Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge Books

Book Synopsis* A provocative and challenging book which argues for a defiant innovation of thought* Puts forward a compelling argument: that everyday life should be regarded as a privileged object of investigation* The author is one of the leading sociologists of fin de siecle culture and society. .Trade Review"Maffesoli's feel for the local places him in the vanguard of postmodern sociology. Maffesoli's scholarship, his insight into contemporary subjectivity and his understanding of relativism make this book an important intervention in the field of contemporary cultural analysis." Roy Boyne, School of Human Studies, University of Teesside "Maffesoli develops his arguments with the same elegance and sensitivity to style to which he draws attention in social life itself. There can be no doubt that Maffesoli is one of the leading sociological analysts of the fin de siècle." William Outhwaite, School of European Studies, University of SussexTable of ContentsPerspectives. Introduction. 1. The Fascination of Positivism. 2. The Experience of Relativism. 3. The Ideological Function. 4. Towards a Sociological 'Formism'. 5. The Analogical Method. 6. Physical and Social 'Correspondence'. 7. Ever Renewed Life. 8. The Epistemology of Everyday Life. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this important book, Jurgen Habermas takes up certain fundamental questions of philosophy.Table of ContentsTranslator's Introduction VII Introduction: Realism after the Linguistic Turn 1 1. Hermeneutic and Analytic Philosophy: Two Complementary Versions of the Linguistic Turn 51 2. From Kant's "Ideas" of Pure Reason to the "Idealizing" Presuppositions of Communicative Action: Reflections on the Detranscendentalized "Use of Reason" 83 3. From Kant to Hegel: On Robert Brandom's Pragmatic Philosophy of Language 131 4. From Kant to Hegel and Back Again: The Move toward Detranscendentalization 175 5. Norms and Values: On Hilary Putnam's Kantian Pragmatism 213 6. Rightness versus Truth: On the Sense of Normative Validity in MoraiJudgments and Norms 237 7. The Relationship between Theory and Practice Revisited 277 Notes 293 Index 321

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Book SynopsisRecent years have seen an enormous amount of philosophical research into the emotions and the imagination, but as yet little work has been done to connect the two.Trade Review"Friends of Adam Morton's work will find familiar strengths in this essay in moral psychology: detailed attention to the peculiarities of cases and a hostility to easy formulations, matched by lucid arguments that keep the general aim in view. He has surprising things to say about imagining; mice do it, apparently. But we, unlike mice, can use imagination to help to shape our own emotions, and hence to structure our own moral lives. All in all, this is a splendid attempt to think through the complex issue of what the imagination can and cannot do for us."Gregory Currie, University of Nottingham"Adam Morton is a pioneering and original thinker whose provocative and insightful work on emotion and imagination has pushed the field in important new directions. It's exciting to have a book-length treatment of these issues from such an interesting and creative mind."Tamar Gendler, Yale University"Morton takes us on a journey of the imagination into the imagination. His kaleidoscope of examples compels us to believe that emotions involve the imagination in sometimes unexpected, but always fascinating ways. A great read!"Heidi Maibom, Carleton UniversityTable of ContentsPreface vii Part I The range of emotions Refined emotions 3 Imagining in emotions 8 Seeing as 17 Emotions and thinking 22 Keeping mood and emotion distinct 29 Pressure 37 Categories of emotion 44 Part II Imagining vile emotions Imagining what we shouldn’t feel 53 Imagining minds: emotions and perspectives 56 Imagining a point of view 63 Misimagination 74 Imagining invented characters: fiction and philosophy 83 Invisible everyday failures 88 Imagining awful actions 94 Sympathy versus empathy 101 The tradeoff 108 Part III Memotions The threat of irrelevance 117 Retracting emotions 122 Emotions with multiple points of view 128 The variety of moral emotions 134 Emotional learning 142 Smugness 149 Part IV Families of emotions The ideas and the questions 157 Shame, regret, embarrassment, remorse 159 Shame-like versus regret-like 164 Ghosts 170 Looking backward and looking inward 175 Gaps in the pattern: shame versus guilt 180 Two kinds of pride 184 The smug family 189 Dark humour, radical possibilities 194 Shaping our emotions 198 End: a virtue if imagination 206 Notes 210 References 219 Index 229

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Book SynopsisEach of us, right now, is having a unique conscious experience. Nothing is more basic to our lives as thinking beings and nothing, it seems, is better known to us. But the ever-expanding reach of natural science suggests that everything in our world is ultimately physical.Trade ReviewA lively and readable tour of the main philosophical approaches to consciousness. For anyone new to the topic, or for those wanting an update on the latest ideas, Weisberg is an enthusiastic and knowledgeable guide.Alex Byrne, MIT Consciousness is a tour de force. It covers all the major theories and important empirical findings about consciousness in an inviting, accessible way, drawing penetrating, often novel, connections among the various positions and controversies. The result is a balanced, revealing map of current work on consciousness that makes significant contributions to current discussion. This is essential reading for anybody interested in consciousness and it will surely become a standard in both undergraduate and graduate courses.David Rosenthal, CUNYTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix 1 The Problem 1 2 Mysterianism 19 3 Dualism 35 4 Nonreductive Views 53 5 The Identity Theory 71 6 Functionalism 90 7 First-Order Representationalism 108 8 Higher-Order Representationalism 127 Notes 147 References 154 Index 163

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Book SynopsisEach of us, right now, is having a unique conscious experience. Nothing is more basic to our lives as thinking beings and nothing, it seems, is better known to us. But the ever-expanding reach of natural science suggests that everything in our world is ultimately physical.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix 1 The Problem 1 2 Mysterianism 19 3 Dualism 35 4 Nonreductive Views 53 5 The Identity Theory 71 6 Functionalism 90 7 First-Order Representationalism 108 8 Higher-Order Representationalism 127 Notes 147 References 154 Index 163

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Book SynopsisEmotion is at the centre of our personal and social lives. To love or to hate, to be frightened or grateful is not just a matter of how we feel on the inside: our emotional responses direct our thoughts and actions, unleash our imaginations, and structure our relationships with others.Trade Review"In this short book Carolyn Price elegantly condenses a sophisticated understanding of the philosophy of emotion into eight very readable chapters. While offering a novel explanation and defence of a functionalist, teleosemantic position, the book also situates this position clearly and fairly in wider philosophical debates about emotion. As such, Price's measured assessments of alternative positions also offer an excellent introduction to readers who are new to this important and emerging topic. The book will be stimulating reading for students and researchers alike." Christopher Bennett, University of Sheffield "This is a splendid book: clearly written, empirically informed, philosophically astute, and a pleasure to read. It contains a wealth of good arguments, and makes interesting and original points on all of the central issues in the philosophy of emotion. Highly recommended."Michael Brady, University of GlasgowTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Four theories of emotion Chapter 3 Emotion, coherence and function Chapter 4 What is an emotion? Chapter 5 What is an emotional evaluation? Chapter 6 What are emotional evaluations about? Chapter 7 The rationality of emotion Chapter 8 The manipulation of emotion Conclusion Glossary Notes References

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Book SynopsisWhat do you find more trustworthy, experts or numbers, personal ?know-how? or ?objective facts?? Can science claim special authority based on the objectivity of its methods? Are our ethical decisions always better when we strive to be impartial and unbiased? Why should we value objectivity, and is it achievable anyway? These are a few of the thought-provoking questions Guy Axtell asks in this comprehensive new text book, employing examples from the natural and social sciences as well as philosophy. This unique introduction surveys the key issues in a clear and concise way, assessing the nature of objectivity and value of the demand to be impartial decision-makers. Moving beyond the fundamentals, Axtell explores contemporary feminist and social epistemological attempts to ?reconstruct? the concept of objectivity, explains the implications of the so-called science wars for philosophy and the analytical method, and the ethical consequences of these debates. Objectivity is an excellenTrade Review"A solid, wide ranging, knowledgeable study of objectivity, not only in the natural sciences, but also in the social sciences, history, and ethics." Catherine Elgin, Harvard Graduate School of Education "Axtell has written a wide-ranging, intellectually spirited and engaging treatment of this central philosophical topic." Duncan Pritchard, University of EdinburghTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Introduction: A Valuable but Contested Concept Part I: The Intelligible World 1. Objectivity and �First Philosophies� 2. Objectivism, Relativism, and the Cartesian Anxiety Part II: Beyond the �Science Wars� 3. Objectivity in the Natural Sciences 4. Objectivity in the Human and Behavioral Sciences Part III: Critical Reconstructions of Objectivity 5. Objectivity Rehabilitated 6. Ethics and Objectivity Notes References

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Book SynopsisHow can we understand another person's feelings, thoughts, words or behaviour? Through empathy, it is hoped, we might use our imaginations to shift our perspective into another person's, thereby grasping their thoughts and emotions.Trade Review"This is a terrific introduction to the concept of empathy. Matravers takes us on a first-rate tour of the concept, stopping along the way to trace its historical roots, and to examine the role of empathy in morality and aesthetics. I found myself effortlessly whisked along by Matravers' insightful distinctions and engaging examples. If you are new to the philosophy of empathy, this is the book to read. If you are already an expert, Matravers' clear-headed presentation of the theoretical alternatives will help you take the perspective of your competitors."—Heather Battaly, California State University, Fullerton "Matravers' book provides a very enjoyable, highly nuanced, and historically astute discussion of the concept of empathy and its alleged contribution to understanding other minds, to morality, and to our appreciation of works of art. It constitutes a first-rate introduction to a—philosophically rather confusing—topic."—Karsten Stueber, author of Rediscovering EmpathyTable of ContentsAcknowledgements viii 1 Introduction: Some Historical Preliminaries 1 2 Some Conceptual Preliminaries 15 3 Empathy as Simulation 25 4 A Priori and A Posteriori Empathy 42 5 Re-enacting the Thoughts of Others 62 6 Empathy and the Emotions 75 7 Empathy and Ethics 104 8 Empathy and Aesthetics 124 9 Afterword 145 Notes 152 Bibliography 156 Index 164

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Book Synopsis"Real" knowing always involves a political dimension, Linda Martín Alcoff suggests. But this does not mean we need to give up realism or the possibility of truth. Recent work in continental philosophy insists on the influence that power and desire...Trade ReviewA truly impressive scholarly achievement. For those who are interested in seeing how Gadamer and Foucault connect with Davidson and Putnam, Real Knowing is a rewarding and illuminating read. -- Matthias Steup * Philosophy and Phenomenological Research *This is a timely contribution to a fast-growing body of research in 'social epistemology,' a field drawing the attention of philosophers, sociologists of knowledge, social constructionists, and others. -- James Wong * Hypatia *

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Book Synopsis"This work is a model of what a philosophical text should be."—Reinhard Lauth "Breazeale's translation is fluent, precise, and perhaps most important of all . . . it is readable. . . . This is an excellent translation by the ranking Fichte scholar...Trade ReviewThe publishing of this volume in English... provides us with a wealth of new material, not just about Fichte's development, but about the essentially Cartesian project that first gave rise to phenomenology in our own century. * International Philosophical Quarterly *Breazeale's translation is fluent, precise, and perhaps most important of all... it is readable.... This is an excellent translation by the ranking Fichte scholar working in English at present, accompanied by a full, useful scholarly apparatus, likely to be of interest to Fichte scholars and all those concerned with the development of German idealism. * Review of Metaphysics *

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Book SynopsisA pioneering treatise that aroused great controversy when it was first published in 1725, Vico's "New Science" is acknowledged today to be one of the few works of authentic genius in the history of social theory.Trade ReviewThis new edition of the famous Bergin and Fisch translation of Vico's Scienza nuova, originally published in 1948 and reissued in a revised edition in 1968, includes a translation of a piece of Vico’s work called the Practica.... It is a great advantage to have [the "Practic of the New Science"] reprinted with the text of the New Science as it offers some of Vico’s views on the application of his science.... Cornell University Press is to be congratulated for... this new full edition. * Review of Metaphysics *Table of ContentsPrefaceBibliographic NoteAbbreviations and SignsIntroduction by Max Harold FischIDEA OF THE WORKBOOK ONE: ESTABLISHMENT OF PRINCIPLESBOOK TWO: POETIC WISDOMBOOK THREE: DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE HOMERBOOK FOUR: THE COURSE NATIONS RUNBOOK FIVE: THE RECOURSE OF HUMAN INSTITUTIONS WHICH THE NATIONS TAKE WHEN THEY RISE AGAINCONCLUSION OF THE WORKAppendix: "Practic of the New Science"Index of Names

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Book SynopsisOn the Study Methods of Our Time remains a key text for anyone interested in the development''s of Vico''s thought and serves as a concise introduction to his work. Scholars and students in such disciplines as the history of philosophy, intellectual history, literary theory, rhetoric, and the history and philosophy of education will find this volume helpful and fascinating. Giambattista Vico''s first original work of philosophy, On the Study Methods of Our Time (1708–9) takes up the contemporary quarrel between the ancients and the moderns and provides a highly interesting statement of the nature of humanistic education. This edition makes available again Elio Gianturco''s superb 1965 English translation of a work generally regarded as the earliest statement by Vico of the fundamentals of his position.An important contribution to the development of the scientism-versus-humanism debate over the comparative merits of classical and mTable of ContentsPreface by Donald Phillip Verene Translator's Introduction by Elio GianturcoChronology of Vico's Principal Writings Note on the TextON THE STUDY METHODS OF OUR TIME I. Subject of the present discourse: the comparison, not of the various branches of learning, but of the study methods of our time and of antiquity. What factors make up every method of study? Distribution of the topics to be discussed, new instruments of the sciences. New aids to studies. Which is, today, the aim of our studies?II. Advantages of our study methods that derive from the instruments used by modern sciences. Advantages of philosophical criticism. Analysis. Introduction of the geometrical method into physics; of chemistry into medicine. Pharmaceutical chemistry. The introduction of chemistry into physics, and of mechanics into medicine. The microscope. The telescope. The mariner's compass. Introduction of modern geometry and physics into mechanics. Advantages accruing to us from the use of new devices: reduction to theoretical precepts of matters pertaining to human discretion in the conduct of life. Masterpieces of art. Printing. Universities. Advantages. deriving from the aim we have in view in our studiesIII. Drawbacks of modern criticism. Criticism injurious to prudence. Criticism an obstacle to eloquence: it hinders the arts, which thrive on imagination, memory, or both. How the ancients obviated the drawbacks of modern criticism. Modern neglect of topics, i.e., the art of forms of arguments employed in probable reasoning, to the benefit of criticism. Drawbacks of this neglect. How the disadvantages inherent in philosophical criticism may be avoided.IV. Drawbacks caused by the introduction of the geometrical method into physics. It kills the desire to explore nature further. How we can study physics as philosophers, namely, as Christian philosophers. The use of the geometrical method impairs the faculty to express oneself tastefullv and with acuteness. It forms an obstacle to free and ample utterance. It generates a sluggish diction, to be avoided as much as possible in eloquence. How its drawbacks may be obviated.V. Analysis. It may be useless to mechanics. How the disadvantages of analysis can be avoided.VI. Drawbacks of our modern method of studying and practicing medicine. How to remove them.VII. Disadvantages of our modern study methods in the fields of ethics, civil doctrine, and eloquence, from the viewpoint of the purpose at which we aim. Civil doctrine. Eloquence. Civil doctrine and eloquence again. How the drawbacks of our study methods may be remedied in regard to the guiding principles of the conduct of life, and in the domain of eloquence.VIII. Poetry. Under what conditions the modern critical procedure is useful to poetry. Suitability of the geometrical method to poetry. "Ideal" or "universal" truth is the proper guiding principle of poetry. Study of modern physics is conducive to poetry.IX. Christian TheologyX. Disadvantages of preceptive handbooks framing rules on matters that pertain to the practical conduct of life. How to eliminate these disadvantages.XI. The practice and study of law. Greek jurisprudence. Roman jurisprudence. Jurisprudence of the free Roman republic. Jurisprudence under the Emperors, prior to Hadrian. Jurisp1-udence under Hadrian. Under Constantine. Advantages and drawbacks of the study of law. First advantage and first drawback; second advantage, second drawback; third advantage, third drawback; fourth advantage, fourth drawback; fifth advantage, fifth drawback; sixth advantage, sixth drawback tentatively expressed. Advantage of the jurisprudential method of Accursius and of his disciples. Its drawbacks: first and second. How disadvantages in the study of law may be avoided.XII. 70 Masterpieces of art. What drawbacks their existence produces. How these drawbacks may be got rid of.XIII. Typographical characters. The disadvantages of printing.' How they may be overcome.XIV. Universities. Their drawbacks; how they may be remedied.XV. Conclusion.Appendix: The Academies and the Relation between Philosophy and Eloquence - Translated by Donald Phillip Verene

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Book SynopsisA full interpretation of Giambattista Vico's thought, based primarily on his major work, the New Science, and on his earlier Latin writings.Trade ReviewNo mere short notice can do justice to this indispensable guide to Vico's thought. It rescues him from his comparative neglect in histories of modern Western philosophy and emphasizes his seminal if muffled contribution to our understanding of the human mind and the history of culture. Departing from the conventional relegation of Vico to cyclical philosophy of history, the author highlights Vico's role as rhetorician in a philosophy for which rhetoric is no mere embellishment or reflection of truths previously produced by the rational intellect, but is the very source of human knowledge. * Religious Studies Review *The first book-length study in English to allow the genius that is Vico to come forth. * Philosophy and Rhetoric *Verene's sympathetic study is a useful contribution to the understanding of this often misconceived and still very provocative thinker. * Review of Metaphysics *

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Book SynopsisReligious intolerance is very old and widespread – a phenomenon of a highly distinctive nature which defies reduction to a simpler kind of vice. Methods of achieving religious tolerance have long been in dispute because there is much confusion about its nature.In this book, Professor Newman attempts to clarify the concept of religious tolerance in a way that other recent philosophical studies have clarified such concepts as justice, freedom, and equality. While there is a great deal of literature on theological, psychological, sociological, and political aspects of the problem, little has been said about the more fundamental ethical and epistemological issues that arise from philosophical reflection on religious competition and conflict.Newman addresses such questions as: How does religious intolerance differ from religious prejudice? Does being tolerant require commitment to relativism, pluralism, secularism, or universalism? Can a State live up to its promise to allow

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Book SynopsisAgainst the assumption that aesthetic form relates to a harmonious arrangement of parts into a beautiful whole, this book argues that reason is the real theme of the Critique of Judgment as of the two earlier Critiques. Since aesthetic judgment of the beautiful becomes possible only when the mind is confronted with things of nature, for which no determined concepts of understanding are available, aesthetic judgment is involved in an epistemological or, rather, para-epistemological task. The predicate beautiful indicates that something has minimal form and is cognizable. This book explores this concept of form, in particular the role of presentation (Darstellung) in what Kant refers to as mere form, which involves not only the understanding, but also reason as the faculty of ideas. Such a notion of form reveals why the beautiful can be related to the morally good. On the basis of this reinterpreted concept of form, most major concepts and themes of the Trade Review"The book reads very well and does a wonderful job of unfolding and disentangling Kant's dense and very complex arguments. In addition to philosophers, it will be of interest to those working in literary criticism, art theory, and political theory." -Dennis Schmidt,Villanova UniversityTable of ContentsOne principle more; transcendentality, in play; on mere form; presenting the maximum; absolutely great; interest and disinterest; the arts, in the nude; hypotyposis.

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Book SynopsisEpistemology, as generally understood by philosophers of science, is rather remote from the history of science and from historical concerns in general. Rheinberger shows that, from the late nineteenth through the late twentieth century, a parallel, alternative discourse sought to come to terms with the rather fundamental experience of the thoroughgoing scientific changes brought on by the revolution in physics. Philosophers of science and historians of science alike contributed their share to what this essay describes as an ongoing quest to historicize epistemology. Historical epistemology, in this sense, is not so concerned with the knowing subject and its mental capacities. Rather, it envisages science as an ongoing cultural endeavor and tries to assess the conditions under which the sciences in all their diversity take shape and change over time. Trade Review"Throughout the book, Rheinberger traces the themes of historical contingency, the role of technology, and the plurality of the sciences. These themes are well familiar from Rheinberger's own version of historical epistemology as presented in Towards a History of Epistemic Things. On Historicizing Epistemology thus gives us a helpful overview over those thinkers and positions that are central for Rheinberger's own systematic thinking."—Katherina Kinzel, Metascience"Rheinberger's ability to move between the historical and the contemporary, drawing upon a vast literature from philosophy, history and anthropology to deal with problems of knowledge—past and present—is deeply impressive . . . One of the book's strengths is the way Rheinberger is able to cultivate an argument that is clear, tightly focused, approachable and analytically unwavering."—Todd Meyers, British Journal of the History of Science"On Historicizing Epistemology is an elegantly written, lucid introduction to the problems that are at stake in the history of science. Rheinberger has an admirable talent in presenting the most complex epistemological questions without undue simplifications to any educated reader. This book will have an immense impact on the all-too-solidified ideologies of many scientists."—Rainer Nägele, Yale University"In this small book, Rheinberger proposes the highly interesting thesis that the history of the discipline of the history of science has been animated, above all, by an inquiry into the historical dimension of knowledge and of scientific inquiry. On Historicizing Epistemology is a wonderful introduction to the history of the sciences, but also to the conception of a 'historical epistemology,' which is Rheinberger's most valuable contribution to the development and rethinking of the discipline."—Rodolphe Gasche,State University of New York at Buffalo

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Book SynopsisThis book explores how theories of experience reflect the tension between our understanding of ourselves as language-users who produce culture and our understanding of ourselves as information-processing animals who respond to stimuli.Trade Review"In this engaging and highly readable book, Marianne Janack asks us to think about experience in a new and original way. She forges new connections across diverse philosophical and other scholarly positions, each time bringing the reader back to different ways of considering experience." -- Lorraine Code * York University *

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction / Silvestra Mariniello 1 1. Transgressing Representation: Women's Ways Against Institutional Knowledge Responsibility / Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 19 The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: A Post-Date / Hortense J. Spillers 67 The Uses and Abuses of French Discourse Theories for Feminist Politics / Nancy Fraser 123 Veiled Threats: Malek Alloula's Colonial Harem / Laura Rice 144 2. Undoing Discursive Constructions: Alternative Rhetorical Strategies Maternal Discourse and the Romance of Self-Possession in Kate Chopin's The Awakening / Ivy Schweitzer 161 America, "Fat," the Fetus / Lauren Berlant 192 Queer Nationality / Lauren Berlant and Elizabeth Freeman 245 "The Most Suffering Class": Gender, Class, and Consciousness in Pre-Marxist France / Margaret Cohen 279 Brava! And Farewell to Greatheart / Judith Wilt 306 3. The Politics of Allegory: A New Understanding of Agency Allegory and Dialectics: A Match Made in Romance / Doris Sommer 325 Blanchot's Au moment voulu: Woman as the Eternally Recurring Figure of Writing / Larysa Mykyta 349 Wuthering Heights: At the Threshold of Interpretation / Carol Jacobs 371 The Geography of Enunciation: Hysterical Pastiche in Kathy Acker's Fiction / Karen Brennan 396 Index 423

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Book SynopsisA historical and philosophical argument that the classification of humans into racial categories or binaries of self-other is a product of modernity.Trade Review“’To suggest that history can be unmade’ might be a light undertaking were it really just a suggestion. In Vanita Seth’s exciting work of comparative political theory, the suggestion is not merely made but shown to be a real possibility given her meticulous, complex, and perceptive reading of the production of racial difference over roughly four hundred years of European thought.” - Mindy Peden, Theory and Event“Vanita Seth’s Europe’s Indians is an intellectual history of the highest order. . . . Europe’s Indians is a sophisticated and intellectually courageous work that significantly contributes to the intellectual history of Europe’s encounter with the rest of the world. . . . [S]cholars of European thought and colonial encounters must give this work serious consideration for its sophisticated and original analysis.” - Charles V. Reed, Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians“Seth has synthesized an impressive range of materials to generate a wide-ranging, compelling, and important analysis.” - Kevin Bruyneel, Perspectives on Politics“Seth provides intriguing material for scholars studying European ways of thinking about difference. She puts her finger on a fundamental conundrum within the historiography of European race: how can all within a nation,a continent, or any other group whose members seem to share a physical quality be alike despite myriad ostensible differences, while other peoples with an equal share of myriad differences are perceived as so fundamentally different?” - Joshua Goode, American Historical Review“Seth’s knowledge of the literatures of postmodernism and postcolonialism is comprehensive and illuminating, and her diverse readings of historical texts, myths, legends and systems of thought and reasoning provides innumerable insights into the shifts in European bodies of knowledge.” - Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World“In this original and exciting work, Vanita Seth shows how European ways of knowing changed and how as they changed, certain ‘truths’ were established, verified, habituated, and naturalized, so that the previous way of knowing was occluded and rendered unthinkable. Moving from a history of science into political theory, shifting from a European philosophical tradition into questions of postcolonialism, and historically specifying in new ways the question of race as a very modern invention, Seth makes an enormous contribution.”—Pal Ahluwalia, author of Out of Africa: Post-structuralism’s Colonial Roots“Vanita Seth offers both a novel understanding of how difference is represented in early and high modern European political thought and a compelling new way to theorize difference. This is politically motivated scholarship at its finest—probing, learned, meticulous, interdisciplinary, imaginative and fearlessly critical.”—Wendy Brown, University of California, Berkeley“’To suggest that history can be unmade’ might be a light undertaking were it really just a suggestion. In Vanita Seth’s exciting work of comparative political theory, the suggestion is not merely made but shown to be a real possibility given her meticulous, complex, and perceptive reading of the production of racial difference over roughly four hundred years of European thought.” -- Mindy Peden * Theory & Event *“Seth has synthesized an impressive range of materials to generate a wide-ranging, compelling, and important analysis.” -- Kevin Bruyneel * Perspectives on Politics *“Seth provides intriguing material for scholars studying European ways of thinking about difference. She puts her finger on a fundamental conundrum within the historiography of European race: how can all within a nation,a continent, or any other group whose members seem to share a physical quality be alike despite myriad ostensible differences, while other peoples with an equal share of myriad differences are perceived as so fundamentally different?” -- Joshua Goode * American Historical Review *“Seth’s knowledge of the literatures of postmodernism and postcolonialism is comprehensive and illuminating, and her diverse readings of historical texts, myths, legends and systems of thought and reasoning provides innumerable insights into the shifts in European bodies of knowledge.” * Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World *“Vanita Seth’s Europe’s Indians is an intellectual history of the highest order. . . . Europe’s Indians is a sophisticated and intellectually courageous work that significantly contributes to the intellectual history of Europe’s encounter with the rest of the world. . . . [S]cholars of European thought and colonial encounters must give this work serious consideration for its sophisticated and original analysis.” -- Charles V. Reed * Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Self and Similitude: Renaissance Representations of the New World 19 2. "Constructing" Individuals and "Creating" History: Subjectivity in Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau 61 3. Traditions of History: Mapping India's Past 119 4. Of Monsters and Man: The Peculiar History of Race 173 Epilogue 227 Notes 233 Bibliography 259 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThe word apory stems from the Greek aporia, meaning impasse or perplexing difficulty. This title defines an apory as a group of individually plausible but collectively incompatible theses. It provides an instructive perspective on the many diverse issues that can arise from imperfect information and cognitive dissonance.

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Book SynopsisProvides an innovative analysis of the nature and interplay of observation and conceptualization. Radder shows that observation is always conceptually interpreted, and concepts affect the way observational processes are conducted in the first place.

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Book SynopsisThis volume includes a reworking of the landmark essay "Introduction to the Study of Practical Wisdom," and new material drawn from notes and schemata.

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Book SynopsisGives a concise summary of the Enlightenment period, demonstrating how and why Rationalism and Empiricism came about, and challenges the reader not to simply note the points of disparity between the two schools, but to notice the similarities of their common assumptions - both substantive and methodological.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive, critical study of the oldest and most famous argument for the existence of God: the Cosmological Argument. Professor Rowe examines and interprets historically significant versions of the argument from Aquinas to Samuel Clarke and explores the major objections that have been advances against it.Trade Review"A clear and excellent treatment ...one of the best discussions to date... a must." -Choice

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the issue of trauma and psychic wounds to stage a confrontation between psychoanalysis and contemporary neurobiology. In so doing, it reevaluates the brain as an organ that is not separated from psychic life but rather appears as its very locus. A philosophical approach of the “new wounded” (brain lesion patients) forms the matter of the confrontation.Trade Review"The first of the 'old wounded,' hysterics suffering from reminiscences, were Freud's co-conspirators in the invention of psychoanalysis. Not only were they its earliest patients and critics; their malady formed the very stuff of psychoanalysis. Malabou identifies a more recent class of 'new wounded'-Alzheimer's patient, autistic children, concentration camp survivors, victims of rape, bombing, natural disasters and brain tumors-who, radically severed from their own past, are devoid not only of reminiscences but of meaning itself. Their maladies, she claims, evacuate the core concepts of psychoanalysis, its original stuff. Friends and foes of Freud's science will be riveted by Malabou's intelligent argument whose destructive thrust produces not merely rubble and dust, more a foam of fascinating new concepts-including cerebrality and destructive plasticity-and strong readings of Freudian texts." -- -Joan Copjec University at Buffalo, SUNY "Malabou draws upon the most current neurological research and contemporary psychoanalytic works, and applies them to a careful, penetrating and convincing reading of Freud's primary texts, in order to fashion her original interpretation." -- -Clayton Crockett University of Central Arkansas What has happened when subjectivity is utterly changed by brain damage? What are the links of war, trauma, and loss of affect? In The New Wounded Catherine Malabou brilliantly shows how 'destructive plasticity' is the key concept for understanding our 'new economy of pain.' Highly recommended for everyone in the fields she so deftly examines: philosophy, psychoanalysis, and neurology." -- -John Protevi Louisiana State UniversityTable of ContentsPreamble Introduction Part One: The Neurological Subordination of Sexuality Introduction: The "New Maps" of Causality 1. Cerebral Auto-Affection 2. Brain Wounds: From the Neurological Novel to the Theater of Absence 3. Identity Without Precedent 4. Psychoanalytic Objection: Can There Be Destruction Without a Drive of Destruction? Part Two: The Neutralization of Cerebrality Introduction: Freud and Preexisting Fault Lines 5. What Is a Psychic Event? 6. The "Libido Theory" and the Otherness of the Sexual to Itself: Traumatic Neurosis and War Neurosis in Question 7. Separation, Death, the Thing, Freud, Lacan, and the Missed Encounter 8. Neurological Objection: Rehabilitating the Event Part Three: On the Beyond of the Pleasure Principle--That it Exists Introduction: Remission at the Risk of Forgetting the Worst 9. The Equivocity of Reparation: From Elasticity to Resilience 10. Toward a Plasticity of the Compulsion to Repeat 11. The Subject of the Accident Conclusion Notes Bibliography

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Book SynopsisAims to resolve three connected problems central to philosophical thought. This book argues that while this kind of contradiction is inescapable, it is so thoroughgoing that, like the Liar's Paradox, it cancels its own meaning.Trade Review"Sometimes Always Never is an exceptionally well-written and clear argument about why logical contradictions can be both permissible and unavoidable, and about how experiencing such a contradiction can help us simultaneously reaffirm the rightness of our beliefs while also recognizing that there may be other beliefs with an equally good claim to being right. Barris persuasively argues that this is neither nonsense nor merely playing with words, and shows how this experience of recognizing the relative correctness of one's views is both very common and extremely important." -- -Matthew Moore Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo "Jeremy Barris analyzes the philosophical paradoxes of commitment and belief with a view to extracting their general structure and offering real ideas about how to live with them, as we must in order to live together successfully in contemporary societies. This is a topical and timely analysis that moves beyond considering the philosophical problems of pluralism and relativism in the abstract to show how we might begin to deal with them here and now." -- -Paul Livingston University of New Mexico "A remarkably ambitious, challenging and thoroughly engaging book. Barris's mastery of a great variety of writings, including literary texts, takes the reader on a fascinating journey through metaphysics, humor, dreams, politics and epistemology. Although he deals with these themes on the highest level, the read never turns into a rough ride. Arguing with stunning clarity, Barris stays solidly at the wheel and brings his readers along in a fearless and cogent narrative, rife with innovative and original thought." -- -Irene Klaver University of North Texas "Students of philosophy and its history have long wondered how any useful knowledge can be obtained in a field where there is little but disagreement and discord. Jeremy Barris's Sometimes Always True proposes a novel, insightful, and widely informed response to this conundrum." -- -Nicholas Rescher University of PittsburghTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Introduction: Sometimes Always True 1 1. Comparing Different Cultural or Theoretical Frameworks: Davidson, Rorty, and the Nature of Truth 2. An Internal Connection between Logic and Rhetoric between Frameworks, and a Legitimate Foundation for Knowledge 3. Pluralism, Legitimate Self-Contradiction, and a Proposed Solution to Some Shared Fundamental Problems of Political and Mainstream Epistemology 4. The Logic of Genuine Political Pluralism and Oscar Wilde's Artificiality of Wit and Style 5. Foucault's Pluralism and the Possibility of Truth and of Ideology Critique 6. How to Be Properly Unnatural: The Metaphysics of Heterosexual Normativity and the Importance of the Concepts of Essence and Nature for Pluralism 7. The Necessary Inconclusiveness of Heideggerian Interpretation of Metaphysics and the Undecided Nature of Essential or Logical Connection 8. The Formal Structure of Metaphysics and The Importance of Being Earnest 9. The Logical Structure of Dreams and Their Relation to Reality Coda: Overviews References Index

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Book SynopsisShakespeare is worth reading, this book argues, because his works help us to make epistemological weakness into a way of life. Kuzner shows how his works offer a means for coming to terms with basic uncertainties about freedom, the world’s abundance, and the demands of love and social life.Trade Review"This is broad and provocative thinking of the first order that promises to show how Shakespeare engages what remain some of the deepest questions concerning the human condition. Throughout the book, Kuzner reads Renaissance humanism, ethics, epistemology and theology in relation to their modern responses and redirections, reinvigorating historical study and theoretical discourse alike through the kinds of astute and creative cross-pollination that have made him such a distinctive voice on the scene of Renaissance studies." -- -Julia Reinhard Lupton University of California, Irvine "Shakespeare as a Way of Life is a thoughtful, meditative, beautifully written book that will interest readers of all critical stripes, whether their bent is toward history, theory, or close reading. Kuzner gives us poised and nuanced readings of his key Shakespearean works. Most of all, he makes a brilliant, original case for Shakespeare's carving out a new kind of skepticism, one that is his own and not classifiable as purely Pyrrhonian or Montaignean or proto-Cartesian." -- -Katherine Eggert University of Colorado, BoulderTable of Contents1. Introduction: Shakespeare's Skeptical Practice and the Politics of Weakness 2. Ciceronian Skepticism and the Mind-Body Problem in Lucrece 3. "It stops me here": Love and Self-Control in Othello 4. The Winter's Tale: Faith in Law and the Law of Faith 5. Doubtful Freedom in The Tempest 6. Looking Two Ways at Once in Timon of Athens Epilogue: Shakespeare as a Way of Life Acknowledgments Notes Index

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the figure of the frontier (both bilateral border and open edge of civilization) both literally in Kant’s political writings, and figuratively in Critiques, developing via a reading of teleological judgment the concept of “interrupted teleology” as a reasoned but non-rationalistic response to rationalism.Trade Review"This is a magnificent, thrilling book. Bennington shows that the geopolitical vocabulary that pervades Kant's critical system-frontiers, limits, borders boundaries, territories, battlefields-is not merely a analogy but rather the index of the essentially political nature of thought. His brilliant, gorgeous readings manage to negotiate the fragile boundary between Kant's usually marginalized historical-political writings and the central problematic of the critical-transcendental project. The problems of philosophy cannot be cordoned off from the 'cosmopolitan' concerns of humanity. This is truly an achievement." -- -Rebecca Comay University of Toronto "Beyond meticulously describing the impasses around which Kant conducts what he sometimes calls his 'critical business,' Kant on the Frontier culminates in an analysis of the Critique of Teleological Judgment that is at once philologically exact and strikingly topical: here we encounter a thinker who, in seeking to erect impregnable borders, opens onto the 'abyss of judgment.'" -- -Peter Fenves Northwestern UniversityTable of ContentsPreface to the English Edition Pre-liminary Prolegomena 1. The End of Nature 2. The Return of Nature 3. Rest in Peace Interlude-The Guiding Thread (on Philosophical Reading) 4. Radical Nature 5. The Abyss of Judgment Finis Appendix: On Transcendental Fiction (Grenze and Schranke) Index

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Book SynopsisExplores Indigenous persistence through the concept of Kahiki, a term that is at once both an ancestral homeland for Knaka Maoli (Hawaiians) and the knowledge that there is life to be found beyond Hawaii's shores. It is both a symbol of ancestral connection and the potential that comes with remembering and acting upon that connection.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisMetaphysics and Epistemology: A Guided Anthology presents a comprehensive introductory overview of key themes, thinkers, and texts in metaphysics and epistemology. Presents a wide-ranging collection of carefully excerpted readings on metaphysics and epistemology Blends classic and contemporary works to reveal the historical development and present directions in the fields of metaphysics and epistemology Provides succinct, insightful commentaryto introduce the essence of eachselection at the beginning of chapters which also serve to inter-link the selected writings Table of ContentsSource Acknowledgments x Preface and Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Part I The Philosophical Image 1 1 Life and the Search for Philosophical Knowledge 3 Plato, Republic 2 Philosophical Questioning 14 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 3 Philosophy and Fundamental Images 20 Wilfrid Sellars, “Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man” 4 Philosophy as the Analyzing of Key Concepts 27 P.F. Strawson, Analysis and Metaphysics 5 Philosophy as Explaining Underlying Possibilities 33 Robert Nozick, Philosophical Explanations Part II Metaphysics: Philosophical Images of Being 41 How Is the World at all Physical? 43 6 How Real Are Physical Objects? 43 Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy 7 Are Physical Objects Never Quite as They Appear To Be? 48 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 8 Are Physical Objects Really Only Objects of Thought? 54 George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge 9 Is Even the Mind Physical? 60 D.M. Armstrong, “The Causal Theory of the Mind” 10 Is the Physical World All There Is? 66 Frank Jackson, “Epiphenomenal Qualia” How Does the World Function? 74 11 Is Causation Only a Kind of Regularity? 74 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 12 Is Causation Something Singular and Unanalyzable? 81 G.E.M. Anscombe, “Causation and Determination” How Do Things Ever Have Qualities? 88 13 How Can Individual Things Have Repeatable Qualities? 88 Plato, Parmenides 14 How Can Individual Things Not Have Repeatable Qualities? 95 D.M. Armstrong, Nominalism and Realism How Are There Any Truths? 102 15 Do Facts Make True Whatever Is True? 102 Bertrand Russell, “The Philosophy of Logical Atomism” 16 Are There Social Facts? 107 John Searle, Mind, Language and Society 17 Is There Only Personally Decided Truth? 114 Plato, Theaetetus How Is There a World At All? 120 18 Has the World Been Designed by God? 120 David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 19 Is God’s Existence Knowable Purely Conceptually? 131 St. Anselm, Proslogion 20 Has This World Been Actualized by God from Among All Possible Worlds? 145 G.W. Leibniz, Monadology 21 Does This World Exist Because It Has Value Independently of God? 149 Nicholas Rescher, Nature and Understanding 22 Can Something Have Value in Itself? 158 Plato, Euthyphro How Are Persons Persons? 161 23 Is Each Person a Union of Mind and Body? 161 René Descartes, “Meditation VI” 24 Is Self-Consciousness what Constitutes a Person? 164 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 25 How Strictly Does Self-Consciousness Constitute a Person? 170 Roderick M. Chisholm, “Identity through Time” 26 Are Persons Constituted with Strict Identity At All? 177 Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons 27 Are We Animals? 187 Eric T. Olson, “An Argument for Animalism” How Do People Ever Have Free Will and Moral Responsibility? 196 28 Is There No Possibility of Acting Differently To How One Will in Fact Act? 196 Aristotle, De Interpretatione 29 Could Our Being Entirely Caused Coexist with Our Acting Freely? 200 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 30 Would Being Entirely Caused Undermine Our Personally Constitutive Emotions? 206 P.F. Strawson, “Freedom and Resentment” 31 Is a Person Morally Responsible Only for Actions Performed Freely? 213 Harry G. Frankfurt, “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility” 32 Is Moral Responsibility for a Good Action Different to Moral Responsibility for a Bad Action? 218 Susan Wolf, “Asymmetrical Freedom” How Could a Person Be Harmed by Being Dead? 224 33 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead? 224 Epicurus, “Letter to Menoeceus” 34 Is It Impossible To Be Harmed by Being Dead at a Particular Time? 226 Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 35 Would Immortality Be Humanly Possible and Desirable? 229 Bernard Williams, “The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality” 36 Can a Person be Deprived of Benefits by Being Dead? 236 Fred Feldman, Confrontations with the Reaper Further Readings for Part II 240 Part III Epistemology: Philosophical Images of Knowing 245 Can We Understand What It Is to Know? 247 37 Is Knowledge a Supported True Belief? 247 Plato, Meno 38 When Should a Belief be Supported by Evidence? 251 W.K. Clifford, “The Ethics of Belief ” 39 Is Knowledge a Kind of Objective Certainty? 256 A.J. Ayer, The Problem of Knowledge 40 Are All Fallibly Supported True Beliefs Instances of Knowledge? 260 Edmund L. Gettier, “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” 41 Must a True Belief Arise Aptly, if it is to be Knowledge? 264 Alvin I. Goldman, “A Causal Theory of Knowing” 42 Must a True Belief Arise Reliably, if it is to be Knowledge? 268 Alvin I. Goldman, “Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge” 43 Where is the Value in Knowing? 273 Catherine Z. Elgin, “The Epistemic Efficacy of Stupidity” 44 Is Knowledge Always a Virtuously Derived True Belief? 279 Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski, Virtues of the Mind Can We Ever Know Just through Observation? 287 45 Is All Knowledge Ultimately Observational? 287 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 46 Is There a Problem of Not Knowing that One Is Not Dreaming? 292 René Descartes, “Meditation I” 47 What Is It Really to be Seeing Something? 295 David Lewis, “Veridical Hallucination and Prosthetic Vision” 48 Is There a Possibility of Being a Mere and Unknowing Brain in a Vat? 302 Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth and History 49 Is It Possible to Observe Directly the Objective World? 311 John McDowell, “The Disjunctive Conception of Experience as Material for a Transcendental Argument” Can We Ever Know Innately? 317 50 Is It Possible to Know Innately Some Geometrical or Mathematical Truths? 317 Plato, Meno 51 Is There No Innate Knowledge At All? 325 John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Can We Ever Know Just through Reflection? 335 52 Is All Knowledge Ultimately Reflective? 335 René Descartes, Discourse on Method 53 Can Reflective Knowledge Be Substantive and Informative? 340 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason 54 Is All Apparently Reflective Knowledge Ultimately Observational? 349 John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic 55 Is Scientific Reflection Our Best Model for Understanding Reflection? 355 C.S. Peirce, “Some Consequences of Four Incapacities” and “How To Make Our Ideas Clear” 56 Are Some Necessities Known through Observation, Not Reflection? 363 Saul A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity Can We Know in Other Fundamental Ways? 369 57 Is Knowing-How a Distinct Way of Knowing? 369 Gilbert Ryle, “Knowing How and Knowing That” 58 Is Knowing One’s Intention-in-Action a Distinct Way of Knowing? 376 G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention 59 Is Knowing via What Others Say or Write a Distinct Way of Knowing? 383 Jennifer Lackey, “Knowing from Testimony” 60 Is Knowing through Memory a Distinct Way of Knowing? 391 Bertrand Russell, The Analysis of Mind Can We Fundamentally Fail Ever To Know? 399 61 Are None of our Beliefs More Justifiable than Others? 399 Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 62 Are None of Our Beliefs Immune from Doubt? 407 René Descartes, “Meditation I” 63 Are We Unable Ever To Extrapolate Justifiedly Beyond Our Observations? 410 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Can Skeptical Arguments Be Escaped? 417 64 Can We Know at Least Our Conscious Mental Lives? 417 René Descartes, “Meditation II” 65 Can We Know Some Fundamental Principles by Common Sense? 422 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 66 Do We Know a Lot, but Always Fallibly? 434 Karl R. Popper, “On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance” 67 Is It Possible to have Knowledge even when Not Knowing that One Is Not a Brain in a Vat? 444 Robert Nozick, Philosophical Explanations Further Readings for Part III 452

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Book SynopsisRationality Through Reasoning answers the question of how people are motivated to do what they believe they ought to do, built on a comprehensive account of normativity, rationality and reasoning that differs significantly from much existing philosophical thinking.Trade Review"Rationality Through Reasoning is clearly written, and it contains many discussions with other experts in this genre of analytic philosophy, such as Gilbert Harman, Niko Kolodny, and Derek Parfit, to whom the book is dedicated." (Ethical Perspectives, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 This book 4 Notes 6 2 Ought 8 2.1 The meaning of ‘ought’ 8 2.2 Normative and non-normative oughts 9 2.3 Owned and unowned oughts 12 2.4 Qualified and unqualified oughts 25 Notes 29 3 Objective, Subjective and Prospective Oughts 31 3.1 Sidgwick’s View 31 3.2 The need to decide 34 3.3 Objective and prospective oughts 36 3.4 Valuing prospects 41 3.5 Summary 45 Notes 45 4 Reasons 46 4.1 Introduction and preliminaries 46 4.2 Pro toto reasons 49 4.3 Pro tanto reasons 51 4.4 Most reason 62 4.5 Ownership of reasons 65 5 Responding to Reasons 71 5.1 Rationality and responding to reasons 71 5.2 The quick objection 74 5.3 Attitudinal reasons 75 5.4 Sufficiency of reasons 82 Notes 87 6 Responding to Reason-Beliefs 88 6.1 The Enkratic Condition 88 6.2 Meeting your own standards 91 6.3 Responding correctly to P-beliefs 101 6.4 Conclusion 107 Notes 108 7 Requirements 109 7.1 Two sorts of requirement 109 7.2 Property requirements 110 7.3 Source requirements 116 7.4 Logic for requirements? 119 7.5 Ought 126 Notes 129 8 Conditional Requirements 132 8.1 Application and content 132 8.2 Conditional requirements of rationality 134 Notes 146 Appendix to Chapter 8 148 9 Synchronic Rationality 149 9.1 Introduction and method 149 9.2 Consistency 154 9.3 Deduction 157 9.4 Instrumental Rationality 159 9.5 Enkrasia 170 9.6 Bayesian requirements 175 Notes 175 10 Diachronic Rationality 177 10.1 Persistence of Intention 177 10.2 The rationality of doing as you decide 181 10.3 Diachronic requirements on beliefs 185 Notes 69 10.4 Basing prohibitions and basing permissions 186 Notes 191 11 Rationality and Normativity 192 11.1 The Normative Question 192 11.2 More on rationality and reasons 193 11.3 Is rationality derivatively normative? 197 11.4 Is rationality non-derivatively normative? 204 Notes 205 12 Higher-Order Reasoning 206 12.1 The reasoning process 206 12.2 Reasoning through an intention 210 12.3 Reasoning with judgement-sensitive attitudes 216 12.4 One more point 219 Notes 220 13 First-Order Reasoning 221 13.1 The reasoning process 221 13.2 Necessary and sufficient conditions for reasoning 225 13.3 Operating on contents 231 13.4 Reasoning as activity 235 13.5 Reasoning at the first order 242 13.6 The direction of reasoning 243 13.7 Correct belief reasoning 246 Notes 248 14 Practical Reasoning 250 14.1 Reasoning with attitudes other than beliefs 250 14.2 Correctness 255 14.3 Choosing a means 261 14.4 Hypothesizing 264 Notes 265 15 Explicit Reasoning 267 15.1 Markers 267 15.2 Bayesian and expressivist reasoning 275 15.3 Reasoning with absences 278 15.4 Theoretical and practical reasoning 281 15.5 Intention reasoning with other markers 285 Notes 286 16 Enkratic Reasoning 288 16.1 Enkratic reasoning 288 16.2 Humean objections 291 16.3 Conclusion 294 Notes 294 Bibliography 295 Index 303

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Book SynopsisA Companion to Hermeneutics is a collection of original essays from leading international scholars that provide a definitive historical and critical compendium of philosophical hermeneutics.

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Book SynopsisA rigorous, authoritative new anthology which brings together some of the most significant contemporary scholarship on the theory of knowledge Carefully-calibrated and judiciously-curated, this strong and contemporary new anthology builds upon Epistemology: An Anthology, Second Edition (Wiley Blackwell, 2008) by drawing a concise and well-balanced selection of higher-level readings from a large, diverse, and evolving body of research. Includes 17 readings that represent a broad and vital part of contemporary epistemology, including articles by female philosophers and emerging thought leaders Organized into seven thoughtful and distinct sections, including virtue epistemology, practical reasons for belief, and epistemic dysfunctions among others Designed to sit alongside the highly-successful anthology of canonical essays, Epistemology: An Anthology, Second Edition (Wiley Blackwell, 2008) Edited by a distinguished edTable of ContentsPreface vii Part I The Ethics of Belief 1 1 Deontological Desiderata 3William Alston 2 Voluntary Belief and Epistemic Evaluation 17Richard Feldman Part II Practical Reasons for Belief ? 29 3 The Wrong Kind of Reason 31Pamela Hieronymi 4 No Exception for Belief 44Susanna Rinard 5 Promising Against the Evidence 58Berislav Marušic Part III Reliance 75 6 Evidentialism and Pragmatic Constraints on Outright Belief 77Dorit Ganson 7 Alief and Belief 91Tamar Gendler 8 Can It Be Rational to Have Faith? 110Lara Buchak 9 Assertion and Practical Reasoning: Common or Divergent Epistemic Standards? 126Jessica Brown Part IV Epistemic Dysfunctions 147 10 Testimonial Injustice 149Miranda Fricker 11 Cognitive Penetrability and Perceptual Justification 164Susanna Siegel Part V Virtue Epistemology 179 12 The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good 181Linda Zagzebski 13 Why We Don’t Deserve Credit for Everything We Know 192Jennifer Lackey 14 A (Different) Virtue Epistemology 205John Greco 15 Knowledge and Justification 220Ernest Sosa Part VI Disagreement 229 16 Epistemology of Disagreement: The Good News 231David Christensen 17 The Epistemic Significance of Disagreement 249Thomas Kelly Part VII Permissivism About Belief ? 265 18 Epistemic Permissiveness 267Roger White 19 Permission to Believe: Why Permissivism Is True and What It Tells Us About Irrelevant Influences on Belief 277Miriam Schoenfield Index 296

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this text is ideal for introductory courses in epistemology. Assuming little or no philosophical knowledge, it guides beginning students through the landmarks in epistemology, covering historically important topics as well as current issues and debates.Trade Review"Morton's highly readable third edition treats a notoriously difficult topic with pizzazz. Colorful illustrations encourage readers to think deeply about complex issues, not just memorize what philosophers have said about them. One could hardly hope for a better guide through the rough terrain of epistemology." Martin Montminy, University of Ottawa "This new edition of Adam Morton's well-established introduction to epistemology will be extremely helpful to students and teachers. The book is particularly suited for those coming to the area for the first time. It is clear without being simplistic, engaging without being patronizing, and introductory without being bland. This new edition brings the discussion up to date, while the new chapter on externalism and epistemic virtues explores the issues very well. Once again, Morton's guidance will be invaluable to many." Robert Stern, University of Sheffield Table of ContentsForeword for Students. Acknowledgments. 1. Beliefs And Their Qualities:. Defending and Attacking Beliefs. Epistemic Ideals. The Basic Concepts. The Basic Questions of The Theory Of Knowledge. Two Extreme Views. 2. Perception:. The Issues. The Concepts. Empiricism. Some Experiments. Evidence Without Certainty. What is Special About Perception?. 3. Apriori Beliefs:. Knowledge Just By Thinking. Apriori, Analytic, Necessary. Kant on the Synthetic Apriori. Quine on the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction. Conceptual Truths. The Uses of Reasoning. 4. Inductive Reasoning:. Simple Induction. Hume's Problem. Goodman's Problem. Sampling. Solutions to Goodman's Problem. Justifying Induction. The Safeness of Induction. IBE. Safeness Reconsidered. 5. Middleword: Fallibilism:. Error versus Ignorance. Foundationalism versus Holism. Fallibilisms. How the Web Changes. 6. Defining Knowledge:. Top-grade Belief. Lehrer's Principle. Reliability: The Case of the Ancient Mariner. Missing Information. Knowledge and Trust. 7. Externalism and Epistemic Virtues:. The Escape from Justification. Externalism. Cousins of Knowledge. Skepticism and Knowing that You Know. Virtues. The Externalist Attitude. 8. Knowledge Of Minds:. Psychological Beliefs. Self-centered Theories. Behavioral Theories. Folk Psychology. Materialist Theories. Errors of Self-attribution. Dispositions, Occurrences, and Reliability. Conclusion: The Indispensability of Psychology. 9. Moral Knowledge:. Knowing Right from Wrong. Thick and Thin Moral Beliefs. Analogies: Color, Humor, and Witches. Cognitivsm. Knowing What You Know. 10. Bayesian And Naturalist Theories:. Why Probability?. A Guide Through The Theory Of Probability. The Bayesian Picture of Evidence. Objections to Bayesianism. Background Beliefs. Rationality Naturalized. Bayesianism vs. Naturalism. 11. Afterword: Some Future Epistemology:. Definitions. Appendix for Teachers. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this highly acclaimed text is ideal for introductory courses in epistemology. Assuming little or no philosophical knowledge, it guides beginning students through the landmarks in epistemology, covering historically important topics as well as current issues and debates.Trade Review"Morton's highly readable third edition treats a notoriously difficult topic with pizzazz. Colorful illustrations encourage readers to think deeply about complex issues, not just memorize what philosophers have said about them. One could hardly hope for a better guide through the rough terrain of epistemology." Martin Montminy, University of Ottawa "This new edition of Adam Morton's well-established introduction to epistemology will be extremely helpful to students and teachers. The book is particularly suited for those coming to the area for the first time. It is clear without being simplistic, engaging without being patronizing, and introductory without being bland. This new edition brings the discussion up to date, while the new chapter on externalism and epistemic virtues explores the issues very well. Once again, Morton's guidance will be invaluable to many." Robert Stern, University of Sheffield Table of ContentsForeword for Students viii Acknowledgments x 1 Beliefs and their Qualities 1 1. Defending and Attacking Beliefs 1 2. Epistemic Ideals 2 3. The Basic Concepts 4 4. The Basic Questions of the Theory of Knowledge 9 5. Two Extreme Views 10 2 Perception 19 1. The Issues 19 2. The Concepts 20 3. Empiricism 22 4. Some Experiments 28 5. Evidence without Certainty 31 6. What is Special about Perception? 34 3 Apriori Beliefs 40 1. Knowledge Just by Thinking 40 2. Apriori, Analytic, Necessary 41 3. Kant on the Synthetic Apriori 44 4. Quine on the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction 47 5. Conceptual Truths 48 6. The Uses of Reasoning 51 4 Inductive Reasoning 57 1. Simple Induction 57 2. Hume’s Problem 58 3. Goodman’s Problem 59 4. Sampling 61 5. Solutions to Goodman’s Problem 63 6. Justifying Induction 65 7. The Safeness of Induction 66 8. IBE 67 9. Safeness Reconsidered 69 5 Middleword: Fallibilism 75 1. Error versus Ignorance 75 2. Foundationalism versus Holism 77 3. Fallibilisms 79 4. How the Web Changes 82 6 Defining Knowledge 88 1. Top-grade Belief 88 2. Lehrer’s Principle 91 3. Reliability: The Case of the Ancient Mariner 92 4. Missing Information 96 5. Knowledge and Trust 98 7 Externalism and Epistemic Virtues 104 1. The Escape from Justification 104 2. Externalism 106 3. Cousins of Knowledge 108 4. Skepticism and Knowing that You Know 109 5. Virtues 111 6. The Externalist Attitude 113 8 Knowledge of Minds 116 1. Psychological Beliefs 116 2. Self-centered Theories 118 3. Behavioral Theories 119 4. Folk Psychology 122 5. Materialist Theories 125 6. Errors of Self-attribution 126 7. Dispositions, Occurrences, and Reliability 128 8. Conclusion: The Indispensability of Psychology 131 9 Moral Knowledge 135 1. Knowing Right from Wrong 135 2. Thick and Thin Moral Beliefs 135 3. Analogies: Color, Humor, and Witches 138 4. Cognitivism 142 5. Knowing What You Know 144 10 Bayesian and Naturalist Theories 149 1. Why Probability? 149 2. A Guide through the Theory of Probability 151 3. The Bayesian Picture of Evidence 154 4. Objections to Bayesianism 157 5. Background Beliefs 160 6. Rationality Naturalized 163 7. Bayesianism versus Naturalism 167 11 Afterword: Some Future Epistemology 173 Definitions 180 Appendix for Teachers 184 Index 190

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Book Synopsis* A collection of cutting edge articles by leading figures in the field of virtue theory including Guy Axtell, Julia Driver, Antony Duff and Miranda Fricker. * The first book to combine papers on both virtue ethics and virtue epistemology. * Deals with key topics in recent epistemological and ethical debate. .Table of ContentsIntroduction: Moral and Epistemic Virtues: Michael S. Brady (University of Stirling) and Duncan Pritchard (University of Stirling). Part I: Theory:. 1. The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good: Linda Zagzebski (University of Oklahoma). 2. The Pursuit of Epistemic Good: Philip Percival (University of Glasgow). 3. Epistemic Presuppositions and Their Consequences: Juli Eflin (Ball State University). 4. Traditional Epistemology Reconsidered: A Reply to Eflin: Andrew McGonigal (University of Leeds). 5. Affective States and Epistemic Immediacy: Christopher Hookway (University of Sheffield). 6. Reply to Hookway: Marie McGinn (University of York). 7. The Conflation of Moral and Epistemic Virtue: Julia Driver (Dartmouth College). 8. Sentimentalist Virtue and Moral Judgement: Outline of a Project: Michael Slote (University of Miami). 9. Some Worries about Normative and Metaethical Sentimentalism: Michael S. Brady (University of Stirling). Part II: Application:. 1. Epistemic Injustice and a Role for Virtue in the Politics of Knowing: Miranda Fricker (Birkbeck College, University of London). 2. Epistemic Injustice: The Third Way?: S. E. Marshall (University of Stirling). 3. Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue-Centred Theory of Judging: Lawrence B. Solum (Loyola Law School). 4. The Limits of Virtue Jurisprudence: R. A. Duff (University of Stirling). Part III: Symposia on Epistemic Luck:. 1. Virtue Epistemology and Epistemic Luck: Duncan Pritchard (University of Stirling). 2. Felix Culpa: Luck in Ethics and Epistemology: Guy Axtell (University of Nevada, USA). 3. Virtue and Luck, Epistemic and Otherwise: John Greco (Fordham University, USA)

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Book SynopsisRationality Through Reasoning answers the question of how people are motivated to do what they believe they ought to do, built on a comprehensive account of normativity, rationality and reasoning that differs significantly from much existing philosophical thinking.Trade Review"Rationality Through Reasoning is clearly written, and it contains many discussions with other experts in this genre of analytic philosophy, such as Gilbert Harman, Niko Kolodny, and Derek Parfit, to whom the book is dedicated." (Ethical Perspectives, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 This book 4 Notes 6 2 Ought 8 2.1 The meaning of ‘ought’ 8 2.2 Normative and non-normative oughts 9 2.3 Owned and unowned oughts 12 2.4 Qualified and unqualified oughts 25 Notes 29 3 Objective, Subjective and Prospective Oughts 31 3.1 Sidgwick’s View 31 3.2 The need to decide 34 3.3 Objective and prospective oughts 36 3.4 Valuing prospects 41 3.5 Summary 45 Notes 45 4 Reasons 46 4.1 Introduction and preliminaries 46 4.2 Pro toto reasons 49 4.3 Pro tanto reasons 51 4.4 Most reason 62 4.5 Ownership of reasons 65 Notes 69 5 Responding to Reasons 71 5.1 Rationality and responding to reasons 71 5.2 The quick objection 74 5.3 Attitudinal reasons 75 5.4 Sufficiency of reasons 82 Notes 87 6 Responding to Reason-Beliefs 88 6.1 The Enkratic Condition 88 6.2 Meeting your own standards 91 6.3 Responding correctly to P-beliefs 101 6.4 Conclusion 107 Notes 108 7 Requirements 109 7.1 Two sorts of requirement 109 7.2 Property requirements 110 7.3 Source requirements 116 7.4 Logic for requirements? 119 7.5 Ought 126 Notes 129 8 Conditional Requirements 132 8.1 Application and content 132 8.2 Conditional requirements of rationality 134 Notes 146 Appendix to Chapter 8 148 9 Synchronic Rationality 149 9.1 Introduction and method 149 9.2 Consistency 154 9.3 Deduction 157 9.4 Instrumental Rationality 159 9.5 Enkrasia 170 9.6 Bayesian requirements 175 Notes 175 10 Diachronic Rationality 177 10.1 Persistence of Intention 177 10.2 The rationality of doing as you decide 181 10.3 Diachronic requirements on beliefs 185 10.4 Basing prohibitions and basing permissions 186 Notes 191 11 Rationality and Normativity 192 11.1 The Normative Question 192 11.2 More on rationality and reasons 193 11.3 Is rationality derivatively normative? 197 11.4 Is rationality non-derivatively normative? 204 Notes 205 12 Higher-Order Reasoning 206 12.1 The reasoning process 206 12.2 Reasoning through an intention 210 12.3 Reasoning with judgement-sensitive attitudes 216 12.4 One more point 219 Notes 220 13 First-Order Reasoning 221 13.1 The reasoning process 221 13.2 Necessary and sufficient conditions for reasoning 225 13.3 Operating on contents 231 13.4 Reasoning as activity 235 13.5 Reasoning at the first order 242 13.6 The direction of reasoning 243 13.7 Correct belief reasoning 246 Notes 248 14 Practical Reasoning 250 14.1 Reasoning with attitudes other than beliefs 250 14.2 Correctness 255 14.3 Choosing a means 261 14.4 Hypothesizing 264 Notes 265 15 Explicit Reasoning 267 15.1 Markers 267 15.2 Bayesian and expressivist reasoning 275 15.3 Reasoning with absences 278 15.4 Theoretical and practical reasoning 281 15.5 Intention reasoning with other markers 285 Notes 286 16 Enkratic Reasoning 288 16.1 Enkratic reasoning 288 16.2 Humean objections 291 16.3 Conclusion 294 Notes 294 Bibliography 295 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis Volume contains main papers from a conference on epistemology and, in addition, especially invited papers on that topic. The volume contains twenty-three substantial papers by leading figures, who have vcontribut3d papers representative of their current work, plus a book symposium on Knowledge and Lotteries by John Hawthorne.Table of ContentsA Naturalized Approach to the A Priori (Louise Antony). The A Priori Authority of Testimony (Robert Audi). Externalist Justification without Reliability (Michael Bergmann). Realism and the Nature of Perceptual Experience (Bill Brewer). Externalism, Internalism, and Skepticism (Earl Conee). Truth Consequentialism, Withholding and Proportioning Belief to the Evidence (Michael R. Depaul). True Enough (Catherine Z. Elgin). Foundational Beliefs and Empirical Possibilities (Richard Feldman). Epistemic Probability (Richard Fumerton). Closure Matters: Academic Skepticism and Easy Knowledge (Peter Klein). Does Reliabilism Make Knowledge Merely Conditional (Hilary Kornblith). Nozickian Epistemology and the Value of Knowledge (Jonathan L. Kvanvig). On Justifying and Being Justified. (Adam Leite). Epistemic Circularity Again (Noah Lemos). Epistemic Relativism (Steven Luper). Skepticism, Abductivism, and the Explanatory Gap (Ram Neta). The Epistemology of Testimony (Duncan Pritchard). What's Wrong with Moore's Argument (James Pryor). What Is Wrong with Epistemic Circularity (Frederick F. Schmitt). Internalist reliabilism (Matthias Steup). Skeptical Arguments (Jonathan Vogel). Scepticism and the Context of Philosophy. Book Symposium. Precis of Knowledge and Lotteries (John Hawthorne). Knowledge, Assertion, and Practical Reasoning (Stewart Cohen). Knowledge, Assumptions, Lotteries. (Gilbert Harman). Speaking of Knowledge (Jonathan Vogel). Replies (John Hawthorne)

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Book SynopsisEpistemology is an accessible and indispensable volume for undergraduates studying philosophy. * Essential introduction to epistemology, a field of fundamental philosophical importance * Offers concise and well-written synopses of different epistemological debates and concerns.Trade Review“This book will interest those who teach undergraduate or graduate epistemology, like the idea of using a single-author text, but are unsatisfied with the current options.” (Philosophy In Review) “This book is an accessible introduction from the perspective of a leading epistemologist. It efficiently surveys and appraises recent work in epistemology. Principal positions are fairly presented. The criticism is crisp. Fumerton’s position has considerable force, as this book brings out.” (Review of Metaphysics)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Analysis of Knowledge. 3. Epistemic Rationality and its Structure. 4. Traditional (Internalist) Foundationalism. 5. Externalist Versions of Foundationalism. 6. Inferential Justification. 7. Metepistemology and Skepticism. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisEpistemology is an accessible and indispensable volume for undergraduates studying philosophy. * Essential introduction to epistemology, a field of fundamental philosophical importance * Offers concise and well-written synopses of different epistemological debates and concerns.Trade Review“This book is an accessible introduction from the perspective of a leading epistemologist. It efficiently surveys and appraises recent work in epistemology. Principal positions are fairly presented. The criticism is crisp. Fumerton’s position has considerable force, as this book brings out.” Review of Metaphysics "A distinguished contributor to the field guides newcomers with characteristically clear and distinct thought and discourse. An excellent introduction." Ernest Sosa, Brown University "Fumerton’s new book is a concise and tightly argued introduction to both the most central issues of epistemology and the leading recent views and arguments pertaining to those issues." Laurence BonJour, University of Washington "In lively and accessible prose, Fumerton presents rival positions fairly and sympathetically while not hiding his own influential views." Richard Feldman, University of RochesterTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Analysis of Knowledge. 3. Epistemic Rationality and its Structure. 4. Traditional (Internalist) Foundationalism. 5. Externalist Versions of Foundationalism. 6. Inferential Justification. 7. Metepistemology and Skepticism. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisInsensitive Semantics is an overview of and contribution to the debates about how to accommodate context sensitivity within a theory of human communication, investigating the effects of context on communicative interaction and, as a corollary, what a context of utterance is and what it is to be in one. Provides detailed and wide-ranging overviews of the central positions and arguments surrounding contextualism Addresses broad and varied aspects of the distinction between the semantic and non-semantic content of language Defends a distinctive and explanatorily powerful combination of semantic minimalism and speech act pluralism Confronts core problems which not only run to the heart of philosophy of language and linguistics, but which arise in epistemology, metaphysics, and moral philosophy as well Trade Review“This book is an ingenious defense of two positions not widely thought to be compatible: truth-conditional semantics and semantic minimalism. Cappelen and Lepore’s highly controversial views are already, and will continue to be, at the center of inquiry into the nature of linguistic communication.” Jason Stanley, University of Michigan “Cappelen and Lepore have performed a singular service in bringing together the threads of the contextualist debate, and in formulating a minimalist alternative to some current trends.” James Higginbotham, University of Southern California “This is a pleasingly spare yet instructively sophisticated account of how Davidsonians can accommodate the massive context sensitivity of language use. Good stuff.” Paul Pietroski, University of Maryland “This is a book of considerable importance, which deals with a topic currently at the center of research in the philosophy of language. As a result, Insensitive Semantics has been and will continue to be widely discussed …This book pushes the discussion of context-sensitivity forward in new and useful directions. Read it and learn from it.” Journal of LinguisticsTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Overview. Part I: From Moderate to Radical Contextualism. 2. Exegesis: The Methodology of Contextualism. 3. The Instability of Context Shifting Arguments. 4. Diagnosis: Why Context Shifting Arguments are Misused. 5. The Instability of Incompleteness Arguments. 6. Digressions: Binding and Hidden Indexicals. Part II: Refutation of Radical Contextualism. 7. Objections to Radical Contextualism (I): Fails Context Sensitivity Tests. 8. Objection to Radical Contextualism (II):Makes Communication Impossible. 9. Objections to Radical Contextualism (III): Internal Inconsistencies. Part III: Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism. 10. Semantic Minimalism. 11. Semantics and Metaphysics. 12. Semantics and Psychology. 13. Speech Act Pluralism. References. Index

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Book SynopsisInsensitive Semantics is an overview of and contribution to the debates about how to accommodate context sensitivity within a theory of human communication, investigating the effects of context on communicative interaction and, as a corollary, what a context of utterance is and what it is to be in one. Provides detailed and wide-ranging overviews of the central positions and arguments surrounding contextualism Addresses broad and varied aspects of the distinction between the semantic and non-semantic content of language Defends a distinctive and explanatorily powerful combination of semantic minimalism and speech act pluralism Confronts core problems which not only run to the heart of philosophy of language and linguistics, but which arise in epistemology, metaphysics, and moral philosophy as well Trade Review“This book is an ingenious defense of two positions not widely thought to be compatible: truth-conditional semantics and semantic minimalism. Cappelen and Lepore’s highly controversial views are already, and will continue to be, at the center of inquiry into the nature of linguistic communication.” Jason Stanley, University of Michigan “Cappelen and Lepore have performed a singular service in bringing together the threads of the contextualist debate, and in formulating a minimalist alternative to some current trends.” James Higginbotham, University of Southern California “This is a pleasingly spare yet instructively sophisticated account of how Davidsonians can accommodate the massive context sensitivity of language use. Good stuff.” Paul Pietroski, University of Maryland “This is a book of considerable importance, which deals with a topic currently at the center of research in the philosophy of language. As a result, Insensitive Semantics has been and will continue to be widely discussed …This book pushes the discussion of context-sensitivity forward in new and useful directions. Read it and learn from it.” Journal of LinguisticsTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Overview. Part I: From Moderate to Radical Contextualism. 2. Exegesis: The Methodology of Contextualism. 3. The Instability of Context Shifting Arguments. 4. Diagnosis: Why Context Shifting Arguments are Misused. 5. The Instability of Incompleteness Arguments. 6. Digressions: Binding and Hidden Indexicals. Part II: Refutation of Radical Contextualism. 7. Objections to Radical Contextualism (I): Fails Context Sensitivity Tests. 8. Objection to Radical Contextualism (II):Makes Communication Impossible. 9. Objections to Radical Contextualism (III): Internal Inconsistencies. Part III: Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism. 10. Semantic Minimalism. 11. Semantics and Metaphysics. 12. Semantics and Psychology. 13. Speech Act Pluralism. References. Index

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Book SynopsisDesigned for readers who have had little or no exposure to contemporary theory of knowledge, Reading Epistemology brings together twelve important and influential writings on the subject. Presents twelve influential pieces of writing representing two contrasting views on each of six core topics in epistemology. Each chapter contains an introduction to the topic, introductions to the authors, extensive commentaries on the texts, questions for debate and an annotated bibliography. Includes writings from Robert Nozick, Ernest Sosa, Laurence BonJour, and Fred Dretske. Encourages readers to engage with the texts and to think for themselves. Trade Review"Sven Bernecker's book is an excellent one for students. The selected passages are very well chosen, and the commentaries are explanatory, acute, interesting and well informed. By not being over detailed or dogmatic, they will serve to stimulate critical thought, which is very much the book's aim." Paul Snowdon, University College London "Bernecker goes beyond the traditional anthology by combining well-chosen primary sources with carefully constructed commentary on each source … which not only help the reader make sense of complex arguments and theses, but which also place the primary sources in the context of the debates and controversies from which they arise. Anyone who teaches epistemology will want to take a close look at this text." Saul Traiger, Occidental CollegeTable of ContentsPreface. Sources and Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Defining Knowledge. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Pollock. The Gettier Problem: John L. Pollock. Commentary on Pollock. Introduction to Nozick. Conditions for Knowledge: Robert Nozick. Commentary on Nozick. 2. Justification and Truth. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Goldman. What is Justified Belief?: Alvin I. Goldman. Commentary on Goldman. Introduction to Foley. What’s Wrong with Reliabilism?: Richard Foley. Commentary on Foley. 3. Duties and Virtues. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Steup. A Defense of Internalism: Matthias Steup. Commentary on Steup. Introduction to Sosa. Reliabilism and Intellectual Virtue: Ernest Sosa. Commentary on Sosa. 4. Knowledge by Hearsay. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Fricker. Against Gullibility: Elizabeth Fricker. Commentary on Fricker. Introduction to Burge. Content Preservation: Tyler Burge. Commentary on Burge. 5. Foundations or Coherence?. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Alston. Two Types of Foundationalism: William P. Alston. Commentary on Alston. Introduction to BonJour. The Coherence Theory of Empirical Knowledge: Laurence BonJour. Commentary on BonJour. 6. Scepticism in Context. Introduction to the Problem. Introduction to Dretske. The Pragmatic Dimension of Knowledge: Fred Dretske. Commentary to Dretske. Introduction to Williams. Realism and Scepticism: Michael Williams. Commentary to Williams. Essay/Examination Questions. Further Reading. Index

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