Physical chemistry Books
Springer New York The Physical Basis of Biochemistry The
Book SynopsisPrinciples of Biophysical Inquiry.- Introduction: To the Student First Edition.- Philosophy and Practice of Biophysical Study.- Overview of the Biological System Under Study.- Physical Thoughts, Biological Systems The Application of Modeling Principles to Understanding Biological Systems.- Probability and Statistics.- Foundations.- Energy and Force The Prime Observables.- Biophysical Forces in Molecular Systems.- Physical Principles: Quantum Mechanics.- Chemical Principles.- Measuring the Energy of a System: Energetics and the First Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Which Way Is That System Going? The Gibbs Free Energy.- The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria.- Building a Model of Biomolecular Structure.- Water: A Unique Solvent and Vital Component of Life.- IonSolvent Interactions.- IonIon Interactions.- Lipids in Aqueous Solution.- Macromolecules in Solution.- Molecular Modeling Mapping Biochemical State Space.- The Electrified Interphase.- Function and Action Biological State Space.- Transport A Non-equilibrium Process.- Flow in a Chemical Potential Field: Diffusion.- Flow in an Electric Field: Conduction.- Forces Across Membranes.- Kinetics Chemical Kinetics.- Dynamic Bioelectrochemistry Charge Transfer in Biological Systems.- Methods for the Measuring Structure and Function.- Separation and Characterization of Biomolecules Based on Macroscopic Properties.- Analysis of Molecular Structure with Electronic Spectroscopy.- Molecular Structure from Scattering Phenomena.- Analysis of Structure Microscopy.- Epilogue.- Physical Constants.Table of ContentsPREFACE PART I: Principles of Biophysical Inquiry Chapter 1 Introduction: “To the Student” Chapter 2 Philosophy and Practice of Biophysical Study Chapter 3 Overview of the Biological System Under Study – Descriptive Models Chapter 4 Physical Thoughts, Biological Systems - The application of modeling principles to understanding biological systems Chapter 5 Probability and Statistics PART II: Foundations Chapter 6 Physical Principles: Energy - The Prime Observable Chapter 7 Biophysical Forces in Molecular Systems Chapter 8 An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Chapter 9 Chemical Principles Chapter 10 Measuring the Energy of a System: Energetics and the First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 11 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 12 Which Way Did That System Go? The Gibbs Free Energy Chapter 13 The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria PART III: Building a Model of Biomolecular Structure Chapter 14 Water: A Unique Structure, A Unique Solvent Chapter 15 Ion-Solvent Interactions Chapter 16 Ion-Ion Interactions Chapter 17 Lipids in Aqueous Solution Chapter 18 Macromolecules in Solution Chapter 19 Molecular Modeling - Mapping Biochemical State Space Chapter 20 The Electrified Interphase PART IV: Function and Action Biological State Space Chapter 21 Transport and Kinetics: Processes Not at Equilibrium Chapter 22 Flow in a Chemical Potential Field: Diffusion Chapter 23 Flow in an Electrical Field: Conduction Chapter 24 Forces Across Membranes Chapter 25 Kinetics - Chemical Kinetics Chapter 26 Bioelectrochemistry – Charge Transfer in Biological Systems PART V: Methods for the Measuring Structure and Function Chapter 27 Separation and Characterization of Biomolecules Based on Macroscopic Properties (with Kristin E. Bergethon) Chapter 28 Determining Structure by molecular interactions with photons: Electronic Spectroscopy (with Kristin Bergethon) Chapter 29 Determining Structure by molecular interactions with photons: ScatteringPhenomena Chapter 30 Analysis of Structure – Microscopy Chapter 31 Epilogue Chapter 32 Physical Constants PART VI: APPENDICES Appendix A Review of Mathematical Methods Appendix B Quantum Electrodynamics Appendix C The Pre-Socratic Roots of Modern Science Appendix D The Poisson Function Appendix E Assumptions of a Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas Behavior Appendix F Determination of a Field from the Potential Appendix G Geometric Optics Appendix H The Compton Effect Appendix I Hamilton's Principle of Least Action/Fermat's Principle of Least Time Appendix J Energy of Interaction between ions Appendix K Derivation of the Statement, Qrev > Qirrev Appendix L Derivation of the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Appendix M Derivation of the van't Hoff Equation for Osmotic Pressure Appendix N Pseudoforces Appendix O Work of charging and discharging a rigid sphere Appendix P Review of Electrical Circuits Appendix Q Fermi's Golden Rule Appendix R Adiabatic vs non-Adiabatic processes
£44.99
Springer New York The Chemical Cosmos A Guided Tour 3 Astronomers Universe
Book SynopsisIf you have ever wondered how we get from the awesome impersonality of the Big Bang universe to the point where living creatures can start to form, and evolve into beings like you, your friends and your family, wonder no more.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The Chemical Cosmos: A Guided Tour is an astronomy book about chemistry – or perhaps a chemistry book about astronomy. … well-structured and unifies a number of different elements of astronomy. Miller is careful to explain the technical vocabulary that you need to discuss the subject. The writing is clear and he has a light and humorous touch. … I enjoyed reading the book and learned a number of new things. I think anyone with an interest in astronomy or chemistry would find it interesting.” (BellaOnline.com, August, 2013)“The book might well inspire A-level students or their teachers to see the Universe as a place with many very interesting chemistry problems.” (Mike Edmunds, The Observatory, Vol. 132 (1230), October, 2012)“This is another book aiming to summarize 13 billion years of cosmic history in relatively few pages. … Recent discoveries of potentially life-supporting niches in the solar system, as well as the numerous recently discovered exoplanets, are described in broad strokes. The index and annotated bibliography are helpful, and the volume includes many rarely seen and well-chosen illustrations. Suitable for lay readers … . Summing Up: Recommended. General audiences.” (T. R. Blackburn, Choice, Vol. 49 (10), June, 2012)“Steve Miller is a professor at UCL and an accomplished speaker at the RAS … . He’s written a book I’m pleased to recommend for its light touch and humour … and, above all, for his willingness to explain. After a most enjoyable read, I had quite a bit to think about and there is a useful section of recommended further reading.” (Roger O’Brien, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 122 (1), 2012)Table of ContentsPrologue.- Purple haze: introducing our guide.- The early universe: the source of chemistry – and of our guide.- Shooting the rapids: the life, and death, of the earliest starlight.- Interlude - how our guide is hooked, lost and caught again.- Heading downstream and cooking by starlight.- Fishing for molecules.- Branching out: in the land of the giants and dwarves.- Interlude - trawling for our cosmic guide.- In the delta: exoplanets - worlds, but not as we know them.- Towards the sea of life.- Epilogue.- Annotated references and further reading to chapters.- Some useful numbers.- Index.
£32.29
Springer Surface Forces
Book Synopsis1. Forces Near Interfaces.- 2. Disjoining Pressure.- 3. The Thermodynamic Theory of Stability of Thin Films.- 4. Dispersion Forces in Thin Interlayers and Films.- 5. The Adsorption Component of Disjoining Pressure in Nonionic Solutions.- 6. The Electrostatic Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 7. The Structure of Boundary Layers of Liquids and the Structural Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 8. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (Dlvo) Theory of Stability of Lyophobic Colloids.- 9. The Theory of Heterocoagulation in Lyophobic Systems.- 10. Wetting Films.- 11. Surface Forces in Transport Phenomena.- Conclusion.Table of Contents1. Forces Near Interfaces.- 2. Disjoining Pressure.- 3. The Thermodynamic Theory of Stability of Thin Films.- 4. Dispersion Forces in Thin Interlayers and Films.- 5. The Adsorption Component of Disjoining Pressure in Nonionic Solutions.- 6. The Electrostatic Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 7. The Structure of Boundary Layers of Liquids and the Structural Component of Disjoining Pressure.- 8. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (Dlvo) Theory of Stability of Lyophobic Colloids.- 9. The Theory of Heterocoagulation in Lyophobic Systems.- 10. Wetting Films.- 11. Surface Forces in Transport Phenomena.- Conclusion.
£85.49
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp Physical Chemistry Principles Second Edition
£10.62
Springer Mathematical Methods in Chemistry and Physics
Book SynopsisVectors.- Function Spaces.- Matrices.- Similarity Transforms and Projections.- Vibrations and Normal Modes.- Kinetics.- Statistical Mechanics.- Quantum Mechanics.- Driven Systems and Fluctuations.- Other Techniques: Perturbation Theory and Direct Products.- to Group Theory.Table of ContentsVectors.- Function Spaces.- Matrices.- Similarity Transforms and Projections.- Vibrations and Normal Modes.- Kinetics.- Statistical Mechanics.- Quantum Mechanics.- Driven Systems and Fluctuations.- Other Techniques: Perturbation Theory and Direct Products.- to Group Theory.
£123.49
de Gruyter CarbonBased Nanotubes
£73.35
de Gruyter Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry
£73.35
de Gruyter Wearable Energy Storage Devices
£73.35
de Gruyter Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
£64.35
Universal Publishers The Bases of Chemical Thermodynamics
£29.67
Universal Publishers The Bases of Chemical Thermodynamics
£29.67
Brownwalker Press Introductory Thermodynamics
£37.95
NY Research Press Electrochemistry
£96.19
NY Research Press Physical Chemistry: Theories, Models and Applications
£100.35
NY Research Press Physical Chemistry: Principles and Applications
£109.80
NY Research Press Essential Concepts of Chemistry
£99.90
NY Research Press Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
£102.60
Larsen and Keller Education Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction
£103.28
Murphy & Moore Publishing Introduction to Physical Chemistry
Book Synopsis
£108.80
Paragon Publishing Solutions of Problems in The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
£15.61
Paragon Publishing The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
£999.99
Michael Terence Publishing Silent Tears: The Life and Times of a Nuclear Test Cloud-Chaser
£9.99
£107.10
£107.10
Zeticula Ltd On the Cucumber Tree
Book SynopsisScience and technology are the most potent influences driving the modern world. Most science is done in laboratories but, apart from a generalized image of an anonymous building populated by white-coated figures, few people outside the sciences have any idea how such places come into existence or how they work. This memoir approaches both issues from the author's personal experience. Peter Day's career took him to many countries and laboratories, including the Royal Institution in London, arguably the oldest continuously operating laboratory in the world - and, of course, much else besides. He looks at a selection of these places through the eyes of an 'incomer', trying to understand how they came into being and what makes them tick. He was the first member of his family to go to university and introductory chapters sketch his early life in a small Kentish village and tortuous route into science, along with vignettes of Oxford 50 years ago, a long-lost world. Laboratories, like most other human constructs, are brought into being through the ambition and hubris of individuals, kept going by intellect and sharp elbows, and sometimes brought low by blind egoism. This book shares examples of all these traits of humanity, observed, if not by an outsider then certainly by an incomer. Peter Day is an internationally recognised materials chemist who has received numerous honorary Fellowships, degrees and Academy memberships. From a small village in Kent, his career took him to Oxford and industrial research laboratories in the USA, followed by Directorship of a European institute in France and the Royal Institution in London. As well as many technical papers he has published books and articles about the practise of science, people who carry it out and organisations where it is done.Trade Review'This is the kind of book - an unassuming, informative, and entertaining memoir that ranges over personal, scientific, and administrative matters - that I think more of you should be writing. The book costs less than $20, and can be read on a long train trip. A historian will find many details about the grain of today's scientific life that are usually passed over in more formal or ambitious histories and biographies. We could use many more tales from the cucumber tree like this one.' Robert P. Crease, Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Stony Brook University, New York. 'That Day almost chose arts instead of science at school shows in this elegantly written view of the influences on science and scientists in the later 20th century.' Derry Jones, Chemistry World, August 2012 'a wide-ranging and entertaining life story.' TW Magazine, 2013
£14.95
Paragon Publishing The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
£21.54
R Buckingham MD, Facp How Dancing Really Stops the Clock
£24.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Entropy and the Tao of Counting: A Brief
Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete and accurate atomic level statistical mechanical explanation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It assumes only a basic knowledge of mechanics and requires no knowledge of calculus. The treatment uses primarily geometric arguments and college level algebra. Quantitative examples are given at each stage to buttress physical understanding. This text is of benefit to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as educators and researchers in the physical sciences (whether or not they have taken a thermodynamics course) who want to understand or teach the atomic/molecular origins of entropy and the second law. It is particularly aimed at those who, due to insufficient mathematical background or because of their area of study, are not going to take a traditional statistical mechanics course.Table of Contents
£44.99
De Gruyter Solid-State Chemistry
Book SynopsisThis book invites you on a tour through the most relevant topics of solid-state chemistry. It provides an up-to-date overview about fascinating structures of inorganic matter and new research developments. The reader will also gain crucial insights into many aspects of material science, from ceramics to superconductors. One chapter is specifically dedicated to the most rapidly evolving field of material science: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The book contains a chapter which is often neglected in others due to its complexity, the intermetallic phases. A concise but very didactic introduction to crystallographic specifications ensures that the reader will gain a deeper understanding of the crystal structures presented in the book. The book places special emphasis on the graphical illustrations which were specifically designed to promote real insights into the structural features. Instead of having to decipher hard to distinguish graphics the reader has an eye-opening experience. A further added value is that many references to the original research publications are given which enables easy follow-up for more detailed study.
£73.62
De Gruyter Photocatalysis
Book SynopsisThis book is a concise and up-to-date introduction to the topic of photocatalysis. It covers the fundamentals of photocatalysis, design of photoreactors and modelling and simulations for photoreaction. Also, industrial applications such as hydrogen production, water disinfection, degradation of air pollutants, pesticides and pharmaceuticals are described.
£65.55
De Gruyter Photovoltaic Modules: Reliability and Sustainability
Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic modules have developed into mass products sold in billions and applied all over the world enabling a renewable energy supply. Reliability and sustainability are key factors for the success of Photovoltaics in all climate zones. The second edition of this interdisciplinary book provides insight into relevant environmental aspects (climates), material and module testing equipment and approaches, service life prediction modelling and standardisation of wafer-based photovoltaic modules. The book also addresses recent research and developments on the sustainability assessment of photovoltaic modules including end of life measures and legislation.
£56.52
De Gruyter Physical Chemistry of Polymers: A Conceptual Introduction
Book SynopsisThis book introduces the concepts of physical chemistry of polymers in a format targeted for a blended-learning approach. It provides a basis to bridge polymer chemistry, which targets microscopic chain structures, and polymer engineering, which targets macroscopic material properties and functions. Topics covered are single chain statistics, multi-chain interactions, and chain dynamics, both from a viewpoint of structure, properties (mostly mechanical ones), and their interrelation. In all that, the author encourages the reader to think conceptually. Explains complex facts through simplifying models, diagrams, and illustrations Accessible to chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and physicists Tailored content for an interactive blended-learning format
£56.52
£44.55
De Gruyter Chemistry for Environmental Scientists
Book SynopsisThe second edition of this book presents the fundamentals of chemistry in light of their importance for the environment and environmental processes. The new edition includes updated references and a more practical approach to the topic. The comprehensive discussion is structured in three parts: introducing the theory of physical chemistry, evaluating elements and compounds, and presenting principles of environmental chemistry.
£70.77
De Gruyter Symmetrie in der Instrumentellen Analytik
£53.68
De Gruyter Chemistry of High-Energy Materials
Book SynopsisChemistry of High-Energy Materials continues in this new and revised 6th edition to provide fundamental scientifi c insights into primary and secondary explosives, propellants, rocket fuels and pyrotechnics. It expands with new research developments, including new melt casts, reactive structure materials, a computational study on the detonation velocity of mixtures of solid explosives with non-explosive liquids, calculation of craters after explosions. This work is of interest to advanced students in chemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as to all those working in military and defense technology.
£65.55
De Gruyter Quantenchemie
Book Synopsis
£60.80
De Gruyter Chemische Thermodynamik
Book Synopsis
£62.96
Verlag Unser Wissen Merkmal Angst bei Schülern in den Fächern Naturwissenschaften Kunst und Sport
£34.10
Editions Notre Savoir Traitement de lanxiété chez les étudiants en sciences en lettres et en éducation physique
£34.10
Wydawnictwo Nasza Wiedza Cechy lku u studentów kierunków cisych artystycznych i wychowania fizycznego
£34.10
Edizioni Sapienza Trait Ansia degli studenti di scienze arte ed educazione fisica
£34.10
Edições Nosso Conhecimento Ansiedade Traço de Estudantes de Ciências Artes e Educação Física
£34.10
Éditions universitaires européennes Généralités sur les nanotubes de carbone
£34.20
Saage Books Chemie Grundlagen für Studium
£17.95
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives
Book SynopsisSupramolecular chemistry is a central theme not only in chemistry, but in neighboring disciplines including physics and the biological sciences. The author has introduced this notion and has been awarded the Nobel Prize for his achievements in this area. He presents here the concepts, lines of development and perspectives of this highly interdisciplinary and burgeoning field of research. Topics include: - molecular recognition - catalysis and transport processes - molecular and supramolecular devices - self-processes By placing the basic concepts into a broader perspective, the author succeeds in inspiring, stimulating and challenging the creative imagination of his reader.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: From Molecular to Supramolecular Chemistry/ Anion Coordination Chemistry and the Recognition of Anionic Substrates/ Coreceptor Molecules and Multiple Recognition/ Supramolecular Reactivity and Catalysis/ Transport Processes and Carrier Design/ From Supermolecules to Polymolecular Assemblies/ Molecular and Supramolecular Devices/ Self-Processes/ Programmed (Supra)Molecular Systems/ From Structure to Information. The Challenge of Instructed Chemistry
£70.25
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Dispersion of Powders: in Liquids and Stabilization of Suspensions
Book SynopsisTeaching the fundamental knowledge required for successful dispersion of powders in a liquid, this book covers a host of topics -- from recent advances to industrial applications. In 15 chapters it supports formulation chemists in preparing a suspension in a more rational way, by applying the principles of colloid and interface science, while at the same time enabling the research scientist to discover new methods for preparing stable suspensions. Essential reading for those working in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, paint, ceramic and agricultural industries.Trade Review“Therefore, it is an essential and interdisciplinary guideline, and warmly recommended not only to those working in the field of dispersions/suspensions in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, paint, ceramic and agricultural industries but also to students, scientists and practitioners in other scientific fields (chemistry/food science & technology/food processing, production, etc).” (Advances in Food Science, 1 January 2013)Table of ContentsPreface GENERAL INTRODUCTION Fundamental Knowledge Required for Successful Dispersions of Powders into Liquids Particle Dimensions in Suspensions Concentration Range of Suspensions Outline of the Book FUNDAMENTALS OF WETTING AND SPREADING Introduction The Concept of the Contact Angle Adhesion Tension Work of Adhesion Wa Work of Cohesion Calculation of Surface Tension and Contact Angle The Spreading of Liquids on Surfaces Contact Angle Hysteresis THE CRITICAL SURFACE TENSION OF WETTING AND THE ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN POWDER WETTING The Critical Surface Tension of Wetting Theoretical Basis of the Critical Surface Tension Effect of Surfactant Adsorption Dynamic Processes of Adsorption and Wetting Wetting of Powders by Liquids STRUCTURE OF THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE AND ELECTROSTATIC STABILIZATION Structure of the Solid-Liquid Interface Structure of the Electrical Double Layer Distinction between Specific and Nonspecific Adsorbed Ions Electrical Double-Layer Repulsion van der Waals Attraction Total Energy of Interaction Flocculation of Suspensions Criteria for Stabilization of Dispersions with Double-Layer Interaction ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA AND ZETA POTENTIAL Stern-Grahame Model of the Double Layer Calculation of Zeta Potential from Particle Mobility Measurement of Electrophoretic Mobility and Zeta Potential Electroacoustic Methods GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISPERSING AGENTS AND ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE Classification of Dispersing Agents ADSORPTION AND CONFORMATION OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACE Theories of Polymer Adsorption Experimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Adsorption Measurement of the Adsorption Isotherm Measurement of the Fraction of Segments p Determination of the Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer Thickness delta h Examples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants Adsorbed Layer Thickness Results Kinetics of Polymer Adsorption STABILIZATION AND DESTABILIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS USING POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AND THE THEORY OF STERIC STABILIZATION Introduction Interaction between Particles Containing Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant Layers (Steric Stabilization) Flocculation of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions Bridging Flocculation by Polymers and Polyelectrolytes Examples for Suspension Stabilization Using Polymeric Surfactants Polymeric Surfactants for Stabilization of Preformed Latex Dispersions PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination Definition of "Dilute", "Concentrated", and "Solid" Suspensions States of Suspension on Standing SEDIMENTATION OF SUSPENSIONS AND PREVENTION OF FORMATION OF DILATANT SEDIMENTS Sedimentation Rate of Suspensions Prevention of Sedimentation and Formation of Dilatant Sediments CHARACTERIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR STABILITY Introduction Assessment of the Structure of the Solid/Liquid Interface Assessment of Sedimentation of Suspensions Assessment of Flocculation and Ostwald Ripening (Crystal Growth) Scattering Techniques Measurement of Rate of Flocculation Measurement of Incipient Flocculation Measurement of Crystal Growth (Ostwald Ripening) Bulk Properties of Suspensions: Equilibrium Sediment Volume (or Height) and Redispersion RHEOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSMENT OF STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS Introduction Steady-State Measurements Constant Stress (Creep) Measurements Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements RHEOLOGY OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS Introduction
£139.45
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Symmetry, Spectroscopy, and Crystallography: The Structural Nexus
Book SynopsisWritten in a clear and understandable manner, this book provides a comprehensive, yet non-mathematical, treatment of the topic, covering the basic principles of symmetry and the important spectroscopic techniques used to probe molecular structure. The chapters are extensively illustrated and deal with such topics as symmetry elements, operations and descriptors, symmetry guidelines, high-fidelity pseudosymmetry, crystallographic symmetry, molecular gears, and experimental techniques, including X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. As an additional feature, 3D animations of most of the structures and molecules covered are available online at wiley.com. As a result, chemists learn how to understand and predict molecular structures and reactivity. Authored by a renowned expert with numerous publications and an excellent track record in research and teaching, this is a useful source for graduate students and researchers working in the field of organic synthesis, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and crystallography, while equally serving as supplementary reading for courses on stereochemistry, organic synthesis, or crystallography.Table of ContentsFrom the Author’s Desk XIII 1 Symmetry/Pseudosymmetry: Chirality in Molecules, in Nature, and in the Cosmos 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rudimentary GroupTheory, Isometry, and Symmetry 4 1.3 Asymmetric versus Chiral: The I-Symmetry of Viral Capsids 7 1.4 The Birth of Chirality as a Chemical Concept 9 1.5 Apparent Symmetry (High-Fidelity Pseudosymmetry) and the Quantification of Distortion from the Ideal 11 1.6 Chirality in Form and Architecture: Symmetry versus Broken Symmetry 16 1.7 Chirality in Nature: Tropical Storms, Gastropods (Shells), and Fish 17 1.8 Extraterrestrial Macroscale Chirality: Spiral Galaxies, Martian Sand Devils, Jovian Great Red Spot, Neptune’s Great Dark Spot, and Venusian South-Pole Cloud Vortex 20 1.9 Analyses of Amino Acid Chirality in Extraterrestrial Samples with Gas–Liquid Chromatography Chiral Columns 23 2 Enantiospecificity of Pheromones, Sweeteners, Fragrances, and Drugs 25 2.1 Enantiospecificity of Pheromones, Sweeteners, and Fragrances 25 2.2 The Importance of Chirality in Drug Therapy 27 3 Bonding Parameters and the Effect of Local Environment on Molecular Structure 33 3.1 Symmetry Arguments and the Effect of the Environment on Molecular Structure 33 3.2 The Effect of Local Environment on Molecular Models and Molecular Structure 34 3.3 Torsion Angles and Molecular Conformation 35 3.4 Symmetry Considerations of Atomic Orbital Hybridization and Bonding Parameters 39 4 Historical Development of Structural Chemistry: From Alchemy to Modern Structural Theory 41 4.1 Hemihedralism in Quartz Crystals: Setting the Stage for the Birth of Stereochemistry 41 4.2 Tartaric Acid and Alchemy 45 4.3 Hemihedralism in Crystalline Tartaric Acid Salts: The Birth of Molecular Chirality 46 4.4 Gift for Prelog’s Retirement: A Matched Pair of u′,x′-Hemihedral Faced Right- and Left-Handed Quartz Crystals 54 4.5 Early Structural Representations of Organic Substances and the Development of Modern Structural Concepts 55 4.6 Fischer Projections to Determine α- and β-Anomeric Configurations 64 5 Chiroptical Properties 67 5.1 The Language of Symmetry, Isomerism, and the Characterization of Symmetry Relationships within and between Molecules 67 5.2 Chiroptical Properties: Circular Birefringence, Optical Rotatory Dispersion, and Circular Dichroism 68 5.3 Miller Indices and Fractional Coordinates in Crystallography 74 5.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 78 5.5 Direct Visualization of an Enantiomer’s Absolute Configuration in the Gas Phase 82 6 Symmetry Comparison of Molecular Subunits: Symmetry in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and in Dynamic NMR 85 6.1 Symmetry in NMR Spectroscopy 85 6.2 Symmetry Comparison of Molecular Subunits, Topicity Relationships 87 6.3 Dynamic Stereochemistry, Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (DNMR) 90 6.4 Use of Permutations in DNMR for Topomerization-, Enantiomerization-, and Diastereomerization-Exchange Processes 92 7 Prochirality, Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions, and the Curtin–Hammett Principle 99 7.1 Prochirality of Enantiotopic Subunits 99 7.2 Homogeneous Hydrogenation by RhodiumI/Achiral Diphosphine Catalysts Differentiates the Diastereotopic Prochiral Faces of Olefins 101 7.3 Homogeneous Hydrogenation by RhodiumI/(Chiral Diphosphine) Catalysts Differentiates the Enantiotopic Prochiral Faces of Olefins: The Curtin–Hammett Principle 104 8 Stereogenic Elements, Chirotopicity, Permutational Isomers, and Gear-Like CorrelatedMotion of Molecular Subunits 113 8.1 Stereogenicity, Stereogenic Elements, Chirotopicity, and the Ambiguity of Some Stereochemical Terms 113 8.2 Triarylamine Propellers 115 8.3 Dynamic Stereochemistry of Permutational Isomers: Correlated Motion in Triarylamines 116 8.4 Relative Stereochemical Descriptors: Retro-Inverso Isomers 122 9 Symmetry in Extended Periodic Arrays of Molecular Crystals and the Relevance of Penrose Tiling Rules for Nonperiodic Quasicrystal Packing 127 9.1 Symmetry in Extended Arrays/Molecular Crystals 127 9.2 Achiral Periodic Arrays of Chiral Objects and Racemic Compound Crystal Lattices 132 9.3 Chiral Periodic Arrays 132 9.4 Occupancy of Special Positions in Periodic Arrays 136 9.5 The Bragg Law and X-Ray Diffraction 139 9.6 The Interferogram Phenomenon in Single-Crystal X-Ray Crystallography 140 9.7 X-Ray Fiber Diffraction 143 9.8 Penrose Tiling Matching Rules, Quasicrystal Packing, and Dodecahedrane 145 10 MultipleMolecules in the Asymmetric Unit, “Faking It”; Pseudosymmetry Emulation of Achiral Higher Order Space Filling in Kryptoracemate Chiral Crystals 149 10.1 Multiple Molecules within an Asymmetric Unit 149 10.2 “Faking It”: Pseudosymmetry Emulation of Achiral Higher-Order Space Filling in Kryptoracemate Chiral Crystals 151 10.3 Desymmetrization of Platonic-Solid Geometries Resulting from Crystallographic Symmetry Constraints 161 10.4 Mobility of Cubane and Dodecahedrane (CH)n Spherical Molecules within a Crystal Lattice 164 11 Platonic-Solid Geometry Molecules and Crystallographic Constraints upon Molecular Geometry, Symmetry Distortions from Ideality 169 11.1 Geometrical Considerations in High-Symmetry Molecules 169 11.2 Syntheses Strategies of High-Symmetry Chiral Molecules 171 11.3 Ethano-Bridge Enantiomerization of T-Symmetry Molecules 173 11.4 Self-Assembly of T-Symmetry Chiral Molecules 176 11.5 Enantiomerization of T-Symmetry Clusters 180 11.6 Tetradentate Edge-Linker Units Separated by a Spacer 183 11.7 Self-Assembly of O-Symmetry Chiral Molecules 184 11.8 O-Symmetry Ferritin Protein Octahedral Shell 185 11.9 Desymmetrization Resulting from Symmetry and Chemical Constraints 186 12 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopic/X-Ray Crystallographic Investigation of Conformational Polymorphism/Pseudopolymorphism in Crystalline Stable and Labile Hydrated Drugs 189 12.1 Divalent Anions Linking Conformationally Different Ammonium Cations 189 12.2 Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR and X-Ray Crystallographic Studies on the Elusive “Trihydrate” Form of Scopolamine⋅Hydrobromide, an Anticholinergic Drug 191 13 NMR Spectroscopic Differentiation of Diastereomeric Isomers Having Special Positions of Molecular Symmetry 205 13.1 NMR Anisochronism of Nuclei at Special Positions of Molecular Symmetry 205 13.2 Pattern Recognition: A Graphical Approach to Deciphering Multiplet Patterns 207 14 Stereochemistry of Medium Ring Conformations 213 14.1 A Short Primer on Medium Ring Stereochemistry 213 14.2 Assignment of Equatorial-/Axial-Substituent Descriptors to Rings of Any Size 214 14.3 NMR Structure Determination of Medium-Ring Solution-State Conformations 216 14.4 Dynamic Disorder in Crystals 221 15 The PharmacophoreMethod for Computer Assisted Drug Design 229 15.1 The Pharmacophore, Neurotransmitters and Synapse 229 15.2 The Pharmacophore Method for Computer Assisted Drug Design 231 15.3 Determination of the Dopamine Reuptake Site Pharmacophore 233 15.4 Methylphenidate (Ritalin⋅HCl) and (−)-Cocaine⋅HCl 235 15.5 Ritalin Versus Cocaine: Binding Affinity and Inhibitory Concentration 238 15.6 Second Generation Pharmacophore:The Orientation of the NH Proton 242 15.7 Avoidance of Adjacent Gauche+Gauche− Interactions 244 15.8 Static Disorder in N-Methyl Ritalin Crystals 246 15.9 Development of Specific Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (SDRI) 250 16 The X-Ray Structure–Based Method of Rational Design 255 16.1 X-Ray Crystallographic Structure–Based Molecular Design 255 16.2 The Different Primary Ammonium and Quaternary Aminium Binding Modes 258 16.3 Search for Unused Binding Sites 263 16.4 Primary Ammonium and Quaternary Aminium Binding Modes in CB[7 and 8] Complexes of Diamantane-4,9-Substituted Guests 265 17 Helical Stereochemistry 269 17.1 Helical Stereochemistry 269 17.2 2nn-Symmetry Achiral Helical Pathways 273 17.3 “La Coupe du Roi”: Chiral Apple Halves Produced by a 42-Bisection 278 17.4 Intermeshing MolecularThreefold Helices: Symmetry, Chemical, and Phase Considerations 281 17.5 X-Ray Fiber versus Single-Crystal Diffraction Models 289 References 293 Index 301
£87.26
