Philosophy of science Books

Book Synopsis2017 PROSE Award Honorable MentionThe PROSE Awards draw attention to pioneering works of research and for contributions to the conception, production, and design of landmark works in their fields.Featuring peer-reviewed contributions from noted experts in their fields of research, Reproducibility: Principles, Problems, Practices, and Prospects presents state-of-the-art approaches to reproducibility, the gold standard of sound science, from multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives. Including comprehensive coverage for implementing and reflecting the norm of reproducibility in various pertinent fields of research, the book focuses on how the reproducibility of results is applied, how it may be limited, and how such limitations can be understood or even controlled in the natural sciences, computational sciences, life sciences, social sciences, and studies of science and technology.The book presents many chapters devoted to a variety oTable of ContentsContributors ix Introduction 1Harald Atmanspacher and Sabine Maasen PART I: CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUNDS Introductory Remarks 9Harald Atmanspacher Reproducibility, Objectivity, Invariance 13Holm Tetens Reproducibility between Production and Prognosis 21Walther ChZimmerli Stability and Replication of Experimental Results: A Historical Perspective 39Friedrich Steinle Reproducibility of Experiments: Experimenters’ Regress, Statistical Uncertainty Principle, and the Replication Imperative 65Harry Collins PART II: STATISTICAL ISSUES Introductory Remarks 83Harald Atmanspacher Statistical Issues in Reproducibility 87Werner AStahel Model Selection, Data Distributions and Reproducibility 115Richard Shiffrin and Suyog Chandramouli Reproducibility from the Perspective of Meta-Analysis 141Werner Ehm Why Are There so Many Clustering Algorithms, and How Valid Are Their Results? 169Vladimir Estivill-Castro PART III: PHYSICAL SCIENCES Introductory Remarks 201Harald Atmanspacher Facilitating Reproducibility in Scientific Computing: Principles and Practice 205David H Bailey, Jonathan M Borwein, and Victoria Stodden Methodological Issues in the Study of Complex Systems 233Harald Atmanspacher and Gerda Demmel Rare and Extreme Events 251Holger Kantz Science under Societal Scrutiny: Reproducibility in Climate Science 269Georg Feulner PART IV: LIFE SCIENCES Introductory Remarks 287Harald Atmanspacher From Mice to Men: Translation from Bench to Bedside 291Marianne Martic-Kehl and P August Schubiger A Continuum of Reproducible Research in Drug Development 315Gerd Folkers and Sabine Baier Randomness as a Building Block for Reproducibility in Local Cortical Networks 325Johannes Lengler and Angelika Steger Neural Reuse and in-Principle Limitations on Reproducibility in Cognitive Neuroscience 341Michael L Anderson On the Difference between Persons and Things–Reproducibility in Social Contexts 363Kai Vogeley PART V: SOCIAL SCIENCES Introductory Remarks 385Sabine Maasen and Harald Atmanspacher Order Effects in Sequential Judgments and Decisions 391Zheng Wang and Jerome Busemeyer Reproducibility in the Social Sciences 407Martin Reinhart Accurate But Not Reproducible? The Possible Worlds of Public Opinion Research 425Felix Keller Depending on Numbers 447Theodore M Porter Science between Trust and Control: Non-Reproducibility in Scholarly Publishing 467Martina Franzen PART VI: WIDER PERSPECTIVES Introductory Remarks 487Sabine Maasen and Harald Atmanspacher Repetition with a Difference: Reproducibility in Literature Studies 491Ladina Bezzola Lambert Repetition Impossible: Co-Affection by Mimesis and Self-Mimesis 511Hinderk Emrich Relevance Criteria for Reproducibility: The Contextual Emergence of Granularity 527Harald Atmanspacher The Quest for Reproducibility Viewed in the Context of Innovation Societies 541Sabine Maasen Index 563

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Book SynopsisThe Physics of Theism provides a timely, critical analysis of the ways in which physics intertwines with religion. Koperski brings clarity to a range of arguments including the fine-tuning argument, naturalism, the laws of nature, and the controversy over Intelligent Design.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 I.1 Maps 1 I.2 Cosmology: Singularity and Creation 2 I.3 Overview 5 1 Science and Religion: Some Preliminaries 11 1.1 Conventional Wisdom 11 1.2 History 12 1.3 The Structure of Science 25 1.4 The Relation between Science and Religion 32 2 Fine-Tuning and Cosmology 58 2.1 What Is Fine-Tuning? 58 2.2 Examples 59 2.3 No Explanation Needed 66 2.4 Naturalistic Explanations 82 3 Relativity, Time, and Free Will 102 3.1 Physics and Freedom 102 3.2 STR and the Nature of Time 104 3.3 Contra the Block Universe 117 3.4 Two Suggestions from the Philosophy of Science 134 4 Divine Action and the Laws of Nature 146 4.1 Divine Intervention(?) 146 4.2 The Problems with Intervention 148 4.3 The Nature of the Laws of Nature 156 4.4 Noninterventionist Divine Action 159 4.5 QD: Pro and Con 165 4.6 Noninterventionism: Goring the Sacred Cow 177 4.7 Intervention and Determinism 182 5 Naturalisms and Design 197 5.1 Science, Myths, and Legends 197 5.2 Intelligent Design 198 5.3 It’s Not Science 201 5.4 Faulty Demarcation 204 5.5 The Real Problems 214 5.6 A Last Word on Conservatism 219 6 Reduction and Emergence 225 6.1 Nothing but Atoms? 225 6.2 The Rise of Reductionism 226 6.3 Popping the Reductionist Bubble 228 6.4 Emergence 233 6.5 Problems and Puzzles 235 6.6 Physics, Causes, and Levels 238 6.7 Theology and Emergence 242 7 The Philosophy of Science Tool Chest 246 7.1 Tools 246 7.2 Realism and Truth 247 7.3 Antirealism 249 7.4 Realism and Religion 257 7.5 Models 259 7.6 Faith, Reason, and Trust 262 7.7 Anomalies and Mystery 266 Index 275

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Book SynopsisThe Physics of Theism provides a timely, critical analysis of the ways in which physics intertwines with religion. Koperski brings clarity to a range of arguments including the fine-tuning argument, naturalism, the laws of nature, and the controversy over Intelligent Design. A single author text providing unprecedented scope and depth of analysis of key issues within the Philosophy of Religion and the Philosophy of Science Critically analyses the ways in which physics is brought into play in matters of religion Self-contained chapters allow readers to directly access specific areas of interest The area is one of considerable interest, and this book is a timely and well-conceived contribution to these debates Written by an accomplished scholar working in the philosophy of physics in a style that renders complex arguments accessible Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 I.1 Maps 1 I.2 Cosmology: Singularity and Creation 2 I.3 Overview 5 1 Science and Religion: Some Preliminaries 11 1.1 Conventional Wisdom 11 1.2 History 12 1.3 The Structure of Science 25 1.4 The Relation between Science and Religion 32 2 Fine-Tuning and Cosmology 58 2.1 What Is Fine-Tuning? 58 2.2 Examples 59 2.3 No Explanation Needed 66 2.4 Naturalistic Explanations 82 3 Relativity, Time, and Free Will 102 3.1 Physics and Freedom 102 3.2 STR and the Nature of Time 104 3.3 Contra the Block Universe 117 3.4 Two Suggestions from the Philosophy of Science 134 4 Divine Action and the Laws of Nature 146 4.1 Divine Intervention(?) 146 4.2 The Problems with Intervention 148 4.3 The Nature of the Laws of Nature 156 4.4 Noninterventionist Divine Action 159 4.5 QD: Pro and Con 165 4.6 Noninterventionism: Goring the Sacred Cow 177 4.7 Intervention and Determinism 182 5 Naturalisms and Design 197 5.1 Science, Myths, and Legends 197 5.2 Intelligent Design 198 5.3 It’s Not Science 201 5.4 Faulty Demarcation 204 5.5 The Real Problems 214 5.6 A Last Word on Conservatism 219 6 Reduction and Emergence 225 6.1 Nothing but Atoms? 225 6.2 The Rise of Reductionism 226 6.3 Popping the Reductionist Bubble 228 6.4 Emergence 233 6.5 Problems and Puzzles 235 6.6 Physics, Causes, and Levels 238 6.7 Theology and Emergence 242 7 The Philosophy of Science Tool Chest 246 7.1 Tools 246 7.2 Realism and Truth 247 7.3 Antirealism 249 7.4 Realism and Religion 257 7.5 Models 259 7.6 Faith, Reason, and Trust 262 7.7 Anomalies and Mystery 266 Index 275

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Book Synopsis1. Political Biology and the Politics of Epistemology 2. Nineteenth Century: From Heredity to Hard-Heredity 3. Into the Wild: The Radical Ethos of Eugenics 4. A Political Quadrant 5. Time for a Repositioning: Political Biology after 1945 6. Four Pillars of Democratic Biology 7. Welcome to Postgenomics: Reactive Genomes, Epigenetics and the Rebirth of Soft-Heredity 8. Conclusions: The Quandary of Political Biology in the Twenty-First CenturyTrade Review“A fascinating social and political history of human heredity spanning over 150 years from Darwin to the present moment. … it is certainly essential reading for students of history and politics of science, I would urge anyone who feels overwhelmed by the pervasiveness of modern biology and its medical imprint, and who wish to make sense of it, to at least give it a cursory read.” (Rakesh Kalshian, Down To Earth, downtoearth.org.in, July, 2017)“The book offers not only an updated and complex synthesis of existing historiography on the whole range of topics it deals with, but also presents the reader with a future-oriented narrative framework that by its very argumentative structuring invites critical reflection on the synthesis it presents, as well as on the implications and consequences issuing from the present day entwinement of biology and politics. I recommend the book very highly … .” (Snait B. Gissis, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 62, April, 2017)“Political Biology is a dense and useful addition to the voluminous literature on the history of the biological theories of heredity and their sociopolitical consequences.” (Michel Dubois, European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 58 (3), 2017)“With Political Biology Maurizio Meloni has pulled together a strikingly wide range of scholarly sources from the history of the human sciences and heredity … . There is a great deal that historians of science will enjoy and admire about Meloni’s work, particularly the breadth of reading and commitment to delivering the value of historical research to contemporary social and policy predicaments … . Political Biology is engaging, clear and an excellent inclusion in HPS and STS syllabi.” (Dominic J. Berry, British Journal for the History of Science, Vol. 50 (1), 2017)Table of Contents1. Political Biology and the Politics of Epistemology 2. Nineteenth Century: From Heredity to Hard-Heredity 3. Into the Wild: The Radical Ethos of Eugenics 4. A Political Quadrant 5. Time for a Repositioning: Political Biology after 1945 6. Four Pillars of Democratic Biology 7. Welcome to Postgenomics: Reactive Genomes, Epigenetics and the Rebirth of Soft-Heredity 8. Conclusions: The Quandary of Political Biology in the Twenty-First Century

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Book SynopsisIn order to give the reader a deeper insight into this research field, the contributing authors discuss their opinions on the main subjects in an enthralling virtual round table: in this way, the reader can get a direct comparison of the various viewpoints on the most controversial and interesting topics.Trade ReviewFoundations of Physics, Vol. 34, No. 8, August 2004 (© 2004) Book Review Relativity in Rotating Frames. Relativistic Physics in Rotating Reference Frames. Edited by G.Rizzi and M.L.Ruggiero, (Fundamental Theories of Physics 135), 452 pp., $193.00. ISBN 1-4020-1805-3. Soon after Einstein’s destruction of absolute simultaneity and Minkowski’s formulation of special relativity, the problem of the relativistic description of extended bodies in rotating reference frames led to Ehrenfest’s paradox with the subsequent Einstein’s answer and to an endless still on going debate about the instantaneous space and the geometry of a rotating disk and the associated Sagnac effect. As emphasized by Stachel in the Preface of this book, edited by G.Rizzi and M.L.Ruggiero and composed of invited contributions, from both "traditionalists" and "heretics", the existence of a structural difference between translations and rotations goes back to Aristotle. Only with Newton translations with constant velocity where privileged with respect to other types of motion through the introduction of the notion of inertial reference frame and the law of inertia. This notion survived in Einstein’s formulation of special relativity, but at the price of loosing the concept of instantaneous three-space: only the notion of being space-like with respect to an observer is well de.ned. Since a relativistic, either inertial or no inertial, observer has no "absolute present", the description of extended objects becomes a non-trivial problem. Given only the postulates of special relativity, namely the constancy and isotropy of the round-trip velocity of light involving only one observer and one clock, there is no unique de.nition of synchronization of clocks, of one-way velocity of light and of spatial distance in an instantaneous three-space. We must make some convention, for instance Einstein’s convention of simultaneity in inertial frames implying an isotropic one-way velocity of light and "equal time" hyper-planes, regarding one of these notions to have the other two de.ned. 1281 0015-9018/04/0800-1281/0 © 2004 Plenum Publishing Corporation 1282 Book Review As a consequence, since in non-inertial frames no convention, globally valid like Einstein’s one in inertial frames, is known, different conventions lead to different viewpoints especially in connection with non-inertial uniformly rotating frames and to the necessity of a still lacking interpretation of their equivalence. This so deeply non-Newtonian framework explains why extended objects like the uniformly rotating disk, which presents no conceptual difficulty at the Newtonian level, give rise to a so controversial and non-unique picture at the relativistic level. Grøn’s historical contribution shows how many, often contradictory, viewpoints have been developed in 90 years. This book is really welcome because it gives a snapshot of the existing spectrum of interpretations regarding rotating coordinate systems (Dieks, Bel, Nikolic, de Felice), the locality hypothesis (Mashhoon), inertial forces (Bini, Jantzen), the anisotropy of the velocity of light in rotating frames and the Sagnac effect (Klauber, Selleri, Sera.ni, Rizzi, Ruggiero, Weber, Sorge, Pascual-Sanchez, Vicente), what is the "space of a rotating disk" and how to de.ne length measurements in rotating frames (Rizzi, Ruggiero, Tartaglia, Grøn, Klauber, Nikolic), quantum mechanics in rotating frames and the gravitational .eld (Papini, Anandan, Suzuki). Only Mach’s principle is absent! The absence of agreement among the various interpretations, nicely made explicit through six virtual dialogues at the end of the book, is made more acute by the contributions of Rizzi and Sera.ni on the freedom in the choice of the notion of simultaneity in rotating frames and of Ashby on the relevance of the Sagnac effect in the Global Positioning System especially after the developments of modern technology oriented to space navigation and requiring the synchronization of the now existing ultra-precise atomic clocks till the order 1/c3. In conclusion, it is hoped that this book will be a stimulus to start a fresh search of the missing elements to arrive at a relativistic description of extended objects in arbitrary non-inertial frames. Such a description should include Maxwell equations and should lead to a well-posed Cauchy problem allowing us to get control on the energy balance of every physical system in a non-inertial reference frame. Luca Lusanna Firenze, Italy Table of ContentsI Historical Papers.- 1 Uniform Rotation of Rigid Bodies and the Theory of Relativity.- 2 The existence of the luminiferous ether demonstrated by means of the effect of a relative ether wind in an uniformly rotating interferometer.- II Papers.- 1 The Sagnac Effect in the Global Positioning System.- 2 Space, Time and Coordinates in a Rotating World.- 3 The Hypothesis of Locality and its Limitations.- 4 Sagnac effect: end of the mystery.- 5 Synchronization and desynchronization on rotating platforms.- 6 Toward a Consistent Theory of Relativistic Rotation.- 7 Elementary Considerations of the Time and Geometry of Rotating Reference Frames.- 8 Local and Global Anisotropy in the Speed of Light.- 9 Isotropy of the velocity of light and the Sagnac effect.- 10 The relativistic Sagnac effect: two derivations.- 11 Inertial forces: the special relativistic assessment.- 12 Eppur, si muove!.- 13 Does anything happen on a rotating disk?.- 14 Proper co-ordinates of non-inertial observers and rotation.- 15 Space geometry in rotating reference frames: A historical appraisal.- 16 Quantum Physics in Inertial and Gravitational Fields.- 17 Quantum Mechanics in a Rotating Frame.- 18 On rotating spacetimes.- III Round Table.- I Dialogue on the velocity of light in a rotating frame.- II Dialogue on synchronization and Sagnac effect.- III Dialogue on the measurement of lengths in a rotating frame.- IV Dialogue on the Brillet-Hall experiment.- V Dialogue on quantum effects in rotating systems.- VI Dialogue on non uniform motions and other details about Klauber’s and Selleri’s challenges.

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Book Synopsis* Brings together fresh debates on eight of the most controversial issues in the philosophy of science.Trade Review"This book offers an excellent way into both general philosophy of science and the important foundational issues that are generated by particular special sciences. The contributions are of the highest quality, and range from the epistemology of thought-experiments to the relationship between genes and whole organisms. The pairing of essays defending opposing points of view shows readers that philosophy of science is full of live issues that demand scientifically well-informed and philosophically sophisticated debate." James Ladyman, University of Bristol "The essays in this invaluable collection are splendid and spirited, and they manage to encompass a broad range of the most exciting debates in philosophy of science today. By juxtaposing rival viewpoints on the same questions, this collection is sure to provoke vigorous responses from students and their teachers alike." Marc Lange, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill "The volume gives a real taste of current philosophical debate. The debated issues are real and well-defined, and not obscure conflicts of various -isms whose philosophical relevance is only understood by the participants." Petri Ylikoski, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced StudiesTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors Preface Introduction: What is the Philosophy of Science? Part I: Do Thought Experiments Transcend Empiricism? 1. Why Thought Experiments Transcend EmpiricismJames Robert Brown, University of Toronto 2. Why Thought Experiments do not Transcend EmpiricismJohn Norton, University of Pittsburgh Part II: Does Probability Capture the Logic of Scientific Confirmation or Justification? 3. Probability Captures the Logic of Scientific ConfirmationPatrick Maher, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4. Why Probability Does not Capture the Logic of Scientific JustificationKevin Kelly, Carnegie Mellon University and Clark Glymour, Carnegie Mellon University Part III: Can a Theory's Predictive Success Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it Postulates? 5. A Theory's Predictive Success Can Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it PostulatesJarrett Leplin, University of North Carolina, Greensboro 6. A Theory's Predictive Success Does not Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it PostulatesAndré Kukla, University of Toronto and Joel Walmsley, University of Toronto Part IV: Are There Laws in the Social Sciences? 7. There are no Laws in the Social SciencesJohn Roberts, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 8. There are Laws in the Social SciencesHarold Kincaid, University of Alabama at Birmingham Part V: Are Causes Physically Connected to their Effects? 9. Causes are Physically Connected to Their Effects: Why Preventers and Omissions are not CausesPhil Dowe, University of Queensland, Australia 10. Causes Need Not be Physically Connected to their Effects: The Case for Negative CausationJonathan Schaffer, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Part VI: Is There a Puzzle about the Low Entropy Past? 11. On the Origins of the Arrow of Time: Why There is Still a Puzzle About the Low Entropy PastHuw Price, University of Edinburgh 12. There is No Puzzle About the Low Entropy PastCraig Callender Part VII: Do Genes Encode Information About Phenotypic Traits 13. Genes Encode Information for Phenotypic TraitsSahotra Sarkar, University of Texas at Austin 14. Genes Do not Encode Information for Phenotypic TraitsPeter Godfrey-Smith, Stanford University Part VIII: Is the Mind a System of Modules Shaped by Natural Selection? 15. The Mind is a System of Modules Shaped by Natural SelectionPeter Carruthers, University of Maryland 16. The Mind is Not (Just) a System of Modules Shaped (Just) by Natural SelectionFiona Cowie, California Institute of Technology and James Woodward, California Institute of Technology Index

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Book SynopsisContains sixteen essays each one defending the affirmative or negative answer to one of eight specific questions, including: Are there laws of social science? Are causes physically connected to their effects? And, is the mind a system of modules shaped by natural selection?Trade Review"This book offers an excellent way into both general philosophy of science and the important foundational issues that are generated by particular special sciences. The contributions are of the highest quality, and range from the epistemology of thought-experiments to the relationship between genes and whole organisms. The pairing of essays defending opposing points of view shows readers that philosophy of science is full of live issues that demand scientifically well-informed and philosophically sophisticated debate." James Ladyman, University of Bristol "The essays in this invaluable collection are splendid and spirited, and they manage to encompass a broad range of the most exciting debates in philosophy of science today. By juxtaposing rival viewpoints on the same questions, this collection is sure to provoke vigorous responses from students and their teachers alike." Marc Lange, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill "The volume gives a real taste of current philosophical debate. The debated issues are real and well-defined, and not obscure conflicts of various -isms whose philosophical relevance is only understood by the participants." Petri Ylikoski, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced StudiesTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors Preface Introduction: What is the Philosophy of Science? Part I: Do Thought Experiments Transcend Empiricism? 1. Why Thought Experiments Transcend EmpiricismJames Robert Brown, University of Toronto 2. Why Thought Experiments do not Transcend EmpiricismJohn Norton, University of Pittsburgh Part II: Does Probability Capture the Logic of Scientific Confirmation or Justification? 3. Probability Captures the Logic of Scientific ConfirmationPatrick Maher, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4. Why Probability Does not Capture the Logic of Scientific JustificationKevin Kelly, Carnegie Mellon University and Clark Glymour, Carnegie Mellon University Part III: Can a Theory's Predictive Success Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it Postulates? 5. A Theory's Predictive Success Can Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it PostulatesJarrett Leplin, University of North Carolina, Greensboro 6. A Theory's Predictive Success Does not Warrant Belief in the Unobservable Entities it PostulatesAndré Kukla, University of Toronto and Joel Walmsley, University of Toronto Part IV: Are There Laws in the Social Sciences? 7. There are no Laws in the Social SciencesJohn Roberts, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 8. There are Laws in the Social SciencesHarold Kincaid, University of Alabama at Birmingham Part V: Are Causes Physically Connected to their Effects? 9. Causes are Physically Connected to Their Effects: Why Preventers and Omissions are not CausesPhil Dowe, University of Queensland, Australia 10. Causes Need Not be Physically Connected to their Effects: The Case for Negative CausationJonathan Schaffer, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Part VI: Is There a Puzzle about the Low Entropy Past? 11. On the Origins of the Arrow of Time: Why There is Still a Puzzle About the Low Entropy PastHuw Price, University of Edinburgh 12. There is No Puzzle About the Low Entropy PastCraig Callender Part VII: Do Genes Encode Information About Phenotypic Traits 13. Genes Encode Information for Phenotypic TraitsSahotra Sarkar, University of Texas at Austin 14. Genes Do not Encode Information for Phenotypic TraitsPeter Godfrey-Smith, Stanford University Part VIII: Is the Mind a System of Modules Shaped by Natural Selection? 15. The Mind is a System of Modules Shaped by Natural SelectionPeter Carruthers, University of Maryland 16. The Mind is Not (Just) a System of Modules Shaped (Just) by Natural SelectionFiona Cowie, California Institute of Technology and James Woodward, California Institute of Technology Index

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Book SynopsisPhilosophy of Science: An Anthology assembles some of the finest papers in the philosophy of science since 1945, showcasing enduring classics alongside important and innovative recent work. Introductions by the editor highlight connections between selections, and contextualize the articles Nine sections address topics at the heart of philosophy of science, including realism and the character of scientific theories, scientific explanations and laws of nature, singular casusation, and the metaphysical implications of modern physics Provides an authoritative and accessible overview of the field Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments.. Part I: Our Logical Empiricist Heritage. Introduction to Part I. 1. Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance: Problems and Changes (Carl G. Hempel). Part II: The Logical Foundations of Belief Revision. Introduction to Part II. 2. Studies in the Logic of Confirmation (Carl G. Hempel). 3. Confirmation and Relevance (Wesley C. Salmon). 4. The New Riddle of Induction (Nelson Goodman). 5. Explanations, Tests, Unity, and Necessity (Clark Glymour). 6. Rationality and Objectivity in Science (or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes) (Wesley C. Salmon). Part III: The Criteria of Theory Choice. Introduction to Part III. 7. Let's Razor Ockham's Razor (Elliott Sober). 8. Foundational Physics and Empiricist Critique (Lawrence Sklar). 9. Darwin’s Achievement (Philip Kitcher). 10. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice (Thomas S. Kuhn). Part IV: Realism and the Character of Scientific Theories. Introduction to Part IV. 11. The Theoretician's Dilemma (Carl G. Hempel). 12. (a) Phenomenalism. (b) The Language of Theories (Wilfred F. Sellars). 13. (a) Arguments Concerning Scientific Realism. (b) To Save the Phenomen (Bas C. van Fraassen). 14. Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination (Larry Laudan and Jarrett Leplin). 15. Structural Realism: The Best of Both Worlds? (John Worrall). 16. Extragalactic Reality: The Case of Gravitational Lensing (Ian Hacking). Part V: Scientific Explanations and Laws of Nature. Introduction to Part V. 17. Laws and their Role in Scientific Exploration (Carl G. Hempel). 18. (a) The Laws of Nature. (b) Humean Supervenience (David Lewis). 19. Laws of Nature (Fred I. Dretske). 20. The Evolutionary Contingency Thesis (John Beatty). 21. Who’s Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws? (or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Them) (Marc Lange). Part VI: Natural Kinds and the Special Kinds of Special Sciences. Introduction to Part VI. 22. A Tradition of Natural Kinds (Ian Hacking). 23. Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism (Elliott Sober). 24. Homeostasis, Species, and Higher Taxa (Richard Boyd). 25. Some Puzzles About Species (Philip Kitcher). 26. Special Sciences (or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis) (J. A. Fodor). Part VII: Singular Causation. Introduction to Part VII. 27. Causation and Recipes (Douglas Gasking). 28. Causation as Influence (David Lewis). 29. Causation and the Flow of Energy (David Fair). Part VIII: Probabilistic Causation, Causal Laws, and Chances. Introduction to Part VIII. 30. Probabilistic Causation (Wesley C. Salmon). 31. Causal Laws and Effective Strategies (Nancy Cartwright). 32. The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness (Susan K. Mills and John H. Beatty). 33. A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance (David Lewis). Part IX: Metaphysical Implications of Modern Physics. Introduction to Part IX. 34. On Einstein-Minkowski Space-Time (Howard Stein). 35. What Price Spacetime Substantivalism? The Hole Story (John Earman and John Norton). 36. The Genidentity of Quantum Particles (Hans Reichenbach). 37. Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory (N. David Mermin). 38. Part and Whole in Quantum Mechanics (Tim Maudlin). Index.

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Book SynopsisPhilosophy of Science: An Anthology assembles some of the finest papers in the philosophy of science since 1945, showcasing enduring classics alongside important and innovative recent work. Introductions by the editor highlight connections between selections, and contextualize the articles Nine sections address topics at the heart of philosophy of science, including realism and the character of scientific theories, scientific explanations and laws of nature, singular casusation, and the metaphysical implications of modern physics Provides an authoritative and accessible overview of the field Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments.. Part I: Our Logical Empiricist Heritage. Introduction to Part I. 1. Empiricist Criteria of Cognitive Significance: Problems and Changes (Carl G. Hempel). Part II: The Logical Foundations of Belief Revision. Introduction to Part II. 2. Studies in the Logic of Confirmation (Carl G. Hempel). 3. Confirmation and Relevance (Wesley C. Salmon). 4. The New Riddle of Induction (Nelson Goodman). 5. Explanations, Tests, Unity, and Necessity (Clark Glymour). 6. Rationality and Objectivity in Science (or Tom Kuhn Meets Tom Bayes) (Wesley C. Salmon). Part III: The Criteria of Theory Choice. Introduction to Part III. 7. Let's Razor Ockham's Razor (Elliott Sober). 8. Foundational Physics and Empiricist Critique (Lawrence Sklar). 9. Darwin’s Achievement (Philip Kitcher). 10. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice (Thomas S. Kuhn). Part IV: Realism and the Character of Scientific Theories. Introduction to Part IV. 11. The Theoretician's Dilemma (Carl G. Hempel). 12. (a) Phenomenalism. (b) The Language of Theories (Wilfred F. Sellars). 13. (a) Arguments Concerning Scientific Realism. (b) To Save the Phenomen (Bas C. van Fraassen). 14. Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination (Larry Laudan and Jarrett Leplin). 15. Structural Realism: The Best of Both Worlds? (John Worrall). 16. Extragalactic Reality: The Case of Gravitational Lensing (Ian Hacking). Part V: Scientific Explanations and Laws of Nature. Introduction to Part V. 17. Laws and their Role in Scientific Exploration (Carl G. Hempel). 18. (a) The Laws of Nature. (b) Humean Supervenience (David Lewis). 19. Laws of Nature (Fred I. Dretske). 20. The Evolutionary Contingency Thesis (John Beatty). 21. Who’s Afraid of Ceteris-Paribus Laws? (or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Them) (Marc Lange). Part VI: Natural Kinds and the Special Kinds of Special Sciences. Introduction to Part VI. 22. A Tradition of Natural Kinds (Ian Hacking). 23. Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism (Elliott Sober). 24. Homeostasis, Species, and Higher Taxa (Richard Boyd). 25. Some Puzzles About Species (Philip Kitcher). 26. Special Sciences (or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis) (J. A. Fodor). Part VII: Singular Causation. Introduction to Part VII. 27. Causation and Recipes (Douglas Gasking). 28. Causation as Influence (David Lewis). 29. Causation and the Flow of Energy (David Fair). Part VIII: Probabilistic Causation, Causal Laws, and Chances. Introduction to Part VIII. 30. Probabilistic Causation (Wesley C. Salmon). 31. Causal Laws and Effective Strategies (Nancy Cartwright). 32. The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness (Susan K. Mills and John H. Beatty). 33. A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance (David Lewis). Part IX: Metaphysical Implications of Modern Physics. Introduction to Part IX. 34. On Einstein-Minkowski Space-Time (Howard Stein). 35. What Price Spacetime Substantivalism? The Hole Story (John Earman and John Norton). 36. The Genidentity of Quantum Particles (Hans Reichenbach). 37. Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory (N. David Mermin). 38. Part and Whole in Quantum Mechanics (Tim Maudlin). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of philosophy of technology is to help us understand technology's complex interrelationships with the environment, society, culture-and with our very existence. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology is the first comprehensive, authoritative reference source for this burgeoning and increasingly important field.Trade Review"The emphasis on environment highlights the current importance of the topic, and will probably be the quickest to date." (Reference Reviews, February 2010) "The book is certainly worth consideration for some of the truly wonderful articles it does contain." (CHOICE, 2009)Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors xi Introduction 1 Part I History of Technology 5 1 History of Technology 7Thomas J. Misa 2 Definitions of Technology 18Richard Li-Hua 3 Western Technology 23Keld Nielsen 4 Chinese Technology 28Francesca Bray 5 Islamic Technology 32Thomas F. Glick 6 Japanese Technology 37David Wittner 7 Technology and War 43Bart Hacker Part II Technology and Science 49 8 Technology and Science 51Don Ihde 9 Science and Technology: Positivism and Critique 61Hans Radder 10 Engineering Science 66Louis L. Bucciarelli 11 Technological Knowledge 70Anthonie W. M. Meijers and Marc J. de Vries 12 The Interplay between Science and Technology 75Bart Gremmen 13 Instruments in Science and Technology 78Mieke Boon 14 Social Construction of Science 84Harry Collins 15 Social Construction of Technology 88Wiebe E. Bijker 16 Theory Change and Instrumentation 95Joseph C. Pitt 17 Biology and Technology 99Keekok Lee 18 Nuclear Technologies 104William J. Nuttall 19 Engineering Design 112Peter Kroes 20 Cybernetics 118Andrew Pickering 21 Chemistry and Technology 123Helge S. Kragh Part III Technology and Philosophy 129 22 Introduction: Philosophy and Technology 131Val Dusek 23 Semiotics of Technology 141Robert E. Innis 24 Critical Theory of Technology 146Andrew Feenberg 25 Cyborgs 154Evan Selinger 26 Simulation 157Evan Selinger 27 Technology as “Applied Science” 160Robert C. Scharff 28 Technological Artifacts 165Peter-Paul Verbeek and Pieter E. Vermaas 29 Technical Practice 172Bart Gremmen 30 Technological Pragmatism 175Larry Hickman 31 Hermeneutics and Technologies 180Don Ihde 32 Analytic Philosophy of Technology 184Maarten Franssen 33 Technological Rationality 189Lorenzo C. Simpson 34 Phenomenology and Technology 195Iain Thomson 35 Expertise 202Evan Selinger 36 Imaging Technologies 205Don Ihde 37 The Critique of the Precautionary Principle and the Possibility for an “Enlightened Doomsaying” 210Jean-Pierre Dupuy 38 Technology and Metaphysics 214Jean-Pierre Dupuy 39 Large Technical Systems 218Erik van der Vleuten 40 Sociotechnical Systems 223Maarten Franssen and Peter Kroes 41 Information Technology 227Luciano Floridi Part IV Technology and Environment 233 42 Technology and Environment 235Mary Tiles 43 The Precautionary Principle 248Andy Stirling 44 Boundary-work, Pluralism and the Environment 263Jozef Keulartz 45 Global Warming 270Sir John Houghton 46 The Reinvention of CO2 as Refrigerant for Both Heating and Cooling 276Jan Hurlen 47 Environmental Science and Technology 280Mary Tiles 48 Agriculture and Technology 285John R. Porter and Jesper Rasmussen 49 The Built Environment 289Christian Illies Part V Technology and Politics 295 50 Technology and Politics 297Evan Selinger 51 The Idea of Progress 303Daniel Sarewitz 52 Technology and Power 308Daniel Sarewitz 53 Technology and Culture 311Lucien Scubla 54 Technology Management 316Richard Li-Hua 55 Technology Strategy 321Richard Li-Hua 56 Technology and Globalization 325David M. Kaplan 57 Technology Transfer 329Evan Selinger 58 Technology and Capitalism 333David M. Kaplan 59 The Politics of Gender and Technology 338Elisabeth K. Kelan 60 European Politics, Economy and Technology 342Erik Jones 61 Asian Politics, Economy and Technology 347Keekok Lee 62 US Politics, Economy and Technology 353David M. Hart 63 Energy, Technology and Geopolitics 359John R. Fanchi Part VI Technology and Ethics 365 64 Technology and Ethics: Overview 367Carl Mitcham and Katinka Waelbers 65 Agriculture Ethics 384David M. Kaplan 66 Architecture Ethics 387Warwick A. Fox 67 Biomedical Engineering Ethics 392Philip Brey 68 Bioethics 397Paul B. Thomson 69 Biotechnology: Plants and Animals 402Bart Gremmen 70 Computer Ethics 406Philip Brey 71 Consumerism 412Edward J. Woodhouse 72 Development Ethics 416Thomas Kesselring 73 Energy Ethics 422Kirsten Halsnæs 74 Engineering Ethics 426Christelle Didier 75 Environmental Ethics 433Thomas Søbirk Petersen 76 Food Ethics 439David M. Kaplan 77 Future Generations 442Jesper Ryberg 78 Genethics 445Nils Holtug 79 Technology and the Law 449Richard Susskind 80 Media Ethics 452Deni Elliott 81 Medical Ethics 455Søren Holm 82 Nanoethics 459John Weckert 83 Nuclear Ethics 462Koos van der Bruggen 84 Religion and Technology 466Carl Mitcham 85 Technology and Personal Moral Responsibility 474Jesper Ryberg 86 Value-sensitive Design 477Jeroen van der Hoven and Noemi Manders-Huits Part VII Technology and the Future 481 87 Technology, Prosperity and Risk 483Sven Ove Hansson 88 World Risk Society 495Ulrich Beck 89 Risk Analysis 500Sven Ove Hansson 90 Prosperity and the Future of Technology 502William Sims Bainbridge 91 Converging Technologies 508William Sims Bainbridge 92 Nanotechnology 511Alfred Nordmann 93 Energy Forecast Technologies 517John R. Fanchi 94 Biotechnology 523Jennifer Kuzma 95 Transportation 532Jonathan L. Gifford 96 Global Challenges 538Jennifer Kuzma 97 Chemicals 546Bruce E. Johansen 98 The Future of Humanity 551Nick Bostrom Index 558

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Book SynopsisContemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology brings together original essays on some of the most hotly debated questions in this lively and fast-moving field. Pairs of newly-commissioned essays by leading scholars discuss the central questions in an engaging head-to-head debate.Trade Review “All chapters (including the very interesting contributions on the species problem by Claridge and Mishler, as well as the stimulating papers on evolutionary ethics by Ruse and Ayala) serve as an excellent introduction to the most hotly debated topics in the philosophy of biology today.” (Metascience, 2011) "A brief review like this can scarcely do justice to the richness of the ideas discussed in this text or the considerable care that went into its organization. This is, in short, a very fine contribution to the pedagogical literature on philosophy of biology. The editors are to be congratulated for the thoughtfulness that went into producing this text. May it gain the wide acceptance it deserves." (Science & Education, 2010) "Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above". (Choice, 1 November 2010) “Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Biology is an engaging anthology with many interesting contributions. The strength of the book is the format: two eminent representatives of the biophilosophical community have their say on a pivotal biophilosophical issue.” ( Metapsychology, May 2010) "A very fine contribution to the pedagogical literature on philosophy of biology. The editors are to be congratulated for the thoughtfulness that went into producing this text. May it gain the wide acceptance it deserves." (Science & Education, March 2010) Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors ix General Introduction 1 References and Further Reading 7 Part I Is It Possible To Reduce Biological Explanations To Explanations In Chemistry and/or Physics? 13 Introduction 13 References and Further Reading 15 1 It is Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics 19Evelyn Fox Keller 2 It is Not Possible to Reduce Biological Explanations to Explanations in Chemistry and/or Physics 32John Dupré Part II Have Traits Evolved To Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage? 49 Introduction 49 References and Further Reading 51 3 Traits Have Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage 53Mark Perlman 4 Traits Have Not Evolved to Function the Way They Do Because of a Past Advantage 72Robert Cummins and Martin Roth Part III Are Species Real? 87 Introduction 87 References and Further Reading 88 5 Species Are Real Biological Entities 91Michael F. Claridge 6 Species Are Not Uniquely Real Biological Entities 110Brent D. Mishler Part IV Does Selection Operate Primarily On Genes? 123 Introduction 123 References and Further Reading 125 7 Selection Does Operate Primarily on Genes: In Defense of the Gene as the Unit of Selection 127Carmen Sapienza 8 Selection Does Not Operate Primarily on Genes 141Richard M. Burian Part V Are Microevolution and Macroevolution Governed By the Same Processes? 165 Introduction 165 References and Further Reading 166 9 Microevolution and Macroevolution Are Governed by the Same Processes 169Michael R. Dietrich 10 Microevolution and Macroevolution Are Not Governed by the Same Processes 180Douglas H. Erwin Part VI Does Evolutionary Developmental Biology Offer a Significant Challenge To the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm? 195 Introduction 195 References and Further Reading 197 11 Evolutionary Developmental Biology Offers a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm 199Manfred D. Laubichler 12 Evolutionary Developmental Biology Does Not Offer a Significant Challenge to the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm 213Alessandro Minelli Part VII Were the Basic Components of the Human Mind Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch? 227 Introduction 227 References and Further Reading 228 13 The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch 231Valerie G. Starratt and Todd K. Shackelford 14 The Basic Components of the Human Mind Were Not Solidified During the Pleistocene Epoch 243Stephen M. Downes Part VIII Does Memetics Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution? 253 Introduction 253 References and Further Reading 254 15 Memetics Does Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution 255Susan Blackmore 16 Memetics Does Not Provide a Useful Way of Understanding Cultural Evolution: A Developmental Perspective 273William C. Wimsatt Part IX Can the Biological Sciences Act As a Ground For Ethics? 293 Introduction 293 References and Further Reading 295 17 The Biological Sciences Can Act as a Ground for Ethics 297Michael Ruse 18 What the Biological Sciences Can and Cannot Contribute to Ethics 316Francisco J. Ayala Part X Is There a Place For Intelligent Design In the Philosophy of Biology? 337 Introduction 337 References and Further Reading 340 19 There is a Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design in (Philosophy of) Biology: Some Legitimate Roles 343Del Ratzsch 20 There is No Place for Intelligent Design in the Philosophy of Biology: Intelligent Design is Not Science 364Francisco J. Ayala Index 391

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Book SynopsisOngoing research in nanotechnology promises both innovations and risks, potentially and profoundly changing the world. This book helps to promote a balanced understanding of this important emerging technology, offering an informed and impartial look at the technology, its science, and its social impact and ethics. Nanotechnology is crucial for the next generation of industries, financial markets, research labs, and our everyday lives; this book provides an informed and balanced look at nanotechnology and its social impact Offers a comprehensive background discussion on nanotechnology itself, including its history, its science, and its tools, creating a clear understanding of the technology needed to evaluate ethics and social issues Authored by a nanoscientist and philosophers, offers an accurate and accessible look at the science while providing an ideal text for ethics and philosophy courses Explores the most immediate and urgent areas oTrade Review“This book deserves to be read by anyone interested in why nanotechnology is important and why it matters, and particularly by anyone new to this field. For those already familiar with some (if not all) of the topics that the book covers, there is still some benefit to be gained from reading about some of the latest applications in areas in which they may not have such detailed knowledge. It also permits the reader to take a critical stance on the topics and arguments raised in the book, especially since the book’s objective is to prompt the dialogue that is needed to achieve further progress and to continue to broaden the debates.” (Nanoethics, 1 October 2014)” “However, for the reader looking for general background about nanotechnology and many of its social and ethical issues, the book is worth reading, as long as its arguments are carefully scrutinized and increased understanding of connections among such issues is not expected.” (Bioethical Inquiry, 2011) “I highly recommend this book. It is certain that nanotechnology’s advance will continue, affecting many facets of our lives. Fritz Allhof, Patrick Lin, and Daniel Moore have provided the best available overview of the many changes that one can expect to see as a result of nanotechnology’s continued advances, and the many ethical implications inherent in this advance. While the authors ask many more questions than they answer, they prepare the intellectual landscape for the ethical debates that are certain to take place over the coming years regarding the often-insidious infusion of various manifestations of nanotechnology into our society.” (Journal of Military Ethics, 19 April 2012) "In their recent publication, What is Nanotechnology and Why Does it Matter: From Science to Ethics, the authors Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, and Daniel Moore search for answers to these two questions-questions which, whether directly addressed or not, underlie all scholarly, political, and consumer protection writings on nanotechnology. In this 260 page, thirteen-chapter book, the authors come impressively close to providing satisfying answers to these questions." (Amber Hottes, Nanotechnology Law & Business, Volume 7, Issue 2) "As with a number of other such books in print, "What is Nanotechnology and why does it Matter?" brings both scientific knowledge and Ethical/Legal/Societal implications (ELSI) to bear. It heralds the profound changes of nanotechnology while attempting to provide an effective way to deliberate ELSI, as nanotechnology unfolds into full development. In seeking to "tame a riot of speculation" [ix], Allhoff, Lin, and Moore reveal much of the complexity of the ongoing discourse on this matter, leaving quandary on multiple related issues. The tripartite layout of the book demarcates particular areas of expertise represented by the individual authors, in an unusual collaboration that brings distinctive breadth to a relatively well-published area of inquiry." (Rosalyn W. Berne, The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law, Volume 11, 10 October 2011) "The book is well-suited to be used either as a coherent text for introductory courses focused specifically on nanotechnology, or used as stand-alone chapters that can be selected to augment and supplement readings in a wide range of courses in fields such as public policy, engineering, sociology, or philosophy of science. The highly interdisciplinary perspective offered in this book should also serve as a model of how scholars can effectively collaborate across fields in ways that break down obstacles and connect findings across disciplines that are all-too-often isolated." (Evan S. Michelson, Science and Public Policy, 2011) "Overall What is Nanotechnology and Why does it Matter? From Science to Ethics makes an important contribution to the literature as it offers an overview of the nature and implications of nanotechnology. Scientists, researchers, students, industry executives and policymakers will find this volume extremely informative and useful. As advancements in nanotechnology will take place, further dialogues and debates are needed to move nano-products responsibly into the market." (Fabrice Jotterand, International Journal of Applied Philosophy,2010) "Undoubtedly, reading this book will stimulate a great deal of discussion, which is, perhaps, its chief merit. From this viewpoint the great breadth of coverage is a definite advantage, because it ensures that there is a great variety of food for thought in the content." (Nanotechnology Perceptions, 1 November 2010) "This book was very carefully constructed. Painstaking internal cross-reference refer the reader to fuller discussions of topics in other chapters. Nearly every chapter, at the start and conclusion, includes a few sentences on scope." (Nanotechnology Law & Business, summer 2010) Table of ContentsPreface viii Unit I What Is Nanotechnology? 1 1 The Basics of Nanotechnology 3 1.1 Definitions and Scales 3 1.2 The Origins of Nanotechnology 5 1.3 The Current State of Nanotechnology 8 1.4 The Future of Nanotechnology 12 1.5 Nanotechnology in Nature and Applications 16 2 Tools of the Trade 20 2.1 Seeing the Nanoscale 21 2.2 Basic Governing Theories 30 3 Nanomaterials 36 3.1 Formation of Materials 36 3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 37 3.3 Inorganic Nanomaterials 44 4 Applied Nanotechnology 56 4.1 Using Nanomaterials 56 4.2 Nanotechnology Computing and Robotics 62 4.3 Predicting the Future of Technology 67 Unit II Risk, Regulation, and Fairness 71 5 Risk and Precaution 73 5.1 Risk 73 5.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis 79 5.3 Precautionary Principles 82 5.4 Evaluating the Precautionary Principle 89 6 Regulating Nanotechnology 96 6.1 The Stricter-Law Argument 97 6.2 Learning from History 100 6.3 Objections to the Stricter-Law Argument 102 6.4 An Interim Solution? 120 6.5 Putting the Pieces Together 124 7 Equity and Access 126 7.1 Distributive Justice 127 7.2 Nanotechnology and the Developing World 132 7.3 Water Purification 135 7.4 Solar Energy 140 7.5 Medicine 143 7.6 Nanotechnology, the Developing World, and Distributive Justice 145 Unit III Ethical and Social Implications 151 8 Environment 153 8.1 Society, Technology, and the Environment 154 8.2 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology 159 8.3 Nanotechnology Solutions to Environmental Problems 161 8.4 Overall Assessments: Risk and Precaution 168 9 Military 170 9.1 The Military and Technology 170 9.2 A Nano-Enabled Military 173 9.3 A Nano-Enabled Defense System 177 9.4 Ethical Concerns 179 10 Privacy 185 10.1 Historical and Legal Background 186 10.2 Philosophical Foundations 192 10.3 Radio Frequency Identity Chips 198 10.4 Item-Level Tagging 201 10.5 Human Implants 204 10.6 RFID-Chipped Identification 207 10.7 Is RFID a Threat to Privacy? 210 11 Medicine 215 11.1 The Rise of Nanomedicine 216 11.2 Diagnostics and Medical Records 219 11.3 Treatment 223 11.4 Moving Forward 227 12 Human Enhancement 230 12.1 What is Human Enhancement? 231 12.2 Defining Human Enhancement 234 12.3 The Therapy–Enhancement Distinction 237 12.4 Human Enhancement Scenarios 240 12.5 Untangling the Issues in Human Enhancement 243 12.6 Restricting Human Enhancement Technologies? 252 13 Conclusion 254 13.1 Chapter Summaries 255 13.2 Final Thoughts and Future Investigations 258 References 261 Index 282

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Book SynopsisCopernicus, Darwin, & Freud Why is Darwin less the Copernicus than the Kepler of biology? What are good criteria for scientific revolutions? Shift of perspective? Replacement of paradigms? Reweaving conceptual networks? Explanatory gain? Restructuring the constraint space? Threatening worldviews? Whoever wants to learn more about these and many other important issues of history and philosophy of science will have to read on!Klaus Hentschel, University of Stuttgart Friedel Weinert has done a rare and excellent thing in this book: he has shown how the philosophy of science is intimately connected with the development of physical, biological, and social sciences and that argument concerning the foundations of these sciences cannot be advanced without reference to philosophy. It is a clearly written and engaging book that will be informative for teachers, students, and the lay public alike.Robert Nola, University of AucklandTrade Review"Whether used as a textbook or as a review of issues concerning scientific revolutions and theory change in their historical context, Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud may be strongly recommended." (The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 2011) "Those seeking a more conventional approach to the history and philosophy of science may well find Weinert's book informative...there is much to be learned from Weinert's comparison of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud." (Science & Education, January 2011)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 I Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality 3 1 Ptolemy and Copernicus 3 2 A Clash of Two Worldviews 4 2.1 The geocentric worldview 5 2.2 Aristotle’s cosmology 5 2.3 Ptolemy’s geocentrism 9 2.4 A philosophical aside: Outlook 14 2.5 Shaking the presuppositions: Some medieval developments 17 3 The Heliocentric Worldview 20 3.1 Nicolaus Copernicus 21 3.2 The explanation of the seasons 25 3.3 Copernicus and the Copernican turn 28 3.3.1 A philosophical aside: From empirical adequacy to theoretical validity 32 3.4 Copernicus consolidated: Kepler and Galileo 32 4 Copernicus was not a Scientific Revolutionary 37 4.1 The Copernican method 39 4.2 The relativity of motion 42 5 The Transition to Newton 43 5.1 On hypotheses 45 6 Some Philosophical Lessons 47 6.1 The loss of centrality 48 6.2 Was Copernicus a realist? 51 6.2.1 Lessons for instrumentalism and realism 52 6.3 Modern realism 55 6.4 The underdetermination of theories by evidence 58 6.4.1 The Duhem–Quine thesis 59 6.4.2 The power of constraints 61 6.5 Theories, models, and laws 64 6.5.1 Theories and models 64 6.5.2 Laws of nature, laws of science 68 6.5.3 Philosophical views of laws 69 6.5.3.1 The inference view 69 6.5.3.2 The regularity view 70 6.5.3.3 The necessitarian view 73 6.5.3.4 The structural view 75 7 Copernicus and Scientific Revolutions 77 8 The Anthropic Principle: A Reversal of the Copernican Turn? 83 Reading List 87 Essay Questions 91 II Charles Darwin: The Loss of Rational Design 93 1 Darwin and Copernicus 93 2 Views of Organic Life 94 2.1 Teleology 94 2.1.1 The Great Chain of Being 97 2.1.2 Design arguments 99 2.1.3 Jean Baptiste Lamarck 104 3 Fossil Discoveries 106 3.1 Of bones and skeletons 108 3.2 The antiquity of man 110 4 Darwin’s Revolution 112 4.1 The Darwinian view of life 114 4.1.1 Principles of evolution 116 4.2 The descent of man 119 5 Philosophical Matters 124 5.1 Philosophical presuppositions: Mechanical worldview, determinism, materialism 125 5.2 From biology to the philosophy of mind 129 5.2.1 Empiricism 129 5.2.2 Philosophy of mind 132 5.2.3 Emergent minds 134 5.3 The loss of rational design 136 5.4 Intelligent design (ID) 139 6 A Question of Method 143 6.1 Darwinian inferences 143 6.2 Philosophical empiricism 147 6.3 Some principles of elimination 149 6.4 Essential features of eliminative induction 150 6.5 Falsifiability or testability? 155 6.6 Explanation and prediction 157 6.7 Some models of scientific explanation 159 6.7.1 Hempel’s models 160 6.7.2 Functional models 161 6.7.3 Causal models 163 6.7.3.1 A counterfactual-interventionist account 163 6.7.3.2 A conditional model of causation 165 6.7.4 Structural explanations 169 6.8 A brief return to realism 172 6.9 Darwin and scientific revolutions 174 6.9.1 Philosophical consequences 176 Reading List 177 Essay Questions 183 III Sigmund Freud: The Loss of Transparency 185 1 Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud 185 2 Some Views of Humankind 187 2.1 Enlightenment views of human nature 188 2.2 Nietzsche’s view of human nature 190 3 Scientism and the Freudian Model of Personality 191 3.1 Freud’s model of the mind 192 3.1.1 A summary of psychoanalytic theory 192 3.1.2 Analogy with physics 195 3.1.3 Freud as an Enlightenment thinker 200 3.1.4 The scientific status of the Freudian model 202 3.1.4.1 Freud’s methods 202 3.1.4.2 The method of eliminative induction, again 205 3.1.5 Freud stands between the empirical and the hermeneutic models 208 3.1.6 The role of mind in the social world 209 4 The Social Sciences beyond Freud 210 4.1 Two standard models of the social sciences – some history 210 4.1.1 The naturalistic model 211 4.1.2 The hermeneutic model 213 4.2 Essential features of social science models 218 4.2.1 Essential features of the naturalistic model 218 4.2.2 Essential features of the hermeneutic model 221 4.3 Questions of methodology 224 4.3.1 What is Verstehen? 225 4.3.2 Weber’s methodology of ideal types 229 4.3.3 Verstehen and objectivity 234 4.4 Causation in the social sciences 236 4.4.1 Weber on causation 236 4.4.2 On the existence of social laws 239 4.4.3 Explanation and prediction in the social sciences 242 4.4.4 Underdetermination 243 4.4.5 Realism and relativism 244 4.4.6 Reductionism and functionalism 248 5 Evolution and the Social Sciences 253 5.1 Sociobiology – the fourth revolution? 254 5.2 Evolutionary psychology 257 6 Freud and Revolutions in Thought 261 6.1 Revolutions in thought vs. revolutions in science 263 Reading List 263 Essay Questions 269 Name Index 271 Subject Index 274

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Book SynopsisCopernicus, Darwin, & Freud Why is Darwin less the Copernicus than the Kepler of biology? What are good criteria for scientific revolutions? Shift of perspective? Replacement of paradigms? Reweaving conceptual networks? Explanatory gain? Restructuring the constraint space? Threatening worldviews? Whoever wants to learn more about these and many other important issues of history and philosophy of science will have to read on!Klaus Hentschel, University of Stuttgart Friedel Weinert has done a rare and excellent thing in this book: he has shown how the philosophy of science is intimately connected with the development of physical, biological, and social sciences and that argument concerning the foundations of these sciences cannot be advanced without reference to philosophy. It is a clearly written and engaging book that will be informative for teachers, students, and the lay public alike.Robert Nola, University of AucklandTrade Review"Whether used as a textbook or as a review of issues concerning scientific revolutions and theory change in their historical context, Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud may be strongly recommended." (The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science, 2011) "Those seeking a more conventional approach to the history and philosophy of science may well find Weinert's book informative...there is much to be learned from Weinert's comparison of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud." (Science & Education, January 2011)“Weinert has provided an informative textbook that is written in a very accessible style. His examples invite the student to apply the philosophical concepts that are discussed.” (Metapsychology, May 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. I. Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality. 1. Ptolemy and Copernicus. 2. A Clash of Two Worldviews. 3. The Heliocentric Worldview. 4. Copernicus was not a Scientific Revolutionary. 5. The Transition to Newton. 6. Some Philosophical Lessons. 7. Copernicus and Scientific Revolutions. 8. The Anthropic Principle: A Reversal of the Copernican Turn?. Reading List. Essay Questions. II. Charles Darwin: The Loss of Rational Design. 1. Darwin and Copernicus. 2. Views of Organic Life. 3. Fossil Discoveries. 4. Darwin’s Revolution. 5. Philosophical Matters. 6. A Question of Method. Reading List. Essay Questions. III. Sigmund Freud: The Loss of Transparency. 1. Copernicus, Darwin and Freud. 2. Some Views of Humankind. 3. Scientism and the Freudian Model of Personality. 4. The Social Sciences beyond Freud. 5. Evolution and the Social Sciences. 6. Freud and Revolutions in Thought. Reading List. Essay Questions. Name Index. Subject Index

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Book SynopsisBy combining excerpts from key historical writings with editors' introductions and further reading material, Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology offers a comprehensive, accessible, and up-to-date collection of the field's most significant works. Addresses central questions such as What is life?' and How did it begin?', and the most current research and arguments on evolution and developmental biology Editorial notes throughout the text define, clarify, and qualify ideas, concepts and arguments Includes material on evolutionary psychology and evolutionary developmental biology not found in other standard philosophy of biology anthologies Further reading material assists novices in delving deeper into research in philosophy of biology Trade Review"Nevertheless, this new anthology is a useful addition to the existing collection of building blocks from which introductory courses in philosophy of biology are constructed." (Acta Biotheor, 1 June 2013) "Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology has selections that make it easy to teach evolutionary theory, clear up common misconceptions, and introduce students to genuinely important philosophical problems." (Science & Education, 2010)Table of ContentsPersonal Acknowledgments Source Acknowledgments General Introduction: A Short History of Philosophy of Biology: Alex Rosenberg and Robert Arp Part I: Basic Principles and Proofs of Darwinism Introduction 1. Struggle for Existence and Natural Selection: Charles Darwin 2. Evolution: Eugenie G. Scott Part II: Evolution and Chance Introduction 3. Beyond the Reach of Chance: Michael Denton 4. Accumulating Small Change: Richard Dawkins 5. Chance and Natural Selection: John Beatty 6. The Principle of Drift: Biology’s First Law: Robert N. Brandon Part III: The Tautology Problem Introduction 7. Darwin’s Untimely Burial: Stephen Jay Gould 8. Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory: Robert N. Brandon Part IV: Adaptationism Introduction 9. The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme: Stephen Jay Gould and Richard C. Lewontin 10. How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program?: Ernst Mayr Part V: Biological Function and Teleology Introduction 11. The Modern Philosophical Resurrection of Teleology: Mark Perlman 12. Neo-Teleology: Robert Cummins 13. A Modern History Theory of Functions: Peter Godfrey-Smith Part VI: Evolutionary Developmental Biology Introduction 14. Endless Forms: The Evolution of Gene Regulation and Morphological Diversity: Sean B. Carroll 15. Functional Evo-devo: Casper J. Breuker, Vincent Debat, and Christian Peter Klingenberg Part VII: Reductionism and the Biological Sciences Introduction 16. 1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences: Philip Kitcher 17. The Multiple Realizability Argument against Reductionism: Elliott Sober Part VIII: Species and Classification Problems Introduction 18. Species, Taxonomy, and Systematics: Marc Ereshefsky 19. Spec;iation: A Catalogue and Critique of Species Concepts: Jerry A. Coyne and H. Allen Orr Part IX: The Units of Selection Debate Introduction 20. Artifact, Cause, and Genic Selection: Elliott Sober and Richard C. Lewontin 21. The Return of the Gene: Kim Sterelny and Philip Kitcher 22. The Levels of Selection Debate: Philosophical Issues: Samir Okasha Part X: Sociobiology and Ethics Introduction 23. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis: Edward O. Wilson 24. The Evolution of Cooperation: Robert Axelrod and William D. Hamilton 25. Darwinism in Moral Philosophy and Social Theory: Alex Rosenberg Part XI: Evolutionary Psychology Introduction 26. Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology: John Tooby and Leda Cosmides 27. The Environments of Our Hominin Ancestors, Tool-usage, and Scenario Visualization: Robert Arp Part XII: Design and Creationism Introduction 28. Science and Creationism: Donald Prothero 29. Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution: Michael J. Behe 30. The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity": Kenneth R. Miller

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Book SynopsisVan Berkel's account provides a new and comprehensive interpretation of the origins of the mechanical philosophy of nature, the philosophy that culminated in the work of Isaac Newton.Trade ReviewThis is an exceedingly rich book... it should be mandatory reading for anyone interested in the origins of modern science. -- Richard T. W. Arthur HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science Van Berkel has uncovered the rich content and historical significance of Beeckman and his journal. -- Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis Metascience Van Berkel has done an admirable job of recreating Beeckman's life and helping us to understand his development and his place in the progress of science in the seventeenth century. -- Sheila J. Rabin Sixteenth Century Journal A thoroughly researched... study of Beeckman's life and scientific achievements. -- Antonio Clericuzio The British Journal for the History of Science In the present book Van Berkel succeeds in revealing the context as well as the content of Beeckman's life and scholarly work... An important contribution to the history of the new science of the seventeenth century, and is a must for every scholar of this period. Renaissance Quarterly ... Van Berkel's book is an important contribution to our understanding of early modern natural philosophy. Early Science and MedicineTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroduction1. The Making of a Natural Philosopher, 1588–16192. Schoolteacher and Craftsman, 1619–16273. Among Patricians and Philosophers, 1627–16374. Principles of Mechanical Philosophy I: Matter5. Principles of Mechanical Philosophy II: Motion6. Sources for a Mechanical Philosophy7. Beeckman and the Scientific RevolutionNotesBibliographic EssayIndex

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Book SynopsisFocusing on how the profit motive is reshaping higher education and redefining what faculty are supposed to do, this book will appeal to scientists and academics, higher education scholars, university administrators and policy makers, and students considering a career in science.Trade ReviewJohnson thoughtfully considers the norms, tensions, and rules governing commercialization of research in academic settings, as well as the effects of commercialization on scientists' reputations and identity within the institution and profession. Academic scientists would be advised to take Johnson's interview protocol (included in the appendixes) to determine their own identity.—ChoiceProfessor Johnson's very readable volume addresses debates about university-industry linkages from the under-explored perspective of the moral orders and identity work of academic scientists . . . While debates about the commercialization of university research tend to assume the traditionalist ethos is fragile in the face of commercial interests, this book provides an important antidote by showing the strengths of the traditionalist ethos even in the presence of commercialist peers . . . The book also provides several policy discussions about how to structure funding, university careers and resource allocations, graduate training, and university-industry relations. One hopes that this conversation will be taken up, especially as we are observing a cohort shift from those trained in the traditionalist mileau toward an increasingly commercialist-embedded cohort, making this a critical time for revisiting the roles of each of these camps in the university and the research system more generally.—John P. Walsh, Georgia Institute of Technology, Social ForcesDavid R. Johnson advances the literature on academic capitalism by examining how scientists understand commercialization and how it shapes their scientific work and careers. His approach foregrounds culture and professional ideologies more than other research in this area, which tends to favor structuralist theories and emphasize macrolevel changes in the organization of science and higher education systems. A Fractured Profession is full of rich qualitative data that connect these large institutional changes to the practices and reasoning of scientists themselves . . . A Fractured Profession makes important contributions to research on academic capitalism. Professors, students, administrators, and policy makers would all benefit from reading it carefully.—John McLevey, University of Waterloo, American Journal of SociologyTable of ContentsList of Tables and FigureAcknowledgmentsIntroduction 1. Normative Tension in Commercial Contexts2. The Reconstruction of Meaning and Status in Science3. Embracing and Avoiding Commercial Trajectories4. Identity Work in the Commercialized AcademyConclusion AppendixNotes References Index

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1964. In four essays, Professor Mandelbaum challenges some of the most common assumptions of contemporary epistemology. Through historical analyses and critical argument, he attempts to show that one cannot successfully sever the connections between philosophic and scientific accounts of sense perception. While each essay is independent of the others, and the argument of each must therefore be judged on its own merits, one theme is common to all: that critical realism, as Mandelbaum calls it, is a viable epistemological position, even though some schools of thought hold it in low esteem.Table of ContentsPrefaceChapter 1. Locke's RealismChapter 2. Newton and Boyle and The Problem of "Transdiction"Chapter 3. "Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses"Chapter 4. Toward a Critical RealismAppendixBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1961. A constant influence on human action is that of proprieties, personal and social. These attitudes and traditions defining what is proper are largely logical in origin, but chance has a way of upsetting them. Even theory, which is part of human action, is subject to this influence. Dr. Hammond takes a novel approach to this philosophical theme. His topics of discussion include perception, the role of symbols in poetry and science, the definition of good and good use in language, space and the motion of the earth, the psychology of love, attitudes toward gambling, and a defense of horse racing. This unorthodox approach results in an exceptionally imaginative and thought-provoking book as well as a strong defense of deontology.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1. Proprieties and Vagaries Chapter 2. Thinking Ways Chapter 3. Symbols Chapter 4 Good Use and the Use of "Good" Chapter 5. Proprieties and the Motion of the Earth Chapter 6. Sua Si Bona Norint Chapter 7. Bridge Chapter 8. A Defense of Horse Racing Chapter 9 Idols of the Twilight Index

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Book SynopsisA short but engaging look at how questions shape our thinking. Why do we ask questions? In Questions, Pia Lauritzen explores the philosophy behind questions and probes how they function as both a development tool and a bridge to understanding. She speculates that the question is the essential characteristic that distinguishes human beings from animals and that it is the key to understanding why we think and act as we do. Basic human phenomena like surprise and doubt, ignorance and curiositywhich all articulate a questioning mode of dealing with the worldmay well be the reason why human beings developed language. Yet the diverse ways that different languages and cultures treat questions reflects and reinforces crucial cultural differences. Ultimately, Lauritzen argues, the question is the key to understanding the inner logic that links all major themes in the history of Western philosophy. In Reflections, a series copublished with Denmark's Aarhus University Press, scholars deliver 60Table of Contents1. Calling Questions Into Question?2. The First Question3. The History of the Question4. Questions And Being Human5. The Structure Of The Question6. Questions And Language

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Book SynopsisDesigned to explain posthumanism to those outside of academia, this brief and accessible book makes an original argument about anthropology's legacy as a study of more than human.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments 1.Posthumanism 2.Zoonotic Diseases and the Microbiome 3.Multispecies Ethnography 4.Technology, Cyborgs, and Transhumanism Conclusion Glossary References Index

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Book SynopsisComprised of essays by top scholars in the field, this volume offers detailed overviews of philosophical issues raised by biology.Trade Review"This book is a companion to the philosophy of biology, and it not only should be of interest to scholars in philosophy of biology, but it also may be utilized by classroom educators teaching courses in philosophy of biology, theoretical biology, and evolutionary theory." (Science & Education, April 2010) "Many of the discussions here start with a definition of terms and a historical context of the subject before delving into the deeper philosophical issues, making it a useful reference for students of biology as well as philosophy." (Northeastern Naturalist, April 2008) "The topics that are addressed are done so well. This book will appeal to the advanced student and knowledgeable amateur and may prove useful catalyst for discussion among research teams or those engaged in cross-disciplinary studies." (Reference Reviews, February 2009) "Sarkar and Plutynski have compiled a series of essays about the philosophical implications of traditional and emergent biological studies. Among the areas discussed are genetics, immunology and evolutionary psychology." (Columbia College Today Alumni Magazine, February 2009) "A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology will be a very useful guide not only for philosophers but also for historians, sociologists and biologists. Its greatest asset is that it expands beyond the scope of recently published textbooks in philosophy of biology by including a detailed treatment of philosophical aspects of medicine, ecology, mind and behavior and that it places the themes in their historic context. The diversity of areas covered will appeal to students of general interest as well as specialists. Especially helpful is that most chapters end with an extended 'Reference' and often an additional 'Further reading' section that will allow readers to research the individual topics in greater depth." (Metapsychology Reviews Online) "The book is similar to, though different enough to distinguish itself from, its closest kin, The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Biology, edited by Michael Ruse (2008), and The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, edited by David Hull and Michael Ruse. They do not offer essays on language, biodiversity, or models, which are included in the present volume. Recommended." (Choice, November 2008)Table of ContentsList of Figures viii List of Tables x Notes on Contributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xviiiSahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski Part I Molecular Biology and Genetics 1 1 Gene Concepts 3Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille 2 Biological Information 22Stefan Artmann 3 Heredity and Heritability 40Richard C. Lewontin 4 Genomics, Proteomics, and Beyond 58Sahotra Sarkar Part II Evolution 75 5 Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism 77James G. Lennox 6 Systematics and Taxonomy 99Marc Ereshefsky 7 Population Genetics 119Christopher Stephens 8 The Units and Levels of Selection 138Samir Okasha 9 Molecular Evolution 157Michael R. Dietrich 10 Speciation and Macroevolution 169Anya Plutynski 11 Adaptationism 186Peter Godfrey-Smith and Jon F. Wilkins Part III Developmental Biology 203 12 Phenotypic Plasticity and Reaction Norms 205Jonathan M. Kaplan 13 Explaining the Ontogeny of Form: Philosophical Issues 223Alan C. Love 14 Development and Evolution 248Ron Amundson Part IV Medicine 269 15 Self and Nonself 271Moira Howes 16 Health and Disease 287Dominic Murphy Part V Ecology 299 17 Population Ecology 301Mark Colyvan 18 Complexity, Diversity, and Stability 321James Justus 19 Ecosystems 351Kent A. Peacock 20 Biodiversity: Its Meaning and Value 368Bryan G. Norton Part VI Mind and Behavior 391 21 Ethology, Sociobiology, and Evolutionary Psychology 393Paul E. Griffiths 22 Cooperation 415J. McKenzie Alexander 23 Language and Evolution 431Derek Bickerton Part VII Experimentation, Theory, and Themes 453 24 What is Life? 455Mark A. Bedau 25 Experimentation 472Marcel Weber 26 Laws and Theories 489Marc Lange 27 Models 506Jay Odenbaugh 28 Function and Teleology 525Justin Garson 29 Reductionism in Biology 550Alexander Rosenberg Index 568

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Book SynopsisLochlann Jain’s debut non-fiction graphic novel, Things That Art, playfully interrogates the order of things. Toying with the relationship between words and images, Jain’s whimsical compositions may seem straightforward. Upon closer inspection, however, the drawings reveal profound and startling paradoxes at the heart of how we make sense of the world. Commentaries by architect and theorist Maria McVarish, poet and naturalist Elizabeth Bradfield, musician and English Professor Drew Daniel, and the author offer further insight into the drawings in this collection. A captivating look at the fundamental absurdities of everyday communication, Things That Art jolts us toward new forms of collation and collaboration. Trade Review"I found this book of juxtapositions, puns and wordplay very entertaining and rewarding to read, I also like the fun style of the drawing, which goes well with the serious matter of linguistics and concepts." -- Sara Boorman * NB Magazine, October 28,2019 *"This is a thinking person’s book, or put more precisely, it draws readers into thinking deeply with its deceptively simple illustrations set side by side and up and down in masterfully designed sets… Things That Art stimulates the mind, the senses, the emotions." -- Alisse Waterston * Anthropology Now *Table of ContentsPreface Various Things (Maria McVarish) Natural Collections (Elizabeth Bradfield) Things That What? (Drew Daniel) What Things Mean (Lochlann Jain)

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Book SynopsisLike fast food, fast science is quickly prepared, not particularly good, and it clogs up the system. Efforts to tackle our most pressing issues have been stymied by conflict within the scientific community and mixed messages symptomatic of a rushed approach. What is more, scientific research is being shaped by the bubbles and crashes associated with economic speculation and the market. A focus on conformism, competitiveness, opportunism and flexibility has made it extremely difficult to present cases of failure to the public, for fear that it will lose confidence in science altogether. In this bold new book, distinguished philosopher Isabelle Stengers shows that research is deeply intertwined with broader social interests, which means that science cannot race ahead in isolation but must learn instead to slow down. Stengers offers a path to an alternative science, arguing that researchers should stop seeing themselves as the 'thinking, rational brain of humanity' and refuse to allow their expertise to be used to shut down the concerns of the public, or to spread the belief that scientific progress is inevitable and will resolve all of society's problems. Rather, science must engage openly and honestly with an intelligent public and be clear about the kind of knowledge it is capable of producing. This timely and accessible book will be of great interest to students, scholars and policymakers in a wide range of fields, as well anyone concerned with the role of science and its future.Trade Review"Today, more than ever before, we need this book. Stengers, a philosopher known internationally for her willingness to tackle the big questions of our time, insists that Another Science is Possible. Toughly and tightly argued her book spells out how 'slow science' could get us there. One key point she raises, missed by so many, is the disillusion and distress, Marx might well have said alienation, of the young scientists who find that the science they believed they were going to be part of, is not the science they are working within. Only crack heads can deny climate change and its threat to life itself, but flinching, and looking away from the necessity of transforming science is politically and ethically inadequate. Stengers offers the new generation that is rising up with its new political narrative, intellectual weaponry in the formidable project of turning science away from its destructive collaboration with neoliberal capital to help build - yes - a better world. And don't we need one!"—Hilary Rose, Emerita Professor of Social Policy, University of Bradford "Stengers's slow science manifesto is timely, trenchant and thoughtful."—NatureTable of Contents1 Towards a Public Intelligence of the Sciences 1 2 Researchers with the Right Stuff 23 3 Sciences and Values: How Can we Slow Down? 48 4 Ludwik Fleck, Thomas Kuhn and the Challenge of Slowing Down the Sciences 83 5 ‘Another Science is Possible!’ A Plea for Slow Science 106 6 Cosmopolitics: Civilising Modern Practices 133 Notes 157

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Book SynopsisAs humans continue to degrade and destroy our planet’s resources, leading to predictions of total ecological collapse, some (such as the entrepreneur Elon Musk) now suggest that a human colony elsewhere may be our species’ best hope for survival. Adam Morton examines extra-terrestrial colonization plans with a critical eye. He makes a strong case for colonization – just not by human beings. Humans live relatively short lives and, to survive, require large amounts of food and water, very specific climatic conditions and an oxygen-rich atmosphere. We can create colonists that have none of these shortcomings. Reflecting compassionately on the nature of existence, Morton argues that we should treat the end of the human race in the same way that we treat our own deaths: as something sad but ultimately inevitable. The earth will perish one day, and, in the end, we should be concerned more with securing the future of intelligent beings than with the preservation of our species, which represents but a nanosecond in the history of our solar system.Trade Review"Why should we value the survival of our species? Adam Morton confronts this fateful yet rarely-asked question. This is a fascinating, instructive work of scientifically-informed philosophy."—John Broome, University of Oxford "Adam Morton is known for turning a penetrating intellect on one after another subject that philosophers have made the mistake of neglecting."—Elijah Millgram, University of Utah

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable introduction to the arts and sciences for students, parents, and anyone curious about the nature of a liberal education

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, bioaesthetics has used the latest discoveries in evolutionary studies and neuroscience to provide new ways of looking at art and aesthetics. Carsten Strathausen’s remarkable exploration of this emerging field is the first comprehensive account of its ideas, as well as a timely critique of its limitations. Strathausen familiarizes readers with the basics of bioaesthetics, grounding them in its philosophical underpinnings while articulating its key components. Importantly, he delves into the longstanding problem of the “two cultures” that separate the arts and the sciences. Seeking to make bioaesthetics a more robust way of thinking, Strathausen then critiques it for failing to account for science’s historical and cultural assumptions. At its worst, he says, biologism reduces artworks to mere automatons that rubber-stamp pre-established scientific truths. Written with a sensitive understanding of science’s strengths, and willing to refute its best arguments, Bioaesthetics helps readers separate the sensible from the specious. At a time when humanities departments are shrinking—and when STEM education is on the rise—Bioaesthetics makes vital points about the limitations of science, while lodging a robust defense of the importance of the humanities.Trade Review"If you’ve ever wondered how we’ve gotten to the point where virtually every cultural theory field now boasts a ‘bio-’ or ‘neuro-’ subfield, Carsten Strathausen’s Bioaesthetics is an excellent guide. Setting the stage with scrupulous readings of historical controversies, Strathausen then incisively critiques the reductionist ‘biologism’ he finds in ‘literary Darwinism,’ ‘biopoetics,’ ‘neuroaestethics,’ and so on, before judiciously tackling Deleuze and affect theory. A powerful and insightful study, Bioaesthetics rewards the reader with clarifying and careful mappings of important contemporary concepts."—John Protevi, author of Life, War, Earth: Deleuze and the SciencesTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionThe Biological Nature of What?Against Consilience What Is Bioaesthetics?Structure and Chapters1. Human Nature after KantKant and BiologyPreformation and Epigenesis before 1800Emergent Life (Autopoiesis and Cognition)Sensus Communis Aestheticus2. Marxism and BiologyMarx and DarwinChance and Necessity, or, Kant RevisitedScience and PoliticsA Biologistic Theory of HistoryOn Norm-Circularity and Aleatory Materialism3. Cultural EvolutionSociobiologyEvolutionary Psychology (EP)Social Learning and SociogenesisOf Memes and Culturgens Technogenesis4. Evolutionary AestheticsArt and NatureA Survey of the FieldLiterary Darwinism RevisitedCognitive Studies5. NeuroaestheticsHow to “Read” a Brain ScanThe Cerebral SubjectConsciousnessNeuronal Aesthetics: The Historical ViewNeuroaesthetics: The Scientific View“The Pre-existing Idea within Us”: Zeki’s PlatonismCodaDeleuze and AffectA Posthuman Aesthetics?NotesIndex

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, bioaesthetics has used the latest discoveries in evolutionary studies and neuroscience to provide new ways of looking at art and aesthetics. Carsten Strathausen’s remarkable exploration of this emerging field is the first comprehensive account of its ideas, as well as a timely critique of its limitations. Strathausen familiarizes readers with the basics of bioaesthetics, grounding them in its philosophical underpinnings while articulating its key components. Importantly, he delves into the longstanding problem of the “two cultures” that separate the arts and the sciences. Seeking to make bioaesthetics a more robust way of thinking, Strathausen then critiques it for failing to account for science’s historical and cultural assumptions. At its worst, he says, biologism reduces artworks to mere automatons that rubber-stamp pre-established scientific truths. Written with a sensitive understanding of science’s strengths, and willing to refute its best arguments, Bioaesthetics helps readers separate the sensible from the specious. At a time when humanities departments are shrinking—and when STEM education is on the rise—Bioaesthetics makes vital points about the limitations of science, while lodging a robust defense of the importance of the humanities.Trade Review"If you’ve ever wondered how we’ve gotten to the point where virtually every cultural theory field now boasts a ‘bio-’ or ‘neuro-’ subfield, Carsten Strathausen’s Bioaesthetics is an excellent guide. Setting the stage with scrupulous readings of historical controversies, Strathausen then incisively critiques the reductionist ‘biologism’ he finds in ‘literary Darwinism,’ ‘biopoetics,’ ‘neuroaestethics,’ and so on, before judiciously tackling Deleuze and affect theory. A powerful and insightful study, Bioaesthetics rewards the reader with clarifying and careful mappings of important contemporary concepts."—John Protevi, author of Life, War, Earth: Deleuze and the SciencesTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionThe Biological Nature of What?Against Consilience What Is Bioaesthetics?Structure and Chapters1. Human Nature after KantKant and BiologyPreformation and Epigenesis before 1800Emergent Life (Autopoiesis and Cognition)Sensus Communis Aestheticus2. Marxism and BiologyMarx and DarwinChance and Necessity, or, Kant RevisitedScience and PoliticsA Biologistic Theory of HistoryOn Norm-Circularity and Aleatory Materialism3. Cultural EvolutionSociobiologyEvolutionary Psychology (EP)Social Learning and SociogenesisOf Memes and Culturgens Technogenesis4. Evolutionary AestheticsArt and NatureA Survey of the FieldLiterary Darwinism RevisitedCognitive Studies5. NeuroaestheticsHow to “Read” a Brain ScanThe Cerebral SubjectConsciousnessNeuronal Aesthetics: The Historical ViewNeuroaesthetics: The Scientific View“The Pre-existing Idea within Us”: Zeki’s PlatonismCodaDeleuze and AffectA Posthuman Aesthetics?NotesIndex

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Book SynopsisThe relationship between science and belief has been a prominent subject of public debate for many years, one that has relevance to everything from science communication, health and education to immigration and national values. Yet, sociological analysis of these subjects remains surprisingly scarce. This wide-ranging book critically reviews the ways in which religious and non-religious belief systems interact with scientific theories and practices. Contributors explore how, for some secularists, ‘science’ forms an important part of social identity. Others examine how many contemporary religious movements justify their beliefs by making a claim upon science. Moving beyond the traditional focus on the United States, the book shows how debates about science and belief are firmly embedded in political conflict, class, community and culture.Trade Review"This timely and rich volume engages sociological considerations of science and belief and extends our understanding of how different groups across the world reconcile or reject diverse aspects of these two ways of knowing." Shiri Noy, Denison UniversityTable of ContentsForeword ~ Grace Davie Editor’s Introduction: Science, Belief and the Sociological Tradition ~ Stephen H. Jones, Tom Kaden and Rebecca Catto Part I: Methodological Challenges in the Study of Science and Belief The Sociological Study of Science and Religion in Context ~ Fern Elsdon-Baker and Will Mason-Wilkes Survey-based Research on Science and Religion: A Review and Critique ~ Jonathan P. Hill Language, Labels and Lived Identity in Debates about Science, Religion and Belief ~ Tom Kaden, Stephen H. Jones and Rebecca Catto Researching Clergy Attitudes towards Science: A Reflective Account of Key Methodological Challenges ~ Lydia Reid PART II: Belief in the Study of Science and Technology From ‘Science and Religion’ to ‘Transcendence in Science’, or: What We Can Learn from the (History of) Science and Technology Studies ~ Silke Gülker Rational Believers: Religion, Tradition and Spirituality among Indian Scientists ~ Renny Thomas Muslim Perceptions of Biological Evolution: A Critical Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Research ~ Jessica Carlisle, Salman Hameed and Fern Elsdon-Baker PART III: Science, Culture and Non-religion Feeling Rational: Affinity and Affinity Narratives in British Science–Non-religion Relations ~ Lois Lee Avoiding the ‘Anti-intellectual Abyss’: How Secular Humanists in Sweden try to Define the Boundaries between Science, Religion, Pseudoscience and Postmodernism ~ Susanne Kind Atheism and the Social Sciences ~ Stephen LeDrew PART IV: Religion, Conflict and Moderation Science and the Unearned Virtues of the ‘Really Religious People’: Exploring the Association between Perceived Religiosity and Science Rejection among Students in the Midwestern United States ~ David E. Long Discourses on Science and Islam: A View from Britain ~ Amy Unsworth Conclusion: Future Directions in the Sociological Study of Science and Belief ~ Stephen H. Jones, Rebecca Catto and Tom Kaden

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Book SynopsisEPUB and EPDF available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Economic theory relies heavily on the idea of rational action, but how are we to understand the empirical content of rational choice when we can only observe the outcome, not what goes into making the choice? With contributions from Alan Kirman and Rod O'Donnell, Karl Mittermaier's posthumously published work establishes a new conceptual framework that will enable economic theorists to forge new paths of empirical analysis. Introducing readers to the work of a profound thinker who was not recognized in his lifetime, this book, featuring previously unpublished material, is poised to become a seminal text in the philosophy of social sciences.Table of ContentsForeword - Isabella Mittermaier Extended Preface: A Realistic Attitude to the Economy - Alan Kirman Prologue: Mittermaier’s Conceptual Framework - Rod O’Donnell 1. Institutions and the Empirical Content of Economics 2. Ex Post and Ex Ante Facts 3. Structure and Equilibrium 4. Rational Action 5. Variant Conceptions of Preferences 6. The Genetic Understanding and Institutions

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Book SynopsisIn a time when the relation of theology to science is in question, due in part to the unwitting fideism of religious fundamentalists and, conversely, as a result of the equally fundamentalist diatribes of the so-called “New Atheists,” How Science Enriches Theology provides a much-needed demonstration of the possibility and necessity for dialogue and integration between the two perspectives or fields of inquiry. Far from being in the unhappy throes of divorce, theology and science must renew their common commitment to the use of reason! This work is written by two formidable thinkers who have each written extensively on the foundations of natural science and related issues – including the inherently evolutionary nature and development of the cosmos. Now they team up to show the fruitful impact of science on theology as a use of reason in the service of Christian faith. In its philosophical or ‘cenoscopic’ foundations, science can support the truths of monotheistic faith and provide a corrective to both materialist and spiritualist forms of monism. Meanwhile, with the advance of science in the modern sense, the special sciences as ‘ideoscopic,’ we can see not only the traces of God’s existence, but of the Trinitarian nature of God, the Divine Persons of the Godhead, as proposed in Christian faith. Make no mistake, the authors are sure to uphold the indemonstrability of Christian-specific doctrines, such as the Trinity and the Incarnation; but, with Augustine and Aquinas, they affirm that creation is rife with traces of the divine. The validity of theology does not reduce to the deliverances of the modern sciences, but the latter can undoubtedly aid the person of faith in the “evolution” of his or her theological understanding and embrace of faith as beyond – but not contrary to – reason properly exercised. For example, the immensity and depth of our universe, as indicated alike by relativity theory and quantum theory, along with the biological, chemical, and physical diversity and dynamic stability contained within the universe’s vast limits, enrich our understanding of God the Father. Our universe’s order, uniqueness, and intelligibility suggest how we may better understand the Divine Logos, Jesus Christ. While further the evolution, freedom, and plenitude of the cosmos reveal the character of God the Holy Spirit. In How Science Enriches Theology, Ashley and Deely present a veritably “theosemiotic picture” of the universe, and one which avoids the naïve reductionisms of mind to matter, culture to society, biology to physics, and cenoscopic to ideoscopic science. But not only do the authors of this stellar book explore the diverse riches of creation’s many nooks and crannies; they do not balk at concluding with the speculative but inevitable question, Where is creation headed?, while also providing a tentative answer to how we might reconcile the inevitable consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics with the Book of Revelation’s eschatological promise of a New Heavens and a New Earth.

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Book SynopsisThe William of Moerbeke Translation Series, under the general editorship of Stuart D. Warner, is devoted to publishing translations of important works - ancient, medieval, and modern - regardless of the original language, in every area of scholarly endeavor, including philosophy, political science, theology, literature, history, economics, and law. The aim of the series is to bring the reader as close as possible to the letter and spirit of the original work. Each volume will contain a scholarly introduction and notes. We welcome all inquiries and suggestions. Physics, Or Natural Healing is the first volume of this series.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a "philosophy of science education" as a research field as well as its value for curriculum, instruction and teacher pedagogy. It seeks to re-think science education as an educational endeavour by examining why past reform efforts have been only partially successful, including why the fundamental goal of achieving scientific literacy after several “reform waves” has proven to be so elusive. The identity of such a philosophy is first defined in relation to the fields of philosophy, philosophy of science, and philosophy of education. It argues that educational theory can support teacher’s pedagogical content knowledge and that history, philosophy and sociology of science should inform and influence pedagogy. Some case studies are provided which examine the nature of science and the nature of language to illustrate why and how a philosophy of science education contributes to science education reform. It seeks to contribute in general to the improvement of curriculum design and science teacher education. The perspective to be taken on board is that to teach science is to have a philosophical frame of mind—about the subject, about education, about one’s personal teacher identity.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a "philosophy of science education" as a research field as well as its value for curriculum, instruction and teacher pedagogy. It seeks to re-think science education as an educational endeavour by examining why past reform efforts have been only partially successful, including why the fundamental goal of achieving scientific literacy after several “reform waves” has proven to be so elusive. The identity of such a philosophy is first defined in relation to the fields of philosophy, philosophy of science, and philosophy of education. It argues that educational theory can support teacher’s pedagogical content knowledge and that history, philosophy and sociology of science should inform and influence pedagogy. Some case studies are provided which examine the nature of science and the nature of language to illustrate why and how a philosophy of science education contributes to science education reform. It seeks to contribute in general to the improvement of curriculum design and science teacher education. The perspective to be taken on board is that to teach science is to have a philosophical frame of mind—about the subject, about education, about one’s personal teacher identity.

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Book SynopsisThis Handbook constitutes a global resource for the fast-growing interdisciplinary research and policy communities that have taken on the challenge of driving innovation towards socially desirable outcomes. The collection brings together well-known authors from the USA, Europe, Asia and South Africa, developing conceptual and regional perspectives on responsible innovation including issues of governance, economics and ethics. The authors explore the prospects for the further implementation of responsible innovation in emerging technological practices in sectors from agriculture and health-care to nanotechnology, robotics and artificial intelligence. The collection emphasises the socio-economic and normative dimensions of innovation, including issues of social risk and sustainability.Trade Review'After 75 years of unprecedentedly promiscuous commitment to untethered scientific and technological advance by the state and industry alike, humanity stands on the threshold of advances in human germline engineering, geoengineering of the Earth's climate, quantum computing, and applications of artificial intelligence that will accelerate our technological capabilities well beyond any capacity to steer them toward greater human benefit and away from greater harm. Racing against this momentum and the trillions of dollars that support it have been a relatively small international community of visionary scholars and practitioners who cumulatively have developed the principles, concepts and tools for assuring the wise and socially accountable governance of technology: responsible innovation. These ideas are neither radical nor utopian; indeed, they are practicable and increasingly well-tested. The International Handbook on Responsible Innovation is thus a guidebook for a shift in stance toward collective accountability for the products and consequences of our own ingenuity.' --Daniel Sarewitz, Arizona State University, US'Beyond its breadth and depth, what is most striking about this volume is how well it navigates between the theoretical and practical dimensions of responsible research and innovation (RRI). The volume thus mirrors RRI's development as simultaneously a subject of ongoing research and a matter of active policymaking, both focused on the governance of science and technology. How should policymakers address the dual demand that the pace of innovation increase to enhance societal benefits, while also advancing deliberately to avoid harming society? This volume provides the latest answers from top RRI researchers and policymakers from around the world. Ranging over the history and theory of RRI, addressing ethics and RRI, detailing the economics underlying RRI, outlining current RRI policies, and looking to the future of RRI, this work will become a classic reference point in the field.' --J. Britt Holbrook, New Jersey Institute of Technology, US'Already impressive in terms of its thematic scope, the diversity of approaches and its global aspiration, this landmark volume is, above all, testament to the coming of age of responsible innovation (RI) as a concept of practical relevance. It contains, amongst other things, illuminating discussions of the notion of responsibility, thought-provoking essays on key questions in RI, and insightful analyses of RI practices in a wide variety of contexts. The messages in bottles, released by the likes of Hans Jonas, John Ziman and the pioneers of the RI community, have obviously been found by many, and probably by many more than the pioneers themselves would have expected. Taken together, the contributions to this collection not only provide a perfect overview on the theory and practices of RI. They also show why RI is not a specialist or merely academic topic but relevant to anyone who cares about the future of our global society.' --Christopher Coenen, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), GermanyTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction to the International Handbook on Responsible Innovation René von Schomberg and Jonathan Hankins 2. Why Responsible Innovation? René von Schomberg Part I CONCEPTS UNDERPINNING RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION Responsibility and Ethics 3. Responsible Innovation: Process and Politics Richard Owen and Mario Pansera 4. Choosing Freedom: Ethical Governance for Responsible Research and Innovation Robert Gianni 5. Towards an Ethics-of-Ethics for Responsible Innovation Vural Özdemir 6. Working Responsibly Across Boundaries? Some Practical and Theoretical Lessons Kjetil Rommetveit, Niels van Dijk, Kristrún Gunnarsdóttir, Kate O’Riordan, Serge Gutwirth, Roger Strand and Brian Wynne Governance 7. Understanding the Movement(s) for Responsible Innovation Miles Brundage and David H. Guston 8. Is Innovation Always Good for You? New Policy Challenges for Research and Innovation Luc Soete 9. First Steps in Understanding the Economic Principles of Responsible Research and Innovation Miklós Lukovics, Benedek Nagy and Norbert Buzás 10. Responsible Research and Innovation in the Broader Innovation System. Reflections on Responsibility in Standardization, Assessment and Patenting Practices. Ellen-Marie Forsberg 11. Dynamics of Responsible Innovation Constitution in European Union Research Policy: Tensions, Possibilities and Constraints. Hannot Rodríguez, Andoni Eizagirre and Andoni Ibarra 12. The Ties that Bind: Collective Experimentation and Participatory Design as Paradigms for Responsible Innovation Alfred Nordmann 13. Engaging the micro-foundations of responsible innovation: integration of social sciences and humanities with research and innovation practices Erik Fisher 14. Responsible Innovation and Technology Assessment in Europe- Barriers and Opportunities for Establishing Structures and Principles of Democratic Science and Technology Policy Leonard Hennen and Linda Nierling Responsible Innovation in Organisations 15. To what Extent Should the Perspective of Responsible Innovation Irrigate the Organization as a Whole? Xavier Pavie 16. From Participation to interruption: Toward an Ethics of Stakeholder Engagement, Participation and Partnership in Corporate Social Responsibility and Responsible Innovation Vincent Blok Part II RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION: BECOMING RESPONSIVE TO THE GLOBAL SOCIETAL CHALLENGES 17. Shared Space and Slow Science in Geoengineering Research Jack Stilgoe 18. Responsible Innovation and Healthy Ageing Ellen H.M. Moors 19. Responsible Innovation and Agricultural Sustainability: Lessons from Genetically Modified Crops Phil Macnaghten 20. Responsible Inclusive Innovation - Tackling Grand Challenges Globally Doris Schroeder and David Kaplan Part III EMBEDDING RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION IN EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL PRACTICES 21. Embedding Responsible Innovation in Emerging Technological Practices Armin Grunwald 22. From Technology Assessment to Responsible Research and Innovation in Synthetic Biology Dirk Stemerding 23. Responsible Innovation and Public Engagement: What we can Learn from the Case of Nanotechnology Richard A.L. Jones 24. Responsible Innovation in ICT: Challenges for Industry Bernd Carsten Stahl, Elisabetta Borsella, Andrea Porcari and Elvio Mantovani 25. Ethics Management and Responsible Research and Innovation in the Human Brain Project Stephen Rainey, Bernd Stahl, Mark Shaw and Michael Reinsborough 26. Grass-roots Case Studies in ‘Poiesis Intensive’ Responsible Innovation (PIRI) Jonathan Hankins 27. Robotics and Responsible Research and Innovation Pericle Salvini, Erica Palmerini, and Bert-Jaap Koops Part IV REGIONAL PRACTICES 28. Chinese Perspectives on Responsible Innovation Zhao, Yandong and Liao Miao 29. Responsible Innovation: Constructing a Seaport in China Qian Wang and Ping Yan 30. Indian Perspectives on Responsible Innovation and Frugal Innovation Krishna Ravi Srinivas and Poonam Pandey 31. South-East European Perspectives Norbert Buzás and Miklós Lukovics 32. Responsible Innovation in a Culture of Entrepreneurship - a US Perspective Andrew D. Maynard and Elizabeth Garbee 33. Public Engagement as a Potential Responsible Research and Innovation Tool for Ensuring Inclusive Governance of Biotechnology Innovation in Low and Middle Income Countries Pamela Andanda Part V INTERVIEWS 34. Interview with Piero Bassetti, President of Fondazione Giannino Bassetti Sally Randles 35. Interview with Robert Madelin, Ex -Director General and Advisor on Innovation (European Commission) Jan Staman and René von Schomberg 36. Interview with Rob van Leen, Chief Innovation Officer, Head of DSM Innovation Center and Member of the Executive Committee of DSM Jan Staman Index

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Book SynopsisThe major innovations which have occurred between the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century represent a fresh challenge to the responsibility of innovators. Innovators have disrupted, and continue to disrupt the world through the growth of technology, DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, the management of large databases, different forms of intrusion into our private lives, etc. It is up to them take full responsibility for their actions, and question what they are accomplishing, why they are accomplishing it, to what end and with what means. Such questionings are those found in a practice conducted by Ancient philosophers: spiritual exercises. These were internal or external discourses, enabling individuals to act, think, to know how to behave and how to master oneself. It is surely toward these practices innovators of today should turn in order to innovate with wisdom.Table of ContentsForeword vii Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1. The Need to (Re)think Innovation 1 1.1. The innovation context: how far to innovate? 1 1.2. The innovation discipline 3 1.2.1. From reality to usurpation: the three stages of innovation 3 1.2.2. The three evolutionary stages of innovation 6 1.3. Attempting to expose innovation, the importance of philosophy 16 1.3.1. An objectification of innovation 16 1.3.2. Reducing innovation 18 1.3.3. The future of innovation through its reversal 18 1.4. Philosophy as therapy 22 1.4.1. Modesty in the use of philosophy 22 1.4.2. Healing through philosophy 24 1.4.3. Innovator and philosopher, two sides of the same coin for a new way of being 25 1.5. Towards a thoughtful innovator 27 Chapter 2. The Non-standard Philosophy for Thinking Innovation 29 2.1. Questioning philosophy 29 2.2. What is non-standard philosophy? 30 2.2.1. Non-philosophy 31 2.3. Using non-standard philosophy as a tool to (re)think innovation 34 2.3.1. Innovation in-Real 35 2.3.2. The principle of sufficient innovation 40 2.3.3. Innovation and ego 43 2.4. (Re)thinking innovation, a non-standard innovation? 44 2.4.1. The foundations of non-standard innovation 46 2.4.2. Non-standard innovation practice 50 2.5. “Invent philosophy!”, let’s invent innovation 55 Chapter 3. A Phenomenology of Innovation 59 3.1. Passing through phenomenology 59 3.2. What is phenomenology? 60 3.2.1. Phenomenology and innovation? 62 3.3. Husserlian phenomenology to think innovation? 63 3.3.1. Return to the things themselves 64 3.3.2. Transcendental intentionality 68 3.3.3. The reduction method and the transcendental epoché 71 3.3.4. The emergence of essence 79 3.3.5. Retention 82 3.3.6. The ego as the foundation of the world 84 3.3.7. The phenomenological approach to testing senses 88 3.4. Phenomenology as praxis 90 3.4.1. The practice of phenomenology 92 3.4.2. Towards a practical phenomenology for the innovator 96 3.5. Being aware of innovations 99 Chapter 4. Spiritual Exercises to (Re)think the Innovator 101 4.1. The need for spiritual exercises 101 4.1.1. Spiritual exercises, from ancient philosophy 102 4.1.2. The importance of self-care 108 4.1.3. Knowing how to prepare 113 4.1.4. The conversion obligation 117 4.2. Urgency of the spiritual exercises 123 4.2.1. Spiritual exercises for the contemporary world 123 4.2.2. The need for a master 132 4.3. The spiritual innovator of the 21st Century 137 Conclusion 139 References 155 Index of Names 165 Index of Notions 167

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Book SynopsisBy power of thought alone, Albert Einstein gave us a fresh conception of the universe. He showed us that space and time are elastic - shrinking or expanding, speeding up or slowing down, depending on your movement. Beginning with an inspiring foreword by eminent Professor of Mathematics Sir Roger Penrose, the book is then divided into two parts: a biographical essay that provides a concise overview of Einstein's life, achievements, personal loves and public controversies; and a Q&A dialogue based on rigorous research and incorporating Einstein's actual spoken or written words whenever possible. Research physicist Carlos Calle brings Einstein to life through meticulously researched biographical interpretations of Einstein's revolutionary mathematical work. Relax and chat with this genius as he tells you about his work on relativity, his quest for a grand unifying theory of the cosmos, and personal matters - from the pleasures of sailing and music to his anxieties about the nuclear bomb he had helped unleash.

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Book SynopsisReflections on a Surprising Universe takes the reader beyond the headlines of the latest scientific breakthroughs, translating complicated topics into an understandable narrative. It covers a wide array of scientific developments in clear and concise language sharing a sense of wonder felt by the author about the universe we find ourselves in. The book covers such developments as the size and expansion of the universe, black holes, gravitational waves, the relativity of spacetime, the multiverse, exoplanets and the possibility of extraterrestrial life, DNA, fundamental particles, quantum mechanics and quantum computers, all in an accessible narrative. Do you feel a sense of excitement and awe in learning about both the vastness and intricacies of the world around you? Then let Richard Dieter guide you through the unique synthesis of recent scientific discoveries and what they reveal about us.

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Book SynopsisThis timely book provides an intellectual and conceptual history of a key representation of innovation: technological innovation. Tracing the history of the discourses of scholars, practitioners and policy-makers, and exploring how and why innovation became defined as technological, Benoît Godin studies the emergence of the term, its meaning, and its transformation and use over time. Part I of this unique book offers a genealogy of technological innovation from technological unemployment through technological change and technological progress. Part II then turns to the discourse on technological innovation, asserting that it has emerged as a key term because it serves utilitarian functions. The Invention of Technological Innovation will be of interest to students and academics studying the concepts and theories of innovation, whilst also being a key resource for policy-makers, managers and analysts looking to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.Trade Review‘The Invention of Technological Innovation is a meticulous and seminal work of deftly organized and presented scholarship that is unreservedly recommended for both college and university library collections.’ -- Michael J. Carson, Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: PREFACE INTRODUCTION Part I Technological Change 1. Technological Unemployment 2. Technological Change 3. Imagining a New Academic Field 4. Technology and Social Change 5. Technological Progress INTERLUDE Part II Technological Innovation 6. Inventing Technological Innovation 7. Theorists before Theories 8. An Inclusive Notion 9. Theories of Innovation 10. Reinventing Innovation EPILOGUE Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely book explores technological innovation as a concept, dissecting its emergence, development and use. Benoît Godin offers an exciting new historiography of the subject, arguing that the study of innovation originates not from scholars but from practitioners of innovation. Godin looks to engineers, managers, consultants and policymakers as the instigators of our current understanding of technological innovation. Offering a conceptual history of the subject, Part I considers the many iterations of innovation - as an science applied, outcome, process and system - to track and analyse the changing discourses surrounding technological innovation. In Part II, the author turns to historic and contemporary innovation policy to illustrate the critical role that practitioners have had in formulating and strategizing policy. Effectively rewriting the historiography of the topic, this book is critical reading for scholars of innovation studies, sociology and the history of science and technology. Students will benefit from Godin's pioneering approach to the subject and policymakers will also find value in the book's unique insight into innovation.Trade Review'Benoit Godin's The Idea of Technological Innovation is a telling example of the power of intellectual history. In a brief but analytically crisp and extensively documented historical overview, Godin's ''alternative history'' unbundles the seemingly inextricable conceptual and policy linkages between research and development and technological innovation, positing instead that the two stages correspond to two discourses, espoused by two different communities. An invaluable work for multiple research and policy communities, but most especially for those engaged in science policy and innovation studies and the economics of technological innovation.' --Irwin Feller, The Pennsylvania State University, US'Godin's latest book provides new insights into the history of technology innovation. Tracing back the concept's phases of development from the Second World War to the present, he leaves behind a strictly scholarly point of view and focuses on the valuable contributions of practitioners.' --Jürgen Howaldt, TU Dortmund University, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Prehistory PART I Technological Innovation 2. Innovation as Science Applied 3. Innovation as Outcome 4. Innovation as Process 5. Innovation as System PART II From Idea to Action 6. Inventing Innovation Policy 7. Innovation Policy Today Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThe Economics of Scientific Knowledge demonstrates how contemporary economic theories, such as rational choice theory, public choice theory, game theory, and neo-institutionalist economics can be successfully applied to resolve the issues currently existing in science studies and science and technology policy. Yanfei Shi criticizes the sociology of scientific knowledge and the traditional philosophy of science for their failures in justifying science as a rational enterprise. From an economic perspective, he explains why scientific enterprise as a public good is possible if individual scientists are self-interested and presents a new and convincing story of how scientific knowledge is produced in the contemporary society. With professional experience as a policy analyst, Yanfei Shi's economic perspective on scientists and their behaviors, and his institutional analysis will have great implications to the current discussions on science and innovation policy issues. Scholars and students in the fields of economics, philosophy and sociology as well as scientists, administrators and policy analysts will find this book a welcome addition to the literature of the increasingly important field of science studies.Table of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Toward a Rational Choice Approach to Science: A Theoretical Framework 2. The Scientist as a Scientific Entrepreneur 3. The Scientist as a Scientific Consumer 4. The Scientific Community as an Exchange Organization 5. Towards an Institutional Analysis of Science: A Research Agenda 6. The Distributive Rules of Science 7. The Constitutional Rules of Science 8. The Aggregative Rules of Science Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Evolution of Scientific Knowledge aims to reach a unique understanding of science with the help of economic and sociological theories. The economic theories used are institutionalist and evolutionary. The sociological theories draw from the type of work on social studies of science that have, in recent decades, transformed our picture of science and technology.Science - and more broadly research - is a field where economics and sociology meet in an attempt to understand how complex organizations emerge and work. While the authors argue that science is neither an institution nor an order that emerged as the result of conscious and willful design, nor is it like a 'normal' market, they also acknowledge that science has aspects of market orders and aspects of orders created by design. Furthermore, science develops in specific ways that are to some extent like the development of economic systems, and at the same time are very different. This fascinating book will be of great interest to economists, philosophers, historians and sociologists by focussing on a multidisciplinary understanding of science.Trade Review'The papers make very interesting and in some cases quite provocative reading. . . anyone interested in different views - any discipline jumper - will profit from the richness of concepts and language in the collection.' -- Gerard de Zeeuw, Entrepreneurship and InnovationTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. The Essential Tension in the Social Sciences: Between the ‘Unification’ and ‘Fragmentation’ Traps 3. Residual Categories and the Evolution of Economic Knowledge 4. Evolutionary, Constructivist and Reflexive Models of Science 5. A Neo-Darwinian Model of Science 6. Science and Spontaneously Formed Institutions: An Austrian School Approach 7. An Evolutionary Approach to the Constitutional Theory of the Firm 8. Science as a Spontaneous Order: An Essay in the Economics of Science 9. Must Spontaneous Order be Unintended? Exploring the Possibilities for Consciously Enhancing Creative Discovery and Imaginative Problem-Solving 10. The Laboratory and the Market – On the Production and Interpretation of Knowledge Index

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Book SynopsisBy systematically deconstructing and analysing scientific texts for irrational unconscious motivations, new scientific associations can be produced. Four categories are suggested as guidelines for the analysis of science: metaphors, scientific parapraxes, lacunae, and scientific myths. The most important are the conceptual lacunae, for they constitute an integral part of the scientific construction. Examples from various disciplines are discussed in order to show that unconscious elements in science are a universal phenomenon. The function of scientific myths is explained. And the hypothesis is tested on psychoanalysis itself, in this way providing a full explanation of how and why blind spots block scientific creativity.Trade Review"Stein's book, in the stream of a tradition that is almost lost today, i.e. that of Gaston Bachelard, Louis Althusser and very few others, confronts an extremely interesting challenge: that of analyzing the impact of Freudian unconscious on the scientific creativity processes and on the scientific discourse. The result is a very original and coherent proposal." -- Jorge Canestri, Professor of Psychology at the University of Rome.

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Book SynopsisMany people believe that science provides facts while religion is just opinion or beliefs. This book explores the structure and value of science and religious experience, and demonstrates how similar they are and how equally valuable and valid they are. After defining different forms of knowledge, e.g. biological, personal, moral, religious, the author explains how the structures of both the humanities and the sciences involve what we grasp through our senses, and how we interpret those impressions first by description, then by evidence collected, then by reason and understanding -- all based on the foundation of basic beliefs. One can no more prove scientific theory or that Moses heard God's call, for each is upheld by a believing community. For factual claims are interpretations in both science and religion. In this work, objective science is examined against the subjective world of personal relations, the humanities and religion. Many scientists and religionists acknowledge a hierarchy of different forms of knowledge, e.g. empirical, chemical, personal and religious. Some fundamentalists (both scientific and religious) focus on one form of knowledge, when a range of forms of knowledge would provide a more balanced multi-focal perspective.Trade Review"This is a fascinating read as well as an invaluable resource for students and teachers, a comprehensive account of a vast and complex subject." -- Marianne Rankin, Chair of the Alister Hardy Society, in the BASR Bulletin, 2008.Table of ContentsSources of Uplifting Experiences; How Do We Know What Knowledge Is?: A European Search for Objective Knowledge; How Do We Know What Knowledge Is?: An American Search for Personal Knowledge; Are There Different Kinds of Knowledge?; Changing Views of Scientific Knowledge; The Integrity of Science; Forgotten Knowledge; Is All Knowledge Relative?; Religion and Transcendence; Religious and Mystical Experience Empirical Studies; Religious and Mystical Experience Humanist Studies; Religious and Mystical Experience The Model Builders; Religious Experience and Interpretation; Religious Experience; Philosophy and Religious Experience; Gathering Threads; The Wallas Models of Religious Experience in Context; Science and Religious Experience; Glossary; Index.

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Book SynopsisMany people believe that science provides facts while religion is just opinion or beliefs. This book explores the structure and value of science and religious experience, and demonstrates how similar they are and how equally valuable and valid they are. After defining different forms of knowledge, e.g. biological, personal, moral, religious, the author explains how the structures of both the humanities and the sciences involve what we grasp through our senses, and how we interpret those impressions first by description, then by evidence collected, then by reason and understanding -- all based on the foundation of basic beliefs. One can no more prove scientific theory or that Moses heard God's call, for each is upheld by a believing community. For factual claims are interpretations in both science and religion. In this work, objective science is examined against the subjective world of personal relations, the humanities and religion. Many scientists and religionists acknowledge a hierarchy of different forms of knowledge, e.g. empirical, chemical, personal and religious. Some fundamentalists (both scientific and religious) focus on one form of knowledge, when a range of forms of knowledge would provide a more balanced multi-focal perspective.Trade Review"This is a fascinating read as well as an invaluable resource for students and teachers, a comprehensive account of a vast and complex subject." -- Marianne Rankin, Chair of the Alister Hardy Society, in the BASR Bulletin, 2008.Table of ContentsSources of Uplifting Experiences; How Do We Know What Knowledge Is?: A European Search for Objective Knowledge; How Do We Know What Knowledge Is?: An American Search for Personal Knowledge; Are There Different Kinds of Knowledge?; Changing Views of Scientific Knowledge; The Integrity of Science; Forgotten Knowledge; Is All Knowledge Relative?; Religion and Transcendence; Religious and Mystical Experience Empirical Studies; Religious and Mystical Experience Humanist Studies; Religious and Mystical Experience The Model Builders; Religious Experience and Interpretation; Religious Experience; Philosophy and Religious Experience; Gathering Threads; The Wallas Models of Religious Experience in Context; Science and Religious Experience; Glossary; Index.

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