Nuclear physics Books

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. The Basis of Monte Carlo 3. Pseudorandom Number Generators 4. Sampling, Scoring, and Precision 5. Variance Reduction Techniques 6. Markov Chain Monte Carlo 7. Inverse Monte Carlo 8. Linear Operator Equations 9. The Fundamentals of Neutral Particle Transport 10. Monte Carlo Simulation of Neutral Particle Transport 11. Monte Carlo Applications

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Book SynopsisThe gripping true story of Klaus Fuchs: the spy who sold the nuclear secrets to the Russians.Trade ReviewA gripping espionage story that might have been penned by the master of Cold War spy fiction John le Carre * Daily Express *Pacy and well-crafted * Guardian *

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Book SynopsisThe development of nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project is one of the most significant scientific events of the twentieth century. This revised and updated 4th edition explores the challenges that faced the scientists and engineers of the Manhattan Project. It gives a clear introduction to fission weapons at the level of an upper-year undergraduate physics student by examining the details of nuclear reactions, their energy release, analytic and numerical models of the fission process, how critical masses can be estimated, how fissile materials are produced, and what factors complicate bomb design. An extensive list of references and a number of exercises for self-study are included. Revisions to this fourth edition include many upgrades and new sections. Improvements are made to, among other things, the analysis of the physics of the fission barrier, the time-dependent simulation of the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the discussion of tamped bomb cores. New sections cover, for example, composite bomb cores, approximate methods for various of the calculations presented, and the physics of the polonium-beryllium "neutron initiators" used to trigger the bombs.The author delivers in this book an unparalleled, clear and comprehensive treatment of the physics behind the Manhattan project.Trade Review“The volume is targeted at readers with an advanced undergraduate physics background, with the goals of explicating the principles behind the fission bombs completed in 1945, and of using these principles to illuminate more general areas of physics, such as electromagnetism and statistical mechanics. … both physicists and historians might find it most useful as a reference work.” (Joseph D. Martin, Metascience, Vol. 30, August 25, 2021)Table of ContentsPreface.- Energy Release in Nuclear Reactions, Neutrons, Fission, and Characteristics of Fission.- Critical Mass and Efficiency.- Producing Fissile Material.- Complicating Factors.- Miscellaneous Calculations.- Appendices.- Appendix A: Selected.- Values and Fission Barriers.- Appendix B: Densities, Cross-Sections and Secondary Neutron Numbers.- Appendix C: Energy and Momentum Conservation in a Two-Body Collision.- Appendix D: Energy and Momentum Conservation in a Two-Body Collision That Produces a Gamma-Ray.- Appendix E: Formal Derivation of the Bohr-Wheeler Spontaneous Fission Limit.- Appendix F:Average Neutron Escape Probability From Within a Sphere.- Appendix G: The Neutron Diffusion Equation.- Appendix H: Questions, Answers.- Appendix I: Further Reading.- Appendix J: Useful Constants and Conversion Factors.

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Book SynopsisKompakte 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage: Die Autoren wenden sich an Studierende nach dem Vordiplom oder Bachelor-Abschluss und geben einen Überblick über die experimentellen und theoretischen Grundlagen des Faches. Ein Teil des Stoffes wird an einigen Universitäten bereits vor dem Vordiplom bzw. während der Bachelor-Ausbildung vermittelt. Die Autoren erläutern zahlreiche Anwendungen kernphysikalischer Methoden in der Materialforschung und der Medizin. Zusätzlich gehen sie auf die Entdeckung neuer Elemente ein, die in jüngster Zeit zu einer Erweiterung des Periodensystems führte. Plus: zahlreiche Übungen mit vollständigen Lösungen.Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: “... Gerade für den Studienanfänger ist dies ausgesprochen angenehm - dies umso mehr, als das Buch am Experiment orientiert ist und umfangreiche abstrakte Abhandlungen meidet. Dies ist sicherlich für die allermeisten Studierenden der beste, weil konkreteste Weg, den Stoff zu verinnerlichen. Der flüssig lesbare Band wird abgerundet mit Beispielen und durchgerechneten Übungsaufgaben. Die Literaturliste bietet schließlich zahlreiche Ansätze, einzelne Themen zu vertiefen.“ (www.buchkatalog.de)Table of ContentsÄußere Eigenschaften der Atomkerne.- Innere Eigenschaften von Atomkernen.- Kernmodelle.- Experimentelle Verfahren der Kernphysik.- Streuprozesse und Kernreaktionen.- Kernzerfälle – Radioaktivität.- Kernkräfte.- Anwendungen der Kernphysik.- Ausblick.

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Book SynopsisAtoms in strong radiation fields are interesting objects for study, and the research field that concerns itself with this study is a comparatively young one. For a long period after the ~scovery of the photoelectric effect. it was not possible to generate electro­ magnetic fields that did more than perturb the atom only slightly, and (first-or~er) perturbation theory could perfectly explain what was going on at those low intensities. The development of the pulsed laser bas changed this state of affairs in a rather dramatic way, and fields can be applied that really have a large, or even dominant influence on atomic structure. In the latter case, w~ speak of super-intense fields. Since the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic waves is characterized by many parameters other than the light intensity, such as frequency, iQnization potential, orbit time, etc., it is actually quite difficult to define what is exactly meant by the term 'super-intense'. Obviously the term does not have an absolute meaning, and intensity should always be viewed in relation to other properties of the system. An atom in a radiation field can thus best be described in terms of various ratios of the quantities involved. The nature of the system sometimes drastically changes if the value of one of these parameters exceeds a certain critical value, and the new regime could be called super-intense with respect to that parameter.Table of ContentsPreface. I: Multiphoton Ionization. Stabilization. General Strong-Field Ionization and High-Order ATI. Molecules. II: Multi-Electron Atoms. Correlation Effects. Coherence Transfer. Multiphoton Multiple Ionization. III: Hard Radiation Quanta. X-Rays. Two- Color Processes. Compton Scattering. High-Harmonic Generation. IV: Coherence and Interference. Non-Linear Light Propagation. Coherence, Interference and Wavepackets. Subject Index. Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first full history of US nuclear secrecy, from its origins in the late 1930s to our post–Cold War present.Trade Review"This book tackles a big and important subject--nuclear secrecy--and illuminates its history with a wealth of new detail. Wellerstein provides a long, sweeping overview of secrecy in the nuclear age, tracking its evolution from the pre-World War II discovery of fission to the present. He surveys a vital topic through the mastery of difficult archival sources and assembles a coherent, compelling narrative."--Peter Westwick, author of Stealth: The Secret Contest to Invent Invisible AircraftTable of ContentsIntroduction: The terrible inhibition of the atom Part I. The Birth of Nuclear Secrecy 1—The road to secrecy: Chain reactions, 1939–1942 2—The “best-kept secret of the war”: The Manhattan Project, 1942–1945 3—Preparing for “Publicity Day”: A wartime secret revealed, 1944–1945 Part II. The Cold War Nuclear Secrecy Regime 4—The struggle for postwar control, 1944–1947 5—“Information control” and the Atomic Energy Commission, 1947–1950 6—Peaceful atoms, dangerous scientists: The paradoxes of Cold War secrecy, 1950–1969 Part III. Challenges to Nuclear Secrecy 7—Unrestricted data: New challenges to the Cold War secrecy regime, 1964–1978 8—Secret seeking: Anti-secrecy at the end of the Cold War, 1978–1991 9—Nuclear secrecy and openness after the Cold War Conclusion: The past and future of nuclear secrecy Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Archival sources and abbreviations Articles Books and monographs Index

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Book SynopsisBrings to life science's efforts to detect cosmic gravitational waves. This title offers readers an unprecedented view of gravitational wave research and explains what it means for an analyst to do work of this kind.Trade Review"Harry Collins is a distinguished sociologist, and in Gravity's Shadow he demonstrates why it is important to go beyond superficial characterizations of science to study how groups of scientists actually work.... This is a book that everyone who cares about the future of science should read." (American Scientist) "Harry Collins has presented us with an enthralling investigation into the way in which big science advances.... A perfect case study in the sociology of science." (Times Higher Education)"

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Book SynopsisHarold C. Urey (1893-1981) was one of the most famous American scientists of the twentieth century. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium and heavy water, Urey later participated in the Manhattan Project and NASA's lunar exploration program. In this, the first ever biography of the chemist, Matthew Shindell shines new light on Urey's achievements and efforts to shape his public and private lives. Shindell follows Urey through his orthodox religious upbringing, the scientific work that won him the Nobel, and his subsequent efforts to use his fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters. At times, Urey succeeded, including when he helped create the fields of isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. But other endeavors, such as his promotion of world governance of atomic weapons, failed. By exploring those efforts, as well as Urey's evolution from farm boy to scientific celebrity, we can discern broader changes in the social and intellectual l

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Book SynopsisNuclear astrophysics is, in essence, a science that attempts to understand and explain the physical universe beyond the Earth by studying its smallest particles. This text serves as a basic introduction to these endeavors. It provides students and scientists a survey of the accomplishments, goals, and methods of nuclear astrophysics.Trade Review"An excellent and very readable introduction to the full range of ideas, observations/data, and experimental methods of nuclear astrophysics.... The authors are to be congratulated for capturing both the excitement and the exacting, quantitative essence of nuclear astrophysics." - Peter D. Parker, American Scientist "One could not wish for a better account of the current state of knowledge (and uncertainty) about nuclear reactions in stars." - B. E. J. Pagel, Nature "Written in an informal style that those uninitiated into the jargon of nuclear astrophysics and astronomy will find readable and illuminating.... A useful and long-awaited introduction to nuclear astrophysics." - G. J. Mathews, Science"

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"David Oualaalou, a geopolitical analyst, writer, speaker, teacher, military veteran, Middle East specialist and linguist with unique first-hand experiences and knowledge gained from personal field intelligence in Middle East wars—combined with his fresh and unique writing style—has produced a challenging perspective and a thought-provoking book. David's unembellished bold critiques, with credible analytical interpretation of geopolitical implications and national security challenges, for not only the USA but for the Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and others in the new Middle East region (and world), will be much discussed in this impressive approach to eye-opening questions with credible rival answers. I believe this book is crucial reading for any person interested in the future nuclear Middle East."—William A. Mitchell, author of Baylor in Northern Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom"Once again Dr. Oualaalou has brought to life a complex current topic.His balanced and in-depth investigation of the topic allows the reader to not only learn the history of the parties involved, but also to follow the historic threads that have led to today's geopolitical situation. Dr. Oualaalou has the experience and expertise to give a clear picture of the region's issues today and projection of possible scenarios in the future."—Mortada Mohamed, President, World Affairs Council of AustinTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsPreface1. Introduction2. History of the Persian Empire3. Emergence of Modern-Day Iran4. Political Landscape of the Middle East5. Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East6. The Future of the Middle East and Its Geopolitical Outcome7. Author's Reflections

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions. Written as a textbook for chemists, demanding little background in physics and NMR Its practical approach helps the reader to apply the techniques in the lab First book to teach NMR Relaxation techniques to chemists Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "Bakhmutov's book gives a relatively low-level introduction to relation measurements and their uses in describing dynamical processes…" (Journal of the American Chemical Society, May 25, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. How and why nuclei relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. Chapter 2. How to measure the NMR relaxation times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. Chapter 4. NMR relaxation by dipole-dipole and quadrupole interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy, spin-rotation relaxation, scalar relaxation of the second kind and cross-mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Nuclear relaxation in molecular systems with anisotropic motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. Chapter 7. 1H T1 relaxation diagnostics in solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Internuclear distances from the 1H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Chapter 9: Deuterium quadrupole coupling constants from 2H T1 relaxation measurements in solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Spin-lattice 1H and 2H relaxation in mobile groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Relaxation of other nuclei (than 1H and 2H) and specific relaxation experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Paramagnetic NMR relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. 12.6. Bibliography to Chapter 12. Concluding remarks. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how NMR relaxation can be applied for structural diagnostics of chemical compounds, recognition of weak intermolecular interactions, determinations of internuclear distances and lengths of chemical bonds when compounds under investigation can exist only in solutions.Trade Review"…appropriate for use in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course on this topic...an excellent starting point for an investigator who would like to begin using relaxation-based NMR experiments." (Journal of Natural Products, January 2006) "…should be very useful to students and to researchers who use NMR." (CHOICE, September 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. How and Why Nuclei Relax. 1.1. Nucleus in the magnetic field. 1.2. Spin-lattice and spin-spin nuclear relaxation. 1.2.1. Macroscopic magnetization: relaxation times T1 and T2. 1.3. Molecular motions as reason of nuclear relaxation. 1.3.1. Correlation times and activation energies of Molecular Motions. 1.3.2. Isotropic and anisotropic molecular motions. 1.4. Bibliography for Chapter 1. 2. How to Measure the NMR Relaxation Times. 2.1. Exponential and non-exponential nuclear relaxation. 2.2. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times. 2.3. Measurements of selective and bi-selective T1 times. 2.4. Determinations of T1( and T2 times. 2.5. Preparation of samples for relaxation experiments. 2.6. Bibliography to Chapter 2. 3. Errors in Determinations of Relaxation Times. 3.1. Instrumental errors. 3.2. Incorrect parameters for T1, T2 measurements and T1, T2 calculations. 3.3 Coupled nuclear relaxation. 3.4. Chemical exchanges. 3.5. Bibliography to Chapter 3. 4. NMR Relaxation by Dipole-Dipole and Quadrupole Interactions. 4.1. The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation: homo- and hetero-nuclear dipolar coupling and the spectral density function. 4.2. Haw to reveal the presence of the dipolar mechanisms. 4.2.1. NOE as a test for dipole-dipole nuclear relaxation. 4.2.2. Evaluations of the dipolar contributions from selective and non-selective T1 times. 4.3. Intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. 4.4. Electric field gradients at quadrupolar nuclei. 4.5. Nuclear quadrupole coupling constant as a measure of the electric field gradient. 4.6. Quadrupole relaxation. 4.7. Bibliography to Chapter 4. 5. Relaxation by Chemical Shift Anisotropy, Spin-Rotation Relaxation, Scalar Relaxation of the Second Kind and Cross-Mechanisms. 5.1. Relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. 5.2. Spin-rotation relaxation. 5.3. Interference mechanisms of nuclear relaxation. 5.4. The scalar relaxation of the second kind. 5.5 Bibliography to Chapter 5. 6. Nuclear Relaxation in Molecular Systems with Anisotropic Motions. 6.1. Spin-lattice nuclear relaxation in ellipsoid molecules: Temperature dependences of T1times. 6.2. How to reveal anisotropic molecular motions in solutions. 6.3. Nuclear relaxation in the presence of correlation time distributions. 6.4. Bibliography to Chapter 6. 7. 1H T1 Relaxation Diagnostics in Solutions. 7.1. Revealing weak intermolecular interactions by T1 time measurements in solutions. 7.2. T1 studies of exchanges in simple molecular systems. 7.3. Structural 1H T1 criterion. 7.4. Partially-relaxed NMR spectra. 7.5. Bibliography to Chapter 7. 8. Internuclear Distances from the 1H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 8.1. X...H distances: metal - hydride bond lengths. 8.1.1. How to determine metal-hydride bond lengths by standard 1H T1 measurements. 8.1.2. Metal-hydride bond lengths by 1H T1sel and 1H T1min times measurements. 8.2. Proton-proton distances by standard T1 measurements. 8.3. H-H distances from T1sel / T1bis measurements. 8.4. H-H distances in intermediates. 8.5. Analyzing the errors in 1H T1 determinations of internuclear distances. 8.6. Bibliography to Chapter 8. 9. Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constants from 2H T1 Relaxation Measurements in Solutions. 9.1. How to determine DQCC values. 9.2. DQCC values from the 2H T1 times measurements in solutions (fast motional regime). 9.3. DQCC values via 2H T1min measurements in solutions. 9.4. Errors in DQCC determinations. 9. 5. Bibliography to Chapter 9. 10. Spin-Lattice 1H and 2H Relaxation in Mobile Groups. 10.1. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast vibrations and librations. 10.2. 1H T1 times and H-H distances in the presence of fast rotational diffusion. 10.3. The spectral density function for high-amplitude librations. 10.4. 900-jumps in four-fold potential. 10. 5. Deuterium spin-lattice NMR relaxation in mobile molecular fragments. 10.6. Bibliography to Chapter 10. 11. Relaxation of Nuclei Other Than 1H and 2H) and Specific Relaxation Experiments. 11.1. Chemical shift anisotropies and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants from T1 times of heavy nuclei in solutions. 11.2. Multinuclear relaxation approaches to complexation, association and H-bonding. 11.3. Na relaxation in solutions of complex molecular systems. 11. 4. Character of molecular motions from 17O and 2H T1 relaxation in solutions. 11.5. 2D T1 and T1( NMR experiments. 11.6. Chemical exchanges in complex molecular systems from 15N nuclear relaxation in solutions. 11.7. R1/R2 method. 11.8. Cross-correlation relaxation rates and structure of complex molecular systems in solutions. 11.9. Variable - field relaxation experiments. 11.10. Bibliography to Chapter 11. 12. Paramagnetic NMR Relaxation. 12.1. Theoretical basics of the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. 12.2. Paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements in the presence of chemical exchanges. 12.3. Structural applications of paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.4. Kinetics of ligand exchanges via paramagnetic relaxation rate enhancements. 12.5. Longitudinal electron relaxation time in paramagnetic centers from variable-high field NMR experiments. Bibliography. Concluding Remarks. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe investigation of the properties of condensed matter using experimental nuclear methods is becoming increasingly important. An extremely broad range of techniques is used, including the use of particles, such as positrons and neutrons, ion beams, and the detection of radiation from nuclear decays or nuclear reactions. Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics: Nuclear Methods and Applications is the only book to provide a comprehensive coverage of the nuclear methods used to study the properties of condensed matter. It covers all the key techniques, including the Mossbauer effect, perturbed angular correlation, muon spin rotation, neutron scattering, positron annihilation, nuclear magnetic resonance and ion beam analysis. Numerous examples are given throughout the text to illustrate how each of the experimental methods is used in modern condensed matter physics, and practical details concerning instrumentation are included to help the reader apply each method. Nuclear Condensed Matter PhysicTable of ContentsElectromagnetic Properties and Nuclear Decay. Hyperfine Interactions. Mossbauer Effect. Perturbed gamma - gamma Angular Correlation (PAC). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Nuclear Orientation (NO). Muon Spin Rotation (?SR). Positron Annihilation. Neutron Scattering. Ion Beam Analysis. Appendix. Bibliography of Advanced Topics. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisI.T. Platzner Atomic Energy Commission, Israel Including contributions from instrument manufacturers! Geological aging, chemical reaction mechanism studies, determination of atomic weights and investigation of metabolic pathways-these are all examples of the truly diverse nature of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).Trade Review"Chapter 9 alone merits anyone involved in isotope measurement, from the dedicated researcher to undergraduates, buying, borrowing, and using any method possible to get a copy of this invaluable comprehensive review" (Chromatographia, July 2001)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: INSTRUMENTATION. Historical Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Second Generation Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers. Advanced Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry III: Quadrupole Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS. Ion Formation Processes. Isotope Ratio Measurement Procedures. Calculations. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Pressâs mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1975.

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamental concepts of signal processing for all application areas of ionizing radiation This book provides a clear understanding of the principles of signal processing of radiation detectors. It puts great emphasis on the characteristics of pulses from various types of detectors and offers a full overview on the basic concepts required to understand detector signal processing systems and pulse processing techniques. Signal Processing for Radiation Detectors covers all of the important aspects of signal processing, including energy spectroscopy, timing measurements, position-sensing, pulse-shape discrimination, and radiation intensity measurement. The book encompasses a wide range of applications so that readers from different disciplines can benefit from all of the information. In addition, this resource: Describes both analog and digital techniques of signal processingPresents a complete compilation of digital pulse processing algorithmsExtrapolates content from moreTable of ContentsPreface xiAcknowledgement xii1 Signal Generation in Radiation Detectors 1 1.1 Detector Types 1 1.2 Signal Induction Mechanism 2 1.3 Pulses from Ionization Detectors 9 1.4 Scintillation Detectors 57 References 72 2 Signals, Systems, Noise, and Interferences 77 2.1 Pulse Signals: Definitions 77 2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Feedback 80 2.3 Linear Signal Processing Systems 83 2.4 Noise and Interference 101 2.5 Signal Transmission 120 2.6 Logic Circuits 130 References 133 3 Preamplifiers 135 3.1 Background 135 3.2 Charge-Sensitive Preamplifiers 137 3.3 Current-Sensitive Preamplifiers 159 3.4 Voltage-Sensitive Preamplifiers 162 3.5 Noise in Preamplifier Systems 163 3.6 ASIC Preamplifiers 176 3.7 Preamplifiers for Scintillation Detectors 182 3.8 Detector Bias Supplies 186 References 187 4 Energy Measurement 191 4.1 Generals 191 4.2 Amplitude Fluctuations 194 4.3 Amplifier/Shaper 203 4.4 Pulse Amplitude Analysis 234 4.5 Dead Time 244 4.6 ASIC Pulse Processing Systems 249 References 256 5 Pulse Counting and Current Measurements 261 5.1 Background 261 5.2 Pulse Counting Systems 263 5.3 Current Mode Operation 274 5.4 ASIC Systems for Radiation Intensity Measurement 286 5.5 Campbell’s Mode Operation 289 References 293 6 Timing Measurements 295 6.1 Introduction 295 6.2 Time Pick-Off Techniques 300 6.3 Time Interval Measuring Devices 320 6.4 Timing Performance of Different Detectors 330 References 345 7 Position Sensing 349 7.1 Position Readout Concepts 349 7.2 Individual Readout 353 7.3 Charge Division Method 357 7.4 Risetime Method 373 7.5 Delay-Line Method 375 References 380 8 Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.1 Principles of Pulse-Shape Discrimination 383 8.2 Amplitude-Based Methods 386 8.3 Zero-Crossing Method 393 8.4 Risetime Measurement Method 399 8.5 Comparison of Pulse-Shape Discrimination Methods 401 References 404 9 Introduction to Digital Signals and Systems 407 9.1 Background 407 9.2 Digital Signals 408 9.3 ADCs 414 9.4 Digital Signal Processing 418 References 438 10 Digital Radiation Measurement Systems 441 10.1 Digital Systems 441 10.2 Energy Spectroscopy Applications 448 10.3 Pulse Timing Applications 472 10.4 Digital Pulse-Shape Discrimination 483 References 498 Index 503

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Book SynopsisConcise, logical, and mathematically rigorous, this introduction to the theory of dislocations is addressed primarily to students and researchers in the general areas of mechanics and applied mathematics. Its scope encompasses those aspects of dislocation theory which are closely related to the theories of elasticity and macroscopic plasticity, to modern continuum mechanics, and to the theory of cracks and fracture. The volume incorporates several new and original pieces of work, including a development of the theory of dislocation motion and plastic strain for non-linear materials, a new discussion of the line tension model, revised calculations of the Peierls resistance, and a new development of the van der Merwe theory of crystal interfaces.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the foundations of nuclear physics, covering several themes that range from subatomic particles to stars. Also described in this book are experimental facts relating to the discovery of the electron, positron, proton, neutron and neutrino. The general properties of nuclei and the various nuclear de-excitation processes based on the nucleon layer model are studied in greater depth. This book addresses the conservation laws of angular momentum and parity, the multipolar transition probabilities E and M, gamma de-excitation, internal conversion and nucleon emission de-excitation processes. The fundamental properties of α and β disintegrations, electron capture, radioactive filiations, and Bateman equations are also examined. Nuclear Physics 1 is intended for high school physics teachers, students, research teachers and science historians specializing in nuclear physics.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 Overview of the Nucleus 1 1.1 Discovery of the electron 2 1.1.1 Hittorf and Crookes experiments 2 1.1.2 Perrin and Thomson experiments 4 1.1.3 Millikan experiment 8 1.2 The birth of the nucleus 12 1.2.1 Perrin and Thomson atomic model 12 1.2.2 Geiger and Marsden experiment 13 1.2.3 Rutherford scattering: Planetary atomic model 14 1.2.4 Rutherford’s differential effective cross-section 16 1.3 Composition of the nucleus 22 1.3.1 Discovery of the proton 22 1.3.2 Discovery of the neutron 24 1.3.3 Internal structure of nucleons: u and d quarks 28 1.3.4 Isospin 30 1.3.5 Nuclear spin 31 1.3.6 Nuclear magnetic moment 31 1.4 Nucleus dimensions 33 1.4.1 Nuclear radius 33 1.4.2 Nuclear density, skin thickness 35 1.5 Nomenclature of nuclides 39 1.5.1 Isotopes, isobars, isotones 39 1.5.2 Mirror nuclei, Magic nuclei 43 1.6 Nucleus stability 43 1.6.1 Atomic mass unit 43 1.6.2 Segrè diagram, nuclear energy surface 45 1.6.3 Mass defect, binding energy 46 1.6.4 Binding energy per nucleon, Aston curve 49 1.6.5 Separation energy of a nucleon 52 1.6.6 Nuclear forces 54 1.7 Exercises 54 1.8 Solutions to exercises 59 Chapter 2 Nuclear Deexcitations 69 2.1 Nuclear shell model 71 2.1.1 Overview of nuclear models 71 2.1.2 Individual state of a nucleon 72 2.1.3 Form of the harmonic potential 73 2.1.4 Shell structure derived from a harmonic potential 75 2.1.5 Shell structure derived from a Woods–Saxon potential 82 2.2 Angular momentum and parity 93 2.2.1 Angular momentum and parity of ground state 93 2.2.2 Angular momentum and parity of an excited state 97 2.3 Gamma deexcitation 100 2.3.1 Definition, deexcitation energy 100 2.3.2 Angular momentum and multipole order of γ-radiation 104 2.3.3 Classification of γ-transitions, parity of γ-radiation 105 2.3.4 γ-transition probabi lities, Weisskopf estimates 106 2.3.5 Conserving angular momentum and parity 107 2.4 Internal conversion 112 2.4.1 Definition 112 2.4.2 Internal conversion coefficients 114 2.4.3 Partial conversion coefficients 115 2.4.4 K-shell conversion 116 2.5 Deexcitation by nucleon emission 119 2.5.1 Definition 119 2.5.2 Energy balance 120 2.5.3 Bound levels and virtual levels 121 2.5.4 Study of an example of delayed-neutron emission 124 2.6 Bethe–Weizsäcker semi-empirical mass formula 126 2.6.1 Presentation of the liquid-drop model 126 2.6.2 Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, binding energy 126 2.6.3 Volume energy, surface energy 127 2.6.4 Coulomb energy 128 2.6.5 Asymmetry energy, pairing energy 130 2.6.6 Principle of semi-empirical evaluation of coefficients in Bethe–Weizsäcker form 131 2.6.7 Isobar binding energy, the most stable isobar 140 2.7 Mass parabola equation for odd A 143 2.7.1 Expression 143 2.7.2 Determining the nuclear charge of the most stable isobar from the decay energy 145 2.7.3 Mass parabola equation for even A 149 2.8 Nuclear potential barrier 154 2.8.1 Definition, model of the rectangular potential well 154 2.8.2 Modifying the model of the rectangular potential well 155 2.9 Exercises 156 2.10 Solutions to exercises 165 Chapter 3 Alpha Radioactivity 187 3.1 Experimental facts 188 3.1.1 Becquerel’s observations, radioactivity 188 3.1.2 Discovery of α radioactivity and β−radioactivity 189 3.1.3 Discovery of the positron 191 3.1.4 Discovery of the neutrino, Cowan and Reines experiment 193 3.1.5 Highlighting α, β and γ radiation 198 3.2 Radioactive decay 201 3.2.1 Rutherford and Soddy’s empirical law 201 3.2.2 Radioactive half-life 201 3.2.3 Average lifetime of a radioactive nucleus 203 3.2.4 Activity of a radioactive source 204 3.3 α radioactivity 204 3.3.1 Balanced equation 204 3.3.2 Mass defect (loss of matter), decay energy 205 3.3.3 Decay energy diagram 208 3.3.4 Fine structure of α lines 210 3.3.5 Geiger–Nuttall law 212 3.3.6 Quantum model of α emission by tunnel effect 214 3.3.7 Estimating the radioactive half-life, Gamow factor 216 3.4 Exercises 220 3.5 Solutions to exercises 222 Chapter 4 Beta Radioactivity, Radioactive Family Tree 229 4.1 Beta radioactivity 230 4.1.1 Experiment of Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie: discovery of artificial radioactivity 230 4.1.2 Balanced equation, β decay energy 235 4.1.3 Continuous β emission spectrum 238 4.1.4 Sargent diagram, β transition selection rules 240 4.1.5 Decay energy diagram 243 4.1.6 Condition of β + emission 245 4.1.7 Decay by electron capture 247 4.1.8 Double β decay, branching ratio 251 4.1.9 Atomic deexcitation, Auger effect 254 4.2 Radioactive family trees 259 4.2.1 Definition 259 4.2.2 Simple two-body family tree 260 4.2.3 Multi-body family tree, Bateman equations 262 4.2.4 Secular equilibrium 265 4.3 Radionuclide production by nuclear bombardment 268 4.3.1 General aspects 268 4.3.2 Production rate of a radionuclide 269 4.3.3 Production yield of a radionuclide 271 4.4 Natural radioactive series 275 4.4.1 Presentation 275 4.4.2 Thorium (4n) family 276 4.4.3 Neptunium (4n + 1) family 278 4.4.4 Uranium-235 (4n +2) family 280 4.4.5 Uranium-238 (4n + 3) family 282 4.5 Exercises 286 4.6 Solutions to exercises 293 Appendices 313 Appendix 1 315 Appendix 2 323 References 331 Index 337

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Book SynopsisAls im August 1845, so berichtet die Anekdote, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. , König von Preußen, die neuerrichtete Sternwarte der Universität in Bonn besuchte und den Astronomen mit den Worten begrüßte: "Na, Argelander, was gibt es Neues am Himmel?", erhielt er zur Antwort: "Kennen Majestät schon das Alte?" Die kleine Geschichte beleuchtet ein Dilemma, dem zu allen Zeiten Lernende und Lehrende gleichermaßen gegenüberstehen. Es ist deshalb die Hauptaufgabe eines einführenden Lehrbuchs, das Alte im Hinblick auf das Neue zu vermitteln. Die Zielsetzung des vorliegenden Studienbuches ist es daher, eine Übersicht über die etablierten Erscheinungen und Beschreibungskonzepte zu geben und die moderneren Perspektiven erkennbar werden zu lassen. Das Buch befaßt sich weder mit experimen­ tellen noch mit theoretischen Techniken. Der Text beginnt zur Einführung mit der klassischen Behandlung elastischer Streuung anhand der Rutherford-Streuung. Streuprobleme werden dann im Kapitel4 ausführlicher besprochen. Die Ergebnisse dienen als Grundlage für KapitelS über Kernkräfte und Kapitel? über Kernreaktio­ nen. In den Kapiteln 2 und 3 werden dazwischen die wichtigsten Grundzustandseigen­ schaften der Kerne und die Bedingungen des radioaktiven Zerfalls behandelt. Die Erscheinungen des ß-Zerfalls werden als Übergang zur Physik der Elementarteilchen im letzten Kapitel dargestellt. Entsprechend der Zielsetzung des Buches wurden Gegenstände wie etwa der Durchgang ionisierender Strahlung durch Materie nicht besprochen. Sie sind zwar in der Kernphysik technisch sehr wichtig, gehören aber der Problemstellung nach in die Atom- und Festkörperphysik. Bei der hier vorliegenden ergänzten und korrigierten 5. Auflage wurden die bewährte Gliederung und der Hauptteil des Textes beibehalten.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Eigenschaften stabiler Kerne.- 3 Zerfall instabiler Kerne.- 4 Elastische Streuung.- 5 Kernkräfte und starke Wechselwirkung.- 6 Kernmodelle.- 7 Kernreaktionen.- 8 ?-Zerfall und schwache Wechselwirkung.- Einheiten, Konstanten, Umrechnungsfaktoren und Formeln für kernphysikalische Rechnungen.- Literaturhinweise auf Lehrbücher und Standardwerke.

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Book SynopsisRadioaktivität, natürliche und künstliche, ist ein Teil unseres täglichen Lebens, Fragen der Radioaktivität sind ein wichtiger Gegenstand öffentlicher Diskussion. Dieses Buch bringt gut verständlich und nüchtern die Fakten: zur Entstehung der unterschiedlichen radioaktiven Strahlen, zu ihren Eigenschaften und zu ihren Wirkungen auf Mensch und Materie. Strahlungsmessung und -meßgeräte sowie wesentliche Radioaktivitätsmethoden aus Forschung, Medizin und Technik werden ebenso ausführlich erläutert wie die Strahlenbelastung des Menschen, Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte und die Plutoniumproblematik.Table of Contents1. Einleitung.- 2. Grundlagen.- 2.1 Physikalische Größen und Maßeinheiten.- 2.2 Struktur der Materie.- 2.3 Elementarteilchen.- 2.4 Strahlung.- 3. Erhaltungssätze.- 3.1 Erhaltung von Impuls, Drehimpuls und Energie.- 3.2 Zentralkräfte, Bindungsenergie.- 3.3 Quantenmechanische Aspekte.- 3.4 Relativistische Aspekte.- 3.5 Kernbindungsenergie.- 3.6 Weitere Erhaltungssätze.- 4. Strahlung aus Elektronenhülle und Atomkern.- 4.1 Herkunft der Strahlung.- 4.2 Atomübergänge.- 4.2.1 Energiebetrachtungen.- 4.2.2 Atomzerfälle.- 4.3 Kernzerfälle.- 4.3.1 Gammazerfall.- 4.3.2 Betazerfall.- 4.3.3 Alphazerfall.- 4.3.4 Weitere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten.- 4.3.5 Zusammenfassung.- 5. Zeitliches Verhalten.- 5.1 Zerfallsgesetz und Aktivität.- 5.2 Mehrere Zerfallsmöglichkeiten, Beispiel 40K.- 5.3 Zerfallsketten.- 5.4 Altersbestimmung von Mineralien.- 5.5 Zerfallsstatistik.- 5.6 Radioaktiver Zerfall und Determinismus.- 6. Durchgang von Strahlung durch Materie.- 6.1 Überblick.- 6.2 Protonen und ?-Teilchen.- 6.2.1 Energieverlust pro Wegstreckenintervall.- 6.2.2 Streuung des Energieverlustes.- 6.2.3 Reichweite.- 6.3 Elektronen.- 6.3.1 Anregung und Ionisation.- 6.3.2 Brems Strahlung.- 6.3.3 Cerenkov-Strahlung.- 6.4 Neutronen.- 6.4.1 Streuung.- 6.4.2 Einfang in einen Atomkern.- 6.5 Röntgen- und ?-Strahlung.- 6.5.1 Photoeffekt.- 6.5.2 Compton-Effekt.- 6.5.3 Paarbildung.- 6.5.4 Schwächungskoeffizienten.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- 7. Strahlungsmessung.- 7.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 7.2 Strahlungsmeßgeräte.- 7.2.1 Gasionisationsdetektoren.- 7.2.2 Szintillatoren.- 7.2.3 Halbleiter-Detektoren.- 7.2.4 Weitere Nachweisverfahren.- 7.3 Durchführung von Messungen.- 7.3.1 Aktivitätsmessung.- 7.3.2 Gammaspektroskopie.- 7.3.3 Dosismessungen.- 7.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 7.4.1 Aufklärung der Photosynthese.- 7.4.2 Radioimmunoassay.- 7.4.3 Organszintigraphie.- 7.4.4 Aktivierungsanalyse.- 7.4.5 Anwendungen in der Technik.- 8. Strahlung und Mensch.- 8.1 Biologische Wirkung von ionisierender Strahlung.- 8.2 Strahlendosis und Strahlenschutz.- 8.2.1 Dosisgrößen.- 8.2.2 Dosisberechnung.- 8.2.3 Strahlenschutzvorschriften.- 8.3 Strahlenbelastung des Menschen.- 8.3.1 Herkunft der Strahlenbelastung.- 8.3.2 Gesundheitsrisiko.- 9. Kernreaktoren, Spaltprodukte.- 9.1 Vorbetrachtung.- 9.2 Kernspaltung.- 9.3 Kettenreaktion.- 9.4 Energieerzeugung.- 9.5 Spaltprodukte.- 9.6 Sicherheitsfragen.- 10. Plutonium.- Nachwort.- AI Relativistische Beziehung zwischen Masse und Energie..- A2 Nichtrelativistische Stoßkinematik.- A3 Wirkungsquerschnitt.- A4 Zum Energieverlust geladener Teilchen.- A5 Zur Poisson-Statistik beim radioaktiven Zerfall.- Weiterführende Literatur.- Personenverzeichnis.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDie berühmte Vorlesung von Freeman Dyson - nun erstmals auf Deutsch. In den 1940er Jahren zeigte Freeman Dyson die Äquivalenz zwischen den beiden Formulierungen der QED - des Pfadintegralansatzes von Richard Feynman und der Variationsmethoden von Julian Schwinger - und bewies somit die Konsistenz der QED. Dieses Buch beinhaltet die wertvollen - nie zuvor auf Deutsch publizierten - Vorlesungen über Quantenfeldtheorie, die Dyson an der Cornell Universität 1951 gehalten hat. Der Theoretiker Edwin Thompson Jaynes bemerkte dazu: "Für eine Generation von Physikern waren diese Vorlesungen ein Gewinn: klarer und besser motiviert als Feynmans Vorlesungen, und schneller und kompakter als Schwingers." Zukünftige Leser werden diese Vorlesungen ebenfalls mit großem Genuss lesen und von dem klaren Stil profitieren, der für Dyson stets so charakteristisch gewesen ist.Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 - Die Diracgleichung, 2 - Streuprobleme und die Born-Approximation, 3 - Die klassische und quantenmechanische Feldtheorie, 4 - Beispiele quantisierter Feldtheorien (Maxwellfeld, Diracelektronen), 5 - Streuprobleme freier Teilchen (Paar Annihilation, Möller-Streuung, Klein-Nishina-Formel), 6 - Allgemeine Theorie der Streuung (Feynman-Graphen, Infrarotkatastrophe), 7 - Streuung an einem statischen Potenzial und experimentelle Ergebnisse.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Diracs Theorie.- Streuprobleme und Bornsche Näherung.- Feldtheorie.- Quantisierte Feldtheorien.- Freie Teilchen und Streuung.- Allgemeine Streutheorie.- Streuung am statischen Potenzial. ​

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Book SynopsisCarsten Kleppel liefert eine verständliche Motivation und Diskussion der Dirac-Gleichung, von der aus mit Hilfe der Feldquantisierung und Störungstheorie die Grundzüge der Quantenelektrodynamik erschlossen werden. Die nach P. A. M. Dirac benannte Gleichung ist eine der größten Errungenschaften der theoretischen Physik des 20. Jahrhunderts und bildete eine wichtige Grundlage der Entwicklung der Quantenelektrodynamik.Table of Contents​Einleitung.- Die Dirac-Gleichung.- Eine Quantentheorie des Lichts.- Feldquantisierung des Dirac-Feldes.- Quantenelektrodynamik.- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Anhang: Längere Rechnungen und Beweise.

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