Other technologies and applied sciences Books

Book Synopsis''I can''t think of a better way to learn about artificial intelligence, and I''ve never had so much fun along the way'' Adam Grant, New York Times bestselling author of Originals and Option B AI is the technology of the future, but how does it actually work? A hilarious, transporting look under the hood of the technology that''s changing the world - and why it''s dumber than we thinkYou Look Like a Thing and I Love You is one of the best pickup lines ever . . . according to an artificial intelligence trained by scientist Janelle Shane, creator of the popular blog AI Weirdness. She makes silly AIs that learn how to name paint colors, create the best recipes, and even flirt (badly) with humans - all to understand the technology that governs so much of our human lives. We rely on AI every day for recommendations, for rust AI with matters of life and death, on the road and in our hospitals. But how smart is AI really . . . and how does it solve problems, understand humans, and drive self-driving cars?This hilarious introduction to the most interesting science of our time, shows us how these programs learn, fail, and adapt - and how they reflect both the best and the worst of humanity.Trade ReviewIf you're terrified that artificial intelligence is going to take over the world soon, you clearly haven't asked a computer to write pickup lines, name pets, or do anything else social or creative. Janelle Shane has, and she's the perfect tour guide to explain what machine learning can and can't do - and how it's already affecting your life. I can't think of a better way to learn about artificial intelligence, and I've never had so much fun along the way -- Adam Grant * New York Times bestselling author of ORIGINALS *If you're worried about what AI is doing to the world, this book may not exactly reassure you, but it will definitely equip you with greater understanding in a highly readable manner. Shane's sense of humor and enthusiasm for her topic shine through. Recommended for anyone who wants to better understand the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence, but also for anyone who likes watching computers fail hilariously -- Gretchen McCulloch * New York Times bestselling author of Because Internet *Few recent innovations are so revolutionary as machine learning - and none are so poorly understood by the public, pundits, and policy makers. In You Look Like a Thing and I Love You, Janelle Shane delivers a fun, common-sense guide to the technology that's shaping our future -- William Poundstone * author of Are You Smart Enough to Work at Google? *While everyone else is making questionable predictions about the future of AI, Janelle Shane cuts through the fog by telling you how AI actually works. And, even better: she makes it fun! -- Zach Weinersmith, creator of Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal * New York Times bestselling author of Soonish *Machine learning algorithms are becoming more entrenched in our everyday lives, but they're far from perfect. Janelle Shane takes readers on a light-hearted adventure into the world of machine learning in the wild, examining what these algorithms are really learning - and what they're misunderstanding completely. If you're interested in learning about machine learning and artificial intelligence, trying to understand our robot overlords, or just love weird and interesting science, you can't miss this book -- David Ha, Lead Researcher, Google BrainThis book is scary, not because of how smart AI is, but how weird and too often dysfunctional. If Janelle Shane is a real person, and not some kind of writing robot, she demonstrates the superiority of natural intelligence in the task of making a technical topic irresistibly funny and compelling -- Roy Peter Clark * author of Writing Tools *Janelle Shane's goofy experiments with AI reveal a lot about the future. This book will make you laugh, but you'll also get a crash course in how AI works-and why it's not quite ready to take over the world. A delightful way to learn about the technology that's poised to change our lives -- Annalee Newitz * author of Future of Another Timeline *Janelle Shane has hit the trifecta - the most hilarious, educational, and overall best explainer of artificial intelligence ever written (and drawn) -- Eric Topol * author of Deep Medicine *You Look Like a Thing And I Love You is an incredibly accessible, informative, and (this is equally-important) hilarious look at how the AIs deciding things around us operate. They're not magic, and they're not even that mysterious - but in Janelle Shane's hands, they're hysterical -- Ryan North * New York Times bestselling author of How to Invent Everything *Janelle Shane makes the kind of neural networks that go viral. Her quirky creations autonomously stumble and grumble ... the output of her networks is typically silly and charming in equal measure * Slate *Janelle Shane is quickly becoming the internet's neural network queen * Nerdist *An accessible primer ... illustrated with charming cartoons, oddball case studies (self-driving cars in Australia were confused by kangaroos), and wry observations about the often-hilarious failures of artificial intelligence to comprehend human contexts * Publishers Weekly *Creative and hilarious * New York Post *Janelle Shane of A.I. Weirdness is awesome * BoingBoing *

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Book SynopsisThis popular text, now in a third edition, offers readers a vivid perspective on the cultural and social complexities of food practices and the current food system. Synthesizing insights from the multidisciplinary field of food studies, this book engages readers’ curiosity by highlighting the seeming paradoxes of food: how food is both individual and social, reveals both distinction and conformity, and, in the contemporary era, seems to come from everywhere but nowhere in particular. Each chapter begins with an intriguing case study and ends with suggested resources and activities. Chapter topics include identity, restaurants and food media, health, marketing, industrialization, global food, surplus and scarcity, and social change. Updates and enhancements in this edition reflect new scholarly insights into how food is involved in social media, social movements, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout, the book blends concepts and empirical accounts to address the central issues of culture, structure, and social inequality. Written in a lively, accessible style, this book provides students with an unrivalled and multifaceted introduction to this fascinating aspect of social life.Trade Review“The third edition of Food & Society builds on the considerable strengths of its predecessors to compass a lively, accessible, and engaging journey through how and why we eat the ways we do. Its classroom exercises and supplementary reading suggestions help it earn its place as an anchor text for undergraduate introductions to the food system.”Raj Patel, University of Texas “I have used this book with over a thousand undergrads. Its orientation around paradoxes provides just the right critical lens to rethink all that readers normally take for granted about food, while never letting them forget that eating habits are part of larger systems of power and inequality.”Charlotte Biltekoff, University of California “This engaging book considers the often conflicting relationships between stakeholders across the food system. Approachable case studies that include donuts, beer, and antibiotics illustrate that there are complex social structures that impact our relationship to food.”Beth Forrest, Culinary Institute of America “The third edition of this book maintains its position as a principal introduction to food studies. This edition contains a greater awareness of the global food system as revealed to many through the COVID-19 pandemic, and offers an updated discussion of the wider role of food labels and their connection to important social movements.”Cultural Sociology Praise for the Second Edition: “Food & Society gives us a fascinating introduction to the issues in food studies of greatest current concern. This exceptionally well-researched book explains why food matters so much and why it generates such intense controversy. The book may be aimed at students, but anyone interested in food issues will have much to learn from the paradoxes it presents.”Marion Nestle, New York UniversityTable of Contents1 Principles and Paradoxes in the Study of Food 2 Food and Identity: Fitting In and Standing Out 3 Food as Spectacle: The Hard Work of Leisure 4 Nutrition and Health: Good to Eat, Hard to Stomach 5 Branding and Marketing: Governing the Sovereign Consumer 6 Industrialization: The High Costs of Cheap Food 7 Global Food: From Everywhere and Nowhere 8 Food Access: Surplus and Scarcity 9 Food and Social Change: The Incremental Revolution

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Book SynopsisThe authors of The Perfect Meal examine all of the elements that contribute to the diner's experience of a meal (primarily at a restaurant) and investigate how each of the diner's senses contributes to their overall multisensory experience.Trade Review"This book is in a class by itself. If you thought taste was located on your tongue, then this unique book will disabuse you of that notion and reveal how both eating and cooking are extraordinarily rich multisensory experiences." (New York Journal of Books, 1 November 2014) "Their exhaustive analyses of everything from plate size to flavour incongruities are laced with details such as cutlery's evolution from Victorian marrow scoops and chocolate muddlers to today's textured spoons and 'aromatic forks.'" (Nature, 30 October 2014) "The Perfect Meal can't fail to entertain, inform and ultimately to dazzle."—Heston Blumenthal, chef and owner of The Fat Duck "Not many people are as ready to realise the importance of the senses, not only in cooking but in eating, as Charles Spence and Betina Piqueras-Fiszman ...This book demonstrates beyond doubt that gastronomy is the most complex creative discipline that exists."—Ferran Adrià, elBullifoundation "Focusing on the brain's interpretation of our eating experience, pioneers Spence and Piqueras-Fiszman acknowledge the interdisciplinary nature of gastronomy, rendering a complex area of study both digestible and applicable."—Ben Reade, Gastronome and Head of Culinary Research and Development at Nordic Food Lab "The Perfect Meal goes beyond the exotic ingredients and creative insights of the chef and into the realm of the diner’s psychology. Using an accessible writing style that neither talks down to the reader nor dumbs down the science, the authors take us into the relatively unexplored world of the dining context: the gastrophysics of the visual, acoustic, tactile – not to mention taste and smell – influences that we are exposed to in every dining experience.This is a new approach to thinking about dining that will appeal to and inform anyone who has ever been convinced to buy a cookbook by its illustrations or who persists, despite failure, to try to get a booking at The Fat Duck."—John Prescott, Ph.D, author of Taste Matters: Why We Eat the Foods We Do "Nowadays a great many chefs are realising that science also has a place at the table; that a dining experience is made up of far more than just good food. By understanding how we use our senses to interact with and appreciate food we may be able to further enhance our guests' dining experiences. This book looks at many topics which will become increasingly relevant to both chefs and our food culture as a whole in the coming years." — Jozef Youseff, chef and author of Molecular Gastronomy at Home (www.kitchen-theory.com) "...packed with insights that are fascinating to anyone in possession of an appetite."—Amy Fleming, The Guardian "One thing is for sure, after reading this book eating out will never be the same again...."—The Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of FoodTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xvii 1 Introducing the Perfect Meal 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 A brief history of culinary movements 2 1.2.1 Nouvelle Cuisine 2 1.2.2 The rise of molecular gastronomy 3 1.2.3 Molecular gastronomy or modernist cuisine? 5 1.2.4 On the rise of the celebrity chef 7 1.3 The search for novelty and surprise 8 1.3.1 The taste of expectation 10 1.3.2 Food as theatre: the multisensory experience economy meets cuisine 11 1.4 The brain on flavour 12 1.4.1 Neurogastronomy 12 1.4.2 Do neurogastronomists make great-tasting food? 14 1.5 Food and the perception of everything else 16 1.6 Gastrophysics: the new science of the table 18 1.7 Food perception is fundamentally multisensory 21 1.8 Isn’t modernist cuisine only for the lucky few? 22 1.9 Amuse bouche 25 References 27 2 Let the Show Commence: On the Start of the Perfect Meal 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.1.1 Mood food 38 2.2 On the social aspects of dining 42 2.2.1 Waiting staff 42 2.2.2 The company 44 2.3 On the design of the menu 47 2.3.1 Scanning the menu: ‘Oysters, steak frites, field greens, oysters…’ 48 2.3.2 ‘This dessert is literally calling me’ 50 2.3.3 Images on the menu 52 2.3.4 On a diet? Does nutritional information help? 54 2.3.5 Price and behaviour 55 2.3.6 On the format of the menu 59 2.4 Conclusions 62 References 62 3 Tastes Great, But What do We Call It? The Art and Science of Food Description 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Snail porridge 73 3.3 Can labelling enhance the taste and/or flavour of food? 77 3.4 Interim summary 81 3.5 On the neuroscience of naming food 81 3.6 Naming names 84 3.7 Does food labelling influence the perceived ethnicity of a dish? 85 3.8 Natural and organic labels 87 3.9 Health/ingredient labels 88 3.10 Local labels 90 3.11 Descriptive food labelling 91 3.12 Labelling culinary techniques 92 3.13 Surprise! 95 3.14 Expectations and reactions 96 3.15 Conclusions 98 References 100 4 Plating and Plateware: On the Multisensory Presentation of Food 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 A potted history of food presentation 111 4.3 The plate: the essential element of our everyday meal 115 4.3.1 On the colour of the plate 115 4.3.2 The shape of the plate 119 4.3.3 The size of the plate 121 4.3.4 On the haptic aspects of the plateware 122 4.4 Interim summary 128 4.5 The plate that is not a plate 128 4.5.1 Reaching new heights 129 4.5.2 On the smell and sound of the plateware 130 4.5.3 Camouflage 132 4.5.4 Improvised plateware 133 4.5.5 Purpose-made plateware 134 4.6 On the multiple contributions of the visual appearance of a dish 135 4.6.1 On the importance of harmony on the plate 136 4.7 Individual diner responses to the visual presentation of food 141 4.8 Conclusions 143 References 143 5 Getting Your Hands on the Food: Cutlery 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 The story of cutlery 153 5.3 The material qualities of the cutlery 159 5.3.1 The quality of the cutlery 160 5.3.2 Tasting the cutlery 161 5.4 Size matters 165 5.5 On the texture/feel of the cutlery 166 5.6 Colourful cutlery 168 5.7 Cutlery that is not 169 5.8 Finger food 174 5.9 Eating without hands 175 5.10 Conclusions 177 References 177 6 The Multisensory Perception of Flavour 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Perceiving flavours 183 6.3 Taste 186 6.3.1 Are you a supertaster? 187 6.4 Olfactory–gustatory interactions 188 6.4.1 Cross-cultural differences in multisensory flavour perception 190 6.5 Oral-somatosensory contributions to multisensory flavour perception 191 6.5.1 Are you a thermal taster? 193 6.6 Interim summary 193 6.7 The sound of food 194 6.8 Visual flavour 196 6.8.1 How does colour influence flavour perception? 196 6.8.2 Summary of research on visual flavour 200 6.9 The cognitive neuroscience of multisensory flavour perception 200 6.10 Conclusions 202 References 204 7 Using Surprise and Sensory Incongruity in a Meal 215 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 How did sensory incongruity become so popular and why is it so exciting? 216 7.2.1 The search for novelty 216 7.2.2 The rise of molecular gastronomy/modernist cuisine 216 7.2.3 The rise of sensory marketing and multisensory design 217 7.2.4 Globalization 217 7.3 Defining sensory incongruity 218 7.4 Noticing sensory incongruity 219 7.4.1 Disconfirmed expectations 221 7.4.2 Hidden and visible incongruity 222 7.5 A brief history of sensory incongruity at the dinner table 224 7.6 Colour–flavour incongruity 226 7.7 Format–flavour incongruity 227 7.8 Smell–flavour incongruity 230 7.9 Interim summary 231 7.10 The diner’s response to sensory incongruity 232 7.10.1 Attentional capture 232 7.10.2 Surprise 232 7.10.3 Memorability 232 7.11 Molecular gastronomy and surprise 233 7.12 Sensory incongruity and the concept of ‘naturalness’ 236 7.13 Individual differences in the response of diners to sensory incongruity 239 7.14 Conclusions 241 References 242 8 Looking for Your Perfect Meal in the Dark 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 The social aspects of dining in the dark 251 8.3 Why are dining in the dark restaurants so popular nowadays? 252 8.4 Seeing or not seeing (correctly) the food 255 8.4.1 The importance of colour to food 255 8.4.2 Do our other senses really become more acute in the dark? 260 8.5 Does dining in the dark really capture how the blind experience food? 264 8.6 Cooking in the dark 265 8.7 Conclusions 265 References 266 9 How Important is Atmosphere to the Perfect Meal? 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Atmospherics and the experience economy 275 9.3 The Provencal Rose paradox 278 9.4 Does the atmosphere really influence our appraisal of the meal? 280 9.5 On the ethnicity of the meal 280 9.6 Tuning up how much money and time we spend at the restaurant 282 9.6.1 The style and volume of the music 282 9.6.2 The tempo of the music 284 9.6.3 “Pardon?” 285 9.7 Context and expectation 286 9.8 The lighting 287 9.9 The olfactory atmosphere 288 9.10 On the feel of the restaurant 291 9.11 Atmospheric contributions to taste and flavour perception 294 9.12 Multisensory atmospherics 298 9.13 Conclusions 299 References 301 10 Technology at the Dining Table 311 10.1 Introduction 311 10.2 Technology on the dining table 312 10.3 Transforming the dining experience by means of technology 315 10.4 Augmented Reality (AR) food: A case of technology for technology’s sake? 317 10.5 Using QR codes to change our interaction with food 319 10.6 Fostering healthy eating through the incorporation of technology 320 10.7 Technology and distraction 322 10.8 Using technology to control the multisensory atmosphere 323 10.9 On the neuroscience of matching sound to food (and how technology might help) 324 10.10 On the future of technology at the table: digital artefacts 326 10.11 The SmartPlate 328 10.12 Anyone for a ‘Gin & Sonic’? 328 10.13 The tablet as twenty-first century plateware? 329 10.14 Tips from the chef at the tips of your fingers 331 10.15 Conclusions 331 References 333 11 On the Future of the Perfect Meal 339 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 On the history of predicting the future of food 341 11.2.1 A meal (or even a day’s food) in a single dose 341 11.2.2 On the mechanization of feeding 345 11.2.3 Air ‘food’ 346 11.2.4 Artificial flavours 348 11.3 From the past to the future of food 351 11.3.1 Sous vide as the twenty-first century microwave 351 11.3.2 3D printed food: an astronomical idea 353 11.3.3 On the future of cultured meat 355 11.3.4 Note-by-note cuisine 356 11.3.5 Eating insects for pleasure: bug burger with insect paste, anyone? 358 11.3.6 The new algal cuisine 362 11.4 Anyone for a spot of neo-Futurist cuisine? 363 11.4.1 Food theatre: food as entertainment 364 11.4.2 Plating art 365 11.5 Interim summary 366 11.6 Acknowledging our differences 367 11.7 The meal as catalyst for social exchange 367 11.8 Is it a restaurant or is it a science laboratory? 369 11.9 Pop-up dining, story telling and the joys of situated eating 371 11.10 Conclusions 372 References 374 Index 383

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality,  authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The definitive, fully up-to-date guide to continuous improvement in the workplace"An updated version of a classic book that shares a wealth of new healthcare examples and case studies from around the world. The methods in this book will help you improve quality and safety, reduce waiting times, and improve the long-term financial position of your organization. Highly recommended!" --Mark Graban, author of Lean Hospitals and coauthor of Healthcare Kaizen"Every business faces the iron triangle of quality, cost, and delivery. Conventional thinking claims you cannot have all three. Not only does Mr. Imai turn that thinking on its head, but he shows you exactly how to do it." -- Matthew E. May, author of The Elegant Solution and Table of ContentsForeword: Kaizen by Everyone, Everyday, EverywhereCh 1 Kaizen as a Complete Management SystemCh 2 Gemba Kaizen--Case 1: Gemba Kaizen at a Farm in AfricaCh 3 How to Sustain Continuous ImprovementCh 4 Continuously Improving SQDC at the Gemba--Case 2: Measuring the Right ThingsCh 5 Standards--Case 3: Oil Platform Maintenance--Case 4: SCDACh 6 5S--Case 5: The True Meaning of 5S--Case 6: Simple Improvements, Big Impact in Healthcare--Case 7: 5S of Information (IT)Ch 7 Muda, Muri, Mura--Case 8: MTN: Muda Free Nations (Kaizen in Government)--Case 9: Removing Overburden (Muri) from Work--Case 10: Supply Chain Variation (Mura) ReductionCh 8 SUPPORT Kaizen: The Foundation of House of Gemba--Case 11: Support Kaizen at European Hypermarket--Case 12: Top Management Support through Hoshin Kanri--Case 13: Organization Design and GembaCh 9 Visual Management--Case 14: Industrial Company--Case 15: Making Knowledge Work VisibleCh 10 Speaking with and Managing by Facts--Case 16: What Leaders Learn When they Go See--Case 17: Linking the Daily to the StrategicCh 11 Daily Kaizen & Front Line ManagementCh 12 The Roles of Natural Teams in Gemba Kaizen --Case 18: Electronics Supplier in China--Case 19: Middle East Retail ChainCh 13 TPS – The Ultimate Production System--Case 20: Toyota Retired Executive Interview--Case 21: Toyota Supplier StoryCh 14 JIT/ Total Flow Management--Case 22: Automotive Company in Europe--Case 23: Just in Time in a Bakery--Case 24: Total Flow through a Retail Co.Ch 15 Project Kaizen and End-to-End Optimization--Case 25: Group Health Value Stream Transformation--Case 26: Bank of New Zealand--Case 27: Lean Development (Construction)Ch 16: Continuous Improvement as a Strategic Weapon--Case 28: Retail – Top Line Growth--Case 29: Ski Lodge in Italy – Customer Experience Design--Case 30: Keeping Manufacturing in the USAfterword

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of BEER An Engaging Introduction to Chemistry with a Popular Theme From the earliest civilizations to our own day, brewing beer has driven science and technology. In ancient times, brewing was the most advanced biotechnical process. In the modern world, the study of alcoholic fermentation was the springboard for the new science of biochemistry. The Chemistry of Beer: The Science in the Suds, 2nd Edition explains the scientific basis of each brewing step as we understand it today. Readers of this second edition will find: Updates and revisions include a new chapter on beer-related products such as hard seltzer, flavored malt beverages, and non-alcoholic beer Streamlined language and structure to help clarify the chemistry Over 200 illustrations, now in full color throughout Complete glossary and index Question sets at the end of each chapter to check for understanding Online solutions manuaTrade Review" ... explains beer chemistry with a refreshing combination of rigor and accessability." -- Zymurgy, Nov-Dec 2022 issueTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition vii Reading Notes viii Acknowledgments viii About the Author ix 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Overview 1 Brief History 1 The World of Beer 11 Beer and Technology 14 Beer and Chemistry 18 Alcohol and Prohibition 23 Beer Tradition 25 Chapter 1 Highlights 27 Chapter 1 Sources 27 Chapter 1 Questions 30 2 What is Beer? 33 Chapter 2 Overview 33 Beer Composition 33 Beer Ingredients 33 Beer as Food 37 How Beer is Made 39 Chapter 2 Highlights 46 Chapter 2 Sources 47 Chapter 2 Questions 47 3 Chemistry Basics 51 Chapter 3 Overview 51 Atoms 51 Compounds 54 Names of Chemical Compounds 60 Molecular Shape 62 Polarity and Electronegativity 65 Intermolecular Forces 67 Molecular Kinetics 70 Chemical Reactions and Equations 71 Oxidation Numbers 72 Amount of Substance (Moles) 74 Mixtures 75 Composition of Mixtures 75 Mass Relationships in Compounds 77 Chapter 3 Highlights 78 Chapter 3 Sources 79 Chapter 3 Questions 79 4 Water 85 Chapter 4 Overview 85 The Water Molecule 85 Acids and Bases 87 pH 89 pH—A Closer Look 91 Ions and Beer 92 Measuring Alkalinity 93 Measuring Hardness 93 Water Treatment 97 Osmosis—A Closer Look 98 Hydrates—A Closer Look 102 Chapter 4 Highlights 103 Chapter 4 Sources 103 Chapter 4 Questions 104 5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 107 Chapter 5 Overview 107 Structural Formulas 107 Functional Groups 109 Using the Functional Group Guide 120 Naming Organic Compounds 121 Chapter 5 Highlights 123 Chapter 5 Sources 124 Chapter 5 Questions 124 6 Carbohydrates 129 Chapter 6 Overview 129 Monosaccharides 129 Chirality 131 Absolute Configurations—A Closer Look 132 Disaccharides 136 Polysaccharides 137 Know Your Carbohydrates 140 Testing Carbohydrates 141 Chapter 6 Highlights 141 Chapter 6 Source 142 Chapter 6 Questions 142 7 Milling and Mashing 145 Chapter 7 Overview 145 Milling 145 Mashing 146 Enzymes and Proteins 149 Amylase Mechanism 155 Mashing Process 156 Dextrins, Light Beer, and Malt Liquor 159 Chapter 7 Highlights 159 Chapter 7 Sources 160 Chapter 7 Questions 160 8 Wort Separation and Boiling 163 Chapter 8 Overview 163 Wort Separation 163 Boiling 166 Hops 167 Chilling 172 Chapter 8 Highlights 173 Chapter 8 Sources 174 Chapter 8 Questions 174 9 Fermentation 177 Chapter 9 Overview 177 Energy and Bonds 177 Energy from ATP 179 Glycolysis 180 Ethanol Synthesis 182 Aerobic and Anaerobic Reactions 185 Flavor Compounds 186 Chapter 9 Highlights 188 Chapter 9 Sources 188 Chapter 9 Questions 189 10 Tests and Measurements 193 Chapter 10 Overview 193 Measurement in Chemistry 193 Brewing Measurements 197 Carbohydrate Calculations 200 Temperature 201 Color 204 Light and Color—A Closer Look 204 Alcohol Concentration 205 pH 208 Carbonation 210 Sensory Analysis 210 Chapter 10 Highlights 211 Chapter 10 Sources 211 Chapter 10 Questions 212 11 The Chemistry of Flavor and Style 215 Chapter 11 Overview 215 Flavor 215 Flavor Compounds 221 Off-Flavors 232 Brewing Water and Flavor 236 Beer Styles 236 Chapter 11 Highlights 240 Chapter 11 Sources 241 Chapter 11 Questions 242 12 Beer-Related Products 245 Chapter 12 Overview 245 Non-Alcohol/Low Alcohol Beer 245 Cider 251 Flavored Malt Beverages 252 Hard Seltzer 252 Mead 252 Sake 253 Kombucha 254 Vinegar 254 Chapter 12 Highlights 255 Chapter 12 Sources 256 Chapter 12 Questions 257 13 Haze and Foam 259 Chapter 13 Overview 259 Surfaces 259 Surfactants 261 Haze 261 Foam 265 Gases–A Closer Look 265 Gases and Liquids 268 Foam Issues 273 Nitrogen and Widgets 273 Chapter 13 Highlights 275 Chapter 13 Sources 275 Chapter 13 Questions 276 14 Beer Flavor Stability and Packaging 279 Chapter 14 Overview 279 Typical Flavor Changes 279 The Role of Oxygen 280 Staling Prevention 283 Beer Packaging 285 Bottling and Canning 289 Microbe Reduction 290 Chapter 14 Highlights 290 Chapter 14 Sources 291 Chapter 14 Questions 292 15 Brewing at Home and as a Career 295 Chapter 15 Overview 295 Homebrewing Methods 295 Safety Issues 296 Cleaning and Sanitation 297 About Yeast 298 Full Mash Brewing 298 Extract Brewing 310 Bottling 311 Using Liquid Yeast 315 Getting Started Cheap 316 Brewing Lager Beer 317 Brewing as a Career 318 Chapter 15 Highlights 319 Chapter 15 Sources 320 Chapter 15 Questions 321 Glossary 323 Index 357

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Book SynopsisSupporting the Edexcel specification, this title offers exam tips, practice questions and sample answers with comments that give students the confidence to tackle all the questions that come up in the exam. It includes classroom activities with structured guidance that helps save teachers time.

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Book Synopsis'Real science can be far stranger than science fiction, and much more satisfying'Will artificial intelligence outsmart us?Is there other intelligent life in the universe?Throughout his extraordinary career, Stephen Hawking expanded our understanding of the universe and unravelled some of its greatest mysteries. Will Artificial Intelligence Outsmart Us? considers the threat of artificial super-intelligence - as well as the likelihood of intelligent life beyond our planet.'Modest, profound and sometimes very funny' Sunday TimesBrief Answers, Big Questions: this stunning paperback series offers electrifying essays from one of the greatest minds of our age, taken from the original text of the No. 1 bestselling Brief Answers to the Big Questions.

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Book SynopsisSupporting the Edexcel specification, this title offers exam tips, practice questions and sample answers with comments that give students the confidence to tackle all the questions that come up in the exam. It includes classroom activities with structured guidance that helps save teachers time.Table of ContentsUnit 1: Portfolio of Creative SkillsUnit 2: Design & Technology in PracticeUnit 3: Design for the FutureUnit 4: Commercial Design

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.CHANGE FOR THE BETTER!Learn to create world-class logistics and supply chains in any industry using kaizen's seven main principlesAt a time when businesses are restructuring to become more competitive, many seek a road map to improve their operations. Kaizen in Logistics and Supply Chains is at the forefront of this journey--and can point youin the right direction to help your company in implementing innovative production and logistics systemsand changing its culture for the better.Based on the themes of Masaaki Imai's bestseller, Gemba Kaizen, considered the "bible" of the quality/management movement, this new work provides the first highly detailed explanation of how to create world-class logistics and supply chainTable of ContentsPart I: Introduction to Kaizen in Logistics and Supply ChainsCh 1: Total Flow Management: Kaizen and Pull FlowCh 2: The No Kaizen, No Pull, No Flow: Life of Company ACh 3: The Pulse of High Performance: Pull Logistic Loops & Customer TaktPart II: The Dynamics of the Total Flow Management ModelCh 4: Kaizen Reliability: Creating Change Capability / Basic ReliabilityCh 5: Lean Production Flow: Introduction and Line Layout DesignIntroduction to Production Flow; Line Layout and DesignCh 6: Lean Production Flow: Border of Line and Standard WorkBorder of Line; Standard WorkCh 7: Lean Production Flow: SMED Flexibility and Low Cost AutomationSMED; "LCA – Low Cost Automation"Ch 8: Lean Internal Logistics FlowCh 9: Lean Internal Logistics Flow: Mizusumashi and SynchronizationCh 10: Lean Internal Logistics Flow: Leveling and Production Pull PlanningLeveling; Production Pull PlanningCh 11: Lean External Logistics Flow: Introduction and Warehouse DesignCh 12: Lean External Logistics Flow Ch 13: Lean External Logistics Flow: Deliver Flows and Logistics Pull PlanningPart III: How to Implement Total Flow ManagementCh 14: Facing the Truth: Analyzing the Current State of the Supply ChainCh 15: Establishing the Vision: Designing the Kaizen Pull Flow Supply ChainCh 16: Taking Action: The Power of the Kaizen WayCh 17: The Kaizen Pull Flow Life of Company AAppendix A - Calculations for Transport Kanban LoopsAppendix B - Calculations for Production Kanban LoopsAppendix C - Examples of Production Pull Planning AlgorithmsAppendix D -Basic Reliability ScorecardsProduction Flow ScorecardsInternal Logistics Flow ScorecardsExternal Logistics Flow Scorecards

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete guide on tools and techniques for modeling of supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction (SSFE) processes and phenomena. It provides details for SSFE from managing the experiments to modeling and optimization. It includes the fundamentals of SSFE as well as the necessary experimental techniques to validate the models. The optimization section includes the use of process simulators, conventional optimization techniques and state-of-the-art genetic algorithm methods. Numerous practical examples and case studies on the application of the modeling and optimization techniques on the SSFE processes are also provided. Detailed thermodynamic modeling with and without co-solvent and non equilibrium system modeling is another feature of the book.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Nomenclature xvii 1 Fundamentals of Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Supercritical Fluid Properties 2 1.3 Subcritical Condition 3 1.4 Physical Properties of Subcritical Fluid 5 1.5 Principles of Sub- and Supercritical Extraction Process 7 1.5.1 Solid Sample Extraction 8 1.5.2 Liquid Sample Extraction 9 1.6 Applications of SCF Extraction 11 1.6.1 Decaffeination of Coffee and Tea 11 1.6.2 Removal of FFA in Fats and Oils 15 1.6.3 Enrichment of Tocopherols 17 1.6.4 Carotenes from Crude Palm Oil and from Palm Fatty Acid Esters 18 1.7 Solubility of Solutes in SCFs 18 1.8 Solute–Solvent Compatibility 20 1.9 Solubility and Selectivity of Low-Volatility Organic Compounds in SCFs 21 1.10 Method of Solubility Measurement 24 1.10.1 Static Method 24 1.10.2 Dynamic Method 25 1.11 Determination of Solvent 27 1.11.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 30 1.11.2 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) as a Solvent 31 1.12 Important Parameters Affecting Supercritical Extraction Process 36 1.12.1 Pressure and Temperature 36 1.12.2 Solvent Flowrate 38 1.12.3 Cosolvent 39 1.12.4 Moisture Content 40 1.12.5 Raw Material 42 1.13 Profile of Extraction Curves 43 1.14 Design and Scale Up 45 2 Modeling and Optimization Concept 47 2.1 SFE Modeling 47 2.1.1 Importance of Knowing the Solid Matrix and Selecting a Suitable Model 48 2.1.2 Different Modeling Approaches in SFE 48 2.1.2.1 Experimental Models 49 2.1.2.2 Models Which Are Based on Similarity between Heat and Mass Transfer 49 2.1.2.3 Models Based on Conservation Balance Equations 49 2.2 First Principle Modeling 49 2.2.1 The Equation of Continuity 50 2.2.2 The Equation of Motion in Terms of τ 50 2.2.3 The Equation of Energy in Terms of q 52 2.3 Hybrid Modeling or Gray Box 53 2.4 ANN 55 2.4.1 Simple Neural Network Structure 55 2.4.1.1 Transfer Function 57 2.4.1.2 Activation Functions 57 2.4.1.3 Learning Rules 57 2.4.2 Network Architecture 58 2.5 Fuzzy Logic 61 2.5.1 Boolean Logic and Fuzzy Logic 61 2.5.2 Fuzzy Sets 62 2.5.3 Membership Function 63 2.5.3.1 Membership Function Types 63 2.5.4 Fuzzy Rules 64 2.5.4.1 Classical Rules and Fuzzy Rules 65 2.5.5 Fuzzy Expert System and Fuzzy Inference 66 2.5.5.1 Mamdani FIS 66 2.5.5.1.1 Fuzzification 66 2.5.5.1.2 Fuzzy Logical Operation and Rule Evaluation 66 2.5.5.1.3 Implication Method 67 2.5.5.1.4 Aggregation of the Rule Outputs 67 2.5.5.1.5 Defuzzification 67 2.5.5.2 Sugeno Fuzzy Inference 67 2.6 Neuro Fuzzy 68 2.6.1 Structure of a Neuro Fuzzy System 69 2.6.2 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) 69 2.6.2.1 Learning in the ANFIS Model 71 2.7 Optimization 72 2.7.1 Traditional Optimization Methods 73 2.7.2 Evolutionary Algorithm 74 2.7.3 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 74 2.7.4 Genetic Algorithm 75 2.7.4.1 Genetic Algorithm Definitions 75 2.7.4.2 Genetic Algorithms Overview 76 2.7.4.3 Preliminary Considerations 77 2.7.4.4 Overview of Genetic Programming 78 2.7.4.5 Implementation Details 79 2.7.4.5.1 Selection Operator 79 2.7.4.5.2 Crossover Operator 79 2.7.4.5.3 Mutation Operator 79 2.7.4.6 Effects of Genetic Operators 80 2.7.4.7 The Algorithms 80 3 Physical Properties of Palm Oil as Solute 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Palm Oil Fruit 83 3.3 Palm Oil Physical and Chemical Properties 84 3.3.1 Palm Oil Triglycerides 85 3.3.2 Minor Components in Palm Oil 89 3.4 Vegetable Oil Refining 91 3.5 Conventional Palm Oil Refining Process 91 3.5.1 Chemical Refining 93 3.5.2 Physical Refining 97 3.5.3 Effect of Palm Oil Refining 98 3.6 Conclusions 100 4 First Principle Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction Modeling 101 Part I: Modeling Methodology 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Phase Equilibrium Modeling 101 4.3 The Redlich–Kwong–Aspen Equation of State 102 4.3.1 Calculations of Pure Component Parameters for the RKA-EOS 102 4.3.2 Binary Mixture Calculations 103 4.4 Palm Oil System Characterization 103 4.4.1 Palm Oil Triglycerides 104 4.4.2 Free Fatty Acids 106 4.4.3 Palm Oil Minor Components 106 4.5 Development of Aspen Plus® Physical Property Database for Palm Oil Components 107 4.5.1 Vapor Pressure Estimation 107 4.5.2 Estimation of Pure Component Critical Properties 108 4.5.2.1 Critical Properties Estimation Using Normal Boiling Point 108 4.5.2.2 Critical Properties Estimation Using One Vapor Pressure Point 110 4.6 Binary Interaction Parameters Calculations 110 4.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Process Development 113 4.7.1 Hydrodynamics of Countercurrent SFE Process 113 4.7.2 Solubility of Palm Oil in Supercritical CO2 115 4.7.3 Process Modeling and Simulation 116 4.7.3.1 Simple Countercurrent Extraction 118 4.7.3.2 Countercurrent Extraction with External Reflux 118 4.7.4 Process Analysis and Optimization 119 Part II: Results and Discussion 120 4.8 Palm Oil Component Physical Properties 120 4.8.1 Vapor Pressure of Palm Oil Components 120 4.8.2 Pure Component Critical Properties 122 4.9 Regression of Interaction Parameters for the Palm Oil Components-Supercritical CO2 Binary System 122 4.9.1 Binary System: Triglyceride – Supercritical CO2 123 4.9.2 Binary System: Oleic Acid – Supercritical CO2 126 4.9.3 Binary System: α-Tocopherol – Supercritical CO2 128 4.9.4 Binary System: β-Carotene – Supercritical CO2 130 4.9.5 Temperature-Dependent Interaction Parameters 131 4.10 Phase Equilibrium Calculation for the Palm Oil–Supercritical CO2 System 132 4.11 Ternary System: CO2 – Triglycerides – Free Fatty Acids 133 4.12 Distribution Coefficients of Palm Oil Components 134 4.13 Separation Factor Between Palm Oil Components 138 4.13.1 Separation Factor Between Fatty Acids and Triglycerides 139 4.13.2 Separation Factor Between Fatty Acids and α-Tocopherols 140 4.14 Base Case Process Simulation 141 4.14.1 Palm Oil Deacidification Process 141 4.14.1.1 Solubility of Palm Oil in Supercritical CO2 141 4.14.1.2 Palm Oil Deacidification Process: Comparison to Pilot Plant Results 142 4.15 Conclusion 145 5 Application of Other Supercritical and Subcritical Modeling Techniques 147 5.1 Mass Transfer, Correlation, ANN, and Neuro Fuzzy Modeling of Sub-and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Processes 147 5.2 Mass Transfer Model 148 5.3 ANN Modeling 153 5.4 Neuro Fuzzy Modeling 153 5.5 ANFIS and Gray-box Modeling of Anise Seeds 154 5.6 White Box SFE Modeling of Anise 155 5.6.1 Gray Box Parameters 156 5.6.2 ANFIS 156 5.6.2.1 Preprocessing 157 5.6.3 Gray Box 158 5.7 Results and Discussion 159 5.7.1 ANFIS 159 5.7.2 Gray Box Modeling Results 159 5.7.2.1 Black Box 159 5.7.3 Comparison of ANFIS and Gray Box Models with ANN and White Box Models 161 5.8 Introduction – Statistical versus ANN Modeling 162 5.9 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Q. infectoria Oil 164 5.9.1 Materials and Methods 165 5.9.2 Experimental Design 165 5.9.3 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 168 5.10 Subcritical Ethanol Extraction of Java Tea Oil 168 5.10.1 Artificial Neural Network Modeling 172 5.11 SFE of Oil from Passion Fruit Seed 173 5.11.1 Experimental Procedures 173 5.11.2 RSM Statistical Modeling 174 5.11.3 ANN Modeling of Passion Fruit Seed Oil Extraction with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 176 6 Experimental Design Concept and Notes on Sample Preparation and SFE Experiments 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Experimental Design 179 6.3 Statistical Optimization 180 6.4 Optimization of Palm Oil Subcritical R134a Extraction 182 6.4.1 Effect of Temperature and Pressure 184 6.4.2 Model Fitting 187 6.4.3 Process Optimization 189 6.5 Comparison of Subcritical R134a and Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Palm Oil 190 6.5.1 Extraction Performance 191 6.5.2 Economic Factor 196 6.6 Sample Pretreatment 197 6.6.1 Moisture Content Reduction 198 6.6.2 Sample Size Reduction 199 6.7 New Trends in Pretreatment 200 6.8 Optimal Pretreatment 203 7 Supercritical and Subcritical Optimization 205 Part I: First Principle Optimization 205 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Evaluation of Separation Performance 205 7.2.1 Effects of Temperature and Pressure 206 7.2.2 Effect of the Number of Stages 207 7.2.3 Effect of Solvent-to-Feed Ratio 208 7.2.4 Effect of Reflux Ratio 209 7.3 Parameter Optimization of Palm Oil Deacidification Process 210 7.3.1 Simple Countercurrent Extraction (Without Reflux) 212 7.3.2 Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux 213 7.4 Proposed Flowsheet for Palm Oil Refining Process 215 7.5 Conclusions 216 Part II: ANN, GA Statistical Optimization 217 7.6 Introduction 217 7.7 Traditional Optimization 217 7.8 Nimbin Extraction Process Optimization 220 7.9 Genetic Algorithm for Mass Transfer Correlation Development 223 7.10 Optimizing Chamomile Extraction 225 7.11 Statistical and ANN Optimization 227 7.12 Conclusion 232 Appendix A Calculation of the Composition for Palm Oil TG (Lim et al. 2003) 233 Appendix B Calculation of Distribution Coefficient and Separation Factor (Lim et al. 2003) 235 Appendix C Calculation of Palm Oil Solubility in Supercritical CO2 (Lim et al. 2003) 237 References 239 Index 265

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Book SynopsisSelf-Protection Jammer Systems is an in-depth exploration of the technical and operational principles of self-protection jammer systems. This comprehensive resource covers the theoretical foundations of self-protection jammers, including radar theory, radar guidance, radar jamming theory, radar warning receiver systems, and the theory of self-protection jammer systems. It translates these technical foundations into practical applications in operational settings, specifically highlighting the effective deployment of self-protection jammers on airborne platforms and decoys for jamming purposes.This book also focuses on the future trends in both technical and operational aspects of self-protection jammer systems. To facilitate a deeper understanding, it includes solved problems that illustrate key concepts and applications.Aimed at engineers involved in developing and maintaining self-protection electronic warfare systems, this book provides essential theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for design, implementation, field support, and maintenance. It will also help operational personnel to understand and address technical issues and define realistic requirements. The book is expected to inspire scholars in the field, offering new perspectives and insights into self-protection jammer systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the many varied materials used by model engineers in their workshops such as iron and steel, non-ferrous metals including aluminium, brass and copper, hard and soft woods and a number of engineering and other plastics. It also contains details about abrasives, adhesives, bearing materials, ceramics and refractory materials, coatings, electroplating solutions, fuels, gases, lubricants, pickles, polishing materials, sealants and solders. It provides an easy reference for those seeking the right material for the task or an item specified on plan. Packed full of useful information, the book is aimed at those who build model locomotives, traction, boat and stationary steam engines, oil, diesel, glow and petrol engines, gas turbines, artillery pieces, farming appliances, carriages and other road vehicles as well as those who make clocks and workshop tools. It is also directed at those working with full-size machinery, such as vintage cars, motor and pedal cycles, traction engines and railway locomotives.Table of ContentsIron and Steel. Aluminium. Copper. Other Non-Ferrous Metals. Selecting Materials. Plastics. Wood. Refractory and Abrasive Materials. Jointing Materials. Cleaning, Etching, Pickling and Plating Fluids. Coatings, Fuels, Lubricants. Other Workshop Materials. Appendices: Safety. Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations. Metric/Imperial Conversion Tables. Useful Addresses. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to dimensional analysis, a method of scientific analysis used to investigate and simplify complex physical phenomena, demonstrated through a series of engaging examples.This book offers an introduction to dimensional analysis, a powerful method of scientific analysis used to investigate and simplify complex physical phenomena. The method enables bold approximations and the generation of testable hypotheses. The book explains these analyses through a series of entertaining applications; students will learn to analyze, for example, the limits of world-record weight lifters, the distance an electric submarine can travel, how an upside-down pendulum is similar to a running velociraptor, and the number of Olympic rowers required to double boat speed.The book introduces the approach through easy-to-follow, step-by-step methods that show how to identify the essential variables describing a complex problem; explore the dimensions of the problem and recast it to

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Book SynopsisDiscover how to butcher your own meat and make homemade sausage With interest in a back-to-basics approach to food on the rise, more and more people are becoming interested in butchering their own meat and making high-quality, preservative-free sausages. With easy-to-follow instructions and illustrations, Butchery & Sausage-Making For Dummies offers readers a look at how to butcher poultry, rabbit, beef, pork, lamb, and goats. The book will also explore sausage-making, with tips and recipes, and will look at preserving meat through curing and smoking. Offers natural, healthier alternatives for sausages and preserved meats for people wary of processed foods Provides helpful tips and guidance for home cooks and beginner butchers Provides needed guidance for those looking to explore this long-overlooked profession Butchery & Sausage Making For Dummies is an invaluable resource for home cooks interested in being mTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Conventions Used in This Book 2 What You’re Not to Read 2 Foolish Assumptions 3 How This Book is Organized 3 Part I: Time to Meet Your Meat! 3 Part II: Poultry, Rabbit, and Lamb Butchery 4 Part III: Pork Butchery 4 Part IV: Beef Butchery 4 Part V: Sausage-Making and Using the Whole Animal 4 Part VI: The Part of Tens 5 Icons Used in This Book 5 Where to Go from Here 5 Part I: Time to Meet Your Meat! 7 Chapter 1: The Butchery Room 9 Understanding the Importance of Ye Ol’ Butcher Shoppe 10 Identifying what butchers do 11 Patronizing your local shop 14 Assuming the Role of Butcher in Your Own Home 14 Knowledge and equipment you need 15 The benefits of butchering your own meat 15 Preserving Traditions: Sausage-Making and Other Preservation Methods 17 Making sausage 17 Other preservation techniques 19 Promoting Healthy Food Systems 19 Chapter 2: Meat is Meat, Right? Wrong! 21 Knowing What You’re Getting 21 You say “tomato”; I say “porcupine” — Playing the name game 22 Think cooking instead of cutting 22 Deciphering labels 24 Focusing on Flavor 26 The amount and kind of fat 26 The age of the animal 28 The meat’s grade 28 Whether the meat is dry or wet aged 29 Ensuring you get the best flavor 30 Broadening Your Definition of “Good” 31 Chapter 3: Cuts and Terminology: The Basics of Butchery 33 Breaking It Down the Easy Way: Meat Maps 34 Making Heads or Tails of Butchery Terminology 36 Keeping track of body parts and positions 36 Understanding cut terminology 38 Breaking news: Bench (or table) or hanging 38 Sourcing the Freshest Cuts from the Supplier or Meat Counter 39 Finding a reputable supplier 39 Judging freshness at the meat counter 40 Identifying standard and specialty cuts 41 Substituting Cuts in Recipe Planning 41 Braising, slow cooking cuts 41 Grilling or quick-searing cuts 42 Roasting cuts 43 Chapter 4: Basic Knife Skills, Tools, and Techniques 45 Knives, Mallets, and More: Gathering Your Butchery Tools 46 The essential cutting implements 46 Other necessary items 48 Useful but nonessential items 49 Making Confident and Fluid Cuts: Basic Grips and Posture 49 Get a grip! Holding your knife properly 50 Maintaining good posture 52 Special Techniques Every Butcher Should Know 53 Denuding 53 Cutting steaks 54 Frenching 55 Butterflying 56 Cubing meats for braising 58 Being Safe While Using Sharp Pointy Metal Tools 58 Part II: Poultry, Rabbit, and Lamb Butchery 61 Chapter 5: Duck, Duck, Goose, Chickens: Starting with Poultry 63 A Word about Cutting Up Birds 64 Getting familiar with poultry musculature 65 Basic chicken-butchering tools and techniques 66 Pieces of Eight: Cutting Up a Fryer 67 Removing the head and feet 67 Removing the wings 68 Removing the legs 69 Cutting out the spine 70 Splitting the breast 72 Dividing the legs into two pieces 73 Finishing up 73 Cutting the Chicken into Five Equal Portions 74 Freeing the oysters 74 Removing the legs and spine 75 Sectioning the wing portions 76 Making Boneless, Skinless Chicken Pieces 77 Removing the skin 77 Cutting up the skinned chicken 78 Deboning the breast 78 Deboning the thigh and drumsticks 79 Impressing Your Neighbors: Boneless Chicken Halves 81 Chapter 6: What’s Up, Doc? Rascally Rabbits! 85 Cutting Up Fryers and Roasters 85 Removing the offal and silver skin 86 Removing the back legs 87 Removing the front legs 88 Cutting through the ribs 88 Removing the pelvis 90 Sectioning the saddle 90 Portioning the loin 91 Finishing up the rack 92 Deboning the Rabbit 93 Removing the rib cage 94 Cutting out the skeleton 95 Removing the leg bones 96 Removing the arm bones 97 Chapter 7: Baaaaack to Basics: Lamb and Goat Butchery 99 Getting to Know Your Little Bovids 99 The lowdown on lamb 100 Getting (to know) your goat 100 Covering Lamb and Goat Butchery Basics 101 On the bench or on the hook? 101 The cuts 101 Dealing with the Neck/Shoulder 104 Slicing the Skirt Free 105 Removing the Flank 106 Two Tasks in One: Removing the Breast and Foreshank 107 Removing the foreshank 107 Removing the breast 108 Removing the Hindshanks 109 Using a saw to remove the hindshank 109 Using a boning knife to remove the hindshank 110 Removing the Shoulder 111 The Leg 112 Removing the legs from the loin 112 Sawing the legs in two 114 Working with the Rib 115 Separating the rib from the loin 115 Chining the rib 116 Cutting Denver ribs 118 Portioning the rib chops 118 The Loin 119 Part III: Pork Butchery 121 Chapter 8: Porky Pig: Understanding the Beast 123 Pork and Pigs: Getting to Know the Beast 124 Pork production 125 Weighty matters: Making sense of pork poundage 125 Pork’s USDA identification categories 125 Fundamentals of Pork Butchery 126 Inspecting the carcass 126 Paying attention to safety issues 127 Getting Familiar with Pig Primals, Subprimals, and Retail Cuts 127 First and second cuts: Primals and subprimals 127 The retail cuts 129 Chapter 9: Pork: Cutting It Up 133 A Bit of Advice before You Begin 133 Removing the Head 134 Removing the Front Trotters (Feet) 136 Removing the trotters with your boning knife 136 Removing the trotters by sawing 137 Removing the Foreshanks 138 Splitting the Breast-plate 139 Dealing with the Shoulders 140 Removing the shoulders 140 Splitting the shoulders in two 142 Trim work: Cleaning up the shoulder 143 Removing the Hind Trotters 143 Sectioning the Legs from the Loin 144 Freeing the legs from the belly 144 Separating the loin from the legs 145 Sawing the legs in two 146 Removing the Pork Skirt Steaks 147 Cutting the Belly from the Loin 148 Chapter 10: Moving into Pork Subprimals 151 From the Shoulder: The Boston Butt and Pork Shoulder (Picnic) 152 Separating the Boston butt from the picnic 152 Making retails cuts from the picnic 156 Producing Retails Cuts from the Loin 158 Cutting center loin chops 158 Boneless loin roast and chops 161 Baby back ribs 164 Removing the tenderloin 165 Porterhouse or T-bone steaks 166 Getting Great Cuts from the Leg (or Ham) 167 Spareribs from the Pork Belly 169 Trimming Meat for Grind 170 Part IV: Beef Butchery 173 Chapter 11: What’s Your Beef? Understanding the Cuts 175 The Lowdown on Beef Butchery 175 Muscles matter! Paying attention to beef musculature 176 Maximizing flavor and tenderness 177 Playing it safe 178 Dividing Up the Task: Primals, Subprimals, and Retail Cuts 178 Forequarter and hindquarter primals and subprimals 179 The retail cuts 180 Chapter 12: Beef: The Forequarter 185 Breaking the Forequarter: The Basics 185 Fashioning a hook and rail 186 Cutting on the rail 187 Removing the Outside Skirt (Rail) 189 Separating Out the Chuck, Arm, and Brisket from the Plate and Rib (Rail) 190 Step 1: Marking the chuck and rib 191 Step 2: Separating the rib from the chuck 192 Step 3: Scoring the brisket 193 Step 4: Removing the arm from the chuck 193 Step 5: Removing the brisket 195 Step 6: Removing the neck meat and atlas joint 196 Step 7: Removing the flat iron 197 Step 8: Removing the chuck 198 Squaring Up the Chuck Short Ribs (Rail) 199 Sectioning the Rib from the Plate (Rail) 201 Trimming the Brisket (Bench) 202 Trimming the Flat Iron (Bench) 203 Removing the Foreshank (Bench) 205 Cutting the foreshank from the arm 205 Osso bucco 206 The Arm/Shoulder Clod (Bench) 206 Removing the arm bone 207 Extracting the petite filet 208 Preparing a cross rib roast 209 Tying the arm roast 210 The Rib and Bone-in Ribeye Steaks (Bench) 210 Cutting bone-in rib eyes 210 Frenching the bone-in rib eye 211 Chuck Short Ribs (Bench) 212 Fabricating the chuck roll 212 Seaming out the mock tender 213 Removing the neck and spine 214 The last stages of the chuck 216 On the Bench: The Plate 217 Removing the inside skirt 217 Cutting the short ribs 217 Cleaning the breastbones 219 Chapter 13: Beef: The Hindquarter 221 Breaking the Hindquarter: The Basics 221 Removing the Elephant Ear (Rail) 223 Pulling the Cod Fat (Rail) 224 Dealing with the Flank 225 Removing the flank (rail) 225 Freeing the flank steak (bench) 226 Pulling the Tri-Tip (Rail) 227 Removing the Full Loin (Rail) 228 Removing and Portioning the Round (Rail) 230 Removing the knuckle from the round 230 Cutting the top sirloin free from the round 231 Removing the gooseneck (bottom round) 233 Cutting the Full Loin Down (Bench) 234 Removing the flank from the full loin 234 Seaming out the inside skirt 235 Seaming out the bottom sirloin flap (bavette steak) 236 Cutting the Tri-Tip Free (Bench) 237 Separating the Short Loin from the Sirloin (Bench) 238 Taking Care of the Top Sirloin (Bench) 239 Removing the head filet 239 Deboning the top sirloin 240 Cutting Steaks from the Short Loin (Bench) 241 Cutting bone-in steaks 242 Frenching the bone-in steaks 242 Producing Osso Bucco from the Hindshank (Bench) 243 Part V: Sausage-Making and Using the Whole Animal 245 Chapter 14: Setting Yourself Up for Sausage 247 Gathering the Right Equipment 247 Thinking about your sausage-making needs 248 Choosing a grinder 248 Looking at mixers 249 Have stuffer, will sausage 251 Other essentials 252 A word about casings 252 Picking from a Plethora of Sausages 254 Common sausage flavor combos 254 Types of sausages 255 Chapter 15: Sausage-Making Techniques 257 Getting in Touch with Your Inner Nerd: Sausage Science 257 Using quality ingredients 258 Getting the right amount of moisture 258 Achieving the right texture 259 Ensuring a good bind 259 Using the proper technique 260 Fermented sausages and guarding against botulism 261 Making Sausage: The Basic Steps 262 Gathering your ingredients 262 Preparing the meat for grinding 264 Chilling the meat before grinding and mixing 265 Grinding and mixing your sausage 265 Stuffing the sausage into the casing 268 Tying the knot: Linking and drying sausages 269 Hanging your links to dry 270 Storing Your Sausage 271 Chapter 16: Scrumptious Sausage Recipes 273 Chicken and Rabbit Sausage 274 Beef Sausage 280 Pork Sausage 285 Lamb and Goat Sausage 294 Chapter 17: Processing Techniques: The Good Kind 299 Whole-Muscle Curing 299 Following the general process 300 Identifying the equipment you need 301 Ensuring safe curing practices 302 Time for the cure 303 Smoke ’Em If You Got ’Em 305 Gathering (or building) your equipment 305 Choosing your wood chips 306 Smoking tips 307 Making bacon 307 From Scraps to Elegant Dining: Pâté, Terrines, and More 307 Making a meat paste: Pâtés 308 Creating scrumptious layers: Terrines 308 Upping the elegance factor: Galantines 309 Stocks and Sauces: It’s All Gravy, Baby 309 The secrets to a solid stock 310 Whipping up a hearty sauce 311 Praise the Lard, Save the Fats 312 Part VI: The Part of Tens 313 Chapter 18: Top Ten Mistakes to Avoid When Butchering 315 Keeping a Messy Workspace 315 Letting Your Meat Get Warm 316 Not Following the Separation of Time or Space Rule 316 Not Watching Your Posture 316 Improperly Storing Your Meat 317 Letting Your Knives Get Dull 318 Wasting Perfectly Useful Scrap 318 Rushing through the Process 318 Being Careless or Distracted 319 Being Fearful 319 Chapter 19: Top Ten Grilling Cuts 321 Chicken — The Whole Thing, Every Last Part 321 Ribs, Any Kind 322 Hamburgers, That Glorious Staple 322 Show Me Some Leg, Lamb 323 Flat Steaks and Their Three-Dimensional Flavor 323 Pork Chops — Brine and Shine 324 Flat Iron, a Butchers’ Discovery 324 Lamb Saratoga, a Treasure Seeker’s Prize 324 Strip Steak, America’s Sweetheart 325 The Rib Eye — There, I’ve Said It 325 Chapter 20: Ten Sssshhhhausage-Making Secrets 327 Keep It Cool 327 Keep It Clean 328 Keep Notes 328 Grind It Right 328 Get in the Mix 329 Test the Texture and Taste 329 Hone Your Stuffing Technique 330 Practice Linking Tricks 331 Store the Sausage Properly 331 Use Quality Seasonings 331 Index 333

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Book SynopsisWritten by noted experts in the field, Handbook of Mango Fruit: Production, Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Nutrition offers a comprehensive resource regarding the production, trade, and consumption of this popular tropical fruit. The authors review the geographic areas where the fruit is grown and harvested, including information on the ever-expanding global marketplace that highlights United States production, imports and exports, and consumption, as well as data on the outlook for the European market. Handbook of Mango Fruit outlines the postharvest handling and packaging techniques and reviews the fruit's processed products and byproducts that are gleaned from the processing of waste. The authors include information on the nutritional profile of the mango and review the food safety considerations for processing and transport of mangoes. This comprehensive resource: Reviews global mango production trends and countries that are the Table of ContentsPreface vii List of Contributors ix 1 Mango Production, Global Trade, Consumption Trends, and Postharvest Processing and Nutrition 1Edward A. Evans, Fredy H. Ballen and Muhammad Siddiq 2 Mango Production 17Chantalak Tiyayon and Robert E. Paull 3 Biology, Postharvest Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mango 37Maria Gloria Lobo and Jiwan S. Sidhu 4 Pests of Mango 61Daniel Carrillo, Andrea Birke, Larissa Guillen and J.E. Peña 5 Mango Pathology and Diseases 91Andressa de Souza-Pollo and Antonio de Goes 6 Harvesting and Postharvest Technology of Mango 105Jeffrey K. Brecht and Elhadi M. Yahia 7 Packaging of Fresh Mangoes and Processed Mango Products 131Aman Ullah Malik, Farihah Siddiq and Muhammad Siddiq 8 Processing and Quality of Fresh-cut Mangoes 151Blanca Salinas-Roca, Jorge Welti-Chanes, Olga Martin-Belloso and Robert Soliva-Fortuny 9 Innovative Processing Technologies for Mango Products 169Deepti Salvi, Ender Arserim and Mukund Karwe 10 Mango Processing and Processed Products 195Muhammad Siddiq, Dalbir S. Sogi and Sunisa Roidoung 11 Composition and Nutritional Properties of Mangoes 217Tasleem A. Zafar and Jiwan S. Sidhu 12 Phytochemical Compounds in Functional Properties of Mangoes 237Yearul Kabir, Hossain Uddin Shekhar and Jiwan S. Sidhu 13 Microbiology of Fresh Mangoes and Processed Products 255Anu Kalia and Rajinder P. Gupta 14 Value-added Processing and Utilization of Mango By-products 279Poonam Aggarwal, Amarjeet Kaur and Suresh Bhise Index 295

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive source of in-depth informationprovidedon existing and emerging food technologies based on theelectromagneticspectrum Electromagnetic Technologies in Food Scienceexamines various methodsemployedin food applications that are based on the entire electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Focusing on recent advances and challenges in food science and technology, thisis anup-to-date volumethatfeaturesvitalcontributionscomingfrom an international panel of expertswho havesharedboth fundamentaland advanced knowledgeof informationonthedosimetry methods,and on potential applications ofgamma irradiation, electron beams, X-rays, radio and microwaves, ultraviolet, visible, pulsed light, and more. Organized into four parts, the text begins with an accessible overview of the physics of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by discussion onthe application of the EM spectrum to non-thermal food processing. The physics of infrared radiation, microwaves, and other advanced heating methods are thendeTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxi 1 Physics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 Michael Vollmer 1 Introduction 1 2 Description of Electromagnetic Waves 2 2.1 Properties of Waves 2 2.2 Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 5 3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves: Geometrical Versus Wave Optics 7 4 Description of Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 10 5 Exponential Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation in Matter 11 6 Microscopic Structure of Matter and Origin of EM Radiation 14 6.1 UV–VIS and Atomic Spectra 14 6.2 IR and Molecular Spectra 16 6.3 X- Rays and Excitations of Inner Electrons in Atoms 18 6.4 γ- Rays and Nuclear Spectra 19 6.5 Blackbody Radiation: Generating UV, VIS, and IR Radiation from Hot Objects 20 6.6 Generation of Microwave and RF EM Waves 21 7 Interaction of EM Radiation with Food 23 7.1 Low Frequencies: RF and Microwaves 23 7.2 IR Radiation 24 7.3 Visible and UV Radiation 25 7.4 X- Rays and γ- Radiation 27 7.4.1 Atomic Photo Effect 27 7.4.2 Compton Effect 28 7.4.3 Pair Generation Effect 28 7.4.4 Probabilities for Absorbing High- Energy Radiation 29 7.4.5 Consequence of Absorption of High- Energy Photons by Matter 29 8 Outlook 31 References 31 2 Dosimetry in Food Irradiation 33 Bhaskar Sanyal and Sunil K. Ghosh 1 Introduction 33 2 Fundamentals of Dosimetry 34 2.1 What is Dosimetry 35 2.2 Absorbed Dose 35 2.3 Physical Aspects of Radiation Absorption 36 2.3.1 Photoelectric Effect 36 2.3.2 Compton Scattering 36 2.3.3 Pair Production 36 2.3.4 Interaction of Charged Particles 37 3 Dosimetry Systems for Food Irradiation Application 37 3.1 Characterization of Dosimetry Systems 39 3.1.1 Calibrating the Dosimetry System 39 3.1.2 Establishing Traceability 39 3.1.3 Determining Batch Homogeneity 40 3.1.4 Determining Uncertainty in the Measured Dose Value 40 3.1.5 Understanding and Quantifying Effects of the Influencing Quantities 40 3.2 Specific Dosimetry Systems for Food Irradiation Applications 41 3.2.1 Chemical Dosimeter (Fricke and Ceric- cerous Sulphate) 41 3.2.2 Alanine Dosimeter 42 3.2.3 Radiochromic Dosimeter 42 3.3 Role of Product Density in the Absorbed Dose 43 4 Dosimetry in Food Irradiation Facility 43 4.1 Dosimetry in Radionuclide- Based Irradiation Facility 44 4.1.1 Dose Mapping Experiment 44 4.1.2 Routine Processing of Food Product 46 4.2 Dosimetry in Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Facility 46 5 Emerging Field of Dosimetry in Low- Energy Accelerator Irradiator for Surface Treatment of Food 49 6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 50 References 51 3 Gamma Irradiation 53 Xuetong Fan and Brendan A. Niemira 1 Introduction 53 2 Characteristics and Generation of γ- rays 54 3 Compton Effect 56 4 Basic Effects on Food: Interaction of γ-rays with Matter 57 5 Dose Unit, Dose Rate, and Dose Distribution 59 6 γ-ray Facility 60 7 Applications of γ-ray Radiation in Foods 60 7.1 Improving Microbial Safety 61 7.2 Preservation of Food 63 7.3 Phytosanitary Treatment 64 7.4 Applications on Low- Moisture Foods 64 7.5 Potential Uses of γ Irradiation for Degradation of Mycotoxin and Allergen 65 8 Factors Impacting the Efficacy of γ- rays 66 8.1 Temperature 66 8.2 Atmosphere 66 8.3 Water Activity 67 8.4 Composition of Foods (Antioxidants) 67 9 Conclusion 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 4 Electron Beams 74 Rajeev Bhat, Benny P. George, and Vicente M. Gómez- López 1 Introduction 74 2 Accelerator as a Source of Ionizing Radiation 76 3 Working Principle of EB Accelerator 77 4 Types of Industrial Electron Accelerators 77 5 Classification of Industrial Electron Beam (EB) Accelerators 78 6 Absorbed Dose 78 7 Radiation Dosimetry 79 7.1 Theoretical Aspect of EB Dosimetry 79 7.2 Practical Aspect of EB Dosimetry 79 7.3 Dosimetry Systems 80 7.4 Calibration of Dosimetry Systems 81 7.4.1 Performance Check of Measuring Instruments 81 7.4.2 Calibration of Routine Dosimeters 81 7.4.3 Establishing Measurement Traceability to National/International Standards 82 8 Scanning Characteristics of the Electron Beam Accelerator 82 9 Depth Dose Profile of Electron Beam 82 10 Process Validation of Industrial EB Accelerator 83 10.1 Installation Qualification (IQ) 84 10.2 Operational Qualification (OQ) 85 10.3 Performance Qualification (PQ) 85 10.4 Routine Monitoring 86 11 EB Irradiation in Food Applications 86 11.1 Mechanism 93 12 Legislations on Electron Beams Application 93 13 Conclusions and Future Outlook 96 Acknowledgements 97 Conflict of Interest Statement 97 References 97 5 X- Rays 105 Francesco E. Ricciardi, Amalia Conte, and Matteo A. Del Nobile 1 Introduction 105 1.1 Thermal and Non- thermal Technologies 105 1.2 Irradiation Technology 107 1.3 X- Rays 109 2 Mechanism of Action of X- Rays 109 3 Case Study 111 3.1 Seafood Products 111 3.2 Fresh and Dried Fruit 115 3.3 Dairy Products 116 3.4 Meat- Based Foods 118 4 Effects of X- Rays on Packaging 119 5 Regulation of X- Ray Irradiation 120 6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 122 References 122 6 Ultraviolet Light 128 Sandra N. Guerrero, Mariana Ferrario, Marcela Schenk, Daniela Fenoglio, and Antonella Andreone 1 Introduction 128 2 Characterization of UV- C Dose 130 3 Rational Use of the Hurdle Approach in the Design of Food Preservation Technologies 134 3.1 UV- C light–based Hurdle Combinations 136 3.1.1 Heat 136 3.1.2 UV- C Combined with Other Novel Technologies 153 3.1.3 UV- C Combined with the Addition of Natural Antimicrobials 162 3.1.4 UV- C Combined with Sanitizers 164 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 170 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 7 Visible Light 181 Laura M. Hinds, Mysore L. Bhavya, Colm P. O’Donnell, and Brijesh K. Tiwari 1 Introduction 181 2 Sources 182 3 Quantifying Light Treatment 183 4 Applications of Visible Light in the Food Industry 184 4.1 Postharvest Handling 184 4.2 Food Safety 186 5 Challenges and Limitations 194 6 Conclusion 194 References 194 8 Pulsed Light 200 Vicente M. Gómez- López, Rajeev Bhat, and José A. Pellicer 1 Introduction 200 2 Pulsed Light as a Technology Based on the Electromagnetic Spectrum 201 3 Photochemistry and Photophysics Laws 202 4 Factors Affecting Efficacy 203 5 Pulsed Light Systems 204 6 Effect on Microorganisms 205 6.1 Action Spectrum 205 6.2 Inactivation Mechanism 205 6.3 Photoreactivation 206 6.4 Sublethal Injury 207 6.5 Viable but Non- culturable State 207 7 Inactivation of Enzymes 207 8 Inactivation of Allergens 208 9 Effect on Lipids 209 10 Effect on Health- Related Compounds 209 11 Effect on Vitamin d 210 12 Effect on Pesticides 210 13 Energy Efficiency 211 14 Legislations (Regulations and Safety) of Pulsed Light 211 15 Conclusions and Future Outlook 212 Conflict of Interest Statement 212 References 212 9 Infrared Radiation 220 Yvan Llave and Noboru Sakai 1 Introduction 220 2 Fundamentals and Theory of Infrared Radiation 221 2.1 Principles of Infrared Radiation Heating 221 2.1.1 Infrared Wavelength 221 2.1.2 Basics Laws of Infrared Radiation 222 2.2 Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 224 2.2.1 Types of Infrared Radiation 224 2.2.2 Heat Generation 224 2.2.3 Sources of Infrared Heating 224 2.3 Special Features of Infrared Radiation 226 2.3.1 Factors Related to the Penetration of IR 226 2.3.2 Advantages of IR Processing 226 2.3.3 Limitations of Infrared Radiation Processing 227 2.4 Interaction of Infrared Radiation with Food 227 2.4.1 Fundamentals of Interaction with Foods 227 2.4.2 Selective Infrared Radiation Absorption of Foods 228 3 Infrared Radiative Properties of Food Materials 229 3.1 Attenuation of Radiation 229 3.2 Properties Related to the Radiative Heat Transfer of Foods 230 4 Applications of Infrared Radiation in Food Processing 230 4.1 Traditional Applications for Foods 230 4.1.1 Infrared Radiation Drying 230 4.1.2 Infrared Radiation Pasteurization 231 4.1.3 Infrared Radiation Grilling, Broiling, and Roasting 231 4.1.4 Infrared Radiation Blanching 231 4.1.5 Infrared Radiation Baking 235 4.1.6 Infrared Radiation Cooking 235 4.2 Rough Rice Drying 235 4.3 Fruit and Vegetable Peeling 236 4.4 Disinfestation and Pest Management 236 4.5 Surface Disinfection in the Food Industry 238 5 Integrated Heating Technologies 238 5.1 Infrared Radiation and Convective Heating 239 5.2 Infrared Radiation and Microwave Heating 240 5.3 Infrared Radiation and Freeze- Drying 241 5.4 Infrared Radiation and Vacuum Drying 241 6 Mathematical Modeling and Simulations 242 6.1 Basics of Computer Simulations of Infrared Radiation Processes 242 6.1.1 Moisture Transfer 243 6.1.2 Heat Transfer 243 6.1.3 Boundary Conditions 243 6.2 Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling of the Infrared Radiation Heating of Foods 244 6.3 Computer Simulations of Novel IR Heating Applications of Foods 244 7 Future Research to Enhance Practical Applications of Infrared Heating 247 8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 247 References 248 10 Microwaves 254 Rifna E. Jerome and Madhuresh Dwivedi 1 Introduction 254 2 Microwave Heating Mechanism and Principle 256 2.1 Dielectric Properties of Food Product 256 2.2 Factors Affecting Microwave Heating 259 2.2.1 Moisture Content and Temperature Dependency 259 2.2.2 Effect of Composition of Food Product 259 2.2.3 Effect of Microwave Frequency 260 2.2.4 Product Parameters 260 2.3 Non- uniformity in Temperature Distribution 260 3 Microwave Application in Food Industries 261 3.1 Microwave- Assisted Cooking and Baking 261 3.2 Microwave- assisted Drying 262 3.3 Microwave- Assisted Blanching 263 3.4 Microwave- Assisted Microbial Inactivation 263 3.5 Microwave- Assisted Extraction 264 4 Safety of Food Processed in Microwave for Consumers 265 5 Merits and De- merits of Microwave Heating Applications 265 6 Conclusion and Outlook 266 References 266 11 Radio Frequency 272 Shunshan Jiao, Eva Salazar, and Shaojin Wang 1 Introduction 272 2 Principle of RF Heating 273 2.1 Dielectric Properties 273 2.2 Governing Equation 274 2.3 Penetration Depth 275 3 Applications of RF Heating in Food Processing 275 3.1 Thawing 275 3.2 Drying 277 3.3 Disinfestation 279 3.3.1 For Fresh Fruits 279 3.3.2 For Grains 281 3.3.3 For Dried Fruits and Nuts 282 3.4 Microbial Inactivation 283 3.4.1 For Fruits and Vegetables 283 3.4.2 For Meat, Poultry Dairy, and Aquatic Products 283 3.4.3 For Grains, Nuts, and Spices 284 3.5 Enzyme Inactivation 285 3.5.1 Blanching 285 3.5.2 Stabilization 287 4 Conclusions and Future Outlook 288 References 289 12 Infrared Spectroscopy 298 Daniel Cozzolino 1 Introduction 298 2 The Electromagnetic Radiation 299 3 Sample Presentation 301 4 Mid- Infrared Spectroscopy – Instrumentation 302 5 Near- Infrared Spectroscopy – Instrumentation 303 6 Portability (Handheld Instruments) 304 7 Hyperspectral and Multispectral Image 304 8 Conclusions and Outlook 306 Acknowledgments 307 Conflict of Interest 307 References 307 13 Raman Spectroscopy 310 Dana Alina Magdas and Camelia Berghian- Grosan 1 Introduction 310 2 Raman Applications in Food and Beverages Studies 311 2.1 Honey 311 2.2 Edible Oils 315 2.3 Wines 321 2.4 Fruit Spirits 325 3 Conclusions and Future 328 Contribution Statement 329 Acknowledgments 329 Conflict of Interest 329 References 329 14 Visible Light Imaging 337 Maimunah Mohd Ali and Norhashila Hashim 1 Introduction 337 2 Principle of Visible Light Imaging 338 2.1 Development and Instrumentation 338 2.2 Hardware- Orientated Color System 339 2.3 Image Processing and Analysis 340 3 Applications of Visible Light Imaging in Food 341 3.1 Fruits and Vegetables 341 3.2 Meat, Fish, and Poultry 344 3.3 Nuts, Grains, and Dairy Products 347 3.4 Fats and Oils 349 3.5 Processed Foods 351 4 Advantages and Limitations 353 5 Future Trends 354 6 Conclusions and Outlook 355 Acknowledgment 356 Conflict of Interest 356 References 356 15 Hyperspectral Imaging 363 Antoni Femenias and Sonia Marín 1 Introduction 363 2 Fundamentals of the Hyperspectral Imaging 364 3 Image Calibration 366 4 Spectral Pre- processing 367 5 Model Calibration 367 6 Characteristic Wavelengths Extraction 369 7 Model Validation 369 8 Application of HSI for Plant Products Quality Assessment 370 8.1 Discrimination According to Quality Parameters 371 8.2 Quantification of Quality Parameters 374 9 Application of HSI for Safety Assessment in Fruits and Vegetables 376 10 Application of HSI for Microbiological Quality and Safety Assessment in Cereals, Nuts, and Dried ruits 377 10.1 Assessment of Fungal Damage 377 10.2 Assessment of Mycotoxin Contamination 379 10.2.1 Aflatoxins 379 10.2.2 Fusarium Toxins 382 11 Conclusions and Future Outlook 383 Acknowledgments 383 References 384 16 Future Challenges of Employing Electromagnetic Spectrum 391 Bibhuti B. Mishra and Prasad S. Variyar 1 Introduction 391 2 Challenges in γ Irradiation Processing of Food 393 2.1 Sources of Radiation: Cobalt 60 and Cesium 137, Electron Beam, and X- ray 393 2.2 Scope for Future Research in γ Radiation 394 2.3 Economic Considerations for Setting Up Facilities 396 3 Challenges in Using UV Light for Processing of Food 396 3.1 Design of UV Processing Equipment 397 3.2 UV for Disinfestation of Contact Surfaces in Food Processing Facilities 398 4 Challenges in Using Infrared (IR) for Processing of Food 398 4.1 Limitations of Infrared Processing 399 4.2 Selection of Infrared Emitters for Drying Applications 399 4.3 Future Scopes for IR Lamp Design Features 399 4.4 Novel IR Filament Material 400 4.5 Future of IR Drying 400 4.6 Scopes for Near- infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy in Industrial Food Processing 401 5 Challenges in Microwave Processing of Food 402 5.1 Microwave Cooking 402 5.2 Microwave Blanching 403 5.3 Microwave Pasteurization/Sterilization 403 5.4 Microwave- assisted Drying 403 5.5 Microwave- assisted Freeze Drying 404 5.6 Future of Applications of Microwave 404 6 Future Scopes for Radiofrequency Processing of Food 404 6.1 Improvement of RF- H Uniformity 405 6.2 Future Research on RF Heating Applications in Food 405 7 Current Problems and Future Prospects of Tetrahertz (THz) Technology 406 8 Regulations for Use of EM Spectrum 406 9 Conclusion and Outlook 407 References 408 Index 411

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Book SynopsisMicrobes in the Food Industry This newest volume in the groundbreaking new series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, focuses on the latest processes, industrial applications, and leading research on microbes in the food industry, for engineers, scientists, students, and other industry professionals. Microbes in the Food Industry, the latest volume in the series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, is focused on different aspects in food microbiology, food science and related subjects for individuals in the food industry, researchers, academics, and students. Microbes are key components of the food processing industry, and this book concentrates on topics that incorporate ideas and applications from various fields to address concerns relating to food safety, quality, and sensory attributes. Researchers around the globe will be able to use this information as a guide in establishing the direction of future research on food processing considering various aspects related to microbes. The maiTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Techniques 1Raina Jain, Prashant Bagade, Kalpana Patil-Doke and Ganesh Ramamurthi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Food Microbiology: A Historical Perspective 2 1.3 Beneficial Microbes in Food 4 1.4 Harmful Microbes in Food 8 1.5 Classical Food Microbiological Techniques 16 1.6 Advances in Food Microbiological Techniques 21 1.7 Regulations Governing Food Microbiology 30 1.8 Conclusions 33 2 Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention 39Monalisa Sahoo, Pramod Aradwad, Nikita Sanwal, Jatindra Kumar Sahu, Vivek Kumar and S. N. Naik 2.1 Fermentation 40 2.2 Traditional Fermented Food 45 2.3 Application of Fermentation to Food 45 2.4 Effects of Fermentation on Nutrients 54 2.5 Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages 60 2.6 Food Safety and Quality Control 63 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 66 3 Probiotic Dairy Foods 87Gökçe Eminoglu, H. Ceren Akal and H. Barbaros Ozer 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Classification and Phylogenetic Properties of Probiotic Microorganisms 90 3.3 Probiotics in the Dairy Matrix 100 3.4 Probiotic Dairy Products 102 4 Dairy Probiotic Products 139Callebe Camelo Silva, Silvani Verruck, Marco Di Luccio, Tatiana C. Pimentel, Marcia Cristina Silva, Erick Almeida Esmerino and Adriano Gomes da Cruz 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Fermented Milks 141 4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 5 Design Schematics, Operational Characteristics and Process Applications of Bioreactors 217Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal, Shubham Jadhav, Sunil Kundu, Namita Singh and Navnidhi Chhikara 5.1 Introduction 218 5.2 Fermenter Design and Operations 220 5.3 Fermenter Configuration 223 5.4 Types of Fermenter 227 5.5 Factors Influencing Operation of Fermenters 238 5.6 Conclusion 241 6 Enzymes in Food Industry and Their Regulatory Oversight 249Megha Dhingra and Jasvir Singh 6.1 Introduction 250 6.2 Production of Enzymes 250 6.3 Applications of Enzymes in Food Industry 258 6.4 Safety Evaluation of Enzymes 263 6.5 Global Regulatory Frameworks 269 6.6 Regulatory Framework in India 270 7 Functional and Nutraceutical Potential of Fruits and Vegetables 275Samandeep Kaur, Umexi Rani and Parmjit Singh Panesar 7.1 Introduction 276 7.2 Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables 277 7.3 Nutritional Composition of Fruits and Vegetable By-Products 287 7.4 Extraction of Bioactives from Fruits and Vegetables 288 7.5 Processing Methods Used for Development of Functional Foods from Fruits and Vegetables 297 7.5.1 Fermentation 297 7.6 Fruits and Vegetable-Based Nutraceuticals 304 7.7 Influence of Processing Methods on Functional Ingredients 307 7.8 Influence of Storage on Functional Ingredients 309 7.9 Future of Functional Foods 311 8 Microbes as Bio-Factories for the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes 321Shivali Banerjee and Amit Arora 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Microbial Bio-Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 322 8.3 Valuable Commodities from Fruit and Vegetable Waste 325 8.4 Technical Challenges, Economics and Future Prospective 339 8.5 Conclusion 340 9 Solid-State Fermentation 355Manish Tiwari, Rashmin Dhingani, Nandani Goyal, Bhavesh Joshi and R.V. Prasad 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 History of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 359 9.3 Factors Affecting SSF 360 9.4 Types of Solid-State Fermentation 365 9.5 Application of SSF Carried Out on Inert Support Materials 368 9.6 Modern Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation 373 9.7 Challenges to SSF 384 9.8 Conclusions 385 10 Pigments Produced by Fungi and Bacteria from Extreme Environments 393Graciéle Cunha Alves de Menezes, Tiago Daniel Madureira de Medeiros, Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima, Maurício Bernardo da Silva, Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz, Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte, Valéria Maia de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique Rosa and Juliano Lemos Bicas 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Extreme Environments 397 10.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms 398 11 Commercially Available Databases in Food Microbiology 441Priyanka Rohilla, Anju Kumari, Sapna Birania and Monika 11.1 Introduction 442 11.2 Functions of a Databases 442 11.3 Need for Databases 443 11.4 Predictive Microbiology in Foods 444 11.5 Predictive Microbiology and Its Models 446 11.6 Rapid Methods of Data Generation 448 11.7 Predictive Models 449 11.8 Guidelines for Modeling the Shelf Life of Foods 459 11.9 Databases in Foods 460 11.10 QMRA (Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment) 462 11.11 Other Databases 463 11.12 Future Prospects 463 References 464 Index 469

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Book SynopsisNANOTECHNOLOGY IN INTELLIGENT FOOD PACKAGING This book is a state-of-the-art exposition of nanotechnology and food packaging which is undergoing rapid advancement. This book is specially designed with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art in nanotechnology and food packaging. It offers fascinating techniques for producing smart and active food packaging and also discusses its toxicity and the role that nanosensors play in detecting different pathogens in food packaging. The concluding chapters also explain recent developments concerning the incorporation of health supplements in food packaging and their future role in producing intelligent food packaging. The 16 chapters of this book were contributed by academic and industry experts working in their respective areas of research and are thoughtfully arranged in a systematic fashion that preserves the flow of knowledge. An attempt has been made to include all the information in a single monograph to better understand the topics and technTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Nanocomposite and Food Packaging 1Aayeena Altaf, Aamir Hussain Dar, Shafat Ahmad Khan and Anurag Singh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nanocomposites Based on Biopolymers 3 1.3 Starch Nanocrystals 7 1.4 Nanocomposites Based on Protein 8 1.5 Food Packaging Matrix with Nano Reinforcements 10 1.6 Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Based on Zinc Oxide 13 1.7 Aspects of Food Packaging 17 1.8 Conclusion 18 2 Polymer-Based Nanostructures in Nanopackaging 25Apoorva Sood, Manpreet Kaur and Reena Gupta 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 26 2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 29 2.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 32 2.5 Polymer-Based Nanostructures 38 2.6 Polymer Nanocomposites 41 2.7 Methods of Synthesis 42 2.8 Characterization of Polymeric Nanomaterials 45 2.9 Applications of Polymeric Nanomaterials 45 2.10 Conclusion 53 3 Role of Green Nanocomposites in Smart/Active Food Packaging 59Samrat K., Sharath R., Chandraprabha M. N., Hari Krishna R. and Kumaraswamy H. M. 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Bionanocomposite/Green Nanocomposites 60 3.3 Biopolymers 61 3.4 Nanofillers 61 3.5 Types of Green Nanocomposites 62 3.6 Green Nanocomposite Preparation Methods 63 3.7 Green Nanocomposites for Applications of Food Packaging 64 3.8 Conclusion 70 4 Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 79Tugbahan Yilmaz 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 82 4.3 Natural Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 92 4.4 Conclusions 99 5 Novel Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers to Form Advanced Materials for Packaging in the Food Industry 113Bratin Sengupta 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Biopolymers and Biodegradability 115 5.3 Improvement of Biopolymers Using Nanostructured Materials 118 5.4 Concerns of Application of Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers 126 5.5 Conclusions 127 6 Natural Biopolymeric Nanotechnology-Based Food Packaging Materials with Antimicrobial Properties 135Hitesh Chopra, Pooja Mittal, Rupesh K. Gautam and Mohammad Amjad Kamal 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Natural Antimicrobials Used in Packaging of Food Products 137 6.3 Types of Various Biopolymers with Antimicrobial Activities 139 6.4 Recent Patents in Field of Nanocomposites Food Packaging Applications 146 6.5 Types of Structures 148 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 150 7 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging and Its Regulatory Aspects 157Pooja Mittal, Anjali Saharan, Ramit Kapoor, Kashish Wilson and Rupesh K. Gautam 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 161 7.3 Nanomaterials for Food Packaging 161 7.4 Drawbacks of Existing Packaging Materials 164 7.5 Proactive Packaging 164 7.6 Mechanism of Packaging 165 7.7 Smart Packaging 169 7.8 Public Concerns and Regulations for Nanomaterials 170 7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective 171 8 Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics in Food Packaging 175Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur, Nitu Rani and Sukhminderjit Kaur 8.1 Introduction 176 8.2 Nanomaterials for Encapsulation of Probiotics 177 8.3 Packaging Material for Nanoencapsulated Probiotics 181 8.4 Techniques Employed for Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 185 8.5 Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 187 8.6 Advantage and Disadvantage of Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 194 8.7 Conclusion 196 9 Incorporation of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging 203Shamkumar P. Deshmukh, Krishna K. Pawar and Dattatray K. Dalavi 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Need of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging 206 9.3 Biopolymers and Their Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Nanocarriers for Food Packaging 207 9.4 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 215 9.5 Nature-Inspired Nanocarriers 219 9.6 Equipment-Based Synthesis of Nanocarriers 222 9.7 Nanostructured Materials 225 9.8 Conclusions 228 10 Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials Used in Food Packaging 235Rahul Singhal, Deepti Rawat and Bhawna Kaushik 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Nanomaterials Employed in Food Packaging 237 10.3 Food Packaging Functionality 238 10.4 Current Market Scenario of Nanomaterials in Packaging Industry 239 10.5 Nanoparticle Migration in Food 242 10.6 Potential Routes for Exposure of NPs 246 10.7 Toxicological Studies of NPs Used in Packaging 248 10.8 Toxicological Effects of NPs 248 10.9 Challenge and Future Prospect 260 10.10 Conclusion 261 11 Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds and Their Food Applications 271Mehdi Taib, Fouad Damiri, Yahya Bachra, Mohammed Berrada and Lahboub Bouyazza 11.1 Introduction 272 11.2 The Importance of Encapsulating Bioactive Compounds in Food Science 272 11.3 Materials Utilized in Micro and Nanoencapsulation 274 11.4 Nano and Microencapsulation Techniques 275 11.5 Application to Nanoencapsulation for ProducingBioactive Food Ingredients 278 11.6 Conclusion 284 12 Applications of Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors in Packaged Food 291Samka Peregrine Maishu and Ngwa Celestine Atemenkeh 12.1 Background 292 12.2 Package Foods (Ways of Packaging) 293 12.3 Packaged Food Pathogens 296 12.4 Conventional Detection Techniques for Packaged Food Pathogens 298 12.5 Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors 300 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 305 13 Nanotechnology in Packaging for Food Preservation 313Ravish Choudhary, Varun Kumar and Reena Yadav 13.1 Introduction 314 13.2 Types of Packaging 316 13.3 Types of Nanomaterial and Their Advantages in Food Packaging 319 13.4 Advantages of Nanopackaging 330 13.5 Conclusion and Future Aspect 331 14 Food Science Nanotechnologies: Implementations, Recent Developments, and Prospects 343Rokeya Akter, Tanima Bhattacharya and Md. Habibur Rahman 14.1 Introduction 344 14.2 Food Processing and Nanotechnology 346 14.3 Food Packaging for Nanotechnology 347 14.4 Intelligent Food Packaging Systems 348 14.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles 349 14.6 Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Nanoparticles 350 14.7 Nutraceutical Delivery and Bioavailability Applications 350 14.8 Food Technology and Nanoencapsulation 351 14.9 Mediated Delivery That is Specific to an Environmental Context 352 14.10 Nanomaterials in Food and Toxicological Aspects 353 14.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 354 15 Edible Film on Food With Smart Incorporation of Health-Friendly Supplements 361Animesh Naskar, Ivi Chakraborty, Sebak Ranjan Roy and Tanima Bhattacharya 15.1 Introduction 362 15.2 Advantages and Limitations of Edible Films 363 15.3 Consumer Acceptance 363 15.4 Functions and Property of Film Forming Substances 364 15.5 Film Forming Process 366 15.6 Film/Coat Formulation and Various Components Used in Coating 367 15.7 Applications of Edible Film/Coating 374 15.8 Use of Nanoparticles as Biopolymer and Nanolaminates 376 15.9 Conclusion 376 16 Future of Food Packaging: Intelligent Packaging 383Jincy Abraham 16.1 Introduction 384 16.2 Tools of Intelligent Packaging 386 16.3 Indicators 387 16.4 Tools for Protection Against Theft, Counterfeiting, and Tampering 407 16.5 Nanotechnology in Intelligent Packaging 409 16.6 Safety and Regulatory Issues 411 16.7 Future Trends 413 16.8 The Industrial Internet of Things 413 16.9 Real-Time Capabilities 413 16.10 Cybersecurity 414 16.11 Conclusion 414 References 414 Index 419

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Book SynopsisTall and supertall building design methods and applicationsâthoroughly revised for the latest advancesThis fully updated guide clearly explains the structural systems, codes, and calculations used in the design and construction of tall and supertall buildings. This new edition has been reconceived to provide more practical and applied information to help you understand the design procedures and code provisions involved. The book discusses the latest versions of relevant codes and standards, including the 2018 IBC, ASCE 7-16, ACI 318, and AISC 360 & 341.Steel, Concrete, and Composite Design of Tall and Supertall Buildings, Third Edition addresses the latest materials, technologies, and construction techniques being used in the field, including the use of BIM for tall buildings and monitoring methods for building movement. Readers will get brand-new case studies encompassing a variety of tall and supertall buildings from North America, Asia, and Euro

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Book SynopsisThe key to understanding technology lies not in the future--but in the past. That's the contention of Lizzie O'Shea's Future Histories, a grand tour through past and present to explore the practical--and sometimes revolutionary--possibilities of our digital age.Searching for new ways to think about our networked world, O'Shea asks what the Paris Commune can tell us about the ethics of the Internet and finds inspiration in the revolutionary works of Thomas Paine and Frantz Fanon. She examines Elon Musk's futuristic visions only to find them mired in a musty Victorian-era utopianism. Instead of current-day capitalist visionaries, O'Shea returns us to the Romantic age of wonder, when art and science were as yet undivided, narrating the collaboration between Ada Lovelace--the brilliant daughter of Lord and Lady Byron--and polymath Charles Babbage, who together designed the world's first computer. In our brave new world of increased surveillance, biased algorithms, and fears of job automation, O'Shea weaves a usable past we can employ in the service of emancipating our digital tomorrows.Trade Review"There has never been a better time to pull the politics of platform capitalism into the foreground where it belongs. Lizzie O'Shea brings a hacker's curiosity, a historian's reach and a lawyer's precision to bear on our digitally saturated present, emerging with a compelling argument that a better world is there for the taking. " -- Scott LudlamA potent, timely, and unrepentantly radical reminder of history's creative potential. Lizzie O'Shea's Future Histories should be required reading for anyone planning on surviving-and even repairing-our grim technological moment. -- Claire L. EvansThere has never been a better time to pull the politics of platform capitalism into the foreground where they belong. Lizzie O'Shea brings a hacker's curiosity, a historian's reach, and a lawyer's precision to bear on our digitally saturated present, emerging with a compelling argument that a better world is there for the taking. -- Scott Ludlam, Australian Greens * endorsement *In this splendid and entertaining book, arrestingly subtitled 'what Ada Lovelace, Tom Paine and the Paris Commune can teach us about digital technology', Lizzie O'Shea sets out to construct what she calls a 'usable past' in order to better understand our digital present and the head-spinning future which technology is devising for us. This 're-purposing' of history is not, O'Shea explains, simply an alternative interpretation of facts, rather it is an argument about what the future could be, based on 'what kinds of traditions are worth valuing and which moments are worth remembering.'In setting out her case, the author deftly defines the iniquities of the digital age; a dystopia of corporate control, data-mining, face recognition software and ubiquitous monitoring by security agencies. In other words, 'surveillance capitalism'; our modern world in which we are not the user but the product. In the context, O'Shea suggests 'smart' means 'Surveillance Marketed As Revolutionary Technology.' If Future Histories did no more than anatomize our present digital entanglement, it would merely be a useful addition to an established area of inquiry. It is the yoking together of technological advancement and progressive social movements that makes this book truly valuable. In viewing our networked world through the prism of the long (and ongoing) struggle for human rights, O'Shea has given us usable tools in the struggle to wrest control of the digital world from the likes of Mark Zuckerberg and Elon Musk. As the old Trade Union slogan has it; 'The Past we inherit, the Future we build.' -- Peter Whittaker * The New Internationalist *

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Book SynopsisNatural Flavours, Fragrances, and Perfumes Explore this one-stop resource on every relevant aspect of natural flavors and fragrances The use of sensory science has the potential to give scientists, researchers, and industry specialists a way to overcome the challenges in nutraceuticals and, more generally, in the functional food industry. Flavor and fragrance have the potential to significantly influence consumer satisfaction with products and its success in the marketplace. In order to effectively produce and optimize a customer’s experience in both food and household products, it is essential to have a strong understanding of the fundamentals of chemistry and physicochemical processes. Natural Flavours, Fragrances and Perfumes offers a comprehensive look at the sensory sciences necessary to produce the most appealing olfactory responses derived from natural resources for consumers – from the analysis and biomolecular aspects of natural products to the processing and isolation of desired products, from the perceptual properties to regulatory aspects. Specifically, the book presents novel approaches to the processes involved in producing plant-derived functional products by examining how characteristic flavors arise due to complex interactions between hundreds of molecules, as well as studying the physiological variables that affect flavor perception. Natural Flavours, Fragrances, and Perfumes readers will also find: Insights into the identification and characterization of plant volatiles, as well as chromatography techniques for sensory fingerprints Chapters devoted to biosynthesis and metabolic pathways for the development of household products composed of organic materials Additional chapters on the advances in flavor science, on technological advances in the effective delivery of flavor, and challenges in the retention and release of flavor Natural Flavours, Fragrances, and Perfumes is a useful reference for chemists of all kinds, food scientists, biotechnologists, and perfumers, as well as those studying in these fields.Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Natural Product diversity and its biomolecular aspects Chapter 2 - Sensory science and its perceptual properties Chapter 3 - Flavor technology and flavor delivery systems Chapter 4 - Identification and comprehensive characterization of plant volatiles Chapter 5 - Multidimensional chromatography techniques for sensory fingerprints Chapter 6 - Flavor signatures of beverages and confectionaries Chapter 7 - Molecular complexities in aroma chemistry and perfumes Chapter 8 - Recent advances in the processing of aromatic plants Chapter 9 - Biogenesis of plant derived aroma compounds Chapter 10 - A Sense of design: Pathway unravelling and rational metabolic-flow switching for the production of novel materials Chapter 11 - The Resinoids: Their chemistry and uses Chapter 12 - Seasonings, herbs and spices Chapter 13 - Flavor biochemistry of fermented alcoholic beverages Chapter 14 - Regulatory aspects for flavor and fragrance materials Chapter 15 - Challenges of sensory science: retention and release Chapter 16 - Virtual screening: an insilico approach to aroma compounds Chapter 17 - Endpoint: A sensory perception of the future

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Book SynopsisWine Flavour Chemistry brings together a vast wealth of information describing components of wine, their underlying chemistry and their possible role in the taste, smell and overall perception. It includes both table wines and fortified wines, such as Sherry, Port and the newly added Madeira, as well as other special wines.Trade Review“This book is a delight to read. It is well produced, contains a wealth of detailed and interesting information, and good use is made of figures and, especially, tables. The authors are clearly very enthusiastic about their subject and the book is so well-written one can open it anywhere, start reading, and be instantly captivated. This book is essential reading for any chemist interested in wine (and who is not?) or in flavour chemistry in general.” (Chromatographia, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of the book 1 1.2 Historical background 2 1.3 Wine flavour 3 1.4 Wine colour 6 1.5 Vinification 6 1.5.1 Vinification process 8 Pre-fermentation 9 Fermentation 15 Post-fermentation 17 1.5.2 Red wines 22 Pre-fermentation 22 Fermentation 23 Post-fermentation 24 1.5.3 White wines 25 Pre-fermentation 26 Fermentation 27 Post-fermentation 28 1.5.4 Specialized wines 28 Rosé wines 28 Wines made from organically farmed grapes 29 Wines with added resin 30 Wines with low alcohol content 31 Sweet wines 31 Sparkling wine in Champagne 32 Sparkling wine by other methods 33 Wines by carbonic maceration 34 Wines by thermovinification 34 Wines matured Sur Lie 35 1.5.5 Fortified wines 35 Port wine 36 Sherry 38 Madeira 40 1.6 Physiological effects 42 1.6.1 Attributed negative effects 43 1.6.2 Wine ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 43 1.6.3 Effects of phenols 45 Resveratrol 46 Bibliography 48 2 Grape Varieties and Growing Regions 53 2.1 Wine grapes 53 2.2 Vine plant characteristics 56 2.3 Soil, climate and ripeness 57 2.3.1 Soil 57 2.3.2 Climate 58 2.3.3 Ripeness 64 2.4 Grape growing regions of the world 65 2.4.1 World wine production 65 2.4.2 Regions 66 2.5 Chemical composition of grapes, must and finished wines 71 2.5.1 Grapes and must 71 2.5.2 Finished wine 79 2.6 Quality control and classification of wines 79 2.6.1 France 79 2.6.2 Germany 82 2.6.3 Italy 83 2.6.4 Spain 84 2.6.5 Australia 84 2.6.6 USA 85 2.6.7 Quality control systems in the European Union 86 Bibliography 87 3 Basic Taste and Stimulant Components 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Basic taste perception 90 3.2.1 Role of taste 90 3.2.2 Taste perception mechanism 91 3.3 Ethyl alcohol 92 3.3.1 Measurement of ethyl alcohol content in wines 93 3.3.2 Measurement of sugar content in musts and wines 94 Brix scale 94 Baumé and Oeschele scales 96 Prediction of alcohol content in the finished wine 96 3.3.3 Sugar content of grapes and must 97 3.3.4 Chaptalization 98 3.4 Acidity 99 3.4.1 Contents of organic acids 100 3.4.2 Measurement of acid content 104 3.4.3 Acid taste 105 3.5 Sweetness 109 3.5.1 Chemical structure of sugars 109 3.5.2 Content/sweetness 109 3.6 Bitterness, astringency and mouthfeel 113 3.6.1 Basic chemistry 113 Non-flavanoids 113 Flavan-3-ols 114 Flavonoids 116 Anthocyanins 117 3.6.2 Basic technology 118 Location of polyphenols in grapes 118 Use of the term ‘tannins’ and their classification 119 Grape tannins 120 Quantifying methods 121 HPLC measurements 122 Other methods 123 Analyses in grapes and during wine-making 124 3.6.3 Bitter constituents 127 White wines 127 Red wines 127 3.6.4 Astringency 127 3.6.5 Mouthfeel 128 3.7 Colouring matter 129 3.7.1 Colour of red wines 129 3.7.2 Colour of white wines 132 3.8 Other constituents 134 3.8.1 Sulfur dioxide 134 Basic chemistry 135 Technical use 135 Taste effects 136 3.8.2 Carbon dioxide 136 Formation and handling of CO 2 137 Sensory factors 137 3.8.3 Oxygen 138 Basic chemistry 138 Oxygen content in wines 139 Effect of oxygen on wine 141 3.9 Changes in maturation 142 3.9.1 ‘In-barrel’ ageing 143 Vats 143 Extraction from barrels 144 Oxidation in barrels 145 3.9.2 ‘In-bottle’ ageing 146 3.9.3 Oxidation–reduction (redox) potential 146 General 147 Nernst equation 147 Redox potentials in wine 148 Redox potentials during vinification 149 Bibliography 150 4 Volatile Components 155 4.1 General 155 4.1.1 Sensory perception 156 4.1.2 Partition coefficients 158 4.1.3 Threshold flavour/odour levels 161 Units 163 Consistency of threshold odour levels 164 Threshold level difference between sniffing and tasting 164 Threshold levels in solutions of dissolved substances in water and in beverages 166 Relationship of threshold values to partition coefficients 168 Volatile compound concentration in the vapour phase 170 4.1.4 Flavour/odour descriptions 173 Use of word descriptions 173 Intensity of flavour/odour 175 4.2 Volatile compounds detected in wines 175 4.2.1 Types of aroma in volatile compounds 178 4.2.2 Stereochemical effects in aroma volatile compounds 180 4.3 Contents and sensory evaluation data 180 4.3.1 Esters 180 Structure 181 Presence in wines 181 Flavour characteristics 182 4.3.2 Aldehydes 189 Presence in wine 189 Flavour characteristics 190 4.3.3 Ketones 190 Presence in wines 190 Flavour characteristics 190 4.3.4 Acetals 196 4.3.5 Alcohols 197 Presence in wines 197 Flavour characteristics 201 4.3.6 Lactones and furanones 201 Molecular structures 201 Presence in wines 205 Flavour characteristics 207 4.3.7 Acids 207 Presence in wines 207 Flavour characterisitcs 208 4.3.8 Nitrogeneous compounds 208 4.3.9 Phenols 209 Presence in wines 209 Flavour characteristics 209 4.3.10 Terpenes 209 Chemical structure 209 Presence in grapes/wines 213 Flavour characteristics 215 4.3.11 Pyrazines 216 Chemical structure 216 Presence in grapes/wines 216 Flavour characteristics 216 4.3.12 Sulfur compounds 219 Chemical structure 219 Presence in wines 219 Flavour characteristics 220 4.4 Changes during maturation 221 4.4.1 Fermentation and storage of wines ‘in-vat (tank)’ and ‘in-barrel (cask)’ 221 Fermentation 221 Storage 222 4.4.2 ‘In-bottle’ ageing 224 Changes in ester content 225 Substances produced by carbohydrate degradation 225 Sulfur compounds 225 Changes in terpenoids 225 Formation of substances from carotene breakdown 226 4.5 Aroma detection and quantification 227 4.5.1 Gas chromatography 227 4.5.2 Sample preparation 228 4.5.3 Olfactometry 230 4.6 Chemical structure and physical properties 231 Bibliography 231 5 Wine Tasting Procedures and Overall Wine Flavour 239 5.1 Wine tasting 239 5.2 Wine tasting procedure 241 5.2.1 Tasting glass 241 5.2.2 Serving 243 5.2.3 Visual 243 5.2.4 Smell 244 5.2.5 Flavour 246 5.2.6 Interactions 247 5.2.7 Astringency 248 5.2.8 Judging the wine 249 5.2.9 Reasons for wine tasting 250 Sensory analysis 250 Quality tastings 251 Identifying wines by tasting 251 Sensory analyses used in research 252 Consumer tasting 252 Analytical tasting 253 5.2.10 Wine tasting information and analysis 254 Statistical analysis 254 5.3 Factors influencing sensory perception 256 5.3.1 Threshold and sensitivity 257 5.3.2 Vocabulary 258 5.4 Balance of taste sensations in wine 258 5.5 Wine aromas 259 5.5.1 Odour/aroma classification 261 5.5.2 Aroma/odour characteristics of wines from particular grape varieties 262 5.5.3 Variants in Cabernet Sauvignon wine flavour 270 5.5.4 Variants of Chardonnay wine flavour 271 5.5.5 Flavour description of some other commercial wines 273 5.5.6 Off-odours and taints 274 Cork taint 275 Mousiness 278 Ethylphenols 279 5.6 Wine and food flavour 279 5.7 Aroma indices and statistical methods 282 5.7.1 Flavour unit concept 282 5.7.2 Odour activity unit 284 5.7.3 Multivariate and other statistical procedures 285 Bibliography 288 6 Sherry, Port and Madeira 291 6.1 Introduction 291 6.1.1 Sherry introduction 291 6.1.2 Port introduction 292 6.1.3 Madeira introduction 292 6.1.4 Comparisons between fortified wines 293 6.1.5 Ethyl alcohol – sensory effect 294 6.1.6 Ethyl alcohol – chemical effect 295 6.1.7 Sweetness 295 6.2 Sherry 295 6.2.1 Wine producers 296 6.2.2 Commercial wine styles 296 6.2.3 Wine writers’ comments 297 6.2.4 Grapes and must 297 6.2.5 Base wine 298 6.2.6 Maturation 299 6.2.7 Maturation changes under flor 299 6.2.8 Maturation changes without flor 301 6.2.9 Maturation with and without flor 302 6.2.10 Volatile compounds 302 6.2.11 Changes during maturation in phenolic compound content 309 6.3 Port wine 311 6.3.1 Port wine producers 311 6.3.2 Commercial Port wine styles 312 6.3.3 Wine writers’ comments 313 6.3.4 Grapes and must 314 6.3.5 Fermentation and base Port wine 315 6.3.6 Port wine compared to red table wine 317 6.3.7 Maturation 318 6.3.8 Colour changes during maturation 318 6.3.9 Volatile changes during maturation 322 6.4 Madeira 327 6.4.1 Madeira wine producers 327 6.4.2 Commercial Madeira wine styles 327 6.4.3 Wine writers’ comments 328 6.4.4 Sensory properties 328 6.4.5 Grapes and must 328 6.4.6 Base wines maturation 329 6.4.7 Volatile compounds 330 Bibliography 335 7 Formation Pathways in Vinification 341 7.1 Introduction 341 7.2 Process variables in vinification 342 7.2.1 Grapes 342 7.2.2 Yeast strain 344 7.2.3 Malo-lactic organisms 347 7.2.4 Temperature 347 Standard operating temperature 347 Thermovinification 348 7.2.5 Clarification procedures 349 7.2.6 Nutrient medium in fermentation 349 7.2.7 Maceration 351 7.3 Production of ethyl alcohol 351 7.4 Production of individual groups of compounds 352 7.4.1 Esters 352 7.4.2 Aldehydes 353 7.4.3 Ketones 354 7.4.4 Acetals 354 7.4.5 Higher alcohols 355 7.4.6 Furanones and lactones 356 7.4.7 Acids 357 7.4.8 Amines 357 7.4.9 Phenols (volatile) 357 7.4.10 Terpenes 359 7.4.11 Pyrazines 360 7.4.12 Sulfur compounds 360 7.5 Noble Rot 362 Bibliography 364 Appendix I 367 I. 1 Chemical formulae nomenclature 367 I.. 1 Nomenclature for a homologous series of compounds (Greek number/word system) 367 I.1. 2 System for substituent groups (derivatives) 368 I.1. 3 System for substituting in long-chain compounds 368 I.1. 4 System for characterizing esters 368 I.1. 5 System for characterizing unsaturated compounds 369 I.1. 6 Systems for esters, thiols and thio-compounds 369 I.1. 7 Miscellaneous IUPAC recommendations 369 I.1. 8 Alternative chemical names 369 I.1. 9 Numbering systems for ring compounds 370 I.1.10 Trivial and common names for derivative alkanes and other compounds 370 I.1. 11 General 371 I. 2 Stereochemistry 371 I.2. 1 Enantiomers 371 Optical activity 372 Chirality 373 Occurrence of enantiomers 375 I.. 2 Geometrical (stereo-) isomers 375 I.2. 3 Tautomerism 376 I. 3 Chemistry of the oxidation of organic compounds 377 I.3. 1 Auto- and enzymatic oxidation of lipids 378 I.3. 2 Oxidation–reduction of alkyl alcohols and aldehydes 379 I.. 3 Oxidation of phenolic compounds 380 Oxidation of procyanidins 383 Oxidation of non-flavanoid phenolic compounds 383 General 384 I.3.4 Oxidation–reduction (redox) potentials 384 I. 4 Estimation of partition coefficients of volatile compounds in air/water 386 I. 5 Grape varieties and cultivars 389 Appendix II 395 II. 1 Units 395 II.2 Data sources 395 Tables of molecular formulae, weight and physical properties for each group of volatile compounds found in wine –Volatile esters 396 –Volatile aldehydes 399 –Volatile ketones 400 –Volatile alcohols 401 –Volatile furanones/lactones 402 –Volatile acids 403 –Volatile phenols 404 –Volatile terpenes 404 –Volatile methoxy pyrazines 405 –Volatile sulfur compounds 405 Index 407

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Book SynopsisThis book covers many aspects of thermal processing of milk and milk products with particular focus on UHT processing. It commences with an overview of the major thermal processing technologies: thermisation, pasteurisation, extended-shelf-life (ESL), UHT and in-container sterilisation.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii List of Abbreviations xxi 1 History and Scope of the Book 1 1.1 Setting the Scene 1 1.2 Scope of the Book 7 1.3 Reasons for Heating Foods 7 1.4 Brief History of Sterilisation Processes 8 References 12 2 Heat Treatments of Milk – Thermisation and Pasteurisation 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Thermisation 16 2.3 Pasteurisation 17 2.3.1 Introduction 17 2.3.2 Historical Background 18 2.3.3 Pasteurisation Equipment 21 2.3.4 Process Characterisation 24 2.3.5 Processing Conditions 27 2.3.6 Changes During Pasteurisation 28 2.3.7 Changes During Storage 32 2.3.8 Pasteurisation of Other Milk–Based Products 34 References 36 3 Heat Treatments of Milk – ESL, UHT and in–Container Sterilisation 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Some Important Definitions 41 3.2.1 Q10 41 3.2.2 Bacterial Indices, B* and F0 42 3.2.3 Chemical Index, C* 43 3.3 Extended Shelf–Life (ESL) Milk Processing 44 3.3.1 ESL Milk by Thermal Treatment 44 3.3.2 ESL Milk by Microfiltration Plus HTST Heat Treatment 49 3.3.3 ESL Milk by Thermal Treatment Plus Bactofugation 50 3.3.4 ESL Milk by Thermal Treatment Plus an Antibacterial Agent 50 3.3.5 ESL Milk by Thermal Treatment Plus a Non–Thermal Technology Treatment 50 3.3.6 ESL Milk by Multiple Thermal Treatments 51 3.4 Sterilisation 52 3.4.1 Introduction 52 3.4.2 UHT Processing 54 3.4.3 In–Container Sterilisation 58 References 61 4 Microbiological Aspects 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Bacteria in Raw Milk 65 4.2.1 Non–Spore–Forming Psychrotrophic Bacteria and their Heat–Resistant Enzymes 68 4.2.2 Spore–Forming Bacteria 69 4.3 Heat Inactivation of Bacteria 78 4.4 Microflora in Processed Milks 80 4.4.1 Pasteurised Milk 80 4.4.2 ESL Milk 83 4.4.3 UHT Milk 85 4.4.4 In–Container Sterilised Milk 90 4.5 Sterilisation of Equipment and Packaging to Prevent Microbial Contamination of UHT Products 90 References 91 5 UHT Processing and Equipment 103 5.1 The UHT Process 103 5.2 Heating 104 5.2.1 Steam–/Hot–WaterBased Heating Systems 104 5.2.2 Electrically Based Heating Systems 146 5.3 Homogenisation 150 5.4 Deaeration 154 5.5 Aseptic Packaging 155 5.5.1 Types of Packaging 155 5.5.2 Sterilisation of Packaging 158 5.5.3 Establishing and Maintaining a Sterile Environment 158 5.5.4 Aseptic Package Integrity 159 5.5.5 Validation of Aseptic Packaging Operations 159 5.6 Plant Cleaning and Sanitisation 161 5.6.1 Introduction 161 5.6.2 Rinsing 161 5.6.3 Water−Product Changeover 162 5.6.4 Cleaning 162 5.6.5 Methods of Measuring Cleaning Effectiveness 164 5.6.6 Kinetics of Cleaning 166 5.6.7 Disinfecting and Sterilising 167 6 Changes During Heat Treatment of Milk 177 6.1 Chemical 177 6.1.1 pH and Ionic Calcium 177 6.1.2 Mineral Salts 182 6.1.3 Proteins 184 6.1.4 Lactose 195 6.1.5 Vitamins 200 6.1.6 Flavour 201 6.1.7 Chemical Heat Indices 208 6.2 Physical Changes 212 6.2.1 Heat Stability 212 6.2.2 Fouling 222 6.3 Kinetics and Computer Modelling 240 References 242 7 Changes During Storage of UHT Milk 261 7.1 Chemical Changes 263 7.1.1 pH 263 7.1.2 Dissolved Oxygen Content 264 7.1.3 Flavour 266 7.1.4 Proteolysis 273 7.1.5 Protein Cross–Linking 275 7.1.6 Deamidation 276 7.1.7 Lactosylation 277 7.1.8 Formation of Monosaccharides 278 7.1.9 Reactivation of Alkaline Phosphatase 278 7.1.10 Vitamins 279 7.1.11 Light–Induced Changes 280 7.2 Physical 282 7.2.1 Sedimentation 282 7.2.2 Age Gelation 283 7.2.3 Thinning 289 7.2.4 Fat separation 290 7.2.5 Maillard Browning 292 7.3 Changes to Some UHT Products Other than Single–Strength Fresh White Cow’s Milk 299 7.4 Accelerated Storage Testing 300 7.5 Chemical and Physical Changes During Storage Trials of UHT Milk 301 7.5.1 Storage Trial 1 (DIAL, 2014) 301 7.5.2 Storage Trial 2 (UCC, 2015) 304 7.5.3 Other Storage Trials 307 References 307 8 Quality Control and Assurance 321 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Safety and Quality Considerations 321 8.2.1 Safety Issues 321 8.2.2 Quality Issues 323 8.3 Heat Treatment Regulations 323 8.4 Quality Assurance/Commercial Sterility: The Current Approach 327 8.4.1 Introduction 327 8.4.2 Commercially Sterile Products 329 8.4.3 Sampling Theories and Probabilities 329 8.4.4 Characteristic Curves 330 8.4.5 Sampling for Process Verification 333 8.4.6 Sampling Plans for Refrigerated Products 334 8.5 Important Quality Considerations for UHT Processing 335 8.5.1 Raw Material Quality 336 8.5.2 Processing Aspects 338 8.5.3 Other Factors 339 8.6 Some Practical Aspects 340 8.7 Microbiological Examination of Heat–Treated Foods 343 8.7.1 Introduction 343 8.7.2 Sample Pre–Incubation 344 8.7.3 Testing for Microbial Activity 345 8.7.4 Plate Counting and Microscopy 345 8.7.5 Rapid Instrumental Methods for Total Bacteria 347 8.7.6 Analyses of Specific Bacteria 350 8.7.7 Indirect Methods Based on the Metabolic Activity of Microorganisms 354 8.8 Non–Invasive Methods 354 8.9 The Milk Microbiome 355 8.10 Use of Modelling Procedures 356 8.11 UHT Product Alerts and Recalls 357 8.12 Time−Temperature Indicators 358 8.13 Conclusions 358 References 359 9 Other Shelf–Stable Products 365 9.1 Introduction 365 9.2 Reconstituted and Recombined Milk 365 9.3 Concentrated Milk Products 367 9.3.1 UHT Evaporated Milk 371 9.3.2 Concentration by Membrane Filtration 372 9.4 Lactose–Reduced Milk (LRM) 373 9.5 Mineral–Fortified Milk 374 9.5.1 Calcium 374 9.5.2 Other Minerals 376 9.6 Flavoured Milk 377 9.6.1 Fruit–Flavoured Milk 378 9.6.2 Chocolate and Other Confectionery Milk 379 9.7 High–Protein Milk Drinks 383 9.8 Breakfast Milk Products 384 9.9 Starch–Based and Thickened Desserts 385 9.10 UHT Cream 386 9.11 UHT Ice Cream Mix 387 9.12 Infant Formulae 390 9.13 UF Permeate 391 9.14 Whey Proteins 392 9.15 Yogurt and Cheese 392 9.15.1 Yogurt 392 9.15.2 Cheese made from UHT Milk 395 9.16 Milk from Species other than Cows 396 9.16.1 Buffalo’s Milk 397 9.16.2 Goat’s Milk 398 9.16.3 Camel’s Milk 400 9.17 Non–Dairy Products 401 9.17.1 Soy Milk 404 9.17.2 Peanut Milk 408 9.17.3 Coconut Milk 410 9.17.4 Almond Milk 411 9.18 Other Non–Dairy Beverages 411 9.18.1 Tea and Coffee 411 9.18.2 Fruit Juices, Purees and Drinks 412 References 415 10 Non–Thermal Technologies 427 10.1 Introduction 427 10.2 Microfiltration 427 10.3 High]Pressure Processing 433 10.3.1 Effect on Bacteria and Potential for Producing ESL and Shelf–Stable Milk 433 10.3.2 Effect on Milk Components 434 10.4 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Technology 435 10.4.1 Effect on Bacteria and Potential for Producing ESL and Shelf–Stable Milk 436 10.4.2 Effect on Milk Components 437 10.5 High–Pressure Homogenisation 438 10.5.1 Effect on Microorganisms and Potential for Producing ESL and Shelf–Stable Milk 440 10.5.2 Effect on Milk Components 442 10.6 Bactofugation 443 10.7 UV Irradiation 444 10.8 Gamma Irradiation 446 10.9 Carbon Dioxide 447 10.9.1 High Pressure Carbon Dioxide 449 References 450 11 Analytical Methods 461 11.1 Introduction 461 11.2 Commonly Used Analytical Methods 461 11.2.1 Amylase 461 11.2.2 Browning 462 11.2.3 Density/Specific Gravity 463 11.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen 463 11.2.5 Fat Separation and Fat Particle Size 464 11.2.6 Flavour Volatiles 467 11.2.7 Fouling of Heat Exchangers 469 11.2.8 Freezing Point Depression (FPD) 470 11.2.9 Furosine 471 11.2.10 Hydrogen Peroxide 471 11.2.11 Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) 472 11.2.12 Lactulose 472 11.2.13 Lysinoalanine (LAL) 473 11.2.14 Lipase 473 11.2.15 Lipolysis (Free Fatty Acids) 475 11.2.16 Lysine – Blocked and Reactive 475 11.2.17 Minerals and Salts 477 11.2.18 pH and Titratable Acidity 484 11.2.19 Protease 486 11.2.20 Protein 487 11.2.21 Proteolysis (Peptides) 488 11.2.22 Sediment 492 11.2.23 Sensory Characteristics 493 11.2.24 Separation Methods 496 11.2.25 Stability Tests 499 11.2.26 Viscosity 502 11.2.27 Vitamins 503 11.2.28 Whey Protein Denaturation 503 11.3 Advanced Analytical Techniques 505 11.3.1 Chemometrics 505 11.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 506 11.3.3 Proteomics 508 11.3.4 Ultrasonic Techniques 509 References 510 12 Concluding Comments 527 12.1 Spore–Forming Bacteria 527 12.1.1 Highly Heat–Resistant Spores 527 12.1.2 Enzymes Produced by Spores 527 12.1.3 Sources of Spores 527 12.1.4 Identification of Spores 528 12.1.5 Spore Counts in Raw Milk 528 12.1.6 Conditions of Activation and Germination of Spores 528 12.1.7 Psychrotrophic Spore–Formers 529 12.2 Biofilms 529 12.3 Age Gelation 530 12.3.1 Mechanism 530 12.3.2 Early Prediction of a Milk’s Susceptibility 530 12.4 Predictive Modelling 530 12.5 The Shelf–Life of UHT Milk 531 12.6 The Shelf–Life of ESL Milk 532 12.7 Non–Thermal Technologies 533 12.8 Analytical Methods 533 12.9 Using the Literature 533 12.10 Further Reading 534 References 534 Further Reading: References to Books, Book Chapters and Reviews Arranged Alphabetically within Publication Type 536 Index 541

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Book SynopsisMomentum Press's new Computational Materials Science and Engineering Series will focus on both classic and innovative modeling algorithms for computer-aided materials analysis as well as typical applications for each modeling technique. This book in the series will focus on computer modeling techniques for precipitation phenomena in materials undergoing phase transition from one state to another, with a focus on the sharp-interface limit model. Readers will find coverage on: Statistical Theory of Phase Transformation Solid-State Nucleation Multiparticle Precipitation Kinetics - using both numerical Kampmann-Wagner Model and the SFFK Model A comparison of growth kinetics using different models

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Book Synopsis1. A Comprehensive Look at MoS2 Nanostructures: From Synthesis to Tailored Functionality.- 2. Overview: Multidisciplinary Applications of Quantum Dots in Energy, Biomedicine and other Advanced Technologies.- 3. Physics of some selected non-Perovskite ABO3 compounds.- 4. Industrial process simulators applied to the study of biomass conversion.- 5. DFT simulations on reactivity, solvent, and nitrogenous base pair interactivity of the Ru-(II)-η6-p-cymen-trifluorbenzilfosfone complex.- 6. Synthesis and Application of Silver Nanoparticles in the Development of Paints with Antimicrobial Properties.- 7. Sustainable Alternatives for the Beneficiation of Pyrite from Coal Mining Waste Envisioning Future Technological Applications.

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Book SynopsisKüche und Chemie - passt das zusammen? Ja, wie Georg Schwedt in der dritten Auflage seines Experimentierbuchs zum Kochen, Braten und Backen eindrücklich demonstriert. Von der Molekular- zur Suppenküche, von unterschiedliche Garverfahren bis zur analytischen Erfassung von Nährstoffverlusten beim Kochen: Mit zahlreichen Versuchen und Rezepten werden physikalisch-chemische Vorgänge beim Kochen, Braten und Backen verständlich, erfahr- und sogar genießbar!Trade Review"Dieses Buch ist auf jeden Fall etwas für den vielseitig-interessierten Chemie-Nerd." FRS Chemie Universität Leipzig (01.03.2016) "Also wer nicht nur den Festbraten zubereiten und genießen, sondern auch etwas über die Küchenhistorie erfahren und die physikalisch-chemischen Vorgänge besser verstehen möchte, dem sei dieses Buch, das ein gewisses chemisches Grundwissen voraussetzt, empfohlen." Materials and Corrosion / matcorr.com (66/Nr.12/2015) "Dieses Buch mit der dritten aktualisierten und erweiterten Auflage (...) versetzte mich ins Staunen. Alle 10 Hauptthemen sind hervorragend ausgearbeitet und mit Abbildungen, Zeichnungen, Tabellen, Skizzen und alten fotografierten Kupferstichen versehen, die von heute bis ins 15. Jahrhundert reichen. (...) Meine Empfehlung, jeder der mit Kochen beginnt, sollte eine solche Lektüre besitzen und man bekommt so ein sehr gutes Hintergrundwissen." Amazon.de; Bücher.de; Bol-Kundenrezension; (Kundenrezension) (23.10.2015) "Zusammenfassend bildet das Buch eine unterhaltsame und gleichzeitig interessante Alternative zum alltäglichen Lernstress im Unialltag mit Experimenten, die teilweise selbst auch zuhause durchgeführt werden können." Fachschaftsrat BCE / Universität Potsdam (08.10.2015) "Das Werk richtet sich an alle Köche und Hobby-Köche die genau wissen wollen, was eigentlich abläuft, wenn sie mit ihren Töpfen, Zutaten und Flüssigkeiten hantieren. Ich kann das Buch als Wissenserweiterung und unterhaltsame Reise durch die Welt der Chemie in der eigenen Küche nur empfehlen." Grandgourmand.de (24.08.2015) "Schwendts Buch ist somit nicht weniger als der praxistauglichste Chemiebaukasten der Gegenwart." CarpeGusta.de (24.08.2015) Table of ContentsVorwort zur 3. Auflage VII Vorwort zur 2. Auflage IX Vorwort zur 1. Auflage XI 1 Von der Kochkunst zur Lebensmittelchemie 1 1.1 Die Küche – ein chemisches Laboratorium 1 1.2 Die Schlossküche von Sanssouci 5 1.3 Feinschmecker über die Kochkunst 8 1.4 Chemiker, Physiker und Apotheker über das Kochen, Braten und Backen 23 1.5 Entwicklungen bis zur Lebensmittelchemie heute 33 2 Sieben Parameter für Versuche in der Küche 35 2.1 pH-Werte 35 2.2 Mineralstoffe 36 2.3 Eiweißstoffe (Proteine) 41 2.4 Stärkeprodukte 43 2.5 Reduzierende Stoffe 44 2.6 Phenolische Stoffe 45 2.7 Gerbstoffe (Polyphenole) 46 3 Garungsarten und -verfahren imÜberblick 47 3.1 Definitionen und Systematik 47 3.2 Garverfahren und Lebensmittelgruppen 56 4 Garen inWasser 75 4.1 Kochen 75 4.2 Blanchieren 106 4.3 Dünsten 110 4.4 Dämpfen 113 4.5 Garziehen lassen: Pochieren 114 4.6 Garen in der Mikrowelle 117 5 GareninFett 123 5.1 Braten 123 5.2 Anschwitzen 131 5.3 Schmoren 132 5.4 Frittieren 136 6 Garen in trockener Hitze 139 6.1 Backen 139 6.2 Grillen 154 6.3 Rösten 156 6.4 Toasten 164 7 Garen ohne Hitze 167 7.1 Salzgaren 167 7.2 Essiggaren 170 8 Suppenchemie – Fertigsuppen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe 173 8.1 Aus der Historie 173 8.2 Fertigsuppen-Technologie heute 178 8.3 Inhaltsstoffe von Fertigsuppen 181 9 Molekularküche 187 9.1 Die Väter der Molekularküche 187 9.2 Die Verfahren der Molekularküche 190 9.3 Rezeptbeispiele 191 10 Nährstoffverluste beim Kochen von Gemüse – analytisch mit Teststäbchen erfasst 195 10.1 Einleitung – mit Beschreibung der eingesetzten Teststäbchen 195 10.2 Knollengemüse 198 10.3 Wurzelgemüse 200 10.4 Hülsenfrüchte 201 10.5 Fruchtgemüse 205 10.6 Kohlgemüse 207 Literatur 211 Sachverzeichnis 215

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Book SynopsisDas Lehrbuch zur Bierbrauerei von Ludwig Narziß ist seit vielen Jahren das Standardwerk auf diesem Gebiet. Die neue, achte Auflage wurde komplett überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Für Studenten ist das Buch ein kurz gefasster Leitfaden, der jedoch alle wesentlichen Aspekte abdeckt. Der bereits im Betrieb tätige Praktiker erhält eine Fülle von Anregungen und einen umfassenden Überblick über den heutigen Stand der Brauereitechnologie sowie der naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Bierbrauerei. Neu in dieser Auflage: * das Kapitel "Die Deutschen Biertypen" * das Kapitel "Malze aus anderen Getreidearten und deren Verarbeitung" * weiterführende Literatur ab Kapitel 3 Das Autorenteam ist um drei hervorragende Fachleute auf dem Gebiet der Bierbrauerei erweitert worden. Werner Back, Martin Zarnkow und Martina Gastl (alle Technische Universität München, Weihenstephan) stehen für die kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung dieses Lehrbuches.Trade Review"Von den Autoren wurde das Buch völlig überarbeitet, ergänzt und mit neuen Entwicklungen aus der Praxis und aktuellen Forschungsständen den Anforderungen der heutigen Zeit angepasst." DEI Die Ernährungsindustrie (01.06.2017) Dieses Lehrbuch zur Bierbrauerei ist in seiner jetzt vorliegenden 8. Auflage ein kompaktes, aber umfassendes Kompendium über alle wesentlichen Aspekte der Malz- und Bierherstellung. Für Studenten stellt es einen Leitfaden dar, für den bereits im Betrieb tätigen Praktiker enthält es eine Fülle von Anregungen und gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über den heutigen Stand der Brauereitechnologie sowie der naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Bierbrauerei. Auf einen Nenner gebracht: Der neue "Abriss der Bierbrauerei" gehört für jeden, der auf der Höhe der modernen Brauereitechnologie sein will, zur Pflichtlektüre. Brauwelt (13.06.2017) Sehr umfassende und kompakte Darstellung des Fachgebiets; gut gegliedert, so dass der Fachmann schnell die gewünschten Informationen findet; gut als Nachschlagewerk zu gebrauchen. Für Studierende, die sich erst mit dem Fachgebiet vertraut machen, wären Abbildungen hilfreich. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Robert Kabbert, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin (30.03.2017) Der Klassiker, der sich in vielen Jahren der Lehre und beruflichen Praxis bewährt hat, beinhaltet als umfassendstes und ultimatives Handbuch seiner Art eingehendes Wissen und weitreichende Informationen zu modernen Mälz- und Brautechnologien auf dem neuesten Stand der Wissenschaft. CHEManager (28.03.2017) "Bewährtes Lehrbuch der Mälzerei- und Brauereitechnologie in komprimierter Zusammenstellung für Studierende und Praktiker." ekz-Infornationsdienst "Das Buch kann als Lehrbuch und Nachschlagewerk empfohlen werden. Es gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über den heutigen Stand der Brauereitechnik und beschreibt ausführlich die naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des Brauprozesses." F & S Filtrieren und Separieren "Dieses Buch ist eher etwas für diejenigen, die sich auch abseits des Studiums weiterbilden wollen. Es muss ein gewisses Interesse an der Materie vorhanden sein, dafür aber wenige Vorkenntnisse, da diese Lektüre sowohl grundlegende als auch spezifischere Informationen zu Braumaterial und Brautechnik liefert." Kommentiertes Vorlesungsverzeichnis der Univ. Potsdam "Das bewährte Standardwerk beinhaltet eingehendes Wissen und weitreichende Informationen zu modernen Mälz- und Brautechnologien auf dem neuesten Stand der Wissenschaft." Allgemeines Ministerialblatt der Bayerischen Staatsregierung (22.12.2017) Table of ContentsVorwort zur achten Auflage ix Vorwort zur siebenten Auflage xi Vorwort zur sechsten Auflage xiii 1 Die Technologie der Malzbereitung 1 1.1 Die Braugerste 1 1.1.1 Die Morphologie der Gerste 1 1.1.2 Chemische Zusammensetzung der Gerste 2 1.1.3 Die Eigenschaften der Gerste und ihre Beurteilung 6 1.2 Die Vorbereitung der Gerste zur Vermӓlzung 9 1.2.1 Die Anlieferung der Gerste 9 1.2.2 Transportanlagen 9 1.2.3 Das Putzen und Sortieren der Gerste 9 1.2.4 Die Lagerung und Aufbewahrung der Gerste 13 1.2.5 Die künstliche Trocknung der Gerste 16 1.2.6 Pflanzliche und tierische Schӓdlinge der Gerste 17 1.2.7 Gewichtsverӓnderungen der Gerste wӓhrend der Lagerung 18 1.3 Das Weichen der Gerste 18 1.3.1 Die Wasseraufnahme des Gerstenkorns 18 1.3.2 Die Sauerstoffversorgung des Weichgutes 19 1.3.3 Die Reinigung der Gerste 20 1.3.4 Wasserverbrauch 21 1.3.5 Die Weicheinrichtungen 21 1.3.6 Die Technik des Weichens 24 1.4 Die Keimung 26 1.4.1 Die Theorie der Keimung 26 1.4.2 Die Praxis der Keimung 35 1.5 Die verschiedenen Mӓlzungssysteme 39 1.5.1 Die Tennenmӓlzerei 39 1.5.2 Die pneumatische Mӓlzerei 43 1.5.3 Die Keimanlagen der pneumatischen Mӓlzerei 46 1.5.4 Das fertige Grünmalz 62 1.6 Das Darren des Grünmalzes 62 1.6.1 Die Vorgӓnge beim Darren 62 1.6.2 Die Darren 68 1.6.3 Praxis des Darrens 75 1.6.4 Kontrolle und Automatisierung der Darrarbeit – Pflege der Darren 83 1.6.5 Maßnahmen zur Energieeinsparung 83 1.6.6 Die Nebenarbeiten beim Darren 84 1.6.7 Die Behandlung des Malzes nach dem Darren 85 1.6.8 Die Lagerung und Aufbewahrung des Malzes 85 1.7 Der Malzschwand 87 1.7.1 Der Weichschwand 88 1.7.2 Atmungs- und Keimschwand 88 1.7.3 Die Ermittlung des Malzschwandes 89 1.8 Die Eigenschaften des Malzes 89 1.8.1 Ӓußere Merkmale 89 1.8.2 Die mechanische Analyse 89 1.8.3 Die chemisch-technische Analyse 90 1.9 Malze aus anderen Getreidearten 92 1.9.1 Weizenmalz 92 1.9.2 Malze aus anderen Getreidearten 94 1.9.3 Pseudogetreide 96 1.9.4 Spezialmalze 97 1.9.5 Die Kleinmӓlzung 99 2 Die Technologie der Würzebereitung 101 2.1 Die Rohmaterialien des Brauprozesses 101 2.1.1 Malz 101 2.1.2 Ersatzstoffe desMalzes 101 2.1.3 Das Brauwasser 103 2.1.4 Der Hopfen 115 2.2 Das Schroten des Malzes 126 2.2.1 Die Kontrolle des Schrotes 128 2.2.2 Die Schrotmühlen 128 2.2.3 Beschaffenheit und Zusammensetzung des Schrotes 135 2.2.4 Die Anordnung der Schroterei 136 2.3 Die Herstellung der Würze 136 2.3.1 Die Theorie des Maischens 137 2.3.2 Die Praxis des Maischens 145 2.3.3 Die Maischverfahren 150 2.3.4 Spezielle Probleme beim Maischen 160 2.3.5 Die Kontrolle des Maischprozesses 161 2.4 Die Gewinnung der Würze (Das Ablӓutern) 163 2.4.1 Das Ablӓutern mit dem Lӓuterbottich 163 2.4.2 Der Lӓuterbottich 163 2.4.3 Der Lӓutervorgang im Lӓuterbottich 166 2.4.4 Ablӓutern mit dem konventionellen Maischefilter 175 2.4.5 Dünnschicht-Maischefilter mit Membranen 176 2.4.6 Der Dünnschicht-Kammerfilter 178 2.4.7 Schlussfolgerungen zu den beiden Systemen der Dünnschicht- Maischefilter im Vergleich zu modernen Lӓuterbottichen 180 2.4.8 Der Strainmaster 180 2.4.9 Kontinuierliche Lӓutermethoden 181 2.4.10 Das Vorlaufgefӓß 182 2.5 Das Kochen und Hopfen der Würze 182 2.5.1 Die Würzepfannen 182 2.5.2 Physikalische Vorgӓnge bei der Würzekochung 187 2.5.3 Die Koagulation des Eiweißes 188 2.5.4 Die Hopfung der Würze 190 2.5.5 Das Verhalten von Aromastoffen der Würze 197 2.5.6 Technologische und energiewirtschaftliche Beurteilung moderner Würzekochsysteme 200 2.5.7 Das Ausschlagen der Würze 206 2.5.8 Die Ausschlagwürze 207 2.5.9 Die Reinigung der Sudwerksanlage 208 2.5.10 Die Automatisierung des Würzekochprozesses 209 2.5.11 Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes von Extraktresten 209 2.5.12 Die Treber 211 2.5.13 Sicherheit und Gleichmӓßigkeit des Sudablaufes 211 2.6 Die Sudhausausbeute 212 2.6.1 Die Berechnung der Sudhausausbeute 212 2.6.2 Die Beurteilung der Sudhausausbeute 213 2.6.3 Schlussfolgerungen zum Thema Ausbeute 216 2.7 Würzekühlung und Trubausscheidung 216 2.7.1 Die Abkühlung der Würze 216 2.7.2 Die Sauerstoffaufnahme der Würze 216 2.7.3 Die Ausscheidung des Trubs 217 2.7.4 Sonstige Vorgӓnge 218 2.7.5 Kühlhauseinrichtung 218 2.7.6 Der Betrieb mit Kühlschiff, Berieselungskühler oder geschlossenem Kuhler 218 2.7.7 Geschlossene Würzekühlsysteme 220 2.8 Die Bestimmung der Kaltwürze-Ausbeute 228 2.8.1 Messwerte 228 2.8.2 Errechnung der Kaltwürze-Ausbeute 229 2.8.3 Die Gesamtausbeute bei der Würzebereitung (Overall Brewhouse Yield – OBY) 229 3 Die Technologie der Gärung 231 3.1 Die Bierhefen 231 3.1.1 Morphologie der Hefe 231 3.1.2 Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Hefe 232 3.1.3 Die Enzyme der Hefe 232 3.1.4 Die Vermehrung der Hefe 233 3.1.5 Die Genetik der Hefe 234 3.1.6 Gen-Manipulation der Hefe 234 3.1.7 Autolyse der Hefe 236 3.2 Der Stoffwechsel der Hefe 236 3.2.1 Der Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel 237 3.2.2 Der Eiweißstoffwechsel 239 3.2.3 Der Fettstoffwechsel 240 3.2.4 Der Mineralstoffwechsel 241 3.2.5 Wuchsstoffe (Vitamine) 242 3.2.6 Die Stoffwechselprodukte und ihre Bedeutung für die Beschaffenheit des Bieres 242 3.3 Die untergӓrige Hefe in der Praxis der Brauerei 246 3.3.1 DieWahl der Hefe 246 3.3.2 Die Reinzucht der Bierhefen 247 3.3.3 Entartung und Degeneration der Hefe 249 3.3.4 Gewinnung der Hefe 249 3.3.5 Reinigen der Hefe 250 3.3.6 Lagerung der Hefe 251 3.3.7 Versand der Hefe – Trockenhefen 252 3.3.8 Der Zustand der Hefe 252 3.4 Die Gӓrung in der untergӓrigen Brauerei 253 3.4.1 Die Gӓrrӓume 253 3.4.2 Die Gӓrgefӓße 255 3.4.3 Das Anstellen der Würze mit Hefe 260 3.4.4 Die Gӓrführung 264 3.4.5 Der Verlauf der Hauptgӓrung 264 3.4.6 Der Vergӓrungsgrad 267 3.4.7 Die Schlauchreife des Bieres 269 3.4.8 Die Verӓnderung der Würze wӓhrend der Gӓrung 269 3.4.9 Die Gewinnung der Gӓrungskohlensӓure 272 3.5 Die Nachgӓrung und Lagerung des Bieres 274 3.5.1 Die Lagerkeller 274 3.5.2 Die Lagergefӓße 276 3.5.3 Der Verlauf der Nachgӓrung 277 3.6 Moderne Methoden zur Vergӓrung und Lagerung des Bieres 285 3.6.1 Die konventionelle Arbeitsweise bei Gӓrtanks und Großgefӓßen 285 3.6.2 Die Anwendung von Zwischenlagertanks, der Einsatz einer Jungbierzentrifuge 289 3.6.3 Verfahren zur beschleunigten Gӓrung und Reifung des Bieres 290 3.6.4 Kontinuierliche Gӓrverfahren 297 3.6.5 Anlage mit klassischen ZKGs für ein Durchflussverfahren 298 3.6.6 Die Kalthopfung des Bieres 298 4 Die Filtration des Bieres 301 4.1 Die Theorie der Filtration 301 4.2 Die Technik der Filtration 302 4.2.1 Die Massefiltration 303 4.2.2 Die Kieselgurfiltration 304 4.2.3 Die Schichtenfilter 310 4.2.4 Die Membranfiltration 311 4.2.5 Die Zentrifugen 312 4.3 Die Kombination der Klӓrverfahren 313 4.4 Wege zum Ersatz der Kieselgurfiltration 314 4.4.1 Kombination von Zentrifuge und Massefilter 314 4.4.2 Kombination von Feinklӓrzentrifuge und Horizontalfilter 314 4.4.3 Multi-Mikrofiltration 314 4.4.4 Filterschichten 315 4.4.5 Anwendung synthetischer Extrudate 315 4.4.6 Kreuzstrom-Mikrofiltration 316 4.4.7 Folgerung zu modernen Filtersystemen 320 4.5 Die Hilfs- und Kontrollapparate der Filtration 320 4.5.1 Hilfsapparate 320 4.5.2 Kontrollgerӓte 321 4.6 Einleitung und Beendigung der Filtration 322 4.7 Das Gelӓger 322 4.8 Die Druckluft 323 5 Das Abfüllen des Bieres 325 5.1 Die Aufbewahrung des filtrierten Bieres 325 5.2 Die Fassfüllerei 325 5.2.1 Die Fӓsser 325 5.2.2 Die Fassreinigung 326 5.2.3 Die Fassabfüllung 327 5.2.4 Verbesserungen in der herkömmlichen Fassfüllerei 328 5.2.5 Die Reinigung und Abfüllung zylindrischer Metӓllfasser (Kegs) 328 5.2.6 Der Fassfüll- und Stapelkeller 331 5.3 Die Flaschen- und Dosenfüllerei 331 5.3.1 Die Gefӓße 331 5.3.2 Die Flaschenreinigung 334 5.3.3 Die Flaschenfüllung 336 5.3.4 Reinigen und „Sterilisieren“der Füllmaschinen 341 5.3.5 Verschließen der Flaschen 342 5.3.6 Aufnahme von Sauerstoff beim Abfüllen 342 5.4 „Sterilabfüllung“und Pasteurisation des Bieres 346 5.4.1 „Sterilabfüllung“346 5.4.2 Pasteurisation des Bieres 349 5.5 Gliederung der Flaschenfüllerei 352 6 Bierschwand 353 6.1 Faktoren des Bierschwandes 353 6.1.1 Würzeschwand 353 6.1.2 Eigentlicher Bierschwand 355 6.2 Ermittlung des Bierschwandes 357 6.2.1 Berechnung des Volumenschwandes 357 6.2.2 Ermittlung der Mehr- bzw. Fehlmengen 358 6.2.3 Berechnung der aus 100 kg Malz erzielten Würze- und Biermenge 358 6.2.4 Berechnung des Extraktschwandes ab Ausschlagwürze bzw. ab Malzschüttung 358 6.2.5 Die Restbierwirtschaft 359 7 Das fertige Bier 361 7.1 Zusammensetzung des Bieres 361 7.1.1 Bierextrakt 361 7.1.2 Flüchtige Bestandteile 362 7.2 Einteilung der Biere 362 7.3 Eigenschaften der Biere 363 7.3.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften 363 7.3.2 Redoxpotenzial des Bieres 363 7.3.3 Farbe des Bieres 364 7.4 Aroma des Bieres 364 7.4.1 Aromamerkmale 364 7.4.2 Beeinflussung der Geschmacksfaktoren 365 7.4.3 Geschmacksfehler des Bieres 367 7.5 Schaum des Bieres 369 7.5.1 Theorie des Schaumes 369 7.5.2 Technologische Einflüsse auf den Bierschaum 370 7.6 Chemisch-physikalische Haltbarkeit und ihre Stabilisierung 373 7.6.1 Zusammensetzung der kolloiden Trübungen 373 7.6.2 Ausbildung der kolloiden Trübungen 374 7.6.3 Technologische Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der kolloiden Stabilitӓt 374 7.6.4 Stabilisierung des Bieres 374 7.6.5 Geschmacksstabilitӓt des Bieres 381 7.6.6 Methoden zur Kontrolle und Vorhersage der Geschmacksstӓbilitat 387 7.6.7 Chemische Biertrübungen 388 7.6.8 Wildwerden des Bieres (Gushing) 389 7.7 Die Filtrierbarkeit des Bieres 391 7.7.1 Ursachen einer schlechten Filtrierbarkeit des Bieres 391 7.7.2 Abhilfemaßnahmen 393 7.8 Biologische Stabilitӓt des Bieres 394 7.8.1 Kontaminationsursachen 394 7.8.2 Sicherung der biologischen Haltbarkeit 396 7.9 Physiologische Wirkung des Bieres 397 7.9.1 Nӓhrwert des Bieres 397 7.9.2 Diӓtetische Wirkung des Bieres 398 7.10 Deutsche Biertypen 399 7.10.1 Helles Lagerbier 399 7.10.2 Hell Export (12,5 GG%+) 399 7.10.3 Pilsener Biere 400 7.10.4 Heller Bock 400 7.10.5 Mӓrzenbier 401 7.10.6 Dunkle und Schwarzbiere 401 7.10.7 Deutscher Porter 402 7.10.8 Rauchbier 402 7.11 Besondere Biere 402 7.11.1 Frühere Diӓtbiere 403 7.11.2 Nӓhrbiere 405 7.11.3 Alkoholfreie Biere 405 7.11.4 Verfahren zur Begrenzung des Alkoholgehaltes 406 7.11.5 Alkoholentzug mit physikalischen Verfahren 408 7.11.6 Die Kombination der verschiedenen Verfahren zur Herstellung von alkoholfreiem Bier 411 7.11.7 Leichtbiere 412 8 Die Obergärung 415 8.1 Allgemeines 415 8.2 Die obergӓrige Hefe 415 8.2.1 Morphologische Merkmale 415 8.2.2 Physiologische Unterschiede 416 8.2.3 Gӓrungstechnologische Merkmale 416 8.2.4 Hefebehandlung 417 8.3 Die Fuhrüng der Obergӓrung 418 8.3.1 Gӓrraum und Gӓrbehӓlter 418 8.3.2 Die Würzebeschaffenheit 419 8.3.3 Das Anstellen 419 8.3.4 Der Ablauf der Hauptgӓrung 420 8.3.5 Die Verӓnderung der Würze wӓhrend der Obergӓrung 422 8.3.6 Die Nachgӓrung 423 8.3.7 Filtration und Abfüllung 425 8.4 Verschiedene obergӓrige Biere und ihre Herstellung 426 8.4.1 Das Altbier (Dusseldorf, Niederrhein) 426 8.4.2 Das Kölsch 428 8.4.3 Weizenbier – hefefrei 429 8.4.4 Hefeweizenbier 432 8.4.5 Obergӓrige Biere aus Malzen anderer Getreidearten als Gerste und Weizen 436 8.4.6 Das Berliner Weißbier 438 8.4.7 Traditionelle obergӓrige Biere 439 8.4.8 Malzbier (auch Süßbier genannt) 440 8.4.9 Obergӓrige Nӓhrbiere bayerischer Brauart 441 8.4.10 Obergӓrige, alkoholfreie Biere 441 8.4.11 Obergӓrige Leichtbiere 441 8.5 Glutenfreie Biere 441 8.5.1 Herstellung aus konventionellen Rohstoffen – züchterische Modifikation der Rohstoffe 442 8.5.2 Enzymatische Modifikation der Rohstoffe 442 8.5.3 Bierherstellung aus glutenfreien Zucker- bzw. Stӓrkequellen 442 8.5.4 Kohlenhydratreiche Körnerfrüchte 442 9 Das Brauen mit hoher Stammwürze 445 9.1 Die Herstellung der starkeren Würze 445 9.1.1 Das Ablautern 445 9.1.2 Das Maischen 445 9.1.3 Das Würzekochen 445 9.1.4 Whirlpoolbetrieb 446 9.1.5 Die Verdünnung der starken Wurze bei der Würzekühlung 446 9.2 Die Vergarung der starkeren Würzen 446 9.3 Die Verdünnung des ausgereiften Bieres 447 9.4 Die Eigenschaften der Biere 448 Weiterführende Literatur 449 Sachregister 453

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Book SynopsisAn essential guide to the proven automated sample preparation process While the measurement step in sample preparation is automated, the sample handling step is manual and all too often open to risk and errors. The manual process is of concern for accessing data quality as well as producing limited reproducibility and comparability. Handbook of Automated Sample Preparation for CG-MS and LC-MS explores the advantages of implementing automated sample preparation during the handling phase for CG-MS and LC-MS. The author, a noted expert on the topic, includes information on the proven workflows that can be put in place for many routine and regulated analytical methods. This book offers a guide to automated workflows for both on-line and off-line sample preparation. This process has proven to deliver consistent and comparable data quality, increased sample amounts, and improved cost efficiency. In addition, the process follows Standard Operation Procedures that are essential for audited laboratories. This important book: Provides the information and tools needed for the implementation of instrumental sample preparation workflows Offers proven and detailed examples that can be adapted in analytical laboratories Shows how automated sample preparation can reduce cost per sample, increase sample amounts, and produce faster results Includes illustrative examples from various fields such as chemistry to food safety and pharmaceuticals Written for personnel in analytical industry, pharmaceutical, and medical laboratories, Handbook of Automated Sample Preparation for CG-MS and LC-MS offers the much-needed tools for implementing the automated sample preparation for analytical laboratories.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Perspective on Human Performance 2 References 5 2 The Analytical Process 7 2.1 Laboratory Logistics 7 2.1.1 Analytical Benefits of Instrumental Workflows 9 2.1.1.1 Data Quality 11 2.1.1.2 Turnkey Operation 11 2.1.1.3 Green Analytical Chemistry 11 2.1.1.4 Productivity 12 2.1.2 Standard Operation Procedure 13 2.1.3 Economical Aspects 15 References 16 3 Workflow Concepts 19 3.1 Sample Preparation Workflow Design 19 3.1.1 Transfer of Standard Methods to Automated Workflows 20 3.1.2 Method Translation 21 3.1.2.1 Sketching the Automated Workflow 22 3.1.2.2 Robotic System Configuration 22 3.1.3 Online or Offline Configuration 25 3.2 Instrumental Concepts 25 3.2.1 Workstations 25 3.2.2 Revolving Tray Autosamplers 26 3.2.3 Selective Compliance Articulated Robots 28 3.2.4 Cartesian Robots 28 3.2.5 Multiple Axis Robots 32 3.2.6 Collaborative Robots 33 3.3 Sample Processing 35 3.3.1 Sequential Sample Preparation 35 3.3.2 Prep-ahead Mode 35 3.3.3 Incubation Overlapping 36 3.3.4 Batch Processing 36 3.3.5 Parallel Processing Workflows 38 3.3.6 Sample Identification 38 3.3.6.1 Barcodes 38 3.3.6.2 Radio-Frequency Identification Chips 40 3.4 Tool Change 41 3.4.1 Manual Tool Change 41 3.4.2 Automated Tool Change 42 3.4.3 Tool Identification 44 3.5 Object Transport 46 3.5.1 Magnetic Transport 46 3.5.2 Gripper Transport 48 3.5.3 Needle Transport 50 3.6 Vial Decapping 50 References 52 4 Analytical Aspects 55 4.1 Liquid Handling 55 4.1.1 About Drops and Droplets 55 4.1.2 Syringes 56 4.1.2.1 Precision and Accuracy 57 4.1.2.2 Syringe Needles 58 4.1.2.3 Syringe Needle Point Styles 59 4.1.2.4 Syringe Plunger Types 60 4.1.2.5 Syringe Termination 61 4.1.2.6 Operational Parameters 62 4.1.3 Vial Bottom Sensing 66 4.1.4 Pipetting 67 4.1.4.1 Air Displacement Pipettes 68 4.1.4.2 Positive Displacement Pipets 69 4.1.4.3 Pipetting Modes 69 4.1.4.4 Aspiration 71 4.1.4.5 Dispensing 73 4.1.4.6 Liquid-Level Detection 74 4.1.4.7 Liquid Classes 75 4.1.4.8 Pipet Tips 75 4.1.4.9 Functional Pipet Tips 78 4.1.4.10 Pipet Tip Materials 81 4.1.5 Dilutor/Dispenser Operation 82 4.1.6 Flow Cell Sampling 84 4.2 Solid Materials Handling 85 4.2.1 Workflows with Solid Materials 86 4.2.2 Automated Solids Dosing by Powder Dispensing 86 4.3 Weighing 88 4.4 Extraction 90 4.4.1 Liquid Extraction 91 4.4.2 Pressurized Fluid Extraction 92 4.4.2.1 Solvents and Extraction 93 4.4.2.2 Miniaturization and Automation 94 4.4.2.3 In-Cell Clean-Up 96 4.4.2.4 International Standard Methods 97 4.4.3 Liquid/Liquid Extraction 97 4.4.4 Dispersive Liquid/Liquid Micro-Extraction 100 4.4.4.1 Automated DLLME Workflows 103 4.4.4.2 DLLME for Soil and Urine 103 4.4.4.3 DLLME for Pesticides in Food 104 4.4.4.4 DLLME Hyphenation with LC 104 4.4.5 Sorptive Sample Preparation 104 4.4.5.1 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction 105 4.4.5.2 SPME Fiber 109 4.4.5.3 SPME Arrow 112 4.4.5.4 Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction with Derivatization 116 4.4.5.5 Direct Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Mass Spectrometry 119 4.4.5.6 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction 121 4.4.5.7 Thin-Film Micro-Extraction 123 4.5 Clean-Up Procedures 124 4.5.1 Filtration 124 4.5.1.1 Filter Materials 125 4.5.1.2 Syringe Filter 126 4.5.1.3 Filter Vials 127 4.5.2 Solid-Phase Extraction 129 4.5.2.1 The General SPE Clean-Up Procedure 133 4.5.2.2 On-Line SPE 134 4.5.2.3 Micro-SPE Clean-Up 137 4.5.2.4 Syringe-Based Micro-SPE 141 4.5.3 Gel Permeation Chromatography 143 4.5.3.1 Standardized Methods 145 4.5.3.2 Workflow and Instrument Configuration 145 4.5.3.3 GPC-GC Online Coupling 146 4.5.3.4 Micro-GPC-GC Online Coupling 147 4.6 Centrifugation 148 4.7 Evaporation 150 4.8 Derivatization 153 4.8.1 For LC and LC-MS 154 4.8.1.1 Aromatic Acid Chlorides 154 4.8.1.2 Dansylchloride 155 4.8.1.3 Ninhydrin Reaction 155 4.8.1.4 FMOC Derivatization 155 4.8.2 For GC and GC-MS 156 4.8.2.1 Silylation 156 4.8.2.2 Acetylation 157 4.8.2.3 Methylation 157 4.8.2.4 Methoxyamination 158 4.8.2.5 Fluorinating Reagents 158 4.8.3 For GC and GC-MS In-Port Derivatization 159 4.9 Temperature Control 163 4.9.1 Heating 163 4.9.1.1 Incubation Overlapping 163 4.9.2 Cooling 164 4.10 Mixing 166 4.10.1 Vortexing 166 4.10.2 Agitation 167 4.10.3 Spinning 169 4.10.4 Mixing with Syringes 169 4.10.5 Cycloidal Mixing 169 References 171 5 Integration into Analysis Techniques 191 5.1 GC Volatiles Analysis 191 5.1.1 Static Headspace Analysis 192 5.1.1.1 Overcoming Matrix Effects 194 5.1.1.2 Measures to Increase Analyte Sensitivity 195 5.1.1.3 Static Headspace Injection Technique 195 5.1.2 Multiple Headspace Quantification 197 5.1.3 Dynamic Headspace Analysis 201 5.1.3.1 Purge and Trap 202 5.1.3.2 Dynamic Headspace Analysis with In-Tube Extraction 204 5.1.3.3 Dynamic Headspace Analysis Using Sorbent Tubes 207 5.1.3.4 Needle Trap Microextraction 208 5.1.4 Tube Adsorption 210 5.2 GC Liquid Injection 222 5.2.1 Sandwich Injection 222 5.2.2 Hot Needle Injection 222 5.2.3 Liquid Band Injection 224 5.2.4 Automated Liner Exchange 226 5.3 LC–GC Online Injection 230 5.4 LC Injection 233 5.4.1 Dynamic Load and Wash 234 5.4.2 Using LC Injection Ports with a Pipette Tool 235 References 237 6 Solutions for Automated Analyses 247 First About Safety 248 6.1 Dilution 248 6.1.1 Geometric Dilution of Reference Standards 248 6.1.2 Dilution for Calibration Curves 251 6.1.3 Preparation of Working Standards 256 6.2 Derivatization 259 6.2.1 Silylation 260 6.2.2 SPME On-Fiber Derivatization 262 6.2.3 Metabolite Profiling by Methoximation and Silylation 266 6.3 Taste and Odor Compounds Trace Analysis 271 6.4 Sulfur Compounds in Tropical Fruits 276 6.5 Ethanol Residues in Halal Food 284 6.6 Volatile Organic Compounds in Drinking Water 289 6.7 Geosmin and 2-MIB 295 6.8 Solvent Elution from Charcoal 301 6.9 Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Water 304 6.10 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking Water 315 6.11 Fatty Acid Methylester 321 6.11.1 Application 321 6.12 MCPD and Glycidol in Vegetable Oils 328 6.13 Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons MOSH/MOAH 339 6.14 Pesticides Analysis – QuEChERS Extract Clean-Up 347 6.15 Glyphosate, AMPA, and Glufosinate by Online SPE-LC-MS 362 6.16 Pesticides, PPCPs, and PAHs by Online-SPE Water Analysis 368 6.17 Residual Solvents 375 6.18 Chemical Warfare Agents in Water and Soil 382 6.19 Shale Aldehydes in Beer 390 6.20 Phthalates in Polymers 394 References 400 A Appendix 413 A.1 Robotic System Control 413 A.1.1 Maestro Software 413 A.1.2 Chronos Software 414 A.1.3 Graphical Workflow Programming 415 A.1.4 Sample Control Software 416 A.1.5 Local System Control 417 A.1.6 Script Control Language 418 A.2 System Maintenance 418 A.2.1 Syringes 418 A.2.1.1 Manual Syringe Handling 418 A.2.1.2 Syringe Cleaning 418 A.2.1.3 Plunger Cleaning 419 A.2.1.4 Needle Cleaning 419 A.2.1.5 Confirming the Dispensed Volume of a Syringe 420 A.2.1.6 Sterilization 420 A.2.2 Pipettes 421 A.2.2.1 Calibration 421 A.2.2.2 Pipette Parts Maintenance 421 A.2.3 System Hardware Maintenance Schedule 422 A.3 Syringe Needle Gauge 423 A.4 Pressure Units Conversion 425 A.5 Solvents 425 A.5.1 Solvent Miscibility 425 A.5.2 Solvent Stability 428 A.5.2.1 Halogenated Solvents 428 A.5.2.2 Ethers 429 A.5.3 Solvent Viscosity 429 A.6 Material Resistance 429 A.6.1 Glass 432 A.6.2 Polymers 432 A.6.3 Stainless Steel 433 References 437 Glossary 441 References 451 Index 453

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses principles and practical applications of membrane distillation and osmotic distillation, separation technologies which are gaining increasing attention due to their advantages over conventional concentration processes.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Authors xv Nomenclature xvii 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Distillation Processes 1 1.2 Membrane Distillation (MD) 5 1.2.1 Historical Perspective 5 1.2.2 MD Process 7 1.3 Osmotic Distillation (OD) 11 1.3.1 Historical Perspective 11 1.3.2 OD Process 12 1.4 MD and OD as Alternatives to Established Stripping Processes 14 1.4.1 Nonvolatile Solutes Retention 15 1.4.2 Minimization of Heat Damage to Feed Components 15 1.4.3 Organic Volatiles Retention 18 1.4.4 Production of Highly Concentrated Solutions 19 1.4.5 Utilization of Waste Heat or Heat from Natural Sources 20 1.5 Established Stripping Processes 20 1.5.1 Multistage Flash Distillation (MSF) 20 1.5.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) 22 1.5.3 Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) 25 1.5.4 Freeze Concentration (FC) 26 1.5.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 28 1.5.6 Electrodialysis (ED) 31 1.6 Other Membrane Processes 32 1.6.1 Microfiltration (MF) 33 1.6.2 Ultrafiltration (UF) 34 1.6.3 Nanofiltration (NF) 36 1.7 Concluding Remarks 38 2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Distillation 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 MD Theory 40 2.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 40 2.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment 45 2.2.3 Overall Driving Force, Δpb 46 2.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K 50 2.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ;;v 60 2.3 MD Membrane Requirements 68 2.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on MD Performance 71 2.4.1 Feed Temperature 71 2.4.2 Strip Temperature 72 2.4.3 Feed Solutes Concentration 72 2.4.4 Feed Velocity 73 2.4.5 Strip Velocity 75 2.4.6 Membrane Type 76 2.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting MD Performance 77 2.5 MD Process Economics 79 2.6 Concluding Remarks 82 3 Theoretical Aspects of Osmotic Distillation 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 OD Theory 87 3.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 87 3.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment 90 3.2.3 Overall Driving Force, Δpb 92 3.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K 96 3.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ;;v 97 3.3 OD Membrane Requirements 97 3.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on OD Performance 98 3.4.1 Osmotic Agent Concentration 99 3.4.2 Feed Solutes Concentration 99 3.4.3 Feed Velocity 100 3.4.4 Strip Velocity 100 3.4.5 Feed and Strip Temperature 101 3.4.6 Membrane Type 101 3.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting OD Performance 103 3.5 OD Process Economics 103 3.6 Concluding Remarks 105 4 Properties of Macroporous Hydrophobic Membranes 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Hydrophobicity 108 4.3 Membrane Types 111 4.3.1 Polypropylene (PP) 113 4.3.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 115 4.3.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) 118 4.3.4 Tailored PVDF-Based Membranes 118 4.3.5 Polyazole Membranes 119 4.3.6 Nanofibrous PVDF–PTFE Membranes 121 4.3.7 Surface-Modified Hydrophilic Membranes 122 4.3.8 Inorganic Membranes 122 4.4 Fouling of Hydrophobic Membranes 123 4.4.1 Inorganic Fouling or Scaling 126 4.4.2 Organic Fouling 127 4.4.3 Biological Fouling 129 4.4.4 Clean-in-Place (CIP) Operating Conditions 129 4.5 Protection Against Membrane Wet-Out 130 4.6 Hydrophobicity Restoration 132 4.7 Membrane Module Requirements 132 4.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules 133 4.7.2 Spiral Wound Modules 134 4.7.3 Hollow-Fiber Modules 135 4.8 Concluding Remarks 137 5 Membrane Distillation Applications 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.1.1 Water Recovery 140 5.1.2 Electrical Energy Consumption 141 5.1.3 Thermal Energy Consumption 141 5.2 Desalination 142 5.2.1 Water Pretreatment 143 5.2.2 Brine Disposal 145 5.2.3 Applications 145 5.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 147 5.3.1 Radioactive Waste Treatment 150 5.3.2 Concentration of Nonvolatile Acids 153 5.3.3 Volatile Acid Recovery from Industrial Effluents 153 5.3.4 Salt Recovery by Membrane Distillation Crystallization (MDC) 154 5.3.5 Textile Industry Applications 155 5.4 Production of Liquid Food Concentrates 156 5.5 Miscellaneous Applications 161 5.5.1 Volatiles Recovery from Fruit Juice by VMD and SGMD 161 5.5.2 Dealcoholization of Fermented Beverages Using DCMD 162 5.5.3 Enhanced Ethanol Production Using DCMD 163 5.5.4 Production of Pharmaceutical Products 164 5.6 Concluding Remarks 165 6 Osmotic Distillation Applications 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Fruit and Vegetable Juice Applications 176 6.2.1 Orange Juice 176 6.2.2 Apple Juice 183 6.2.3 Kiwifruit Juice 187 6.2.4 Grape Juice 190 6.2.5 Melon Juice 193 6.2.6 Camu Camu Juice 196 6.2.7 Pomegranate Juice 198 6.2.8 Tomato Juice 200 6.2.9 Passion Fruit Juice 203 6.2.10 Pineapple Juice 206 6.2.11 Cornelian Cherry, Blackthorn, and Common Whitebeam Juice 207 6.2.12 Sour Cherry Juice 207 6.2.13 Cranberry Juice 208 6.3 Other Applications 209 6.3.1 Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Olive Mill Wastewater 209 6.3.2 Recovery of Flavonoids from Orange Press Liquor 212 6.3.3 Echinacea Extract Concentration 213 6.3.4 Reconcentration of Spent Osmotic Dehydration Sucrose Solutions 215 6.3.5 Aroma Recovery from Artificial Solutions 216 6.4 Concluding Remarks 218 7 Future Prospects for Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Membrane Module Design 222 7.3 Membrane Protection Against Wet-Out 224 7.3.1 Reclamation of Water for Reuse During Long-Duration Human Space Missions 225 7.3.2 Production of Citrus Fruit Juice Concentrates 226 7.3.3 Whole Milk Concentration on the Farm 227 7.3.4 Concentration of Detergent-Containing Radioactive Waste Solutions 228 7.4 Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources 228 7.5 Membrane-Based Factory Processes of the Future: A Hypothetical Example 231 7.6 End Note 235 References 237 Index 261

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Book SynopsisThis book by a group of established scientists gives a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the most common statistical methods for handling data from both trained sensory panels and consumer studies of food.Trade Review"This book provides an up-to-date overview of the most common statistical methods for handling data from both trained sensory panels and consumer studies of food." (Food Science & Technology, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Distinction between Trained Sensory Panels and Consumer Panels. 1.2 The Need for Statistics in Experimental Planning and Analysis. 1.3 Scales and Data Types. 1.4 Organisation of the Book. 2 Important Data Collection Techniques for Sensory and Consumer Studies. 2.1 Sensory Panel Methodologies. 2.2 Consumer Tests. PART I PROBLEM DRIVEN. 3 Quality Control of Sensory Profile Data. 3.1 General Introduction. 3.2 Visual Inspection of Raw Data. 3.3 Mixed Model ANOVA for Assessing the Importance of the Sensory Attributes. 3.4 Overall Assessment of Assessor Differences Using All Variables Simultaneously. 3.5 Methods for Detecting Differences in Use of the Scale. 3.6 Comparing the Assessors’ Ability to Detect Differences between the Products. 3.7 Relations between Individual Assessor Ratings and the Panel Average. 3.8 Individual Line Plots for Detailed Inspection of Assessors. 3.9 Miscellaneous Methods.- 4 Correction Methods and Other Remedies for Improving Sensory Profile Data. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Correcting for Different Use of the Scale. 4.3 Computing Improved Panel Averages. 4.4 Pre-processing of Data for Three-Way Analysis. 5 Detecting and Studying Sensory Differences and Similarities between Products. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Analysing Sensory Profile Data: Univariate Case. 5.3 Analysing Sensory Profile Data: Multivariate Case. 6 Relating Sensory Data to Other Measurements. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Estimating Relations between Consensus Profiles and External Data. 6.3 Estimating Relations between Individual Sensory Profiles and External Data. 7 Discrimination and Similarity Testing. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Analysis of Data from Basic Sensory Discrimination Tests. 7.3 Examples of Basic Discrimination Testing. 7.4 Power Calculations in Discrimination Tests. 7.5 Thurstonian Modelling: What Is It Really? 7.6 Similarity versus Difference Testing. 7.7 Replications: What to Do? 7.8 Designed Experiments, Extended Analysis and Other Test Protocols. 8 Investigating Important Factors Influencing Food Acceptance and Choice. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Preliminary Analysis of Consumer Data Sets (Raw Data Overview). 8.3 Experimental Designs for Rating Based Consumer Studies. 8.4 Analysis of Categorical Effect Variables. 8.5 Incorporating Additional Information about Consumers. 8.6 Modelling of Factors as Continuous Variables. 8.7 Reliability/Validity Testing for Rating Based Methods. 8.8 Rank Based Methodology. 8.9 Choice Based Conjoint Analysis. 8.10 Market Share Simulation. 9 Preference Mapping for Understanding Relations between Sensory Product Attributes and Consumer Acceptance. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 External and Internal Preference Mapping. 9.3 Examples of Linear Preference Mapping. 9.4 Ideal Point Preference Mapping. 9.5 Selecting Samples for Preference Mapping. 9.6 Incorporating Additional Consumer Attributes. 9.7 Combining Preference Mapping with Additional Information about the Samples. 10 Segmentation of Consumer Data. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Segmentation of Rating Data. 10.3 Relating Segments to Consumer Attributes. PART II METHOD ORIENTED. 11 Basic Statistics. 11.1 Basic Concepts and Principles. 11.2 Histogram, Frequency and Probability. 11.3 Some Basic Properties of a Distribution (Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation). 11.4 Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals for the Mean μ. 11.5 Statistical Process Control. 11.6 Relationships between Two or More Variables. 11.7 Simple Linear Regression. 11.8 Binomial Distribution and Tests. 11.9 Contingency Tables and Homogeneity Testing. 12 Design of Experiments for Sensory and Consumer Data. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Important Concepts and Distinctions. 12.3 Full Factorial Designs. 12.4 Fractional Factorial Designs: Screening Designs. 12.5 Randomised Blocks and Incomplete Block Designs. 12.6 Split-Plot and Nested Designs. 12.7 Power of Experiments. 13 ANOVA for Sensory and Consumer Data. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 One-Way ANOVA. 13.3 Single Replicate Two-Way ANOVA. 13.4 Two-Way ANOVA with Randomised Replications. 13.5 Multi-Way ANOVA. 13.6 ANOVA for Fractional Factorial Designs. 13.7 Fixed and Random Effects in ANOVA: Mixed Models. 13.8 Nested and Split-Plot Models. 13.9 Post Hoc Testing. 14 Principal Component Analysis. 14.1 Interpretation of Complex Data Sets by PCA. 14.2 Data Structures for the PCA. 14.3 PCA: Description of the Method. 14.4 Projections and Linear Combinations. 14.5 The Scores and Loadings Plots. 14.6 Correlation Loadings Plot. 14.7 Standardisation. 14.8 Calculations and Missing Values. 14.9 Validation. 14.10 Outlier Diagnostics. 14.11 Tucker-1. 14.12 The Relation between PCA and Factor Analysis (FA). 15 Multiple Regression, Principal Components Regression and Partial Least Squares Regression. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Multivariate Linear Regression. 15.3 The Relation between ANOVA and Regression Analysis. 15.4 Linear Regression Used for Estimating Polynomial Models. 15.5 Combining Continuous and Categorical Variables. 15.6 Variable Selection for Multiple Linear Regression. 15.7 Principal Components Regression (PCR). 15.8 Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. 15.9 Model Validation: Prediction Performance. 15.10 Model Diagnostics and Outlier Detection. 15.11 Discriminant Analysis. 15.12 Generalised Linear Models, Logistic Regression and Multinomial Regression. 16 Cluster Analysis: Unsupervised Classification. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Hierarchical Clustering. 16.3 Partitioning Methods. 16.4 Cluster Analysis for Matrices. 17 Miscellaneous Methodologies. 17.1 Three-Way Analysis of Sensory Data. 17.2 Relating Three-Way Data to Two-Way Data. 17.3 Path Modelling. 17.4 MDS-Multidimensional Scaling. 17.5 Analysing Rank Data. 17.6 The L-PLS Method. 17.7 Missing Value Estimation. Nomenclature, Symbols and Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will offer companies in the food industry a comprehensive guide to preparing for a British Retail Consortium Standard evaluation (Issue 6). It will enable them to ensure that the correct systems are in place to achieve the Standard, and also that they present themselves in the best possible light during the audit process. It will also recommend the correct steps to take following evaluation and how to correct non-conformities. The book will be of interest not only to suppliers who are seeking certification for the first time but also to those already in the scheme, and are seeking to improve their grades.Table of ContentsAbout the Online Training Resources xi Cast of Characters xiii Abbreviations xv Acknowledgements xvii Introduction to Second Edition xix Introduction to First Edition xxi Part One Before the Audit 1 Chapter 1 The Changes: Issue 5 to Issue 6 3 Chapter 2 Keys to Success 7 Chapter 3 Some Background 13 Chapter 4 Familiarity with the Standard: Part 1 – Structure and Concepts 19 Chapter 5 Familiarity with the Standard: Part 2 – The Protocol 31 Chapter 6 Familiarity with the Standard: Part 3 – Section IV and the Appendices 45 Chapter 7 Final Steps to the Audit 51 Chapter 8 The Global Standards Website and Directory 63 Chapter 9 Training for the Standard 69 Part Two The Audit 75 Chapter 10 How to Survive the Audit 77 Chapter 11 Clause 1: Senior Management Commitment 87 Chapter 12 Clause 2: Food Safety Plan – HACCP 101 Chapter 13 Clause 3: Food Safety and Quality Management System 129 Chapter 14 Clause 4: Site Standards 173 Chapter 15 Clause 5: Product Control 263 Chapter 16 Clause 6: Process Control 287 Chapter 17 Clause 7: Personnel 301 Part Three After the Audit 321 Chapter 18 From Audit to Certification 323 Chapter 19 Correcting Nonconformities 329 Chapter 20 Certification and What Happens Next 353 Appendices 361 Appendix 1 Answers to Quizzes and Exercise 363 Appendix 2 Where Did Issue 5 Go? 367 Appendix 3 New Clauses for Issue 6 375 Appendix 4 Changes to Product Categories from Issue 5 to Issue 6 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisAnalysis of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Food provides unique and comprehensive professional reference source covering most recent analytical methodology of endocrine disrupting compounds in food. Editor Nollet and his team of international contributors address most recent advances in analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in food.Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface. List of contributors. Chapter 1 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. What? Where? (Guang-Guo Ying). Chapter 2 Analysis of PCBs in Food (Manuela Melis and Ettore Zuccato). Chapter 3 Analysis of Dioxins and Furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in Food (Luisa R. Bordajandi, Belén Gómara, and María José González). Chapter 4 Analysis of Organochlorine Endocrine-Disrupter Pesticides in Food Commodities (M.J. Gómez, M.A. Martínez-Uroz, M.M. Gómez-Ramos, A. Agüera, and A.R. Fernández-Alba). Chapter 5 Pesticides: Herbicides and Fungicides (Ivan P. Roman Falco, Lorena Vidal, and Antonio Canals). Chapter 6 Pesticides: Organophosphates (Juan F. García-Reyes, Bienvenida Gilbert-López, and Antonio Molina-Díaz). Chapter 7 Phytoestrogens (Ashok K. Singh and Leo M.L. Nollet). Chapter 8 Mycoestrogens (Jean-Denis Bailly). Chapter 9 Analysis of Hormones in Food (John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang). Chapter 10 Phthalates (Jiping Zhu, Rong Wang, Yong-lai Feng, and Xu-liang Cao). Chapter 11 Organotin Compounds Analysis (Maw-Rong Lee and Chung-Yu Chen). Chapter 12 Determination of Heavy Metals in Food by Atomic Spectroscopy (Joseph Sneddon). Chapter 13 Surfactants (Bing Shao). Chapter 14 Polybrominated Biphenyls (Antonia María Carro Díaz and Rosa Antonia Lorenzo Ferreira). Chapter 15 Bisphenol A (Ana Ballesteros-Gómez and Soledad Rubio). Chapter 16 Perfluoroalkylated Substances (Leo M.L. Nollet). Chapter 17 Flame Retardants (D. Lambropoulou, E. Evgenidou, Ch. Christophoridis, E. Bizani, and K. Fytianos). Chapter 18 Personal Care Products (Guang-Guo Ying). Chapter 19 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Peter šimko). Chapter 20 Pentachlorophenol, Benzophenone, Parabens, Butylated Hydroxyanisole, Styrene (Leo M.L. Nollet). Index.

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Book SynopsisImprove your product development success ratio! This IFT Basic Symposium is the collective work of a team of seasoned food industry consultants whose experiences and observations provide a how to guide of successful product and process development. Their information-packed presentations will deepen and broaden the food technologist''s knowledge of food product development to the sphere beyond the laboratory. Authors address the following key components of product development: Managing the Product Development Process, Consumer & Market Research, Making It Happen, Cost & Pricing A case study and several short case history lessons illuminate product development from perspectives that include consumer and marketing needs, manufacturing ramifications, communication issues, food safety systems, shelf life techniques, and distribution elements.Trade Review"This is one of the IFT Basic Symposium Series. The 198 pages, in 14 chapters, were written by eight experts - new product development giants. These contents originate from a series of structured courses with emphasis on personal experience, practical and realistic case studies, and many tangible examples" (Food & Beverage Reporter, April 2004)Table of ContentsContributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Effective Communication. 2 Focusing on the Participants: When and How To Involve Them. 3 Managing the Product Development Process. 4 Organizing Human Resouces: By Project? By Discipline? As a Matrix? 5 Product Life Cycle: Consumer and Market Research. 6 Shelf Life Considerations and Techniques. 7 Product and Concept Testing: Methods and Cost Control. 8 Case Study: Introducing a New Flavor and Color Ingredient. 9 Food Safety Systems: Anticipating Production and Integration into the Process. 10 Some Lesson Vignettes from Focus Groups and Other Market Research. 11 Equipment Integration in the Process: Patent Questions and Vendor Confidentiality. 12 The Role of Food Packaging in Product Development. 13 Contract Packaging ot In-House Manufacturing? 14 Initial and Progressive Cost Estimates. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively reviews research on new developments in all areas of food chemistry/science and technology.Trade Review“The editors provide a wide-ranging review that imparts an historical prospective to contemporary innovative food science research and development efforts and challenges.” (Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 25 December 2013)Table of ContentsList of Contributors 1 Food Chemistry and Technology Visakh P.M., Sabu Thomas, Laura B. Iturriaga and Pablo Daniel Ribotta 1.1 Food Security 1 1.2 Nanotechnology in Food Applications 4 1.3 Frozen Food and Technology 5 1.4 Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 7 1.5 Food: Production, Properties and Quality 8 1.6 Safety of Enzyme Preparations Used in Food 10 1.7 Trace Element Speciation in Food 11 1.8 Bio-nanocomposites for Natural Food Packaging 13 References 14 2 Food Security: A Global Problem 19 Donatella Restuccia, Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri, Francesco Puoci, Giuseppe Cirillo, Ortensia Ilaria Parisi, Giuliana Vinci and Nevio Picci 2.1 Food Security: Definitions and Basic Concepts 20 2.2 Main Causes of Food Insecurity 27 2.3 The Food Insecurity Dimension 50 2.4 Conclusions 93 References 95 3 Nanotechnology in Food Applications 103 Rui M. S. Cruz, Javiera F. Rubilar, Igor Khmelinskii and Margarida C. Vieira 3.1 What is Nanotechnology? 103 3.2 Food Formulations 105 3.3 Food Packaging 107 3.4 Regulation Issues and Consumer Perception 115 Acknowledgements 116 References 116 4 Frozen Food and Technology 123 Elisabete M. C. Alexandre, Teresa R. S. Brandão and Cristina L. M. Silva 4.1 Introduction 124 4.2 Treatments: Pre-freezing 125 4.3 Freezing Process 129 4.4 Freezing Methods and Equipment 131 4.5 Effect of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Food Properties 142 4.6 Final Remarks 146 References 147 5 Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 151 Campos-Montiel R. G., Pimentel-González D. J. and Figueira A. C. 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Functional and Chemical Properties of Food Components 152 5.3 Nutritional Value and Sensory Properties of Food 168 5.4 Postharvest Storage and Processing 174 5.5 Conclusion 177 Acknowledgements 178 References 178 6 Food: Production, Properties and Quality 185 Yantyati Widyastuti, Tatik Khusniati and Endang Sutriswati Rahayu 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Food Production 186 6.3 Factors Affecting Production and Improvement of Food 187 6.4 Food Properties 196 6.5 Food Quality 197 References 199 7 Regulatory Aspects of Food Ingredients in the United States: Focus on the Safety of Enzyme Preparations Used in Food 201 Shayla West-Barnette and Jannavi R. Srinivasan 7.1 Introduction 202 7.2 Regulatory History of Food Ingredients: Guided by Safety 202 7.3 Scientific Advancement as Part of the Regulatory History of Enzyme Preparations 206 7.4 Safety Evaluation of Enzyme Preparations 216 7.5 Conclusion 223 Acknowledgements 223 References 223 8 Trace Element Speciation in Food 227 Paula Berton, Estefania M. Martinis and Rodolfo G. Wuilloud 8.1 Introduction 228 8.2 Implications of Toxic Elements Speciation for Food Safety 230 8.3 Elemental Species and Its Impact on the Nutritional Value of Food 238 8.4 Elemental Species in Food Processing 243 8.5 Potential Functional Food Derived from Health Benefits of Elemental Species 246 8.6 Analytical Methods for Food Elemental Speciation Analysis 249 8.7 Conclusions 256 References 257 9 Bionanocomposites for Natural Food Packing 265 Bibin Mathew Cherian, Gabriel Molina de Olyveiro, Ligia Maria Manzine Costa, Alcides Lopes Leäo, Marcia Rodrigues de Morais Chaves, Sivoney Ferreira de Souza and Suresh Narine 9.1 Introduction 266 9.2 Natural Biopolymer-based Films 267 9.3 Modification of Film Properties 274 9.4 Environmental Impact of Bionanocomposites Materials 290 9.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 294 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively reviews research on new developments in all areas of food chemistry/science and technology.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xvii 1 Recent Advances in Food Science and Nutrition: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1 Visakh. P.M., Laura B. Iturriaga and Pablo Daniel Ribotta 1.1 Potato Production, Composition and Starch Processing 2 1.2 Milk and Different Types of Milk Products 4 1.3 Processing and Preservation of Meat, Poultry and Seafood 5 1.4 Food Ingredients 7 1.5 Fruits and Fruit Processing 7 1.6 Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals and Their Method of Analysis 9 1.7 Indispensable Tools in Food Science and Nutrition 10 1.8 Transformation of Food Flavours Due to Industrial Processing Elaboration 11 1.9 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 12 1.10 Effect of Food Processing on Bioactive Compounds 13 1.11 Recent Advances in Storage Technologies for Fresh Fruits 14 1.12 Ultrasound Applications in Food Technology 16 References 17 2 Potato: Production, Composition and Starch Processing 23 Narpinder Singh, Amritpal Kaur, Khetan Shevkani and Rajarathnam Ezekiel 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Composition 24 2.3 Starch Production 34 2.4 Starch Properties 36 References 41 3 Milk and Different Types of Milk Products 49 Yantyati Widyastuti and Andi Febrisiantosa 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Milk Production and Quality 51 3.3.1 Effect of Animal Diet on Milk Productivity 51 3.2.2 Organic Milk 56 3.3 Types of Milk Products 56 3.3.1 Liquid Milk as Beverage 57 3.3.2 Cream 59 3.3.3 Butter 59 3.3.4 Ice Cream 60 3.3.5 Fermented Milk Product 62 3.4 Conclusion 65 References 65 4 Processing and Preservation of Meat, Poultry and Seafood 69 Elisabete M.C. Alexandre, Cristina L.M. Silva and Teresa R.S. Brandão 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Food Quality Characteristics 71 4.3 Deterioration and Microbial Contamination 73 4.4 Physical Methods of Preservation 74 4.4.1 Preliminary Processes 74 4.4.2 Water Spray-Washings 76 4.4.3 Control of Temperature 77 4.4.4 Control of Moisture 81 4.4.5 Radiation Technologies 82 4.4.6 Other Technologies 87 4.5 Chemical Methods of Preservation 89 4.5.1 Curing 89 4.5.2 Smoking 90 4.5.3 Other Methods/Compounds 91 4.6 Microbiological Contributions to Meat Preservation 93 4.6.1 Competition 93 4.6.2 Fermentation 94 4.6.3 Bacteriocins 94 4.7 Hurdle Combinations of Methods 95 4.8 Atmosphere Inside Package 95 Acknowledgments 96 References 96 5 Food Ingredients 105 Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Useful Terminology and Definitions 107 5.3 Food Additives 109 5.4 Novel and Natural Plant-Based Ingredients 113 5.5 Properties and Applications of Plant-Derived Ingredients 120 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 125 References 126 6 Fruits and Fruit Processing 133 Ariel R. Fontana and Romina P. Monasterio 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Fruits 136 6.2.1 Low Temperature 136 6.2.2 Modified and Controlled Atmosphere Storage 137 6.2.3 Modified Atmosphere Packaging 140 6.2.4 Edible Coatings 141 6.3 Fruit Processing 142 6.3.1 Factors Affecting Fruit Conservation Method 143 6.3.2 Traditional Preservation Methods 144 6.3.3 Modern Preservation Methods with Minimal Processing 146 References 150 7 Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals and Their Method of Analysis 153 Ashish Rawson, Ankit Patras, B. Dave Oomah, Rocio Campos-Vega and Mohammad B. Hossain 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 Importance of Antioxidants in Human Health (Their Mechanism of Action) 155 7.3 Natural Antioxidants 158 7.3.1 Sources of Natural Antioxidants 158 7.3.2 Uses of Natural Antioxidants 160 7.4 Overview of Methods Used to Measure Total Antioxidant Activity 163 7.4.1 Measurement of Antioxidant Activity 165 7.4.2 Assays Involving a Biological Substrate 165 7.4.3 Assays Involving a Non-Biological Substrate 166 7.5 Problems in Comparing Various Methods of Antioxidant Activity and Discrepancies over Their Measurement 188 7.6 Methods for Antioxidant Phytochemical Analysis 191 7.6.1 Spectrophotometer 191 7.6.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) 191 7.6.3 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) 214 7.6.4 Liquid Chromatography–Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LC–NMR) 215 7.7 Concluding Remarks 237 References 238 8 Indispensable Tools in Food Science and Nutrition 257 Sneha P. Bhatia 8.1 Introduction: Food Safety – From Farm to the Dinner Plate 257 8.2 Foodborne Pathogens 259 8.3 Probiotics in Food 264 8.4 Genetically Modified (GM) Foods – Friends or Foe? 270 8.5 Bioavailability of Nutrients 273 8.6 Food Safety Regulations 275 8.7 Conclusion 276 References 276 9 Transformations of Food Flavor Due to Industrially Processing of Elaboration 279 Romina P. Monasterio 9.1 Introduction 280 9.2 Aroma Compounds 292 9.3 Chemical Reactions that Contribute to Food Flavor 292 9.3.1 Maillard Reaction 293 9.3.2 Flavor from Lipids 298 9.3.3 Flavors Formed via Fermentation 302 9.4 Special Industrial Process and Flavor 309 9.5 Industrial Production of Flavor 312 9.6 Summary 315 References 315 10 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 321 Gastón Ares and Ana Giménez 10.1 Introduction 321 10.1.1 Sensory Characterization 321 10.1.2 Descriptive Analysis 322 10.2 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 325 10.2.1 Overview 325 10.2.2 Methodologies Based on Specific Attributes 327 10.2.3 Methodologies that Provide a Verbal Description of the Products 332 10.2.4 Holistic Methodologies 338 10.2.5 Methods Based on the Comparison with References 345 10.2.6 Comparison of the Methodologies 348 10.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 352 References 354 11 Effect of Food Processing on Bioactive Compounds 361 Sarana Sommano 11.1 Bioactive Compounds 362 11.1.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 362 11.1.2 Antioxidant Defenses Against ROS 363 11.1.3 Bioactive Compounds or Natural Antioxidants 364 11.1.4 Other Significant Bioactive Compounds 371 11.2 Processing of Foods Containing Bioactive Components 372 11.2.1 Effect of Postharvest Handling Methods and Shelf Life Determination 372 11.2.2 Effect of Processing 373 11.2.3 Effects of Storage 377 11.3 Methods for the Determination of Antioxidants 378 11.3.1 Measuring Antioxidants Activity 378 11.3.2 Radical–Scavenging Methods 378 11.3.3 Methods for Measuring the Oxidation of an Oil or Food Sample 380 11.3.4 Techniques Involving Bioactive Compound Determination 383 Reference 12 Recent Advances in Storage Technologies for Fresh Fruits 391 Sukhvinder P. Singh and Leon A. Terry 12.1 Introduction 392 12.2 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Based Storage Technology 393 12.3 Palladium Based Ethylene Adsorbers 394 12.4 Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) Storage Technology 397 12.5 Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) Storage Technology 398 12.6 Microcontrolled Atmosphere (MCA) and Bulk Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Technologies 400 12.7 Nitric Oxide Based Technology 401 12.8 Biosensors 403 12.9 Conclusions 405 References 406 13 Ultrasound Applications in Food Technology: Equipment, Combined Processes and Effects on Safety and Quality Parameters 413 Rui M.S. Cruz, Igor Khmelinskii and Margarida C. Vieira 13.1 Introduction 414 13.2 Equipment Design 416 13.3 Ultrasound Application for Improving Processing Efficiency 420 13.4 Food Preservation Applications 424 13.4.1 Enzymes 424 13.4.2 Microorganisms 424 13.5 Ultrasound Effects on Food Quality Attributes 430 13.6 Conclusions 432 References 432 Index 445

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth look at new and emerging technologies for non-alcoholic beverage manufacturing The non-alcoholic beverage market is the fastest growing segment of the functional food industry worldwide.Table of ContentsAbout the IFST Advances in Food Science Book Series xi List of Contributors xiii Preface xvi List of Abbreviations xvii Part 1: Juice Processing 1 1 Pome Fruit Juices 3 Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo, Lucía Plaza, Gloria Bobo, Maribel Abadias, and Inmaculada Viñas 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Conventional Processing Techniques 3 1.2.1 Influence on Microbial Quality 4 1.2.2 Influence on Nutritional Attributes 5 1.2.3 Influence on Organoleptic Attributes 7 1.3 Novel Processing Techniques 8 1.3.1 Improvement in Juice Extraction 8 1.3.2 Improvement in Juice Clarification 9 1.3.3 Preservation of Pome Fruit Juices by Innovative Technologies 10 1.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 16 Acknowledgments 17 References 17 2 Citrus Fruit Juices 27 Maria Consuelo Pina-Pérez, Alejandro Rivas, Antonio Martínez, and Dolores Rodrigo 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Conventional Preservation Processing Techniques 28 2.2.1 Effect on Microbial Quality 28 2.2.2 Effect on Quality-Related Enzymes 29 2.2.3 Effect on Nutritional Quality 29 2.2.4 Effect on Organoleptic Quality 30 2.3 Novel Processing Techniques 30 2.3.1 Changes in Conventional Methods 30 2.3.2 Ohmic Heating 31 2.3.3 Microwave Heating 33 2.4 Processing Citrus by Innovative Methods 36 2.4.1 High-Pressure Processing 36 2.4.2 Pulsed Electric Fields 40 2.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 47 References 47 3 Prunus Fruit Juices 59 Gamze Toydemir, Dilek Boyacioglu, Robert D. Hall, Jules Beekwilder, and Esra Capanoglu 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Conventional Processing Techniques 60 3.2.1 Cherry and Sour Cherry 60 3.2.2 Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine 62 3.2.3 Plum 63 3.3 Influence of Conventional Processing Techniques on Juice Quality 64 3.4 Novel Processing Techniques 65 3.4.1 Pulsed Electric Fields 65 3.4.2 High-Pressure Processing 67 3.4.3 Other Innovative Technologies 70 3.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 71 References 72 4 Vegetable Juices 79 Rogelio Sánchez-Vega, David Sepúlveda-Ahumada, and Ma. Janeth Rodríguez-Roque 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Conventional Processing Technologies 81 4.2.1 Influence of Conventional Processing on Microbial Quality 81 4.2.2 Influence of Conventional Processing on Nutritional Attributes 81 4.2.3 Influence of Conventional Processing on Organoleptic Attributes 85 4.3 Nonthermal Processing Technologies 96 4.3.1 Influence of Nonthermal Processing on Microbial Quality 96 4.3.2 Influence of Nonthermal Processing on Nutritional Attributes 97 4.3.3 Influence of Nonthermal Processing on Organoleptic Attributes 99 4.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 100 References 100 5 Exotic Fruit Juices 107 Zamantha Escobedo-Avellaneda, Rebeca García-García, and Jorge Welti-Chanes 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Exotic Fruits: Relevance in Human Nutrition and Health 109 5.3 Deterioration of Exotic Fruit Juices 111 5.4 Thermal and Nonthermal Technologies Used to Preserve Juices 112 5.4.1 Thermal Processing 113 5.4.2 Nonthermal Processing 116 5.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 122 References 122 6 Berry Juices 131 Sze Ying Leong and Indrawati Oey 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Conventional Processing Techniques 131 6.2.1 Influence on Microbial Quality 132 6.2.2 Influence on Nutritional Attributes 133 6.2.3 Influence on Organoleptic Attributes 160 6.3 Novel Processing Techniques 163 6.3.1 Changes in Conventional Methods 164 6.3.2 Processing Berry Juice by Innovative Technologies 164 6.3.3 Preservation of Berry Juice by Innovative Technologies 166 6.4 Relevance for Human Health 188 6.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 190 References 190 7 Juice Blends 205 Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Francisco Quilez, and Nabil Grimi 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Pulsed Electric Fields 206 7.2.1 Food Safety 207 7.2.2 Nutritionally Valuable Compounds 208 7.3 High-Pressure Processing 210 7.3.1 Food Safety 211 7.3.2 Nutritionally Valuable Compounds 211 7.4 Conclusion 213 Acknowledgments 213 References 213 Part 2: Non-alcoholic Beverages 217 8 Grain-Based Beverages 219 Aastha Deswal, Navneet S. Deora, and Hari N. Mishra 8.1 Introduction 219 8.1.1 Soy-Based Beverages 220 8.1.2 Rice-Based Beverages 220 8.1.3 Oat-Based Beverages 221 8.2 Conventional Processing Techniques 222 8.2.1 Heating Methods 222 8.2.2 Fermentation 223 8.2.3 Influence on Microbial Quality 224 8.2.4 Influence on Nutritional Attributes 225 8.2.5 Influence on Organoleptic Attributes 227 8.3 Novel Processing Techniques 227 8.3.1 High and Ultra-High-Pressure Homogenisation 227 8.3.2 High-Pressure Processing 228 8.3.3 Pulsed Electric Field 230 8.3.4 Enzymatic Techniques 231 8.3.5 Changes in Conventional Methods 232 8.4 Processing Grain-Based Beverages by Innovative Techniques 233 8.4.1 Enzymatic Techniques 233 8.4.2 Fermentation 234 8.4.3 Ultra-High-Pressure Homogenisation 235 8.5 Preservation of Grain-Based Beverages by Innovative Technologies 235 8.5.1 High-Pressure Processing 235 8.5.2 Pulsed Electric Field 237 8.6 Relevance for Human Nutrition 237 8.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 238 References 238 9 Soups 249 Begoña de Ancos and Concepción Sánchez-Moreno 9.1 Introduction 249 9.1.1 Processed Foods 249 9.1.2 Ready-to-Eat Meals: Soups 250 9.2 Non-Thermal Technologies for Food Processing 252 9.2.1 High-Pressure Processing 252 9.2.2 Pulsed Electric Fields 256 9.3 Novel Thermal Technologies for Food Processing 259 9.3.1 Ohmic Heating 259 9.3.2 Microwave and Radiofrequency Heating 262 Acknowledgments 265 References 265 10 Functional Beverages 275 Francesc Puiggròs, Begoña Muguerza, Anna Arola-Arnal, Gerard Aragonès, Susana Suárez-Garcia, Cinta Bladé, Lluís Arola, and Manuel Suárez 10.1 Introduction 275 10.2 Functional Food Regulation 276 10.3 Natural Ingredients in the Formulation of Functional Beverages 277 10.4 New Trends in the Formulation of Functional Beverages 279 10.4.1 Tendencies in Fruit Ingredients 279 10.4.2 Green Botanicals in Beverages 279 10.4.3 By-Products in Beverage Formulation 280 10.5 Novel Infusions (Tea and Tea Alternatives) 281 10.6 Fortified Beverages 283 10.7 Cocoa-Based Beverages 285 10.8 Energy Drinks 286 10.9 Beverage Emulsions 287 10.10 Conclusions and Future Trends 288 References 288 Part 3: Waste in the Juice and Non-alcoholic Beverage Sector 297 11 Waste/By-Product Utilisations 299 Ciaran Fitzgerald, Mohammad Hossain, and Dilip K. Rai 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 Major Waste and By-Products Generated from the Juice and Non-Alcoholic Beverage Sector 299 11.3 Utilisation of By-Products from the Non-Alcoholic Beverage Sector 301 11.3.1 Animal Feed 301 11.3.2 Pectin 303 11.3.3 Biofuel 303 11.3.4 Flavour and Aroma 304 11.3.5 Food Additives 304 11.4 Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds 305 11.4.1 Phenolic Compounds 305 11.4.2 Bioactive Peptides 305 11.5 Novel Technologies Involved in the Processing of Fruit Beverage Waste 305 11.5.1 Pulsed Electric Field 305 11.5.2 Ultrasonication 306 References 306 Index 311

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Book SynopsisCompeting and winning in today?s competitive marketplace requires a strategy that includes sustainability. Business leaders who embrace it and convey a strong sense of purpose behind their strategy are propelling their organizations into revenue-increasing, cost-reducing outcomes. Purposely Profitable: Embedding Sustainability into the DNA of Food Processing and other Businesses provides a proven, step-by-step methodology for integrating sustainability into the strategic plan to develop a strategy that is sustainable and aligned to a greater purpose. This book notably includes the following: A primer on Sustainability that defines Sustainable Business and presents the Business Case for Sustainability What is an organizational purpose and why is it so important in today?s competitive marketplace Step by step instructions, supported by a case study, for developing each component of the strategic plan (Purpose, Vision, Strategic Pillars, KPITable of ContentsAbout the Author, x Sustainability Primer, xi Understanding sustainability, xi The sustainable organization, xiv Business case for sustainability, xxii Introduction – Setting the Stage, xxvi Chapter 1 Finding Purpose, 1 1.1 Why a purpose?, 3 1.2 Finding purpose and developing a purpose statement, 4 Step 1: Articulating the purpose, 5 Step 2: Crafting a purpose statement, 6 Step 3: Finalizing the purpose statement, 7 Chapter 2 Creating a Shared Vision of the Future, 9 2.1 Crafting a meaningful vision statement, 11 Step 1: Setting the stage, 11 Step 2: Key word development, 12 Step 3: Key word grouping, 13 Step 4: Key word identification, 13 Step 5: Drafting a vision statement, 13 Step 6: Finalizing the vision statement, 14 2.2 Creating a shared vision, 14 2.2.1 Painting a clear picture of the future state, 15 2.2.2 Aligning daily activities to the vision, 16 Chapter 3 Getting Focused – Pillar Development, 18 3.1 The power of pillars, 19 3.1.1 Providing clear direction and focus, 19 3.1.2 Creating a culture of Sustainability, 21 3.2 Building the pillars, 22 Step 1: Pillar identification, 22 Step 2: Integrating Sustainability into the pillars, 25 Step 3: Pillar key word development, 32 Step 4: Key word grouping, 35 Step 5: Developing pillar mission statements, 36 3.3 Visually illustrating the pillars, 38 Chapter 4 Financial Objectives, 41 4.1 Understanding business objectives, 42 4.2 Setting business objectives, 44 4.2.1 Setting a Revenue objective, 45 4.2.2 Setting a Gross Margin objective, 46 4.2.3 Setting an Overhead objective, 48 Chapter 5 Measuring What Matters – KPI Development, 51 5.1 Understanding KPIs and metrics, 52 5.1.1 Leading vs lagging, 53 5.1.2 Absolute vs normalized measures, 54 5.2 Pillar KPI development, 55 Step 1: Identify what needs to be measured, 56 Step 2: Identifying KPIs vs metrics, 58 Step 3: Defining the KPI number, 62 Step 4: Building the baselines, 64 5.3 Building a dashboard, 66 Chapter 6 Setting Expectations – KPI Goal Development, 69 External benchmarking, 73 Internal benchmarking, 74 Opportunity based benchmarking, 74 6.1 Pillar goal development, 75 Step 1: Choose goal‐setting approach, 75 Step 2: Setting a commitment level (goal), 79 Step 3: Setting milestones, 83 Step 4: Assigning ownership, 86 Chapter 7 Adding Value – Program Development, 89 7.1 Program development, 92 Step 1: Gap analysis, 92 Step 2: Pareto analysis, 93 Step 3: Program identification, 94 Step 4: Program metric development, 96 Step 5: Program goal development, 97 Step 6: Action plan development, 99 Chapter 8 Getting Tactical – Strategy Execution, 102 8.1 Communicating the strategic plan, 103 8.1.1 Purpose, 104 8.1.2 Pillars, 106 8.1.3 KPIs, 107 8.1.4 Goals (aka Commitments), 107 8.1.5 Programs, 108 8.2 Cascading the strategic plan, 108 8.3 Building accountability, 109 8.4 Managing strategy execution, 112 8.4.1 Building the right team, 114 8.4.2 Being disciplined, 115 8.4.3 Locking in the gains, 116 8.5 Leveraging technology, 117 Final Thoughts: Making the Leap, 119 Tools and Resources, 126 References, 140 Index, 141

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Book SynopsisRecent technological advances have provided unique opportunities for the exploration of alternatives to the industrial use of chemically produced synthetic colors. The most promising developments in this area have been in bio-pigmentation derived from microorganisms. This groundbreaking book reviews the current state of the science of bio-pigmentation, providing important insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial biosynthesis of industrial pigments. Featuring contributions by leading researchers from both industry and academe, it explores the latest advances in the use of bio-pigments as safe, sustainable alternatives to chemically synthesized pigments, and provides extensive coverage the most promising sources of bio-pigments within the food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Proposes microbial uniqueness of coloration in variety of food, feed and pharmaceuticals Covers the basic science behind bio-pigmentation as well as the latest advances in the fielTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Introduction xvii 1 Introduction of Natural Pigments From Microorganisms 1Siyuan Wang, Fuchao Xu, and Jixun Zhan 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Microbial Pigments from Eukaryotic Sources 2 1.2.1 Pigments from Algae 2 1.2.2 Pigments from Fungi 4 1.2.3 Pigments from Yeasts 7 1.3 Natural Pigments from Prokaryotes 9 1.3.1 Natural Pigments from Cyanobacteria 9 1.3.2 Natural Pigments from Bacteria 10 1.4 Conclusion 16 References 16 2 Establishing Novel Cell Factories Producing Natural Pigments In Europe 23Gerit Tolborg, Thomas Isbrandt, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, and Mhairi Workman 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Colorants 25 2.2.1 Classification of Colorants 25 2.2.2 Monascus Pigments 26 2.2.3 Biosynthesis of Monascus Pigments 29 2.2.4 Derivatives of Monascus Pigments 31 2.3 Screening for Monascus Pigment-Producing Cell Factories for the European Market 32 2.3.1 Cell Factory Selection and Identification 32 2.3.2 From Single Pigment Producers to High-Performance Cell Factories 33 2.4 Assessment of the Color Yield 34 2.4.1 Pigment Purification and Quantification 34 2.4.2 Detection and Identification 37 2.4.3 Quantification 38 2.4.4 CIELAB 41 2.5 Optimizing Cellular Performance: Growth and Pigment Production 41 2.5.1 Assessment of Classical Physiological Parameters 42 2.5.2 Media Composition 42 2.5.3 Cultivation Parameters 44 2.5.4 Type of Cultivation 46 2.5.5 Metabolic Engineering 48 2.6 Pigment Properties 50 2.7 Conclusion 51 References 51 3 Color-Producing Extremophiles 61Eva García-López, Alberto Alcázar, Ana María Moreno, and Cristina Cid 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Color-Producing Extremophiles 62 3.2.1 Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles 63 3.2.2 Psychrophiles and Psychrotolerants 63 3.2.3 Alkaliphiles 66 3.2.4 Acidophiles 66 3.2.5 Piezophiles and Piezotolerants 66 3.2.6 Halophiles and Halotolerants 67 3.2.7 Radiophiles 67 3.3 Microbial Pigments 68 3.3.1 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls 68 3.3.2 Carotenoids and Phycobilins 69 3.3.3 Violacein 70 3.3.4 Prodigiosin 70 3.3.5 Pyocyanin 70 3.3.6 Azaphilones 70 3.3.7 Bacteriorhodopsin 71 3.3.8 Cytochromes 71 3.3.9 Other 72 3.4 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Pigments from Extremophiles 73 3.4.1 Applications in the Food Industry 74 3.4.2 Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry 77 3.4.3 Applications in the Textile Industry 78 3.4.4 Applications as Laboratory Tools 78 3.4.5 Applications in Bioremediation 79 3.4.6 Development of Microbial Fuel Cells 79 3.4.7 Biotechnological Production of Natural Pigments 80 3.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments 80 References 80 4 Current Carotenoid Production Using Microorganisms 87Laurent Dufossé 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 β-carotene 88 4.2.1 B. trispora 88 4.2.2 Phycomyces blakesleeanus 90 4.2.3 Mucor circinelloides 91 4.2.4 Applications 91 4.3 Lycopene 91 4.3.1 B. trispora 92 4.3.2 Fusarium sporotrichioides 93 4.4 Astaxanthin 93 4.4.1 X. dendrorhous, Formerly Phaffia rhodozyma 94 4.4.2 Agrobacterium aurantiacum and Other Bacteria 95 4.4.3 Advantages over Other Carotenoids 95 4.4.4 Astaxanthin for Salmon and Trout Feeds 96 4.4.5 Astaxanthin for Humans 97 4.5 Zeaxanthin 97 4.6 Canthaxanthin 98 4.7 Torulene and Thorularhodin 99 4.8 Prospects for Carotenoid Production by Genetically Modified Microorganisms 99 4.8.1 Escherichia coli and Other Hosts 99 4.8.2 Directed Evolution and Combinatorial Biosynthesis 101 4.9 Conclusion 102 References 104 5 C50 Carotenoids: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Glycosylation, and Metabolic Engineering For Their Overproduction 107Nadja A. Henke, Petra Peters-Wendisch, Volker F. Wendisch, and Sabine A.E. Heider 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Occurrence and Biological Function of C50 Carotenoids 108 5.3 Biosynthesis of C50 Carotenoids 110 5.4 Glycosylation of C50 Carotenoids 114 5.5 Overproduction of C50 Carotenoids by Metabolic Engineering 115 5.6 Conclusion 118 Acknowledgments 119 References 119 6 Biopigments and Microbial Biosynthesis of 𝛃-Carotenoids 127Rosemary C. Nwabuogu, Jennifer Lau, and Om V. Singh 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Characterization of Biological Pigments 129 6.2.1 Tetrapyrrole Derivatives 129 6.2.2 N-heterocyclic Derivatives 130 6.2.3 Isoprenoid Derivatives 131 6.2.4 Benzopran Derivatives 132 6.2.5 Quinones 132 6.2.6 Melanins 133 6.3 Biosynthetic Routes of β-carotene 133 6.3.1 Fermentation of β-carotene 138 6.4 Molecular Regulation of β-carotene Biosynthesis 146 6.5 Commercialization of β-carotene 147 6.6 Conclusion 151 References 151 7 Biotechnological Production of Melanins With Microorganisms 161Guillermo Gosset 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 Microbial Production of Melanins 163 7.3 Production of Melanins with Engineered Microorganisms 165 7.4 Conclusion 169 References 170 8 Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanisms of Monascus Pigments 173Changlu Wang, Di Chen, and Jiancheng Qi 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Monascus Pigments 174 8.3 The Properties of Monascus Pigments 176 8.3.1 Solubility 176 8.3.2 Stability 177 8.3.3 Safety 177 8.4 Functional Properties of Monascus Pigments 177 8.4.1 Antimicrobial Activities 178 8.4.2 Anti-inflammatory Activities 178 8.4.3 Anti-obesity Activities 178 8.4.4 Anticancer Activities 178 8.5 Biosynthetic Pathway of Monascus Pigments 179 8.6 Biosynthetic Pathway of Related Genes 181 8.7 Factors Affecting Monascus Pigment Production 184 8.7.1 Solid-State Fermentation 185 8.7.2 Submerged Fermentation 186 8.7.3 Carbon Source 186 8.7.4 Nitrogen Source 187 8.7.5 Temperature 187 8.7.6 Light 187 References 187 9 Diversity and Applications of Versatile Pigments Produced By Monascus Sp 193Sunil H. Koli, Rahul K. Suryawanshi, Chandrashekhar D. Patil, and Satish V. Patil 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Pigment-Producing Monascus Strains 195 9.3 Various Types of Monascus Pigments 199 9.4 Extraction and Purification of Monascus Pigments 203 9.5 Detection and Purification 204 9.5.1 UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Methods 204 9.5.2 Column Chromatography 204 9.5.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography 205 9.5.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 205 9.6 Applications 206 9.6.1 Food Colorants 206 9.6.2 Biological Role 206 9.7 Conclusion 209 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 10 Microbial Pigment Production Utilizing Agro-Industrial Waste and Its Applications 215Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil, Nur Zulaikha Binti Yusof, Claira Arul Aruldass, and Wan Azlina Ahmad 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Agro-industrial Waste Generation: A Scenario 216 10.3 Microbial Pigments 216 10.4 Production of Microbial Pigments Utilizing Agro-industrial Waste from Different Industries 223 10.5 Case Study: Production of Violacein by Chromobacterium violaceum Grown in Agricultural Wastes 225 10.5.1 Introduction 225 10.5.2 Materials and Methods 226 10.5.3 Results and Discussion 229 10.6 Conclusion 235 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 11 Microbial Pigments: Potential Functions and Prospects 241P. Akilandeswari and B.V. Pradeep 11.1 Introduction 241 11.1.1 Pigments 242 11.1.2 Types of Pigments 242 11.1.3 Microbial Pigments 242 11.1.4 Use of Pigments 243 11.1.5 Advantages of Natural Pigments 243 11.1.6 Disadvantages of Synthetic Dyes 243 11.2 Potential Sources of Microbial Pigments 244 11.2.1 Actinomycetes 244 11.2.2 Bacteria 245 11.2.3 Fungi 245 11.3 Physical Factors Influencing Microbial Pigments 246 11.4 Chemical Factors Influencing Microbial Pigments 247 11.5 Fermentation Practices in Pigment Production 248 11.5.1 Solid-State Fermentation 248 11.5.2 Submerged Fermentation 248 11.6 Characterization and Purification Analysis 249 11.7 Biocolors from Microbes and their Potential Functions 250 11.7.1 Pharmaceutical Industry 250 11.7.2 Food Colorants 255 11.7.3 Textile Dyeing 256 References 257 12 The Microbial World of Biocolor Production 263Roshan Gul, Raman Kumar, and Anil K. Sharma 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 Pigments Produced by Microorganisms 265 12.3 Classification of Pigments 265 12.3.1 Riboflavin 265 12.3.2 β-carotene 265 12.3.3 Canthaxanthin 268 12.3.4 Carotenoids 268 12.3.5 Prodigiosin 268 12.3.6 Phycocyanin 268 12.3.7 Violacein 268 12.3.8 Astaxanthin 268 12.4 Benefits and Applications of Microbial Pigments 269 12.5 Conclusion 272 References 273 Index 279

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