Nuclear physics Books

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Book SynopsisYou cannot hide from radioactivity. Even the book you are holding is slightly radioactive, but there are more serious risks. Radioactivity - the breakdown of unstable atomic nuclei, releasing radiation - is a fundamental process in nature. It is a process that has been harnessed to provide wide and important applications in science, medicine, industry, and energy production. But it remains much misunderstood - and feared, perhaps because nuclear radiation cannot be detected by human senses, and can undoubtedly do great harm if appropriate precautions are not taken. In recent times there have been increasing concerns about nuclear terrorism.The traces of radioactive atoms in rocks have allowed us to understand the nature and history of the Earth, in particular to date events in that history. Radioactive dating has been used for a variety of purposes, from determining the age of the first hominids to the dating of the Turin Shroud. The discovery of radioactivity has improved our survival kit, but also gave us the chance to reach a new level of awareness on the history of our species and its environmental impacts. In this Very Short Introduction, Claudio Tuniz explains the nature of radioactivity and discuss its role in nature. Describing radioactivity in the stars and in the Earth, he also looks at its wide range of applications in biomedicine and in science, as well as the mechanisms of nuclear fission and fusion, and the harnessing of nuclear power. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade Reviewan enjoyable discussion of the light and dark side of radioactivity. * Times Higher Education Supplement *Table of ContentsPROLOGUE; EPILOGUE; REFERENCES; FURTHER READING

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Book SynopsisThis book is a guide to the practical application of statistics in data analysis as typically encountered in the physical sciences. It is primarily addressed at students and professionals who need to draw quantitative conclusions from experimental data. Although most of the examples are taken from particle physics, the material is presented in a sufficiently general way as to be useful to people from most branches of the physical sciences. The first part of the book describes the basic tools of data analysis: concepts of probability and random variables, Monte Carlo techniques, statistical tests, and methods of parameter estimation. The last three chapters are somewhat more specialized than those preceding, covering interval estimation, characteristic functions, and the problem of correcting distributions for the effects of measurement errors (unfolding).Trade Review"Glen Cowan is a particle physicist who seems to have got everything right. Results are stated clearly, without mathematical proof but with enough explanation to satisfy the physicist's need to understand not only how, but also why...Those teaching an advanced undergraduate or graduate course in statistics or physicists will find this a good textbook...Do not be fooled by the fact that it does not have the "textbook look" - the exercises have been made available separately on a Web site. " CERN Courier"The material presented in this book is dense.In less than two hundred pages, it takes the reader from the basic notions of probability, through neural networks, Monte Carlo methods, and regularization techniques." Short Book ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface ; Notation ; 1. Fundamental Concepts ; 2. Examples of Probability Functions ; 3. The Monte Carlo Method ; 4. Statistical Tests ; 5. General Concepts of Parameter Estimation ; 6. The Method of Maximum Likelihood ; 7. The Method of Least Squares ; 8. The Method of Moments ; 9. Statistical Errors, Confidence Intervals and Limits ; 10. Characteristic Functions and Related Examples ; 11. Unfolding ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book gives an accessible overview of the 70-year history of nuclear fusion research and the vain attempts to construct an energy-generating nuclear fusion reactor. It shows that even in the most optimistic scenario nuclear fusion, despite the claims of its proponents and the billions being spent on research, will not be able to make a sizable contribution to the energy mix in this century. The important consequence is that nuclear fusion will not be a factor in combating climate change, since the race for carbon-free energy will have been won or lost long before the first nuclear fusion power station comes on line. Table of ContentsPreface.- What is nuclear fusion?.- Stellar processes and quantum mechanics.- Nuclear fusion of light elements.- Plasma.- Plasma in nuclear fusion devices.- Early history and declassification.- Birth of the tokamak.- The tokamak stampede and further developments.- The Big Tokamaks: TFTR, JET, JT-60.- The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.- Problems, problems, problems….- Post-ITER: Demo and fusion power plants.- Spherical tokamaks.- Stellarators and other alternative approaches.- Privately funded research.- Criticism of the fusion enterprise.- Economics and sustainability.- Environment and safety.- Summary and final conclusion.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. The Basis of Monte Carlo 3. Pseudorandom Number Generators 4. Sampling, Scoring, and Precision 5. Variance Reduction Techniques 6. Markov Chain Monte Carlo 7. Inverse Monte Carlo 8. Linear Operator Equations 9. The Fundamentals of Neutral Particle Transport 10. Monte Carlo Simulation of Neutral Particle Transport 11. Monte Carlo Applications

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Book SynopsisThe story of the Higgs boson - the so-called ''God particle'' - and the man who thought of itIn the summer of 1964, a reclusive young professor at the University of Edinburgh wrote two scientific papers which have come to change our understanding of the most fundamental building blocks of matter and the nature of the universe. Peter Higgs posited the existence an almost infinitely tiny particle - today known as the Higgs boson - which is the key to understanding why particles have mass, and but for which atoms and molecules could not exist.For nearly 50 years afterwards, some of the largest projects in experimental physics sought to demonstrate the physical existence of the boson which Higgs had proposed. Sensationally, confirmation came in July 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva. The following year Higgs was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. One of the least-known giants of science, he is the only person in history to have had a single parTrade Reviewthorough and fascinating ... Close spoke at length to Higgs and the result is a highly detailed and rich narrative ... a piece of scientific history. -- Jay Elwes * Spectator *An illuminating guide to the man and the science behind the Higgs boson ... the tale of the conception and discovery of the Higgs boson, a tiny tremor in an energy field that pervades the whole universe, is one of the most important in modern physics. Without the Higgs there would be no atoms or people or planets or stars or anything except restless particles zipping through space in splendid isolation. Close, a particle physicist who has served as head of communications and public education at Cern, is an excellent guide to the knotty science of that story, as well as what we do know about the mysterious man himself. -- Ananyo Bhattacharya * Guardian *a clear, vivid and occasionally even beautiful portrait of a scientific breakthrough: the tale of how a relatively obscure Scotland-based physicist developed a stunning theory, one that would help illuminate the invisible, particulate web that holds our universe together -- Deborah Blum * New York Times *a five star book - it reaches parts other books on the Higgs have failed to reach and Frank Close does a brilliant job -- Brian Clegg * Popular Science *A fascinating biography of an elusive particle and the equally elusive man who predicted its existence half a century before it was found. If the Higgs boson is the God particle then I feel I have glimpsed the mind of its creator. -- Jim Al-KhaliliClose tells the intertwined stories of Higgs's life and the discovery of the Higgs boson with the aid of a deep understanding of the physics involved and the benefit of many meetings with Higgs himself. There have been other books on the same theme, but this is far and away the best. Where Close excels is in explaining the fundamental principles of particle physics in language anyone likely to pick up this book will understand. ... Elusive works as a biography of Peter Higgs, as an account of one of the greatest intellectual advances in human history and, best of all, as an answer to anyone who asks why we should bother to carry out experiments like those performed at CERN. Buy it. -- John Gribbin * Literary Review *Close is among today's best writers on the history of quantum mechanics -- EconomistParticular brilliance ... This accessible account tells the story of the quest, and of the man who made it possible * BBC History Magazine *reveals the sheer complexity, detail and dazzling precision that, for the scientist, constitutes 'beauty in nature'. Close maintains a strong narrative line - we are watching and waiting throughout for the Higgs boson to be identified. -- Sue Roe * Mail on Sunday *A perfect marriage of subject and writer. With verve, insight, and rigor, Frank Close beautifully illuminates the life and times of one of physics' great, unheralded giants. Elusive is a triumph of a book, and one worthy of its subject's extraordinary contributions. -- bestselling author of The Founders * Jimmy Soni *Elusive is both a deep, exciting intellectual history and an elegantly told portrait of a quiet man whose 'one great idea' changed modern physics forever. Close marries the exotic details of contemporary particle physics theory with the very human aspects of how that theory came to be. An enlightening read from one of our very best writers and practitioners of physics. -- author of The Last Man Who Knew Everything * David N. Schwartz *Rich, compelling, and surprising. Fundamental physics can be equal parts awe-inspiring and head-spinning, and Close masterfully captures those qualities in this deeply satisfying tale of Peter Higgs's convoluted, and very human, journey through life and science. -- author of The Ascent of Information * Caleb Scharf *beautifully, engagingly written ... I was reassured by the characteristic wisdom and honesty of Close's judgement that, while the discovery of the Higgs particle completes the Standard Model of the atom, "Internal completeness is a mathematical requirement, whereas describing the world around us is the demand of natural philosophy". That sentence alone makes Elusive my book of the year. -- Raymond Tallis * Times Literary Supplement Books of the Year *Frank Close is probably the perfect person to tell the tale of Higgs and his boson. A serious physicist himself, he is also an exceptional author - and, unlike with most authors, his subject actually occasionally speaks to him. -- Tom Whipple * Times Books of the Year *the first full biography of Higgs ... focuses just as much on Higgs the particle as he does on Higgs the scientist, and the physics concepts he explores can be daunting. But this excellent book is well worth the effort. -- Mike Perricone * Symmetry Books of the Year *A compelling account of the long search for the Higgs boson -- Books of the Year * Economist *Because there would be no atoms or molecules without the intervention of the Higgs field, our very existence is a consequence of its reality ... a compulsive read. Besides explaining the physics and exploring the many personalities involved, it also conveys the excitement of physics research, the missed opportunities, the happy coincidences, the false trails, the social networks, the collaborations and professional rivalries. Like an established scientific fact that will stand for all time, this book is a definitive account of an historic scientific achievement. -- Rick Marshall * Physics Education *

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Book SynopsisThe book is a quantitative treatment of the theory and natural variations of light stable isotopes, and includes more than 100 original applications. Isotope distribution is rigorously discussed in the context of fractionation processes, thermodynamics, mass conservation, exchange kinetics and diffusion theory. The theoretical principles are illustrated with natural examples, emphasizing oygen and hydrogen isotope variations in natural waters, terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks, and hydrothermal systems. New data on meteoric precipitation, rivers, and hydrothermal systems are included.Trade Review"Reacting to what he sees as an unfortunate migration of funding from fundamental scientific research to applications deemed politically important, Criss seeks to reconnect the diverse observations of isotope distributions to the quantitative theories of physical chemistry emphasized by earlier scientists. Instead of case histories, which he cites only when they exemplify quantitative principles or convey new and important possibilities, he offers translations of the principles of statistical and classical thermodynamics, kinetics, and diffusion theory into the language of isotope distribution, the fundamental variable of which is the isotope ration."--SciTech Book News "Reacting to what he sees as an unfortunate migration of funding from fundamental scientific research to applications deemed politically important, Criss seeks to reconnect the diverse observations of isotope distributions to the quantitative theories of physical chemistry emphasized by earlier scientists. Instead of case histories, which he cites only when they exemplify quantitative principles or convey new and important possibilities, he offers translations of the principles of statistical and classical thermodynamics, kinetics, and diffusion theory into the language of isotope distribution, the fundamental variable of which is the isotope ration."--SciTech Book NewsTable of Contents1: Abundance and Measurement of Stable Isotopes 1.1: Discovery of Isotopes 1.2: Nuclide Types, Abundances, and Atomic Weights 1.3: Properties and Fractionation of Isotopic Molecules 1.4: Material Balance Relationships 1.5: Mass Spectrometers 1.6: Notation and Standards 1.7: Summary 1.8: Problems References 2: Isotopic Exchange and Equilibrium Fractionation 2.1: Isotopic Exchange Reactions 2.2: Basic Equations 2.3: Molecular Models 2.4: Theory of Isotopic Fractionation 2.5: Temperature Dependence of Isotopic Fractionation Factors 2.6: Rule of the Mean 2.7: Isotopic Thermometers 2.8: Summary 2.9: Problems References 3: Isotope Hydrology 3.1: Variations of D and ¹]8O in the Hydrosphere 3.2: Variations of D and ¹]8O in Waters from Deep Geologic Environments 3.3: Liquid-Vapor and Ice-Vapor Equilibria 3.4: Rayleigh Fractionation 3.5: Examples of Natural Meteoric Precipitation 3.6: Isotopic Variations in Streamflow 3.7: Isotopic Variations in Groundwaters 3.8: Summary 3.9: Problems References 4: Nonequilibrium Fractionation and Isotopic Transport 4.1: Kinetics of Isotopic Exchange 4.2: Examples of Isotopic Exchange Kinetics 4.3: Evaporation 4.4: Lake Balance 4.5: Isotopic Flux and Soil Evaporation 4.6: Kinetic Fractionation Factors 4.7: Isotopic Distribution in the Atmosphere 4.8: Mass-Independent Fractionation 4.9: Summary 4.10: Problems References 5: Igneous Rocks, Meteorites, and Fluid-Rock Interactions 5.1: Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Geochemistry of Rocks 5.2: Igneous Rocks: Primary Crystallization 5.3: Igneous Rocks: Subsolidus Processes 5.4: Hydrothermal Systems 5.5: Extraterrestrial Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopic Compositions 5.6: Summary 5.7: Problems References Appendices A.1 Important Nuclides of Light Elements A.2 Selected Physical Constants A.3 Definitions, Formulas, and Approximations A.4 Selected Oxygen Isotope Fractionation Factors between Various Phases and Water Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is a guide to the practical application of statistics in data analysis as typically encountered in the physical sciences. It is primarily addressed at students and professionals who need to draw quantitative conclusions from experimental data. Although most of the examples are taken from particle physics, the material is presented in a sufficiently general way as to be useful to people from most branches of the physical sciences. The first part of the book describes the basic tools of data analysis: concepts of probability and random variables, Monte Carlo techniques, statistical tests, and methods of parameter estimation. The last three chapters are somewhat more specialized than those preceding, covering interval estimation, characteristic functions, and the problem of correcting distributions for the effects of measurement errors (unfolding).Trade Review"Glen Cowan is a particle physicist who seems to have got everything right. Results are stated clearly, without mathematical proof but with enough explanation to satisfy the physicist's need to understand not only how, but also why...Those teaching an advanced undergraduate or graduate course in statistics or physicists will find this a good textbook...Do not be fooled by the fact that it does not have the "textbook look" - the exercises have been made available separately on a Web site. " CERN CourierTable of ContentsPreface ; Notation ; 1. Fundamental Concepts ; 2. Examples of Probability Functions ; 3. The Monte Carlo Method ; 4. Statistical Tests ; 5. General Concepts of Parameter Estimation ; 6. The Method of Maximum Likelihood ; 7. The Method of Least Squares ; 8. The Method of Moments ; 9. Statistical Errors, Confidence Intervals and Limits ; 10. Characteristic Functions and Related Examples ; 11. Unfolding ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThe quantum interference of de Broglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry.Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the second edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with theirTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Neutron interferometers and apparatus 3: Neutron interactions and the coherent scattering lengths 4: Coherence and decoherence 5: Spinor symmetry and spin superposition 6: Topological and geometric phases 7: Contexuality and Kochen-Specker phenomena 8: Gravitational, inertial and motional effects 9: Solid state physics applications 10: Forthcoming, proposed and more speculative experiments 11: Perfect crystal neutron optics 12: Interpretational questions and conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis book provides insight with non-technical explanations of how nuclear reactor technology holds the promise of making significant contributions to the struggle against global warming, and why dozens of nations are engaged in innovation and expansion of nuclear technology.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides insight with non-technical explanations of how nuclear reactor technology holds the promise of making significant contributions to the struggle against global warming, and why dozens of nations are engaged in innovation and expansion of nuclear technology.

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Book SynopsisThe first full history of US nuclear secrecy, from its origins in the late 1930s to our post–Cold War present.Trade Review"This book tackles a big and important subject--nuclear secrecy--and illuminates its history with a wealth of new detail. Wellerstein provides a long, sweeping overview of secrecy in the nuclear age, tracking its evolution from the pre-World War II discovery of fission to the present. He surveys a vital topic through the mastery of difficult archival sources and assembles a coherent, compelling narrative."--Peter Westwick, author of Stealth: The Secret Contest to Invent Invisible AircraftTable of ContentsIntroduction: The terrible inhibition of the atom Part I. The Birth of Nuclear Secrecy 1—The road to secrecy: Chain reactions, 1939–1942 2—The “best-kept secret of the war”: The Manhattan Project, 1942–1945 3—Preparing for “Publicity Day”: A wartime secret revealed, 1944–1945 Part II. The Cold War Nuclear Secrecy Regime 4—The struggle for postwar control, 1944–1947 5—“Information control” and the Atomic Energy Commission, 1947–1950 6—Peaceful atoms, dangerous scientists: The paradoxes of Cold War secrecy, 1950–1969 Part III. Challenges to Nuclear Secrecy 7—Unrestricted data: New challenges to the Cold War secrecy regime, 1964–1978 8—Secret seeking: Anti-secrecy at the end of the Cold War, 1978–1991 9—Nuclear secrecy and openness after the Cold War Conclusion: The past and future of nuclear secrecy Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Archival sources and abbreviations Articles Books and monographs Index

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Book SynopsisBrings to life science's efforts to detect cosmic gravitational waves. This title offers readers an unprecedented view of gravitational wave research and explains what it means for an analyst to do work of this kind.Trade Review"Harry Collins is a distinguished sociologist, and in Gravity's Shadow he demonstrates why it is important to go beyond superficial characterizations of science to study how groups of scientists actually work.... This is a book that everyone who cares about the future of science should read." (American Scientist) "Harry Collins has presented us with an enthralling investigation into the way in which big science advances.... A perfect case study in the sociology of science." (Times Higher Education)"

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Book SynopsisHarold C. Urey (1893-1981) was one of the most famous American scientists of the twentieth century. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium and heavy water, Urey later participated in the Manhattan Project and NASA's lunar exploration program. In this, the first ever biography of the chemist, Matthew Shindell shines new light on Urey's achievements and efforts to shape his public and private lives. Shindell follows Urey through his orthodox religious upbringing, the scientific work that won him the Nobel, and his subsequent efforts to use his fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters. At times, Urey succeeded, including when he helped create the fields of isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. But other endeavors, such as his promotion of world governance of atomic weapons, failed. By exploring those efforts, as well as Urey's evolution from farm boy to scientific celebrity, we can discern broader changes in the social and intellectual l

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The questions he poses about the relationship between technical change and political power are pressing ones that can no longer be ignored, and identifying them is perhaps the most a nascent 'philosophy of technology' can expect to achieve at the present time."--New York Times Book Review "[Winner's] thoughtful, stylishly expressed essays . . . . are designed to wake people up to the semantic games policy-makers play; to goad people into thinking responsibly and contributing to decision making. In this he succeeds very well."--Kirkus Reviews "With educated wit, home-grown insight, and even a bit of gallows humor, Winner strives to awaken us from our technological sleepwalking."--David F. Noble, author of America by Design "The Whale and the Reactor is the philosopher's equivalent of superb public history. In its pages an analytically trained mind confronts some of the most pressing political issues of our day."--Isis

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Book SynopsisNuclear astrophysics is, in essence, a science that attempts to understand and explain the physical universe beyond the Earth by studying its smallest particles. This text serves as a basic introduction to these endeavors. It provides students and scientists a survey of the accomplishments, goals, and methods of nuclear astrophysics.Trade Review"An excellent and very readable introduction to the full range of ideas, observations/data, and experimental methods of nuclear astrophysics.... The authors are to be congratulated for capturing both the excitement and the exacting, quantitative essence of nuclear astrophysics." - Peter D. Parker, American Scientist "One could not wish for a better account of the current state of knowledge (and uncertainty) about nuclear reactions in stars." - B. E. J. Pagel, Nature "Written in an informal style that those uninitiated into the jargon of nuclear astrophysics and astronomy will find readable and illuminating.... A useful and long-awaited introduction to nuclear astrophysics." - G. J. Mathews, Science"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Crystalline State and Crystal Lattice.- Finite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Point Groups.- Infinite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Space Groups.- Formalization of Symmetry.- Nonconventional Symmetry.- Properties, Sources, and Detection of Radiation.- Fundamentals of Diffraction.- The Powder Diffraction Pattern.- Structure Factor.- Solving the Crystal Structure.- Powder Diffractometry.- Collecting Quality Powder Diffraction Data.- Preliminary Data Processing and Phase Analysis.- Determination and Refinement of the Unit Cell.- Solving Crystal Structure from Powder Diffraction Data.- Crystal Structure of LaNi4.85Sn0.15.- Crystal Structure of CeRhGe3.- Crystal Structure of Nd5Si4.- Empirical Methods of Solving Crystal Structures.- Crystal Structure of NiMnO2(OH).- Crystal Structure of ,i.tma V3O71.- Crystal Structure of ma2Mo7O221.- Crystal Structure of Mn7(OH)3(VO4)41.- Crystal Structure of FePO4.- Crystal Structure of Acetaminophen, C8H9NO2.Trade ReviewFrom a review of the first edition: “The book is well written and organized. The authors’ enthusiasm and dedication to the subject matter are clearly evident. I find the book to be not only an excellent introduction to structural characterization, but also a valuable introduction to the world of the working crystallographer. The text is rich in references to internet resources, software, literature, organizations, databases, and institutions that x-ray researchers employ routinely. As a class text the book could be used in an introductory course for third or fourth year undergraduates in materials science, chemistry, physics, or geochemistry. The detailed structural treatments may be too much for the typical introductory x-ray diffraction course, but students would be adding a valuable text for future reference to their libraries. The sections are also ideal for more advanced coursework at the graduate level. Beyond the classroom, any researcher desiring structural information on materials would benefit from this book.” - Materials Today, July/August 2004 Amazon.com readers: http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Diffraction-Structural-Characterization-Materials/dp/0387241477/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1229536007&sr=8-1Table of ContentsFundamentals of Crystalline State and Crystal Lattice.- Finite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Point Groups.- Infinite Symmetry Elements and Crystallographic Space Groups.- Formalization of Symmetry.- Nonconventional Symmetry.- Properties, Sources, and Detection of Radiation.- Fundamentals of Diffraction.- The Powder Diffraction Pattern.- Structure Factor.- Solving the Crystal Structure.- Powder Diffractometry.- Collecting Quality Powder Diffraction Data.- Preliminary Data Processing and Phase Analysis.- Determination and Refinement of the Unit Cell.- Solving Crystal Structure from Powder Diffraction Data.- Crystal Structure of LaNi4.85Sn0.15.- Crystal Structure of CeRhGe3.- Crystal Structure of Nd5Si4.- Empirical Methods of Solving Crystal Structures.- Crystal Structure of NiMnO2(OH).- Crystal Structure of ,i.tma V3O71.- Crystal Structure of ma2Mo7O221.- Crystal Structure of Mn7(OH)3(VO4)41.- Crystal Structure of FePO4.- Crystal Structure of Acetaminophen, C8H9NO2.

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions. Written as a textbook for chemists, demanding little background in physics and NMR Its practical approach helps the reader to apply the techniques in the lab First book to teach NMR Relaxation techniques to chemists Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "Bakhmutov's book gives a relatively low-level introduction to relation measurements and their uses in describing dynamical processes…" (Journal of the American Chemical Society, May 25, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. How and why nuclei relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. Chapter 2. How to measure the NMR relaxation times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. Chapter 4. NMR relaxation by dipole-dipole and quadrupole interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy, spin-rotation relaxation, scalar relaxation of the second kind and cross-mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Nuclear relaxation in molecular systems with anisotropic motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. Chapter 7. 1H T1 relaxation diagnostics in solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Internuclear distances from the 1H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Chapter 9: Deuterium quadrupole coupling constants from 2H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Spin-lattice 1H and 2H relaxation in mobile groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Relaxation of other nuclei (than 1H and 2H) and specific relaxation experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Paramagnetic NMR relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. 12.6. Bibliography to Chapter 12. Concluding remarks. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions.Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "…should be very useful to students and to researchers who use NMR." (CHOICE, September 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. How and Why Nuclei Relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. 2. How to Measure the NMR Relaxation Times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. 4. NMR Relaxation by Dipole-Dipole and Quadrupole Interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. 5. Relaxation by Chemical Shift Anisotropy, Spin-Rotation Relaxation, Scalar Relaxation of the Second Kind and Cross-Mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. 6. Nuclear Relaxation in Molecular Systems with Anisotropic Motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. 7. 1H T1 Relaxation Diagnostics in Solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. 8. Internuclear Distances from the 1H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constants from 2H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. 10. Spin-Lattice 1H and 2H Relaxation in Mobile Groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. 11. Relaxation of Nuclei Other Than 1H and 2H) and Specific Relaxation Experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. 12. Paramagnetic NMR Relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. Bibliography. Concluding Remarks. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive text provides an introduction to basic nuclear physics, including nuclear decays and reactions and nuclear structure, while covering the essential areas of basic research and practical applications. Its emphasis on phenomonology and the results of real experiments distinguish this from all other texts available.Table of ContentsBASIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURE. Basic Concepts. Elements of Quantum Mechanics. Nuclear Properties. The Force Between Nucleons. Nuclear Models. NUCLEAR DECAY AND RADIOACTIVITY. Radioactive Decay. Detecting Nuclear Radiations. Alpha Decay. Beta Decay. Gamma Decay. NUCLEAR REACTIONS. Nuclear Reactions. Neutron Physics. Nuclear Fission. Nuclear Fusion. Accelerators. EXTENSION AND APPLICATIONS. Nuclear Spins and Moments. Meson Physics. Particle Physics. Nuclear Astrophysics. Applications of Nuclear Physics.

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Book SynopsisThe investigation of the properties of condensed matter using experimental nuclear methods is becoming increasingly important. An extremely broad range of techniques is used, including the use of particles, such as positrons and neutrons, ion beams, and the detection of radiation from nuclear decays or nuclear reactions. Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics: Nuclear Methods and Applications is the only book to provide a comprehensive coverage of the nuclear methods used to study the properties of condensed matter. It covers all the key techniques, including the Mossbauer effect, perturbed angular correlation, muon spin rotation, neutron scattering, positron annihilation, nuclear magnetic resonance and ion beam analysis. Numerous examples are given throughout the text to illustrate how each of the experimental methods is used in modern condensed matter physics, and practical details concerning instrumentation are included to help the reader apply each method. Nuclear Condensed Matter PhysicTable of ContentsElectromagnetic Properties and Nuclear Decay. Hyperfine Interactions. Mossbauer Effect. Perturbed gamma - gamma Angular Correlation (PAC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Nuclear Orientation (NO). Muon Spin Rotation (?SR). Positron Annihilation. Neutron Scattering. Ion Beam Analysis. Appendix. Bibliography of Advanced Topics. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisI.T. Platzner Atomic Energy Commission, Israel Including contributions from instrument manufacturers! Geological aging, chemical reaction mechanism studies, determination of atomic weights and investigation of metabolic pathways-these are all examples of the truly diverse nature of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).Trade Review"Chapter 9 alone merits anyone involved in isotope measurement, from the dedicated researcher to undergraduates, buying, borrowing, and using any method possible to get a copy of this invaluable comprehensive review" (Chromatographia, July 2001)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: INSTRUMENTATION. Historical Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Second Generation Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Advanced Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry III: Quadrupole Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS. Ion Formation Processes. Isotope Ratio Measurement Procedures. Calculations. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisLise Meitner (1878-1968) was a pioneer of nuclear physics and co-discoverer, with Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, of nuclear fission. This book tells the story of this brilliant woman whose extraordinary life illustrates not only the dramatic scientific progress but also the injustice and destruction that have marked the twentieth century.Trade Review"Sime has produced a magnificent biography that should help rescue Meitner from oblivion. . . . The story, especially in the lead-up to the discovery of fission by Hahn, Meitner, and Strassman, is absolutely gripping, full of twists and false dawns." * New Scientist *"The characters include the whole pantheon of European physicists. The several story lines of Meitner's life are carefully and smoothly interwoven, and once the war starts, the plot becomes breathtaking. . . . Meitner's story is moving, and the book is clearly a labor of love. Such labors are worth attending." * New York Times *"Sime has produced a thorough and intelligent treatment of an extraordinary scientist who received little of the credit she is due." * Library Journal *"An extraordinary and rewarding read. Sime has written the definitive biography of Lise Meitner and much more." * Physics and Society *"Sime provides an insider's account of the discovery of fission and the treatment of Jewish intellectuals and scientists during the rise of Nazi Germany. Her insights into the distortion of reality and memory help to explain why this extremely talented and significant contributor to atomic physics has been neglected." * CHOICE *"The story told by Sime is a powerful one. She not only explains how scientists went about their work in Germany during the first half of the twentieth century but how they came to grips with the tragedies of those years." * American Historical Review *"Sime is to be applauded for bringing to life the story of a brilliant physicist whose contributions to science and personal integrity were unparalleled." * San Francisco Chronicle *"Sime has infused the writing with a passion that is both refreshing and exhilarating. This is a book that deserves to be widely read and deliberated. Its significance exceeds the boundaries of the history of nuclear physics and chemistry." * Bulletin of the Atomic Sciences *"A moving, artfully detailed biography that should reestablish Lise Meitner among the greats. Sime maintains that elusive balance between scientific exposition, personal insight and political and cultural analysis that good scientific biographers strive for but seldom attain." * The Sciences *"Sime has written the definitive scientific biography of Meiter, a riveting and masterful account of a scientist's steadfast devotion to physics. Sime blends the science and history with seamless ease. Sime's extensive research offers fresh insights into the devastating legacy of Nazism's distortion of the scientific truth." * Washington Post *"Sime has constructed here an admirable restorative of scientific credit." * Booklist *

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Book SynopsisThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Pressâs mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1975.

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Book SynopsisUsing examples from across the sub-disciplines of physics, this introduction shows why effective field theories are the language in which physical laws are written. The tools of effective field theory are demonstrated using worked examples from areas including particle, nuclear, atomic, condensed matter and gravitational physics. To bring the subject within reach of scientists with a wide variety of backgrounds and interests, there are clear physical explanations, rigorous derivations, and extensive appendices on background material, such as quantum field theory. Starting from undergraduate-level quantum mechanics, the book gets to state-of-the-art calculations using both relativistic and nonrelativistic few-body and many-body examples, and numerous end-of-chapter problems derive classic results not covered in the main text. Graduate students and researchers in particle physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, string theory, and mathematical physics more generally, will find this book ideal for both self-study and for organized courses on effective field theory.Trade Review'This book can serve as a reference work for graduate students of theoretical physics as well as a professional reference … Recommended.' M. O. Farooq, ChoiceTable of ContentsPart I. Theoretical framework; 1. Decoupling and hierarchies of scale; 2. Effective actions; 3. Power counting and matching; 4. Symmetries; 5. Boundaries; Part II. Relativistic applications; 7. Conceptual issues (relativistic systems); 8. QCD and chiral perturbation theory; 9. The Standard Model as an effective theory; 10. General Relativity as an effective theory; Part III. Nonrelativistic Applications; 11. Conceptual issues (nonrelativistic systems); 12. Electrodynamics of non-relativistic particles; 13. First-quantized methods; Part IV. Many-body applications; 14. Goldstone bosons again; 15. Degenerate systems; 16. EFTs and open systems; Appendix A Conventions and units; Appendix B Momentum eigenstates and scattering; Appendix C Quantum field theory: a cartoon; Appendix D Further reading; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis lively well-illustrated collection of articles written by a group of particle physicists at Los Alamos National Laboratory presents to the expert and non-expert alike a comprehensive overview of the major theoretical and experimental advances of the past twenty years. It explains the emergence of a profoundly new understanding of the fundamental forces of Nature. With the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction, physicists now stand at the brink of a complete unification of all the forces, including gravity. This achievement brought with it a rich vocabulary of names and concepts: quarks, gluons and nonabelian gauge theories. The exposition of these ideas, done on a variety of technical levels is designed to interest a broad audience ranging from the professional theorist and experimentalist to the inquisitive student. Anyone with an interest in particle physics can enjoy this book.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Part I. Theoretical Framework: 1. Scale and dimension - From animals to quarks Geoffrey B. West; 2. Particle physics and the standard model Stuart Raby, Richard C. Slansky and Geoffrey B. West; QCD on a Cray: the masses of elementary particles Gerald Guralnik, Tony Warnock and Charles Zemach; Lecture Notes - From simple field theories to the standard model; 3. Toward a unified theory: an essay on the role of supergravity in the search for unification Richard C. Slansky; 4. Supersymmetry at 100 GeV Stuart Raby; 5. The family problem T. Goldman and Michael Martin Nieto; Part II. Experimental Developments: 6. Experiments to test unification schemes Gary H. Sanders; 7. The march toward higher energies S. Peter Rosen; LAMPF II and the High-Intensity Frontier Henry A. Thiessen; The SSC - An engineering challenge Mahlon T. Wilson; 8. Science underground - the search for rare events L. M. Simmons, Jr; Part III. Personal Perspectives: 9. Quarks and quirks among friends Peter A. Carruthers, Stuart Raby, Richard C. Slansky, Geoffrey B. West and George Zweig; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, written by a non-statistician for non-statisticians, emphasises the practical approach to those problems in statistics which arise regularly in data analysis situations in nuclear and high-energy physics experiments. Rather than concentrating on formal proofs of theorems, an abundant use of simple examples illustrates the general ideas which are presented, showing the reader how to obtain the maximum information from the data in the simplest manner. Possible difficulties with the various techniques, and pitfalls to be avoided, are also discussed. Based on a series of lectures given by the author to both students and staff at Oxford, this common-sense approach to statistics will enable nuclear physicists to understand better how to do justice to their data in both analysis and interpretation.Trade Review'The book should be essential reading … for all graduate students in the field and will be welcomed by their supervisors.' Contemporary Physics'It should be a valuable tool in any physical scientist's armour.' The Australian PhysicistTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Experimental errors; 2. Probability and statistics; 3. Distributions; 4. Parameter fitting and hypothesis testing; 5. Detailed examples of fitting procedures; 6. Monte Carlo calculations; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this well-established textbook is ideal for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in high energy astrophysics. Now consolidated into a single-volume treatment, this textbook has been completely rewritten, providing a strong astronomical and astrophysical background for students to explore more advanced topics.Trade Review'The third edition of Malcolm Longair's High Energy Astrophysics is a remarkable gem. It is written in the clear, lucid style that characterizes Professor Longair's monographs and displays an admirable balance between breadth and depth. It is remarkably up to date and covers both high-energy phenomenology and physical processes with authority. It would serve equally well as a textbook for a graduate-level course or a reference work for the practising astrophysicist: a nicely written and sophisticated appendix on basic astronomy will make it equally useful for readers trained as physicists.' Bradley M. Peterson, Professor and Chair of Astronomy, Ohio State University'The remarkable revolution in our understanding of the Universe is covered brilliantly in this authoritative third edition of a classic text by Professor Longair - the prominent Cambridge astrophysicist and one of the subject's most experienced expositors. The text conveys the excitement of the progress being made in both observational and computational astronomy and ably describes the physical processes involved prior to educating the reader on a comprehensive list of frontier research topics ranging from dead stars in our Galaxy, black holes in galactic nuclei to the evolutionary history of galaxies seen at early cosmic times. The new edition is comprehensively illustrated and indexed with up-to-date references and an essential purchase for all physicists and astronomers.' Richard Ellis, Steele Professor of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology'This is a great book for students and researchers alike. It is up to date and covers the exciting new developments in high energy astrophysics. It will be on my shelf at arm's reach.' Neil Gehrels, Chief, Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/GSFC and College Park Professor of Astronomy, University of Maryland'The book is really a treasure for any student and teacher interested in astrophysics. It is very up to date and synoptically covers the whole field of high-energy astrophysics. I will use the book for my lectures as soon as I can!' Günther Hasinger, Scientific Director, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik'… well-written and highly informative … stimulating and useful … beautifully written and authoritative … delivered with enthusiasm and offering the reader the chance to gain insight and understanding of a fascinating topic.' The Observatory'… a substantial textbook … likely to remain the standard on the subject for many years … comprehensive in its spread of subject matter and methodical in presentation.' Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPart I. Astronomical Background: 1. High energy astrophysics - an introduction; 2. The stars and stellar evolution; 3. The galaxies; 4. Clusters of galaxies; Part II. Physical Processes: 5. Ionisation losses; 6. Radiation of accelerated charged particles and bremsstrahlung of electrons; 7. The dynamics of charged particles in magnetic fields; 8. Synchrotron radiation; 9. Interactions of high energy photons; 10. Nuclear interactions; 11. Aspects of plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics; Part III. High Energy Astrophysics in our Galaxy: 12. Interstellar gas and magnetic fields; 13. Dead stars; 14. Accretion power in astrophysics; 15. Cosmic rays; 16. The origin of cosmic rays in our galaxy; 17. The acceleration of high energy particles; Part IV. Extragalactic High Energy Astrophysics: 18. Active galaxies; 19. Black holes in the nuclei of galaxies; 20. The vicinity of the black hole; 21. Extragalactic radio sources; 22. Compact extragalactic sources and superluminal motions; 23. Cosmological aspects of high energy astrophysics; Appendix; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe physics of neutrinos - uncharged elementary particles that are key to helping us better understand the nature of our universe. This title shows how studies of neutrinos produced by such phenomena as cosmic rays in the atmosphere and nuclear reactions in the solar interior to provide striking evidence that neutrinos have mass.Trade Review'This is a very useful book written by notable experts in the field. It covers all aspects of the theory, phenomenology, experiment, and astrophysical implications of neutrinos."—Paul Langacker, professor emeritus, University of Pennsylvania"This book provides a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of neutrino physics, and is a useful reference for particle physicists and astrophysicists who are interested in learning what has been going on in the field. All three authors have played a major role in advancing our understanding of neutrino physics, and are very well positioned to write a book on the subject."—André de Gouvêa, Northwestern UniversityTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Neutrino Basics 11 2.1 Dirac and Majorana Neutrinos 11 2.2 Neutrino Counting 12 2.3 Neutrinos from Weak Decays 14 2.4 Neutrino Cross Sections 16 2.5 Neutrino Detectors 24 2.6 Neutrino Beams 28 3 Neutrino Mixing and Oscillations 33 3.1 Vacuum Oscillations 33 3.2 Matter Effects on Oscillations 36 3.3 Solar Neutrino Oscillations 38 3.4 Long-baseline Oscillations through the Earth 41 3.5 Matter Effects for Sterile Neutrinos 42 3.6 Decoherence 43 4 Solar Neutrinos 45 4.1 Origin of Solar Neutrinos 45 4.2 Solar Neutrino Experiments 46 4.3 KamLAND 49 4.4 Solar/Reactor Neutrino Parameters 49 4.5 Flux-independent Tests 53 4.6 Future Experiments 56 4.7 Geoneutrinos 57 5 Atmospheric Neutrinos 59 5.1 Atmospheric Neutrino Experiments 59 5.2 Matter Effects for Atmospheric Neutrinos 63 5.3 Long-baseline Neutrino Experiments 64 6 Global Three-neutrino Fits 68 7 Absolute Neutrino Mass 71 7.1 Beta Decay 71 7.2 Cosmological Limits 72 7.3 Neutrinoless Double-beta Decay 73 8 Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillations 76 8.1 Conventional Neutrino Beams 77 8.2 Reactor Experiments 80 8.3 Superbeams 85 8.4 Neutrino Factories 87 8.5 Beta Beams 91 8.6 Comparing Long-baseline Experiments 92 8.7 T and CPT Symmetries 97 9 Model Building 99 9.1 The Seesaw Mechanism 99 9.2 Patterns of Neutrino Masses and Mixings 102 9.3 GUT Models 105 9.4 Non-GUT-specific Models 107 9.5 Leptogenesis 114 10 Supernova Neutrinos 116 10.1 General Description of a Supernova 116 10.2 Neutrino Fluxes from the SN Core 118 10.3 Flavor Swapping from Collective Effects 119 10.4 MSW Conversions in a Supernova 120 10.5 Detection of Supernova Neutrinos 122 10.6 Supernova Relic Neutrinos 124 11 High-energy Astrophysical Neutrinos 126 11.1 Cosmogenic Neutrinos 126 11.2 IceCube 128 11.3 Waxman-Bahcall Flux 132 11.4 Ultra High-energy Neutrino Cross Sections 133 11.5 Z-burst Mechanism 134 11.6 Astrophysical Neutrino Flavor Content 135 11.7 Neutrinos from Dark Matter Annihilation 138 12 Beyond Three Neutrinos 147 12.1 LSND Experiment 147 12.2 MiniBooNE Experiment 152 12.3 Mass-varying Neutrinos 158 12.4 Neutrino Decay 161 12.5 Neutrino Decoherence 163 12.6 Lorentz Invariance Violation 164 12.7 Non-standard Neutrino Interactions 166 12.8 Heavy Majorana Neutrinos at Colliders 169 12.9 Neutrino Magnetic Moment 170 12.10 Fourth Generation Neutrino 171 13 Summary and Outlook 172 References 177 Index 221

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Book SynopsisQuantum mechanics describes the behavior of subatomic particles. Since its inception, physicists and philosophers have struggled to work out the meaning of quantum mechanics. This book sets out what we know about the quantum world, how we came to this understanding, where we disagree, and where we are heading in our quest to comprehend it.Trade Review"From the earliest days of the theory, confusion about its interpretation engendered a continuing series of debates... Ghirardi's book provides a careful, evenhanded and well thought-out introduction to this timely topic."--Peter Woit, American Scientist "This is an excellent translation of a magnificent book... [T]he Italian physicist GianCarlo Ghirardi gives a non-technical and critical exposition of deep facts about the foundations of quantum mechanics."--Adonai S. Sant' Anna, Mathematical Reviews "[A] sweeping treatment of one of the most unfathomable yet important scientific frameworks of our time."--Cait Goldberg, Science News "A modern overview of the state of quantum theory... The breadth and depth are very impressive."--Choice "This remarkable book provides a careful and nontechnical introduction to the fundamental epistemological questions of quantum mechanics... [I]t sets out with an in-depth discussion of the conceptual revolution brought about by the transition from a classical to a quantum description of the physical world... All in all a marvelous and thought provoking book by one of the leading scientists in the field."--M. Kunzinger, Monatschefte fur MathematikTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Chapter One: The Collapse of the "Classical" World View 1 Chapter Two: The Polarization of Light 25 Chapter Three: Quanta, Chance Events, and Indeterminism 43 Chapter Four: The Superposition Principle and the Conceptual Structure of the Theory 79 Chapter Five: Visualization and Scientific Progress 111 Chapter Six: The Interpretation of the Theory 120 Chapter Seven: The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue 149 Chapter Eight: A Bolt from the Blue: The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Argument 165 Chapter Nine: Hidden Variables 195 Chapter Ten: Bell's Inequality and Nonlocality 226 Chapter Eleven: Nonlocality and Superluminal Signals 261 Chapter Twelve: Quantum Cryptography 292 Chapter Thirteen: Quantum Computers 313 Chapter Fourteen: Systems of Identical Particles 331 Chapter Fifteen: From Microscopic to Macroscopic 344 Chapter Sixteen: In Search of a Coherent Framework for All Physical Processes 377 Chapter Seventeen: Spontaneous Localization, Properties, and Perceptions 416 Chapter Eighteen: Macrorealism and Noninvasive Measurements 437 Chapter Nineteen: Conclusions 448 Notes 455 Bibliography 473 Index 477

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the applications of Monte Carlo (MC) calculations in therapeutic nuclear medicine from basic principles, to computer implementations of software packages and their applications in radiation dosimetry and treatment planning in targeted radionuclide therapy. The different chapters describe the fundamental concepts of nuclear and hybrid imaging instrumentation and quantitative imaging, internal radiation dosimetry and radiobiology aspects of targeted radionuclide therapy, then discuss the various components and steps required for implementing a dose calculation and treatment planning methodology in targeted radionuclide therapy. Some computer programs are described and illustrated with some useful features and clinical applications. The book is suitable for Scientists working in academic or industrial environments focusing on translational research and therapeutic nuclear medicine and radiology.Key Features:<

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Book SynopsisThe gripping true story of Klaus Fuchs: the spy who sold the nuclear secrets to the Russians.Trade ReviewA gripping espionage story that might have been penned by the master of Cold War spy fiction John le Carre * Daily Express *Pacy and well-crafted * Guardian *

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a self-contained introduction to D-branes, a key theoretical tool in understanding strongly coupled superstring theory and M-theory. A textbook for graduate courses on modern string theory and an indispensable reference for seasoned practitioners, this 2003 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.Table of ContentsList of inserts; Preface; 1. Overview and overture; 2. Relativistic strings; 3. A closer look at the world-sheet; 4. Strings on circles and T-duality; 5. Background fields and world-volume actions; 6. D-branes tension and boundary states; 7. Supersymmetric strings; 8. Supersymmetric strings and T-duality; 9. World-volume curvature couplings; 10. The geometry of D-branes; 11. Multiple D-branes and bound states; 12. Strong coupling and string duality; 13. D-branes and geometry I; 14. K3 orientifolds and compactification; 15. D-branes and geometry II; 16. Towards M- and F-theory; 17. D-branes and black holes; 18. D-branes, gravity and gauge theory; 19. The holographic renormalisation group; 20. Taking stock; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph describes the pinch technique and its evolution from simple one-loop beginnings to a systematic method at all orders of perturbation theory and then to fully gauge-invariant SchwingerDyson equations, leading to its many applications. This 2011 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The pinch technique at one loop; 2. Advanced pinch technique – still one loop; 3. Pinch technique to all orders; 4. The pinch technique in the Batalin–Vilkovisky framework; 5. The gauge technique; 6. Schwinger–Dyson equations in the pinch technique framework; 7. Non-perturbative gluon mass and quantum solitons; 8. Nexuses, sphalerons, and fractional topological charge; 9. A brief summary of d=3 NAGTs; 10. The pinch technique for electroweak theory; 11. Other applications of the pinch technique; Appendix; Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten to provide students who have limited backgrounds in the physical sciences and math with an accessible textbook on nuclear chemistry and physics, Introduction to Nuclear Science, Fourth Edition continues to provide a clear and complete introduction to nuclear chemistry and physics, from basic concepts to nuclear power and medical applications. Incorporating suggestions from adopting professors and collaborations with the U.S. Department of Energy-funded and American Chemical Society-sponsored Nuclear Chemistry Summer School, a new chapter on nuclear structure is now included.Also new to this edition:A section covering mass excess calculations Isochron dating of rocks The section on statistics is completely re-written to better align with conventional instruction Expanded discussion of recent changes in the nuclear power industry and nuclear medicineTable of ContentsAuthorPreface to the fourth editionPreface to the third editionPreface to the second editionPreface to the first editionChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Radiation1.2 Atomic Structure1.3 Nuclear Transformations1.4 Nuclear Stability1.5 Ionizing Radiation1.6 A Biological Threat?1.7 Natural and Anthropogenic Radiation1.8 The Chart of the NuclidesQuestionsChapter 2 The Mathematics of Radioactive Decay2.1 Atomic Masses and Average Atomic Masses2.2 The Nature of Decay2.3 Specific Activity2.4 Dating2.5 Branched Decay2.6 Equilibria2.7 StatisticsQuestionsChapter 3 Energy and the Nucleus3.1 Binding Energy3.2 Total Energy of Decay3.3 Decay Diagrams3.4 Mass as EnergyQuestionsChapter 4 Applications of Nuclear Science I: Power and Weapons4.1 Nuclear Power4.2 Nuclear Weapons4.3 Nuclear ForensicsQuestionsChapter 5 Radioactive Decay: The Gory Details5.1 Alpha Decay5.2 Beta Decay5.3 Positron Decay5.4 Electron Capture5.5 Multiple Decay Modes5.6 The Valley of Beta Stability5.7 Isomeric Transitions5.8 Other Decay ModesQuestionsChapter 6 Nuclear Structure6.1 Nuclear Shape and Size6.2 The Semi-Empirical Mass Equation6.3 The Shell Model6.4 Applications of the Shell ModelQuestionsChapter 7 Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter7.1 Ionizing Radiation7.2 Charged Particles7.3 Photons7.4 Attenuation of Gamma and X-RadiationQuestionsChapter 8 Detection of Ionizing Radiation8.1 Gas-Filled Detectors8.2 Scintillation Detectors8.3 Other Detectors8.4 Gamma SpectroscopyQuestionsChapter 9 Applications of Nuclear Science II: Medicine and Food9.1 Radiology9.2 Radiation Therapy9.3 Food Irradiation9.4 Nuclear MedicineQuestionsChapter 10 Nuclear Reactions10.1 Energetics10.2 Cross Section10.3 Yield10.4 Accelerators10.5 Cosmogenic NuclidesQuestionsChapter 11 Fission and Fusion11.1 Spontaneous Fission11.2 Neutron-Induced Fission11.3 Fusion11.4 Stellar Nucleosynthesis11.5 Synthesis of Unknown ElementsQuestionsChapter 12 Applications of Nuclear Science III: More About Nuclear Reactors12.1 Reactions in Reactors12.2 Other Reactor Types12.3 Reactor Safety Systems12.4 Nuclear Power Plant Accidents12.5 Fusion ReactorsQuestionsChapter 13 Radiation Protection13.1 Terms13.2 Regulations and Recommendations13.3 RiskQuestionsChapter 14 X-ray Production14.1 Conventional X-ray Beams14.2 High-Energy X-ray BeamsQuestionsChapter 15 Dosimetry of Radiation Fields15.1 Percentage Depth Dose15.2 Tissue Air Ratio15.3 Tissue Maximum Ratio15.4 Isodose Curves15.5 Moving Fields15.6 Proton and Electron Beam DosimetryQuestionsBibliographyAppendix A: Nuclide DataAppendix B: Table of Chi-SquaredAppendix C: Useful Constants, Conversion Factors and FormulasAppendix D: Periodic Table of the Elements Index

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Book SynopsisAn accessible and carefully structured introduction to Particle Physics, including important coverage of the Higgs Boson and recent progress in neutrino physics. Fourth edition of this successful title in the Manchester Physics series Includes information on recent key discoveries including: An account of the discovery of exotic hadrons,byond the simple quark model;Expanded treatments of neutrino physics and CP violationin B-decays;An updated account of physics beyond thestandard model', including the interaction of particle physics withcosmology Additional problems in allchapters, with solutions to selected problems available on the book's website Advanced material appears in optional starred sections Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xiii Authors’ preface xv Suggested Short Course xvii Notes xixPhysical Constants, Conversion Factors and Natural Units xxi 1 Some basic concepts 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antiparticles 3 1.3 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 9 1.4 Particle exchange 15 1.5 Units and dimensions 19 Problems 1 22 2 Leptons and the weak interaction 24 2.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 24 2.2 Leptonic weak interactions 31 2.3 Neutrino masses and neutrino mixing 35 Problems 2 50 3 Quarks and hadrons 52 3.1 Quarks 53 3.2 General properties of hadrons 55 3.3 Pions and nucleons 58 3.4 Strange particles, charm and bottom 61 3.5 Short-lived hadrons 66 3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 72 Problems 3 75 4 Experimental methods 77 4.1 Overview 77 4.2 Accelerators and beams 79 4.3 Particle interactions with matter 86 4.4 Particle detectors 95 4.5 Detector systems and accelerator experiments 112 4.6 Non-accelerator experiments 121 Problems 4 123 5 Space–time symmetries 126 5.1 Translational invariance 127 5.2 Rotational invariance 129 5.3 Parity 135 5.4 Charge conjugation 142 5.5 Positronium 145 5.6 Time reversal 149 Problems 5 153 6 The quark model 155 6.1 Isospin symmetry 156 6.2 The lightest hadrons 162 6.3 The L = 0 heavy quark states 174 6.4 Colour 177 6.5 Charmonium and bottomonium 184 Problems 6 191 7 QCD, jets and gluons 193 7.1 Quantum chromodynamics 193 7.2 Electron–positron annihilation 210 Problems 7 215 8 Quarks and partons 217 8.1 Elastic electron scattering: the size of the proton 217 8.2 Inelastic electron and muon scattering 222 8.3 Inelastic neutrino scattering 231 8.4 Other processes 236 8.5 Current and constituent quarks 243 Problems 8 246 9 Weak interactions: quarks and leptons 248 9.1 Charged current reactions 250 9.2 The third generation 262 Problems 9 274 10 Weak interactions: electroweak unification 276 10.1 Neutral currents and the unified theory 277 10.2 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 287 Problems 10 305 11 Discrete symmetries: C, P, CP and CPT 308 11.1 P violation, C violation and CP conservation 308 11.2 CP violation and particle–antiparticle mixing 316 11.3 CP violation in the standard model 340 Problems 11 343 12 Beyond the standard model 346 12.1 Grand unification 347 12.2 Supersymmetry 354 12.3 Strings and things 358 12.4 Particle physics and cosmology 360 12.5 Dirac or Majorana neutrinos? 373 Problems 12 381 A Relativistic kinematics 383 A.1 The Lorentz transformation for energy and momentum 383 A.2 The invariant mass 385 A.2.1 Beam energies and thresholds 385 A.2.2 Masses of unstable particles 387 A.3 Transformation of the scattering angle 388 Problems A 390 B Amplitudes and cross-sections 392 B.1 Rates and cross-sections 392 B.2 The total cross-section 394 B.3 Differential cross-sections 395 B.4 The scattering amplitude 397 B.5 The Breit–Wigner formula 400 B.5.1 Decay distributions 401 B.5.2 Resonant cross-sections 404 Problems B 406 C The isospin formalism 408 C.1 Isospin operators 409 C.2 Isospin states 411 C.3 Isospin multiplets 411 C.3.1 Hadron states 412 C.4 Branching ratios 414 C.5 Spin states 416 Problems C 416 D Gauge theories 418 D.1 Electromagnetic interactions 419 D.2 Gauge transformations 420 D.3 Gauge invariance and the photon mass 421 D.4 The gauge principle 423 D.5 The Higgs mechanism 425 D.5.1 Charge and current densities 425 D.5.2 Spin-0 bosons 427 D.5.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 428 D.6 Quantum chromodynamics 429 D.7 Electroweak interactions 434 D.7.1 Weak isospin 434 D.7.2 Gauge invariance and charged currents 436 D.7.3 The unification condition 437 D.7.4 Spin structure and parity violation 440 Problems D 441 E Answers to selected questions 443 References 448 Index 451

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Notes xiii 1 Basic concepts 1 1.1 History 1 1.1.1 The origins of nuclear physics 1 1.1.2 The emergence of particle physics: hadrons and quarks 6 1.1.3 The standard model of particle physics 9 1.2 Relativity and antiparticles 11 1.3 Space-time symmetries and conservation laws 13 1.3.1 Parity 14 1.3.2 Charge conjugation 16 1.3.3 Time reversal 17 1.4 Interactions and Feynman diagrams 20 1.4.1 Interactions 20 1.4.2 Feynman diagrams 21 1.5 Particle exchange: forces and potentials 24 1.5.1 Range of forces 24 1.5.2 The Yukawa potential 25 1.6 Observable quantities: cross-sections and decay rates 26 1.6.1 Amplitudes 27 1.6.2 Cross-sections 29 1.6.3 The basic scattering formulas 31 1.6.4 Unstable states 33 1.7 Units 36 Problems 1 37 2 Nuclear phenomenology 41 2.1 Mass spectroscopy 43 2.1.1 Deflection spectrometers 43 2.1.2 Kinematic analysis 45 2.1.3 Penning trap measurements 46 2.2 Nuclear shapes and sizes 51 2.2.1 Charge distribution 52 2.2.2 Matter distribution 56 2.3 Semi-empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model 59 2.3.1 Binding energies 59 2.3.2 Semi-empirical mass formula 60 2.4 Nuclear instability 64 2.5 Decay chains 67 2.6 β decay phenomenology 69 2.6.1 Odd-mass nuclei 70 2.6.2 Even-mass nuclei 71 2.7 Fission 72 2.8 γ decays 76 2.9 Nuclear reactions 76 Problems 2 81 3 Particle phenomenology 83 3.1 Leptons 83 3.1.1 Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers 83 3.1.2 Universal lepton interactions; the number of neutrinos 86 3.1.3 Neutrinos 88 3.1.4 Neutrino mixing and oscillations 90 3.1.5 Oscillation experiments 93 3.1.6 Neutrino masses and mixing angles 101 3.1.7 Lepton numbers revisited 103 3.2 Quarks 104 3.2.1 Evidence for quarks 104 3.2.2 Quark generations and quark numbers 106 3.3 Hadrons 109 3.3.1 Flavour independence and charge multiplets 109 3.3.2 The simple quark model 113 3.3.3 Hadron decays and lifetimes 117 3.3.4 Hadron magnetic moments and masses 119 3.3.5 Heavy quarkonia 126 3.3.6 Allowed and exotic quantum numbers 133 Problems 3 135 4 Experimental methods 139 4.1 Overview 139 4.2 Accelerators and beams 142 4.2.1 DC accelerators 142 4.2.2 AC accelerators 143 4.2.3 Neutral and unstable particle beams 150 4.3 Particle interactions with matter 152 4.3.1 Short-range interactions with nuclei 153 4.3.2 Ionisation energy losses 154 4.3.3 Radiation energy losses 157 4.3.4 Interactions of photons in matter 158 4.3.5 Ranges and interaction lengths 159 4.4 Particle detectors 160 4.4.1 Gaseous ionisation detectors 162 4.4.2 Scintillation counters 167 4.4.3 Semiconductor detectors 169 4.4.4 Cerenkov counters and transition radiation 170 4.4.5 Calorimeters 173 4.5 Detector Systems 176 Problems 4 182 5 Quark dynamics: the strong interaction 185 5.1 Colour 185 5.2 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 187 5.2.1 The strong coupling constant 190 5.2.2 Screening, antiscreening and asymptotic freedom 193 5.3 New forms of matter 194 5.3.1 Exotic hadrons 194 5.3.2 The quark–gluon plasma 201 5.4 Jets and gluons 204 5.4.1 Colour counting 205 5.5 Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure 207 5.5.1 Scaling 207 5.5.2 The quark-parton model 210 5.5.3 Scaling violations and parton distributions 211 5.5.4 Inelastic neutrino scattering 215 5.6 Other processes 217 5.6.1 Jets 219 5.6.2 Lepton pair production 221 5.7 Current and constituent quarks 224 Problems 5 226 6 Weak interactions and electroweak unification 229 6.1 Charged and neutral currents 229 6.2 Charged current reactions 231 6.2.1 W±-lepton interactions 232 6.2.2 Lepton–quark symmetry and mixing 234 6.2.3 W-boson decays 238 6.2.4 Charged current selection rules 239 6.3 The third generation 242 6.3.1 More quark mixing 243 6.3.2 Properties of the top quark 246 6.4 Neutral currents and the unified theory 247 6.4.1 Electroweak unification 247 6.4.2 The Z0 vertices and electroweak reactions 250 6.5 Gauge invariance and the Higgs boson 252 6.5.1 Unification and the gauge principle 253 6.5.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 255 6.5.3 Properties of the Higgs boson 257 6.5.4 Discovery of the Higgs boson 259 Problems 6 266 7 Symmetry breaking in the weak interaction 271 7.1 P violation, C violation, and CP conservation 271 7.1.1 Muon decay symmetries 273 7.1.2 Parity violation in electroweak processes 275 7.2 Spin structure of the weak interactions 277 7.2.1 Left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos 277 7.2.2 Particles with mass: chirality 279 7.3 Neutral kaons: particle–antiparticle mixing and CP violation 281 7.3.1 CP invariance and neutral kaons 281 7.3.2 CP violation in K0L decay 283 7.3.3 Flavour oscillations and CPT invariance 285 7.4 CP violation and flavour oscillations in B decays 289 7.4.1 Direct CP violation in decay rates 290 7.4.2 B0 − B0 mixing 291 7.4.3 CP violation in interference 295 7.5 CP violation in the standard model 299 Problems 7 302 8 Models and theories of nuclear physics 305 8.1 The nucleon–nucleon potential 305 8.2 Fermi gas model 308 8.3 Shell model 310 8.3.1 Shell structure of atoms 310 8.3.2 Nuclear shell structure and magic numbers 312 8.3.3 Spins, parities, and magnetic dipole moments 315 8.3.4 Excited states 318 8.4 Nonspherical nuclei 319 8.4.1 Electric quadrupole moments 319 8.4.2 Collective model 322 8.5 Summary of nuclear structure models 323 8.6 α decay 324 8.7 β decay 327 8.7.1 V − A theory 327 8.7.2 Electron and positron momentum distributions 329 8.7.3 Selection rules 330 8.7.4 Applications of Fermi theory 332 8.8 γ decay 337 8.8.1 Selection rules 337 8.8.2 Transition rates 339 Problems 8 340 9 Applications of nuclear and particle physics 343 9.1 Fission 343 9.1.1 Induced fission and chain reactions 344 9.1.2 Thermal fission reactors 348 9.1.3 Radioactive waste 352 9.1.4 Power from ADS systems 354 9.2 Fusion 357 9.2.1 Coulomb barrier 357 9.2.2 Fusion reaction rates 358 9.2.3 Nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution 361 9.2.4 Fusion reactors 366 9.3 Nuclear weapons 371 9.3.1 Fission devices 371 9.3.2 Fission/fusion devices 374 9.4 Biomedical applications 377 9.4.1 Radiation and living matter 377 9.4.2 Radiation therapy 380 9.4.3 Medical imaging using ionising radiation 385 9.4.4 Magnetic resonance imaging 390 9.5 Further applications 395 9.5.1 Computing and data analysis 395 9.5.2 Archaeology and geophysics 396 9.5.3 Accelerators and detectors 397 9.5.4 Industrial applications 398 Problems 9 398 10 Some outstanding questions and future prospects 401 10.1 Overview 401 10.2 Hadrons and nuclei 402 10.2.1 Hadron structure and the nuclear environment 402 10.2.2 Nuclear structure 405 10.3 Unification schemes 407 10.3.1 Grand unification 407 10.3.2 Supersymmetry 412 10.3.3 Strings and things 417 10.4 The nature of the neutrino 418 10.4.1 Neutrinoless double beta decay 420 10.5 Particle astrophysics 426 10.5.1 Neutrino astrophysics 427 10.5.2 Cosmology and dark matter 432 10.5.3 Matter–antimatter asymmetry 438 10.5.4 Axions and the strong CP problem 441 A Some results in quantum mechanics 445 A.1 Barrier penetration 445 A.2 Density of states 447 A.3 Perturbation theory and the Second Golden Rule 449 A.4 Isospin formalism 452 A.4.1 Isospin operators and quark states 452 A.4.2 Hadron states 454 Problems A 456 B Relativistic kinematics 457 B.1 Lorentz transformations and four-vectors 457 B.2 Frames of reference 459 B.3 Invariants 461 Problems B 463 C Rutherford scattering 465 C.1 Classical physics 465 C.2 Quantum mechanics 467 Problems C 469 D Gauge theories 471 D.1 Gauge invariance and the standard model 471 D.1.1 Electromagnetism and the gauge principle 471 D.1.2 The standard model 474 D.2 Particle masses and the Higgs field 478 Problems D 481 E Short answers to selected problems 483 References 487 Index 491 Inside Rear Cover: Table of constants and conversion factors

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamental concepts of signal processing for all application areas of ionizing radiation This book provides a clear understanding of the principles of signal processing of radiation detectors. It puts great emphasis on the characteristics of pulses from various types of detectors and offers a full overview on the basic concepts required to understand detector signal processing systems and pulse processing techniques. Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors covers all of the important aspects of signal processing, including energy spectroscopy, timing measurements, position-sensing, pulse-shape discrimination, and radiation intensity measurement. The book encompasses a wide range of applications so that readers from different disciplines can benefit from all of the information. In addition, this resource: Describes both analog and digital techniques of signal processingPresents a complete compilation of digital pulse processing algorithmsExtrapolates content from moreTable of ContentsPreface xiAcknowledgement xii1 Signal Generation in Radiation Detectors 1 1.1 Detector Types 1 1.2 Signal Induction Mechanism 2 1.3 Pulses from Ionization Detectors 9 1.4 Scintillation Detectors 57 References 72 2 Signals, Systems, Noise, and Interferences 77 2.1 Pulse Signals: Definitions 77 2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Feedback 80 2.3 Linear Signal Processing Systems 83 2.4 Noise and Interference 101 2.5 Signal Transmission 120 2.6 Logic Circuits 130 References 133 3 Preamplifiers 135 3.1 Background 135 3.2 Charge-Sensitive Preamplifiers 137 3.3 Current-Sensitive Preamplifiers 159 3.4 Voltage-Sensitive Preamplifiers 162 3.5 Noise in Preamplifier Systems 163 3.6 ASIC Preamplifiers 176 3.7 Preamplifiers for Scintillation Detectors 182 3.8 Detector Bias Supplies 186 References 187 4 Energy Measurement 191 4.1 Generals 191 4.2 Amplitude Fluctuations 194 4.3 Amplifier/Shaper 203 4.4 Pulse Amplitude Analysis 234 4.5 Dead Time 244 4.6 ASIC Pulse Processing Systems 249 References 256 5 Pulse Counting and Current Measurements 261 5.1 Background 261 5.2 Pulse Counting Systems 263 5.3 Current Mode Operation 274 5.4 ASIC Systems for Radiation Intensity Measurement 286 5.5 Campbell’s Mode Operation 289 References 293 6 Timing Measurements 295 6.1 Introduction 295 6.2 Time Pick-Off Techniques 300 6.3 Time Interval Measuring Devices 320 6.4 Timing Performance of Different Detectors 330 References 345 7 Position Sensing 349 7.1 Position Readout Concepts 349 7.2 Individual Readout 353 7.3 Charge Division Method 357 7.4 Risetime Method 373 7.5 Delay-Line Method 375 References 380 8 Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.1 Principles of Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.2 Amplitude-Based Methods 386 8.3 Zero-Crossing Method 393 8.4 Risetime Measurement Method 399 8.5 Comparison of Pulse-Shape Discrimination Methods 401 References 404 9 Introduction to Digital Signals and Systems 407 9.1 Background 407 9.2 Digital Signals 408 9.3 ADCs 414 9.4 Digital Signal Processing 418 References 438 10 Digital Radiation Measurement Systems 441 10.1 Digital Systems 441 10.2 Energy Spectroscopy Applications 448 10.3 Pulse Timing Applications 472 10.4 Digital Pulse-Shape Discrimination 483 References 498 Index 503

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Book SynopsisThe first book to focus on the relationship between famed scientist Marie Curie and her two remarkable daughters. Drawing on personal interviews with Curie's descendants, as well as revelatory new archives, this is a wholly new story about Marie Curie and a family of women inextricably connected to the dawn of nuclear physics.Trade Review"Emling offers an intimate look at Curie's relationship with her children...[and a] fascinating, moving story... [with an] inspiring message conveyed throughout." - Carmela Ciuraru, The Boston Globe "The story of the second act of the genius's life, as a widowed mother of two." - Harpers "Emling delivers a compulsively readable biography of Curie and her formidable daughters." - Ms. magazine "The often harrowing tale covers the great physicist's struggle with xenophobia and sexism, her mental and physical breakdowns, and the campaign by American journalist Missy Meloney to supply her with radium. Most compellingly, it bares Curie's relationships with her daughters, the Nobel prize-winning chemist Irene and writer Eve." - Nature "Emling reveals a hidden side of the life of two-time Nobel Prize winner." - Publishers Weekly "An intimate portrait of the professional and private lives of legendary scientist Marie Curie and her daughters, Irene and Eve... A uniquely human look at a brilliant scientific family." - Kirkus Reviews "Shelley Emling makes an invaluable contribution to history by documenting the afteraffects of radiation and fame on this remarkable pioneer of the atom, a woman who sacrificed herself for the sake of deadly knowledge." - Tom Zoellner, author of Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World "Publicly glum and famously determined, Marie Curie struggled against the extraordinary prejudices of her time, and became an icon. In this engagingly delightful look behind the heavy skirts of the era, Shelley Emling reveals Marie's and her two disparate daughters' idiosyncratic family life, and especially the significant role that their visits to the United States played in their personal development." - Peter Atkins, author of Galileo's Finger "Marie Curie and Her Daughters breathes life into an icon of science. Emling uses private letters, the unpublished papers of her daughter, Irene Curie, and an interview with her granddaughter Helene Langevin-Joliot to take the reader into Curie's role as the mother of two daughters, as a traveler to America and beyond, and as a woman in a man's world. If young women are looking for a real-life role model beside today's celebrities, this story will fill that niche." - Elizabeth Norman, author of We Band of Angels "A book that should inspire all young women to go out and make things happen." - Frank Close, author of The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe "Shelley Emling's dazzling chronicle of the three Curies and their world famous accomplishments is surpassed only by her account of how each stretched her era's concept of the possibilities for women. A tour de force!" - Megan McKinney, author of The Magnificent Medills "Ms. Emling's riveting new biography reveals in page-turning prose the life-balance struggles of a true genius. It's a tip of the hat to the private Marie, the single working mother, whose many accomplishments include her two amazing daughters." - Lisa Verge Higgins, New York Journal of Books 'Shelley Emling's excellent joint biography of Marie, her daughters (and a granddaughter, too) is an exhilarating story that couples scientific discovery and motherhood. A book that should propel young women into science for the sheer fun of it, it's also a rich tale of war and peace, family commitment, friendship and medical progress.' - Adele Glimm, author of Gene Hunter and Rachel Carson "A must read for every woman and every female teenager. In accessible prose, Emling enlightens the world about this enigmatic scientist, and, with the help of personal letters shared by Curie's granddaughter, Emling has woven a story of a woman full of grace and of the daughters who loved her without fail. I loved this book." - Mary H. Manhein, author of The Bone Lady and Trail of BonesTable of ContentsPrologue An Absolutely Miserable Year Moving On Being with Pierre Beyond Pierre Meeting Missy Finally, America Another Dynamic Duo Turning to America - Again

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Book SynopsisRadiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices provides a modern overview of radiation detection devices and radiation measurement methods. The book topics have been selected on the basis of the authors' many years of experience designing radiation detectors and teaching radiation detection and measurement in a classroom environment.This book is designed to give the reader more than a glimpse at radiation detection devices and a few packaged equations. Rather it seeks to provide an understanding that allows the reader to choose the appropriate detection technology for a particular application, to design detectors, and to competently perform radiation measurements. The authors describe assumptions used to derive frequently encountered equations used in radiation detection and measurement, thereby providing insight when and when not to apply the many approaches used in different aspects of radiation detection. Detailed in many of the chapters are specific aspects ofTable of Contents1. Origins. 2. Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation. 3. Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics. 4. Radiation Interactions. 5. Sources of Radiation. 6. Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting. 7. Source and Detector Effects. 8. Essential Electrostatics. 9. Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers. 10. Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters. 11. Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M¨uller Counters. 12. Review of Solid State Physics. 13. Scintillation Detectors and Materials. 14. Light Collection Devices. 15. Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices. 16. Semiconductor Detectors. 17. Slow Neutron Detectors. 18. Fast Neutron Detectors. 19. Luminescent and Additional Detectors. 20. Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy. 21. Mitigating Background. 22. Nuclear Electronics.

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Book Synopsis“A thrilling, intense, and disturbing account of the atomic era, from the discovery of X-rays to the tragic meltdown of Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant…Rich with powerful images and fraught with drama” (The Christian Science Monitor).When Marie Curie, Enrico Fermi, and Edward Teller forged the science of radioactivity, they began a revolution that ran from the nineteenth century through the course of World War II and the Cold War to our current confrontation with the dangers of nuclear power and proliferation. While nuclear science improves our lives, radiation’s invisible powers can trigger cancer and cellular mayhem. Writing with a biographer’s passion, New York Times bestselling author Craig Nelson unlocks one of the great mysteries of the universe. In The Age of Radiance, Nelson illuminates a pageant of fascinating historical figures: Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, J. Robert Oppenheimer,

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