Nuclear physics Books

Book SynopsisHarold C. Urey (1893-1981) was one of the most famous American scientists of the twentieth century. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium and heavy water, Urey later participated in the Manhattan Project and NASA's lunar exploration program. In this, the first ever biography of the chemist, Matthew Shindell shines new light on Urey's achievements and efforts to shape his public and private lives. Shindell follows Urey through his orthodox religious upbringing, the scientific work that won him the Nobel, and his subsequent efforts to use his fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters. At times, Urey succeeded, including when he helped create the fields of isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. But other endeavors, such as his promotion of world governance of atomic weapons, failed. By exploring those efforts, as well as Urey's evolution from farm boy to scientific celebrity, we can discern broader changes in the social and intellectual l

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Book SynopsisNuclear astrophysics is, in essence, a science that attempts to understand and explain the physical universe beyond the Earth by studying its smallest particles. This text serves as a basic introduction to these endeavors. It provides students and scientists a survey of the accomplishments, goals, and methods of nuclear astrophysics.Trade Review"An excellent and very readable introduction to the full range of ideas, observations/data, and experimental methods of nuclear astrophysics.... The authors are to be congratulated for capturing both the excitement and the exacting, quantitative essence of nuclear astrophysics." - Peter D. Parker, American Scientist "One could not wish for a better account of the current state of knowledge (and uncertainty) about nuclear reactions in stars." - B. E. J. Pagel, Nature "Written in an informal style that those uninitiated into the jargon of nuclear astrophysics and astronomy will find readable and illuminating.... A useful and long-awaited introduction to nuclear astrophysics." - G. J. Mathews, Science"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions. Written as a textbook for chemists, demanding little background in physics and NMR Its practical approach helps the reader to apply the techniques in the lab First book to teach NMR Relaxation techniques to chemists Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "Bakhmutov's book gives a relatively low-level introduction to relation measurements and their uses in describing dynamical processes…" (Journal of the American Chemical Society, May 25, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. How and why nuclei relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. Chapter 2. How to measure the NMR relaxation times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. Chapter 4. NMR relaxation by dipole-dipole and quadrupole interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy, spin-rotation relaxation, scalar relaxation of the second kind and cross-mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Nuclear relaxation in molecular systems with anisotropic motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. Chapter 7. 1H T1 relaxation diagnostics in solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Internuclear distances from the 1H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Chapter 9: Deuterium quadrupole coupling constants from 2H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Spin-lattice 1H and 2H relaxation in mobile groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Relaxation of other nuclei (than 1H and 2H) and specific relaxation experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Paramagnetic NMR relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. 12.6. Bibliography to Chapter 12. Concluding remarks. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions.Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "…should be very useful to students and to researchers who use NMR." (CHOICE, September 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. How and Why Nuclei Relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. 2. How to Measure the NMR Relaxation Times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. 4. NMR Relaxation by Dipole-Dipole and Quadrupole Interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. 5. Relaxation by Chemical Shift Anisotropy, Spin-Rotation Relaxation, Scalar Relaxation of the Second Kind and Cross-Mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. 6. Nuclear Relaxation in Molecular Systems with Anisotropic Motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. 7. 1H T1 Relaxation Diagnostics in Solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. 8. Internuclear Distances from the 1H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constants from 2H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. 10. Spin-Lattice 1H and 2H Relaxation in Mobile Groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. 11. Relaxation of Nuclei Other Than 1H and 2H) and Specific Relaxation Experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. 12. Paramagnetic NMR Relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. Bibliography. Concluding Remarks. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe investigation of the properties of condensed matter using experimental nuclear methods is becoming increasingly important. An extremely broad range of techniques is used, including the use of particles, such as positrons and neutrons, ion beams, and the detection of radiation from nuclear decays or nuclear reactions. Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics: Nuclear Methods and Applications is the only book to provide a comprehensive coverage of the nuclear methods used to study the properties of condensed matter. It covers all the key techniques, including the Mossbauer effect, perturbed angular correlation, muon spin rotation, neutron scattering, positron annihilation, nuclear magnetic resonance and ion beam analysis. Numerous examples are given throughout the text to illustrate how each of the experimental methods is used in modern condensed matter physics, and practical details concerning instrumentation are included to help the reader apply each method. Nuclear Condensed Matter PhysicTable of ContentsElectromagnetic Properties and Nuclear Decay. Hyperfine Interactions. Mossbauer Effect. Perturbed gamma - gamma Angular Correlation (PAC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Nuclear Orientation (NO). Muon Spin Rotation (?SR). Positron Annihilation. Neutron Scattering. Ion Beam Analysis. Appendix. Bibliography of Advanced Topics. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisI.T. Platzner Atomic Energy Commission, Israel Including contributions from instrument manufacturers! Geological aging, chemical reaction mechanism studies, determination of atomic weights and investigation of metabolic pathways-these are all examples of the truly diverse nature of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).Trade Review"Chapter 9 alone merits anyone involved in isotope measurement, from the dedicated researcher to undergraduates, buying, borrowing, and using any method possible to get a copy of this invaluable comprehensive review" (Chromatographia, July 2001)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: INSTRUMENTATION. Historical Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Second Generation Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Advanced Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry III: Quadrupole Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS. Ion Formation Processes. Isotope Ratio Measurement Procedures. Calculations. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Pressâs mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1975.

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Book SynopsisQuantum mechanics describes the behavior of subatomic particles. Since its inception, physicists and philosophers have struggled to work out the meaning of quantum mechanics. This book sets out what we know about the quantum world, how we came to this understanding, where we disagree, and where we are heading in our quest to comprehend it.Trade Review"From the earliest days of the theory, confusion about its interpretation engendered a continuing series of debates... Ghirardi's book provides a careful, evenhanded and well thought-out introduction to this timely topic."--Peter Woit, American Scientist "This is an excellent translation of a magnificent book... [T]he Italian physicist GianCarlo Ghirardi gives a non-technical and critical exposition of deep facts about the foundations of quantum mechanics."--Adonai S. Sant' Anna, Mathematical Reviews "[A] sweeping treatment of one of the most unfathomable yet important scientific frameworks of our time."--Cait Goldberg, Science News "A modern overview of the state of quantum theory... The breadth and depth are very impressive."--Choice "This remarkable book provides a careful and nontechnical introduction to the fundamental epistemological questions of quantum mechanics... [I]t sets out with an in-depth discussion of the conceptual revolution brought about by the transition from a classical to a quantum description of the physical world... All in all a marvelous and thought provoking book by one of the leading scientists in the field."--M. Kunzinger, Monatschefte fur MathematikTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii Chapter One: The Collapse of the "Classical" World View 1 Chapter Two: The Polarization of Light 25 Chapter Three: Quanta, Chance Events, and Indeterminism 43 Chapter Four: The Superposition Principle and the Conceptual Structure of the Theory 79 Chapter Five: Visualization and Scientific Progress 111 Chapter Six: The Interpretation of the Theory 120 Chapter Seven: The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue 149 Chapter Eight: A Bolt from the Blue: The Einstein-Podolski-Rosen Argument 165 Chapter Nine: Hidden Variables 195 Chapter Ten: Bell's Inequality and Nonlocality 226 Chapter Eleven: Nonlocality and Superluminal Signals 261 Chapter Twelve: Quantum Cryptography 292 Chapter Thirteen: Quantum Computers 313 Chapter Fourteen: Systems of Identical Particles 331 Chapter Fifteen: From Microscopic to Macroscopic 344 Chapter Sixteen: In Search of a Coherent Framework for All Physical Processes 377 Chapter Seventeen: Spontaneous Localization, Properties, and Perceptions 416 Chapter Eighteen: Macrorealism and Noninvasive Measurements 437 Chapter Nineteen: Conclusions 448 Notes 455 Bibliography 473 Index 477

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamental concepts of signal processing for all application areas of ionizing radiation This book provides a clear understanding of the principles of signal processing of radiation detectors. It puts great emphasis on the characteristics of pulses from various types of detectors and offers a full overview on the basic concepts required to understand detector signal processing systems and pulse processing techniques. Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors covers all of the important aspects of signal processing, including energy spectroscopy, timing measurements, position-sensing, pulse-shape discrimination, and radiation intensity measurement. The book encompasses a wide range of applications so that readers from different disciplines can benefit from all of the information. In addition, this resource: Describes both analog and digital techniques of signal processingPresents a complete compilation of digital pulse processing algorithmsExtrapolates content from moreTable of ContentsPreface xiAcknowledgement xii1 Signal Generation in Radiation Detectors 1 1.1 Detector Types 1 1.2 Signal Induction Mechanism 2 1.3 Pulses from Ionization Detectors 9 1.4 Scintillation Detectors 57 References 72 2 Signals, Systems, Noise, and Interferences 77 2.1 Pulse Signals: Definitions 77 2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Feedback 80 2.3 Linear Signal Processing Systems 83 2.4 Noise and Interference 101 2.5 Signal Transmission 120 2.6 Logic Circuits 130 References 133 3 Preamplifiers 135 3.1 Background 135 3.2 Charge-Sensitive Preamplifiers 137 3.3 Current-Sensitive Preamplifiers 159 3.4 Voltage-Sensitive Preamplifiers 162 3.5 Noise in Preamplifier Systems 163 3.6 ASIC Preamplifiers 176 3.7 Preamplifiers for Scintillation Detectors 182 3.8 Detector Bias Supplies 186 References 187 4 Energy Measurement 191 4.1 Generals 191 4.2 Amplitude Fluctuations 194 4.3 Amplifier/Shaper 203 4.4 Pulse Amplitude Analysis 234 4.5 Dead Time 244 4.6 ASIC Pulse Processing Systems 249 References 256 5 Pulse Counting and Current Measurements 261 5.1 Background 261 5.2 Pulse Counting Systems 263 5.3 Current Mode Operation 274 5.4 ASIC Systems for Radiation Intensity Measurement 286 5.5 Campbell’s Mode Operation 289 References 293 6 Timing Measurements 295 6.1 Introduction 295 6.2 Time Pick-Off Techniques 300 6.3 Time Interval Measuring Devices 320 6.4 Timing Performance of Different Detectors 330 References 345 7 Position Sensing 349 7.1 Position Readout Concepts 349 7.2 Individual Readout 353 7.3 Charge Division Method 357 7.4 Risetime Method 373 7.5 Delay-Line Method 375 References 380 8 Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.1 Principles of Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.2 Amplitude-Based Methods 386 8.3 Zero-Crossing Method 393 8.4 Risetime Measurement Method 399 8.5 Comparison of Pulse-Shape Discrimination Methods 401 References 404 9 Introduction to Digital Signals and Systems 407 9.1 Background 407 9.2 Digital Signals 408 9.3 ADCs 414 9.4 Digital Signal Processing 418 References 438 10 Digital Radiation Measurement Systems 441 10.1 Digital Systems 441 10.2 Energy Spectroscopy Applications 448 10.3 Pulse Timing Applications 472 10.4 Digital Pulse-Shape Discrimination 483 References 498 Index 503

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Book SynopsisConcise, logical, and mathematically rigorous, this introduction to the theory of dislocations is addressed primarily to students and researchers in the general areas of mechanics and applied mathematics. Its scope encompasses those aspects of dislocation theory which are closely related to the theories of elasticity and macroscopic plasticity, to modern continuum mechanics, and to the theory of cracks and fracture. The volume incorporates several new and original pieces of work, including a development of the theory of dislocation motion and plastic strain for non-linear materials, a new discussion of the line tension model, revised calculations of the Peierls resistance, and a new development of the van der Merwe theory of crystal interfaces.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the foundations of nuclear physics, covering several themes that range from subatomic particles to stars. Also described in this book are experimental facts relating to the discovery of the electron, positron, proton, neutron and neutrino. The general properties of nuclei and the various nuclear de-excitation processes based on the nucleon layer model are studied in greater depth. This book addresses the conservation laws of angular momentum and parity, the multipolar transition probabilities E and M, gamma de-excitation, internal conversion and nucleon emission de-excitation processes. The fundamental properties of α and β disintegrations, electron capture, radioactive filiations, and Bateman equations are also examined. Nuclear Physics 1 is intended for high school physics teachers, students, research teachers and science historians specializing in nuclear physics.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 Overview of the Nucleus 1 1.1 Discovery of the electron 2 1.1.1 Hittorf and Crookes experiments 2 1.1.2 Perrin and Thomson experiments 4 1.1.3 Millikan experiment 8 1.2 The birth of the nucleus 12 1.2.1 Perrin and Thomson atomic model 12 1.2.2 Geiger and Marsden experiment 13 1.2.3 Rutherford scattering: Planetary atomic model 14 1.2.4 Rutherford’s differential effective cross-section 16 1.3 Composition of the nucleus 22 1.3.1 Discovery of the proton 22 1.3.2 Discovery of the neutron 24 1.3.3 Internal structure of nucleons: u and d quarks 28 1.3.4 Isospin 30 1.3.5 Nuclear spin 31 1.3.6 Nuclear magnetic moment 31 1.4 Nucleus dimensions 33 1.4.1 Nuclear radius 33 1.4.2 Nuclear density, skin thickness 35 1.5 Nomenclature of nuclides 39 1.5.1 Isotopes, isobars, isotones 39 1.5.2 Mirror nuclei, Magic nuclei 43 1.6 Nucleus stability 43 1.6.1 Atomic mass unit 43 1.6.2 Segrè diagram, nuclear energy surface 45 1.6.3 Mass defect, binding energy 46 1.6.4 Binding energy per nucleon, Aston curve 49 1.6.5 Separation energy of a nucleon 52 1.6.6 Nuclear forces 54 1.7 Exercises 54 1.8 Solutions to exercises 59 Chapter 2 Nuclear Deexcitations 69 2.1 Nuclear shell model 71 2.1.1 Overview of nuclear models 71 2.1.2 Individual state of a nucleon 72 2.1.3 Form of the harmonic potential 73 2.1.4 Shell structure derived from a harmonic potential 75 2.1.5 Shell structure derived from a Woods–Saxon potential 82 2.2 Angular momentum and parity 93 2.2.1 Angular momentum and parity of ground state 93 2.2.2 Angular momentum and parity of an excited state 97 2.3 Gamma deexcitation 100 2.3.1 Definition, deexcitation energy 100 2.3.2 Angular momentum and multipole order of γ-radiation 104 2.3.3 Classification of γ-transitions, parity of γ-radiation 105 2.3.4 γ-transition probabi lities, Weisskopf estimates 106 2.3.5 Conserving angular momentum and parity 107 2.4 Internal conversion 112 2.4.1 Definition 112 2.4.2 Internal conversion coefficients 114 2.4.3 Partial conversion coefficients 115 2.4.4 K-shell conversion 116 2.5 Deexcitation by nucleon emission 119 2.5.1 Definition 119 2.5.2 Energy balance 120 2.5.3 Bound levels and virtual levels 121 2.5.4 Study of an example of delayed-neutron emission 124 2.6 Bethe–Weizsäcker semi-empirical mass formula 126 2.6.1 Presentation of the liquid-drop model 126 2.6.2 Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, binding energy 126 2.6.3 Volume energy, surface energy 127 2.6.4 Coulomb energy 128 2.6.5 Asymmetry energy, pairing energy 130 2.6.6 Principle of semi-empirical evaluation of coefficients in Bethe–Weizsäcker form 131 2.6.7 Isobar binding energy, the most stable isobar 140 2.7 Mass parabola equation for odd A 143 2.7.1 Expression 143 2.7.2 Determining the nuclear charge of the most stable isobar from the decay energy 145 2.7.3 Mass parabola equation for even A 149 2.8 Nuclear potential barrier 154 2.8.1 Definition, model of the rectangular potential well 154 2.8.2 Modifying the model of the rectangular potential well 155 2.9 Exercises 156 2.10 Solutions to exercises 165 Chapter 3 Alpha Radioactivity 187 3.1 Experimental facts 188 3.1.1 Becquerel’s observations, radioactivity 188 3.1.2 Discovery of α radioactivity and β−radioactivity 189 3.1.3 Discovery of the positron 191 3.1.4 Discovery of the neutrino, Cowan and Reines experiment 193 3.1.5 Highlighting α, β and γ radiation 198 3.2 Radioactive decay 201 3.2.1 Rutherford and Soddy’s empirical law 201 3.2.2 Radioactive half-life 201 3.2.3 Average lifetime of a radioactive nucleus 203 3.2.4 Activity of a radioactive source 204 3.3 α radioactivity 204 3.3.1 Balanced equation 204 3.3.2 Mass defect (loss of matter), decay energy 205 3.3.3 Decay energy diagram 208 3.3.4 Fine structure of α lines 210 3.3.5 Geiger–Nuttall law 212 3.3.6 Quantum model of α emission by tunnel effect 214 3.3.7 Estimating the radioactive half-life, Gamow factor 216 3.4 Exercises 220 3.5 Solutions to exercises 222 Chapter 4 Beta Radioactivity, Radioactive Family Tree 229 4.1 Beta radioactivity 230 4.1.1 Experiment of Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie: discovery of artificial radioactivity 230 4.1.2 Balanced equation, β decay energy 235 4.1.3 Continuous β emission spectrum 238 4.1.4 Sargent diagram, β transition selection rules 240 4.1.5 Decay energy diagram 243 4.1.6 Condition of β + emission 245 4.1.7 Decay by electron capture 247 4.1.8 Double β decay, branching ratio 251 4.1.9 Atomic deexcitation, Auger effect 254 4.2 Radioactive family trees 259 4.2.1 Definition 259 4.2.2 Simple two-body family tree 260 4.2.3 Multi-body family tree, Bateman equations 262 4.2.4 Secular equilibrium 265 4.3 Radionuclide production by nuclear bombardment 268 4.3.1 General aspects 268 4.3.2 Production rate of a radionuclide 269 4.3.3 Production yield of a radionuclide 271 4.4 Natural radioactive series 275 4.4.1 Presentation 275 4.4.2 Thorium (4n) family 276 4.4.3 Neptunium (4n + 1) family 278 4.4.4 Uranium-235 (4n +2) family 280 4.4.5 Uranium-238 (4n + 3) family 282 4.5 Exercises 286 4.6 Solutions to exercises 293 Appendices 313 Appendix 1 315 Appendix 2 323 References 331 Index 337

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions. Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics.- Chapter 3. Classical Model of Photoelectron Angular Distributions.- Chapter 4. Quantum Treatment of Photoelectron Angular Distributions (Dipole Approximation).- Chapter 5. Higher-order Multipole Terms in Photoelectron Angular Distributions.- Chapter 6. Relativistic Theory of Photoelectron Angular Distributions.- Chapter 7. Angular Momentum Transfer Theory.- Chapter 8. Molecular Photoelectron Angular Distributions.- Chapter 9. Measuring Photoelectron Angular Distributions in the Laboratory.- Chapter 10. Applications of Photoelectron Angular Distribution Measurements.

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Book SynopsisDie Festkörperphysik ist eines der großen Hauptgebiete der heutigen Physik. Der Festkörper stellt mit seinen verwickelten elektrischen, optischen, thermischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften ein äußerst reizvolles Objekt moderner Grundlagen­ forschung dar. In der Tat gelingt es hier, die oft sehr komplizierten Erscheinungen aufzuklären und bis in die Details hinein zu verfolgen. Das damit verbundene tief­ greifende Verständnis der physikalischen Vorgänge im Festkörper führt darüber­ hinaus zu äußerst wichtigen Anwendungen, z. B. in der Nachrichten-und Computer­ technik. Der Studierende, der sich in dieses Gebiet einarbeiten will, stellt allerdings sehr rasch fest, daß hier in großem Umfang Begriffsbildungen und Methoden der Quantenfeld­ theorie verwendet werden. Diese Methoden gestatten es nicht nur, die physikalischen Vorgänge im Festkörper in eleganter Weise zu beschreiben, sondern sie haben auch zu grundsätzlich neuen Erkenntnissen geführt. Als hervorragendes Beispiel sei hier nur die Erklärung der Supraleitung erwähnt. Andererseits wird dem Studierenden in einer Kursvorlesung, etwa der Quanten­ mechanik, kaum die Möglichkeit geboten, dieses wichtige Gebiet kennenzulernen. Aufgabe dieses Buches soll es sein, diese Lücke zu schließen, indem es den Leser in einfacher Weise an die Begriffsbildungen und Methoden der Quantenfeldtheorie her­ anführt. So sollte ein Leser, der mit den mathematischen Kenntnissen der ersten drei Semes·ter und den Grundbegriffen der Quantenmechanik vertraut ist, ohne weiteres in der Lage sein, sich mit Hilfe dieses Buches in die Quantenfeldtheorie des Fest­ körpers einzuarbeiten.Table of ContentsI. Einleitung.- § 1 Einführung und Übersicht.- § 2 Einige Grundbegriffe der klassischen Mechanik.- II. Harmonische Oszillatoren.- § 3 Der quantenmechanische Oszillator: Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperatoren.- § 4 Die Berechnung von Erwartungswerten.- § 5 Vom Umgang mit Bose-Operatoren: Wir lernen einige Tricks.- § 6 Der verschobene harmonische Oszillator: Vorbild für elementare Anregungen im Festkörper.- III. Feldquantisierung.- § 7 Die lineare Atomkette: klassische Behandlung.- § 8 Die lineare Atomkette: quantentheoretische Behandlung. Phononen.- § 9 Übergang zum Kontinuum: klassisch.- § 10 Übergang zum Kontinuum: quantentheoretisch. Phononen.- § 11 Dreidimensionale Probleme: Quantisierung der skalaren Wellengleichung und des elektromagnetischen Feldes. Photonen.- § 12 Quantisierung des Schrödingerschen Wellenfeldes der Bose-Statistik (2. Quantelung). Bosonen.- § 13 Quantisierung des Schrödingerschen Wellenfeldes der Fermi-Dirac-Statistik. Fermionen.- § 14 Vom Umgang mit Fermi-Operatoren.- § 15 Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Feldern: seiltanzende Elektronen.- § 16 Methodische Kunstbegriffe: das Wechselwirkungsbild und das Heisenbergbild.- IV. Elektronen im starren Gitter.- § 17 Elektronen im Kristallgitter: ein kurzer Abriß der Blochschen Theorie.- § 18 Die Methode der scheinbaren Masse.- § 19 Wannierfunktionen: Wellenpakete aus Blochfunktionen.- § 20 Elektronen im Kristallgitter: Formulierung des Mehrkörperproblems. Der Hartree-Fock-Ansatz.- § 21 Defektelektronen.- § 22 Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen und Defektelektronen.- § 23 Exzitonen mit großem Bahnradius (Wannier-Exzitonen).- § 24 Frenkel-Exzitonen.- § 25 Elektronische Polarisationswellen.- § 26 Exzitonenmaterie.- § 27 Plasmonen.- § 28 Spinwellen: Magnonen.- V. Elektronen in Wechselwirkung mit Gitterschwingungen.- § 29 Fröhlichs Hamiltonoperator für die Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen und Phononen.- § 30 Zeitabhängige Störungstheorie 1. Ordnung. Spontane und induzierte Emission sowie Absorption von Phononen. Darstellung durch Feynman-Graphen..’.- § 31 Der Elektrische Widerstand.- § 32 Zeitabhängige Störungstheorie 2.Ordnung: Selbstenergie, Massenrenomierung.- § 33 Störungstheorie höherer Ordnung.- § 34 Theorem über die exakte Form der Lösung.- § 35 Das Fröhlich-Polaron. Selbstenergie und renormierte Masse.- § 36 Die effektive Wechselwirkung zwischen Polaronen.- VI. Greensche Funktionen.- § 37 Störungstheorie im Ortsraum. Beispiel für das Auftreten Greenscher Funktionen.- § 38 Ausbreitungsfunktion, Propagator, Greensche Funktion: immer das Gleiche.- § 39 Beispiele von Gleichungen für Greensche Funktionen und deren Lösung.- VII. Supraleitung.- § 40 Einige grundlegende experimentelle Tatsachen der Supraleitung.- § 41 Theorie der Supraleitung: Herleitung der Fröhlich-Wechselwirkung zwischen den Elektronen.- § 42 Der Grundzustand des Supraleiters nach der Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-Theorie.- § 43 Angeregte Zustände des Supraleiters.- VIII. Elektronen in Wechselwirkung mit dem quantisierten Lichtfeld.- § 44 Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Licht und Materie: Der Hamiltonoperator 293.- § 45 Polaritonen.- Weiterführende Literatur.

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Book SynopsisAls im August 1845, so berichtet die Anekdote, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , König von Preußen, die neuerrichtete Sternwarte der Universität in Bonn besuchte und den Astronomen mit den Worten begrüßte: "Na, Argelander, was gibt es Neues am Himmel?", erhielt er zur Antwort: "Kennen Majestät schon das Alte?" Die kleine Geschichte beleuchtet ein Dilemma, dem zu allen Zeiten Lernende und Lehrende gleichermaßen gegenüberstehen. Es ist deshalb die Hauptaufgabe eines einführenden Lehrbuchs, das Alte im Hinblick auf das Neue zu vermitteln. Die Zielsetzung des vorliegenden Studienbuches ist es daher, eine Übersicht über die etablierten Erscheinungen und Beschreibungskonzepte zu geben und die moderneren Perspektiven erkennbar werden zu lassen. Das Buch befaßt sich weder mit experimen­ tellen noch mit theoretischen Techniken. Der Text beginnt zur Einführung mit der klassischen Behandlung elastischer Streuung anhand der Rutherford-Streuung. Streuprobleme werden dann im Kapitel4 ausführlicher besprochen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Grundlage für KapitelS über Kernkräfte und Kapitel? über Kernreaktio­ nen. In den Kapiteln 2 und 3 werden dazwischen die wichtigsten Grundzustandseigen­ schaften der Kerne und die Bedingungen des radioaktiven Zerfalls behandelt. Die Erscheinungen des ß-Zerfalls werden als Übergang zur Physik der Elementarteilchen im letzten Kapitel dargestellt. Entsprechend der Zielsetzung des Buches wurden Gegenstände wie etwa der Durchgang ionisierender Strahlung durch Materie nicht besprochen. Sie sind zwar in der Kernphysik technisch sehr wichtig, gehören aber der Problemstellung nach in die Atom- und Festkörperphysik. Bei der hier vorliegenden ergänzten und korrigierten 5. Auflage wurden die bewährte Gliederung und der Hauptteil des Textes beibehalten.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Eigenschaften stabiler Kerne.- 3 Zerfall instabiler Kerne.- 4 Elastische Streuung.- 5 Kernkräfte und starke Wechselwirkung.- 6 Kernmodelle.- 7 Kernreaktionen.- 8 ?-Zerfall und schwache Wechselwirkung.- Einheiten, Konstanten, Umrechnungsfaktoren und Formeln für kernphysikalische Rechnungen.- Literaturhinweise auf Lehrbücher und Standardwerke.

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Book SynopsisRadioaktivität, natürliche und künstliche, ist ein Teil unseres täglichen Lebens, Fragen der Radioaktivität sind ein wichtiger Gegenstand öffentlicher Diskussion. Dieses Buch bringt gut verständlich und nüchtern die Fakten: zur Entstehung der unterschiedlichen radioaktiven Strahlen, zu ihren Eigenschaften und zu ihren Wirkungen auf Mensch und Materie. Strahlungsmessung und -meßgeräte sowie wesentliche Radioaktivitätsmethoden aus Forschung, Medizin und Technik werden ebenso ausführlich erläutert wie die Strahlenbelastung des Menschen, Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte und die Plutoniumproblematik.Table of Contents1. Einleitung.- 2. Grundlagen.- 2.1 Physikalische Größen und Maßeinheiten.- 2.2 Struktur der Materie.- 2.3 Elementarteilchen.- 2.4 Strahlung.- 3. Erhaltungssätze.- 3.1 Erhaltung von Impuls, Drehimpuls und Energie.- 3.2 Zentralkräfte, Bindungsenergie.- 3.3 Quantenmechanische Aspekte.- 3.4 Relativistische Aspekte.- 3.5 Kernbindungsenergie.- 3.6 Weitere Erhaltungssätze.- 4. Strahlung aus Elektronenhülle und Atomkern.- 4.1 Herkunft der Strahlung.- 4.2 Atomübergänge.- 4.2.1 Energiebetrachtungen.- 4.2.2 Atomzerfälle.- 4.3 Kernzerfälle.- 4.3.1 Gammazerfall.- 4.3.2 Betazerfall.- 4.3.3 Alphazerfall.- 4.3.4 Weitere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten.- 4.3.5 Zusammenfassung.- 5. Zeitliches Verhalten.- 5.1 Zerfallsgesetz und Aktivität.- 5.2 Mehrere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten, Beispiel 40K.- 5.3 Zerfallsketten.- 5.4 Altersbestimmung von Mineralien.- 5.5 Zerfallsstatistik.- 5.6 Radioaktiver Zerfall und Determinismus.- 6. Durchgang von Strahlung durch Materie.- 6.1 Überblick.- 6.2 Protonen und ?-Teilchen.- 6.2.1 Energieverlust pro Wegstreckenintervall.- 6.2.2 Streuung des Energieverlustes.- 6.2.3 Reichweite.- 6.3 Elektronen.- 6.3.1 Anregung und Ionisation.- 6.3.2 Brems Strahlung.- 6.3.3 Cerenkov-Strahlung.- 6.4 Neutronen.- 6.4.1 Streuung.- 6.4.2 Einfang in einen Atomkern.- 6.5 Röntgen- und ?-Strahlung.- 6.5.1 Photoeffekt.- 6.5.2 Compton-Effekt.- 6.5.3 Paarbildung.- 6.5.4 Schwächungskoeffizienten.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- 7. Strahlungsmessung.- 7.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 7.2 Strahlungsmeßgeräte.- 7.2.1 Gasionisationsdetektoren.- 7.2.2 Szintillatoren.- 7.2.3 Halbleiter-Detektoren.- 7.2.4 Weitere Nachweisverfahren.- 7.3 Durchführung von Messungen.- 7.3.1 Aktivitätsmessung.- 7.3.2 Gammaspektroskopie.- 7.3.3 Dosismessungen.- 7.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 7.4.1 Aufklärung der Photosynthese.- 7.4.2 Radioimmunoassay.- 7.4.3 Organszintigraphie.- 7.4.4 Aktivierungsanalyse.- 7.4.5 Anwendungen in der Technik.- 8. Strahlung und Mensch.- 8.1 Biologische Wirkung von ionisierender Strahlung.- 8.2 Strahlendosis und Strahlenschutz.- 8.2.1 Dosisgrößen.- 8.2.2 Dosisberechnung.- 8.2.3 Strahlenschutzvorschriften.- 8.3 Strahlenbelastung des Menschen.- 8.3.1 Herkunft der Strahlenbelastung.- 8.3.2 Gesundheitsrisiko.- 9. Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte.- 9.1 Vorbetrachtung.- 9.2 Kernspaltung.- 9.3 Kettenreaktion.- 9.4 Energieerzeugung.- 9.5 Spaltprodukte.- 9.6 Sicherheitsfragen.- 10. Plutonium.- Nachwort.- AI Relativistische Beziehung zwischen Masse und Energie..- A2 Nichtrelativistische Stoßkinematik.- A3 Wirkungsquerschnitt.- A4 Zum Energieverlust geladener Teilchen.- A5 Zur Poisson-Statistik beim radioaktiven Zerfall.- Weiterführende Literatur.- Personenverzeichnis.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDie berühmte Vorlesung von Freeman Dyson - nun erstmals auf Deutsch. In den 1940er Jahren zeigte Freeman Dyson die Äquivalenz zwischen den beiden Formulierungen der QED - des Pfadintegralansatzes von Richard Feynman und der Variationsmethoden von Julian Schwinger - und bewies somit die Konsistenz der QED. Dieses Buch beinhaltet die wertvollen - nie zuvor auf Deutsch publizierten - Vorlesungen über Quantenfeldtheorie, die Dyson an der Cornell Universität 1951 gehalten hat. Der Theoretiker Edwin Thompson Jaynes bemerkte dazu: "Für eine Generation von Physikern waren diese Vorlesungen ein Gewinn: klarer und besser motiviert als Feynmans Vorlesungen, und schneller und kompakter als Schwingers." Zukünftige Leser werden diese Vorlesungen ebenfalls mit großem Genuss lesen und von dem klaren Stil profitieren, der für Dyson stets so charakteristisch gewesen ist.Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 - Die Diracgleichung, 2 - Streuprobleme und die Born-Approximation, 3 - Die klassische und quantenmechanische Feldtheorie, 4 - Beispiele quantisierter Feldtheorien (Maxwellfeld, Diracelektronen), 5 - Streuprobleme freier Teilchen (Paar Annihilation, Möller-Streuung, Klein-Nishina-Formel), 6 - Allgemeine Theorie der Streuung (Feynman-Graphen, Infrarotkatastrophe), 7 - Streuung an einem statischen Potenzial und experimentelle Ergebnisse.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Diracs Theorie.- Streuprobleme und Bornsche Näherung.- Feldtheorie.- Quantisierte Feldtheorien.- Freie Teilchen und Streuung.- Allgemeine Streutheorie.- Streuung am statischen Potenzial. ​

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Book SynopsisCarsten Kleppel liefert eine verständliche Motivation und Diskussion der Dirac-Gleichung, von der aus mit Hilfe der Feldquantisierung und Störungstheorie die Grundzüge der Quantenelektrodynamik erschlossen werden. Die nach P. A. M. Dirac benannte Gleichung ist eine der größten Errungenschaften der theoretischen Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts und bildete eine wichtige Grundlage der Entwicklung der Quantenelektrodynamik.Table of Contents​Einleitung.- Die Dirac-Gleichung.- Eine Quantentheorie des Lichts.- Feldquantisierung des Dirac-Feldes.- Quantenelektrodynamik.- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Anhang: Längere Rechnungen und Beweise.

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Book SynopsisDieses Essential gibt eine kompakte Einführung in unser aktuelles Bild der Elementarteilchenphysik. Es legt dabei den Schwerpunkt auf Phänomene wie das Higgs-Teilchen, welche am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) erforscht werden. Der LHC am Forschungszentrum CERN bei Genf ist der leistungsfähigste Beschleuniger der Welt und läuft seit dem Frühjahr 2015 erneut mit Rekordenergie. Der Autor beschreibt, wie das sogenannte „Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik“ aufgebaut ist und wie die Experimente des LHC es durch genauere Messungen festigen und durch neue Entdeckungen revolutionieren können. Dabei werden die wichtigsten grundlegenden Begriffe erklärt: Was sind beispielsweise virtuelle Teilchen, und welche Rolle spielen sie in der Natur? Was ist eine Quantenfeldtheorie? Sind die Elementarteilchen wirklich elementar? Was ist Symmetriebrechung? Trade Review Table of Contents

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisIn einer quellenbasierten Studie gibt die Wissenschaftshistorikerin und Physikerin An Rettig einen lebendigen Einblick in das Streben von Heisenberg und Pauli nach einer einheitlichen Quantenfeldtheorie – von den Anfängen am Rande der Solvay-Konferenz 1927 bis zur Veröffentlichung eines gemeinsamen Ansatzes und Paulis Tod 1958. Die Studie umfasst die Grundlagen, die Entwicklung und die physiktheoretischen Inhalte von Heisenbergs und Paulis Ansatz von 1958 und untersucht die Gründe für dessen starke Ablehnung. Die Autorin berücksichtigt neben den physikalischen auch die zwischenmenschlichen Aspekte sowie den tiefen Wandel in der Physiker-Gemeinde über die Vorstellung, was eine erfolgreiche Physik ausmacht und wie diese entstehen kann.Table of ContentsHeisenberg und Pauli und die Physik ihrer Generation.- Geschichte der Entstehung und Inhalt von Heisenbergs und Paulis Quantenfeldtheorie von 1958.- Umzug von Europa in die USA: Der Wandel in der Physik.- Werner Heisenbergs Stil.- Die Physiker-Persönlichkeit Wolfgang Pauli.- Im Spagat zwischen den USA und Europa.

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Book SynopsisDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

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Book SynopsisThe papers published here have been written by friends, former students and colleagues of Luigi Radicati di Bronzolo on the occasion of his 70th birthday to express the affection and deep esteem he induced in them with his considerateness, intelligence, knowledge and culture. The papers appear in two volumes; on the basis of their titles it is easy to recognize that they may be grouped according to the following subjects: 1) Atomic, molecular and nuclear physics; 2) Astrophysics; 3) Elementary particles; 4) Mathematics; 5) Physical and biological ordered and disordered states; 6) Principles of quantum mechanics and of field theory.

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Book SynopsisThe operational useful lifetime of semiconductor electronic devices working in harsh radiation environments is limited by the structural defects induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation. This has immediate consequences for their use in high radiation environments, for example in nuclear facilities, satellites, radiotherapy, medical diagnostics, security and other industries. This publication establishes a standardized procedure to quantify the radiation hardness of semiconductor diode materials in a way that is independent of the irradiation parameters and biasing conditions of the device. The established parameter reflects the additional free charge carrier trapping cross section induced by the damaging radiation, normalized to the predicted concentration of generated vacancies by the same radiation. The effectiveness of the approach is validated through different types of ion beam irradiations, characterizations and materials used. The work leads towards approaches to predict the radiation induced effects on device performance for more complex electronic structures.

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Book SynopsisCyclotrons are currently used for the preparation of a wide variety of radionuclides that have applications in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Consequently, there is high demand from IAEA Member States for support in the area of radiopharmaceutical production using cyclotron produced radioisotopes. This publication describes the potential radionuclide production routes using cyclotrons in different energy ranges and provides methods for the development of targets and provides details of the chemistry for the separation of radionuclides from target materials. The readership of this publication includes scientists, operators interested in putting this technology into practice, technologists already working with cyclotrons who wish to enhance the utility of existing machines, and managers in the process of setting up radionuclide facilities in their countries. Students working towards higher level degrees in related fields may also benefit from this publication.

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Book SynopsisThis publication gives practical information and examples on safety analysis principles and methods as well as the contents of licensing documentation needed to support application of IAEA safety standards to nuclear fuel cycle facilities. A systematic methodology is presented, covering the establishment of acceptance criteria, hazard evaluation, identification of postulated initiating events, analysis of accident sequences and consequences. Information is also provided on application of the results of the safety analysis in the design and operational phases, and on appropriate management system processes. The publication applies to all lifetime stages of relevant facilities and for modifications and upgrades. The information presented may be used for periodic safety reviews and consideration of extended lifetime of facilities. With respect to licensing documentation, the publication provides indicative contents and format of the safety analysis report as a higher level document that incorporates the information required at various steps in the licensing and re-licensing process.

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Book SynopsisThe transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material.Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material.These requirements are adopted into the UN Model Regulations which are subsequently adopted by the IMDG Code by the International Maritime Organisation for shipment by sea and by the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions for shipment by air. Both the IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions are globally implemented and mandatory. Land transport is the responsibility of the national government of each Member State, and the SSR-6 requirements are adopted for national transport safety regulations for shipments on land.

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Book SynopsisProviding a comprehensive overview of the utilization of research reactors for education purposes in an academic environment, this compendium is intended to provide practical guidelines for the development of research reactor exercises to be integrated into education programmes in nuclear science and technology. It will prove useful to all Member States developing nuclear capacity building for existing and new national research reactor programmes. Member States planning to embark on both a research reactor programme and a nuclear power programme, may refer to this publication to ensure that the approach and methodology for the implementation of both programmes is harmonized, efficient and effective from the perspective of capacity building development.

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides an introduction to the management of research reactor spent nuclear fuel (RRSNF). Five key areas are discussed: types of RRSNF, characterization data, wet storage considerations, dry storage considerations, and lessons learned and current practices. Information on internationally accepted standards as well as information on aspects such as drying treatment and surveillance programmes are presented, as well as suggestions for further optimization of effective and safe storage of RRSNF through the application of new approaches. The intended users of this publication include industry professionals at operating research reactors and at RRSNF storage facilities who need to identify the most suitable approach for interim storage of spent fuel.

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Book SynopsisThis publication highlights the importance of mentoring and coaching for knowledge transfer across the generations of the workforce. It captures successful mentoring and coaching practices and approaches being followed by different types of nuclear organizations including at nuclear power plants, technical support organizations, national nuclear organizations and regulatory bodies. The publication also includes case studies from Member State organizations that have used mentoring and coaching as an effective tool for knowledge transfer, skill building and performance improvement.

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Book SynopsisThis publication has been developed to assist IAEA Member States in establishing and maintaining regulatory control through notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement in relation to facilities and activities with radiation sources, in order to achieve the fundamental safety and security objectives. The publication addresses the implementation of the requirements for safety and security in a harmonized way, taking into account differences in the requirements as well as differences in States' regulatory infrastructures. For example, in some States the same regulatory body is responsible for the control of safety and security, while in others, safety and security are controlled by separate regulatory bodies. A harmonized approach for notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement is intended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of regulatory control through concurrent inspection for safety and security.

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Book SynopsisPositron emission tomography (PET) is an important clinical tool, and with its longer half-life, copper-64 has several unique attributes that make it a multi-purpose radionuclide with many potential applications. Additionally, copper as a trace element plays a pivotal role in several human metabolic and pathologic diseases and is involved in malignant cells biochemistry pathways. This offers the opportunity for scientists to explore the theranostic capabilities of copper-64. This current publication, arising from an IAEA Coordinated Research Project, describes the biochemical and radiopharmaceutical aspects of copper-64, and its clinical applications, with specific guidelines and methods for the production of copper-64 chloride, peptide and monoclonal antibody radiopharmaceuticals. It is expected to be of use to all professionals involved in the field by specifying ideal production, formulation and quality control methods.

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Book SynopsisMajor accidents at a nuclear power plant or fuel cycle facility are rare but can produce large quantities of radioactive waste with widely varying characteristics that can be difficult to manage. Large volumes of radioactive waste can also be generated by accidents at military installations or by the mishandling high-activity-sealed radiation sources. In the case of a major accident, radioactive waste volumes may quickly overwhelm existing national management and disposal infrastructure. Appropriate disposal facilities might not be available to match the amounts or characteristics of the wastes. This publication is developed to support Member States efforts towards improved preparedness related to the management of radioactive waste in the event of a nuclear or radiological accident. It builds on experiences gained following historic accidents to develop lessons learned, which planners in governmental agencies and nuclear facilities are encouraged to consider in preplanning activities.

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Book SynopsisThe focus of this publication is on collecting current practices in Member States related to design extension conditions (DECs) with core melting. The information provided is based on the feedback from technical experts from Canada, France, Finland, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America. There is, however, still no common understanding of DECs due to the complexity of phenomena and insufficient experimental data. This publication identifies current approaches of IAEA Member States with active nuclear power programmes and discusses the regulatory perspective and technical rationale. It attempts to find common practices and possible areas for harmonization of the main rules related to the analysis of DECs with core melting for new water cooled reactors, including their selection for the safety demonstration.

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Book SynopsisWritten for use by operating organizations of nuclear power plants and regulatory bodies, this Safety Guide provides specific recommendations on maintenance, testing, surveillance and inspection to ensure that the levels of reliability and availability of all structures, systems and components important to safety remain in accordance with the assumptions and intent of the design, and also that the safety of the plant is not adversely affected after the commencement of operation. The publication covers the establishment and implementation of preventive and corrective maintenance programmes; testing surveillance and inspection; the repair of defective plant equipment; the provision of related facilities and equipment; procurement; and generating and retaining records of maintenance activities.

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Book SynopsisAgeing of instrumentation and control (I&C) equipment at nuclear facilities has the potential to degrade mechanisms, which can in turn reduce safety margins and increase operating and maintenance costs. Obsolescence of I&C equipment can compound matters as suitable replacements become difficult to source. In 2019, the IAEA Technical Working Group on Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control acknowledged that relevant system and strategy guidance was required to implement modern technology at nuclear facilities. The purpose of this publication is to assist Member States in developing strategies to address ageing and obsolescence issues for I&C systems and it provides detail on modernization considerations and information from relevant recent operator experience. An appendix summarizes cable ageing management through condition monitoring, and several annexes describe Member States' practices and experience with l&C ageing management and modernization.

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Book SynopsisProbabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) is a relatively new methodology, and actual examples of applications are quite limited. The current publication provides an introduction to probabilistic approaches to fault displacement hazard assessment with reference to relevant IAEA safety standards. It delineates the most important aspects of PFDHA (including up to date practices, open problems, and challenging issues) within a coherent framework. The information provided will be valuable not only for Member States when applying PFDHA to the site safety assessment of existing installations, but also for nuclear power plant operating organizations, regulatory bodies, vendors, technical support organizations and researchers working in the area of seismic hazard assessmen

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Book SynopsisThis publication provides a worldwide survey of public and private fusion devices with experimental and demonstration designs, which are currently in operation, under construction or being planned. It provides details such as the name of the device, its status, ownership, host country and organization, and does so for over 130 fusion devices. Information is given in the form of short descriptions of the device goals and main features. The publication is intended to complement the IAEA's online database of fusion devices – the Fusion Device Information System (FusDIS) and further elaborates the information available there. The objective of that database and this publication is to provide a global overview of fusion research and development activities from the perspective of device capabilities.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide, prepared jointly by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Labour Organization (ILO), provides guidance on fulfilling the requirements of the International Basic Safety Standards (IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3) with respect to occupational exposure. It provides general guidance on the development of occupational radiation protection programmes as appropriate for the sources of radiation likely to be encountered in the workplaces in question to fulfil the management's responsibility for protection and safety. Detailed guidance is also provided on the monitoring and assessment of workers' exposure due to external radiation sources and from intakes of radionuclides. The Safety Guide reflects the current internationally accepted principles and recommended good practices in occupational radiation protection, with account taken of the conceptual changes and technological enhancements that have occurred over the past decade.

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Book SynopsisThis publication summarizes the reviewed information distributed in previous IAEA publications and provides an up to date, overall picture of the management of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRSs) based upon the current status and trends in this field. It incorporates the most recent experience in source management, including newly developed techniques used for DSRS conditioning and storage. Problems encountered and lessons learned are also highlighted in the publication in order to help avoid the mistakes commonly made in the past in managing disused sources.

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Book SynopsisThe identification and assessment of threats provides an essential basis for the selection, design, and implementation of nuclear security measures. For nuclear material and other radioactive material that is under regulatory control, and associated facilities and activities, the results of this identification and assessment are expressed as a design basis threat or representative threat statement describing the intentions and capabilities of potential adversaries against which the materials and associated facilities and activities are to be protected. An Implementing Guide was issued in 2009 under the title of Development, Use and Maintenance of the Design Basis Threat which was updated and revised. The result of this revision is the current publication. It provides a stepbystep methodology for conducting a national nuclear security threat assessment including both physical and computer security aspects, and for the development, use and maintenance of design basis threats and representative threat statements.

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Book SynopsisSince the 1970s, the IAEA has been involved in the analysis of fuel failures in water cooled reactors in normal (nonaccident) operational conditions. This updated version of IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NFT2.1 provides information on all aspects of fuel failures in current nuclear power plant operations. It summarizes fuel failure occurrences and their mechanisms and root causes, as well as fuel failure prevention and management in plant operation for 97% of light and heavy water cooled nuclear power units operated worldwide during the period 2006–2015. Data on fuel failures from 1987 to 2006 extracted from three previous IAEA fuel failure reports are included and analysed in the present publication, together with the 2006–2015 fuel failure data, to reveal long term tendencies in fuel performance. In addition to fuel rod leakers, fuel structural damages and other fuel assembly issues are considered in the report.

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Book SynopsisThis publication is the lead Implementing Guide in a suite of guidance on implementing the Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/Revision 5), IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 13. It provides guidance and suggestions to assist States and their competent authorities in establishing, strengthening and sustaining their national physical protection regime and implementing the associated systems and measures, including operators' physical protection systems.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a unique and ambitious primer of nuclear physics, which introduces recent theoretical and experimental progresses starting from basics in fundamental quantum mechanics. The highlight is to offer an overview of nuclear structure phenomena relevant to recent key findings such as unstable halo nuclei, superheavy elements, neutron stars, nucleosynthesis, the standard model, lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD), and chiral effective theory. An additional attraction is that general properties of nuclei are comprehensively explained from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoints. The book begins with the conceptual and mathematical basics of quantum mechanics, and goes into the main point of nuclear physics – nuclear structure, radioactive ion beam physics, and nuclear reactions. The last chapters devote interdisciplinary topics in association with astrophysics and particle physics. A number of illustrations and exercises with complete solutions are given. Each chapter is comprehensively written starting from fundamentals to gradually reach modern aspects of nuclear physics with the objective to provide an effective description of the cutting edge in the field.Table of ContentsTentative Table of Contents [ asterisk (*) for graduate level] 1. Concepts of quantum mechanics from the nuclear viewpoint 1.1 Genesis of quantum physics 1.2 Spin and Isospin 1.3 Quantum entanglement 1.4 Schrödinger equation 1.5 Quantum Tunneling in one dimension 1.6 Uncertainty relation 1.7 Symmetries and symmetry breaking 1.8 Dirac equation *) 1.9 Lagrangian and Path integral *) 1.10 Second quantization *) 2. Nuclear forces 2.1 Fundamental interactions 2.2 Nuclear force and symmetry constraints 2.3 Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction 2.4 Phase shifts and nuclear potentials 2.5 Three-body forces 2.6 Chiral Effective Field Theory (ChEFT)*) 3. Nuclear Structure theory 3.0 Bird’s eye view of nuclear models 3.1 Nuclear mean field 3.2 Random phase approximation 3.2 Energy density functionals 3.2.1 Pairing interactions and BCS/Bogolyubov approximation 3.3 Beyond the mean field approaches*) 3.3.1 Generator coordinate method (GCM) 3.3.2 Anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) 3.4 The Monte Carlo shell models*) 3.5 Ab-initio approaches*) 3.5.1 No core shell model (NCSM) 3.5.2 Variational (VMC) and Green’s function Monte Carlo (GFMC) approaches 3.5.3 Fermionic molecular dynamics (FMD) 4. Nuclear Structure phenomena and observables 4.1 Spectroscopic observables for shell structure 4.2 Collective oscillations 4.3 Short-range correlations 4.4 Superheavy elements 4.5 Hypernuclei 5. Radioactive ion beam physics 5.1 Radioactive ion beam accelerators 5.2 In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy and inverse kinematics 5.3 Neutron-rich nuclei –halo and skin 5.4 Evolution of nuclear shells with Isospin – island of inversion- 5.5 Di-neutron correlations and nuclear superfluidity *) 5.6 Clusters in nuclei *) 6. Deformation and Rotation 6.1 Deformation of Molecules and Nuclei 6.2 Nuclear deformation and observables 6.3 Microscopic origin for nuclear deformations and prolate dominance 6.4 Measuring shapes 6.4.1 Hyperfine atomic structure from laser spectroscopy 6.4.2 Magnetic and Quadrupole Nuclear Resonance 6.4.3 Coulomb excitation 6.5 Shape and shape coexistence*) 6.6 Superdeformation and Hyperdeformation*) 6.7 Advances in gamma spectroscopy*) 7. Nuclear reactions 7.1 Overview of reaction mechanics 7.2 Elastic scattering 7.3 Direct reactions 7.1.1 Spectroscopic factors 7.1.2 Transfer rections 7.1.3 Quasifree scattering 7.1.4 Heavy-ion induced nucleon removal 7.4 Nuclear fusion 7.4.1 Solar energies , and p-p chain reaction and CNO cycle 7.4.2 Magnetic confinement and the ITER project *) 7.4.3 Inertial confinement *) 7.5 Nuclear fission 7.5.1 Macroscopic models 7.5.2 Microscopic models *) 7.5.3 Principle of a nuclear power plant *) 8. Celestial observables and terrestrial experiments 8.1 Nuclear Equation-of-States constrained by terrestrial observables 8.2 Neutron stars 8.3 Nucleosynthesis 8.4 Supernovae explosion *) 9. Nuclear physics and the standard model of elementary particle 9.1 Standard model 9.2 Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics for Nuclei *) 9.3 CKM matrix and superallowed b decay*) 9.4 Neutrino oscillations and search for a 4 th neutrino*) 9.5 Double beta decay and neutrino mass*) 9.6 Appendix for LQCD*) References Solutions of problems

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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