as the Finite Element Method.' Yuri Bazilevs, Brown University'A very useful and accessible introduction to solid mechanics. The book contains many illustrations and a broad range of applications, which make it a reading pleasure with many insights.' Horacio Espinosa, Northwestern University'A remarkable text covering a vast range of topics and problems in solid mechanics, this unique work provides clear and thorough coverage suitable for beginning students, advanced students and practitioners. The treatment starts with basic concepts concerning deformation, stress and equilibrium, progresses to elementary and intermediate strength of materials, moves on to advanced topics in elasticity including fracture and the stress and deformation fields around dislocations, and from there to three-dimensional problems including a lucid treatment of the all-important Hertzian contact problem. This major work includes a comprehensive discussion of material failure criteria and culminates in a thorough treatment of energy methods underlying modern finite-element analysis. The work reflects the singular devotion of its authors to all aspects of solid mechanics.' David Steigmann, University of California, Berkeley'This is a well-written, balanced textbook on solid mechanics, aimed at advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate-student audiences in applied mechanics or mechanical engineering.' J. Lambropoulos, ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Fundamentals of Solid Mechanics: 1. Analysis of stress; 2. Analysis of strain; 3. Stress-strain relations; 4. Boundary value problems of elasticity; 5. Boundary-value problems: cylindrical coordinates; Part II. Applications: 6. Two-dimensional problems of elasticity; 7. Two-dimensional problems in polar coordinates; 8. Antiplane shear; 9. Torsion of prismatic rods; 10. Bending of prismatic beams; 11. Contact problems; 12. Energy methods; 13. Failure criteria; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the hydrodynamic theory of flocking the collective motion of large numbers of organisms. Through applying powerful techniques, such as hydrodynamic theories, the gradient expansion, and the renormalization group, readers from physics, mathematics, and biology are given the tools to understand this exciting field of research.

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Book SynopsisCombining rigorous theory with practical application, this book provides a unified and detailed account of the fundamental equations governing atmospheric and oceanic fluid flow on which global, quantitative models of weather and climate prediction are founded. It lays the foundation for more accurate models by making fewer approximations and imposing dynamical and thermodynamical consistency, moving beyond the assumption that the Earth is perfectly spherical. A general set of equations is developed in a standard notation with clearly stated assumptions, limitations, and important properties. Some exact, non-linear solutions are developed to promote further understanding and for testing purposes. This book contains a thorough consideration of the fundamental equations for atmospheric and oceanic models, and is therefore invaluable to both theoreticians and numerical modellers. It also stands as an accessible source for reference purposes.Trade Review'Andrew Staniforth has produced a comprehensive and insightful book on the mathematical foundation of global atmosphere and oceanic modelling. For different geophysical fluid applications, he guides us masterfully from the first principles of fluid physics to their evolution equations. The book covers all the fundamental aspects of these equations including conservation laws and exact nonlinear solutions. This brilliant book is ideal for introducing graduate students to the subject matter as much as it is relevant for experts as a reference book.' Gilbert Brunet, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne'Well, this is an impressive book. It covers both the equations of motion and how those equations and their approximations can be used in models of the ocean and atmosphere. It is clearly written, careful and thorough, with a range and a depth that is unmatched elsewhere. It will be of immense value both to those interested in the fundamentals and those wishing to build models that have a sound foundation. It will be a standard for years to come.' Geoffrey K. Vallis, University of Exeter'This is the textbook I wish I'd had as a graduate student and course instructor! This is an incredibly comprehensive resource for students and researchers alike. I am confident the book will become the go to reference on atmospheric and oceanic modelling for the 2020s and beyond.' Andrew Weaver, University of Victoria'Global Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling is bound to become a classic in the literature of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Written by a multi-decade insider to the design of the numerical “dynamical cores” that are at the heart of the models employed for both weather prediction and climate change projection, the book provides a meticulously documented development of dynamically and thermodynamically self-consistent sets of equations that are employed to describe the evolution of these geophysical fluids. Highlights of the book include a careful development of the influence of the ellipsoidal shape of the planet which acts through the gravitational field on the evolution of these fluid domains.' W. Richard Peltier, University of Toronto'This text is a tremendous resource for anyone looking for a rigorous, thorough treatment of the fundamental equations needed for the development of dynamical cores of numerical models for weather and climate, especially for those interested and/or involved in model design and development. The treatment is detailed, general, and exact without ad-hoc approximations or simplifications. This includes a more truthful representation of variations in gravity due to the geometry of the system. Andrew Staniforth offers the reader unique insights from his experience of an entire career as a leading scholar in the field.' Thomas Birner, University of MunichTable of ContentsPreface. Notation and acronyms. Part I. Foundations: 1. Introduction; 2. Governing equations for motion of a dry atmosphere: Vector form; 3. Governing equations for motion of a cloudy atmosphere: Vector form; 4. Governing equations for motion of geophysical fluids: Vector form; 5. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems; 6. Governing equations for motion of geophysical fluids: Curvilinear form; 7. Representation of gravity: Basic theory and spherical planets; 8. Representation of gravity: Further theory and spheroidal planets; 9. Thermodynamic potentials and thermodynamical consistency; 10. Moist thermodynamics; 11. Ocean thermodynamics; 12. Geopotential coordinates for modelling planetary atmospheres and oceans; 13. Vertical coordinates and boundary conditions; 14. Variational methods and Hamilton's principle of stationary action; 15. Conservation. Part II. Dynamically Consistent Equation Sets: 16. Deep and shallow equation sets in 3D; 17. Quasi-shallow equation sets in 3D; 18. Shallow water equation sets in 2D; 19. A barotropic potential vorticity (BPV) equation for flow over a spheroidal planet. Part III. Exact Steady and Unsteady Nonlinear Solutions: 20. Exact steady solutions of the global shallow water equations; 21. Exact 3D steady solutions of global equation sets; 22. Exact unsteady solutions of the barotropic potential vorticity equation over an ellipsoid; 23. Exact unsteady solutions in 3D over an ellipsoidal planet. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable reference for graduate students and academic researchers, this book introduces the basic terminology, methods and theory of the physics of flow in porous media. Geometric concepts, such as percolation and fractals, are explained and simple simulations are created, providing readers with both the knowledge and the analytical tools to deal with real experiments. It covers the basic hydrodynamics of porous media and how complexity emerges from it, as well as establishing key connections between hydrodynamics and statistical physics. Covering current concepts and their uses, this book is of interest to applied physicists and computational/theoretical Earth scientists and engineers seeking a rigorous theoretical treatment of this topic. Physics of Flow in Porous Media fills a gap in the literature by providing a physics-based approach to a field that is mostly dominated by engineering approaches.Table of Contents1 Introduction; 2. Geometry of Porous Media; 3. Fractals; 4. Percolation; 5. Laminar Flow in Channels and Tubes; 6. The Hydrodynamic Equations; 7. The Darcey Law; 8. Dispersion; 9. Capillary Action; 10. The Hele-Shaw Cell and Linear Stability Analysis; 11. Displacement Patterns in Porous Media; 12. Continuum Descriptions of Multi-phase Flow; 13. Particle Stimulations of Multiphase Flows; Appendix A; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisRetaining the format and philosophy of its successful predecessors, this revision of the best-selling and "most teachable book on the market" begins with basic principles followed with a patient development of the mathematics and physics leading to theories of fluids supported with examples and problem exercises.Trade Review“Incompressible Flow, Fourth Edition is the ideal coursebook for classes in fluid dynamics offered in mechanical, aerospace, and chemical engineering programs.” (Expofairs.com, 28 November 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi Preface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii 1 Continuum Mechanics 1 1.1 Continuum Assumption 3 1.2 Fundamental Concepts, Definitions, and Laws 3 1.3 Space and Time 5 1.4 Density, Velocity, and Internal Energy 7 1.5 Interface between Phases 10 1.6 Conclusions 12 Problems 13 2 Thermodynamics 15 2.1 Systems, Properties, and Processes 15 2.2 Independent Variables 16 2.3 Temperature and Entropy 16 2.4 Fundamental Equations of Thermodynamics 18 2.5 Euler’s Equation for Homogenous Functions 19 2.6 Gibbs–Duhem Equation 20 2.7 Intensive Forms of Basic Equations 20 2.8 Dimensions of Temperature and Entropy 21 2.9 Working Equations 21 2.10 Ideal Gas 22 2.11 Incompressible Substance 25 2.12 Compressible Liquids 26 2.13 Conclusions 26 Problems 26 3 Vector Calculus and Index Notation 28 3.1 Index Notation Rules and Coordinate Rotation 29 3.2 Definition of Vectors and Tensors 32 3.3 Special Symbols and Isotropic Tensors 33 3.4 Direction Cosines and the Laws of Cosines 34 3.5 Algebra with Vectors 35 3.6 Symmetric and Antisymmetric Tensors 37 3.7 Algebra with Tensors 38 3.8 Vector Cross-Product 41 *3.9 Alternative Definitions of Vectors 42 *3.10 Principal Axes and Values 44 3.11 Derivative Operations on Vector Fields 45 3.12 Integral Formulas of Gauss and Stokes 48 3.13 Leibnitz’s Theorem 51 3.14 Conclusions 52 Problems 53 4 Kinematics of Local Fluid Motion 54 4.1 Lagrangian Viewpoint 54 4.2 Eulerian Viewpoint 57 4.3 Substantial Derivative 59 4.4 Decomposition of Motion 60 4.5 Elementary Motions in a Linear Shear Flow 64 *4.6 Proof of Vorticity Characteristics 66 *4.7 Rate-of-Strain Characteristics 68 4.8 Rate of Expansion 69 *4.9 Streamline Coordinates 70 4.10 Conclusions 72 Problems 72 5 Basic Laws 74 5.1 Continuity Equation 74 5.2 Momentum Equation 78 5.3 Surface Forces 79 *5.4 Stress Tensor Derivation 79 5.5 Interpretation of the Stress Tensor Components 81 5.6 Pressure and Viscous Stress Tensor 83 5.7 Differential Momentum Equation 84 *5.8 Moment of Momentum, Angular Momentum, and Symmetry of Tij 89 5.9 Energy Equation 90 5.10 Mechanical and Thermal Energy Equations 92 5.11 Energy Equation with Temperature as the Dependent Variable 94 *5.12 Second Law of Thermodynamics 94 5.13 Integral Form of the Continuity Equation 95 5.14 Integral Form of the Momentum Equation 97 *5.15 Momentum Equation for a Deformable Particle of Variable Mass 100 *5.16 Integral Form of the Energy Equation 103 5.17 Integral Mechanical Energy Equation 104 5.18 Jump Equations at Interfaces 106 5.19 Conclusions 108 Problems 108 6 Newtonian Fluids and the Navier–Stokes Equations 111 6.1 Newton’s Viscosity Law 111 6.2 Molecular Model of Viscous Effects 114 6.3 Non-Newtonian Liquids 118 *6.4 Wall Boundary Conditions; The No-Slip Condition 120 6.5 Fourier’s Heat Conduction Law 123 6.6 Navier–Stokes Equations 125 6.7 Conclusions 125 Problems 126 7 Some Incompressible Flow Patterns 127 7.1 Pressure-Driven Flow in a Slot 127 7.2 Mechanical Energy, Head Loss, and Bernoulli Equation 132 7.3 Plane Couette Flow 136 7.4 Pressure-Driven Flow in a Slot with a Moving Wall 138 7.5 Double Falling Film on a Wall 139 7.6 Outer Solution for Rotary Viscous Coupling 142 7.7 The Rayleigh Problem 143 7.8 Conclusions 148 Problems 148 8 Dimensional Analysis 150 8.1 Measurement, Dimensions, and Scale Change Ratios 150 8.2 Physical Variables and Functions 153 8.3 Pi Theorem and Its Applications 155 8.4 Pump or Blower Analysis: Use of Extra Assumptions 159 8.5 Number of Primary Dimensions 163 *8.6 Proof of Bridgman’s Equation 165 *8.7 Proof of the Pi Theorem 167 8.8 Dynamic Similarity and Scaling Laws 170 8.9 Similarity with Geometric Distortion 171 8.10 Nondimensional Formulation of Physical Problems 174 8.11 Conclusions 179 Problems 180 9 Compressible Flow 182 9.1 Compressible Couette Flow: Adiabatic Wall 182 9.2 Flow with Power Law Transport Properties 186 9.3 Inviscid Compressible Waves: Speed of Sound 187 9.4 Steady Compressible Flow 194 9.5 Conclusions 197 Problems 197 10 Incompressible Flow 198 10.1 Characterization 198 10.2 Incompressible Flow as Low-Mach-Number Flow with Adiabatic Walls 199 10.3 Nondimensional Problem Statement 201 10.4 Characteristics of Incompressible Flow 205 10.5 Splitting the Pressure into Kinetic and Hydrostatic Parts 207 *10.6 Mathematical Aspects of the Limit Process M2 → 0 210 *10.7 Invariance of Incompressible Flow Equations under Unsteady Motion 211 *10.8 Low-Mach-Number Flows with Constant-Temperature Walls 213 *10.9 Energy Equation Paradox 216 10.10 Conclusions 218 Problems 219 11 Some Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equations 220 11.1 Pressure-Driven Flow in Tubes of Various Cross Sections: Elliptical Tube 221 11.2 Flow in a Rectangular Tube 224 11.3 Asymptotic Suction Flow 227 11.4 Stokes’s Oscillating Plate 228 11.5 Wall under an Oscillating Free Stream 231 *11.6 Transient for a Stokes Oscillating Plate 234 11.7 Flow in a Slot with a Steady and Oscillating Pressure Gradient 236 11.8 Decay of an Ideal Line Vortex (Oseen Vortex) 241 11.9 Plane Stagnation Point Flow (Hiemenz Flow) 245 11.10 Burgers Vortex 251 11.11 Composite Solution for the Rotary Viscous Coupling 253 11.12 Von K´arm´an Viscous Pump 257 11.13 Conclusions 262 Problems 263 12 Streamfunctions and the Velocity Potential 266 12.1 Streamlines 266 12.2 Streamfunction for Plane Flows 269 12.3 Flow in a Slot with Porous Walls 272 *12.4 Streamlines and Streamsurfaces for a Three-Dimensional Flow 274 *12.5 Vector Potential and the E2 Operator 277 12.6 Stokes’s Streamfunction for Axisymmetric Flow 282 12.7 Velocity Potential and the Unsteady Bernoulli Equation 283 12.8 Flow Caused by a Sphere with Variable Radius 284 12.9 Conclusions 286 Problems 287 13 Vorticity Dynamics 289 13.1 Vorticity 289 13.2 Kinematic Results Concerning Vorticity 290 13.3 Vorticity Equation 292 13.4 Vorticity Diffusion 293 13.5 Vorticity Intensification by Straining Vortex Lines 295 13.6 Production of Vorticity at Walls 296 13.7 Typical Vorticity Distributions 300 13.8 Development of Vorticity Distributions 300 13.9 Helmholtz’s Laws for Inviscid Flow 306 13.10 Kelvin’s Theorem 307 13.11 Vortex Definitions 308 13.12 Inviscid Motion of Point Vortices 310 13.13 Circular Line Vortex 312 13.14 Fraenkel–Norbury Vortex Rings 314 13.15 Hill’s Spherical Vortex 314 13.16 Breaking and Reconnection of Vortex Lines 317 13.17 Vortex Breakdown 317 13.18 Conclusions 323 Problems 324 14 Flows at Moderate Reynolds Numbers 326 14.1 Some Unusual Flow Patterns 327 14.2 Entrance Flows 330 14.3 Entrance Flow into a Cascade of Plates: Computer Solution by the Streamfunction–Vorticity Method 331 14.4 Entrance Flow into a Cascade of Plates: Pressure Solution 341 14.5 Entrance Flow into a Cascade of Plates: Results 342 14.6 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 346 14.7 Jeffrey–Hamel Flow in a Wedge 362 14.8 Limiting Case for Re → 0; Stokes Flow 367 14.9 Limiting Case for Re→−∞ 368 14.10 Conclusions 372 Problems 372 15 Asymptotic Analysis Methods 374 15.1 Oscillation of a Gas Bubble in a Liquid 374 15.2 Order Symbols, Gauge Functions, and Asymptotic Expansions 377 15.3 Inviscid Flow over a Wavy Wall 380 15.4 Nonuniform Expansions: Friedrich’s Problem 384 15.5 Matching Process: Van Dyke’s Rule 386 15.6 Composite Expansions 391 15.7 Characteristics of Overlap Regions and Common Parts 393 15.8 Composite Expansions and Data Analysis 399 15.9 Lagerstrom’s Problems 403 15.10 Conclusions 406 Problems 407 16 Characteristics of High-Reynolds-Number Flows 409 16.1 Physical Motivation 409 16.2 Inviscid Main Flows: Euler Equations 411 16.3 Pressure Changes in Steady Flows: Bernoulli Equations 414 16.4 Boundary Layers 418 16.5 Conclusions 428 Problems 428 17 Kinematic Decomposition of Flow Fields 429 *17.1 General Approach 429 *17.2 Helmholtz’s Decomposition; Biot–Savart Law 430 *17.3 Line Vortex and Vortex Sheet 431 *17.4 Complex Lamellar Decomposition 434 *17.5 Conclusions 437 *Problems 437 18 Ideal Flows in a Plane 438 18.1 Problem Formulation for Plane Ideal Flows 439 18.2 Simple Plane Flows 442 18.3 Line Source and Line Vortex 445 18.4 Flow over a Nose or a Cliff 447 18.5 Doublets 453 18.6 Cylinder in a Stream 456 18.7 Cylinder with Circulation in a Uniform Stream 457 18.8 Lift and Drag on Two-Dimensional Shapes 460 18.9 Magnus Effect 462 18.10 Conformal Transformations 464 18.11 Joukowski Transformation: Airfoil Geometry 468 18.12 Kutta Condition 473 18.13 Flow over a Joukowski Airfoil: Airfoil Lift 475 18.14 Numerical Method for Airfoils 482 18.15 Actual Airfoils 484 *18.16 Schwarz–Christoffel Transformation 487 *18.17 Diffuser or Contraction Flow 489 *18.18 Gravity Waves in Liquids 494 18.19 Conclusions 499 Problems 499 19 Three-Dimensional Ideal Flows 502 19.1 General Equations and Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Ideal Flows 502 19.2 Swirling Flow Turned into an Annulus 504 19.3 Flow over a Weir 505 19.4 Point Source 507 19.5 Rankine Nose Shape 508 19.6 Experiments on the Nose Drag of Slender Shapes 510 19.7 Flow from a Doublet 513 19.8 Flow over a Sphere 515 19.9 Work to Move a Body in a Still Fluid 516 19.10 Wake Drag of Bodies 518 *19.11 Induced Drag: Drag due to Lift 519 *19.12 Lifting Line Theory 524 19.13 Winglets 525 *19.14 Added Mass of Accelerating Bodies 526 19.15 Conclusions 531 Problems 531 20 Boundary Layers 533 20.1 Blasius Flow over a Flat Plate 533 20.2 Displacement Thickness 538 20.3 Von K´arm´an Momentum Integral 540 20.4 Von K´arm´an–Pohlhausen Approximate Method 541 20.5 Falkner–Skan Similarity Solutions 543 20.6 Arbitrary Two-Dimensinoal Layers: Crank–Nicolson Difference Method 547 *20.7 Vertical Velocity 556 20.8 Joukowski Airfoil Boundary Layer 558 20.9 Boundary Layer on a Bridge Piling 563 20.10 Boundary Layers Beginning at Infinity 564 20.11 Plane Boundary Layer Separation 570 20.12 Axisymmteric Boundary Layers 573 20.13 Jets 576 20.14 Far Wake of Nonlifting Bodies 579 20.15 Free Shear Layers 582 20.16 Unsteady and Erupting Boundary Layers 584 *20.17 Entrance Flow into a Cascade, Parabolized Navier–Stokes Equations 587 *20.18 Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers 589 *20.19 Boundary Layer with a Constant Transverse Pressure Gradient 593 *20.20 Howarth’s Stagnation Point 598 *20.21 Three-Dimensional Separation Patterns 600 20.22 Conclusions 603 Problems 605 21 Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers 607 21.1 General Relations for Re → 0: Stokes’s Equations 607 21.2 Global Equations for Stokes Flow 611 21.3 Streamfunction for Plane and Axisymmetric Flows 613 21.4 Local Flows, Moffatt Vortices 616 21.5 Plane Internal Flows 623 21.6 Flows between Rotating Cylinders 628 21.7 Flows in Tubes, Nozzles, Orifices, and Cones 631 21.8 Sphere in a Uniform Stream 636 21.9 Composite Expansion for Flow over a Sphere 641 21.10 Stokes Flow near a Circular Cylinder 642 *21.11 Axisymmetric Particles 644 *21.12 Oseen’s Equations 646 *21.13 Interference Effects 647 21.14 Conclusions 648 Problems 649 22 Lubrication Approximation 650 22.1 Basic Characteristics: Channel Flow 650 22.2 Flow in a Channel with a Porous Wall 653 22.3 Reynolds Equation for Bearing Theory 655 22.4 Slipper Pad Bearing 657 22.5 Squeeze-Film Lubrication: Viscous Adhesion 659 22.6 Journal Bearing 660 22.7 Hele-Shaw Flow 664 22.8 Conclusions 667 Problems 668 23 Surface Tension Effects 669 23.1 Interface Concepts and Laws 669 23.2 Statics: Plane Interfaces 676 23.3 Statics: Cylindrical Interfaces 679 23.4 Statics: Attached Bubbles and Drops 681 23.5 Constant-Tension Flows: Bubble in an Infinite Stream 683 23.6 Constant-Tension Flows: Capillary Waves 686 23.7 Moving Contact Lines 688 23.8 Constant-Tension Flows: Coating Flows 691 23.9 Marangoni Flows 695 23.10 Conclusions 703 Problems 705 24 Introduction to Microflows 706 24.1 Molecules 706 24.2 Continuum Description 708 24.3 Compressible Flow in Long Channels 709 24.4 Simple Solutions with Slip 712 24.5 Gases 715 24.6 Couette Flow in Gases 719 24.7 Poiseuille Flow in Gases 722 24.8 Gas Flow over a Sphere 726 24.9 Liquid Flows in Tubes and Channels 728 24.10 Liquid Flows near Walls; Slip Boundaries 730 24.11 Conclusions 735 25 Stability and Transition 737 25.1 Linear Stability and Normal Modes as Perturbations 738 25.2 Kelvin–Helmholtz Inviscid Shear Layer Instability 739 25.3 Stability Problems for Nearly Parallel Viscous Flows 744 25.4 Orr–Sommerfeld Equation 746 25.5 Invsicid Stability of Nearly Parallel Flows 747 25.6 Viscous Stability of Nearly Parallel Flows 749 25.7 Experiments on Blasius Boundary Layers 752 25.8 Transition, Secondary, Instability, and Bypass 756 25.9 Spatially Developing Open Flows 759 25.10 Transition in Free Shear Flows 759 25.11 Poiseuille and Plane Couette Flows 761 25.12 Inviscid Instability of Flows with Curved Streamlines 763 25.13 Taylor Instability of Couette Flow 765 25.14 Stability of Regions of Concentrated Vorticity 767 25.15 Other Instabilities: Taylor, Curved, Pipe, Capillary Jets, and G¨ortler 769 25.16 Conclusions 771 26 Turbulent Flows 772 26.1 Types of Turbulent Flows 772 26.2 Characteristics of Turbulent Flows 773 26.3 Reynolds Decomposition 776 26.4 Reynolds Stress 777 *26.5 Correlation of Fluctuations 780 *26.6 Mean and Turbulent Kinetic Energy 782 *26.7 Energy Cascade: Kolmogorov Scales and Taylor Microscale 784 26.8 Wall Turbulence: Channel Flow Analysis 789 26.9 Channel and Pipe Flow Experiments 797 26.10 Boundary Layers 800 26.11 Wall Turbulence: Fluctuations 804 26.12 Turbulent Structures 811 26.13 Free Turbulence: Plane Shear Layers 817 26.14 Free Turbulence: Turbulent Jet 822 26.15 Bifurcating and Blooming Jets 824 26.16 Conclusions 825 A Properties of Fluids 827 B Differential Operations in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 828 C Basic Equations in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates 833 D Streamfunction Relations in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates 838 E Matlab R Stagnation Point Solver 842 F Matlab R Program for Cascade Entrance 844 G Matlab R Boundary Layer Program 847 References 851 Index 869

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Book SynopsisFully comprehensive introduction to the rapidly emerging area of micro systems technology Transport Phenomena in Micro Systems explores the fundamentals of the new technologies related to Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).Table of ContentsAbout the Author xv Preface xvii Acknowledgement xix List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Definition 2 1.3 Analogy of Microfluidics with Computing Technology 2 1.4 Interdisciplinary Aspects of Microfluidics 3 1.5 Overall Benefits of Microdevices 6 1.6 Microscopic Scales for Liquids and Gases 10 1.7 Physics at Micrometric Scale 11 1.8 Scaling Laws 13 1.9 Shrinking of Human Beings 19 2 Channel Flow 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Hydraulic Resistance 23 2.3 Two Connected Straight Channels 24 2.4 Equivalent Circuit Theory 26 2.5 Reynolds Number 27 2.6 Governing Equation for Arbitrary-Shaped Channel 30 2.7 Summary of Hydraulic Resistance in Straight Channels 40 2.8 Viscous Dissipation of Energy 41 2.9 Compliance 45 3 Transport Laws 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Boundary Slip 51 3.3 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Gases 52 3.4 Slip Flow Boundary Condition in Liquids 57 3.5 Physical Parameters Affecting Slip 66 3.6 Possible Liquid Slip Mechanism 67 3.7 Thermal Creep Phenomena 68 3.8 Couette Flow with Slip Flow Boundary Condition 70 3.9 Compressibility Effect in Microscale Flows 74 3.10 Slip Flow between Two Parallel Plates 78 3.11 Fluid Flow Modeling 81 4 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mixing 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 RandomWalk Model of Diffusion 101 4.3 Stokes–Einstein Law 103 4.4 Fick's Law of Diffusion 103 4.5 Diffusivity and Mass Transport Nomenclature 104 4.6 Governing Equation for Multicomponent System 105 4.7 Characteristic Parameters 107 4.8 Diffusion Equation 109 4.9 Taylor Dispersion 113 4.10 Micromixer 117 4.11 Convective Diffusion 123 4.12 Detailed Analysis 127 4.13 Reverse Osmosis 135 5 Surface Tension-Dominated Flows 149 5.1 Surface Tension 149 5.2 Gibbs Free Energy and Surface Tension 151 5.3 Microscopic Model of Surface Tension 151 5.4 Young–Laplace Equation 152 5.5 Contact Angle 154 5.6 Dynamic Contact Angle 156 5.7 Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity 158 5.8 Microdrops 163 5.9 Capillary Rise and Dimensionless Numbers 166 5.10 Coating Flows 169 5.11 Enhanced Oil Recovery 171 5.12 Classification of Surface Tension Gradient-Driven Flow 172 5.13 Boundary Conditions 173 5.14 Thermocapillary Motion 174 5.15 Diffusocapillary Flow 177 5.16 Electrowetting 178 5.17 Marangoni Convection in Drops 181 5.18 Marangoni Instability 182 5.19 Micropropulsion System 184 5.20 Capillary Pump 186 5.21 Thermocapillary Motion of Droplets 188 5.22 Thermocapillary Pump 189 5.23 Taylor Flows 192 5.24 Two-Phase Liquid–Liquid Poiseuille Flow 197 5.25 Hydrodynamics of Taylor Flow 199 5.26 Plug Motion in Capillary 201 5.27 Clogging Pressure 203 5.28 Digital Microfluidics 206 6 Charged Species Flow 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrical Conductivity and Charge Transport 214 6.3 Electrohydrodynamic Transport Theory 217 6.4 Electrolytic Cell Example 220 6.5 The Electric Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena 226 6.6 Debye Layer Potential Distribution 228 6.7 Electrokinetic Phenomena Classification 232 6.8 Electroosmosis 233 6.9 Exact Expression for Cylindrical Channel EO Flow 237 6.10 EO Pump 242 6.11 EO Flow in Parallel Plate Channel 249 6.12 Electroosmosis and Forced Convection 252 6.13 Electrophoresis 255 6.14 Dielectrophoresis 259 6.15 Polarization and Dipole Moments 260 6.16 Point Dipole in a Dielectric Fluid 262 6.17 Dielectric Sphere in a Dielectric Fluid: Induced Dipole 264 6.18 Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 265 6.19 Dielectrophoretic Trapping of Particles 266 6.20 AC Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Sphere 268 7 Magnetism and Microfluidics 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 Magnetism Nomenclature 277 7.3 Magnetic Beads 280 7.4 Magnetic Bead Characterization 280 7.5 Magnetostatics 282 7.6 Magnetophoresis 283 7.7 Magnetic Force on Particles 286 7.8 Magnetic Particle Motion 287 7.9 Magnetic Field Flow Fractionation 290 7.10 Ferrofluidic Pumps 293 7.11 Magnetic Sorting and Separation 294 7.12 Magneto-Hydrodynamics 295 7.13 Governing Equations for MHD 296 8 Microscale Conduction 303 8.1 Introduction 303 8.2 Energy Carriers 304 8.3 Scattering Mechanism 305 8.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 306 8.5 Time and Length Scales 306 8.6 Scale Effects 307 8.7 Fourier’s Law 309 8.8 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation 310 8.9 Kinetic Theory 314 8.10 Heat Capacity 316 8.11 Boltzmann Transport Theory 322 8.12 Microscale Two-Step Models 326 8.13 Thin Film Conduction 327 9 Microscale Convection 331 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Scaling Analysis 331 9.3 Laminar Fully Developed Nusselt Number 334 9.4 Why Microchannel Heat Transfer 334 9.5 Gases versus Liquid Flow in Microchannels 335 9.6 Temperature Jump 336 9.7 Couette Flow with Viscous Dissipation 340 9.8 Isothermal Parallel Plate Channel Flow without Viscous Heating 343 9.9 Large Parallel Plate Flow without Viscous Heating: Uniform Surface Flux 346 9.10 Fully Developed Flow in Microtubes: Uniform Surface Flux 352 9.11 Convection in Isothermal Circular Tube with Viscous Heating 358 9.12 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannels 361 9.13 Condensation Heat Transfer in Mini-/Microchannel 368 10 Microfabrication 375 10.1 Introduction 375 10.2 Microfabrication Environment 376 10.3 Functional Materials 377 10.4 Surface Preparation 383 10.5 General Micromachining Procedure 384 10.6 Photolithography 386 10.7 Subtractive Techniques 391 10.8 Additive Techniques 399 10.9 Example of a Silicon Membrane Fabrication 403 10.10 PDMS-Based Molding 404 10.11 Sealing 407 10.12 Laser Microfabrication Techniques 409 11 Microscale Measurements 417 11.1 Introduction 417 11.2 Microscale Velocity Measurement 417 11.3 PIV Fundamentals 418 11.4 Micro-PIV System 427 11.5 Temperature Measurement 437 12 Microscale Sensors and Actuators 455 12.1 Introduction 455 12.2 Flow Control 455 12.3 Actuator Classification 458 12.4 Shear Stress Sensors 468 12.5 Classification of Shear Stress Sensors 470 12.6 Calibration of Shear Stress Sensors 480 12.7 Uncertainty and Noise 485 13 Heat Pipe 487 13.1 Introduction 487 13.2 Applications of Heat Pipe 487 13.3 Advantages of Heat Pipe 488 13.4 Heat Pipe Operation 488 13.5 Wick Structure 489 13.6 Working Fluids and Structural Material of Heat Pipe 491 13.7 Operating Temperature of Heat Pipe 492 13.8 Ideal Thermodynamic Cycle of Heat Pipe 493 13.9 Microheat Pipe 493 13.10 Effective Thermal Conductivity 495 13.11 Operating Limits 495 13.12 Cleaning and Charging 506 Reference 506 Supplemental Reading 506 Index 507

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Book SynopsisWhether as a textbook for the petroleum engineering student or a reference for the veteran engineer working in the field, this new volume is a valuable asset in the engineer's library for new, tested methods of more efficient oil and gas exploration and production and better estimating methods. In this book, the authors combine a rigorous, yet easy to understand, approach to petrophysics and how it is applied to petroleum and environmental engineering to solve multiple problems that the engineer or geologist faces every day. Useful in the prediction of everything from crude oil composition, pore size distribution in reservoir rocks, groundwater contamination, and other types of forecasting, this approach provides engineers and students alike with a convenient guide to many real-world applications. Fluid dynamics is an extremely important part of the extraction process, and petroleum geologists and engineers must have a working knowledge of fluid dynamics of oil and gas reservoirs inTable of ContentsFluid Dynamics in Petroliferous Areas of Mobile Belts ix1. Geology and Oil and Gas Occurrences in the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 11.1 Intermontane Troughs 11.2 Foredeeps 162. Hydrogeochemical Field of the Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 312.1 Intermontane Depressions 322.2 Foredeeps 1293. Geobaric Field in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 1813.1 Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures: Their Nature, Types, Identification and Diagnostics 1823.2 Patterns in Spatial Distribution of Abnormally High Pore and Formation Pressures 1954. Geotemperature Field in Alpine Mobil Belt Basins 2514.1 Geotemperature Regime of the Sediment Cover 2524.2 Geothermal Regime in the South Caspian Depression 2594.3 Geothermal Field of Local Structures 2675. Present-Day Geo-Fluid-Dynamics of Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 2735.1 Abnormally-High Fluid Pore Pressure as a Factor in the Formation of Faults, Structure Plans, Regional and Local Folded Structures 2735.2 Regional Dynamics of Ground Waters 2875.3 Geobaric Parameters of Natural Fluid Migration 3215.4 Geotemperature Parameters of Fluid Migration 3586. Hydrocarbon Generation, Migration and Accumulation in the South-Caspian Basin 3657. Geo-Fluid-Dynamic Mechanisms and Factors in the Formation, Location and Forecast of Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 3977.1 Role of Abnormally High Pressure in the Formation, Placement and Forecast of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 3987.2 Role of Ground Water Discharge Zones and Foci in the Formation and Placement of Regional and Local Oil and Gas Occurrences 4088. Qualitative Criteria and Quantitative Attributes of Commercial Oil and Gas Occurrences in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4318.1 Hydrochemical Associations Between Ground Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulations 4318.2 Quantitative Parameters in Correlation Between Tectonic Features of Local Structures, Ground Water Dynamics and Oil and Gas Occurrences 4468.3 Quantitative Correlation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Thermobaric Regime of Local Structures 4659. Geologo-Mathematical Models of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 4839.1 Techniques of Local Structures Hydrocarbon Reserves Forecast and Estimation 4839.2 Zonal and Regional Geologic Models of Oil and Gas Occurrence in Alpine Mobile Belt Basins 48410. Geo-Fluid-Dynamical Parameters of Oil and Gas Occurrence on Local Structures and in Zones of Dominant Oil and Gas Accumulation 49110.1 The South Caspian Depression 49110.2 The Other Alpine Regions 51111. Attempt on Regional Situation Analysis, Conceptual Resource Estimation and Procedure of Strategic Decision-Making in Planning and Conduct of Exploration and Appraisal Operations (Example of the South Caspian Basin) 515Conclusions 579References 585Index 609

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Book SynopsisIncompressible Flow The latest edition of the classic introduction to fluid dynamics This textbook offers a detailed study of fluid dynamics. Equal emphasis is given to physical concepts, mathematical methods, and illustrative flow patterns. The book begins with a precise and careful formulation of physical concepts followed by derivations of the laws governing the motion of an arbitrary fluid, the Navier-Stokes equations. Throughout, there is an emphasis on scaling variables and dimensional analysis. Incompressible flow is presented as an asymptotic expansion of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations with low Mach numbers and arbitrary Reynolds numbers. The different physical behaviors of flows with low, medium, and high Reynolds number are thoroughly investigated. Additionally, several special introductory chapters are provided on lubrication theory, flow stability, and turbulence. In the Fifth Edition, a chapter on gas dynamics has been added. Gas dynamics

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Book SynopsisNuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Systems provides a comprehensive approach to nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics, reflecting the latest technologies, reactor designs, and safety considerations. The text makes extensive use of color images, internet links, computer graphics, and other innovative techniques to explore nuclear power plant design and operation. Key fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and nuclear engineering concepts are carefully explained, and supported with worked examples, tables, and graphics. Intended for use in one or two semester courses, the text is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students. A complete Solutions Manual is available for professors adopting the text.Table of Contents1. Nuclear Power in the World Today 2. The Pressurized Water Reactor 3. The Boiling Water Reactor 4. Fast Reactors, Gas Reactors, and Military Reactors 5. Thermal Energy Production in Nuclear Power Plants 6. The Laws of Thermodynamics 7. Thermodynamic Properties and Equations of State 8. The Nuclear Steam Supply System and Reactor Heat Exchangers 9. Reactor Thermal Cycles 10. The Laws of Nuclear Heat Transfer 11. Heat Removal from Nuclear Fuel Rods 12. Time-Dependent Nuclear Heat Transfer 13. Nuclear Reactor Fluid Mechanics 14. Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics 15. The Conservation Equations of Fluid Mechanics 16. Single-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 17. Laminar and Turbulent Flows with Friction 18. Core and Fuel Assembly Fluid Flow 19. Reactor Coolants, Coolant Pumps, and Power Turbines 20. Fundamentals of Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Nuclear Power Plants 21. Correlations for Single-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 22. Natural Convection in Nuclear Power Plants 23. Fundamentals of Two-Phase Flow in Nuclear Power Plants 24. Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 25. Heat Transfer Correlations for Advanced Two-Phase Nuclear Heat Transfer 26. Core Temperature Fields 27. Nuclear Hot Channel Factors, the Critical Heat Flux, and the DNBR 28. Particle Transport and Entrainment during Reactor Accidents 29. Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Flows, Compressible Flows, and Choke Flows 30. Reactor Accidents, DBAs, and LOCAs 31. Flow Oscillations, Density Waves, and Hydrodynamic Instabilities 32. Containment Buildings and Their Function 33. Thermal Design Limits, Operating Limits, and Safety Limits 34. Response of a Containment Building to a Reactor LOCA

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Book SynopsisNonlinear Control Techniques for Electro-Hydraulic Actuators in Robotics Engineering meets the needs of those working in advanced electro-hydraulic controls for modern mechatronic and robotic systems. The non-linear EHS control methods covered are proving to be more effective than traditional controllers, such as PIDs. The control strategies given address parametric uncertainty, unknown external load disturbance, single-rod actuator characteristics, and control saturation. Theoretical and experimental validations are explained, and examples provided. Based on the authors'' cutting-edge research, this work is an important resource for engineers, researchers, and students working in EHS.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Model Construction of Electro-Hydraulic Control System 7. Linear PID Control Design. Robust Control Method 41. Output Feedback Control Method. Parametric Adaptive Control Method 91.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Compressible Fluid Flow, Second Edition offers extensive coverage of the physical phenomena experienced in compressible flow. Updated and revised, the second edition provides a thorough explanation of the assumptions used in the analysis of compressible flows. It develops in students an understanding of what causes compressible flows to differ from incompressible flows and how they can be analyzed. This book also offers a strong foundation for more advanced and focused study. The book begins with discussions of the analysis of isentropic flows, of normal and oblique shock waves and of expansion waves. The final chapters deal with nozzle characteristics, friction effects, heat exchange effects, a hypersonic flow, high-temperature gas effects, and low-density flows. This book applies real-world applications and gives greater attention to the supporting software and its practical application. Includes numerical resultTrade Review"The first seven chapters are dedicated to the fundamental aspects of the subject. They contain the analysis of isentropic flows with a separately discussed isentropic flow through a variable-area duct, the definition of normal, expansion and oblique shock waves. The following chapters have more applicable character and cover nozzle characteristics and flows with friction and heat exchange effects. As these topics are often neglected in other books dedicated to the compressible fluid mechanics their inclusion further enhances the understanding of the subject matter. The book also successfully attempts to lay the foundations for more advanced problems…"—The Aeronautical Journal, November 2014 "The topics covered in this new edition are essential in many engineering disciplines, especially in mechanical and aerospace engineering."—Heat Transfer Engineering, Vol. 36 No. 5, 2015 "The main strength of the book is the use of very easy to comprehend and simple English. The author has made extensive use of examples and illustrations to aid in understanding of the topics. The integrated computer methods using MATLAB routines and the COMPROP software enable students to explore concepts and applications. The new and expanded edition of the book also lays down a good foundation for advanced gas dynamics topics for an undergraduate course like no other text."––Professor Farooq Saeed, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia "The text reads well with just the right blend of discussion, worked examples and end-of-chapter problems, covering the essential material of Compressible Fluid Flow in an easy-to-read and understandable exposition of the material. Students quickly get to solving applied problems using tables and charts with data and results of the mathematical calculations. The text and the approach fits well the needs of junior-level students in our School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering."––Professor David G. Lilley, Oklahoma State University, USA "I find Introduction to Compressible Fluid Flow to provide an excellent, fundamental coverage of key concepts in compressible flow. Its emphasis on classical methods of analysis and the fundamental understanding that comes from their use is a welcome change from the over-use of computer software and page-filling extraneous information that plagues most recent textbooks in this genre. "––Jack Edwards, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA "The first seven chapters are dedicated to the fundamental aspects of the subject. They contain the analysis of isentropic flows with a separately discussed isentropic flow through a variable-area duct, the definition of normal, expansion and oblique shock waves. The following chapters have more applicable character and cover nozzle characteristics and flows with friction and heat exchange effects. As these topics are often neglected in other books dedicated to the compressible fluid mechanics their inclusion further enhances the understanding of the subject matter. The book also successfully attempts to lay the foundations for more advanced problems…"—The Aeronautical Journal, November 2014 "The order and selection of topics looks good, and mostly conventional. There is a natural order of topics to effectively teach the subject…"––Eric Petersen, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA "After carefully reviewing the material provided, I can confidently say that the authors have made a genuine attempt to update the 2nd edition. …In my opinion, this new material will be quite useful and further enhance the understanding of the subject matter."––Dr. Tej Gupta, Professor of Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida "The authors’ goals have been achieved magnificently in this second edition which should prove indispensable for advanced courses in fluid mechanics."—Professor J. P. Gostelow, University of Leicester"I found this textbook to be extremely thorough in covering not only the usual topics covered in a compressible flow textbook but a number of other topics that an aerospace engineer may encounter in the course of their career. The derivations are very clear and detailed."—Michael M. Micci, The Pennsylvania State University"The book includes step-by-step derivation of the basic equations pertaining to compressible fluid flow, which I consider it as strength. It also includes combined influence of friction, heat addition, and area change on internal flows, which are routinely neglected in may text books. I like the examples as they are written with applications in mind."—Semih Olcmen "The first seven chapters are dedicated to the fundamental aspects of the subject. They contain the analysis of isentropic flows with a separately discussed isentropic flow through a variable-area duct, the definition of normal, expansion and oblique shock waves. The following chapters have more applicable character and cover nozzle characteristics and flows with friction and heat exchange effects. As these topics are often neglected in other books dedicated to the compressible fluid mechanics their inclusion further enhances the understanding of the subject matter. The book also successfully attempts to lay the foundations for more advanced problems…"—The Aeronautical Journal, November 2014 "The topics covered in this new edition are essential in many engineering disciplines, especially in mechanical and aerospace engineering."—Heat Transfer Engineering, Vol. 36 No. 5, 2015 "The main strength of the book is the use of very easy to comprehend and simple English. The author has made extensive use of examples and illustrations to aid in understanding of the topics. The integrated computer methods using MATLAB routines and the COMPROP software enable students to explore concepts and applications. The new and expanded edition of the book also lays down a good foundation for advanced gas dynamics topics for an undergraduate course like no other text."––Professor Farooq Saeed, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia "The text reads well with just the right blend of discussion, worked examples and end-of-chapter problems, covering the essential material of Compressible Fluid Flow in an easy-to-read and understandable exposition of the material. Students quickly get to solving applied problems using tables and charts with data and results of the mathematical calculations. The text and the approach fits well the needs of junior-level students in our School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering."––Professor David G. Lilley, Oklahoma State University, USA "I find Introduction to Compressible Fluid Flow to provide an excellent, fundamental coverage of key concepts in compressible flow. Its emphasis on classical methods of analysis and the fundamental understanding that comes from their use is a welcome change from the over-use of computer software and page-filling extraneous information that plagues most recent textbooks in this genre. "––Jack Edwards, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA "The order and selection of topics looks good, and mostly conventional. There is a natural order of topics to effectively teach the subject…"––Eric Petersen, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA "After carefully reviewing the material provided, I can confidently say that the authors have made a genuine attempt to update the 2nd edition. …In my opinion, this new material will be quite useful and further enhance the understanding of the subject matter."––Dr. Tej Gupta, Professor of Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida "The authors’ goals have been achieved magnificently in this second edition which should prove indispensable for advanced courses in fluid mechanics."—Professor J. P. Gostelow, University of Leicester "I found this textbook to be extremely thorough in covering not only the usual topics covered in a compressible flow textbook but a number of other topics that an aerospace engineer may encounter in the course of their career. The derivations are very clear and detailed."—Michael M. Micci, The Pennsylvania State University "The book includes step-by-step derivation of the basic equations pertaining to compressible fluid flow, which I consider it as strength. It also includes combined influence of friction, heat addition, and area change on internal flows, which are routinely neglected in may text books. I like the examples as they are written with applications in mind."—Semih Olcmen Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Equations of Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow. Some Fundamental Aspects of Compressible Flow. One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow. Normal Shock Waves. Oblique Shock Waves. Expansion Waves - Prandtl-Meyer Flow. Variable Area Flows. Adiabatic Flow with Friction. Flow with Heat Transfer. Linearized Analysis of Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows. Hypersonic and High-Temperature Flows. High-Temperature Gas Effects. Low-Density Flows. Bibliography. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisFluid Dynamics via Examples and Solutions provides a substantial set of example problems and detailed model solutions covering various phenomena and effects in fluids. The book is ideal as a supplement or exam review for undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics, turbulence, ocean and atmospheric sciences, and related areas. It is also suitable as a main text for fluid dynamics courses with an emphasis on learning by example and as a self-study resource for practicing scientists who need to learn the basics of fluid dynamics.The author covers several sub-areas of fluid dynamics, types of flows, and applications. He also includes supplementary theoretical material when necessary. Each chapter presents the background, an extended list of references for further reading, numerous problems, and a complete set of model solutions.Trade Review"There is no better way to fall in love with a particular subject then to learn it through problem solving. Sergey Nazarenko has created an important resource for mathematics and physics students and young researchers by introducing basics and techniques of fluid dynamics. Anyone involved in teaching fluid dynamics will treasure this book because it provides a clear path to help convey the beauty, elegance, and sophistication of this enticing area of science."—Professor Natalia Berloff, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge and Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology"This is an excellent book for fluid dynamics students. It gives a good overview of the theory through a large set of worthy example problems. After many classical textbooks on the subject, there is finally one with solved exercises. I fully appreciate the selection of topics."—Professor Miguel Onorato, Physics Department, University of TorinoTable of ContentsFluid Equations and Different Regimes of Fluid Flows. Conservation Laws in Incompressible Fluid Flows. Fluid with Free Surface. Waves and Instabilities. Boundary Layers. Two-Dimensional Flows. Point Vortices and Point Sources. Turbulence. Compressible Flow. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisYour Guide to Advanced Cold Spray TechnologyCold Gas Dynamic Spray centers on cold gas dynamic spray (or cold sprayCS) technology, one of the most versatile thermal spray coating methods in materials engineering, and effectively describes and analyzes the main trends and developments behind the spray (coating) techniques. The book combines theory with practice to enable the reader to deeper understand the CS coatings as well as their structures and properties, and describes the state of the art in CS technology with an emphasis on all major components of the cold spray process.This book begins with an introduction to CS spray and goes on to thoroughly explain the process. It describes the different powder synthesis methods and equipment currently used, and defines the CS coating microstructure, characterization methods, and properties of CS coatings. The authors present a comprehensive approach that highlights grTrade Review"I began working in cold spray shortly after it arrived in the United States and have performed research in all areas including equipment design, process development, modeling, application development and technology transfer and I have found the book to be an excellent resource for me and for the students and staff that work in my group. … The level of detail makes it ideal for both engineers and scientists that want to learn about cold spray and for those who are already working in cold spray. This book can also be used as reference and a guide for developing new or improving current applications. In addition to the text, the detailed references provide the reader with the most up to date and comprehensive information on cold spray." —Timothy J. Eden, Ph.D., Head of the Materials Processing Division The Applied Research Laboratory, Associated Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"… a useful contribution giving a lot of information about [the] rapidly changing field of cold sprayed coatings technology. … useful for the readers from academia and industry. The university lecturers may find a lot of information about fundamental aspects of cold spray coatings deposition technology and the engineers active on industrial R&D may be interested in nondestructive evaluation of coatings. Finally, the entrepreneurs… would be interested in the economic analysis [of] the cold spraying."—Lech Pawłowski, University of Limoges, FranceTable of ContentsIntroduction. Theoretical Description of Cold Spray Process. Cold Spray Powders and Equipment. Fundamentals of Cold Spray Coating Formation. Nondestructive Evaluation of Cold Spray Coatings. Application of Cold Spray. Economic Analysis of Cold Spray. References.

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Book SynopsisMathematical Modelling in the Theory of Multivelocity Continuum

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Book SynopsisGrid generation deals with the use of grids (meshes) in the numerical solution of partial differential equations by finite elements, finite volume, finite differences and boundary elements. Grid generation is applied in the aerospace, mechanical engineering and scientific computing fields. This book presents new research in the field.

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Book SynopsisIn the context of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), modelling low-pressure subcooled boiling flow is of particular significance. A review is provided in this book of the various numerical modelling approaches that have been adopted to handle subcooled boiling flow. The main focus in the analysis of such a challenging problem can be broadly classified according into two important categories: (i) Heat transfer and wall heat flux partitioning during subcooled boiling flow at the heated wall and (ii) Two-phase flow and bubble behaviours in the bulk subcooled flow away from the heated wall. For the first category, details of both empirical and mechanistic models that have been proposed in the literature are given. The enhancement in heat transfer during forced convective boiling attributed by the presence of both sliding and stationary bubbles, force balance model for bubble departure and bubble lift-off as well as the evaluation of bubble frequency based on fundamental theory depict the many improvements that have been introduced to the current mechanistic model of heat transfer and wall heat flux partitioning. For the second category, details of applications of various empirical relationships and mechanistic model such as population balance model to determine the local bubble diameter in the bulk subcooled liquid that have been employed in the literature are also given. A comparison of the predictions with experimental data is demonstrated. For the local case, the model considering population balance and improved wall heat partition shows good agreement with the experimentally measured radial distributions of the Sauter mean bubble diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles. Significant weakness prevails however over the vapor velocity distribution. For the axial case, good agreement is also achieved for the axial distributions of the Sauter mean bubble diameter, void fraction and interfacial area concentration profiles. The present model correctly represents the plateau at the initial boiling stages at upstream, typically found in low-pressure subcooled boiling flows, followed by the significant rise of the void fraction at downstream.

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Book SynopsisFluid power systems are manufactured by many organizations for a very wide range of applications, embodying different arrangements of components to fulfill a given task. Hydraulic components are manufactured to provide the control functions required for the operation of a wide range of systems and applications.This second edition is structured to give an understanding of • Basic types of components, their operational principles and the estimation of their performance in a variety of applications.• A resume of the flow processes that occur in hydraulic components.• A review of the modeling process for the efficiency of pumps and motors.This new edition also includes a complete analysis for estimating the mechanical loss in a typical hydraulic motor; how circuits can be arranged using available components to provide a range of functional system outputs, including the analysis and design of closed loop control systems and some applications; a description of the use of international standards in the design and management of hydraulic systems; and extensive analysis of hydraulic circuits for different types of hydrostatic power transmission systems and their application.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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