Organic chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis book is a synthesis of two of Hudlicky''s earlier books outlining the many unpredictable properties of fluorine and its compounds that are not analogous to the properties of any other halogens and their compounds. It is divided into two separate sections, the first presenting peculiar reactions as problems to be solved. Each reaction can be analyzed in the lab without the help of the second section, however if a solution is not easily reached, the second section provides discussion of the problems, outlining the products of the reactions and their mechanisms. Among the 105 reactions outlined are the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules, reduction and oxidation of fluorine compounds, reactions of fluorocompounds with halogens and their derivatives, nitration, acid catalyzed reactions, organometallic syntheses, and pyrolyses. The reactions are documented in the experimental material of the earlier volumes and will be important background knowledge for anyone working in organic chemistry.Trade ReviewDeals with the dissimilarities in reactions of fluorine compounds that differ from those of chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The first section merely poses 105 questions, while part two provides thorough explanations of the answers. Hudlicky (Virginia Polytechnic Institute) covers reactions of fluoro compounds with halogen derivatives, sulfur trioxide, hydrolyses, alkylations, aldol-type condensations, organometallic syntheses, nucleophilic additions, acid catalyzed additions and substitutions, and molecular rearrangement. * SciTech Book News *Table of ContentsPart I. Problems 1: Warmup for Inorganic Chemists 2: Introduction of Fluorine 3: Reductions 4: Oxidations 5: Preparation of Halogen Derivatives 6: Nitration 7: Reactions of Sulfur Trioxide 8: Acid-Catalyzed Additions and Substitutions 9: Hydrolyses 10: Alkylations 11: Arylations 12: Acylations 13: Aldol-Type Condensations 14: Organometallic Syntheses 15: Additions 16: Eliminations 17: Rearrangements Part II. Solutions References Author Index Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe Oxford Chemistry Masters Series is designed to provide clear and concise accounts of important topics - both established and emergent - that may be encountered by chemistry students as they progress from the senior undergraduate stage through post-graduate study to leadership in research. These Masters assume little prior knowledge, other than the foundations provided by an undergraduate degree in chemistry, and lead the reader through to an appreciation of the state of the art in the topic whilst providing an entree to the primary literature in the field.Radical reactions exhibit many of the characteristics desired by synthetic organic chemists: mild, generally neutral experimental conditions; diminished susceptibility to eliminations and rearrangements; relative insensitivity to the nature of the solvent and to steric effects; a compatibility with functional groups that is often complementary to that of ionic and organometallic reactions, obviating in many situations the need for laborious and costly protection-deprotection steps. Yet elementary radical reactions are ultra-fast processes and their taming requires some knowledge of their kinetics and rate constants, which have only relatively recently become available. Not surprisingly, transformations involving radical intermediates have long harboured the reputation of beeing difficult to control, suitable only for the synthesis of polymers and tars. This book provides a description of radical reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It attempts to show that armed with an elementary knowledge of kinetics and some common sense, it is possible to harness radicals into a tremendously powerful tool for solving synthetic problems. The book starts with a brief historical account and presentation of the basics. It then blends the discussion of the properties of radical processes with the now familiar chemistry of stannanes. Radicals being the same entities, whichever method is used to generate them, a study of the various processes for the creation and capture of radicals constitutes the remainder of the book. Silicon and mercury based techniques as well as the Barton and related decarboxylation procedures are discussed in detail, followed by the Kharasch type atom and group transfer reactions. The increasingly important persistent radical effect, also known as the Fischer-Ingold effect, is examined in the context of non-chain reactions. Both the Kharasch based methods and the persistent radical effect have recently been applied in the emerging field of controlled radical polymerisations. Finally, the vast domain of redox processes is presented in a unified manner with the aim of providing a simple rationale for the multitude of possible transformation. The book concludes with a brief overview and some general practical hints for conducting radical reactions. More than 700 references provide access to the primary literature.Trade ReviewThe book is of interest to researchers involved in organic synthesis ... you may learn a few tricks in making new monomers and polymers by using the new methods adopted in this book. * Materials World *The book illustrates many important applications of radical reactions and a notable feature is the good number of references given at the end of all chapters. * Education in Chemistry *... should prove helpful to chemists interested in designing their own radical transformations. * Education in Chemistry *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Introduction and some general concepts ; 2. General principles: chain reactions based on stannane chemistry ; 3. Further chain reactions of stannanes ; 4. Organo-silicon, -germanium, and -mercury hydrides ; 5. The Barton decarboxylation and related reactions ; 6. Atom and group transfer reactions ; 7. The persistent radical effect: non-chain processes ; 8. Redox processes ; 9. Some concluding remarks

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Book SynopsisAll the basic principles of this important topic are clearly presented here in an account which takes as examples many compounds of industrial and biological significance. Consideration is given to the structure, reactions, and properties of benzene and classes of aromatic compounds derived from it, and topics such as thermodynamic versus kinetic control and pericyclic reactions are introduced. The text also covers polycyclic arenes and the small and large ring systems which are embraced by the wider definition of aromaticity.Trade Review`treatment is authoritative ... could usefully supplement a first or second year degree course of lectures' Aslib Book List, Vol. 58, No. 2, February 1993'The text is well organised, clearly presented and concise, and allows the reader readily to gain an appreciation and understanding of the subject material. The Oxford Chemistry Primers aim to provide students with self-contained, clear, concise, and straightforward accounts of essential topics in organic chemistry. In my view the present text fulfils these aims admirably ... it represents very good value and is to be highly recommended.' Times Higher'well written with a design format which is easy to follow ... The numerous diagrams used throughout the texts are clear, concise and informative. A good reading material for first year organic chemistry stuents and good value for money.' N. Peerzada, Chemistry in Australia - March 1994Table of Contents1. Benzene ; 2. Addition versus electrophilic substitution reactions ; 3. Orientation of substitution in benzene derivatives ; 4. Arylmalides ; 5. Aromatic nitroso and nitro compounds ; 6. Sulphonic acids and their derivatives ; 7. Phenols ; 8. Aromatic alcohols ; 9. Aromatic aldehydes, acids, and derivatives ; 10. Polycyclic arenes ; 11. Small and large ring systems

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the coordination chemistry of macrocyclic ligands. Common types of ligands are introduced and strategies for the synthesis of the free ligands and their metal complexes are discussed. The unique thermodynamic and kinetic properties of macrocyclic complexes are introduced and applications of the ligands presented. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate students and assumes a knowledge of organic and inorganic chemistry atthe second year undergraduate level.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces an undergraduate reader to the wealth of fascinating organic chemistry involving nitrogen. There are three main sections to the book, each being introduced by a summary of the underlying chemical principles. The main organonitrogen functional groups are covered systematically, each chapter concluding with a brief summary of the chemistry.Table of ContentsPART A ; PART B ; PART C

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Book SynopsisThe energy which a molecule can possess is quantized, that is only certain values are allowed. When radiation interacts with matter composed of such molecules, energy can be transferred to the molecules to promote specific excitations. Since only discrete amounts of energy are passed across, only light of characteristic frequencies can interact with the molecules. This set of frequencies is called its spectrum. This concise text uses a range ofexamples to describe how such spectra can arise and what information on the structure can be acquired from their study.Trade ReviewProfessor Brown succeeds admirably. ...The clear diagrams in the margin facilitate understanding of the subject matter. Book Watch/The Chemical Intelligencer Vol 5 No 2 April 1999Table of Contents1. Radiation and Matter ; 2. Quantization and Molecular Energy Levels ; 3. Transition Probabilities and Selection Rules ; 4. Rotational Spectroscopy ; 5. Vibrational Spectroscopy ; 6. Raman Spectroscopy ; 7. Electronic Spectroscopy

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Book SynopsisProcess development bridges the gap between the laboratory synthesis of an organic compound and its industrial manufacture on a large scale. This book uses real examples to show the range of problems which may be encountered in scaling up chemical syntheses and the ways in which they may be overcome.Trade Reviewexcellent..volume * Chemistry in Britain *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Scale up issues ; 2. Environmental and regulatory issyes ; 3. Fun with cephalosporins ; 4. Thromboxane antagonists ; 5. Homochiral thrombozane antagonists ; 6. H2 blockers ; 7. Development of a manufacturing route for cloprostenol sodium ; 8. Synthesis of a potentially anti-obesity agent ; 9. Reagents for large scale operation

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Book SynopsisThe characteristic properties of functional groups and the methods for interconverting them are the foundations of organic chemistry central to all first year University organic chemistry courses. This primer will provide an extremely useful introduction to reactions of functional groups in a concise and systematic form.Trade Reviewa useful revisionary source of material. * Aslib Book Guide, vol.61, no.12, December 1996. *Table of Contents1. The approach and background topics ; 2. Organic halides ; 3. Organometallic compounds ; 4. Alkanes ; 5. Alkenes ; 6. Alkynes ; 7. Aldehydes and ketons ; 8. Carboxylic acids and derivatives ; 10. Ethers ; 11. Amines

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Book SynopsisEvery serious student of chemistry should try to develop a `feel'' for the way molecules behave - for the way they are put together and especially for the rules of engagement which operate when molecules meet and react. This primer describes how stereoelectronic effects control this behaviour. It is the only concise text on this topic at an undergraduate level. This is an important subject area and the comprehensive yet concise coverage in this book shows students how to build up a powerful but simple way of thinking about chemistry.Trade ReviewThe subject is presented authoritatively, systematically and concisely without resort to mathematical treatment. As this subject is often given little coverage in textbooks or organic chemistry this text is to be welcomed. * Aslib Book Guide, vol.61, no.11, November 1996 *This book is a useful introduction to stereo-electronic effects in organic chemistry. The style is engaging ... this book is an excellent supplementary text for undergraduates. Sponsorship for the series by Zeneca also ensures that it is extremely good value for money. * Chemistry in Britain, September 1997 *engaging critique of biography .... enjoyable and thought provoking * New Scientist *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The electronic basis of stereoelectronic effects ; 2. Effects on conformation ; 3. Effects on reactivity ; 4. Substitutions at saturated centres ; 5. Additions and eliminations ; 6. Rearrangements and fragmentations ; 7. Radical reactions

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Book SynopsisThis clear and concise text is concerned with the reactions used in stereoselective organic synthesis. These are important types of reactions which can be used for the selective preparation of new organic compounds with a defined and predictable three dimensional architecture. This informative text will be an invaluable study aid for all undergraduate chemistry students. Undergraduates in related subjects studying chemistry to second year level or higher will alsofind this book useful.Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Stereochemistry of reactions ; 3. Additions to carbonyl compounds ; 4. Reactions of enolates ; 5. Aldol reactions ; 6. Additions to double bonds ; 7. Reduction ; 8. Oxidation ; 9. Rearrangements ; 10. Hydrolysis and esterification ; Answers to problems ; Index

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Book Synopsis''How to succeed in organic chemistry'' gives the reader a solid understanding of the principles of organic reaction mechanisms, such that they can draw structures, stereoisomers and reaction mechanisms with confidence. Throughout, the author speaks the language of students to build their confidence and interest.At heart, the book promotes active learning to ensure the necessary skills become so ingrained that they become something students simply cannot forget, and do not need to revise. As such, the book structures learning so that the reader encounters the right things at the right time, helping to ''internalise'' key concepts.Concepts, explanations and examples are presented in short, easy-to-read chapters, each of which explores one of a number of themes, including ''Basics'', ''Habits'', ''Common error'', ''Reaction detail'', and ''Practice''.Digital formats and resources How to Succeed in Organic Chemistry is supported by online resources and is available for students and institTrade ReviewI liked the slightly informal tone of writing, almost as if I was being taught one-to-one by the author. It felt personal and honest, as if the author wrote the book to help me personally. * Stephen Robertson, student, University of York *This book would be a chemistry student's friend. It is different to any I have read before. There is a comforting level of informality, where you felt like your friend was going through and explaining things to you. * Yasmine Biddick, student, University of Birmingham *This text represents a new way to teach organic chemistry and produce independent, critically thinking chemists; it acknowledges the connected world in which students live and utilises that to avoid the traditional endless lists of reactions for rote learning. Instead, this text focuses on the discipline and practice required by the novice and gives them the tools to become an expert. * Dr Jennifer Slaughter, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester *This is a unique textbook that does something no other text does - it speaks the language of the modern student and is formatted with that in mind. * Professor Mark Bagley, Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex *Table of ContentsSection 1: Laying the Foundations Basics 1: Structures of Organic Compounds Habit 1: Always Draw Structures with Realistic Geometry Basics 2: Functional Groups and "R" Groups Basics 3: Naming Organic Compounds Practice 1: Drawing Structures from Chemical Names Basics 4: Isomerism in Organic Chemistry - Constitutional Isomers Practice 2: Constitutional Isomers and Chemical Names Habit 2: Identifying When a Formula is Possible Practice 3: Double Bond Equivalents Common Error 1: Formulae, Functional Groups and Double Bond Equivalents Habit 3: Ignore What Doesn't Change Basics 5: Electronegativity, Bond Polarisation and Inductive Effects Practice 4: Bond Polarisation and Electronegativity Basics 6: Bonding in Organic Compounds Practice 5: Hybridisation Basics 7: Bonding and Antibonding Orbitals Basics 8: Introduction to Curly Arrows Fundamental Reaction Type 1: Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon Practice 6: Electronegativity in Context Fundamental Reaction Type 2: Elimination Reactions Section 2: Building on the Foundations Basics 9: Breaking Bonds DS Linking Curly Arrows and Molecular Orbitals Common Error 2: Curly Arrows Basics 10: Conjugation and Resonance Basics 11: Thermodynamic Definitions Basics 12: Bond Dissociation Energy Basics 13: Calculating Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Dissociation Energies Perspective 1: A Closer Look at Bond Dissociation Energies Practice 7: Calculating Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Dissociation Energy Basics 14: Energetics and Reaction Profiles Basics 15: How Fast Are Reactions? Basics 16: Introduction to Carbocations, Carbanions and Free-Radicals Basics 17: Carbocations 2 - More Factors Affecting Stability Basics 18: Carbanions 2 - Stability and pKa Perspective 2: A Scale for Carbocation Stability Common Error 3: Methyl Groups are Electron-Releasing Practice 8: Drawing Resonance Forms for Carbocations and Carbanions Common Error 4: Resonance Basics 19: The Hammond Postulate Basics 20: Conjugation and Stability - The Evidence Common Error 5: Carbocations and Carbanions Basics 21: Reactivity of Conjugated Systems Basics 22: Acid Catalysis in Organic Reactions Part 1 Reaction Detail 1: Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon Basics 23: What Defines a Transition State? Perspective 3: Bonding Beyond Hybridisation Fundamental Knowledge Recap 1: Bond Lengths and Strengths Fundamental Knowledge Recap 2: pKa Section 3: A Focus on Shape Habit 4: Representing Stereochemistry - Flying Wedge and Newman Projections Basics 23: Isomerism in Organic Chemistry - Configurational Isomers Habit 5: Getting Used to Drawing Stereoisomers Practice 9: Getting Used to Stereoisomers Habit 6: Assignment of Stereochemistry - The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules Practice 10: Assigning Stereochemistry Habit 7: Stereoisomers with Symmetry Basics 25: Properties of Stereoisomers Reaction Detail 2: Stereochemical Aspects of Substitution Reactions Common Error 6: Substitution Reactions Reaction Detail 3: Substitution with Retention of Configuration Common Error 7: Stereochemical Errors Section 4: Types of Selectivity Basics 26: Selectivity in Organic Chemistry - Chemoselectivity Basics 27: Selectivity in Organic Chemistry - Regioselectivity Basics 28: Selectivity in Organic Chemistry - Stereoselectivity Basics 29: Stereochemical Definitions Relating to Reactions Section 5: Bonds Can Rotate Basics 30: Isomerism in Organic Chemistry - Conformational Isomers Practice 11: Conformational Analysis Applications 1: Conformational Isomers 2 Applications 2: SN2 Substitution Reactions Forming Three-Membered Rings Basics 31: Introduction to Cyclohexanes Practice 12: Drawing Cyclohexanes Applications 3: Substitution Reactions of Cyclohexanes Basics 32: Quantifying Conformers of Cyclohexanes Basics 33: More Conformers of Cyclohexanes and Related Compounds Practice 13: Drawing More Complex Cyclohexanes Common Error 8: Cyclohexanes Section 6: Eliminating the Learning Reaction Detail 4: Elimination Reactions Perspective 4: A Continuum of Mechanisms Basics 34: More Substituted Alkenes Are More Stable Basics 35: Enthalpy Changes for Reactions Involving Anionic Species Applications 4: Stereochemistry of Elimination Reactions Basics 36: Stereospecificity Applications 5: Elimination Reactions of Cyclohexanes Common Error 9: Elimination Reaction Reaction Detail 5: Allylic Substitution Section 7: Building Skills Worked Problem 1: Curly Arrows and Reaction Profiles Worked Problem 2: Competing SN1 Substitution and E1 Elimination Worked Problem 3: Competing SN2 Substitution and E2 Elimination Worked Problem 4: Acid Catalysis in Organic Reactions Part 2 Worked Problem 5: Epoxide Opening Reactions Worked Problem 6: Is cis-Cyclohexane-1,2-diol Really Achiral? Worked Problem 7: The Furst-Plattner Rule Worked Problem 8: SN2' Stereochemistry and Conformations Worked Problem 9: Complex Substitution Stereochemistry Worked Problem 10: Cyclisation Reactions Solution to Problem 1: Curly Arrows and Reaction Profiles Solution to Problem 2: Competing SN1 Substitution and E1 Elimination Solution to Problem 3: Competing SN2 Substitution and E2 Elimination Solution to Problem 4: Acid Catalysis in Organic Reactions Part 2 Solution to Problem 5: Epoxide Opening Reactions Solution to Problem 6: Is cis-Cyclohexane-1,2-diol Really Achiral? Solution to Problem 7: The Furst-Plattner Rule Solution to Problem 8: SN2' Stereochemistry and Conformations Solution to Problem 9: Complex Substitution Stereochemistry Solution to Problem 10: Cyclisation Reactions

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Book SynopsisBy tackling the most central ideas in chemistry, Why Chemical Reactions Happen provides the reader with all the tools and concepts needed to think like a chemist. The text takes a unified approach to the subject, aiming to help the reader develop a real overview of chemical processes, by avoiding the traditional divisions of physical, inorganic and organic chemistry. To understand how chemical reactions happen we need to know about the bonding in molecules, how molecules interact, what determines whether an interaction is favourable or not, and what the outcome will be. Answering these questions requires an understanding of topics from quantum mechanics, through thermodynamics, to curly arrows. In this book all of these topics are presented in a coherent and coordinated fashion, showing how each leads to a deeper understanding of chemical reactions.Trade ReviewI feel that Peter and James have done a tremendous job of explaining chemical reactions using perspectives that are not used in traditional text books. They explain reactions in terms of bonding theories and orbitals rather than solely using kinetics and equilibrium. The author's use of visual representations throughout the book increases the comprehension of the material covered in the text. I look forward to using this textbook in my organic chemistry courses. Physical Sciences Educational Reviews 2004.'Why Chemical Reactions Happen is one of nature's secrets....This insightful book reveals in clear and impressive style what motivates molecules to metamorphose into something new. It supplies all the essentials for understanding entrophy and how to choreograph molecular transformations to its music' Times Higher Education Supplement, February 2004.Table of Contents1. What this book is about and who should read it ; 2. What makes a reaction go? ; 3. Ionic interactions ; 4. Electrons in atoms ; 5. Electrons in simple molecules ; 6. Electrons in larger molecules ; 7. Reactions ; 8. Equilibrium ; 9. Rates of reaction ; 10. Bonding in extended systems - conjugation ; 11. Substitution and elimination reactions ; 12. The effects of the solvent ; 13. Leaving groups ; 14. Competing reactions

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Book SynopsisWhy do certain substances react together in the way that they do? What determines the shape of molecules? And how can we predict whether a particular reaction will happen at all?Such questions lie at the heart of chemistry - the science of understanding the composition of substances, their reactions, and properties. While often fragmented into the strands of inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry, a full understanding of chemistry can only be gained by seeing the subject as a single, unified whole.Chemical Structure and Reactivity rises to the challenge of depicting the reality of chemistry. Offering a fresh approach to undergraduate teaching, it depicts the subject as a seamless discipline, showing how organic, inorganic, and physical concepts can be blended together to achieve the common goal of understanding chemical systems.With a lively and engaging writing style augmented throughout by purpose-drawn illustrations, and custom-developed online support, Chemical Structure and Reactivity alone makes taking an integrated approach in the teaching of chemistry a realistic proposition.Online Resources:For students: Custom developed multimedia content linked to the book, enabling students to investigate the concepts and phenomena presented in the book in a fully interactive way. Question sets to help students master concepts and gain confidence through hands-on engagement.For lecturers: Fully worked solutions to the exercises available through the Online Resource Centre.For registered adopters of the book: Figures from the book in electronic format.Trade ReviewReview from previous edition This is the most innovative and impressive undergraduate chemistry textbook I have been exposed to in years; it is quite outstanding in its creative and imaginative approach. The authors appear to have stood back and re-thought the whole approach to teaching chemistry at this level. The logical and innovative order in which material is developed and explained is all the more impressive when we take account of the fact that rigour and attention to detail is not compromised. * Dr David McGarvey, Keele University *The objective of the authors, to break down the barriers used to manage the teaching of chemistry, is laudable, and they achieve their aim, particularly in the first section of the book. They have assembled a teaching resource that is refreshing in its style and rigorous in its content. * Education in Chemistry, 2009 *It is a tremendous contribution to the teaching of the chemical sciences. The authors have adopted a new approach to the teaching of chemistry which cuts through physical, inorganic and organic chemistry as needed. This text is brilliant for students who want a book that explains difficult concepts in an accessible but still rigorous form. * Dr M. Crispin, Oriel College, Oxford *Table of ContentsPART I: THE FUNDAMENTALS; PART II: GOING FURTHER

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Book SynopsisThe solutions manual to accompany Organic Chemistry provides fully-explained solutions to all the problems that feature in the second edition of Organic Chemistry . Intended for students and instructors alike, the manual provides helpful comments and friendly advice to aid understanding, and is an invaluable resource wherever Organic Chemistry is used for teaching and learning.Table of Contents1. What is organic chemistry? ; 2. Organic structures ; 3. Determining organic structures ; 4. Structure of molecules ; 5. Organic reactions ; 6. Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group ; 7. Delocalization and conjugation ; 8. Acidity, basicity, and pKa ; 9. Using organometallic reagents to make C-C bonds ; 10. Nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl group ; 11. Nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen ; 12. Equilibria, rates and mechanisms ; 13. 1H NMR: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ; 14. Stereochemistry ; 15. Nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon ; 16. Conformational analysis ; 17. Elimination reactions ; 18. Review of spectroscopic methods ; 19. Electrophilic addition to alkenes ; 20. Formation and reactions of enols and enolates ; 21. Electrophilic aromatic substitution ; 22. Conjugate addition and nucleophilic aromatic substitution ; 23. Chemoselectivity and protecting groups ; 24. Regioselectivity ; 25. Alkylation of enolates ; 26. Reactions of enolates with carbonyl compounds: the aldol and Claisen reactions ; 27. Sulfur, silicon and phosphorus in organic chemistry ; 28. Retrosynthetic analysis ; 29. Aromatic heterocycles 1: structures and reactions ; 30. Aromatic heterocycles 2: synthesis ; 31. Saturated heterocycles and stereoelectronics ; 32. Stereoselectivity in cyclic molecules ; 33. Diastereoselectivity ; 34. Pericyclic reactions 1: cycloadditions ; 35. Pericyclic reactions 2: sigmatropic and electrocyclic reactions ; 36. Participation, rearrangement and fragmentation ; 37. Radical reactions ; 38. Synthesis and reactions of carbenes ; 39. Determining reaction mechanisms ; 40. Organometallic chemistry ; 41. Asymmetric synthesis ; 42. Organic chemistry of life ; 43. Organic chemistry today

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Book SynopsisOrganic Chemistry: A mechanistic approach provides readers with a concise review of the essential concepts underpinning the subject. It combines a focus on core topics and themes with a mechanistic approach to the explanation of the reactions it describes, making it ideal for those looking for a solid understanding of the central themes of organic chemistry.Opening with a review of chemical bonding and molecular shape and structure, the book then introduces the principal groups of organic compound before exploring the range of reactions they undergo. It retains an emphasis throughout on how and why organic compounds behave in the way they do, with a chapter on how mechanisms are investigated and the closing chapter describing the principal methods by which the structure and composition of organic compounds are studied. With an understanding of organic chemistry being central to the study and practice of a range of disciplines, Organic Chemistry is the ideal resource for those studyingTrade ReviewThe structure and aim of the text is excellent. [It] begins with the fundamentals of molecular structure and introduces the concept of molecular orbitals early... it clearly maintains a direct link to understanding reaction mechanisms from their fundamental origins. * Chemistry World, July 2014 *I will definitely recommend this book to other people. The book not only contains the correct way of doing things but also highlights the incorrect ways or any common mistakes to avoid, which is also absent in most other textbooks. This is much like a tutor tutoring us instead of just reading a book with facts. * Shuang Liu, student, Imperial College London *Table of Contents1. Chemical bonding and molecules ; 2. Molecular structure and shapes of organic molecules ; 3. Organic compounds: their functional groups, intermolecular interactions and physical properties ; 4. Conformation and strain in molecules ; 5. Conjugation, pi-electrion delocalization, and aromaticity ; 6. Acids and bases ; 7. Organic reactions and concept of mechanism ; 8. Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones ; 9. Nucleophilic substitution of carboxylic acid derivatives ; 10. Reactions of carbonyl compounds with hydride donors and organometallic reagents ; 11. Stereochemistry and molecular chirality ; 12. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes and related compounds ; 13. Elimination reactions of haloalkanes and related compounds ; 14. Reactions of alcohols, ethers, thiols, sulfides, and amines ; 15. Addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes ; 16. Enolate anions and their reactions ; 17. Enolate ions, their equivalents and reactions ; 18. Reactions of nucleophiles with alkenes and aromatic compounds ; 19. Polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds ; 20. Rearrangement reactions ; 21. Pericyclic reactions: cycloadditions, electrocyclic reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements ; 22. Rearrangement reactions involving polar molecules and ions ; 23. Biomolecules ; 24. Chemistry of biomolecules ; 25. Structural determination of organic compounds

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Book SynopsisOrganic Spectroscopy is a standard chemistry course offered each year to large numbers of seniors and beginning graduate students. They learn to efficiently solve problems of molecular structure determination by an integrated use of four primary spectroscopic methods; NMR; mass spectrometry; infrared and ultraviolet. The problem solving approach used in the second edition follows the actual information flow used by practitioners solving molecular strustures and not the standard methods-based aooroach used in other texts. In the ten years since the last edition published there have been significant changes in spectroscopic instrumentation and these are reflected throughout this text. New sections have been included where the first edition omitted coverage, and all chapters are updated with the most recent developments in the field. Major changes have been made in the pivotal chapters covering multipulse 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance methods and the chapters covering mass spectrometric methods have been split from two into three to increase content on modern MS methodology. As examples in NMR, selective pulses and their uses, 15N 2D methods and computer assisted structure elucidation has been included and there is now a section on NOESY and ROESY. For MS the three chapters cover: core techniques and ionization processes; small and large molecule analysis and fragmentation processes. A hallmark of this text is the focus on chemical structure and the text revolves around how relevant information regarding skeleton, functional groups and stereochemistry can be derived and the benefits/disadvantages of particular approaches. The straightforward writing style and use of illustrative examples, clearly reproduced spectra and a large number of problems make this text more accessible than ever.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ; 2. Interpretation and Use of Proton and Carbon Chemical Shifts ; 3. Interpretation and Use of Proton or Carbon Coupling Constants ; 4. Multiple-Pulse and Multidimensional NMR Techniques ; 5. Mas Spectrometry: Core Techniques and Ionization Processes ; 6. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Small and Large Molecules ; 7. Fragmentation Processes in Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry ; 8. Infrared Spectroscopy ; 9. Optical and Chiroptical Techniques: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy ; 10. Strategies of Determining Structure and Stereochemistry: Spectroscopic Data Translated into Structures. ; 11. Problems in Organic Structure Analysis

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Book SynopsisChemists in the nineteenth century were faced with a particular problem: how to depict the atoms and molecules beyond the direct reach of our bodily senses. This title focuses on the community of organic chemists in Germany to provide the basis for an understanding of the nature of scientific creativity.Trade Review"Alan Rocke's Image and Reality does so many things vividly and convincingly: it shows how visual images led chemistry step by step to the reality of the microscopic world; how simple portrayals of the logic of substitution and combination were reified; brings to our attention the imaginative, neglected work of Williamson and Kopp; and takes a critical look at Kekule's daydream. And it beautifully delineates the essential place the imagination has in science. A rewarding, lively picture of chemistry in formation." - Roald Hoffmann, Nobel laureate in chemistry.

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Book SynopsisSeager/Rye-McCurdy/Yoder's FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY helps you hone your critical-thinking skills with ample problem-solving opportunities throughout the text. Fresh examples won't bog you down with incessant repetition, and new figures relevant to health professions add context and color to the core source material. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY FOR TODAY covers all the necessary components of the GOB curriculum in sufficient depth to prepare you for future studies.Table of Contents1. Matter, Measurements, and Calculations. 2. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table. 3. Chemical Bonds: Molecule Formation. 4. The Mole and Chemical Reactions. 5: Molecular Shapes and Intermolecular Forces. 6. Gasses. 7. Acids, Bases, and Buffers. 8. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons. 9. Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines. 10. Carbonyl Compounds. 11. Carbohydrates. 12. Amino Acids and Proteins. 13. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 14. Lipids. 15. Nutrition and Metabolism.

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Book SynopsisInformative and entertaining...Rogers is a seasoned raconteur, unreeling an eons-spanning tale with skill. —Wall Street JournalA lively account of our age-old quest for brighter colors, which changed the way we see the world, with a new afterword by the author From kelly green to millennial pink, our world is graced with a richness of colors. But our human-made colors haven’t always matched nature’s kaleidoscopic array. To reach those brightest heights required millennia of remarkable innovation and a fascinating exchange of ideas between science and craft that’s allowed for the most luminous manifestations of our built and adorned world.In Full Spectrum, Rogers takes us on that globe-trotting journey, tracing an arc from the earliest humans to our digitized, synthesized present and future. We meet our ancestors mashing charcoal in caves, Silk Road merchants competing for the best ceramics, and textile artists cracking the centuries-old mystery of how colors mix, before shooting to the modern era for high-stakes corporate espionage and the digital revolution that’s rewriting the rules of color forever.  In prose as vibrant as its subject, Rogers opens the door to Oz, sharing the liveliest events of an expansive human quest—to make a brighter, more beautiful world—and along the way, proving why he’s “one of the best science writers around.”* *National Geographic

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Book SynopsisThe Nobel Prize is the highest award in science, as is the case with nonscience fields too, and it is, therefore, arguably the most internationally recognized award in the world. This unique set of volumes focuses on summarizing the Nobel Prize within organic chemistry, as well as the specializations within this specialty. Any reader researching the history of the field of organic chemistry will be interested in this work. Furthermore, it serves as an outstanding resource for providing a better understanding of the circumstances that led to these amazing discoveries and what has happened as a result, in the years since.

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Book SynopsisProteostasis integrates biological pathways controlling biogenesis, trafficking, folding, and degradation of proteins. This book focuses on two protein breakdown/degradation processes (proteolysis), which are part of a normally functioning proteostatic system: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy.Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. The Editors. Ribosomal Pauses during Translation and Proteostasis. Protein Folding and Misfolding: Deciphering Mechanisms of Age-Related Diseases. Transcriptional Regulation of Proteostatic Mechanisms. MicroRNAs as Central Regulators of Adult Myogenesis and Proteostasis Loss in Skeletal Muscle Aging. mRNA Granules and Proteostasis in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Phospholipids and the Unfolded Protein Response. Ubiquitin Ligases Involved in Progeroid Syndromes and Age-Associated Pathologies. Role of SUMOylation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Inflammation. NEDD8 and Oxidative Stress. Structure, Function and Regulators of the 20S Proteasome. Cellular Responses to Proteasome Impairment. Proteasome Fate in Aging and Proteinopathies. The Proteasomal System in Cancer. Proteostasis and Skin Aging. Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Protein Degradation in Cardiac Health and Disease. Autophagy in Aging and Oxidative Stress. Autophagy in Aging and Longevity Exemplified by the Aging Heart. Index.

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Book Synopsis1: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure.- 2: Stereochemistry, Conformation, and Stereoselectivity.- 3: Structural Effects on Stability and Reactivity.- 4: Nucleophilic Substitution.- 5: Polar Addition and Elimination Reactions.- 6: Carbanions and Other Carbon Nucleophiles.- 7: Addition, Condensation and Substitution Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds.- 8: Aromaticity.- Aromatic Substitution.- 9: Concerted Pericyclic Reactions.- 10: Free Radical Reactions.- 11: Photochemistry.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the fifth edition:“Carey and Sundberg had written the most detailed and briliant account in the subject of organic chemistry. … The book provides an abundance of reaction examples organized in schemes. It makes studying very effective and helpful. … Advanced undergraduates and graduate students will welcome this new edition and the depth of materials covered.” (Philosophy, Religion and Science Book Reviews, bookinspections.wordpress.com, May, 2014)Table of ContentsChemical Bonding and Molecular Structure.- Stereochemistry, Conformation, and Stereoselectivity.- Structural Effects on Stability and Reactivity.- Nucleophilic Substitution.- Polar Addition and Elimination Reactions.- Carbanions and Other Carbon Nucleophiles.- Addition, Condensation and Substitution Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds.- Aromaticity.- Aromatic Substitution.- Concerted Pericyclic Reactions.- Free Radical Reactions.- Photochemistry.

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Book SynopsisA Science News Favorite Book of 2019 An earth scientist reveals the dynamic biography of the most resonant—and most necessary—chemical element on Earth.Trade Review"A fascinating read." -- Science News"A valuable and welcome explanation of why we would do well to pay more attention to the sixth element?and of how much more remains to be discovered about its planetary role through time." -- Ted Nield - Nature"A symphonic masterpiece that reveals how the primitive life that began on our planet four billion years ago has evolved into Darwin’s ‘endless forms most beautiful.’" -- David W. Deamer, author of Assembling Life"Hazen’s enthusiasm, the string of shareable facts presented, and the introduction of so many interesting scientists… make this book such a fascinating read.… Hazen brings a distinct and intentionally personal perspective to this topic.… Throughout Symphony in C, science is presented as a living and very human endeavor." -- Nicola Pohl - Science"Hazen sets the record straight in this thoughtful love letter to [carbon]." -- Gemma Tarlach - Discover"[A] lively, expert overview.… Hazen [is] a smooth stylist.… A skillful account of the central element in our lives." -- Kirkus Reviews"Hazen brings the process of scientific investigation to life.… [He] conveys the delight he finds in the process of understanding the world around him.… [This] enthusiastic survey also shows the limits of existing knowledge and the potential for future discoveries in an exciting field." -- Publishers Weekly"Probing.… Science that burrows into issues of profound interest." -- Booklist"From the Big Bang to coal, carbohydrates, and ultra-strong high-tech nanofibers, Robert M. Hazen provides an illuminating and enjoyable guide to the remarkable odyssey of carbon, the element of life. Enjoy the trip!" -- Andrew Knoll, Fisher Professor of Natural History, Harvard University"Robert M. Hazen’s virtuoso performance captures the wonder of the sixth element?from volcanic gases to al dente pasta to life’s very beginnings?while telling the wonderful stories about the people behind the discoveries." -- Terry Plank, Arthur D. Storke Memorial Professor of Geochemistry, Columbia University

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Book SynopsisA Science News Favorite Book of 2019 An enchanting biography of the most resonant—and most necessary—chemical element on Earth.Trade Review"Covering topics from carbon’s ancient origins to the threats that carbon compounds pose to our future climate, Hazen’s book is a fascinating read. Symphony in C chronicles cutting-edge science that’s helping researchers make better sense of the carbon-rich world around us." -- Science News"From the Big Bang to coal, carbohydrates, and ultra-strong high-tech nanofibers, Robert M. Hazen provides an illuminating and enjoyable guide to the remarkable odyssey of carbon, the element of life. Enjoy the trip!" -- Andrew Knoll, Fisher Professor of Natural History, Harvard University"A valuable and welcome explanation of why we would do well to pay more attention to the sixth element—and of how much more remains to be discovered about its planetary role through time." -- Nature"C is the element carbon. C is a musical note. Scientist-musician Hazen uses the element and the note to compose a symphonic masterpiece that reveals how the primitive life that began on our planet four billion years ago has evolved into Darwin’s ‘endless forms most beautiful.’" -- David W. Deamer, author of Assembling Life"Hazen’s virtuoso performance captures the wonder of the sixth element—from volcanic gases to al dente pasta to life’s very beginnings—while telling the wonderful stories about the people behind the discoveries." -- Terry Plank, Arthur D. Storke Memorial Professor of Geochemistry, Columbia University"This book is an incredibly rich story of carbon and its role in of life. Hazen has outdone himself in delivering an engaging, edifying, great read. If you don’t know why carbon is important in your life, or even if you think you do, you should put down whatever you’re reading and get this book." -- Paul G. Falkowski, author of Life’s Engines

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTerpenoids are an important class of natural products which exhibit an exceptionally wide range of structures. They are extremely widespread in nature and are important in the food and pharmaceutical industries and in botanical and taxonomic research. This Dictionary of Terpenoids is a useful reference for all those working in these fields The structures, bibliographies and physical properties of over 20,000 terpenoids are presented in 9,000 entries - represent the vast majority of all known natural terpenoids together with the most important semisynthetic terpenoids. The bibliographic and occurrence data is comprehensive for rare terpenoids and extensive for the common terpenoids. The coverage includes biosynthetic nor-, homo- and other modified terpenoids; also documented are closely related synthetic compounds of importance in the perfumery and flavouring industries. The data has been derived from the current literature (to 1991). The contents of the Dictionary are founded on the Dictionary of Organic Compounds with the addition of many new compounds. Every entry has been re-edited and enhanced by standardization of structures, nomenclature and data and by the addition of very large amounts of material. The entries are organized according to the structural class of terpenoid in approximately 350 groups, in order of increasing complexity, and within each category bringing together closely related substances within the same entry to allow a rapid overview, and allowing ready comparisons and generalizations to be made. Data in each entry includes accurately drawn structure diagrams, biological and physical properties and stereoisomers and derivatives. An labelled bibliography leads the user to the primary literature. Data is indexed by Name, Molecular Formula, Species and CAS Registry Number. The Species Index is particularly useful in allowing immediate access to the contents by the biological route. All indexes are computer-generated and are free of indexing errors. This book should be of interest to researchers and librarians in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacy, pharmacology, taxonomy, biology and food science.Table of ContentsDescription of main terpenoid types; hemiterpenoids; monoterpenoids; sesquiterpenoids; diterpenoids; sesterperpenoids; triterpenoids; tetraterpenoids; polyterpenoids.

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Book SynopsisThe control of food safety in modern food processing relies upon HACCP and other systems that identify hazards and define processes to control them. These demand a thorough understanding of the properties of microbial pathogens under all the conditions that could be found in foods and the food processing environment.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Aeromonas Spp. Bacillus Cirrus. Brucella. Campylobacter, Clostrdium Botulinum. Clostridium Perfringens. Intestinally Pathogenic Escherichia Coli. Up Listeria Monocytogenes. Parasites: Aniszkidae. Parasites:Taenia. Parasites: Trichinella Spiralis. Plesiomonas. Pseudomonas Cocovenenans. Salmonellae. Seafood Toxins of Microbiological Origins. Shigella. Staphylococcus Aureus. Streptococcus. Toxigenic Fungi: Aspegillus. Toxigenic Fungi: Fusarium. Toxigenic Fungi: Penicillium. Vibrio Cholerae. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. Vibrio Vulnificus. Viruses. Yersinia Enterocolitica. Index

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Book SynopsisThis first supplement to the new Edition of the Dictionary of Organic Compounds (DOC), published in nine volumes in 1995, extends the literature coverage of the dictionary to mid-1996. It includes over 2,500 entries, some of which are major updates to entries which appeared in volumes 1-9, while the majority are new entries based on the DOC team's ongoing review of the current literature. Some of these cover newly synthesized molecules of research interest, while others refer to known compounds which have come into prominence, for example as synthetic reagents in new methodoligies. The supplement contains its own name, molecular formula and CAS registry number indexes. For any library of research group where organic chemistry or related disciplines are studied or researched, DOC is the prime literature source summarising the current state of knowledge in this important discipline, year-by-year and fully up-to-date. This book should be of interest to chemists, biochemists, biologists anTable of ContentsData provided in each entry includes (where relevant): molecular formula; structure diagram; preferred names and synonyms; CAS registry numbers; physical description; biological source; stability; solvent of recrystallization; solubility; melting point; freezing point; boiling point; density; refractive index; optical rotation; use or importance; hazard and toxicity data; selected literature references.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWhat defines a quality lead, where these quality leads come from and how one discovers them has been the subject of intense debate within the pharmaceutical industry. This volume addresses these questions and discusses diabetes, obesity and tuberculosis. It presents research in the field of drug discovery.Table of ContentsPreface List of Contributors Hit and Lead Identification: Efficient practices for drug discovery DPPIV Inhibition: Promising Therapy for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Recent Progress Towards Nonpeptide Ligands for the Melanocortin-4 Receptor Tuberculosis chemotherapy: recent developments and future perspectives Subject Index Author Index (Volumes 1-45) Subject Index (Volumes 1-45)

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Book SynopsisAt last, the long anticipated second edition of the highly successful Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (EROS) is publishing in print in March 2009. With its wealth of valuable information, excellent editorial leadership and methodical classification, EROS has become the authoritative reference source on reagents and catalysts. This makes EROS vital reading for everybody working in organic synthesis. It has wide appeal, with relevance not only to Organic Chemists, but also to Inorganic, Physical and Analytical Chemists, Materials Scientists, Chemical Engineers, Biochemists, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemists and Pharmacologists. In short, it is an essential product for all academic and industrial chemistry laboratories and libraries. COMPREHENSIVEWith its 50,000 reactions and4,111 reagents, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis offers readers a substantial wealth of information. Each entry contains, where available: Table of ContentsRegents for Organic Synthesis A – Z. Types of reagents include: Activating Reagents. Aluminum Reagents. Agents That Undergo Cycloaddition. Boron Reagents. Catalysts. Cyclopropanating Agents. Cl – C4 Organic Compounds. Derivatizing Reagents. Enzymatic Reagents. Fluorinating Reagents. Halogenating Agents. Iron Catalysts. Nickel/Palladium/Platinum-Based Catalysts. Monoprotected Bifunctional Building Blocks. Reducing Reagents. Resolving Reagents. Rhodium Catalysts. Organosilicon Reagents. Oxidizing Agents. Organolithium Reagents. Peptide Reagents. Polymer- Supported Reagents. Protecting Groups. Solvent Additives. Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium Reagents.

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Book Synopsis* Provides a thorough overview of the role of fluorine in pharmaceutical science and development * Includes chapters on fluorinated analogues of natural products, fluorinated amino acids and peptides, and derivatives of sugars * Classifies marketed and in-development fluorinated pharmaceuticals according to their therapeutic classes.Trade Review"This is an excellent book for those contemplating incorporation of fluorine into their drug design research investigations and how it can be accomplished. It is also an excellent reference book for experts in the area. I enthusiastically recommend adding this to both individual and library collections." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, December 25, 2008) "The book is clearly written and has been adequately translated … .Its compact size, and abundance of helpful schemes, figures, tables and structures make it convenient aid for the practicing scientist." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, December 31, 2008) "I am pleased to recommend Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorine as an invaluable reference source and stimulus to further research, for pharmaceutical and medicinal chemists, organic chemists, and biochemists in academia and industry, and for advanced students and instructors in these fields." (Angewandte Chemie, October 13, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface to the English Edition 1 General Remarks on Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Fluorinated Compounds. 1.1 Structural Effects. 1.2 Physical Properties. 1.2.1 Boiling Point. 1.2.2 Surface Tension and Activity. 1.2.3 Polarity-Solubility. 1.2.4 Lipophilicity. 1.3 Effects on Electronic Properties and Reactivity. 1.3.1 Effects of Fluorination on Bond Energies and Reactivity. 1.3.2 Effects of Fluorination on the Electronic Repartition of a Molecule. 1.3.3 Acidity, Basicity, and Hydrogen Bond. 1.3.4 Steric Effects. 1.3.5 Fluorination Effects on the Stability of Reaction Intermediates (Carbocations, Carbanions, and Radicals). References. 2 Overview on the Preparation of Fluorinated Compounds. 2.1 Preparation of Monofluorinated Compounds. 2.1.1 Nucleophilic Fluorination. 2.1.2 Electrophilic Fluorination. 2.1.3 Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds Starting from Monofluorinated Synthons. 2.2 Preparation of Difluorinated Compounds. 2.2.1 Nucleophilic Fluorination. 2.2.2 Electrophilic Fluorination. 2.2.3 Starting from Di- and Trifluoromethyl Compounds. 2.3 Preparation of Trifluoromethyl Compounds. 2.3.1 Fluorination. 2.3.2 Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation. 2.3.3 Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation. 2.3.4 Radical Trifluoromethylation. 2.3.5 Metal-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation. 2.3.6 Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds from Trifluoromethyl Compounds. 2.4 Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds. References. 3 Effects of Fluorine Substitution on Biological Properties. 3.1 Affinity for the Macromolecule Target. 3.1.1 Steric Effects. 3.1.2 Conformational Changes. 3.1.3 Dipolar Interactions and Electric Field. 3.1.4 Hydrogen Bonds and Other Weak Interactions. 3.1.5 pKa of Amines. 3.1.6 Fluorous Interactions. 3.2 Absorption. 3.2.1 Lipophilicity. 3.2.2 pKa and Solubility. 3.3 Metabolism. 3.3.1 Oxidative Metabolism. 3.3.2 Hydrolytic Metabolism. 3.4 Modification of Chemical Reactivity: Enzyme Inhibitors. 3.4.1 Analogue of Substrates as Inhibitors. 3.4.2 Inhibition by Stabilization or Destabilization of Intermediates of Biological Processes. 3.4.3 Irreversible Inhibition with Mechanism-Based Inhibitors (Suicide Substrates). References. 4 Fluorinated Analogues of Natural Products. 4.1 Fluorinated Products in Nature. 4.2 Steroids. 4.2.1 Corticosteroids. 4.2.2 Steroids with Trifluoromethyl Groups in Angular Position. 4.2.3 Fluorinated Analogues of Metabolites of Vitamin D3. 4.2.4 Other Fluorinated Steroids. 4.3 Terpenes. 4.3.1 Artemisinin. 4.3.2 Taxol. 4.4 Pigments and Vitamins. 4.4.1 Retinoids. 4.4.2 Carotenoids. 4.4.3 Vitamin D. 4.4.4 Vitamins E and K. 4.4.5 Porphyrins. 4.5 Lipids and Prostanoids. 4.6 Pheromones and Toxins. 4.7 Alkaloids. 4.7.1 Vinca Alkaloids. 4.7.2 Cinchona Alkaloids. 4.7.3 Camptothecin. 4.7.4 Other Fluorinated Alkaloids. 4.8 Macrolides. 4.8.1 Epothilone. 4.8.2 Erythromycin. 4.8.3 Amphotericin B. 4.8.4 Avermectin. 4.9 Anthracyclines. References. 5 Fluorinated Derivatives of a-Amino Acids and Proteins. 5.1 Fluorinated Aliphatic Amino Acids. 5.1.1 Alanines. 5.1.2 Valines, Leucines, and Isoleucines. 5.1.3 Prolines. 5.2 Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Histidine, and Tryptophan. 5.3 Functional Fluorinated Amino Acids. 5.3.1 Serines and Threonines. 5.3.2 Aspartic Acids and Arginines. 5.3.3 Glutamic Acids and Glutamines. 5.3.4 Lysine, Ornithine, and Arginine. 5.3.5 Cysteines and Methionines. 5.4 -Fluoroalkyl Amino Acids. 5.4.1 Mono- and Difluoromethyl Amino Acids. 5.4.2 -Trifluoromethyl Amino Acids. 5.5 Incorporation of Fluorinated Amino Acids into Peptides and Proteins. 5.5.1 Polypeptides. 5.5.2 Proteins. References. 6 Saccharidic Fluorinated Derivatives. 6.1 Glycosyl Fluorides. 6.2 Mono- and Difluorinated Analogues of Sugars. 6.2.1 Fluorinated Furanoses and Nucleosides. 6.2.2 Fluorinated Pyranoses. 6.3 Fluoromethyl Derivatives of Sugars. 6.3.1 Difluorovinyl Compounds. 6.3.2 Difluoromethylene-C-Glycosides. 6.3.3 C-Difluoromethyl Glycosides. 6.3.4 Trifluoromethylated Sugars. 6.4 Perfluoroalkylated Sugars. 6.4.1 Preparation of C-Perfluoroalkyl Sugars. 6.4.2 O- and S-Fluoroalkyl Glycosides. 6.4.3 Applications of Amphiphilic Fluoroalkyl Sugars. References. 7 Inhibition of Enzymes by Fluorinated Compounds. 7.1 Substrate Analogues. 7.1.1 Fluorine Replaces a Hydrogen Involved in the Catalytic Cycle. 7.1.2 Fluorine Replaces a Hydroxyl. 7.1.3 Fluorinated Analogues of Substrates in Which Fluorine is Not Directly Involved in the Inhibition.. 7.2 Destabilization of Reaction Intermediates (or of Transition States) of Enzymatic Processes by Fluorinated Groups. 7.2.1 Prenyl Transfer. 7.2.2 Inhibition of Glycosidases and Glycosyltransferases. 7.2.3 Inhibition of UDP-GlcNAC Enolpyruvyltransferase (MurZ). 7.2.4 Enolpyruvate Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (EPSPS). 7.3 Inhibitors that are Analogues of the Transition State: Di- and Trifluoromethyl Ketones. 7.3.1 Serine Enzymes. 7.3.2 Inhibition of Aspartyl Enzymes. 7.3.3 Inhibition of Metalloproteases. 7.3.4 Cysteine Protease and Thiol Enzymes. 7.4 Mechanism-Based Inhibitors. 7.4.1 Inhibition of Pyridoxal Phosphate Enzymes. 7.4.2 Thymidylate Synthase. 7.4.3 Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidases. 7.4.4 D-Ala-D-Ala Dipeptidase (VanX). 7.4.5 Inhibition of Ribonucleotide Diphosphate Reductase. 7.4.6 Inhibition of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase. 7.4.7 Inhibition of Cytidine-50-diphosphate-D-Glucose. 4,6-Dehydratase (CDP D-Glucose 4,6-Dehydratase). 7.4.8 Other Irreversible Inhibitors. 7.5 Fluorinated Inhibitors Involving a Still Unknown Mechanism. 7.5.1 Inhibition of the Steroid C17(20)lyase. 7.5.2 Phosphatidylinositol Phospholipase C (PI-PLC). 7.5.3 Inhibition of the Protein of Transfer of Cholesteryl Esters. 7.5.4 -Fluoropolyamines as Inhibitors of the Biosynthesis of Polyamines. 7.5.5 Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Cholesterol. References. 8 Fluorinated Drugs. 8.1 Antitumor and Antiviral Fluorinated Drugs. 8.1.1 Fluoronucleosides. 8.1.2 Other Antitumor and Antiviral Drugs. 8.2 Anti-infectious Drugs. 8.2.1 Fluorinated Antibiotic Drugs. 8.2.2 Antifungal Drugs. 8.2.3 Fluorinated Drugs for Parasitic Diseases. 8.3 Drugs for CNS Disorders. 8.3.1 Neuroleptics. 8.3.2 Drugs for Depressive Disorders. 8.3.3 Anxiolytics and Sedatives. 8.3.4 Other Drugs for CNS Disorders. 8.4 Drugs of Inflammatory and Immunity Disorders. 8.4.1 Fluorocorticosteroids. 8.4.2 H1 Antagonist Antiallergics. 8.4.3 Drugs for Asthma and Respiratory Disorders. 8.4.4 Analgesic and Antiarthritic Drugs. 8.5 Drugs for Cardiovascular Disorders. 8.5.1 Cholesterol Lowering Drugs. 8.5.2 Drugs for Hypertension. 8.5.3 Drugs for Arrhythmias. 8.5.4 Antithrombosis and Anticoagulant Fluorinated Agents. 8.6 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disorders. 8.6.1 Prevention and Treatment of Ulcer. 8.6.2 Antiemetic Agents. 8.6.3 Drugs for Bowel Disorders. 8.7 Drugs for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 8.7.1 Drugs Acting on Steroid Hormone Receptors. 8.7.2 Drugs for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH). 8.7.3 Drugs for Other Urologic Disorders. 8.7.4 Drugs for Calcemia Disorders. 8.7.5 Drugs for Diabetes. 8.7.6 Drugs for Hepatic Disorders. 8.8 Miscellaneous. 8.8.1 Drugs for Ophthalmic Disorders. 8.8.2 Drugs for Genetic Disease. 8.8.3 Contrast and Diagnostic Agents. 8.9 Highly Fluorinated Compounds with Clinical Uses. 8.9.1 General Anesthetics. 8.9.2 Therapeutic Uses of Perfluorocarbons. 8.10 Fluorinated Functions and Motifs in Medicinal Chemistry. 8.10.1 Fluorinated Ethers. 8.10.2 Fluorinated Alcohols and Amines. 8.10.3 Fluorinated Ketones. 8.10.4 Fluoroalkyl Groups. Appendix: INN and Trademark Names. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA collection of current knowledge of phytochemicals and health Interest in phenolic phytochemicals has increased as scientific studies indicate these compounds exhibit potential health benefits. With contributions from world leaders in this research area, Plant Phenolics and Human Health: Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Pharmacology offers an essential survey of the current knowledge on the capacity of specific micronutrients present in ordinary diets to fight disease. The coverage in this resource: Explains the presence and biochemical properties of phenolics present in fruits and vegetables, as well as in foods derived from their plant sources Provides biochemical explanations on how certain plant phenolics fight cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other widespread pathologies Focuses on certain phenolics, e.g., flavonoids, stilbenes, and curcuminoids, and provides insights on the biocheTrade Review"Some 62 eminent researchers from 14 countries have contributed to the book's 21 chapters, each offering a comprehensive account of what is currently happening at the cutting edge of such intersecting disciplines as food science, nutrition, medicine, and pharmaceutical research. Learned updates to this topic of plant phenolics will probably be forthcoming every five to ten years." (CHOICE, 2010) Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. 1 Dietary Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds (Indu B. Jaganath and Alan Crozier). 2 Bioavailability of Flavanols and Phenolic Acids (Laure Poquet, Michael N Clifford, and Gary Williamson). 3 Biochemical Actions of Plant Phenolics Compounds: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects (Cesar G. Fraga, Gulcin Sagdicoglu Celep, and Monica Galleano). 4 Flavonoids–Membrane Interactions: Consequences for Biological Actions (Sandra V. Verstraeten, Cesar G. Fraga, and Patricia I. Oteiza). 5 The Biochemistry Behind the Potential Cardiovascular Protection by Dietary Flavonoids (Wai Mun Loke, Jonathan M. Hodgson, and Kevin D. Croft). 6 Dietary Flavanols: Biochemical Basis of Short-Term and Longer-Term Vascular Responses (Tankred Schewe, Yvonne Steffen, Elisabeth Kravets and Helmut Sies). 7 Green Tea Catechins: Anticancer Effects and Molecular Targets (Naghma Khan and Hasan Mukhtar). 8 Flavonols: Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Health Impacts (Junji Terao). 9 Flavonols: Biochemistry Behind Cardiovascular Effects (Francisco Pérez-Vizcaı´no and Juan Duarte). 10 Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Analysis of Dietary Isoflavones (Adrian A. Franke, Brunhild M. Halm, Kerry Kakazu and Xingnan Li). 11 Phytoestrogens Up-regulate Antioxidant Genes (Consuelo Borrás and Jose Viña). 12 Dietary Isoflavones: Cardiovascular Actions and Activation of Cellular Signalling Pathways (Richard C. M. Siow and Giovanni E. Mann). 13 Bioavailability and Metabolism of Resveratrol (Cristina Andres-Lacueva, Mireia Urpi-Sarda, Raul Zamora-Ros, and Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventos). 14 Resveratrol: Biochemistry and Functions (Samarjit Das, Hannah R. Vasanthi, and Dipak K. Das). 15 Resveratrol: The Biochemistry Behind its Anticancer Effects (Joydeb K. Kundu and Young-Joon Surh). 16 Curcumin: The Biochemistry Behind Its Anticancer Effects (Preetha Anand, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, and Bharat B. Aggarwal). 17 Plant Phenolic Compounds: Modulation of Cytoprotective Enzymes and Nrf2/ARE Signaling (Siwang Yu, Ka Lung Cheung, Wenge Li and Ah-Ng Kong). 18 Phenolics in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders (Vittorio Calabrese, Marzia Perluigi, Carolin Cornelius, Raffaella Coccia, Fabio Di Domenico, Giovanni Pennisi, Chiara Cini and Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova). 19 Natural Phenolics and Metal Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases (Baolu Zhao). 20 Epidemiology behind Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cancer Risk with Focus on Flavonoids (Marta Rossi, Eva Negri, Cristina Bosetti, Claudio Pelucchi, and Carlo La Vecchia). 21 Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Plants: Biochemistry, Functional Biology, and Metabolic Engineering (Alberto B. Landolino and Douglas R. Cook). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsPreface ix Section I Chemistry of Classes and Derivatives I. General Properties and Structure of the Imidazoles 3 A. Nomenclature 3 B. Physical Properties 5 C. Chemical Properties 13 D. Structural Considerations 17 E. Tautomeric Character 26 II. The Alkyl- and Arylimidazoles 33 A. Synthetic Procedures 33 B. Properties and Chemical Behavior 45 III. The Oxo- and Hydroxyimidazoles and Their Sulfur Analogues 55 A. The Oxoimidazoles 55 B. The Hydroxyalkylimidazoles 99 IV. The Halogenoimidazoles 111 A. Bromoimidazoles 111 B. Chloroimidazoles 119 C. Chloroalky limidazoles 121 V. The Nitro-, Arylazo-, and Aminoimidazoles 127 A. Nitroimidazoles 127 B. Arylazoimidazolcs 136 C. Aminoimidazoles 141 D. Histamine 143 VI. The Imidazolecarboxylic and Sulfonic Acids 175 A. Imidazolecarhoxylic Acids 175 B. Imidazolesulfonic Acids 206 VII. The Imidazolines, 2-Imidazolidones, 2-Imidazolidinethiones, 2-Iminoimidazolidines, and Imidazolidines 213 A. Nomenclature 213 B. 2-ImidazoIines 213 C. 2-Imidazolidones 226 D. 2-Imidazolidinethiones 234 E. 2-Iminoimidazolidines 238 F. Imidazolidines 242 VIII. The Benzimidazoles 247 A Nomenclature 247 B General Properties 248 C. Synthetic Procedures 258 D. The 1-Acylbenzimidazoles and tire Bamberger Reaction 273 E. The Alkyl- and Arylbenzimidazoles and 1,3-Dialkyibenzimiduzolium Salts 276 F. The Oxo- and Hydroxybenzimidazolcs and Their Sulfur Analogues 284 G The Halogenobenzimidazoles 300 H The Nitro- and Aminobenzimidazoles 304 I. The Benzimidazolecarboxylic and Sulfonic Acids 313 Section 2 Systematic Survey and Bibliography Key to Abbreviations 320 I. Imidazoles 327 A. Alkyl-and Arylimidazoles 327 B Alkyl- and Arylimidazolium Salts 330 C. Oxo- and Hydroxyimidazolos and Their Sulfur Analogues 330 D. Halogenoimidazoles 342 E. Nitroimidazoles 345 F. Arylazoimidazoles 346 G. Aminoimidazoles 347 H. Cyano- and Isocyanatoimidazolcs 351 I. Tinidazolcearboxylic Acids 352 J. Imidnzolcsulftnic and Sulfonic Acids 363 K. Imidazole Arscnicals 363 L. Isoimidazolcs 363 M. Heteroring-Substituted Imidazoles 364 N Bi- and Bisimidazoles 366 II. Imidazolines 367 A. 2-Tmidazolines 367 B. 3-Imidazolines 372 C. 4-Imidazolines 372 D. Heteroring-Substituted 2-Imiriaznliiics 372 III. Imidazolidines 373 A. Alkyl- and Arylimidazolidines 373 B. 4- and 5-Imidazolidones 378 C. 2-Iraidazolidinethiones (Ethylenethioureas) 378 D. 4-Imidazolidinethiones 379 E. 2-Iminoimiriazoliriines (Ethyleneguanidines) 379 V. Benzimidazoles 379 A. Alkyl- and Arylbenrimidazoles 379 B. Alkyl- and Arylbenzimidazolium Salts 382 C. Oxo-and Hydroxybenzimidazoles and Their Sulfur Analogues 382 D. Halogeno-, Halogenoalkyl-, and Halogenoarylbenzimidazoles 388 E. Nitro-, Nitroalkyl-, and Nitroarylbenzimidazoles Including Those Containing Additional Functional Groups 388 F. Aminobenzimidazoles 389 G. Cyanobenzimidazoles 394 H Benzimidazolecarboxylic Acids 395 I. Benzimidazolcsulfonic Acids, Sulfoalkyl-, and Sulfoarylbenzimidazoles 398 J. Benzimidazole Arscnicals 398 K. 2,3-DihydroIxaizimidazoles (Benzimidizolines) 399 L. Heteroring-Substituted Benzimidazoles 399 M Bi-, Di-, and Bisbonzimidazoles 401 Bibliography 401 Subject Index 421

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsI. Indole 1 Introduction 1 Synthesis of Indole 3 Oxidation of Indole 23 Tautomerism of Indole 25 Sulfonation of Indole 28 Halogen Derivatives of Indole 29 Alkyl Derivatives of Indole 31 Indoline 36 Metal Salts of Indole 40 Indole Aldehydes 40 Acyl Derivatives of Indole 44 Condensation of Indoles with Aldehydes 48 Indolylmagnesium Halides 50 Indole Polymers 61 Preparation and Reactions of Gramine 62 Carboxylic Acids of the Indole Series 65 II. Carbazole 70 Introduction 70 Preparation of Carbazole 72 Graebe-Ullman Synthesis 72 Method of Borsche 73 Other Methods of Synthesis of Carbazoles 78 Nitro Derivatives of Carbazole 81 Aminocarbazoles 85 Halogen Derivatives of Carbazole 87 Carbazolesulfonic Acids 91 Reduction of Carbazole 93 Oxidation of Carbazole 96 Carbazyl Aldehydes and Ketones 97 Carbazole Carboxylic Acids 101 N-Acyl Carbazoles 104 N-Alkyl Carbazoles 105 III. Isatin 110 Preparation of Isatin 111 Properties of Isatin 114 Tautomerism 115 Reactions of Isatin 116 Oxidation and Reduction 116 Halogenation and Nitration 118 Acylation and Alkylation 120 Reactions of the Carbonyl Groups 121 Grignard Reagents 121 Amine Derivatives 122 Miscellaneous Reagents 126 Active Methylene Groups 127 Biological Activity of Isatin 132 Analytical Uses of Isatin 133 IV. Oxindole 134 Preparation of Oxindoles 134 Properties of Oxindoles 138 Tautomerism 138 Salts 138 Reactions of Oxindole 139 Reduction 139 Halogenation and Nitration 140 Condensation Reactions 142 Alkylation and Acylation 146 Derivatives 148 Hydroxyoxindoles 148 Dioxindole 148 1 -Hydroxyoxindole 151 Aminooxindoles 151 3, 3-Diaryloxindoles 152 V. Isatogens 154 VI. Indoxyl 163 Introduction 163 Synthesis of Indoxyl 163 Physical Properties 165 Reactions 165 Acyl Derivatives of Intloxyl 167 Indoxyl Sulfuric Acid 168 Indican 168 Indoxylic Acid and Indoxyl-2-aldehyde 169 VII. Indigo 171 Introduction 171 Occurrence of Indigo 174 Synthesis of Indigo 175 Physical Properties of Indigo 178 Chemical Properties of Indigo 179 Formation of Salts 179 Oxidation of Indigo 180 Imides and Oximes of Indigo 181 Reduction of Indigo 182 Halogenated Indigos 184 Alkyl and Acyl Derivatives of Indigo 189 Preparation of Indigoids 191 Isoindigo and Indirubin 192 VIII. Natural Products Containing the Indole Nucleus 196 Simple Bases 196 Gramine 196 Donaxarine 197 Tryptophan 197 Serotonin 199 Abrine 200 Hypaphorine 200 Bufotenines 201 Dipterine 202 Calabar Alkaloids 203 Physostigmine 203 Geneserine 207 Harmala Alkaloids 208 Harmaline, Harmine, and Harmalol 208 Harman 213 Eleaginine 213 Leptocladine 213 Calycanthine 214 Calycanthidine 216 Folicanthine 217 Evodia Alkaloids 218 Evodiaminu 218 Rutecarpine 218 Cinchona Alkaloids 220 Cinchonamine 221 Quinamine 222 Yohinzbe hlkaloids 223 Yohimbine 224 Corynantheine 233 Corynantheidine 234 Quebracho Alkaloids 234 Aspidospermine 234 Vallesine 235 Quebrachamine 235 Calabash Curare Alkaloids 235 Alstonilidine 238 Gelsemium Alkaloids 240 Alslonia Alkaloids 238 Alstonine 238 Gelsemine 240 Sempervirine 242 Gelsemicine 244 Rauwdfia Alkaloids 244 Rauwolscine 245 Gcissospevinzrm Alkaloids 247 Strychnos Alkaloids 257 Strychnine and Rrucine 258 α- and β-Colubrine 275 Holstiine 275 Mold Products 276 Cliotoxin 276 Melanine; Aminochrom2s 278 Minor Alkaloids 279 Uncaria Alkaloids 280 Ajmaline 244 Serpentine 246 Geissospermine 247 Ergot Alkaloids 248 Vomicine 270 Strychnospermine 275 Chetomin 278 Karnassine 280 13iogencsis 281 Absorption Spectra of Indole I3ascj 284 Index 288

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