Organic chemistry Books
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: Methods
Book SynopsisA comprehensive reference to nickel chemistry for every scientist working with organometallic catalysts Written by one of the world?s leading reseachers in the field, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis presents a comprehensive review of the high potential of modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis. Structured in a clear and assessible manner, the book offers a collection of various reaction types, such as cross-coupling reactions, reactions for the activation of unreactive bonds, carbon dioxide fixation, and many more. Nickel has been recognized as one of the most interesting transition metals for homogeneous catalysis. This book offers an overview to the recently developed new ligands, new reaction conditions, and new apparatus to control the reactivity of nickel catalysts, allowing scientists to apply nickel catalysts to a variety of bond-forming reactions. A must-read for anyone working with organometallic compounds and their application in organic synthesis, this important guide: -Reviews the numerous applications of nickel catalysis in synthesis -Explores the use of nickel as a relatively cheap and earth-abundant metal -Examines the versatility of nickel catalysis in reactions like cross-coupling reactions and CH activations -Offers a resource for academics and industry professionals Written for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, inorganic chemists, structural chemists, and chemists in industry, Nickel Catalysis in Organic Synthesis provides a much-needed overview of the most recent developments in modern nickel catalysis and its application in synthesis. Table of ContentsPreface xi Part I Reactions via Nickelacycles 1 1 Formation of Nickelacycles and Reaction with Carbon Monoxide 3Sensuke Ogoshi 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Formation of Hetero-nickelacycles from Nickel(0) 3 1.3 Stoichiometric Reaction of Hetero-nickelacycles with Carbon Monoxide 4 References 9 2 Transformation of Aldehydes via Nickelacycles 13Yoichi Hoshimoto 2.1 Introduction and Scope ofThis Chapter 13 2.2 Catalytic Transformation of Aldehydes Through Three-Membered Oxanickelacycle Complexes 14 2.3 Catalytic Transformation of Aldehydes Through Five-Membered Oxanickelacycle Complexes 18 2.4 Catalytic Transformation of Aldehydes Through Seven-Membered Oxanickelacycle Complexes 22 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook 23 References 25 3 Transformation of Imines via Nickelacycles 29Masato Ohashi 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 [2+2+1] Carbonylative Cycloaddition of an Imine and Either an Alkyne or an Alkene Leading to γ-Lactams 29 3.3 [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of an Imine with Two Alkynes: Formation of 1,2-Dihydropyridine Derivatives 31 3.4 Three-Component Coupling and Cyclocondensation Reactions of an Imine, an Alkyne, and Alkylmetal Reagents 34 References 37 4 Asymmetric C—C Bond Formation Reactions via Nickelacycles 39Ravindra Kumar and Sensuke Ogoshi 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Enantioselective Reactions Involving Nickelacycles 39 4.2.1 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes 39 4.2.1.1 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes 40 4.2.1.2 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylative Coupling of Alkynes and Aldehydes 43 4.2.2 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Alkynes and Imines 44 4.2.3 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of 1,3-Enynes and Aldehydes 45 4.2.4 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of 1,3-Enynes and Ketones 46 4.2.5 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of 1,3-Dienes and Aldehydes 47 4.2.6 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Enones and Alkynes 50 4.2.6.1 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylative Coupling of Enones and Alkynes 50 4.2.6.2 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Enones and Alkynes 51 4.2.7 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Arylenoates and Alkynes 55 4.2.8 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Diynes with Ketenes 56 4.2.9 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Allenes, Aldehydes, and Silanes 57 4.2.10 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Allenes and Isocyanates 58 4.2.11 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Alkenes, Aldehydes, and Silanes 59 4.2.12 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Formamide and Alkene 61 4.2.13 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Coupling of Alkynes and Cyclopropyl Carboxamide 63 4.3 Miscellaneous 64 4.3.1 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Annulation of Pyridones via Hydroarylation to Alkenes 64 4.3.2 Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Benzoxasilole 65 4.4 Overview and Future Perspective 66 References 67 Part II Functionalization of Unreactive Bonds 69 5 Recent Advances in Ni-Catalyzed Chelation-Assisted Direct Functionalization of Inert C—H Bonds 71Yan-Hua Liu, Fang Hu, and Bing-Feng Shi 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Ni-Catalyzed Functionalization of Inert C—H Bonds Assisted by Bidentate Directing Groups 71 5.2.1 Arylation 72 5.2.2 Alkylation 76 5.2.3 Alkenylation 83 5.2.4 Alkynylation 85 5.2.5 Other C—C Bond Formation Reactions Directed by Bidentate Directing Group 88 5.2.6 C—N Bond Formation 89 5.2.7 C–Chalcogen (Chalcogen = O, S, Se) Bond Formation 89 5.2.8 C–Halogen Bond Formation 92 5.3 Ni-Catalyzed Functionalization of Inert C—H Bonds Assisted by Monodentate Directing Groups 94 5.3.1 Alkylation 94 5.3.2 Alkenylation 95 5.3.3 Alkynylation 96 5.3.4 C–Calcogen Bond Formation 97 5.4 Summary 98 References 98 6 C—C Bond Functionalization 103Yoshiaki Nakao 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 C—C Bond Functionalization of Three-Membered Rings 103 6.3 C—C Bond Functionalization of Four- and Five-Membered Rings 110 6.4 C—C Bond Functionalization of Less Strained Molecules 113 6.5 C—CN Bond Functionalization 115 6.6 Summary and Outlook 116 References 117 7 C—O Bond Transformations 123Mamoru Tobisu 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 C(aryl)—O Bond Cleavage 124 7.2.1 Aryl Esters, Carbamates, and Carbonates 124 7.2.2 Aryl Ethers 132 7.2.3 Arenols 136 7.3 C(benzyl)—O Bond Cleavage 138 7.3.1 Benzyl Esters and Carbamates 138 7.3.2 Benzyl Ethers 140 7.4 C(acyl)—O Bond Cleavage 141 7.5 Summary and Outlook 144 References 145 Part III Coupling Reactions via Ni(I) and/or Ni(III) 151 8 Photo-Assisted Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Processes 153Christophe Lévêque, Cyril Ollivier, and Louis Fensterbank 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Development of Visible-Light Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis 154 8.2.1 For the Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds 154 8.2.1.1 Starting from Organotrifluoroborates 154 8.2.1.2 Starting from Carboxylates or Keto Acids or from Methylanilines 157 8.2.1.3 Starting from Alkylsilicates 160 8.2.1.4 Starting from 1,4-Dihydropyridines 166 8.2.1.5 Starting from Alkylsulfinates 168 8.2.1.6 Starting from Alkyl Bromides 168 8.2.1.7 Starting from Xanthates 169 8.2.1.8 Starting from Sp3 CH Bonds 169 8.2.2 For the Formation of Carbon–Heteroatom Bonds 170 8.2.2.1 Formation of C—O Bond 170 8.2.2.2 Formation of C—P Bond 171 8.2.2.3 Formation of C—S Bond 171 8.3 Energy-Transfer-Mediated Nickel Catalysis 173 8.4 Conclusion 175 References 176 9 Cross-Electrophile Coupling: Principles and New Reactions 183Matthew M. Goldfogel, Liangbin Huang, and Daniel J. Weix 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Mechanistic Discussion of Cross-Electrophile Coupling 185 9.3 C(sp2)—C(sp3) Bond Formation 188 9.3.1 Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Aryl-X and Alkyl-X 188 9.3.2 Cross-Electrophile Coupling of ArX and Bn-X 195 9.3.3 Cross-Electrophile Coupling of ArX and Allyl-X 196 9.3.4 Vinyl-X with R-X 197 9.3.5 Acyl-X with Alkyl-X 199 9.4 C(sp2)–C(sp2) Coupling 201 9.4.1 Aryl-X/Vinyl-X+Aryl-X/Vinyl-X 201 9.4.2 Aryl-X+Acyl-X 202 9.5 C(sp3)–C(sp3) Coupling 203 9.6 C(sp)–C(sp3) Coupling 205 9.7 Multicomponent Reactions 206 9.8 Future of the Field 208 References 209 10 Organometallic Chemistry of High-Valent Ni(III) and Ni(IV) Complexes 223Liviu M. Mirica, Sofia M. Smith, and Leonel Griego 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Organometallic Ni(III) Complexes 223 10.3 Organometallic Ni(IV) Complexes 234 10.4 Other High-Valent Ni Complexes 239 10.4.1 Additional NiIII Complexes 239 10.4.2 Additional NiIV Complexes 241 10.5 Conclusions and Outlook 243 References 244 Part IV Carbon Dioxide Fixation 249 11 Carbon Dioxide Fixation via Nickelacycle 251Ryohei Doi and Yoshihiro Sato 11.1 Introduction: Carbon Dioxide as a C1 Building Block 251 11.2 Formation, Structure, and Reactivity of Nickelalactone 252 11.2.1 Formation and Characterization of Nickelalactone via Oxidative Cyclization with CO2 252 11.2.1.1 Reaction with Alkene 252 11.2.1.2 Reaction with Allene 255 11.2.1.3 Reaction with Diene 256 11.2.1.4 Reaction with Alkyne 257 11.2.1.5 Other Related Reactions 260 11.2.1.6 Generation of Nickelalactone Without CO2 261 11.2.2 Reactivity of Nickelalactone 261 11.2.2.1 Transmetalation with Organometallic Reagent 261 11.2.2.2 β-Hydride Elimination 263 11.2.2.3 Insertion of Another Unsaturated Molecule 264 11.2.2.4 Retro-cyclization 265 11.2.2.5 Nucleophilic Attack 265 11.2.2.6 Oxidation 267 11.2.2.7 Ligand Exchange 267 11.3 Catalytic Transformation via Nickelalactone 1: Reactions of Alkynes 268 11.3.1 Synthesis of Pyrone 268 11.3.1.1 Initial Finding 268 11.3.1.2 Reaction of Diynes with CO2 268 11.3.2 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ester 269 11.3.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 269 11.3.2.2 Reduction with Organometallic Reagents 270 11.4 Catalytic Transformation via Nickelalactone 2: Reactions of Alkenes and Related Molecules 271 11.4.1 Transformation of Diene, Allene, and Substituted Alkene 271 11.4.1.1 Coupling of Diene with CO2 271 11.4.1.2 Electrochemical Process 272 11.4.1.3 Use of Reductant 272 11.4.2 Synthesis of Acrylic Acid from Ethylene and CO2 274 11.4.2.1 Before the Dawn 275 11.4.2.2 Development of Catalytic Reaction 276 11.5 Concluding Remarks 278 References 279 12 Relevance of Ni(I) in Catalytic Carboxylation Reactions 285Rosie J. Somerville and Ruben Martin 12.1 Introduction 285 12.2 Mechanistic Building Blocks 287 12.2.1 Additives 287 12.2.2 Coordination of CO2 287 12.2.3 Insertion/C—C Bond Formation 288 12.2.4 Ligand Effects 289 12.2.5 Oxidative Addition 290 12.2.6 Oxidation State 290 12.2.7 Single Electron Transfer (SET) 290 12.2.8 Conclusion 290 12.3 Electrocarboxylation 291 12.3.1 Introduction 291 12.3.2 Phosphine Ligands 294 12.3.3 Bipyridine and Related α-Diimine Ligands 296 12.3.4 Salen Ligands 297 12.3.5 Conclusion 298 12.4 Non-electrochemical Methods 298 12.4.1 Aryl Halides 300 12.4.2 Benzyl Electrophiles 304 12.4.3 Carboxylation of Unactivated Alkyl Electrophiles 306 12.4.4 Carboxylation of Allyl Electrophiles 312 12.4.5 Unsaturated Systems 315 12.5 Conclusions 318 References 319 Index 331
£110.66
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Introduction to Reticular Chemistry:
Book SynopsisA concise introduction to the chemistry and design principles behind important metal-organic frameworks and related porous materials Reticular chemistry has been applied to synthesize new classes of porous materials that are successfully used for myraid applications in areas such as gas separation, catalysis, energy, and electronics. Introduction to Reticular Chemistry gives an unique overview of the principles of the chemistry behind metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). Written by one of the pioneers in the field, this book covers all important aspects of reticular chemistry, including design and synthesis, properties and characterization, as well as current and future applications Designed to be an accessible resource, the book is written in an easy-to-understand style. It includes an extensive bibliography, and offers figures and videos of crystal structures that are available as an electronic supplement. Introduction to Reticular Chemistry: -Describes the underlying principles and design elements for the synthesis of important metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and related materials -Discusses both real-life and future applications in various fields, such as clean energy and water adsorption -Offers all graphic material on a companion website -Provides first-hand knowledge by Omar Yaghi, one of the pioneers in the field, and his team. Aimed at graduate students in chemistry, structural chemists, inorganic chemists, organic chemists, catalytic chemists, and others, Introduction to Reticular Chemistry is a groundbreaking book that explores the chemistry principles and applications of MOFs, COFs, and ZIFs. Table of ContentsAbout the Companion Website xvii Foreword xix Acknowledgment xxi Introduction xxiii Abbreviations xxvii Part I Metal-Organic Frameworks 1 1 Emergence of Metal-Organic Frameworks 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Early Examples of Coordination Solids 3 1.3 Werner Complexes 4 1.4 Hofmann Clathrates 6 1.5 Coordination Networks 8 1.6 Coordination Networks with Charged Linkers 15 1.7 Introduction of Secondary Building Units and Permanent Porosity 16 1.8 Extending MOF Chemistry to 3D Structures 17 1.8.1 Targeted Synthesis of MOF-5 18 1.8.2 Structure of MOF-5 19 1.8.3 Stability of Framework Structures 20 1.8.4 Activation of MOF-5 20 1.8.5 Permanent Porosity of MOF-5 21 1.8.6 Architectural Stability of MOF-5 22 1.9 Summary 23 References 24 2 Determination and Design of Porosity 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Porosity in Crystalline Solids 29 2.3 Theory of Gas Adsorption 31 2.3.1 Terms and Definitions 31 2.3.2 Physisorption and Chemisorption 31 2.3.3 Gas Adsorption Isotherms 33 2.3.4 Models Describing Gas Adsorption in Porous Solids 35 2.3.4.1 Langmuir Model 37 2.3.4.2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Model 38 2.3.5 Gravimetric Versus Volumetric Uptake 40 2.4 Porosity in Metal-Organic Frameworks 40 2.4.1 Deliberate Design of Pore Metrics 40 2.4.2 Ultrahigh Surface Area 46 2.5 Summary 52 References 52 3 Building Units of MOFs 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Organic Linkers 57 3.2.1 Synthetic Methods for Linker Design 59 3.2.2 Linker Geometries 62 3.2.2.1 Two Points of Extension 62 3.2.2.2 Three Points of Extension 64 3.2.2.3 Four Points of Extension 64 3.2.2.4 Five Points of Extension 69 3.2.2.5 Six Points of Extension 69 3.2.2.6 Eight Points of Extension 69 3.3 Secondary Building Units 71 3.4 Synthetic Routes to Crystalline MOFs 74 3.4.1 Synthesis of MOFs from Divalent Metals 74 3.4.2 Synthesis of MOFs from Trivalent Metals 76 3.4.2.1 Trivalent Group 3 Elements 76 3.4.2.2 Trivalent Transition Metals 76 3.4.3 Synthesis of MOFs from Tetravalent Metals 77 3.5 Activation of MOFs 77 3.6 Summary 79 References 80 4 Binary Metal-Organic Frameworks 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 MOFs Built from 3-, 4-, and 6-Connected SBUs 83 4.2.1 3-Connected (3-c) SBUs 83 4.2.2 4-Connected (4-c) SBUs 84 4.2.3 6-Connected (6-c) SBUs 90 4.3 MOFs Built from 7-, 8-, 10-, and 12-Connected SBUs 97 4.3.1 7-Connected (7-c) SBUs 97 4.3.2 8-Connected (8-c) SBUs 98 4.3.3 10-Connected (10-c) SBUs 103 4.3.4 12-Connected (12-c) SBUs 105 4.4 MOFs Built from Infinite Rod SBUs 112 4.5 Summary 114 References 114 5 Complexity and Heterogeneity in MOFs 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Complexity in Frameworks 123 5.2.1 Mixed-Metal MOFs 123 5.2.1.1 Linker De-symmetrization 123 5.2.1.2 Linkers with Chemically Distinct Binding Groups 123 5.2.2 Mixed-Linker MOFs 126 5.2.3 The TBU Approach 132 5.2.3.1 Linking TBUs Through Additional SBUs 133 5.2.3.2 Linking TBUs Through Organic Linkers 134 5.3 Heterogeneity in Frameworks 135 5.3.1 Multi-Linker MTV-MOFs 136 5.3.2 Multi-Metal MTV-MOFs 136 5.3.3 Disordered Vacancies 139 5.4 Summary 141 References 141 6 Functionalization of MOFs 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 In situ Functionalization 146 6.2.1 Trapping of Molecules 146 6.2.2 Embedding of Nanoparticles in MOF Matrices 147 6.3 Pre-Synthetic Functionalization 149 6.4 Post-Synthetic Modification 149 6.4.1 Functionalization Involving Weak Interactions 150 6.4.1.1 Encapsulation of Guests 150 6.4.1.2 Coordinative Functionalization of Open Metal Site 151 6.4.1.3 Coordinative Functionalization of the Linker 151 6.4.2 PSM Involving Strong Interactions 153 6.4.2.1 Coordinative Functionalization of the SBUs by AIM 154 6.4.2.2 Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange 154 6.4.2.3 Coordinative Alignment 156 6.4.2.4 Post-Synthetic Linker Exchange 156 6.4.2.5 Post-Synthetic Linker Installation 160 6.4.2.6 Introduction of Ordered Defects 163 6.4.2.7 Post-Synthetic Metal Ion Exchange 164 6.4.3 PSM Involving Covalent Interactions 165 6.4.3.1 Covalent PSM of Amino-Functionalized MOFs 166 6.4.3.2 Click Chemistry and Other Cycloadditions 168 6.4.4 Covalent PSM on Bridging Hydroxyl Groups 171 6.5 Analytical Methods 171 6.6 Summary 172 References 173 Part II Covalent Organic Frameworks 177 7 Historical Perspective on the Discovery of Covalent Organic Frameworks 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 Lewis’ Concepts and the Covalent Bond 180 7.3 Development of Synthetic Organic Chemistry 182 7.4 Supramolecular Chemistry 183 7.5 Dynamic Covalent Chemistry 187 7.6 Covalent Organic Frameworks 189 7.7 Summary 192 References 193 8 Linkages in Covalent Organic Frameworks 197 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 B–O Bond Forming Reactions 197 8.2.1 Mechanism of Boroxine, Boronate Ester, and Spiroborate Formation 197 8.2.2 Borosilicate COFs 198 8.2.3 Spiroborate COFs 200 8.3 Linkages Based on Schiff-Base Reactions 201 8.3.1 Imine Linkage 201 8.3.1.1 2D Imine COFs 201 8.3.1.2 3D Imine COFs 203 8.3.1.3 Stabilization of Imine COFs Through Hydrogen Bonding 205 8.3.1.4 Resonance Stabilization of Imine COFs 206 8.3.2 Hydrazone COFs 207 8.3.3 Squaraine COFs 209 8.3.4 β-Ketoenamine COFs 210 8.3.5 Phenazine COFs 211 8.3.6 Benzoxazole COFs 212 8.4 Imide Linkage 213 8.4.1 2D Imide COFs 214 8.4.2 3D Imide COFs 215 8.5 Triazine Linkage 216 8.6 Borazine Linkage 217 8.7 Acrylonitrile Linkage 218 8.8 Summary 220 References 221 9 Reticular Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks 225 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Linkers in COFs 227 9.3 2D COFs 227 9.3.1 hcb Topology COFs 229 9.3.2 sql Topology COFs 231 9.3.3 kgm Topology COFs 233 9.3.4 Formation of hxl Topology COFs 235 9.3.5 kgd Topology COFs 236 9.4 3D COFs 238 9.4.1 dia Topology COFs 238 9.4.2 ctn and bor Topology COFs 239 9.4.3 COFs with pts Topology 240 9.5 Summary 241 References 242 10 Functionalization of COFs 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 In situ Modification 245 10.2.1 Embedding Nanoparticles in COFs 246 10.3 Pre-Synthetic Modification 247 10.3.1 Pre-Synthetic Metalation 248 10.3.2 Pre-Synthetic Covalent Functionalization 249 10.4 Post-Synthetic Modification 250 10.4.1 Post-Synthetic Trapping of Guests 250 10.4.1.1 Trapping of Functional Small Molecules 250 10.4.1.2 Post-Synthetic Trapping of Biomacromolecules and Drug Molecules 251 10.4.1.3 Post-Synthetic Trapping of Metal Nanoparticles 251 10.4.1.4 Post-Synthetic Trapping of Fullerenes 253 10.4.2 Post-Synthetic Metalation 253 10.4.2.1 Post-Synthetic Metalation of the Linkage 253 10.4.2.2 Post-Synthetic Metalation of the Linker 255 10.4.3 Post-Synthetic Covalent Functionalization 256 10.4.3.1 Post-Synthetic Click Reactions 256 10.4.3.2 Post-Synthetic Succinic Anhydride Ring Opening 259 10.4.3.3 Post-Synthetic Nitro Reduction and Aminolysis 260 10.4.3.4 Post-Synthetic Linker Exchange 261 10.4.3.5 Post-Synthetic Linkage Conversion 262 10.5 Summary 263 References 264 11 Nanoscopic and Macroscopic Structuring of Covalent Organic Frameworks 267 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Top–Down Approach 268 11.2.1 Sonication 268 11.2.2 Grinding 269 11.2.3 Chemical Exfoliation 269 11.3 Bottom–Up Approach 271 11.3.1 Mechanism of Crystallization of Boronate Ester COFs 271 11.3.1.1 Solution Growth on Substrates 273 11.3.1.2 Seeded Growth of Colloidal Nanocrystals 274 11.3.1.3 Thin Film Growth in Flow 276 11.3.1.4 Thin Film Formation by Vapor-Assisted Conversion 277 11.3.2 Mechanism of Imine COF Formation 277 11.3.2.1 Nanoparticles of Imine COFs 278 11.3.2.2 Thin Films of Imine COFs at the Liquid–Liquid Interface 280 11.4 Monolayer Formation of Boroxine and Imine COFs Under Ultrahigh Vacuum 281 11.5 Summary 281 References 282 Part III Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks 285 12 The Applications of Reticular Framework Materials 287 References 288 13 The Basics of Gas Sorption and Separation in MOFs 295 13.1 Gas Adsorption 295 13.1.1 Excess and Total Uptake 295 13.1.2 Volumetric Versus Gravimetric Uptake 297 13.1.3 Working Capacity 297 13.1.4 System-Based Capacity 298 13.2 Gas Separation 299 13.2.1 Thermodynamic Separation 299 13.2.1.1 Calculation of Qst Using a Virial-Type Equation 300 13.2.1.2 Calculation of Qst Using the Langmuir–Freundlich Equation 300 13.2.2 Kinetic Separation 301 13.2.2.1 Diffusion Mechanisms 301 13.2.2.2 Influence of the Pore Shape 303 13.2.2.3 Separation by Size Exclusion 304 13.2.2.4 Separation Based on the Gate-Opening Effect 304 13.2.3 Selectivity 305 13.2.3.1 Calculation of the Selectivity from Single-Component Isotherms 306 13.2.3.2 Calculation of the Selectivity by Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory 307 13.2.3.3 Experimental Methods 308 13.3 Stability of Porous Frameworks Under Application Conditions 309 13.4 Summary 310 References 310 14 CO2 Capture and Sequestration 313 14.1 Introduction 313 14.2 In Situ Characterization 315 14.2.1 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 315 14.2.1.1 Characterization of Breathing MOFs 316 14.2.1.2 Characterization of Interactions with Lewis Bases 317 14.2.1.3 Characterization of Interactions with Open Metal Sites 317 14.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 318 14.2.3 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 320 14.3 MOFs for Post-combustion CO2 Capture 321 14.3.1 Influence of Open Metal Sites 321 14.3.2 Influence of Heteroatoms 322 14.3.2.1 Organic Diamines Appended to Open Metal Sites 322 14.3.2.2 Covalently Bound Amines 323 14.3.3 Interactions Originating from the SBU 323 14.3.4 Influence of Hydrophobicity 325 14.4 MOFs for Pre-combustion CO2 Capture 326 14.5 Regeneration and CO2 Release 327 14.5.1 Temperature Swing Adsorption 328 14.5.2 Vacuum and Pressure Swing Adsorption 328 14.6 Important MOFs for CO2 Capture 329 14.7 Summary 332 References 332 15 Hydrogen and Methane Storage in MOFs 339 15.1 Introduction 339 15.2 Hydrogen Storage in MOFs 340 15.2.1 Design of MOFs for Hydrogen Storage 341 15.2.1.1 Increasing the Accessible Surface Area 342 15.2.1.2 Increasing the Isosteric Heat of Adsorption 344 15.2.1.3 Use of Lightweight Elements 348 15.2.2 Important MOFs for Hydrogen Storage 349 15.3 Methane Storage in MOFs 349 15.3.1 Optimizing MOFs for Methane Storage 352 15.3.1.1 Optimization of the Pore Shape and Metrics 353 15.3.1.2 Introduction of Polar Adsorption Sites 357 15.3.2 Important MOFs for Methane Storage 359 15.4 Summary 359 References 359 16 Liquid- and Gas-Phase Separation in MOFs 365 16.1 Introduction 365 16.2 Separation of Hydrocarbons 366 16.2.1 C1–C5 Separation 367 16.2.2 Separation of Light Olefins and Paraffins 370 16.2.2.1 Thermodynamic Separation of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures 371 16.2.2.2 Kinetic Separation of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures 372 16.2.2.3 Separation of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures Utilizing the Gate-Opening Effect 375 16.2.2.4 Separation of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures by Molecular Sieving 375 16.2.3 Separation of Aromatic C8 Isomers 376 16.2.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 379 16.3 Separation in Liquids 382 16.3.1 Adsorption of Bioactive Molecules fromWater 382 16.3.1.1 Toxicity of MOFs 382 16.3.1.2 Selective Adsorption of Drug Molecules fromWater 383 16.3.1.3 Selective Adsorption of Biomolecules fromWater 385 16.3.2 Adsorptive Purification of Fuels 385 16.3.2.1 Aromatic N-Heterocyclic Compounds 385 16.3.2.2 Adsorptive Removal of Aromatic N-Heterocycles 385 16.4 Summary 386 References 387 17 Water Sorption Applications of MOFs 395 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 Hydrolytic Stability of MOFs 395 17.2.1 Experimental Assessment of the Hydrolytic Stability 396 17.2.2 Degradation Mechanisms 396 17.2.3 Thermodynamic Stability 398 17.2.3.1 Strength of the Metal–Linker Bond 398 17.2.3.2 Reactivity of Metals TowardWater 399 17.2.4 Kinetic Inertness 400 17.2.4.1 Steric Shielding 401 17.2.4.2 Hydrophobicity 403 17.2.4.3 Electronic Configuration of the Metal Center 403 17.3 Water Adsorption in MOFs 404 17.3.1 Water Adsorption Isotherms 404 17.3.2 Mechanisms ofWater Adsorption in MOFs 405 17.3.2.1 Chemisorption on Open Metal Sites 405 17.3.2.2 Reversible Cluster Formation 407 17.3.2.3 Capillary Condensation 409 17.4 Tuning the Adsorption Properties of MOFs by Introduction of Functional Groups 411 17.5 Adsorption-Driven Heat Pumps 412 17.5.1 Working Principles of Adsorption-Driven Heat Pumps 412 17.5.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption-Driven Heat Pumps 413 17.6 Water Harvesting from Air 415 17.6.1 Physical Background onWater Harvesting 416 17.6.2 Down-selection of MOFs forWater Harvesting 418 17.7 Design of MOFs with TailoredWater Adsorption Properties 420 17.7.1 Influence of the Linker Design 420 17.7.2 Influence of the SBU 420 17.7.3 Influence of the Pore Size and Dimensionality of the Pore System 421 17.7.4 Influence of Defects 421 17.8 Summary 422 References 423 Part IV Special Topics 429 18 Topology 431 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Graphs, Symmetry, and Topology 431 18.2.1 Graphs and Nets 431 18.2.2 Deconstruction of Crystal Structures into Their Underlying Nets 433 18.2.3 Embeddings of Net Topologies 435 18.2.4 The Influence of Local Symmetry 435 18.2.5 Vertex Symbols 436 18.2.6 Tilings and Face Symbols 437 18.3 Nomenclature 439 18.3.1 Augmented Nets 439 18.3.2 Binary Nets 440 18.3.3 Dual Nets 441 18.3.4 Interpenetrated/Catenated Nets 441 18.3.5 Cross-Linked Nets 442 18.3.6 Weaving and Interlocking Nets 443 18.4 The Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR) Database 444 18.5 Important 3-Periodic Nets 445 18.6 Important 2-Periodic Nets 447 18.7 Important 0-Periodic Nets/Polyhedra 449 18.8 Summary 451 References 451 19 Metal-Organic Polyhedra and Covalent Organic Polyhedra 453 19.1 Introduction 453 19.2 General Considerations for the Design of MOPs and COPs 453 19.3 MOPs and COPs Based on the Tetrahedron 454 19.4 MOPs and COPs Based on the Octahedron 456 19.5 MOPs and COPs Based on Cubes and Heterocubes 457 19.6 MOPs Based on the Cuboctahedron 459 19.7 Summary 461 References 461 20 Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks 463 20.1 Introduction 463 20.2 Zeolitic Framework Structures 465 20.2.1 Zeolite-Like Metal-Organic Frameworks (Z-MOFs) 465 20.2.2 Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) 467 20.3 Synthesis of ZIFs 468 20.4 Prominent ZIF Structures 469 20.5 Design of ZIFs 471 20.5.1 The Steric Index 𝛿 as a Design Tool 472 20.5.1.1 Principle I: Control over the Maximum Pore Opening 473 20.5.1.2 Principle II: Control over the Maximum Cage Size 473 20.5.1.3 Principle III: Control over the Structural Tunability 474 20.5.2 Functionalization of ZIFs 475 20.6 Summary 476 References 477 21 Dynamic Frameworks 481 21.1 Introduction 481 21.2 Flexibility in Synchronized Dynamics 482 21.2.1 Synchronized Global Dynamics 482 21.2.1.1 Breathing in MOFs Built from Rod SBUs 483 21.2.1.2 Breathing in MOFs Built from Discrete SBUs 484 21.2.1.3 Flexibility Through Distorted Organic Linkers 487 21.2.2 Synchronized Local Dynamics 487 21.3 Independent Dynamics in Frameworks 490 21.3.1 Independent Local Dynamics 490 21.3.2 Independent Global Dynamics 492 21.4 Summary 494 References 494 Index 497
£104.51
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Homologation Reactions, 2 Volumes: Reagents,
Book SynopsisProvides a unique summary of homologation strategies in organic synthesis Homologation Reactions presents different concepts underpinning the use of homologating reagents as well as their applications in organic synthesis. It covers in-depth discussions on the rationales governing this kind of transformations with a strong emphasis on mechanistic elements modulating critical aspects (e.g. selectivity) of the processes. In addition, this two-volume work features: Metal carbenoids, ylides, and diazo reagents Homologating agents working under nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical regime Homologations realized on boron-containing or carbon-centered linchpins Use of highly sensitive fluorinated homologating agents Progressive homologations and the concept of assembly line synthesis Homologation processes followed by rearrangement cascades Construction of cyclic motifs and ring-expansion Homologation reactions with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide New and/or challenging directions to expect in the future Written by an international team of leaders in the field, the book is a useful guide for designing effective transformations by using homologation reactions. It is a must-read for every synthetic chemist in academia and industry!Table of ContentsForeword Preface AcknowledgmentsVOLUME 1 Foreword Preface Acknowledgments VOLUME I 1 Diazo-Mediated Homologation Reactions 2 Lithium Carbenoids in Homologation Chemistry 3 Streamlining C1 Homologation Reactions Using Continuous Flow Technology: Focus on Diazomethane and Methyllithium Chemistry 4 Magnesium Carbenoids in Homologation Chemistry 5 Homologation Reactions Based on Zinc Carbenoids and Related Reagents 6 Homologations via Carbene-Mediated Rearrangement Reactions 7 Oxenoids as Homologation Partners 8 Sulfur Ylides as C1 Homologating Reagents 9 Modern Homologation Reactions of Sulfoxonium Ylides via C-H Activation 10 Phosphorus Reagents for Two-, Three-, and Four-Carbon Homologation of Carbonyl Compounds to Functionalized Olefins 11 Homologation Tactics with Diborylmethane via alpha-Boryl Carbanions VOLUME II 12 Homologation of Boronic Acids and Organoboranes by Transition-Metal-Free Reactions with Diazo Compounds and N-Sulfonylhydrazones 13 Stereospecific Reagent-Controlled Homologation Using Carbenoids Generated by Sulfoxide-Metal Exchange 14 Iterative Homologation of Boronic Esters: Assembly Line Synthesis 15 Fluorocarbon Chain Homologation and Elongation Reactions 16 Homologation Reactions for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules 17 Synthesis of Oxiranes and Aziridines from Aldehydes and Imines Using Anionic Homologation Approaches 18 One-Carbon Homologation and Homologation-Functionalization Reactions of Aldehydes 19 Ring Expansion Homologation: Synthetic Strategies and Reaction Design 20 Dehomologations and Ring Contraction Strategies 21 Direct Radical C1 Homologations 22 Allenation of Terminal Alkynes for Allene Synthesis 23 Homogeneous Carbon Monoxide Homologation 24 Homologation Reactions with Carbon Dioxide 1 Diazo-Mediated Homologation Reactions 2 Lithium Carbenoids in Homologation Chemistry 3 Streamlining C1 Homologation Reactions Using Continuous Flow Technology: Focus on Diazomethane and Methyllithium Chemistry 4 Magnesium Carbenoids in Homologation Chemistry 5 Homologation Reactions Based on Zinc Carbenoids and Related Reagents 6 Homologations via Carbene-Mediated Rearrangement Reactions 7 Oxenoids as Homologation Partners 8 Sulfur Ylides as C1 Homologating Reagents 9 Modern Homologation Reactions of Sulfoxonium Ylides via C-H Activation 10 Phosphorus Reagents for Two-, Three-, and Four-Carbon Homologation of Carbonyl Compounds to Functionalized Olefins 11 Homologation Tactics with Diborylmethane via alpha-Boryl Carbanions VOLUME 212 Homologation of Boronic Acids and Organoboranes by Transition-Metal-Free Reactions with Diazo Compounds and N-Sulfonylhydrazones 13 Stereospecific Reagent-Controlled Homologation Using Carbenoids Generated by Sulfoxide-Metal Exchange 14 Iterative Homologation of Boronic Esters: Assembly Line Synthesis 15 Fluorocarbon Chain Homologation and Elongation Reactions 16 Homologation Reactions for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules 17 Synthesis of Oxiranes and Aziridines from Aldehydes and Imines Using Anionic Homologation Approaches 18 One-Carbon Homologation and Homologation-Functionalization Reactions of Aldehydes 19 Ring Expansion Homologation: Synthetic Strategies and Reaction Design 20 Dehomologations and Ring Contraction Strategies 21 Direct Radical C1 Homologations 22 Allenation of Terminal Alkynes for Allene Synthesis 23 Homogeneous Carbon Monoxide Homologation 24 Homologation Reactions with Carbon Dioxide
£283.50
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Advanced Structural Chemistry: Tailoring
Book SynopsisAdvanced Structural Chemistry Discover the relationships between inorganic chemical synthesis, structure, and property with these comprehensive and insightful volumesAdvanced Structural Chemistry: Tailoring Properties of Inorganic Materials and their Applications (3 Volume Set) offers readers the opportunity to discover the relationship between the structure and function of matter, develop efficient and precise synthesis methodology, and to understand the theoretical tools for new functional substances.Advanced Structural Chemistry clarifies the relationships between synthesis and structure, as well as structure and property, both of which are central to the creation of new materials with unique functions. In addition to subjects like the syntheses of metal-oxide clusters, metal-organic cages, and metal-organic frameworks with tailored optical, electric, ferroelectric, magnetic, adsorption, separation, and catalytic properties, the accomplished editor Rong Cao provides readers with information on a wide variety of topics, such as: Coordination-assembled metal-organic macrocycles and cages, including metallacycles and metallacages The structural chemistry of metal-oxo clusters, including the oxo clusters of transition metal, main group metal, and lanthanides Synthetic approaches, structural diversities, and biological aspects of molybdenum-based heterometallic sulfide clusters and coordination polymers Group 11-15 metal chalcogenides, including discrete chalcogenide clusters synthesized in ionic liquids The structures of metal-organic frameworks, including one-, two-, and three-dimensional MOFs Perfect for inorganic chemists, structural chemists, solid state chemists, material scientists, and solid state physicists, Advanced Structural Chemistry also belongs on the bookshelves of catalytic and industrial chemists who seek to improve their understanding of the structure and functions of inorganic materials.Table of ContentsVolume 1 1 Introduction 1Jian Zhang, Guo-Cong Guo, Rong Cao, and Xin-Tao Wu 2 Coordination-Assembled Metal–Organic Macrocycles and Cages 9Xiao-Zhen Li, Yu-Ling Liang, Li-Peng Zhou, Li-Xuan Cai, Qiang-Yu Zhu, Zhuo Wang, Xiao-Qing Guo, Dan-Ni Yan, Shao-Jun Hu, Shao-Chuan Li, Shi-Yu Wu, Shi-Long Han, Ran Chen, Pei-Ming Cheng, Kai Cheng, Xiao-Shan Feng, Tian-Pu Sheng, Can He, Feng-Rong Dai, and Qing-Fu Sun 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Metallacycles 9 2.2.1 Dinuclear Metallamacrocycles 10 2.2.2 Triangles 10 2.2.3 Rectangle 12 2.2.4 Hexagons 14 2.2.5 Irregular Metallacycles 20 2.2.6 Multilayered Metallacycles 22 2.2.7 Polygon-Based Polymers 28 2.2.8 Responsive Dynamic Metallacycles 34 2.3 Metallacages 35 2.3.1 Helicates 35 2.3.2 Tetrahedron 38 2.3.3 Truncated Tetrahedron 46 2.3.4 Triangular Prism 47 2.3.5 Cubes 50 2.3.6 Octahedron 54 2.3.7 Dodecahedron 61 2.3.8 Cuboctahedrons 65 2.3.9 Hexadecahedrons 65 2.3.10 Barrel-Shaped Cages 67 2.3.10.1 Calixarene Constructed Barrel-Shaped Cages 67 2.3.10.2 Dimetallic Clips-Constructed Barrel-Shaped Cages 68 2.3.11 Multiple Structural Cages 71 2.3.12 Other Cages 74 2.4 Conclusion 77 Acknowledgments 77 References 77 3 Structural Chemistry of Metal-Oxo Clusters 81Xiaofeng Yi, Weihui Fang, Jinying Liu, Cheng Chen, Mingyan Wu, and Lei Zhang 3.1 Oxo Clusters of Transition Metal 81 3.1.1 Introduction 81 3.1.2 General Synthetic Approaches and Experimental Methods 83 3.1.2.1 General Synthetic Approaches 83 3.1.2.2 Experimental Methods 83 3.1.3 Polyoxotitanates (POTis) 84 3.1.3.1 Diverse Structures of POTis 84 3.1.3.2 Tuneable Properties of POTis: Bandgap Engineering and Photo-Related Activities 89 3.1.3.3 Potential Application of POTis 92 3.1.4 Polyoxovanadates (POVs) 95 3.1.4.1 Diverse Structure of POVs 95 3.1.4.2 Tunable Properties and Potential Applications of POVs 101 3.1.5 Polyoxoniobates (PONbs) 102 3.1.6 Polyoxomolybdates (POMos) 104 3.1.7 Polyoxopalladates (POPs) 105 3.1.8 Polyoxotungstates (POTs) 107 3.1.8.1 Transition-Metals-Substituted-POTs (TMSPs) 107 3.1.8.2 Inorganic–Organic Hybrid TMSPs 107 3.1.9 Polyoxotantalates (POTas) 109 3.2 Oxo Clusters of Main Group Metal 111 3.2.1 Introduction 111 3.2.2 Synthesis of Borates 111 3.2.2.1 Inorganic Templated Borates 112 3.2.2.2 Organic-Templated Borates 113 3.2.2.3 TMC-Templated Borates 113 3.2.2.4 Templated Synthesis of Aluminoborates 115 3.2.3 Synthesis of Germinates and Borogermanates 116 3.2.3.1 Templated Synthesis of Germinates 116 3.2.3.2 Templated Synthesis of Germinates 117 3.2.3.3 Self-Polymerization and Induced Congregation of Lanthanide Germanate Lusters 118 3.2.4 Aluminum Oxo Clusters Hydrolysis and Condensation 119 3.2.4.1 Aluminum Oxo Clusters Isolated from Organic Solutions 119 3.2.4.2 Aluminum Oxo Clusters Via Aqueous Synthetic Routes 120 3.3 Oxo Clusters of Lanthanides 122 3.3.1 Introduction 122 3.3.2 High-Nuclearity Clusters of Lanthanides 123 3.3.2.1 High-Nuclearity Lanthanide Clusters Supported by O-Donor Ligands 123 3.3.2.2 High-Nuclearity Lanthanide Clusters Supported by N-Donor Ligands 127 3.3.2.3 High-Nuclearity Lanthanide Clusters Supported by Multiple N,O-Donor Ligands 129 3.3.2.4 High-Nuclearity Lanthanide Clusters Supported by Calix[n]arenes Ligands 136 3.3.2.5 High-Nuclearity Lanthanide Clusters Supported by Other Donor Ligands 139 3.3.3 Monometallic Lanthanide-Based Single-Molecule Magnets 140 3.3.4 Heterometallic 3d–4f Clusters 142 3.4 Conclusion 149 Acknowledgments 149 References 149 4 Synthetic Approaches, Structural Diversities, and Biological Aspects of Molybdenum (Tungsten)-Based Heterometallic Sulfide Clusters and Coordination Polymers 163Du Shaowu and Wu Xintao 4.1 Introduction 163 4.2 Synthesis of Mo–Fe–S Cuboidal Clusters for the Structural Modeling of the Iron–Molybdenum Cofactor(FeMoco) 167 4.3 Rationally Designed Synthesis of Mo(W)–Cu(Ag)–S Clusters 173 4.3.1 Unit Construction Method for the Synthesis of Simple Mo(W)–Cu(Ag)–S Clusters Starting from Thiomolybdates or Thiotungstates Building Units 173 4.3.2 Unit Construction Method for the Synthesis of Single Cubane- and Cage-like Mo(W)–Cu(Ag)–S Clusters Starting from Tri- and Dinuclear Thiomolybdates and Thiotungstates 175 4.3.3 Unit Construction Method for the Synthesis of Mo(W)–Cu(Ag)–S Clusters Having Multiple Cubane-like Structures 178 4.4 Rationally Designed Synthesis of W(Mo)–Ag–S Coordination Polymers 182 4.5 Conclusion 190 Acknowledgments 191 References 191 5 Group 11–15 Metal Chalcogenides 195Jian-Rong Li, Mei-Ling Feng, Bing Hu, and Xiao-Ying Huang 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Chalcogenides Based on II–VI Semiconductors 198 5.3 Discrete Chalcogenide Clusters Synthesized in Ionic Liquids 209 5.3.1 Discrete Chalcogenido Tn Clusters 209 5.3.2 Other Discrete Chalcogenide Clusters 21 5.4 Chalcogenidostannates 218 5.4.1 Chalcogenidostannates 219 5.4.2 Heterometallic Chalcogenidostannates Containing Ag+ 228 5.5 Chalcogenidoantimonates 234 5.5.1 Thioantimonates 234 5.5.2 Chalcogenidometalates Containing Group 12(II) Ions and Antimony(III) 236 5.5.3 Chalcogenidometalates Containing Group 13(III) Ins and Antimony(III) 245 5.5.3.1 Ga–Sb–S Compounds 246 5.5.3.2 In–Sb–Q (Q = S and Se) Compounds 248 5.5.4 Chalcogenidometalates Containing Group 14(IV) Ions and Antimony(III) 254 5.5.4.1 Ge–Sb–S Compounds 254 5.5.4.2 Sn–Sb–S Compounds 259 5.6 Selected Properties 260 5.6.1 Properties of Selected Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Metal Chalcogenides 260 5.6.1.1 Optical and Electric Properties 261 5.6.1.2 Thermal Expansion Behavior 263 5.6.2 Photocatalytic Property 264 5.6.2.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 265 5.6.2.2 Photodegradation of Organic Dye Molecules 267 5.6.3 Ion Exchange Property 269 5.7 Conclusion 275 Acknowledgments 276 References 277 Volume 2 6 The Structures of Metal–Organic Frameworks 283Yuehong Wen, Xintao Wu, and Qi-Long Zhu 7 Structural Design and Rational Synthesis 391Qipu Lin 8 Structural Topologies and Interpenetration in the Coordination Polymers 425Fei Wang, Hai-Xia Zhang, and Jian Zhang 9 Inorganic Chalcogenides: From Zero-Dimensional Clusters to Three-Dimensional Frameworks 465Hua Lin, Xin-Tao Wu, and Qi-Long Zhu 10 Relationship Between Structure and Electroluminescent, Photochromic, orSecond-Order Nonlinear Optical Property 531Ming-Sheng Wang, San-Gen Zhao, Qian Wang, and Zhong-Ning Che 11 Relationship Between Structure and Ferroelectric Properties 601Wuqian Guo, Zhihua Sun, Zhiyun Xu, Shiguo Han, and Junhua Luo Volume 3 12 The Relationship Between Structure and Electric Property 669Guan-E Wang, Yonggang Zhen, Guo-Dong Wu, Huanli Dong, and Gang Xu 13 Understanding Magneto-Structural Correlations Toward Design of Molecular Magnets 777Zhu Zhuo, Guo-Ling Li, and You-Gui Huang 14 Relationship Between MOF Structures and Gas Absorption Properties 833Qi Yin and Tian-Fu Liu 15 Relationship Between Structure and Separation Property 881Zhanfeng Ju, El-Sayed M. El-Sayed, and Daqiang Yuan 16 Catalysis in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Relationship Between Activities and Structures 953Yuan-Biao Huang, Teng Zhang, and Rong Cao Index 995
£307.76
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Organometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Reactions,
Book SynopsisOrganometallic Compounds An up-to-date overview of the fundamentals, synthesis, and applications of organometallic compounds Organometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications delivers an accessible and robust introduction to the fundamentals of organometallic compounds, including their reactions, catalytic mechanisms, and modern applications, including carbon-dioxide fixation, reduction, gas adsorption and purification, drug delivery, renewable energy, and wastewater treatment. The book also covers toxicological and computational studies. The authors address the current challenges confronting researchers seeking to sustainably synthesize and process organometallic compounds and offer complete coverage on the most recent advancements in applications relating to the fields of environmental science, electronics, fossil fuels, and more. Readers will also find: Introduces to fundamentals, nomenclature, properties, and classification of organometallic compounds Discusses methods of synthesis of organometallic compounds Practical discussions of organometallic complexes of the lanthanoids and actinoids, as well as bio-organometallic chemistry Includes characterization techniques of organometallic compounds Perfect for organic, environmental, inorganic, water, and catalytic chemists, Organometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications will also benefit chemical engineers and industrial chemists.Table of ContentsTable of Contents Chapter 1:Organometallic Compounds: Fundamental Aspects Chapter 2:Nomenclature of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 3:Classification and Properties of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 4:Synthesis Methods of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 5:Metal carbonyls: Synthesis, Properties and Structure Chapter 6:Metal-Carbon Multiple Bonded Compounds Chapter 7:Metallocenes: Synthesis, Properties and Structure Chapter 8:s-complexes, pi-complexes & ¿n-CnRn carbocyclic polyenes based organometallic Compounds Chapter 9:Organometallic Complexes of the Lanthanoids and Actiniods Chapter 10:Bio-organometallic Chemistry Chapter 11:Important Reactions of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 12:Characterization Techniques of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 13:Organometallic Compounds Based Important Reagents Chapter 14:Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis by Organometallic Complexes Chapter 15:Cluster Compounds: Boranes, Heteroboranes, Metallaboranes and Metallacarboranes Chapter 16:Applications of Organometallic Compounds for Carbon-dioxide Fixation, Reduction, Gas Adsorption and Gas Purification Chapter 17:Emerging Roll of Organometallic Compounds for Drug Delivery, Renewable Energy and Waste Water Treatment Chapter 18:Toxicity of Organometallic Compounds Chapter 19:Computational Approaches in some important Organometallic Catalysis Reactions
£114.75
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles
Book SynopsisBiomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles Unique resource focusing on biomedical applications and clinical translation of extracellular vesicles in science and medicine Focusing on key points to better understand extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their development, Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles describes in detail the biogenesis of EVs, the mechanism of intercellular communication, and the treatment of various diseases of EVs and the EV-based drug delivery platforms. An application-oriented resource, the work presents rapidly newer biomedical and clinical applications of natural and engineered EVs such as drug delivery, diagnosis, prognosis monitoring, immunotherapy, and more. The first part of this book provides a basic background on EVs. Next, the book introduces the excellent therapeutic effects of EVs themselves and the underlying mechanisms, followed by how EVs from different sources were used to construct drug delivery platforms. The latest research on EVs from leading groups around the world is presented. Sample topics covered in Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles include: Biogenesis of various EVs Pros and cons of the different instrumental and methodological developments for analytical strategies applied to EVs EVs in treatment of major diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases Current methods of engineering EVs, and a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method Biomaterials, such as hydrogels, scaffolds, and microneedles, that have been developed to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EVs Key challenges, such as quality control, scalability, and biosafety, that limit the clinical and industrial translation of EVs Explaining in detail how extracellular vesicles are produced and engineered, along with potential applications and commercial developments of EVs in science and industry, Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles is an essential resource on the subject for chemists, cell biologists, and molecular physicists.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Extracellular Vesicles and Their Biomedical Applications: An Overview 1 Xing-Jie liang, Ke Cheng, and Zhenhua li 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biogenesis and Composition of Extracellular Vesicles 1 1.3 Biological Functions of Extracellular Vesicles 2 1.4 Extracellular Vesicles Isolation and Limitations 3 2 Biogenesis and Identification of Extracellular Vesicles 5 Dandan Ding, Xing Zhang, Yu Zhao, Xiaoya Li, Qingqing Leng, and Zhenhua li 2.1 Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles 5 2.1.1 Biogenesis of Exosome 6 2.1.2 Biogenesis of Microvesicle 8 2.1.3 Biogenesis of Apoptotic Bodies 8 2.1.4 Biogenesis of Large Oncosomes 9 2.2 Identification of Extracellular Vesicles 9 2.2.1 Electron Microscopic Identification 9 2.2.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 9 2.2.1.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 10 2.2.1.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 11 2.2.1.4 Cryo-Electron Microscopy 12 2.2.2 Particle Size Detection 13 2.2.2.1 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis 13 2.2.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering 14 2.2.3 Surface Protein Assay 16 2.2.3.1 Protein Immunoblotting Method 17 2.2.3.2 Nano-Flow Cytometry 19 2.2.3.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 19 2.2.4 Other Methods 21 2.2.4.1 Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing 21 2.2.4.2 Single EV Analysis Technique 22 2.2.4.3 Micronuclear Magnetic Resonance 23 References 24 3 Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Different Cell Sources 35 Xueyi Wang and Zhenhua li 3.1 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Stem Cells (SCs) 35 3.1.1 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 37 3.1.1.1 Kidney Injury 38 3.1.1.2 Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (MI/RI) 38 3.1.1.3 Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) 39 3.1.1.4 Cancer 40 3.1.2 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) 40 3.1.3 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) 41 3.1.4 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs) and Other Stem Cells 41 3.2 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Immune Cells 42 3.2.1 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Macrophages 42 3.2.2 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Dendritic Cells (DCs) 44 3.2.3 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from T Cells 45 3.2.4 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Natural Killer (NK) Cells 46 3.3 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Cancer Cells 47 3.4 Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Plants 49 3.4.1 Anti-inflammatory 49 3.4.2 Anticancer 50 3.4.3 Antibacterial 51 3.4.4 Antioxidation 51 References 51 4 Biomedical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Treatment of Disease 59 Fei Wang, Jiacong Ai, Ziyang Zhang, Yuanhang li, and Zhenhua li 4.1 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 60 4.2 Metabolic Diseases 67 4.3 Cardiovascular Diseases 74 4.4 Respiratory Diseases 85 4.5 Cancers 88 4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 93 References 94 5 Applications of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles 101 Lanya li, Yingxian Xiao, Shushan Mo, and Zhenhua li 5.1 Engineering EVs for Cargo Loading 101 5.1.1 Endogenous Loading 101 5.1.2 Exogenous Loading 104 5.2 Engineering EVs for Surface Modification 106 5.2.1 Genetic Engineering 106 5.2.2 Chemical Modification 108 5.2.3 Hydrophobic Membrane Engineering 109 References 111 6 Current Technology for Production, Isolation, and Quality Control of Extracellular Vesicles 117 Dandan Han, Yichuan Ma, Yujing Hu, and Zhenhua li 6.1 Production of EVs 117 6.1.1 Three-Dimensional Culture 117 6.1.2 Physical Stimulation 119 6.1.3 Chemical Stimulation 120 6.1.4 Physiological Modification 120 6.1.5 Genetic Manipulation 121 6.2 Extraction of EVs 122 6.2.1 Separation Strategies of EVs 123 6.2.2 Ultracentrifugation Approach 123 6.2.2.1 Differential Ultracentrifugation 123 6.2.2.2 Isopycnic and Moving-Zone Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation 125 6.2.3 Ultrafiltration Approach 125 6.2.4 Size-Exclusion Chromatography 127 6.2.5 Polymer Precipitation Strategy 128 6.2.6 Immunoaffinity Capture Approach 128 6.2.7 Microfluidic Technology 129 6.2.8 Other Methods 131 6.3 Quality Control of EVs 132 6.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 133 6.3.2 High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 134 6.3.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 134 6.3.4 Fourier-Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy 135 6.3.5 Capillary Electrophoresis 135 6.3.6 Nanoparticles Tracking Analysis 136 6.3.7 Flow Cytometer 137 6.3.8 Other Techniques 138 References 140 7 Prospects and Limitations of Clinical Application of Extracellular Vesicles 147 li Luo, Weirun li, and Zhenhua li 7.1 Application of Exosomes as Liquid Biopsy in Clinical Diagnosis 147 7.2 Exosomes—It has Become a Star Molecule in Disease Diagnosis 147 7.2.1 Exosomes Could Be Used as Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarkers in Cancer 150 7.2.2 Exosomes Biopsy Strategies were Proposed to Target the Different Cancers 152 7.2.2.1 Pancreatic Cancer 152 7.2.2.2 Gastric Cancer 152 7.2.2.3 Lung Cancer 152 7.2.2.4 Breast Cancer 153 7.2.2.5 Liver Cancer 153 7.2.2.6 Ovarian Cancer 153 7.2.2.7 Melanoma 154 7.2.2.8 Colon Cancer 154 7.2.2.9 Glioma 155 7.2.3 Exosomes in Clinical Trial for Cancer Biopsy 155 7.3 The Commercial Application of Exosomes 158 7.3.1 Tumor Therapy 158 7.3.2 Lung Infection and ARDS Treatment 158 7.3.3 Cardiovascular Disease Treatment 160 7.3.4 Liver and Kidney Injury Treatment 160 7.3.5 Ophthalmology Treatment 160 7.3.6 Cartilage Injury Treatment 161 7.3.7 Other Treatments 161 7.3.8 Engineering of Exosome Delivery 161 7.3.9 Skin Repair and Medical Skincare Products 164 7.4 Commercial Development of Exosomes 166 7.4.1 Analysis of Representative Companies of Exosomes 168 7.4.1.1 ExoCoBio 168 7.4.1.2 Direct Biologics 168 7.4.1.3 Tianjin Exocrine Science and Technology 169 7.4.1.4 TheraXyte 170 7.4.1.5 Exosome Diagnostics 170 7.4.1.6 Codiak 171 7.4.1.7 Evox 171 7.4.1.8 EVerZom 171 7.5 Issues and Challenges 172 7.5.1 Quality Control 172 7.5.2 Storage Stability 172 7.5.3 Product Safety 173 7.5.4 Drug-Forming Properties of Engineered Exosomes 173 References 174 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 181 Xing-Jie liang, Ke Cheng, and Zhenhua li 8.1 Summary and Conclusions 181 8.2 General Trends and Developments 182 8.2.1 EVs in Drug Delivery 182 8.2.2 Engineered EVs in Biomedical Applications 183 8.2.3 EVs for Clinical Applications When Comparing with Liposomes 184 8.3 Challenges for Future Research 185 8.3.1 Standardization and Quality Control 185 8.3.2 Scalability and Manufacturing 185 8.3.3 Targeting and Biodistribution 186 8.3.4 Safety and Toxicity 186 8.3.5 Regulatory Challenges 186 8.3.6 Heterogeneity of EV Populations 187 8.3.7 Understanding the Role of EVs in Disease Progression and Development 187 Index 189
£106.25
£84.15
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Organisch-Chemischer Denksport: Ein Seminar für
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Aufgaben.- Aufgabe 1.- Aufgabe 2.- Aufgabe 3.- Aufgabe 4.- Aufgabe 5.- Aufgabe 6.- Aufgabe 7.- Aufgabe 8.- Aufgabe 9.- Aufgabe 10.- Aufgabe 11.- Aufgabe 12.- Aufgabe 13.- Aufgabe 14.- Aufgabe 15.- Aufgabe 16.- Aufgabe 17.- Aufgabe 18.- Aufgabe 19.- Aufgabe 20.- Aufgabe 21.- Aufgabe 22.- Aufgabe 23.- Aufgabe 24.- Aufgabe 25.- Aufgabe 26.- Aufgabe 27.- Aufgabe 28.- Aufgabe 29.- Aufgabe 30.- Aufgabe 31.- Aufgabe 32.- Aufgabe 33.- Aufgabe 34.- Aufgabe 35.- Aufgabe 36.- Aufgabe 37.- Aufgabe 38.- Aufgabe 39.- Aufgabe 40.- Aufgabe 41.- Aufgabe 42.- Aufgabe 43.- Aufgabe 44.- Aufgabe 45.- Aufgabe 46.- Aufgabe 47.- Aufgabe 48.- Aufgabe 49.- Aufgabe 50.- Aufgabe 51.- Aufgabe 52.- Aufgabe 53.- Aufgabe 54.- Aufgabe 55.- Aufgabe 56.- Aufgabe 57.- Aufgabe 58.- Aufgabe 59.- Aufgabe 60.- Aufgabe 61.- Aufgabe 62.- Aufgabe 63.- Aufgabe 64.- Aufgabe 65.- Aufgabe 66.- Aufgabe 67.- Aufgabe 68.- Aufgabe 69.- Aufgabe 70.- 2 Antworten.- Antwort 1.- Antwort 2.- Antwort 3.- Antwort 4.- Antwort 5.- Antwort 6.- Antwort 7.- Antwort 8.- Antwort 9.- Antwort 10.- Antwort 11.- Antwort 12.- Antwort 13.- Antwort 14.- Antwort 15.- Antwort 16.- Antwort 17.- Antwort 18.- Antwort 19.- Antwort 20.- Antwort 21.- Antwort 22.- Antwort 23.- Antwort 24.- Antwort 25.- Antwort 26.- Antwort 27.- Antwort 28.- Antwort 29.- Antwort 30.- Antwort 31.- Antwort 32.- Antwort 33.- Antwort 34.- Antwort 35.- Antwort 36.- Antwort 37.- Antwort 38.- Antwort 39.- Antwort 40.- Antwort 41.- Antwort 42.- Antwort 43.- Antwort 44.- Antwort 45.- Antwort 46.- Antwort 47.- Antwort 48.- Antwort 49.- Antwort 50.- Antwort 51.- Antwort 52.- Antwort 53.- Antwort 54.- Antwort 55.- Antwort 56.- Antwort 57.- Antwort 58.- Antwort 59.- Antwort 60.- Antwort 61.- Antwort 62.- Antwort 63.- Antwort 64.- Antwort 65.- Antwort 66.- Antwort 67.- Antwort 68.- Antwort 69.- Antwort 70.- 3 Anhang.- Bindungsenthalpien.- Stabilisierungsenergien.- Ringspannung.- Wie groß sind bestimmte Gruppen?.- Gebräuchliche Abkürzungen.- Selektivitäten und Gleichgewichtslagen.- Halbreaktionszeiten.- Wieviel Energie steckt in elektromagnetischer Strahlung?.- Wichtige Konstanten.
£53.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Organic Reaction Mechanisms: 40 Solved Cases
Book Synopsis Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction, and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of the experimental evidence. Whilst examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, the text focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail. The examples are arranged to elucidate key aspects of organic reaction mechanisms. The authors employ all the types of information that the authors of the original work considered useful and necessary, including spectroscopic data, kinetic and thermodynamic data, isotopic labelling and organic reactivity. The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The authors of this book utilise recently published research work to illustrate and instruct the reader on how to interpret experimental data to account for product stereochemical outcomes and propose reasonable reaction mechanisms. Matching mechanisms to justify experimental results with no or limited supportive experimental evidence is tricky as often more questions are raised than answered, but in the majority of the 40 papers presented, Gallego and Sierra are reasonably convincing with their discussion of plausible mechanisms….. This book is suitable for the hyper-enthusiastic advanced organic chemistry undergraduates who are destined to higher research degree studies and for graduates and professional organic chemists who like linking experimental data to organic structures."Chemistry in Australia, 10/2004, p. 30 "The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduates students and instructors."Journal: Chimie Nouvelle – Societe Royale de Chimie, Vol. 22, Issue 87, p. 122 "Organic Reaction Mechanisms shows readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . Examining a series of selected examples of mechanisms, Organic Reaction Mechanisms focuses on real cases and discusses them in detail … . The book makes an excellent primer for advanced undergraduates in chemistry who are preparing for exams and is also useful for graduate students and instructors." (Chimie Nouvelle Societe Royale de Chemie, Vol. 22(87), 2004) "Learning by doing is the approach pursued by Gallego and Sierra in their book … . The chemical concepts and reaction types introduced to the reader cover practically all of the addition, substitution, and elimination reactions known in traditional organic chemistry. … Ample space is also given to … . The book is a valuable resource for the preparation of seminars on organic reaction mechanisms, and as such it should be available in a good university library." (Hendrik Zipse, Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 116(37), 2004) "Organic Reaction Mechanisms: 40 Solved Cases presents cases of organic reaction mechanisms using formal representation … . The examples are treated in detail with an introduction, experimental data, discussion, key points and additional references. The approach of the authors is original since they do not approach the reaction … . This volume will be useful to advanced undergraduate students and researchers interested in understanding the mechanism of organic reactions." (John F. Kennedy, Francois Meullenet, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 57, 2004) "Working with three-dimensional molecules, changes to solvent or catalyst and other such factors may dramatically alter the course of a reaction, and these subtleties are not readily appreciated by most students. … The authors of this book try to redress this deficiency by bringing together a series of organic reactions whose mechanistic details have been probed using a variety of techniques and approaches. … will also offer lecturers a useful set of worked problems with which to illustrate their courses." (Andrew Boa, Times Higher Education Supplement, February, 2005) "Organic Reaction Mechanics shows the readers how to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction … . This book in which the strategy of synthesis has been discussed will be useful for undergraduates, Ph. D. students and scientists … . Lecturers can find in the text new examples to illustrate topics of advanced chemistry. After reading this book specific interest can be found by a physicist who deals with investigations of chemical or biochemical processes by physical methods." (Yu. Galyametdinov, Applied Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 28 (1-2), 2005) "What resources do you need to teach mechanistic organic chemistry? More often than not, quick access to appropriate, contemporary examples … . For that reason alone I can commend Gomez Gallego and Sierra’s book … . The book is well organized. … The scope of the examples is a real asset. … The references are also valuable. … I can see it becoming a very useful resource for educators at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate level." (Jim Iley, Chemistry World, Vol. 2 (7), 2005) "The mechanism of a chemical reaction can be considered as a hypothetical motion picture of the behavior of the participating atoms. The reliability of the proposed mechanism increases if it leads to quantitative predictions as to how the speed of the reaction is affected by concentrations of reactants, temperature, solvent and the presence of catalysts. The interpretation of the experimental data is a key point in any type of experimentation. The book on Organic Reaction Mechanisms explains the various approaches to interpret the experimental data obtained from an organic reaction and specifically how an organic reaction mechanism can be considered or rejected based on the analysis of experimental evidence. ...All the cases presented in the book have been nicely illustrated that cover all the main topics of organic chemistry and this book is an innovative contribution to the subject. In conclusion, this book can be excellent source of information not only to the students but also to the academicians working in the area of organic chemistry." (John F. Kennedy, Univ. Birmingham; Journal: Carbohydrate Polymers, Issue 65, 2006) Table of ContentsLevel 1.- Case 1. A Surprise in the Synthesis of Guanacastepene A.- Case 2. Sulfenylation of Indole.- Case 3. Substrate Selective Reactions in the Presence of Lewis Acids.- Case 4. Diastereoselective Reductions of ?-Ketoesters.- Case 5. Rearrangements from Tetrahydropyran Derivatives.- Case 6. Stereospecific Substitution Reactions of Epoxy Sulfides.- Case 7. NaBH4 Reduction of ?,?-Unsaturated Chromium Carbene Complexes.- Case 8. Addition of Hydroxylamines to ?,?-Unsaturated Esters.- Case 9. Solvolysis of Electron-Deficient Norbornyl Triflates.- Case 10 Nucleophile Versus Base Catalysis.- Case 11. The Hydrolysis of p-Substituted Styrene Oxides.- Case 12. Elimination Reactions of Benzaldehyde O-Benzoyloximes.- Case 13. Oxygen Versus Sulfur Stabilization of Carbenium Ions.- Case 14. Cyclization of 2,3-Dibenzylidenesuccinates.- Case 15. Oxazoline N-Oxides as Dipoles in [3+2] Cycloadditions.- Case 16. Light-Induced Cycloadditions of N-Phthaloyl ?Amino Acids.- Level 2.- Case 17. Change in Rate-Determining Step in an E1 cB Mechanism: Aminolysis of Sulfamate Esters.- Case 18. Unusual Diels-Alder Reactivity of Acyclic 2-Azadienes.- Case 19. Chelate-Controlled Carbonyl Addition Reactions.- Case 20. Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Dimethyl Carbonate and DBU.- Case 21. A Hammett Analysis in a Multistep Reaction: Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Decomposition of ?Diazo Esters.- Case 22. Tandem Cycloadditions with Nitronates.- Case 23. Hydrolysis of 2-Aminobenzoate Esters.- Case 24. Rearrangements of Cyclobutenones.- Case 25. Epoxi Ester-Orthoester Rearrangement.- Case 26. 2-Chloro-1,3,5-triazines as Activating Groups of Carboxylic Acids in the Formation of Peptide Bonds.- Case 27. Acid-Catalyzed Isomerization of Imines.- Case 28. A Dearomatizing Disrotatory Electrocyclic Ring Closure.- Case 29. Stereoselective Debromination of Vicinal Dibromides.- Case 30. Diels-Alder Reactions of N-Acyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines.- Case 31. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acylaziridines.- Level 2.- Case 32. The Baylis-Hillman Reaction.- Case 33. The Rate-Determining Step in the SNAr Reaction.- Case 34. Helicenophanes and their Racemization.- Case 35. Solvolysis of Vinyl Iodonium Salts.- Case 36. Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution.- Case 37. Base-promoted HF Elimination from 4-Fluoro-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)butan-2-one.- Case 38. Substitution of ?Halostyrenes Mes.- Case 39. Periodinane-Mediated Cyclization of Anilides.- Case 40. Solvolysis of 8-Deltacyclyl Brosylates.
£66.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Stereochemistry - Workbook: 191 Problems and Solutions
Book SynopsisThis workbook in stereochemistry is designed for students, lecturers and scientists in chemistry, pharmacy, biology and medicine who deal with chiral chemical compounds and their properties. It serves as a supplement to textbooks and seminars and thus provides selected examples for students to practice the use of the conventions and terminology for the exact three-dimensional description of chemical compounds. It contains 191 problems with extended solutions. Trade ReviewThe late Edgar Heilbronner, one of the great physical and organic chemists of the 20th century, had a particularly effective lecture. He started it as follows: "You know pretty much everything I am going to say. So let us begin with the questions." And up on the screen flashed the first question. The lecture continued in the same vein; Heilbronner’s carefully structured answers to just the right questions led to a fascinating seminar, and a learning experience. I thought of Edgar Heilbronner’s lecture as I read the Hellwich and Siebert "Stereochemistry Workbook." In it are 191 graduated problems, along with succinct and clear solutions. One has to know a little stereochemical lore to begin with, for instance the priority rules of the CIP system. But otherwise everything is taught, in exemplary fashion, just through the progression of questions and answers. Complexities of naming coordination compounds, and dealing with chirality planes and axes are not avoided. The examples grow increasingly challenging. The success of this small volume lies in the fact it has a hidden narrative structure. Complexity is introduced in stages; solutions to the problems are attainable goals. One is drawn in, it is fun to go on. And the book is decorated with fascinating short stories of pharmaceutical design and utility. We have here a rare instance of a well-designed workbook that constructs a learning experience better than that found in most textbooks. What more would I want to see in it? The ordinary (of reasonable Lewis structures, normal bond lengths, moderate temperature [T less than ~100 °C]) which is the province of the beautiful compounds that are discussed in this book, needs to be defined. The ordinary is not diminished by what constrains it, for the fantastic variety the normal world generates suffices. But it is good to be aware of just what the assumptions are. Let me give an example. In one problem, a set of isomers of a bicyclic compound (cyclothiazide) is eliminated from discussion because a bridge can be formed only by cis fusion. In another example, two isomers of a [CoCl2(H2NNH2)(PPh3)2] complex are said to be not possible, those where the H2NNH2 would bridge trans-positions on the octahedral metal. Indeed, both statements make sense, but it would be interesting to mention why they are true (strain, the long N–N bond necessary). And how it is in the nature of chemists to subvert the impossible, and what ingenious molecules might do if there is no option but the energetically costly impossible. "Stereochemistry Workbook," one of the most effective pedagogical texts I’ve encountered, re-emphasizes the fundamental role of geometry in chemistry. Molecules have shapes. The logic of isomerism, in all its manifestations, the life-and-death-determining necessity of describing three-dimensional geometry, our representational struggles to do so – these define the beauty of chemistry. (Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University, Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2009, 5, No. 38)Table of ContentsQuestions.- Answers.
£29.69
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Glycoscience: Chemistry and Chemical Biology
Book SynopsisAs a reflection of the quantum leap that has been made in the study of glycostructures, the first edition of this book has been completely revised and updated. The editors give up-to-date information on glycostructures, their chemistry and chemical biology in the form of a completely comprehensive survey. Glycostructures play highly diverse and crucial roles in a myriad of organisms and important systems in biology, physiology, medicine, bioengineering and technology. Only in recent years have the tools been developed to partly understand the highly complex functions and the chemistry behind them. While many facts remain undiscovered, this MRW has been contributed to by a large number of the world’s leading researchers in the field.Table of Contents1 General Principles.- 1.1 Structure and Conformation of Carbohydrates.- 1.2 General Occurance and Properties of Carbohydrates.- 2 General Synthetic Methods.- 2.1 Reactions at Oxygen Atoms.- 2.2 Oxidation, Reduction and Deoxygenation.- 2.3 Heteroatom Exchange.- 2.4 Anhydrosugars.- 2.5 C-C Bond Formation.- 2.6 C=C Bond Formation.- 2.7 Degradations and Rearrangement Reactions.- 3 Chemical Glycosylation Reactions.- 3.1 Introduction to Glycosylation Reactions.- 3.2 Glycosyl Halides.- 3.3 Glycosyl Trichloroacid Imidates.- 3.4 Other Anomeric Esters.- 3.5 O-Glycosyl Donors.- 3.6 S-Glycosylation.- 3.7 Glycal Derivatives.- 3.8 Anomeric Anhydro Sugars.- 3.9 C-Glycosylation.- 4 Monosaccharides.- 4.1 Occurance, Significance and Properties.- 4.2 Monosaccharides and Polyols in Foods.- 4.3 De Novo Synthesis of Monosaccharides.- 4.4 Monosaccharides as Chiral Pools for the Synthesis of Complex Natural Compounds.- 4.5 Monosaccharides as Scaffolds for the Synthesis of Novel Compounds.- 4.6 Monosaccharides as Chiral Auxiliaries and Ligands for Asymmetric Synthesis.- 4.7 Carbohydrate Metal Complexes.- 5 Oligosaccharides.- 5.1 Occurrence, Significance and Properties.- 5.2 Sucrose and Related Oligosaccharides.- 5.3 Oligosaccharides in Food and Agriculture.- 5.4 Combinatorial Methods in Oligosaccharide Synthesis.- 5.5 Solid Phase Methods.- 5.6 Stereoselective Synthesis of ß-Manno Glycoside.- 5.7 Silalylation.- 5.8 Enzymatic Glycosylation by Tranferases.- 5.9 Enzymatic Glycosylation by Hydrolases.- 6 Complex Polysaccharides.- 6.1 Occurence, Significance and Properties.- 6.2 Starch.- 6.3 Cellulose and Hemicellulose.- 6.4 Gums and Related Polysaccharides.- 6.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Components.- 6.6 Fungal Cell Wall Components.- 6.7 Structure-Activity Relationship of Glycosaminoglycans.- 7 Glycolipids.- 7.1 Occurence, Significance and Properties.- 7.2 Synthesis.- 7.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 7.4 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols.- 8 Glycoproteins.- 8.1 Occurence and Significance.- 8.2 Properties.- 8.3 Synthesis and Applications of Biologically Relevant Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins.- 8.4 Glycosilylation Engineering of Glycoproteins.- 8.5 Glycoprotein Analysis.- 9 Glycomimetics.- 9.1 Azaglycomimetics: Synthesis and Chemical Biology.- 9.2 Carbasugars: Synthesis and Functions.- 9.3 Sulfur Containing Glycomimetics.- 9.4 C-Glycosyl Analogs of Oligosaccharides and Glycosyl Amino Acids.- 9.5 Non-Sugar Glycomimetics.- 10 Key Technologies and Tools for Functional Glycobiology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Microarrays.- 10.3 Chemical Probes and Monitoring.- 10.4 Glycomics and Mass Spectrometry.- 10.5 Bioinformatical Tools.- 11 Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Monosaccharides.- 11.3 Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides.-11.4 Degradation of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides.- 12 Glycomedicine.- 12.1 Novel Approaches for Glycodrug Discovery.- 12.2 Biomedicine of Monosaccharides.- 12.3 Mammalian Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions.- 12.4 Multivalency in Protein-Carbohydrate Recognition.- 12.5 Synthesis of Heparin-Fragments.- 12.6 Biomedicine of Glycolipids and Glycosphingolipids.- 12.7 Biomedicine of Enkephalin-Derived Glycopeptide Analgesics.- 12.8 Antitumor and Antimicrobial Glycoconjugates.- 12.9 Biomedicine of Glycosylated Natural Compounds.- 12.10 Mucin-based Vaccines.- 12.11 Polysaccharide-based Vaccines
£404.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Organic Mechanisms: Reactions, Stereochemistry
Book Synopsis“Much of life can be understood in rational terms if expressed in the language of chemistry. It is an international language, a language without dialects, a language for all time, a language that explains where we came from, what we are, and where the physical world will allow us to go. Chemical Language has great esthetic beauty and links the physical sciences to the b- logical sciences. ” from The Two Cultures: Chemistry and Biology by Arthur Kornberg (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, 1959) Over the past two centuries, chemistry has evolved from a relatively pure disciplinary pursuit to a position of central importance in the physical and life sciences. More generally, it has p- vided the language and methodology that has unified, integrated and, indeed, molecularized the sciences, shaping our understanding of the molecular world and in so doing the direction, development and destiny of scientific research. The “language of chemistry” referred to by my former Stanford colleague is made up of atoms and bonds and their interactions. It is a s- tem of knowledge that allows us to understand structure and events at a molecular level and increasingly to use that understanding to create new knowledge and beneficial change. The words on this page, for example, are detected by the eye in a series of events, now generally understood at the molecular level.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"The new edition of the textbook of R. Bruckner is accurate, all important modern mechanistic and synthetic concepts of organic chemistry are presented in a very didactic fashion, a superb book to put in the hands of all who would want to learn synthetic organic chemistry or refresh their knowledge."Paul Knochel, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich "Over its three editions, Professor Bruckner has significantly fine-tuned his outstanding textbook titled ‘Organic Mechanisms’, now available in English. This text is aimed squarely at students that have completed a typical one-year introductory course in organic chemistry and now wish to continue refining their understanding of the subject. At this level, the text is appropriately focused on providing the reader with an enhanced fundamental understanding of an ambitious range of organic reactions. Along with reminding the reader about fundamental principles necessary to understand the topic, Bruckner’s updated edition also provides a solid physical organic perspective on a wide range of processes. The text is not meant to be an exhaustive survey of reactions, but more of a sound introduction to the underlying principles that control reactivity in variety of transformations that chemistry students should be familiar with. The book, therefore, is particularly well suited for “intermediate” and “advanced” classes in organic chemistry, usually found in upper class electives and introductory graduate classes. The book will also serve as a valuable starting point for the more experienced chemist wishing to brush-up on organic transformations that they might be less familiar with.” Marc L. Snapper, Boston CollegeThis updated version of Professor Brückner’s ‘Organic Mechanisms’ provides a thorough overview of modern organic synthesis that is both comprehensive and accessible to chemists with all levels of experience. Detailed reaction mechanisms are illustrated with clear schemes that effectively convey the electronic and structural principles influencing reactivity and selectivity for the most common transformations used in organic synthesis. The pragmatic division of the material into introductory and more advanced sections enables the text to be used both as a teaching resource for both undergraduate chemistry students and researchers from allied disciplines and as a valuable text for experienced researchers. The book prompts the reader to readily grasp important concepts, while providing ample scope for extension and development of more advanced students of organic chemistry. ‘Organic Mechanisms’ is also a valuable resource for those involved in the application and practice of organic synthesis on a professional level. The range of topics discussed provides an up-to-date compendium of current methods, of relevance to both academia and industry, with the references at the end of each chapter providing a useful starting point for more detailed further reading. Overall, the new English edition of ‘Organic Mechanisms’ is an excellent single reference for those wishing to learn or better understand the complex practice of modern synthetic organic chemistry. It is long overdue and I look forward to having a copy readily available for my students. Margaret Brimble, The University of AucklandHaving held in high regard the 1st English edition of Bruckner´s textbook Organic Reaction Mechanisms I have been waiting for years for an updated version to appear. This long-expected textbook is now available. It has been completely revised and considerably expanded and is a meticulously composed treatise at the interface between synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic analysis. Every student of advanced organic chemistry will benefit from this book." Koichi Narasaka, Nayang Technical University, Singapore.“This English edition of the German textbook by Bruckner … is an excellent resource for advanced academic students. … The presentation is impressive, and clear illustrations appear throughout the book. … This makes the work a very interesting read and offers abundant opportunities for students to create new problem sets. … For graduate students and instructors, this work offers a wealth of information. The end-of-chapter references are comprehensive and thorough. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.” (S. Rajaraman, Choice, Vol. 48 (3), November, 2010)Table of Contents1 Radical Substitution Reactions at the Saturated C Atom 2 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at the Saturated C Atom 3 Electrophilic Additions to the C-C Double Bond 4 ß-Eliminations 5 Substitution Reactions on Aromatic Compounds 6 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at the Carboxyl Carbon 7 Carboxylic Compound, Nitriles and Their Mutual Transformation 8 Carbonic Acid Derivatives and Heterocumulenes and their Mutual Transformation 9 Additions of Heteroatom Nucleophiles to Carbonyl Compounds and Subsequent Reactions - Condensaations of Heteroatom Nucleophiles with Carbonyl Compounds 10 Addition of Hydride Donors and Organometallic Compounds to Carbonyl Compounds 11 Conversion of Phosphorus- or Sulfur-Stabilized C Nucleophiles with Carbonyl Compounds: Addition-induced Condensations 12 The Chemistry of Enoles and Enamines 13 Chemistry of the Alkaline Earth Metal Enolates 14 Rearrangements 15 Thermal Cycloadditions 16 Transition Metal-Mediated Alkenylations, Arylations, and Alkynylations 17 Oxidations and Reductions
£87.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Iridium Catalysis
Book SynopsisFrom the contents: Robert H Crabtree: Introduction and History. - Montserrat Diéguez, Oscar Pàmies and Carmen Claver: Iridium-catalysed hydrogenation using phosphorous ligands. - David H. Woodmansee and Andreas Pfaltz: Iridium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins with Chiral N,P and C,N Ligands. - Ourida Saidi and Jonathan M J Williams: Iridium-catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Reactions. - John F. Bower and Michael J. Krische: Formation of C-C Bonds via Iridium Catalyzed Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation. - Jongwook Choi, Alan S. Goldman: Ir-Catalyzed Functionalization of CH Bonds. - Mark P. Pouy and John F. Hartwig: Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution. - Daniel Carmona and Luis A. Oro: Iridium-catalyzed 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Chapters cover a range of types of reactions … that are of strong interest in organic synthesis, and provide extensive up-to-date coverage of both the scope and limitations of the catalysts. … Overall, ‘Iridium Catalysis’ will serve as a useful up-to-date resource for both those entering the field and those experienced chemists who may not be aware of the advances that have been made. … Readers will be stimulated to find new applications for iridium in catalysis after they examine this book.” (William D. Jones, Platinum Metals Review, Vol. 56 (1), 2012)Table of ContentsRobert H Crabtree: Introduction and History.- Montserrat Diéguez, Oscar Pàmies and Carmen Claver: Iridium-catalysed hydrogenation using phosphorous ligands.- David H. Woodmansee and Andreas Pfaltz: Iridium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins with Chiral N,P and C,N Ligands.- Ourida Saidi and Jonathan M J Williams: Iridium-catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Reactions.- John F. Bower and Michael J. Krische: Formation of C-C Bonds via Iridium Catalyzed Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation.- Jongwook Choi, Alan S. Goldman: Ir-Catalyzed Functionalization of CH Bonds.- Mark P. Pouy and John F. Hartwig: Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution.- Luis A. Oro and Daniel Carmona: Iridium-catalysed 1.3-dipolar cycloadditions.
£187.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Capture and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide with Polyethylene Glycol
Book SynopsisIn this volume, Professor He and his coworkers summarize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted CO2 chemistry on the basis of understanding about phase behavior of PEG/CO2 system and reaction mechanism at molecular level. As PEG could be utilized as a green replacement for organic solvents, phase-transfer catalyst, surfactant, support in various reaction systems, significantly promoting catalytic activity and recovering expensive metal catalysts, particularly regarded as a CO2-philic material, the authors focus on special applications of PEG in CO2 capture and utilization, including PEG-functionalized catalysts for efficient transformation of CO2 and PEG-functionalized absorbents for efficient CO2 capture. Furthermore, they describe carbon capture and utilization strategy as an alternative approach to address the energy penalty problem in carbon capture and storage. Interestingly, the authors also discuss PEG radical chemistry in dense CO2 as rather creative and unusual use of PEG, presumably serves as a reaction medium and a radical initiator for radical chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Phase Behavior of PEG/CO2 System.- PEG / scCO2 Biphasic Solvent System.- CO2 Capture with PEG.- Functionalized-PEG as Catalysts for CO2 Conversion.- CO2 Capture, Activation and Subsequent Conversion with PEG.
£42.74
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Organische Chemie
Book SynopsisEin neuer Stern am Lehrbuch-Himmel: Organische Chemie von Clayden, Greeves, Warren - der ideale Begleiter für alle Chemiestudenten. Der Schwerpunkt dieses didaktisch durchdachten, umfassenden vierfarbigen Lehrbuches liegt auf dem Verständnis von Mechanismen, Strukturen und Prozessen, nicht auf dem Lernen von Fakten. Organische Chemie entpuppt sich als dabei als ein kohärentes Ganzes, mit zahlreichen logischen Verbindungen und Konsequenzen sowie einer grundlegenden Struktur und Sprache. Dank der Betonung von Reaktionsmechanismen, Orbitalen und Stereochemie gewinnen die Studierenden ein solides Verständnis der wichtigsten Faktoren, die für alle organisch-chemischen Reaktionen gelten. So lernen sie, auch Reaktionen, die ihnen bisher unbekannt waren, zu interpretieren und ihren Ablauf vorherzusagen. Der direkte, persönliche, studentenfreundliche Schreibstil motiviert die Leser, mehr erfahren zu wollen. Umfangreiche Online-Materialien führen das Lernen über das gedruckte Buch hinaus und vertiefen das Verständnis noch weiter.Trade Review“... enthält alle Elemente, die das Buch international zum Bestseller gemacht haben. Es ist didaktisch durchdacht, reich illustriert, lernfreundlich geschrieben und hochaktuell ...” (in: Laborpraxis, Heft 1-2, 2016)Stimmen zur englischen Originalausgabe: "Es ist ein Verdienst der Autoren, dass ein Lehrbuch, das ich über so viele Jahre hinweg bewundert habe, eine derart substanzielle Überarbeitung erfahren hat und dennoch die Merkmale bewahrt, die es von Beginn an so attraktiv für die Studierenden gemacht haben. Dieses Buch wird Lernende in der Organischen Chemie auf Jahre hinaus inspirieren." John Hayward in Chemistry World Zur ersten Auflage: "Ein Meilenstein im Bereich der Lehrbücher in der Organischen Chemie … Ich erwarte bald überall von Vorlesungen und Tutorien "Das kannst Du im Clayden nachschlagen” zu hören, und zwar auf viele Jahre hinaus." Andrew Boa in The Times Higher Education “… Ein sehr zu empfehlendes Buch für all diejenigen Studierenden, die sich umfassende informieren wollen und nicht auswendig lernen, sondern verstehen wollen.“ (in: Die Chemieseite, chemieseite.de, September 2014)Table of ContentsWas ist organische Chemie?.- Strukturen organischer Verbindungen.- Aufklärung organischer Strukturen.- Struktur von Molekülen.- Organische Reaktionen.- Nucleophile Addition an die Carbonylgruppe.- Delokalisierung und Konjugation.- Acidität, Basizität und pKa-Wert.- Verwendung von metallorganischen Reagenzien zur Bildung von C–C-Bindungen.- Nucleophile Substitution an der Carbonylgruppe.- Nucleophile Substitution an C=O mit Verlust des Carbonyl-Sauerstoffatoms.- Gleichgewichte, Geschwindigkeiten und Mechanismen.- 1H-NMR: Protonen-Kernmagnetresonanz.- Stereochemie.- Nucleophile Substitution am gesättigten Kohlenstoffatom.- Konformationsanalyse.- Eliminierungsreaktionen.- Spektroskopische Methoden – ein Überblick.- Elektrophile Addition an Alkene.- Herstellung und Reaktionen von Enolen und Enolaten.- Elektrophile aromatische Substitution.- Konjugierte Addition und nucleophile aromatische Substitution.- Chemoselektivität und Schutzgruppen.- Regioselektivität.- Alkylierung von Enolaten.- Reaktionen von Enolaten mit Carbonylverbindungen: Aldol- und Claisen-Reaktionen.- Schwefel, Silicium und Phosphor in der organischen Chemie.- Retrosynthetische Analyse.- Aromatische Heterocyclen 1: Reaktionen.- Aromatische Heterocyclen 2: Synthese.- Gesättigte Heterocyclen und stereoelektronische Effekte.- Stereoselektivität bei cyclischen Molekülen.- Diastereoselektivität.- Pericyclische Reaktionen 1: Cycloadditionen.- Pericyclische Reaktionen 2: Sigmatrope Umlagerungen und elektrocyclische Reaktionen.- Nachbargruppenbeteiligung, Umlagerung und Fragmentierung.- Radikalreaktionen.- Synthese und Reaktionen von Carbenen.- Aufklärung von Reaktionsmechanismen.- Metallorganische Chemie.- Asymmetrische Synthese.- Organische Chemie des Lebens.- Organische Chemie heute.
£85.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Methanol — Chemie- und Eneigierohstoff: Die
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Methanol - Chemie- und Energierohstoff.- 2 Herstellung von Synthesegas.- 2.1 Rohstoffe für Synthesegas.- 2.1.1 Kohle: Weltförderung, Handel und Veredelung.- 2.1.2 Erdgas als Rohstoff zur Synthesegasherstellung.- 2.1.3 Torf als Rohmaterial für die Methanolsynthese.- 2.1.4 Schweröle und Ölrückstände als Rohmaterialien für die Methanolsynthese.- 2.1.5 Holz als Rohstoff für die Methanolsynthese.- 2.1.6 Verwendung von Müll und Klärschlamm zur Methanolherstellung.- 2.1.7 Kohlensäure als Methanolrohstoff.- 2.2 Prozesse zur Synthesegasherstellung (CO+2H2) auf Kohle-Basis.- 2.2.1 Das Lurgi-Druckgas-Verfahren.- 2.2.2 Das HTW-Verfahren (Hochtemperatur-Winkler-Verfahren).- 2.2.3 Das Koppers-Totzek-Flugstaub-Verfahren.- 2.2.4 Die Kohlevergasung im Eisenbad (Molten-Iron-Prozeß).- 2.2.5 Das Texaco-Vergasungsverfahren unter Druck in der Ruhrchemie/Ruhrkohle-Variante.- 3 Die Methanolsynthese.- 3.1 Die Lurgi-Methanolsynthese.- 3.2 Methanolsyntheseanlagen, Größe, Kosten, Methanolbedarf und Verbrauch.- 3.3 Die Wärmeabführung bei der Methanolsynthese.- 3.4 Die Katalysatoren der Methanolsynthese.- 3.5 Zum Reaktionsmechanismus der Methanolsynthese.- 3.6 Der Transport von Methanol.- 3.7 Zur Giftigkeit von Methanol.- 4 Methanol als alternativer Kraftstoff.- 4.1 Methanol in Benzin.- 4.1.1 Sicherheitsvorkehrungen beim Einsatz von M15 und M100.- 4.1.2 Das Formaldehyd-Problem.- 4.2 Das Fuel-Methanol.- 4.2.1 Sauerstoffhaltige Verbindungen als hochoktanige Komponenten zur Erhaltung der Oktanzahl von Benzinen.- 4.2.2 Die Wassertoleranz von Alkohol-Benzin-Mischungen.- 4.2.3 Charakteristik der als Benzin-Mischkomponenten möglichen Alkohole und Ether.- 4.2.4 Der Heizwert der Alkohole.- 4.2.5 Die Verdampfungswärme der Alkohole.- 4.2.6 Der Dampfdruck von Alkoholen und von Alkohol-Benzingemischen ..- 4.3 Die Herstellung des Fuel-Methanol.- 4.3.1 Die Isobutylölsynthese.- 4.3.2 Der Prozeß des IFP zur gemeinsamen Herstellung von Methanol und Alkoholen C2—C6.- 4.3.3 Der „MAS“-Prozeß von Snamprogetti-Topsøe-Anic (Mixed Alkohol Solvents).- 4.3.4 Die Synthese von Fuel-Methanol ohne Wasserbildung, Verfahren der Lurgi-Kohle- und Mineralöltechnik GmbH.- 4.3.5 Die gemeinsame Herstellung von Methanol und höheren Alkoholen nach dem Verfahren der Chem Systems.- 4.3.6 Das französische Carburol-Programm.- 4.3.7 Das Texaco-Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkohol-Ester-Gemischen aus Synthesegas als Mischkomponenten für Benzin.- 4.4 Die Überführung von Methanol in den Methyl-tert.-Butylether (MTBE).- 4.5 Der Ersatz von Dieselöl durch Methanol.- 5 Das Energiemethanol.- 5.1 Energiemethanol nach dem Verfahren der Wentworth-Brothers Inc.- 5.1.1 Die Katalysatoren beim Verfahren der Wentworth-Brothers Inc.- 5.2 Methanol als Brennstoff für Gasturbinen.- 5.3 Methanol als Brennstoff zur Wärmeerzeugung (Overfiring-Concept).- 6 Die Überführung von Methanol in Gemische von Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffen, Olefinen und von Aromaten.- 6.1 Die Überführung von Methanol bzw. Dimethylether in Benzin durch den MTG-Prozeß der Mobil Oil Corp.- 6.1.1 Der MTG-Prozeß als Festbett-Verfahren.- 6.1.2 Der MTG-Prozeß als Wirbelschichtverfahren.- 6.1.3 Der MTG-Prozeß als Fließbettverfahren im Pilot-Maßstab.- 6.2 Die Überführung von Methanol bzw. Dimethylether in Olefine mit dem MTO-Verfahren der Mobil Oil Corp.- 6.2.1 Der Einfluß von Wasser auf die Olefinbildung beim MTO-Verfahren.- 6.2.2 Der Einsatz von dotierten ZSM-5-Katalysatoren für die Olefmherstellung mit dem MTO-Verfahren.- 6.3 Die Überführung von Methanol bzw. Dimethylether in aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe mit dem MTA-Verfahren.- 6.4 Die Herstellung von Dieselöl über Olefine auf Basis von Methanol (Verfahrensweg der Lurgi GmbH).- 6.5 Die ZSM-5-Katalysatorenfamilie.- 6.6 Zum Reaktionsmechanismus der Umwandlung von Methanol in Benzin, Olefine und Aromaten.- 7 Die Überführung von Methanol in technische Gase.- 7.1 Herstellung von reinem Wasserstoff aus Methanol.- 7.2 Methanol zur Gaserzeugung in Stadtgasanlagen.- 7.3 Die Herstellung von Synthesegas (CO+2H2) aus Methanol.- 7.4 Die Herstellung von Oxosynthesegas aus Methanol.- 7.5 Die Herstellung von CO aus Methanol.- 7.6 Erzeugung gasförmiger Spaltprodukte aus Methanol zum Einsatz als Motorkraftstoffe.- 7.7 Der Betrieb von Verbrennungsturbinen mit Methanolspaltgasen.- 7.8 Die Erzreduktion mit Reforminggas aus Methanol.- 7.9 Die Herstellung von synthetischem Erdgas (SNG) aus Methanol.- 8 Andere Verfahren der Kohleveredlung als Alternativen zum Methanol.- 8.1 Die direkte Hydrierung der Kohle.- 8.1.1 Die Sumpfphase-Hydrierung.- 8.1.2 Der Gasphaseprozeß.- 8.1.3 Synthetisches Erdgas durch direkte Hydrierung von Kohle (SNG).- 8.2 Die Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese - indirekte Hydrierung der Kohle.- 8.3 Herstellung maximaler Mengen von Dieselkraftstoffen aus den Produkten der Arge-Synthese.- 8.4 Der G-B-Prozeß von Gulf-Badger.- 8.5 Die direkte und indirekte Kohlehydrierung als Grundlage für die Erzeugung von Grundchemikalien für die chemische Industrie.- 8.5.1 Die konkurrierende Herstellung von Aromaten (BTX) und niedermolekularen Oleflnen aus Kohle und Mineralöl.- 8.5.2 Olefine aus der indirekten Hydrierung der Kohle (FT-Synthese).- 8.5.3 Arbeiten zur gezielten, direkten Herstellung niedermolekularer Olefine durch die Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese.- 8.6 Arbeiten zur direkten Umsetzung von Synthesegas in Essigsäure.- 9 Die industrielle Herstellung von organischen Chemikalien aus Methanol.- 9.1 Essigsäureanhydrid durch Carbonylierung von Methylacetat.- 9.2 Herstellung des Vinylacetat-Monomer (VAM) auf Basis von Synthesegas über Methylacetat durch katalytische Hydrocarbonylierung.- 9.3 Ethylenglykol auf Basis von Syngas.- 9.3.1 Die direkte Glykol-Synthese 2CO + 3H2?HO—CH2—CH2—OH.- 9.3.2 Die indirekte Überführung von Synthesegas in Glykol über Formaldehyd durch Hydrocarbonylierung zu Glykolaldehyd und dessen Hydrierung.- 9.3.3 Die indirekte Überführung von Synthesegas in Glykol über Formaldehyd durch Carbonylierung zu Glykolsäure und deren anschließende Hydrierung.- 9.4 Die Herstellung von Methylformiat und seine technisch interessanten Reaktionen.- 9.4.1 Methylformiat durch Carbonylierung von Methanol.- 9.4.2 Methylformiat durch Dehydrierung von Methanol.- 9.4.3 Methylformiat als Zwischenstufe bei der getrennten Erzeugung von CO und H2 aus Methanol.- 9.4.4 Die Umsetzung des Methylformiats mit Paraformaldehyd oder Trioxan zu Glykolsäuremethylester.- 9.4.5 Isomerisierung von Methylformiat zu Essigsäure.- 9.5 Ameisensäure.- 9.6 Kohlenoxid für organische Synthesen..- 9.7 Die Homologisierung von Methanol zu Ethylalkohol.- 9.7.1 Der Reaktionsmechanismus der Homologisierung.- 9.8 Die Homologisierung von Methanol zu Acetaldehyd.- 9.9 Die Herstellung von Essigsäure aus Methanol und Kohlenmonoxid.- 10 Eiweiß durch bakterielle Umsetzung von Methanol (SCP = Single-Cell-Protein).
£75.99
Springer Spektrum Einführung in Die Stereochemie: Eine Hilfe Für
Book Synopsis
£9.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Gewinnung der Fette und Öle. Spezieller Teil
Book Synopsis
£39.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Organic Chemistry
Table of ContentsRadical eliminations from gaseous cation radicals via multistep pathways — The concept of “hidden” hydrogen rearrangements.- Recent advances in thiepin chemistry.- Short-lived phosphorus(V) compounds having coordination number 3.- Chemistry of saturated bicyclic peroxides (the prostaglandin connection).
£40.49
Springer Organometallic Compounds: Methods of Synthesis
Book Synopsis
£72.00
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Part B: Reactions and Synthesis
£42.74
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Reaktionsmechanismen: Organische Reaktionen,
Book SynopsisMechanistische Überlegungen nehmen heute einen festen Platz in der Organischen Chemie ein: Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Reaktivität eines Moleküls? Welche typischen Reaktionsprinzipien und -muster gibt es, und in welchen Schritten verlaufen organisch-chemische Reaktionen? Wie lassen sich Reaktionen steuern? Anhand moderner und präparativ nützlicher Reaktionen erläutert der Autor die Reaktionsprinzipien; klar und verständlich werden Konzepte herausgearbeitet, stets auch stereochemische Konsequenzen abgeleitet. Der Autor bietet Faustregeln zur Reaktivitätsabschätzung sowie Tips und Tricks für die Praxis. Die zweifarbige Gestaltung erhöht die Übersichtlichkeit und erleichtert das Verfolgen der Mechanismen. In der vorliegenden 3. Auflage wurden nach dem überwältigenden Verkaufserfolg der 2. Auflage die Fehler in Text und Grafiken korrigiert und die Literatur nochmals aktualisiert. Der Index eignet sich nun für eine detaillierte Stichwortsuche.Table of ContentsRadikalische Substitutionsreaktionen am gesättigten C-Atom.- Nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen am gesättigten C-Atom.- Additionen an die olefinische C=C-Doppelbindung.- beta-Eliminierungen.- Substitutionsreaktionen an Aromaten.- Nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen (außer durch Enolate) am Carboxyl-Kohlenstoff.- Carboxylverbindungen und Nitrile und deren Umwandlung ineinander.- Kohlensäurederivate und Heterocumulene und deren Umwandlung ineinander.- Additionen von Heteroatom-Nucleophilen an Carbonylverbindungen und Folgereaktionen - Kondensationen von Heteroatom-Nucleophilen mit Carbonylverbindungen.- Addition von H-Nucleophilen und von Metallorganylen an Carbonylverbindungen.- Umsetzung von Phosphor- oder Schwefel-stabilisierten C-Nucleophilen mit C-Carbonylverbindungen: durch Additionen eingeleitete Kondensationen.- Chemie der Enole und Enamine.- Chemie der Alkalimetall-Enolate.- Umlagerungen.- Thermische Cycloadditionen.- Übergangsmetall-vermittelte Alkenylierungen, Arylierungen und Alkinylierungen.- Oxidationen und Reduktionen.- Index.
£54.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Das Chemiewissen für die Feuerwehr
Book SynopsisChemische Sachverhalte, die in Feuerwehr-Lehrgängen vermittelt werden, sind oftmals "isolierte Fakten". In dem Buch werden diese Fakten in ein chemisch-physikalisches Gesamtkonzept eingebunden. Hintergründe werden beleuchtet, und Zusammenhänge können erkannt werden. Das Verständnis insgesamt wird erleichtert, taktische Maßnahmen für den Einsatz werden "logisch".Table of Contents1 Einführung.- Die Naturwissenschaften.- Stoffe und Stoffgemische.- 2 Zustandsformen der Materie.- Aggregatzustände.- Gase.- 3 Atommodelle und Periodensystem.- Atome und Atomhülle.- Das Periodensystem.- 4 Moleküle, Ionen, Bindungen.- Einführung.- Bindungen.- 5 Lösungen und chemische Reaktionen.- Chemische Reaktionen: Grundlagen.- Lösungen.- Doppelsalze.- 6 Säuren und Laugen.- Säure-Base-Theorien.- Säuren und Laugen.- ph-Wert.- Neutralisation.- 7 Redox-Reaktionen und Elektrochemie.- Oxidations-/Reduktionsbegriff.- Redoxpaare.- Berechnung der elektromotorischen Kraft.- Galvanische Zellen.- Elektrolyse.- 8 Radioaktivität.- Hintergrundwissen "Strahlung".- Geschichtliches zur Radioaktivität.- Radioaktivität: Begriffe und Schreibweisen.- Der Atomkern.- Radioaktiver Zerfall.- Nuklidkarten.- Maßeinheiten der Strahlung radioaktiver Stoffe.- Messgeräte für die von radioaktiven Stoffen ausgehende Strahlung.- Strahlenbelastung.- Biologische Wirkung ionisierender Strahlung.- Anwendung radioaktiver Stoffe.- Kernreaktionen.- Kennzeichnung radioaktiver Stoffe und Bereiche.- Schutz vor ionisierender Strahlung.- 9 Energieumsatz chemischer Reaktionen.- Energie.- Katalyse.- 10 Brennen und Löschen.- Feuer und Brände.- Der Vorgang des Brennens.- Explosionen.- Die Chemie der Verbrennung.- Löschen.- Brandschutzausrüstungen.- 11 Organische Chemie.- Unverzichtbare Organik.- Kohlenwasserstoffe.- Organische Halogenverbindungen.- Organische Sauerstoffverbindungen.- Organische Stickstoffverbindungen.- Organische Schwefelverbindungen.- Kunststoffe.- Tenside.- 12 CBRNE-Gefahren.- Gifte.- Chemische Kampfstoffe.- Biostoffe.- Biologische Kampfmittel.- Explosivstoffe.- Tabellen und Abbildungen.
£32.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Organische Chemie: Chemie-Basiswissen II
Book SynopsisDie Reihe Chemie-Basiswissen stellt den gesamten Wissensstoff für das Bachelorstudium Chemie dar. Studenten mit Chemie im Nebenfach und Studierende des höheren Lehramtes dient sie zur Examensvorbereitung. Der Band II, Organische Chemie, präsentiert den Stoff dieses Gebietes in kurzer und übersichtlicher Form. Das didaktische Konzept und die am Curriculum orientierte Stoffauswahl haben das Buch bei Haupt- und Nebenfachstudenten der Chemie sowie Studierenden des höheren Lehramtes beliebt gemacht. Die 8. Auflage wurde vollständig durchgesehen und aktualisiert und um ein Kapitel über Chemikaliensicherheit und Gefahrstoffrecht erweitert. Ebenfalls neu hinzugekommen sind Übungsaufgaben mit Lösungen zu den einzelnen Kapiteln.Table of ContentsGrundwissen der organischen Chemie.- Chemische Bindung in organischen Verbindungen.- Allgemeine Grundbegriffe.- Gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe (Alkane).- Die radikalische Substitutions-Reaktion (SR).- Ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe (Alkene, Alkine).- Additionen an Alkene und Alkine.- Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (Arene).- Die aromatische Substitution (SAr).- Halogen-Verbindungen.- Die nucleophile Substitution (SN) am gesättigten C-Atom.- Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2).- Sauerstoff-Verbindungen.- Schwefel-Verbindungen.- Stickstoff-Verbindungen.- Element-organische Verbindungen.- Aldehyde, Ketone und Chinone.- Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen.- Carbonsäuren.- Derivate der Carbonsäuren.- Reaktionen von Carbonsäurederivaten.- Kohlensäure und ihre Derivate.- Heterocyclen.- Wichtige Reaktionsmechanismen im Überblick.- Orbital-Symmetrie und Mehrzentrenreaktionen.- Stereochemie.- Photochemie.- Chemie von Naturstoffen und Biochemie.- Chemie und Biochemie.- Kohlenhydrate.- Aminosäuren, Peptide und Proteine.- Lipide.- Nucleotide und Nucleinsäuren.- Terpene und Carotinoide.- Steroide.- Alkaloide.- Natürliche Farbstoffe.- Angewandte Chemie.- Organische Grundstoffchemie.- Kunststoffe.- Farbstoffe.- Chemie im Alltag.- Methodenregister.- Literaturnachweis und Literaturauswahl an Lehrbüchern.
£42.74
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG From the Maluku to Molecules
Book SynopsisYes, more than ever, because medicinal chemists draw creative inspiration for their syntheses from nature to develop the next blockbuster in medicine.Oliver Kayser tells the story of natural products and medicinal plants in this book in a highly informative and amusing way from a new perspective.
£55.68
Springer Verlag GmbH Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products
Book SynopsisFor centuries preparations containing resin from the root of Thapsia garganica L. (Fig. 1) have been used in Arabian and European medicine for treatment of pulmonary diseases, catarrh and as counterirritants for relief of rheumatic pains (1). The properties of the resin were described already by Theophrastos (372-287 B. C. ), Dioscorides (approximately A. D. 50), and Plinius (A. D. 24-79) (2). Radix Thapsiae and Resina Thapsiae have been included in several pharmacopoeias, the latest in the French pharmacopoeia from 1937. The two major active principles were about Fig. I. Thapsia garganica References, pp. 163-167 Sesquiterpenoids from Thapsia Species 131 Thapsigargin (1), Rl: Oct, R2= But Thapsigargicin (2), Rl= Hex, R2 = But Thapsitranstagin (3), Rl: iVai, R2= 2-MeBut Thapsivillosin A (4), Rl= Ang, R2= Sen Thapsivillosin B ( 5), Rl: Ang, R2= 2-MeBut Thapsivillosin C ( 6), Rl= Oct, R2= 2-MeBut Thapsivillosin D ( 7), Rl: 6-MeOct, R2= Sen Thapsivillosin E ( 8), Rl: 6-MeOct, R2= 2-MeBut Thapsivillosin G ( 9), Rl= 6-MeHcp, R2= 2-MeBut Thapsivillosin H ( 10), Rl or R2= Ang or Sen Thapsivillosin I ( 11), Rl= Ang, R2= But Thapsivillosin J ( 12), Rl: iVai, R2= But Thapsivillosin K ( 13), Rl: Sen, R2= 2-MeBut Chart 1. Hexaoxygenated thapsigargins found in Thapsia two decades ago found to be the sesquiterpene lactones thapsigargin (1) and thapsigargicin (2) (3).Table of ContentsThe Explosion of Structural Information on Insect Neuropeptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Methods Used for Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Insect Neuropeptides.- 2.1. Biological Assays.- 2.1.1. Adipokinetic Bioassay.- 2.1.2. Myotropic Bioassay.- 2.2. Liquid Chromatography.- 2.3. Edman Degradation Sequencing, Mass Spectrometry and Peptide Synthesis.- 2.4. Immunological Techniques (RIA, ELISA, Immunocytochemistry).- 2.5. Molecular Biological Techniques.- 3. The Insect Neuropeptides.- 3.1. Peptides Involved in Homeostasis and Metabolism.- 3.1.1. Adipokinetic and Hypertrehalosaemic Peptides.- 3.1.2. Diuretic and Antidiuretic Peptides.- 3.2. Peptides Regulating Reproduction, Growth and Development.- 3.2.1. Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptides.- 3.2.2. Allatotropins and Allatostatins.- 3.2.2.1. Allatotropins.- 3.2.2.2. Allatostatins.- 3.2.3. Prothoracicotropic Hormone, Bombyxin and Other Insulin-Related Neuropeptides.- 3.2.3.1. Prothoracicotropic Hormone.- 3.2.3.2. Bombyxin.- 3.2.3.3. Locusta Insulin-Related Peptide.- 3.2.4. Eclosion Hormones.- 3.2.5. Peptides Affecting Gonad Activity.- 3.2.5.1. Ovary Maturating Peptide and Neuroparsin of Locusta migratoria.- 3.2.5.2. Oostatic Hormones of Diptera.- 3.2.6. Diapause Hormones.- 3.3. Peptides Modifying Spontaneous Muscle Contractions:Mytropic Peptides.- 3.3.1. Proctolin and Cardiostimulatory Peptides.- 3.3.2. Myokinins.- 3.3.3. Sulfakinins.- 3.3.4. Pyrokinins/Myotropins.- 3.3.5. Tachykinins.- 3.3.6. Periviscerokinin.- 3.3.7. Accessory Glands- and Midgut Myotropins and Others.- 3.3.8. Myoinhibitory Peptides and Other FMRF amide Related Peptides (FaRPs).- 3.4. Chromatotropic Factors in Insects.- 4. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Sesquiterpenoids from Thapsia Species and Medicinal Chemistry of the Thapsigargins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Taxonomy of Thapsia.- 2.1. Thapsia garganica and Thapsia transtagana.- 2.2. Thapsia maxima.- 2.3. Thapsia villosa.- 2.4. Thapsia gymnesica.- 3. Elucidation of the Structure of Thapsigargin.- 4. Proazulenic Slovanolides.- 5. Non-lactonic Sesquiterpenoids from Thapsia.- 6. Pharmacological Activity of the Thapsigargins.- 7. Molecular Pharmacology.- 8. Chemistry of Thapsigargin.- 8.1. Changes at C(8).- 8.2. Changes at C(3).- 8.3. Changes of the Vicinal Diol.- 8.4. Changes of Lactone Carbonyl Group.- 8.5. Changes at O(10).- 9. Structure Activity Relationships.- 10. Metabolic Catabolism of Thapsigargin.- References.- Pregnane Glycosides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Identification.- 2.1. Thin Layer and Column Chromatography.- 2.2. Sephadex LH-20 Chromatography.- 2.3. Flash Chromatography.- 2.4. Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography (LPLC).- 2.5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).- 3. Structure Elucidation.- 3.1. One-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy.- 3.2. Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy.- 3.3. Mass Spectrometry.- 3.4. I.R. Spectroscopy.- 3.5. U.V. Spectroscopy.- 3.6. Optical Rotatory Dispersion.- 3.7. Hydrolysis of Pregnane Glycosides.- 4. Pregnane Aglycons.- 5. Sugars of Pregnane Glycosides.- 5.1. General and Monosaccharides.- 5.2. Disaccharides from Pregnane Glycosides.- 5.3. Trisaccharides from Pregnane Glycosides.- 6. Biosynthesis of Pregnane Glycosides.- 7. Biological Activity.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Author Index.
£80.99
Springer Verlag GmbH Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products
Table of ContentsChemistry of Synthetic Immunomodulant Muramyl Peptides.- I. From Freund’s Adjuvant to MDP.- II. Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP).- 1. Protected Dipeptide Derivatives.- 2. Protected N-acetyl-muramyl Derivatives.- 3. Coupling of Protected Muramic Acid and Dipeptide Derivatives.- 4. Deprotecting Procedures.- 5. Synthesis of Labelled MDP.- III. Synthesis of Other N-acetyl-muramyl-dipeptides, Analogues and Derivatives of MDP.- 1. Modifications of the Peptide Moiety.- 2. Modifications of the Carbohydrate Moiety.- IV. Synthesis of N-acetyl-muramyl-tri-, tetra-, and -pentapeptides, and of Some Analogs Bearing a Lipophilic Group at the C-terminal End.- 1. Substitution of the ?-amide Group of MDP by a Free or Amidated Amino Acid.- 2. Lengthening of the Peptide Chain at the Carboxyl Function of MDP.- 3. Lipophilic Derivatives of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine.- V. Synthesis of N-acetyl-?-D-glucosaminyl-(1–4)-N-acetyl-muramyl-peptides.- VI. Synthesis of Oligomers and Conjugates of MDP.- 1. Synthesis of Oligomers of MDP.- 2. Synthesis of Conjugates of MDP.- VII. Mass Spectrometry of MDP and Analogues.- VIII. 13C-NMR Spectrometry of MDP and Derivatives.- IX. Analysis of MDP.- Addendum.- References.- Appendix: Leading References on Biological Activities of MDP and Derivatives.- The Chemistry of Longifolene and Its Derivatives..- I. Introduction.- II. Isolation, Occurrence.- III. Structure.- IV. Synthesis.- V. Isolongifolene.- 1. Structure.- 2. Synthesis.- 3. Mechanism of Rearrangement.- VI. Reactions of Longifolene.- 1. “Normal” Reactions.- a) Addition Reactions.- b) Substitution Reactions.- 2. Skeletal Rearrangements.- a) Simple Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangements.- b) Deep-Seated Rearrangements.- 3. Steric Diversion.- a) Electrophilic Additions.- b) Oxidations.- 4. Transannular Reactions.- a) Radical Reactions.- b) Ionic Reactions.- c) Lead Tetraacetate Oxidation of Longifolols.- 5. Conversions into Other Sesquiterpene Skeletons.- 6. Miscellaneous Transformations.- VII. Reactions of Isolongifolene.- 1. Epoxidation and Reactions of Epoxide.- 2. Addition of Halogens and Pseudo-Halogens.- VIII. Ultraviolet Absorption of Some Longifolene Derivatives.- IX. Biosynthesis.- X. Longifolene in Industry.- References.- Homoisoflavanones and Biogenetically Related Compounds..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Identification.- 2.1. Isolation.- 2.2. Chromatography.- 3. Structure and Nomenclature.- 3.1. General Aspects and Nomenclature.- 3.2. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy.- 3.3. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 3.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 3.4.1. 1H-NMR Spectra.- 3.4.2. 13C-NMR Spectra.- 3.5. Mass Spectrometry.- 3.6. Optical Activity and Absolute Configuration.- 4. Chemical Transformations and Syntheses.- 4.1. Synthesis of the Skeleton.- 4.2. Routes to Eucomol.- 4.3. Isomerization and Hydrogenation Reactions of the 3(9)-Double Bond.- 4.4. Deuterium Exchange Reactions.- 4.5. Acylation and Deacylation Reactions.- 4.6. Alkylation and Dealkylation Reactions.- 4.7. Further Reactions of Eucomol.- 4.8. Chemistry of Brazilin and Hematoxylin.- 5. Biosynthesis.- 6. Biological Activity.- 7. Chemotaxonomy.- References.- Naturally Occurring Phenalenones and Related Compounds..- I. Introduction.- II. Phenalenones and Related Metabolites from Fungi.- A. Occurrence.- B. Structure and Chemistry.- C. Synthesis.- D. Biosynthesis.- E. Biological Activity.- III. Phenalenones and Related Metabolites in Higher Plants.- A. Occurrence.- B. Structure Determination.- C. Spectroscopic Methods.- D. Synthesis.- E. Biological Activity.- F. Biosynthesis.- References.- Molecular Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Dioxygenation. (An Interdisciplinary Review.).- I. Introduction.- II. Some Basic Chemistry of Molecular Oxygen.- III. Precedents for Metal-Activation of Dioxygen.- 1. How Would an Iron- or Copper-Protein Interact with Molecular Oxygen?.- 2. Precedents for the Transfer of Dioxygen Within the Co-ordination Sphere.- 3. Precedents for the Reaction of Co-ordinated Dioxygen with Free Substrates.- 4. Free Forms of Activated Dioxygen Generated by Metals.- IV. Precedents for Metal Activation of Organic Substrates.- V. The Double Bond-Cleaving Dioxygenases.- 1. Ene-diol Cleaving Dioxygenases.- 2. Extradiol-Cleaving Dioxygenases.- 3. Other Double Bond-Cleaving Dioxygenases.- VI. The Luciferases.- VII. Peroxidizing Dioxygenases.- VIII. Miscellaneous Dioxygenases.- 1. External Flavoprotein Dioxygenases.- 2. Sulfur Oxidizing Dioxygenases.- 3. Inositol Dioxygenase.- 4. Nitropropane Dioxygenase.- 5. Carotene Dioxygenase.- 6. Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylate/Oxygenase.- IX. ?-Keto Carboxylic Acid Decarboxylating Dioxygenases.- X. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Author Index.
£40.49
Books on Demand Synthese unter Schutzgas: Ratgeber vom Praktiker
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Birkhauser Verlag AG Grundlagen der organischen Chemie
Book SynopsisDie 11. Auflage dieser etablierten Einführung wurde sorgfältig überarbeitet und erweitert. Das Buch vermittelt Studierenden der Chemie im Haupt- und Nebenfach das Verständnis für die Grundprinzipien der organischen Chemie und ermöglicht darüber hinaus auch eine Vertiefung des in der Schule gebotenen Lehrstoffes. Das bewährte Konzept, die Bindungsverhältnisse in organischen Molekülen, ihren räumlichen Bau und die grundlegenden Reaktionstypen getrennt von Nomenklatur und Systematik zu behandeln, wurde beibehalten. Metallorganische Reagenzien, Methoden der asymmetrischen Synthese und die Prinzipien katalytischer Prozesse werden ebenso berücksichtigt wie die wichtigsten Methoden zur Charakterisierung organischer Verbindungen. Eine Übersicht über eine Reihe von Naturstoffklassen vermittelt die Grundlagen zum Verständnis biochemischer Prinzipien. Zahlreiche Übungen vertiefen den Stoff und erleichtern die Selbstkontrolle.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Bindungsverhältnisse in organischen Molekülen.- Isomerie.- Reaktionstypen.- Analytik.- Allgemeine Nomenklatur.- Systematik und spezielle Nomenklatur.- Lösungen zu den Übungsbeispielen.- Anhang.- Index.
£26.59
S. Hirzel Verlag Beyer/Walter. Organische Chemie
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S. Hirzel Verlag Beyer/Walter_quickfit: Namensreaktionen: 120
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Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Lerntafel: Organische Chemie II im Überblick
Book Synopsis1 Oxidation und Reduktion.- 2 Carbonylverbindungen.- 3 Pericyclische Reaktionen und Umlagerungen. 4 Naturstoffe I.- 5 Naturstoffe II.- 6 Naturstoffe III
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Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Alle Grafiken Des Lehrbuchs Pflanzenphysiologie
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Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH Enzymatic Stabilization and Formation of Food
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LAP Lambert Academic Publishing Polimerizatsiya I Sopolimerizatsiya Etilena
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Verlag G. Mainz Development of Methodologies in Organic Synthesis
Book SynopsisSynthetic organic chemistry aims toward the development of methods for the practical synthesis of important molecules such as bioactive ingredients, pesticides, dyes, and polymers. Although extraction of organic molecules from natural resources is possible, organic synthesis often provides a cheaper and more practical access to them from readily accessible starting materials, as well as the possibility to artificially modify the structure of naturally-occurring molecules to increase their activity or modulate their properties. In medicinal chemistry, a standard approach to find the most potent active ingredient is the so-called combinatorial sythesis strategy: after identification of a promising structure, often a small molecule found in nature, a library of compounds with different substitution patterns is prepared and tested to find the bist hit.
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Verlag G. Mainz Novel Concepts for Iron and Manganesecatalyzed
Book SynopsisTransition metal catalysis plays a crucial role in the development of new chemical transformations, which can be broadly applied in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, synthesis of biologically relevant molecules, pharmaceuticals and other related fields. In recent years, the need for application of sustainable methods is significantly growing due to the necessity of waste-free transformations. Plenty of industrially run processes still apply classical procedures, which often lead to production of tons of waste as a consequence of multistep synthesis. Thus, development of novel catalytic systems which would afford complex molecular structures via straightforward processes is still desired. Hence, metal-catalyzed transformations play a crucial role in the development of new synthetic strategies, as they can easily lead to the reduction of synthetic steps and, ipso facto, reduction of waste leading to atom-economic transformations. Application of transition metals particularly in
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Cengage Learning Editores S.A. de C.V. Qu��mica Org��nica
Book SynopsisLa 9�� edici��n de Qu��mica org��nica de McMurry contin��a siendo el est��ndar para libros de texto del tema. Con una presentaci��n completa, acad��mica y clara, McMurry tiene la bien ganada reputaci��n de saber elaborar ejercicios, casos y ejemplos precisos y accesibles que han ayudado a m��s de un mill��n de estudiantes en todo el mundo a dominar la qu��mica org��nica, cosa que instructores de cientos de universidades han reconocido una y otra vez. La presente edici��n est�� actualizada con m��s espacio dedicado a la espectroscopia de resonancia magn��tica nuclear e incluye nuevos problemas de mecanismos, de razonamiento cient��fico y preguntas de an��lisis.Table of ContentsEstructura y enlaces. Enlaces covalentes polares: ��cidos y bases. Compuestos org��nicos: alcanos y su estereoqu��mica. Compuestos org��nicos: cicloalcanos y su estereoqu��mica. Estereoqu��mica en los centros tetra��dricos. Perspectiva de las reacciones org��nicas. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico I: Talidomida: una droga quiral. Alquenos: estructura y reactividad. Alquenos: reacciones y s��ntesis. Alquinos: introducci��n a la s��ntesis org��nica. Organohalogenuros. Reacciones de halogenuros de alquilo: sustituciones nucleof��licas y eliminaciones. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico II: Del gas mostaza a los anticancer��genos de derivados alquilados. Determinaci��n de la estructura: espectrometr��a de masas y espectroscop��a de infrarrojo. Determinaci��n estructural: espectroscop��a de resonancia magn��tica nuclear. Compuestos conjugados y espectroscop��a ultravioleta. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico IV: Terapia fotodin��mica (TFD). Benceno y aromaticidad. Qu��mica del benceno: sustituci��n electrof��lica arom��tica. Alcoholes y fenoles. ��teres y ep��xidos: tioles y sulfuros. Introducci��n a los compuestos carbon��licos. Aldeh��dos y cetonas: reacciones de adici��n nucleof��lica. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico IV: Inhibidores selectivos de la recaptaci��n de serotonina (ISRS). ��cidos carbox��licos y nitrilos. Derivados de los ��cidos carbox��licos: reacciones de sustituci��n nucleof��lica en el grupo acilo. Reacciones de sustituci��n alfa en el grupo carbonilo. Reacciones de condensaci��n carbon��lica. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico V: La timina en el ADN. Aminas y heterociclos. Biomol��culas: carbohidratos. Biomol��culas: amino��cidos, p��ptidos y prote��nas. Biomol��culas: l��pidos. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico VI: Melatonina y Serotonina. Biomol��culas: ��cidos nucleicos. La qu��mica org��nica de las rutas metab��licas. Orbitales y qu��mica org��nica: reacciones peric��clicas. Practique su an��lisis y razonamiento cient��fico VII: Las poderosas caracter��sticas antibi��ticas del ��cido endi��ndrico C. Pol��meros sint��ticos. Ap��ndice A: Nomenclatura de los compuestos org��nicos polifuncionales. Ap��ndice B: Constantes de acidez para algunos compuestos org��nicos. Ap��ndice C: Glosario. Ap��ndice D: Respuestas a los problemas intra-textuales. ��ndice.
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LAP Lambert Academic Publishing Stereoselective Direct Aldol Reactions
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Editorial Academica Espanola Conversión de aceite residual en Biodiesel
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Edicoes Nosso Conhecimento Oleo essencial de casca de lima (limetta cítrica)
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S Chand & Co Ltd Organic Reactions, Conversions, Mechanisms and
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Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd A Textbook of Organic Reaction Mechanism
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ANE Books Steroids and Hormones
Book SynopsisStudents studying chemistry at UG and PG levels have long needed this material. The series' titles are self-sufficient and require minimal prior knowledge. Content is designed for basic undergraduate and plus levels, without complexity or expert displays.
£6.74
ANE Books Organic Chemistry: Selected Topics
Book SynopsisThe text covers various topics such as Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds, Drugs, Dyes, Polyness, and Alkaloids in a detailed and systematic manner. It is aimed at B.Sc III-year students of Delhi University but is also beneficial for graduate students in Indian Universities.
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Editorial Acribia, S.A. La ciencia de las golosinas
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Birkhauser Verlag AG Solution Structure and Solution Dynamics in
Book SynopsisThis book introduces some methods for the determination of the three-dimensional geometry of molecules in solution and the occurrence of dynamical processes (interaction with the solvent, rearrangements in the molecular geometry, interactions with other molecules) in several ytterbium complexes. An especial attention has been deserved to the study of some important catalysts that were recently developed in the scientific research. The determination of molecular geometry and dynamics in solution, even if it is generally a hard task, is often a crucial step to understand and rationalize the catalytic mechanism, as well to design new catalysts. The proposed methods are applied here to several systems, even chiral, and are founded on a detailed analysis of the paramagnetic and optical properties of the ytterbium ion, and combining several instrumental techniques (mainly Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Circular Dichroism).
£14.99
