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Book SynopsisPresents the many recent innovations and advancements in the field of biotechnological processes This book tackles the challenges and potential of biotechnological processes for the production of new industrial ingredients, bioactive compounds, biopolymers, energy sources, and compounds with commercial/industrial and economic interest by performing an interface between the developments achieved in the recent worldwide research and its many challenges to the upscale process until the adoption of commercial as well as industrial scale. Bioprocessing for Biomolecules Production examines the current status of the use and limitation of biotechnology in different industrial sectors, prospects for development combined with advances in technology and investment, and intellectual and technical production around worldwide research. It also covers new regulatory bodies, laws and regulations, and more. Chapters look at biological and biotechnological processes in the food, pharmaceutical, and bTable of ContentsContributors xvii Part I General Overview of Biotechnology for Industrial Segments: An Industrial Approach 1 1 An Overview of Biotechnological Processes in the Food Industry 3 Bianca M.P. Silveira, Mayara C.S. Barcelos, Kele A.C. Vespermann, Franciele M. Pelissari, and Gustavo Molina 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Biotechnological Process Applied to Food Products 4 1.2.1 Organic Acids 4 1.2.2 Flavors 5 1.2.3 Polysaccharides 6 1.2.4 Amino Acids 6 1.2.5 Enzymes 7 1.2.6 Surfactants 7 1.2.7 Pigments 8 1.3 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) 9 1.4 Future Perspectives of Biotechnological Processes in the Food Industry 10 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 11 References 12 2 Status of Biotechnological Processes in the Pharmaceutical Industry 21 Natalia Videira, Robson Tramontina, Victoria Ramos Sodré, and Fabiano Jares Contesini 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Main Biotechnological Products in the Pharmaceutical Industry 23 2.2.1 Antibiotics in the Pharmaceutical Industry 23 2.2.2 Enzymes in the Pharmaceutical Industry 24 2.2.3 Antibodies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 27 2.3 Prospects for Area Development 33 2.3.1 Patent Generation 33 2.3.2 Perspectives for Biotechnology in the Pharmaceutical Sector 35 2.4 Conclusion 38 References 39 3 Current Status of Biotechnological Processes in the Biofuel Industries 47 Gustavo Pagotto Borin, Rafael Ferraz Alves, and Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz Júnior 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Biofuels and an Overview of the Industrial Processes 49 3.2.1 Bioethanol 49 3.2.2 Biodiesel 53 3.2.3 Biobutanol 54 3.2.4 Biogas 56 3.2.5 Microalgal Biomass for Biofuels Production 61 3.3 Conclusion 62 References 62 Part II Biotechnological Research and Production of Food Ingredients 71 4 Research, Development, and Production of Microalgal and Microbial Biocolorants 73 Laurent Dufossé 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Carotenoids 74 4.2.1 Lutein and Zeaxanthin 74 4.2.2 Aryl Carotenoids (Orange Colors and Highly Active Antioxidants) are Specific to Some Microorganisms 77 4.2.3 C50 Carotenoids (Sarcinaxanthin, Decaprenoxanthin) 78 4.2.4 Techniques for the Production of Novel Carotenoids with Improved Color Strength/Stability/Antioxidant Properties 79 4.3 Azaphilones 80 4.3.1 Toward Mycotoxin-Free Monascus Red 80 4.3.2 Monascus-Like Pigments from Nontoxigenic Fungal Strains 83 4.4 Anthraquinones 84 4.4.1 Fungal Natural Red 84 4.4.2 Other Fungal Anthraquinones 85 4.5 Phycobiliproteins 85 4.6 Conclusion 87 References 89 5 Prospective Research and Current Technologies for Bioflavor Production 93 Marina Gabriel Pessôa, Bruno Nicolau Paulino, Gustavo Molina, and Glaucia Maria Pastore 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Microbial Production of Bioflavors 100 5.2.1 Biotransformation of Terpenes 100 5.2.2 De Novo Synthesis 104 5.3 Enzymatic Production of Bioflavors 108 5.4 Conclusion 112 References 112 6 Research and Production of Biosurfactants for the Food Industry 125 Eduardo J. Gudiña and Lígia R. Rodrigues 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Biosurfactants as Food Additives 126 6.3 Biosurfactants as Powerful Antimicrobial and Anti-Adhesive Weapons for the Food Industry 129 6.4 Potential Role of Biosurfactants in New Nano-Solutions for the Food Industry 134 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 135 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 7 Fermentative Production of Microbial Exopolysaccharides 145 Jochen Schmid and Volker Sieber 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Cultivation Media and Renewable Resources 147 7.3 Bioreactor Geometries and Design 148 7.4 Fermentation Strategies for Microbial Exopolysaccharide Production 152 7.5 Approaches to Reduce Fermentation Broth Viscosity 153 7.6 Polymer Byproducts and Purity 154 7.7 Downstream Processing of Microbial Exopolysaccharides 155 7.7.1 Removal of Cell Biomass 155 7.7.2 Precipitation of the Polysaccharides 156 7.7.3 Dewatering/Drying of the Polysaccharides 158 7.8 Conclusions 159 References 159 8 Research and Production of Microbial Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 167 Gwendoline Christophe, Pierre Fontanille, and Christian Larroche 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Lipids Used for Food Supplement 168 8.2.1 PUFAs: Omega-3 and Omega-6 Families 168 8.2.2 Role of PUFAs in Health 169 8.3 Microbial Lipids 170 8.3.1 Biosynthesis in Oleaginous Microorganisms 170 8.3.2 Microorganisms Involved in PUFAs Production 175 8.4 Production Strategies 182 8.4.1 Culture Conditions 182 8.5 Process Strategies 185 8.5.1 Modes of Culture 185 8.5.2 Substrates 186 8.5.3 Metabolic Engineering 186 8.6 Conclusions 187 References 187 9 Research and Production of Organic Acids and Industrial Potential 195 Sandeep Kumar Panda, Lopamudra Sahu, Sunil Kumar Behera, and Ramesh Chandra Ray 9.1 Introduction: History and Current Trends 195 9.2 Current and Future Markets for Organic Acids 196 9.3 Types of Organic Acids 196 9.3.1 Citric Acid 197 9.3.2 Acetic Acid 198 9.3.3 Propionic Acid (PA) 198 9.3.4 Succinic Acid 199 9.3.5 Lactic Acid 200 9.3.6 Other Organic Acids 200 9.4 Metabolic/Genetic Engineering: Trends in Organic Acid Technology 201 9.5 Research Gaps and Techno-Economic Feasibility 202 9.6 Conclusion 204 References 204 10 Research and Production of Microbial Polymers for Food Industry 211 Sinem Selvin Selvi, Edina Eminagic, Muhammed Yusuf Kandur, Emrah Ozcan, Ceyda Kasavi, and Ebru Toksoy Oner 10.1 Introduction 211 10.1.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Polymers 212 10.2 Levan 213 10.2.1 General Properties of Levan 213 10.2.2 Production Processes for Levan 213 10.2.3 Food Applications of Levan 216 10.3 Pullulan 216 10.3.1 General Properties of Pullulan 216 10.3.2 Production Processes of Pullulan 216 10.3.3 Food Applications of Pullulan 218 10.4 Alginate 218 10.4.1 General Properties of Alginate 218 10.4.2 Production Processes for Alginate 218 10.4.3 Food Applications of Alginate 219 10.5 Curdlan 219 10.5.1 General Properties of Curdlan 219 10.5.2 Production Processes for Curdlan 220 10.5.3 Food Applications of Curdlan 221 10.6 Gellan Gum 221 10.6.1 General Properties of Gellan Gum 221 10.6.2 Production Processes for Gellan Gum 221 10.6.3 Food Applications of Gellan Gum 222 10.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 223 10.7.1 General Properties of PHAs 223 10.7.2 Food Applications of PHAs 225 10.8 Scleroglucan 225 10.8.1 General Properties of Scleroglucan 225 10.8.2 Production Processes for Scleroglucan 226 10.8.3 Food Applications of Scleroglucans 226 10.9 Xanthan Gum 226 10.9.1 General Properties of Xanthan Gum 226 10.9.2 Production Processes of Xanthan Gum 227 10.9.3 Food Applications of Xanthan Gum 227 10.10 Dextran 228 10.10.1 General Properties of Dextran 228 10.10.2 Production Processes of Dextran 229 10.10.3 Food Applications of Dextran 230 10.11 Conclusions 230 References 232 11 Research and Production of Microbial Functional Sugars and Their Potential for Industry 239 Helen Treichel, Simone Maria Golunski, Aline Frumi Camargo, Thamarys Scapini, Tatiani Andressa Modkovski, Bruno Venturin, Eduarda Roberta Bordin, Vanusa Rossetto, and Altemir José Mossi 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Bioactive Compounds 240 11.2.1 Probiotics 240 11.2.2 Prebiotics 241 11.3 Production Technology for Probiotic Strains 243 11.4 Stabilization Technology for Probiotic Strains 244 11.4.1 Microencapsulation 244 11.4.2 Spray Drying 246 11.4.3 Freeze Drying 246 11.4.4 Fluidized Bed and Vacuum Drying 247 11.4.5 Other Technologies 247 11.5 Study of Scale-Up Process: Advances, Difficulties, and Limitations Achieved 248 11.6 Potential Development of the Area and Future Prospects 248 11.7 Conclusion 249 References 250 12 Research and Production of Ingredients Using Unconventional Raw Materials as Alternative Substrates 255 Susana Rodríguez-Couto 12.1 Introduction 255 12.2 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 256 12.3 Production of Food Ingredients from Unconventional Raw Materials by SSF 257 12.3.1 Organic Acids 257 12.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 264 12.3.3 Flavor and Aroma Compounds 265 12.3.4 Pigments 266 12.4 Outlook 267 References 267 Part III Biotechnological Research and Production of Biomolecules 273 13 Genetic Engineering as a Driver for Biotechnological Developments and Cloning Tools to Improve Industrial Microorganisms 275 Cíntia Lacerda Ramos, Leonardo de Figueiredo Vilela, and Rosane Freitas Schwan 13.1 Introduction 275 13.2 Microorganisms and Metabolites of Industrial Interest 275 13.2.1 Primary Metabolites 276 13.2.2 Secondary Metabolites 277 13.2.3 Microbial Enzymes 278 13.3 The Culture-Independent Method for Biotechnological Developments 279 13.4 Tools and Methodologies Applied to GMOs Generation 280 13.5 Conclusion 285 References 285 14 Advances in Biofuel Production by Strain Development in Yeast from Lignocellulosic Biomass 289 Aravind Madhavan, Raveendran Sindhu, K.B. Arun, Ashok Pandey, Parameswaran Binod, and Edgard Gnansounou 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Improvement of Ethanol Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 290 14.3 Engineering of Substrate Utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 291 14.4 Engineering Tolerance Against Inhibitors, Temperature, and Solvents 293 14.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 295 Acknowledgments 296 References 297 15 Fermentative Production of Beta-Glucan: Properties and Potential Applications 303 Rafael Rodrigues Philippini, Sabrina Evelin Martiniano, Júlio César dos Santos, Silvio Silvério da Silva, and Anuj Kumar Chandel 15.1 Introduction 303 15.2 Beta-Glucan Structure and Properties 304 15.3 Microorganisms: Assets in Beta-Glucan Production 307 15.4 Strain Improvement Methods for Beta-Glucan Production 308 15.5 Fermentation: Methods and New Formulations 308 15.5.1 Carbon Sources 310 15.5.2 Nitrogen Sources 310 15.5.3 Micronutrients, Additives, and Vitamins 310 15.5.4 pH, Temperature, and Fermentation Time 311 15.5.5 Fermentation Methods 311 15.6 Beta-Glucan Recovery Methods 312 15.7 Potential Applications of Beta-Glucan 312 15.7.1 Food Applications 312 15.7.2 Chemical Applications 313 15.7.3 Pharmaceutical Applications 314 15.7.4 Utilization of Agroindustrial Byproducts as Carbon and Nitrogen Sources 314 15.7.5 Future Commercial Prospects 315 15.8 Conclusions 315 Acknowledgment 315 References 316 16 Extremophiles for Hydrolytic Enzymes Productions: Biodiversity and Potential Biotechnological Applications 321 Divjot Kour, Kusam Lata Rana, Tanvir Kaur, Bhanumati Singh, Vinay Singh Chauhan, Ashok Kumar, Ali A. Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Ajar Nath Yadav, and Vijai Kumar Gupta 16.1 Introduction 321 16.2 Enumeration and Characterization of Extremophiles 322 16.3 Biodiversity and Abundance of Extremophiles 325 16.4 Diversity of Extremozymes and Their Biotechnological Applications 333 16.4.1 Amylase 333 16.4.2 Proteases 337 16.4.3 Pectinase 337 16.4.4 Cellulase 339 16.4.5 Xylanases 340 16.4.6 Lipases 348 16.4.7 L-Glutaminase 350 16.4.8 β-Galactosidase 351 16.4.9 Tannases 352 16.4.10 Aminopeptidases 352 16.4.11 Polysaccharide Lyases 353 16.4.12 Phytases 354 16.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 355 Acknowledgment 355 References 356 17 Recent Development in Ferulic Acid Esterase for Industrial Production 373 Surabhi Singh, Om Prakash Dwivedi, and Shashank Mishra 17.1 Introduction 373 17.2 Microbial Production of Ferulic Acid Esterase 374 17.3 Microbial Assay for FAE Production 374 17.4 Worldwide Demand and Production of FAE 375 17.5 Process Optimization for FAE Production 375 17.6 Recent Development and Genetic Engineering for the Enhancement of FAE Production 378 17.7 Conclusion 379 References 379 18 Research and Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 383 H.L. Raghavendra, Shashank Mishra, Shivaleela P. Upashe, and Juliana F. Floriano 18.1 Introduction 383 18.1.1 Second-Generation Biofuels 384 18.1.2 Feedstocks for Biofuels 384 18.1.2.5 Energy Crops 386 18.1.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel 386 18.1.4 Types of Second-Generation Biofuels 386 18.1.5 Research on Second-Generation Biofuels 389 18.1.6 Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 392 18.1.7 The Impact on the Environment During the Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 395 18.1.8 Conclusions 396 References 397 19 Research and Production of Third-Generation Biofuels 401 Saurabh Singh, Arthur P.A. Pereira, and Jay Prakash Verma 19.1 Introduction 401 19.2 Cultivation of Algal Cells 402 19.3 Strain Selection 404 19.4 Types of Micro-Algae Used to Produce Third-Generation Biofuels 405 19.5 Biomass Preparation for Third-Generation Biofuel 405 19.6 Photobioreactors 406 19.6.1 Open Ponds 406 19.6.2 Vertical Column Photobioreactors 407 19.6.3 Flat-Plate Photobioreactors 407 19.6.4 Tubular Photobioreactors 407 19.6.5 Internally Illuminated Photobioreactors 408 19.7 Production of Biofuels from Algal Cultures 408 19.7.1 Biochemical Conversion 408 19.7.2 Thermochemical Conversion 410 19.7.3 Chemical Conversion 410 19.8 Factors Governing the Production of Third-Generation Biofuels 411 19.9 Advantages of Third-Generation Biofuel Production 411 19.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 20 Bioethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 417 Meganathan Bhuvaneswari and Nallusamy Sivakumar 20.1 Introduction 417 20.2 Importance of Biofuels 418 20.3 Bioethanol as a Promising Biofuel 418 20.4 Bioethanol from Wastes 419 20.5 General Mechanism of Production of Bioethanol 420 20.6 Ethanol Production Using Fruit Wastes 420 20.6.1 Bioethanol from Banana Wastes 420 20.6.2 Bioethanol from Citrus Fruit Wastes 421 20.6.3 Bioethanol from Pineapple Wastes 422 20.6.4 Bioethanol from Pomegranate 422 20.6.5 Bioethanol from Mango Wastes 423 20.6.6 Bioethanol from Jackfruit Wastes 423 20.6.7 Bioethanol from Date Palm Fruit Wastes 423 20.6.8 Pistachio-Wastes as Potential Raw Material 423 20.6.9 Bioethanol from Other Fruit Wastes 424 20.7 Bioethanol from Vegetable Wastes 424 20.8 Conclusion 425 References 425 21 Bioprocessing of Cassava Stem to Bioethanol Using Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia Pretreatment 429 Ashokan Anushya, Moorthi Swathika, Selvaraju Sivamani, and Nallusamy Sivakumar 21.1 Introduction 429 21.2 Characterization of Cassava Stem 431 21.3 SAA Pretreatment of Cassava Stem 431 21.3.1 Effect of Temperature 432 21.3.2 Effect of Ammonia Concentration 434 21.3.3 Effect of SLR 434 21.4 Ethanol Fermentation 437 21.5 Conclusion 437 References 438 22 Bioprospecting of Microbes for Biohydrogen Production: Current Status and Future Challenges 443 Sunil Kumar, Sushma Sharma, Sapna Thakur, Tanuja Mishra, Puneet Negi, Shashank Mishra, Abd El-Latif Hesham, Ali A. Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, and Ajar Nath Yadav 22.1 Introduction 443 22.2 Biohydrogen Production Process 444 22.2.1 Photofermentation 444 22.2.2 Dark Fermentation 449 22.2.3 Biophotolysis 452 22.2.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cells 454 22.3 Molecular Aspects of Hydrogen Production 458 22.4 Biotechnological Tools Involved in the Process 459 22.5 Reactors for Biohydrogen Production 460 22.5.1 Tubular Reactor 460 22.5.2 Flat Panel Reactor 461 22.6 Scientific Advancements and Major Challenges in Biohydrogen Production Processes 461 22.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 462 Acknowledgment 462 References 462 Index 473

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Book SynopsisDuring the last decade, image and signal compression for storage and transmission purpose has seen a great expansion. But what about medical data compression? Should a medical image or a physiological signal be processed and compressed like any other data? The progress made in imaging systems, storing systems and telemedicine makes compression in this field particularly interesting. However, this compression has to be adapted to the specificities of biomedical data which contain diagnosis information. As such, this book offers an overview of compression techniques applied to medical data, including: physiological signals, MRI, X-ray, ultrasound images, static and dynamic volumetric images. Researchers, clinicians, engineers and professionals in this area, along with postgraduate students in the signal and image processing field, will find this book to be of great interest.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Relevance of Biomedical Data Compression 1 Jean-Yves TANGUY, Pierre JALLET, Christel LE BOZEC and Guy FRIJA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The management of digital data using PACS 2 1.2.1. Usefulness of PACS 2 1.2.2. The limitations of installing a PACS 3 1.3. The increasing quantities of digital data 4 1.3.1. An example from radiology 4 1.3.2. An example from anatomic pathology 6 1.3.3. An example from cardiology with ECG 7 1.3.4. Increases in the number of explorative examinations 8 1.4. Legal and practical matters 8 1.5. The role of data compression. 9 1.6. Diagnostic quality 10 1.6.1. Evaluation 10 1.6.2. Reticence 11 1.7. Conclusion 12 1.8. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. State of the Art of Compression Methods 15 Atilla BASKURT 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Outline of a generic compression technique 16 2.2.1. Reducing redundancy 17 2.2.2. Quantizing the decorrelated information 18 2.2.3. Coding the quantized values 18 2.2.4. Compression ratio, quality evaluation 20 2.3. Compression of still images 21 2.3.1. JPEG standard 22 2.3.1.1. Why use DCT? 22 2.3.1.2. Quantization 24 2.3.1.3. Coding 24 2.3.1.4. Compression of still color images with JPEG 25 2.3.1.5. JPEG standard: conclusion 26 2.3.2. JPEG 2000 standard 27 2.3.2.1. Wavelet transform 27 2.3.2.2. Decomposition of images with the wavelet transform 27 2.3.2.3. Quantization and coding of subbands 29 2.3.2.4. Wavelet-based compression methods, serving as references 30 2.3.2.5. JPEG 2000 standard 31 2.4. The compression of image sequences 33 2.4.1. DCT-based video compression scheme 34 2.4.2. A history of and comparison between video standards 36 2.4.3. Recent developments in video compression 38 2.5. Compressing 1D signals 38 2.6. The compression of 3D objects 39 2.7. Conclusion and future developments 39 2.8. Bibliography 40 Chapter 3. Specificities of Physiological Signals and Medical Images 43 Christine CAVARO-MÉNARD, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Jean-Yves TANGUY, Elsa ANGELINI, Christel LE BOZEC and Jean-Jacques LE JEUNE 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Characteristics of physiological signals 44 3.2.1. Main physiological signals 44 3.2.1.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 44 3.2.1.2. Evoked potential (EP) 45 3.2.1.3. Electromyogram (EMG) 45 3.2.1.4. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 46 3.2.2. Physiological signal acquisition 46 3.2.3. Properties of physiological signals 46 3.2.3.1. Properties of EEG signals 46 3.2.3.2. Properties of ECG signals 48 3.3. Specificities of medical images 50 3.3.1. The different features of medical imaging formation processes 50 3.3.1.1. Radiology 51 3.3.1.2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 54 3.3.1.3. Ultrasound 58 3.3.1.4. Nuclear medicine 62 3.3.1.5. Anatomopathological imaging 66 3.3.1.6. Conclusion 68 3.3.2. Properties of medical images 69 3.3.2.1. The size of images 70 3.3.2.2. Spatial and temporal resolution 71 3.3.2.3. Noise in medical images 72 3.4. Conclusion 73 3.5. Bibliography 74 Chapter 4. Standards in Medical Image Compression 77 Bernard GIBAUD and Joël CHABRIAIS 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Standards for communicating medical data 79 4.2.1. Who creates the standards, and how? 79 4.2.2. Standards in the healthcare sector 80 4.2.2.1. Technical committee 251 of CEN 80 4.2.2.2. Technical committee 215 of the ISO 80 4.2.2.3. DICOM Committee 80 4.2.2.4.Health Level Seven (HL7) 85 4.2.2.5. Synergy between the standards bodies 86 4.3. Existing standards for image compression 87 4.3.1. Image compression 87 4.3.2. Image compression in the DICOM standard 89 4.3.2.1. The coding of compressed images in DICOM 89 4.3.2.2. The types of compression available 92 4.3.2.3. Modes of access to compressed data 95 4.4. Conclusion 99 4.5. Bibliography 99 Chapter 5. Quality Assessment of Lossy Compressed Medical Images 101 Christine CAVARO-MÉNARD, Patrick LE CALLET, Dominique BARBA and Jean-Yves TANGUY 5.1. Introduction 101 5.2. Degradations generated by compression norms and their consequences in medical imaging 102 5.2.1. The block effect 102 5.2.2. Fading contrast in high spatial frequencies 103 5.3. Subjective quality assessment 105 5.3.1. Protocol evaluation 105 5.3.2. Analyzing the diagnosis reliability 106 5.3.2.1. ROC analysis 108 5.3.2.2. Analyses that are not based on the ROC method 111 5.3.3. Analyzing the quality of diagnostic criteria 111 5.3.4. Conclusion 114 5.4. Objective quality assessment 114 5.4.1. Simple signal-based metrics 115 5.4.2. Metrics based on texture analysis 115 5.4.3. Metrics based on a model version of the HVS 117 5.4.3.1. Luminance adaptation 117 5.4.3.2. Contrast sensivity 118 5.4.3.3. Spatio-frequency decomposition 118 5.4.3.4. Masking effect 119 5.4.3.5. Visual distortion measures 120 5.4.4. Analysis of the modification of quantitative clinical parameters 123 5.5. Conclusion 125 5.6. Bibliography 125 Chapter 6. Compression of Physiological Signals 129 Amine NAÏT-ALI 6.1. Introduction 129 6.2. Standards for coding physiological signals 130 6.2.1. CEN/ENV 1064 Norm 130 6.2.2. ASTM 1467 Norm 130 6.2.3. EDF norm 130 6.2.4. Other norms 131 6.3. EEG compression 131 6.3.1. Time-domain EEG compression 131 6.3.2. Frequency-domain EEG compression 132 6.3.3. Time-frequency EEG compression 132 6.3.4. Spatio-temporal compression of the EEG 132 6.3.5. Compression of the EEG by parameter extraction 132 6.4. ECG compression 133 6.4.1. State of the art 133 6.4.2. Evaluation of the performances of ECG compression methods 134 6.4.3. ECG pre-processing 135 6.4.4. ECG compression for real-time transmission 136 6.4.4.1. Time domain ECG compression 136 6.4.4.2. Compression of the ECG in the frequency domain 141 6.4.5. ECG compression for storage 144 6.4.5.1. Synchronization and polynomial modeling 145 6.4.5.2. Synchronization and interleaving 149 6.4.5.3. Compression of the ECG signal using the JPEG 2000 standard 150 6.5. Conclusion 150 6.6. Bibliography 151 Chapter 7. Compression of 2D Biomedical Images 155 Christine CAVARO-MÉNARD, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Olivier DEFORGES and Marie BABEL 7.1. Introduction 155 7.2. Reversible compression of medical images 156 7.2.1. Lossless compression by standard methods 156 7.2.2. Specific methods of lossless compression 157 7.2.3. Compression based on the region of interest 158 7.2.4. Conclusion 160 7.3. Lossy compression of medical images 160 7.3.1. Quantization of medical images 160 7.3.1.1. Principles of vector quantization 161 7.3.1.2. A few illustrations 161 7.3.1.3. Balanced tree-structured vector quantization 163 7.3.1.4. Pruned tree-structured vector quantization 163 7.3.1.5. Other vector quantization methods applied to medical images 163 7.3.2. DCT-based compression of medical images 164 7.3.3. JPEG 2000 lossy compression of medical images 167 7.3.3.1. Optimizing the JPEG 2000 parameters for the compression of medical images 167 7.3.4. Fractal compression 170 7.3.5. Some specific compression methods 171 7.3.5.1. Compression of mammography images 171 7.3.5.2. Compression of ultrasound images 172 7.4. Progressive compression of medical images 173 7.4.1. State-of-the-art progressive medical image compression techniques 173 7.4.2. LAR progressive compression of medical images 174 7.4.2.1. Characteristics of the LAR encoding method 174 7.4.2.2. Progressive LAR encoding 176 7.4.2.3. Hierarchical region encoding 178 7.5. Conclusion 181 7.6. Bibliography 182 Chapter 8. Compression of Dynamic and Volumetric Medical Sequences 187 Azza OULED ZAID, Christian OLIVIER and Amine NAÏT-ALI 8.1. Introduction 187 8.2. Reversible compression of (2D+t) and 3D medical data sets 190 8.3. Irreversible compression of (2D+t) medical sequences 192 8.3.1. Intra-frame lossy coding 192 8.3.2. Inter-frame lossy coding 194 8.3.2.1. Conventional video coding techniques 194 8.3.2.2. Modified video coders 195 8.3.2.3. 2D+t wavelet-based coding systems limits 195 8.4. Irreversible compression of volumetric medical data sets 196 8.4.1. Wavelet-based intra coding 196 8.4.2. Extension of 2D transform-based coders to 3D data 197 8.4.2.1. 3D DCT coding 197 8.4.2.2. 3D wavelet-based coding based on scalar or vector quantization 198 8.4.2.3. Embedded 3D wavelet-based coding 199 8.4.2.4. Object-based 3D embedded coding 204 8.4.2.5. Performance assessment of 3D embedded coders 205 8.5. Conclusion 207 8.6. Bibliography 208 Chapter 9. Compression of Static and Dynamic 3D Surface Meshes 211 Khaled MAMOU, Françoise PRÊTEUX, Rémy PROST and Sébastien VALETTE 9.1. Introduction 211 9.2. Definitions and properties of triangular meshes 213 9.3. Compression of static meshes 216 9.3.1. Single resolution mesh compression 217 9.3.1.1. Connectivity coding 217 9.3.1.2. Geometry coding 218 9.3.2. Multi-resolution compression 219 9.3.2.1. Mesh simplification methods 219 9.3.2.2. Spectral methods 219 9.3.2.3. Wavelet-based approaches 220 9.4. Compression of dynamic meshes 229 9.4.1. State of the art 230 9.4.1.1. Prediction-based techniques 230 9.4.1.2. Wavelet-based techniques 231 9.4.1.3. Clustering-based techniques 233 9.4.1.4. PCA-based techniques 234 9.4.1.5. Discussion 234 9.4.2. Application to dynamic 3D pulmonary data in computed tomography 236 9.4.2.1. Data 236 9.4.2.2. Proposed approach 237 9.4.2.3. Results 238 9.5. Conclusion 239 9.6. Appendices 240 9.6.1. Appendix A: mesh via the MC algorithm 240 9.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 10. Hybrid Coding: Encryption-Watermarking-Compression for Medical Information Security 247 William PUECH and Gouenou COATRIEUX 10.1. Introduction 247 10.2. Protection of medical imagery and data 248 10.2.1. Legislation and patient rights 248 10.2.2. A wide range of protection measures 249 10.3. Basics of encryption algorithms 251 10.3.1. Encryption algorithm classification 251 10.3.2. The DES encryption algorithm 252 10.3.3. The AES encryption algorithm 253 10.3.4. Asymmetric block system: RSA 254 10.3.5. Algorithms for stream ciphering 255 10.4. Medical image encryption 257 10.4.1. Image block encryption 258 10.4.2. Coding images by asynchronous stream cipher 258 10.4.3. Applying encryption to medical images 259 10.4.4. Selective encryption of medical images 261 10.5. Medical image watermarking and encryption 265 10.5.1. Image watermarking and health uses 265 10.5.2. Watermarking techniques and medical imagery 266 10.5.2.1. Characteristics. 266 10.5.2.2. The methods 267 10.5.3. Confidentiality and integrity of medical images by data encryption and data hiding 269 10.6. Conclusion. 272 10.7. Bibliography 273 Chapter 11. Transmission of Compressed Medical Data on Fixed and Mobile Networks 277 Christian OLIVIER, Benoît PARREIN and Rodolphe VAUZELLE 11.1. Introduction 277 11.2. Brief overview of the existing applications 278 11.3. The fixed and mobile networks 279 11.3.1. The network principles 279 11.3.1.1. Presentation, definitions and characteristics 279 11.3.1.2. The different structures and protocols 281 11.3.1.3. Improving the Quality of Service 281 11.3.2. Wireless communication systems 282 11.3.2.1. Presentation of these systems 282 11.3.2.2. Wireless specificities 284 11.4. Transmission of medical images 287 11.4.1. Contexts 287 11.4.1.1. Transmission inside a hospital 287 11.4.1.2. Transmission outside hospital on fixed networks 287 11.4.1.3. Transmission outside hospital on mobile networks 288 11.4.2. Encountered problems 288 11.4.2.1. Inside fixed networks 288 11.4.2.2. Inside mobile networks 289 11.4.3. Presentation of some solutions and directions 293 11.4.3.1. Use of error correcting codes 294 11.4.3.2. Unequal protection using the Mojette transform 297 11.5. Conclusion 299 11.6. Bibliography 300 Conclusion 303 List of Authors 305 Index 309

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