Nuclear physics Books

Book SynopsisThe third edition of this well-established textbook is ideal for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in high energy astrophysics. Now consolidated into a single-volume treatment, this textbook has been completely rewritten, providing a strong astronomical and astrophysical background for students to explore more advanced topics.Trade Review'The third edition of Malcolm Longair's High Energy Astrophysics is a remarkable gem. It is written in the clear, lucid style that characterizes Professor Longair's monographs and displays an admirable balance between breadth and depth. It is remarkably up to date and covers both high-energy phenomenology and physical processes with authority. It would serve equally well as a textbook for a graduate-level course or a reference work for the practising astrophysicist: a nicely written and sophisticated appendix on basic astronomy will make it equally useful for readers trained as physicists.' Bradley M. Peterson, Professor and Chair of Astronomy, Ohio State University'The remarkable revolution in our understanding of the Universe is covered brilliantly in this authoritative third edition of a classic text by Professor Longair - the prominent Cambridge astrophysicist and one of the subject's most experienced expositors. The text conveys the excitement of the progress being made in both observational and computational astronomy and ably describes the physical processes involved prior to educating the reader on a comprehensive list of frontier research topics ranging from dead stars in our Galaxy, black holes in galactic nuclei to the evolutionary history of galaxies seen at early cosmic times. The new edition is comprehensively illustrated and indexed with up-to-date references and an essential purchase for all physicists and astronomers.' Richard Ellis, Steele Professor of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology'This is a great book for students and researchers alike. It is up to date and covers the exciting new developments in high energy astrophysics. It will be on my shelf at arm's reach.' Neil Gehrels, Chief, Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC and College Park Professor of Astronomy, University of Maryland'The book is really a treasure for any student and teacher interested in astrophysics. It is very up to date and synoptically covers the whole field of high-energy astrophysics. I will use the book for my lectures as soon as I can!' Günther Hasinger, Scientific Director, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik'… well-written and highly informative … stimulating and useful … beautifully written and authoritative … delivered with enthusiasm and offering the reader the chance to gain insight and understanding of a fascinating topic.' The Observatory'… a substantial textbook … likely to remain the standard on the subject for many years … comprehensive in its spread of subject matter and methodical in presentation.' Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPart I. Astronomical Background: 1. High energy astrophysics - an introduction; 2. The stars and stellar evolution; 3. The galaxies; 4. Clusters of galaxies; Part II. Physical Processes: 5. Ionisation losses; 6. Radiation of accelerated charged particles and bremsstrahlung of electrons; 7. The dynamics of charged particles in magnetic fields; 8. Synchrotron radiation; 9. Interactions of high energy photons; 10. Nuclear interactions; 11. Aspects of plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics; Part III. High Energy Astrophysics in our Galaxy: 12. Interstellar gas and magnetic fields; 13. Dead stars; 14. Accretion power in astrophysics; 15. Cosmic rays; 16. The origin of cosmic rays in our galaxy; 17. The acceleration of high energy particles; Part IV. Extragalactic High Energy Astrophysics: 18. Active galaxies; 19. Black holes in the nuclei of galaxies; 20. The vicinity of the black hole; 21. Extragalactic radio sources; 22. Compact extragalactic sources and superluminal motions; 23. Cosmological aspects of high energy astrophysics; Appendix; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe physics of neutrinos - uncharged elementary particles that are key to helping us better understand the nature of our universe. This title shows how studies of neutrinos produced by such phenomena as cosmic rays in the atmosphere and nuclear reactions in the solar interior to provide striking evidence that neutrinos have mass.Trade Review'This is a very useful book written by notable experts in the field. It covers all aspects of the theory, phenomenology, experiment, and astrophysical implications of neutrinos."—Paul Langacker, professor emeritus, University of Pennsylvania"This book provides a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of neutrino physics, and is a useful reference for particle physicists and astrophysicists who are interested in learning what has been going on in the field. All three authors have played a major role in advancing our understanding of neutrino physics, and are very well positioned to write a book on the subject."—André de Gouvêa, Northwestern UniversityTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Neutrino Basics 11 2.1 Dirac and Majorana Neutrinos 11 2.2 Neutrino Counting 12 2.3 Neutrinos from Weak Decays 14 2.4 Neutrino Cross Sections 16 2.5 Neutrino Detectors 24 2.6 Neutrino Beams 28 3 Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations 33 3.1 Vacuum Oscillations 33 3.2 Matter Effects on Oscillations 36 3.3 Solar Neutrino Oscillations 38 3.4 Long-baseline Oscillations through the Earth 41 3.5 Matter Effects for Sterile Neutrinos 42 3.6 Decoherence 43 4 Solar Neutrinos 45 4.1 Origin of Solar Neutrinos 45 4.2 Solar Neutrino Experiments 46 4.3 KamLAND 49 4.4 Solar/Reactor Neutrino Parameters 49 4.5 Flux-independent Tests 53 4.6 Future Experiments 56 4.7 Geoneutrinos 57 5 Atmospheric Neutrinos 59 5.1 Atmospheric Neutrino Experiments 59 5.2 Matter Effects for Atmospheric Neutrinos 63 5.3 Long-baseline Neutrino Experiments 64 6 Global Three-neutrino Fits 68 7 Absolute Neutrino Mass 71 7.1 Beta Decay 71 7.2 Cosmological Limits 72 7.3 Neutrinoless Double-beta Decay 73 8 Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillations 76 8.1 Conventional Neutrino Beams 77 8.2 Reactor Experiments 80 8.3 Superbeams 85 8.4 Neutrino Factories 87 8.5 Beta Beams 91 8.6 Comparing Long-baseline Experiments 92 8.7 T and CPT Symmetries 97 9 Model Building 99 9.1 The Seesaw Mechanism 99 9.2 Patterns of Neutrino Masses and Mixings 102 9.3 GUT Models 105 9.4 Non-GUT-specific Models 107 9.5 Leptogenesis 114 10 Supernova Neutrinos 116 10.1 General Description of a Supernova 116 10.2 Neutrino Fluxes from the SN Core 118 10.3 Flavor Swapping from Collective Effects 119 10.4 MSW Conversions in a Supernova 120 10.5 Detection of Supernova Neutrinos 122 10.6 Supernova Relic Neutrinos 124 11 High-energy Astrophysical Neutrinos 126 11.1 Cosmogenic Neutrinos 126 11.2 IceCube 128 11.3 Waxman-Bahcall Flux 132 11.4 Ultra High-energy Neutrino Cross Sections 133 11.5 Z-burst Mechanism 134 11.6 Astrophysical Neutrino Flavor Content 135 11.7 Neutrinos from Dark Matter Annihilation 138 12 Beyond Three Neutrinos 147 12.1 LSND Experiment 147 12.2 MiniBooNE Experiment 152 12.3 Mass-varying Neutrinos 158 12.4 Neutrino Decay 161 12.5 Neutrino Decoherence 163 12.6 Lorentz Invariance Violation 164 12.7 Non-standard Neutrino Interactions 166 12.8 Heavy Majorana Neutrinos at Colliders 169 12.9 Neutrino Magnetic Moment 170 12.10 Fourth Generation Neutrino 171 13 Summary and Outlook 172 References 177 Index 221

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Book SynopsisQuantum mechanics describes the behavior of subatomic particles. Since its inception, physicists and philosophers have struggled to work out the meaning of quantum mechanics. This book sets out what we know about the quantum world, how we came to this understanding, where we disagree, and where we are heading in our quest to comprehend it.Trade Review"From the earliest days of the theory, confusion about its interpretation engendered a continuing series of debates... Ghirardi's book provides a careful, evenhanded and well thought-out introduction to this timely topic."--Peter Woit, American Scientist "This is an excellent translation of a magnificent book... [T]he Italian physicist GianCarlo Ghirardi gives a non-technical and critical exposition of deep facts about the foundations of quantum mechanics."--Adonai S. Sant' Anna, Mathematical Reviews "[A] sweeping treatment of one of the most unfathomable yet important scientific frameworks of our time."--Cait Goldberg, Science News "A modern overview of the state of quantum theory... The breadth and depth are very impressive."--Choice "This remarkable book provides a careful and nontechnical introduction to the fundamental epistemological questions of quantum mechanics... [I]t sets out with an in-depth discussion of the conceptual revolution brought about by the transition from a classical to a quantum description of the physical world... All in all a marvelous and thought provoking book by one of the leading scientists in the field."--M. Kunzinger, Monatschefte fur MathematikTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Chapter One: The Collapse of the "Classical" World View 1 Chapter Two: The Polarization of Light 25 Chapter Three: Quanta, Chance Events, and Indeterminism 43 Chapter Four: The Superposition Principle and the Conceptual Structure of the Theory 79 Chapter Five: Visualization and Scientific Progress 111 Chapter Six: The Interpretation of the Theory 120 Chapter Seven: The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue 149 Chapter Eight: A Bolt from the Blue: The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Argument 165 Chapter Nine: Hidden Variables 195 Chapter Ten: Bell's Inequality and Nonlocality 226 Chapter Eleven: Nonlocality and Superluminal Signals 261 Chapter Twelve: Quantum Cryptography 292 Chapter Thirteen: Quantum Computers 313 Chapter Fourteen: Systems of Identical Particles 331 Chapter Fifteen: From Microscopic to Macroscopic 344 Chapter Sixteen: In Search of a Coherent Framework for All Physical Processes 377 Chapter Seventeen: Spontaneous Localization, Properties, and Perceptions 416 Chapter Eighteen: Macrorealism and Noninvasive Measurements 437 Chapter Nineteen: Conclusions 448 Notes 455 Bibliography 473 Index 477

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the applications of Monte Carlo (MC) calculations in therapeutic nuclear medicine from basic principles, to computer implementations of software packages and their applications in radiation dosimetry and treatment planning in targeted radionuclide therapy. The different chapters describe the fundamental concepts of nuclear and hybrid imaging instrumentation and quantitative imaging, internal radiation dosimetry and radiobiology aspects of targeted radionuclide therapy, then discuss the various components and steps required for implementing a dose calculation and treatment planning methodology in targeted radionuclide therapy. Some computer programs are described and illustrated with some useful features and clinical applications. The book is suitable for Scientists working in academic or industrial environments focusing on translational research and therapeutic nuclear medicine and radiology.Key Features:<

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Book SynopsisThe gripping true story of Klaus Fuchs: the spy who sold the nuclear secrets to the Russians.Trade ReviewA gripping espionage story that might have been penned by the master of Cold War spy fiction John le Carre * Daily Express *Pacy and well-crafted * Guardian *

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a self-contained introduction to D-branes, a key theoretical tool in understanding strongly coupled superstring theory and M-theory. A textbook for graduate courses on modern string theory and an indispensable reference for seasoned practitioners, this 2003 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.Table of ContentsList of inserts; Preface; 1. Overview and overture; 2. Relativistic strings; 3. A closer look at the world-sheet; 4. Strings on circles and T-duality; 5. Background fields and world-volume actions; 6. D-branes tension and boundary states; 7. Supersymmetric strings; 8. Supersymmetric strings and T-duality; 9. World-volume curvature couplings; 10. The geometry of D-branes; 11. Multiple D-branes and bound states; 12. Strong coupling and string duality; 13. D-branes and geometry I; 14. K3 orientifolds and compactification; 15. D-branes and geometry II; 16. Towards M- and F-theory; 17. D-branes and black holes; 18. D-branes, gravity and gauge theory; 19. The holographic renormalisation group; 20. Taking stock; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph describes the pinch technique and its evolution from simple one-loop beginnings to a systematic method at all orders of perturbation theory and then to fully gauge-invariant SchwingerDyson equations, leading to its many applications. This 2011 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The pinch technique at one loop; 2. Advanced pinch technique – still one loop; 3. Pinch technique to all orders; 4. The pinch technique in the Batalin–Vilkovisky framework; 5. The gauge technique; 6. Schwinger–Dyson equations in the pinch technique framework; 7. Non-perturbative gluon mass and quantum solitons; 8. Nexuses, sphalerons, and fractional topological charge; 9. A brief summary of d=3 NAGTs; 10. The pinch technique for electroweak theory; 11. Other applications of the pinch technique; Appendix; Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten to provide students who have limited backgrounds in the physical sciences and math with an accessible textbook on nuclear chemistry and physics, Introduction to Nuclear Science, Fourth Edition continues to provide a clear and complete introduction to nuclear chemistry and physics, from basic concepts to nuclear power and medical applications. Incorporating suggestions from adopting professors and collaborations with the U.S. Department of Energy-funded and American Chemical Society-sponsored Nuclear Chemistry Summer School, a new chapter on nuclear structure is now included.Also new to this edition:A section covering mass excess calculations Isochron dating of rocks The section on statistics is completely re-written to better align with conventional instruction Expanded discussion of recent changes in the nuclear power industry and nuclear medicineTable of ContentsAuthorPreface to the fourth editionPreface to the third editionPreface to the second editionPreface to the first editionChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Radiation1.2 Atomic Structure1.3 Nuclear Transformations1.4 Nuclear Stability1.5 Ionizing Radiation1.6 A Biological Threat?1.7 Natural and Anthropogenic Radiation1.8 The Chart of the NuclidesQuestionsChapter 2 The Mathematics of Radioactive Decay2.1 Atomic Masses and Average Atomic Masses2.2 The Nature of Decay2.3 Specific Activity2.4 Dating2.5 Branched Decay2.6 Equilibria2.7 StatisticsQuestionsChapter 3 Energy and the Nucleus3.1 Binding Energy3.2 Total Energy of Decay3.3 Decay Diagrams3.4 Mass as EnergyQuestionsChapter 4 Applications of Nuclear Science I: Power and Weapons4.1 Nuclear Power4.2 Nuclear Weapons4.3 Nuclear ForensicsQuestionsChapter 5 Radioactive Decay: The Gory Details5.1 Alpha Decay5.2 Beta Decay5.3 Positron Decay5.4 Electron Capture5.5 Multiple Decay Modes5.6 The Valley of Beta Stability5.7 Isomeric Transitions5.8 Other Decay ModesQuestionsChapter 6 Nuclear Structure6.1 Nuclear Shape and Size6.2 The Semi-Empirical Mass Equation6.3 The Shell Model6.4 Applications of the Shell ModelQuestionsChapter 7 Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter7.1 Ionizing Radiation7.2 Charged Particles7.3 Photons7.4 Attenuation of Gamma and X-RadiationQuestionsChapter 8 Detection of Ionizing Radiation8.1 Gas-Filled Detectors8.2 Scintillation Detectors8.3 Other Detectors8.4 Gamma SpectroscopyQuestionsChapter 9 Applications of Nuclear Science II: Medicine and Food9.1 Radiology9.2 Radiation Therapy9.3 Food Irradiation9.4 Nuclear MedicineQuestionsChapter 10 Nuclear Reactions10.1 Energetics10.2 Cross Section10.3 Yield10.4 Accelerators10.5 Cosmogenic NuclidesQuestionsChapter 11 Fission and Fusion11.1 Spontaneous Fission11.2 Neutron-Induced Fission11.3 Fusion11.4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis11.5 Synthesis of Unknown ElementsQuestionsChapter 12 Applications of Nuclear Science III: More About Nuclear Reactors12.1 Reactions in Reactors12.2 Other Reactor Types12.3 Reactor Safety Systems12.4 Nuclear Power Plant Accidents12.5 Fusion ReactorsQuestionsChapter 13 Radiation Protection13.1 Terms13.2 Regulations and Recommendations13.3 RiskQuestionsChapter 14 X-ray Production14.1 Conventional X-ray Beams14.2 High-Energy X-ray BeamsQuestionsChapter 15 Dosimetry of Radiation Fields15.1 Percentage Depth Dose15.2 Tissue Air Ratio15.3 Tissue Maximum Ratio15.4 Isodose Curves15.5 Moving Fields15.6 Proton and Electron Beam DosimetryQuestionsBibliographyAppendix A: Nuclide DataAppendix B: Table of Chi-SquaredAppendix C: Useful Constants, Conversion Factors and FormulasAppendix D: Periodic Table of the Elements Index

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Book SynopsisAn accessible and carefully structured introduction to Particle Physics, including important coverage of the Higgs Boson and recent progress in neutrino physics. Fourth edition of this successful title in the Manchester Physics series Includes information on recent key discoveries including: An account of the discovery of exotic hadrons,byond the simple quark model;Expanded treatments of neutrino physics and CP violationin B-decays;An updated account of physics beyond thestandard model', including the interaction of particle physics withcosmology Additional problems in allchapters, with solutions to selected problems available on the book's website Advanced material appears in optional starred sections Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xiii Authors’ preface xv Suggested Short Course xvii Notes xixPhysical Constants, Conversion Factors and Natural Units xxi 1 Some basic concepts 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antiparticles 3 1.3 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 9 1.4 Particle exchange 15 1.5 Units and dimensions 19 Problems 1 22 2 Leptons and the weak interaction 24 2.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 24 2.2 Leptonic weak interactions 31 2.3 Neutrino masses and neutrino mixing 35 Problems 2 50 3 Quarks and hadrons 52 3.1 Quarks 53 3.2 General properties of hadrons 55 3.3 Pions and nucleons 58 3.4 Strange particles, charm and bottom 61 3.5 Short-lived hadrons 66 3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 72 Problems 3 75 4 Experimental methods 77 4.1 Overview 77 4.2 Accelerators and beams 79 4.3 Particle interactions with matter 86 4.4 Particle detectors 95 4.5 Detector systems and accelerator experiments 112 4.6 Non-accelerator experiments 121 Problems 4 123 5 Space–time symmetries 126 5.1 Translational invariance 127 5.2 Rotational invariance 129 5.3 Parity 135 5.4 Charge conjugation 142 5.5 Positronium 145 5.6 Time reversal 149 Problems 5 153 6 The quark model 155 6.1 Isospin symmetry 156 6.2 The lightest hadrons 162 6.3 The L = 0 heavy quark states 174 6.4 Colour 177 6.5 Charmonium and bottomonium 184 Problems 6 191 7 QCD, jets and gluons 193 7.1 Quantum chromodynamics 193 7.2 Electron–positron annihilation 210 Problems 7 215 8 Quarks and partons 217 8.1 Elastic electron scattering: the size of the proton 217 8.2 Inelastic electron and muon scattering 222 8.3 Inelastic neutrino scattering 231 8.4 Other processes 236 8.5 Current and constituent quarks 243 Problems 8 246 9 Weak interactions: quarks and leptons 248 9.1 Charged current reactions 250 9.2 The third generation 262 Problems 9 274 10 Weak interactions: electroweak unification 276 10.1 Neutral currents and the unified theory 277 10.2 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 287 Problems 10 305 11 Discrete symmetries: C, P, CP and CPT 308 11.1 P violation, C violation and CP conservation 308 11.2 CP violation and particle–antiparticle mixing 316 11.3 CP violation in the standard model 340 Problems 11 343 12 Beyond the standard model 346 12.1 Grand unification 347 12.2 Supersymmetry 354 12.3 Strings and things 358 12.4 Particle physics and cosmology 360 12.5 Dirac or Majorana neutrinos? 373 Problems 12 381 A Relativistic kinematics 383 A.1 The Lorentz transformation for energy and momentum 383 A.2 The invariant mass 385 A.2.1 Beam energies and thresholds 385 A.2.2 Masses of unstable particles 387 A.3 Transformation of the scattering angle 388 Problems A 390 B Amplitudes and cross-sections 392 B.1 Rates and cross-sections 392 B.2 The total cross-section 394 B.3 Differential cross-sections 395 B.4 The scattering amplitude 397 B.5 The Breit–Wigner formula 400 B.5.1 Decay distributions 401 B.5.2 Resonant cross-sections 404 Problems B 406 C The isospin formalism 408 C.1 Isospin operators 409 C.2 Isospin states 411 C.3 Isospin multiplets 411 C.3.1 Hadron states 412 C.4 Branching ratios 414 C.5 Spin states 416 Problems C 416 D Gauge theories 418 D.1 Electromagnetic interactions 419 D.2 Gauge transformations 420 D.3 Gauge invariance and the photon mass 421 D.4 The gauge principle 423 D.5 The Higgs mechanism 425 D.5.1 Charge and current densities 425 D.5.2 Spin-0 bosons 427 D.5.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 428 D.6 Quantum chromodynamics 429 D.7 Electroweak interactions 434 D.7.1 Weak isospin 434 D.7.2 Gauge invariance and charged currents 436 D.7.3 The unification condition 437 D.7.4 Spin structure and parity violation 440 Problems D 441 E Answers to selected questions 443 References 448 Index 451

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Notes xiii 1 Basic concepts 1 1.1 History 1 1.1.1 The origins of nuclear physics 1 1.1.2 The emergence of particle physics: hadrons and quarks 6 1.1.3 The standard model of particle physics 9 1.2 Relativity and antiparticles 11 1.3 Space-time symmetries and conservation laws 13 1.3.1 Parity 14 1.3.2 Charge conjugation 16 1.3.3 Time reversal 17 1.4 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 20 1.4.1 Interactions 20 1.4.2 Feynman diagrams 21 1.5 Particle exchange: forces and potentials 24 1.5.1 Range of forces 24 1.5.2 The Yukawa potential 25 1.6 Observable quantities: cross-sections and decay rates 26 1.6.1 Amplitudes 27 1.6.2 Cross-sections 29 1.6.3 The basic scattering formulas 31 1.6.4 Unstable states 33 1.7 Units 36 Problems 1 37 2 Nuclear phenomenology 41 2.1 Mass spectroscopy 43 2.1.1 Deflection spectrometers 43 2.1.2 Kinematic analysis 45 2.1.3 Penning trap measurements 46 2.2 Nuclear shapes and sizes 51 2.2.1 Charge distribution 52 2.2.2 Matter distribution 56 2.3 Semi-empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model 59 2.3.1 Binding energies 59 2.3.2 Semi-empirical mass formula 60 2.4 Nuclear instability 64 2.5 Decay chains 67 2.6 β decay phenomenology 69 2.6.1 Odd-mass nuclei 70 2.6.2 Even-mass nuclei 71 2.7 Fission 72 2.8 γ decays 76 2.9 Nuclear reactions 76 Problems 2 81 3 Particle phenomenology 83 3.1 Leptons 83 3.1.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 83 3.1.2 Universal lepton interactions; the number of neutrinos 86 3.1.3 Neutrinos 88 3.1.4 Neutrino mixing and oscillations 90 3.1.5 Oscillation experiments 93 3.1.6 Neutrino masses and mixing angles 101 3.1.7 Lepton numbers revisited 103 3.2 Quarks 104 3.2.1 Evidence for quarks 104 3.2.2 Quark generations and quark numbers 106 3.3 Hadrons 109 3.3.1 Flavour independence and charge multiplets 109 3.3.2 The simple quark model 113 3.3.3 Hadron decays and lifetimes 117 3.3.4 Hadron magnetic moments and masses 119 3.3.5 Heavy quarkonia 126 3.3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 133 Problems 3 135 4 Experimental methods 139 4.1 Overview 139 4.2 Accelerators and beams 142 4.2.1 DC accelerators 142 4.2.2 AC accelerators 143 4.2.3 Neutral and unstable particle beams 150 4.3 Particle interactions with matter 152 4.3.1 Short-range interactions with nuclei 153 4.3.2 Ionisation energy losses 154 4.3.3 Radiation energy losses 157 4.3.4 Interactions of photons in matter 158 4.3.5 Ranges and interaction lengths 159 4.4 Particle detectors 160 4.4.1 Gaseous ionisation detectors 162 4.4.2 Scintillation counters 167 4.4.3 Semiconductor detectors 169 4.4.4 Cerenkov counters and transition radiation 170 4.4.5 Calorimeters 173 4.5 Detector Systems 176 Problems 4 182 5 Quark dynamics: the strong interaction 185 5.1 Colour 185 5.2 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 187 5.2.1 The strong coupling constant 190 5.2.2 Screening, antiscreening and asymptotic freedom 193 5.3 New forms of matter 194 5.3.1 Exotic hadrons 194 5.3.2 The quark–gluon plasma 201 5.4 Jets and gluons 204 5.4.1 Colour counting 205 5.5 Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure 207 5.5.1 Scaling 207 5.5.2 The quark-parton model 210 5.5.3 Scaling violations and parton distributions 211 5.5.4 Inelastic neutrino scattering 215 5.6 Other processes 217 5.6.1 Jets 219 5.6.2 Lepton pair production 221 5.7 Current and constituent quarks 224 Problems 5 226 6 Weak interactions and electroweak unification 229 6.1 Charged and neutral currents 229 6.2 Charged current reactions 231 6.2.1 W±-lepton interactions 232 6.2.2 Lepton–quark symmetry and mixing 234 6.2.3 W-boson decays 238 6.2.4 Charged current selection rules 239 6.3 The third generation 242 6.3.1 More quark mixing 243 6.3.2 Properties of the top quark 246 6.4 Neutral currents and the unified theory 247 6.4.1 Electroweak unification 247 6.4.2 The Z0 vertices and electroweak reactions 250 6.5 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 252 6.5.1 Unification and the gauge principle 253 6.5.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 255 6.5.3 Properties of the Higgs boson 257 6.5.4 Discovery of the Higgs boson 259 Problems 6 266 7 Symmetry breaking in the weak interaction 271 7.1 P violation, C violation, and CP conservation 271 7.1.1 Muon decay symmetries 273 7.1.2 Parity violation in electroweak processes 275 7.2 Spin structure of the weak interactions 277 7.2.1 Left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos 277 7.2.2 Particles with mass: chirality 279 7.3 Neutral kaons: particle–antiparticle mixing and CP violation 281 7.3.1 CP invariance and neutral kaons 281 7.3.2 CP violation in K0L decay 283 7.3.3 Flavour oscillations and CPT invariance 285 7.4 CP violation and flavour oscillations in B decays 289 7.4.1 Direct CP violation in decay rates 290 7.4.2 B0 − B0 mixing 291 7.4.3 CP violation in interference 295 7.5 CP violation in the standard model 299 Problems 7 302 8 Models and theories of nuclear physics 305 8.1 The nucleon–nucleon potential 305 8.2 Fermi gas model 308 8.3 Shell model 310 8.3.1 Shell structure of atoms 310 8.3.2 Nuclear shell structure and magic numbers 312 8.3.3 Spins, parities, and magnetic dipole moments 315 8.3.4 Excited states 318 8.4 Nonspherical nuclei 319 8.4.1 Electric quadrupole moments 319 8.4.2 Collective model 322 8.5 Summary of nuclear structure models 323 8.6 α decay 324 8.7 β decay 327 8.7.1 V − A theory 327 8.7.2 Electron and positron momentum distributions 329 8.7.3 Selection rules 330 8.7.4 Applications of Fermi theory 332 8.8 γ decay 337 8.8.1 Selection rules 337 8.8.2 Transition rates 339 Problems 8 340 9 Applications of nuclear and particle physics 343 9.1 Fission 343 9.1.1 Induced fission and chain reactions 344 9.1.2 Thermal fission reactors 348 9.1.3 Radioactive waste 352 9.1.4 Power from ADS systems 354 9.2 Fusion 357 9.2.1 Coulomb barrier 357 9.2.2 Fusion reaction rates 358 9.2.3 Nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution 361 9.2.4 Fusion reactors 366 9.3 Nuclear weapons 371 9.3.1 Fission devices 371 9.3.2 Fission/fusion devices 374 9.4 Biomedical applications 377 9.4.1 Radiation and living matter 377 9.4.2 Radiation therapy 380 9.4.3 Medical imaging using ionising radiation 385 9.4.4 Magnetic resonance imaging 390 9.5 Further applications 395 9.5.1 Computing and data analysis 395 9.5.2 Archaeology and geophysics 396 9.5.3 Accelerators and detectors 397 9.5.4 Industrial applications 398 Problems 9 398 10 Some outstanding questions and future prospects 401 10.1 Overview 401 10.2 Hadrons and nuclei 402 10.2.1 Hadron structure and the nuclear environment 402 10.2.2 Nuclear structure 405 10.3 Unification schemes 407 10.3.1 Grand unification 407 10.3.2 Supersymmetry 412 10.3.3 Strings and things 417 10.4 The nature of the neutrino 418 10.4.1 Neutrinoless double beta decay 420 10.5 Particle astrophysics 426 10.5.1 Neutrino astrophysics 427 10.5.2 Cosmology and dark matter 432 10.5.3 Matter–antimatter asymmetry 438 10.5.4 Axions and the strong CP problem 441 A Some results in quantum mechanics 445 A.1 Barrier penetration 445 A.2 Density of states 447 A.3 Perturbation theory and the Second Golden Rule 449 A.4 Isospin formalism 452 A.4.1 Isospin operators and quark states 452 A.4.2 Hadron states 454 Problems A 456 B Relativistic kinematics 457 B.1 Lorentz transformations and four-vectors 457 B.2 Frames of reference 459 B.3 Invariants 461 Problems B 463 C Rutherford scattering 465 C.1 Classical physics 465 C.2 Quantum mechanics 467 Problems C 469 D Gauge theories 471 D.1 Gauge invariance and the standard model 471 D.1.1 Electromagnetism and the gauge principle 471 D.1.2 The standard model 474 D.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 478 Problems D 481 E Short answers to selected problems 483 References 487 Index 491 Inside Rear Cover: Table of constants and conversion factors

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamental concepts of signal processing for all application areas of ionizing radiation This book provides a clear understanding of the principles of signal processing of radiation detectors. It puts great emphasis on the characteristics of pulses from various types of detectors and offers a full overview on the basic concepts required to understand detector signal processing systems and pulse processing techniques. Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors covers all of the important aspects of signal processing, including energy spectroscopy, timing measurements, position-sensing, pulse-shape discrimination, and radiation intensity measurement. The book encompasses a wide range of applications so that readers from different disciplines can benefit from all of the information. In addition, this resource: Describes both analog and digital techniques of signal processingPresents a complete compilation of digital pulse processing algorithmsExtrapolates content from moreTable of ContentsPreface xiAcknowledgement xii1 Signal Generation in Radiation Detectors 1 1.1 Detector Types 1 1.2 Signal Induction Mechanism 2 1.3 Pulses from Ionization Detectors 9 1.4 Scintillation Detectors 57 References 72 2 Signals, Systems, Noise, and Interferences 77 2.1 Pulse Signals: Definitions 77 2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Feedback 80 2.3 Linear Signal Processing Systems 83 2.4 Noise and Interference 101 2.5 Signal Transmission 120 2.6 Logic Circuits 130 References 133 3 Preamplifiers 135 3.1 Background 135 3.2 Charge-Sensitive Preamplifiers 137 3.3 Current-Sensitive Preamplifiers 159 3.4 Voltage-Sensitive Preamplifiers 162 3.5 Noise in Preamplifier Systems 163 3.6 ASIC Preamplifiers 176 3.7 Preamplifiers for Scintillation Detectors 182 3.8 Detector Bias Supplies 186 References 187 4 Energy Measurement 191 4.1 Generals 191 4.2 Amplitude Fluctuations 194 4.3 Amplifier/Shaper 203 4.4 Pulse Amplitude Analysis 234 4.5 Dead Time 244 4.6 ASIC Pulse Processing Systems 249 References 256 5 Pulse Counting and Current Measurements 261 5.1 Background 261 5.2 Pulse Counting Systems 263 5.3 Current Mode Operation 274 5.4 ASIC Systems for Radiation Intensity Measurement 286 5.5 Campbell’s Mode Operation 289 References 293 6 Timing Measurements 295 6.1 Introduction 295 6.2 Time Pick-Off Techniques 300 6.3 Time Interval Measuring Devices 320 6.4 Timing Performance of Different Detectors 330 References 345 7 Position Sensing 349 7.1 Position Readout Concepts 349 7.2 Individual Readout 353 7.3 Charge Division Method 357 7.4 Risetime Method 373 7.5 Delay-Line Method 375 References 380 8 Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.1 Principles of Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.2 Amplitude-Based Methods 386 8.3 Zero-Crossing Method 393 8.4 Risetime Measurement Method 399 8.5 Comparison of Pulse-Shape Discrimination Methods 401 References 404 9 Introduction to Digital Signals and Systems 407 9.1 Background 407 9.2 Digital Signals 408 9.3 ADCs 414 9.4 Digital Signal Processing 418 References 438 10 Digital Radiation Measurement Systems 441 10.1 Digital Systems 441 10.2 Energy Spectroscopy Applications 448 10.3 Pulse Timing Applications 472 10.4 Digital Pulse-Shape Discrimination 483 References 498 Index 503

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Book SynopsisThe first book to focus on the relationship between famed scientist Marie Curie and her two remarkable daughters. Drawing on personal interviews with Curie's descendants, as well as revelatory new archives, this is a wholly new story about Marie Curie and a family of women inextricably connected to the dawn of nuclear physics.Trade Review"Emling offers an intimate look at Curie's relationship with her children...[and a] fascinating, moving story... [with an] inspiring message conveyed throughout." - Carmela Ciuraru, The Boston Globe "The story of the second act of the genius's life, as a widowed mother of two." - Harpers "Emling delivers a compulsively readable biography of Curie and her formidable daughters." - Ms. magazine "The often harrowing tale covers the great physicist's struggle with xenophobia and sexism, her mental and physical breakdowns, and the campaign by American journalist Missy Meloney to supply her with radium. Most compellingly, it bares Curie's relationships with her daughters, the Nobel prize-winning chemist Irene and writer Eve." - Nature "Emling reveals a hidden side of the life of two-time Nobel Prize winner." - Publishers Weekly "An intimate portrait of the professional and private lives of legendary scientist Marie Curie and her daughters, Irene and Eve... A uniquely human look at a brilliant scientific family." - Kirkus Reviews "Shelley Emling makes an invaluable contribution to history by documenting the afteraffects of radiation and fame on this remarkable pioneer of the atom, a woman who sacrificed herself for the sake of deadly knowledge." - Tom Zoellner, author of Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World "Publicly glum and famously determined, Marie Curie struggled against the extraordinary prejudices of her time, and became an icon. In this engagingly delightful look behind the heavy skirts of the era, Shelley Emling reveals Marie's and her two disparate daughters' idiosyncratic family life, and especially the significant role that their visits to the United States played in their personal development." - Peter Atkins, author of Galileo's Finger "Marie Curie and Her Daughters breathes life into an icon of science. Emling uses private letters, the unpublished papers of her daughter, Irene Curie, and an interview with her granddaughter Helene Langevin-Joliot to take the reader into Curie's role as the mother of two daughters, as a traveler to America and beyond, and as a woman in a man's world. If young women are looking for a real-life role model beside today's celebrities, this story will fill that niche." - Elizabeth Norman, author of We Band of Angels "A book that should inspire all young women to go out and make things happen." - Frank Close, author of The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe "Shelley Emling's dazzling chronicle of the three Curies and their world famous accomplishments is surpassed only by her account of how each stretched her era's concept of the possibilities for women. A tour de force!" - Megan McKinney, author of The Magnificent Medills "Ms. Emling's riveting new biography reveals in page-turning prose the life-balance struggles of a true genius. It's a tip of the hat to the private Marie, the single working mother, whose many accomplishments include her two amazing daughters." - Lisa Verge Higgins, New York Journal of Books 'Shelley Emling's excellent joint biography of Marie, her daughters (and a granddaughter, too) is an exhilarating story that couples scientific discovery and motherhood. A book that should propel young women into science for the sheer fun of it, it's also a rich tale of war and peace, family commitment, friendship and medical progress.' - Adele Glimm, author of Gene Hunter and Rachel Carson "A must read for every woman and every female teenager. In accessible prose, Emling enlightens the world about this enigmatic scientist, and, with the help of personal letters shared by Curie's granddaughter, Emling has woven a story of a woman full of grace and of the daughters who loved her without fail. I loved this book." - Mary H. Manhein, author of The Bone Lady and Trail of BonesTable of ContentsPrologue An Absolutely Miserable Year Moving On Being with Pierre Beyond Pierre Meeting Missy Finally, America Another Dynamic Duo Turning to America - Again

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Book SynopsisRadiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices provides a modern overview of radiation detection devices and radiation measurement methods. The book topics have been selected on the basis of the authors' many years of experience designing radiation detectors and teaching radiation detection and measurement in a classroom environment.This book is designed to give the reader more than a glimpse at radiation detection devices and a few packaged equations. Rather it seeks to provide an understanding that allows the reader to choose the appropriate detection technology for a particular application, to design detectors, and to competently perform radiation measurements. The authors describe assumptions used to derive frequently encountered equations used in radiation detection and measurement, thereby providing insight when and when not to apply the many approaches used in different aspects of radiation detection. Detailed in many of the chapters are specific aspects ofTable of Contents1. Origins. 2. Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation. 3. Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics. 4. Radiation Interactions. 5. Sources of Radiation. 6. Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting. 7. Source and Detector Effects. 8. Essential Electrostatics. 9. Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers. 10. Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters. 11. Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M¨uller Counters. 12. Review of Solid State Physics. 13. Scintillation Detectors and Materials. 14. Light Collection Devices. 15. Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices. 16. Semiconductor Detectors. 17. Slow Neutron Detectors. 18. Fast Neutron Detectors. 19. Luminescent and Additional Detectors. 20. Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy. 21. Mitigating Background. 22. Nuclear Electronics.

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Book Synopsis“A thrilling, intense, and disturbing account of the atomic era, from the discovery of X-rays to the tragic meltdown of Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant…Rich with powerful images and fraught with drama” (The Christian Science Monitor).When Marie Curie, Enrico Fermi, and Edward Teller forged the science of radioactivity, they began a revolution that ran from the nineteenth century through the course of World War II and the Cold War to our current confrontation with the dangers of nuclear power and proliferation. While nuclear science improves our lives, radiation’s invisible powers can trigger cancer and cellular mayhem. Writing with a biographer’s passion, New York Times bestselling author Craig Nelson unlocks one of the great mysteries of the universe. In The Age of Radiance, Nelson illuminates a pageant of fascinating historical figures: Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, J. Robert Oppenheimer,

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Book SynopsisIs it possible to build a star on earth?When asked what problem he hoped scientists will have solved by the end of the century, Professor Stephen Hawking replied ''I would like nuclear fusion to become a practical power source. It would provide an inexhaustible supply of energy, without pollution or global warming.'' But what is nuclear fusion, and could it really be the answer to the climate emergency? Fusion exists already in the stars that fill our universe with light, but can we harness that power here on earth? This is the question The Star Builders seeks to answer. In his compelling new book, Dr Arthur Turrell makes the case for cutting-edge new techniques in nuclear energy - innovations that would allow us to recreate the power of the stars on our own planet. Filled with the remarkable stories of the scientists and entrepreneurs who have dedicated their lives to a seemingly impossible dream, The Star Builders is an unmissable insight into the future of life - aTrade ReviewA gobsmackingly good read... Turrell's portraits of the undaunted star-building scientists who are trying to make fusion a reality are not just compelling but, dare I say it, fun. I learned a lot by reading this book. You will, too. * Robert Bryce, author of A Question of Power: Electricity and the Wealth of Nations *The Star Builders surveys this vibrant frontier of science and technology clearly and realistically. It brings a timely, hopeful message. * Frank Wilczek, Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics and author of Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality *Incredibly readable and entertaining. The book's first-hand accounts of what is occurring inside fusion startups are especially enthralling. Turrell skillfully tells the fascinating story of the personalities, science, and technology that have brought this fledging industry to the point of takeoff. * Jason Parisi, coauthor of The Future of Fusion Energy *Painstakingly researched. Turrell gives us a front-row seat to the hard-fought race for fusion, and he offers convincing reasons for optimism. In fact, he shows us a galaxy of effort being directed toward 'building a star.' * James Mahaffey, PhD, author of Atomic Adventures *Arthur Turrell captures the excitement of the race to produce the first commercial fusion energy-perhaps the most important technological race of all. * Sir Steve Cowley, director of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory *The Star Builders is realistic and positive - an interesting snapshot of the current situation and key players * Nature *

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Book SynopsisForget everything you thought you knew about reality.The world is a seriously bizarre place. Things can exist in two places at once and travel backwards and forwards in time. Waves and particles are one and the same, and objects change their behaviour according to whether they are being watched. This is not some alternative universe but the realm of the very small, where quantum mechanics rules. In this weird world of atoms and their constituents, our common sense understanding of reality breaks down - yet quantum mechanics has never failed an experimental test. What does it all mean? For all its weirdness, quantum mechanics has given us many practical technologies including lasers and the transistors that underlie computers and all digital technology. In the future, it promises computers more powerful than any built before, the ability to communicate with absolute privacy, and even quantum teleportation. The Quantum World explores the past, present and future of quantum science, its applications and mind-bending implications. Discover how ideas from quantum mechanics are percolating out into the vast scale of the cosmos - perhaps, in the future, to reveal a new understanding of the big bang and the nature of space and time.ABOUT THE SERIESNew Scientist Instant Expert books are definitive and accessible entry points to the most important subjects in science; subjects that challenge, attract debate, invite controversy and engage the most enquiring minds. Designed for curious readers who want to know how things work and why, the Instant Expert series explores the topics that really matter and their impact on individuals, society, and the planet, translating the scientific complexities around us into language that's open to everyone, and putting new ideas and discoveries into perspective and context.

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Book SynopsisChapter One offers an overview of the international obligations and cooperation mechanisms concerning nuclear preparedness and response, with a special focus on those established by the European Union. The authors proceed to a critical review of multilateral treaties that have been established and they emphasise international obligations and cooperation mechanisms at the universal level. The aim of Chapter Two is to evaluate what is the potential nuclear explosive yield of a Hypothetical Nuclear Explosive Device (HNED) of the implosion type, based on reactor-grade plutonium and low technology, i.e. a technology comparable to that of the earliest plutonium weapons. Chapter Three discusses how South Korea is standing at a strategic crossroads of keeping a policy of denuclearisation and turning to nuclear armament. Confronted by North Koreas growing nuclear arsenal during the past decade, the idea of nuclear armament in South Korea is now regarded as one possible option, not a political taboo anymore. Chapter Four covers the missed opportunity to eliminate all nuclear weapons between 1945 and 1949, when only one country has this type of weapons in their military arsenals. Today, to reach that objective is extremely complicated, because there are now nine countries possessing nuclear weapons of different sizes and power, located around the world. According to Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. There has been much debate as to exactly what this article means. Chapter Five argues that the nuclear-weapon states should be challenged to fulfil the terms of this article literally.

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