Neurosciences Books

Book SynopsisEven experienced professionals might minimise the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among certain groups of patients. Decreased attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are sensitive but non-specific behavioural patterns, frequently reported in a wide range of children and adults with different disorders. Therefore, the existence of ADHD might become "transparent" for both the patients and the professionals. Such transparency might lead to a non-accurate diagnosis, harm the treatment aspects and have potential non beneficial prognostic aspects. Among children and adults with mental retardation, autistic spectrum disorders, and drug abuse, as well as among gifted children, children with sensory modulation disorders, and children who were born IUGR, the diagnosis of ADHD might be very challenging. It seems that among these "double-diagnosis" populations there is a higher prevalence of patients with ADHD than in the general population, yet the exact prevalence, diagnostic difficulties and treatment methods have not been clearly estimated or established. It also seems that the percentage of ADHD among adolescents and children with chronic illness is still underestimated, since its clinical characteristics tend to be different. During the last years there have been growing numbers of publications in this field, but due to the wide range of interested professionals, these studies are published in a wide range of journals, usually missing some of their "target" populations. There is a lack of volumes gathering relevant data for a broad range of interested professionals from different specialties. The objective of this book is to serve as a useful tool for a wide range of professionals with a special interest in the unusual aspects of ADHD in order to increase their knowledge, sensitivity and treatment methods among our transparent patients.

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Book SynopsisFrom infancy, by being in contact with the world, we acquire information regarding living beings and objects that surround us; we use objects and tools and watch others manipulate them; we taste various foods, perceive their smell and see their color, we play musical instruments and listen to music. This and other information that we store is semantic knowledge, and the kind of memory that stores and processes all that information is called semantic memory. Semantic memory is likely the most important type of memory that facilitates verbal and nonverbal communication and allows humans to share their unique experiences. This book aims to review some aspects of the state of the art of semantic memory from the viewpoint of cognitive neuroscience. It also discusses semantic dementia, as well as a weak central coherence in individuals with Williams syndrome.

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Book SynopsisNeuroimaging has had an enormous impact on the way human cognition is studied in vivo. With the advent of fMRI, scientists have been able to ask questions regarding individual differences which could not have been addressed with PET. These are particularly important for studying developmental disorders, such as dyslexia, because research suggests that participants with dyslexia (DPs) form a heterogeneous population. This book discusses neural correlation between reading deficits in individuals with developmental dyslexia. It also includes topics on electrical imaging in neuropsychiatry; prenatal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine; and normal pressure hydrocephalus.

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Book SynopsisNeurologists and neuroscientists have been fascinated with the phenomenon of handedness and through the course of human history the question that why a minority of each population is left-handed and the rest right-handed has never been fully answered. An even better question is whether the brains of left-handed individuals are architected and wired different than those of the right-handers and if such fundamental anatomic and functional dissimilarities lead to the preference of left hand over the right hand. The ultimate question is that how different the brains of left-handers are from the right-handers or simply there are not many differences between the two groups. More than its or social aspects, handedness is a sophisticated subject of cognitive and behavioral neurology which leads to the even more complicated of the left hemisphere versus right hemisphere. The issue of handedness is of such importance that one is the first components of any standard neurological examination is determination of the handedness with the idea of determining which hemisphere is dominant. In the present book, Noroozian and her colleagues explore the under-explored and fascinating world of handedness and attempt to utilize the concept of handedness and the mechanisms responsible for becoming right-handed versus left-handed as a bridge to better understand the phenomenon of laterality of human brain. The authors of this easily readable and easy-to-understand monograph review the latest findings concerning handedness and human brain asymmetry. This interesting book can serve as a great resource for clinical psychologists, neurologists, neuroscientists, cognitive neurologists and psychiatrists.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are molecular mechanisms integrating adenylyl cyclase responsiveness to metabolic control on long term emotional memory and associated disorders; homeostatic synaptic plasticity; reorganization of elementary functions (ref) after brain injury and in the intact brain; the effects of acoustic stimulation on comatose patients; the splitting of the brain; the role of mineralocorticoid receptors in major depressive disorder; betaine in the brain; clinical outcome prediction using Bayesian regression and artificial neural networks; pathological changes of event-related brain oscillations in Parkinson''s disease; the impact of sub thalamic stimulation on autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson''s disease.

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Book SynopsisA chronic migraine is a condition which is both prevalent and disabling, and which has a great impact on society as a whole. The accurate diagnosis, workup, and treatment of a migraine requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving primary care physicians, neurologists, pain management specialists, mental health specialists, alternative practitioners, and surgeons. Across the spectrum of migraine patients, the most challenging are those deemed refractory to conventional therapy. These patients may be surgical candidates, and are best served in a multidisciplinary, patient-centred model of migraine care. Migraine Surgery should serve as a reference to any practitioner dealing with the migraine patient. The fundamentals of migraine diagnosis and workup are reviewed, in addition to conventional therapies. We review the medical optimisation of the migraine patient, and establish what it means to have an intractable migraine. We discuss the role of the allied health professions in the management of chronic migraines, with chapters on psychological considerations, complementary medical management, and exercise. Furthermore, the standard interventional treatment of migraines is presented, in addition to surgical therapies, with an emphasis on patient selection, surgical technique, and complication avoidance.

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Book SynopsisChronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) has no clear aetiology, and is defined as severe and chronic fatigue that has lasted for more than six consecutive months, which is not due to physical exertion or other medical conditions associated with fatigue. CFS patients may suffer from four or more of the following symptoms: post-exertional malaise lasting for more than 24 hours; tender or swollen lymph nodes; recurring sore throat; unrefreshing sleep; significantly impaired short-term memory and/or concentration; headaches; or joint pain. Management practices have included rest, pharmacology, cognitive behavioural therapy and/or exercise therapy. This book discusses the internist''s view on ME and complementary and alternative treatments. It also explores metal hypersensitivity as the cause of CFS; illness perception and management in CFS; exercise management practices; and innate immune changes in the peripheral blood of CFS patients.

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Book SynopsisSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be classified as spontaneous or traumatic bleeding into the subarachnoid space. It is usually followed by a head injury or due to an aneurysmal rupture. Aneurysmal SAH is often a devastating occurrence that usually affects the younger population and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking, heavy alcoholism, hypertension, atherosclerosis, late pregnancy are well-documented risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage. This book discusses the epidemiology, management and long-term health effects of subarachnoid hemorrhages.

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Book SynopsisNeurorestoratology is one of the most important disciplines in modern medicine and is also the most important discipline in neuroscience. Its core aim is to restore, promote and maintain the integrity of impaired or lost neuronal functions and/or structures by using novel cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies. This book is the first and a unique one that systematically expounds the main aspects of neurorestoratology, which includes three sections with 22 chapters in two volumes. It systematically elaborates CNS neurorestorable theory and neurorestorative mechanisms. It firstly comprehends the Neurorestorative Process as a whole and Neurorestorative law. It fully describes all neurorestorative strategies and their continuing clinical progresses and achievements, especially the cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies.

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Book SynopsisNeurorestoratology is one of the most important disciplines in modern medicine and is also the most important discipline in neuroscience. Its core aim is to restore, promote and maintain the integrity of impaired or lost neuronal functions and/or structures by using novel cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies. This book is the first and a unique one that systematically expounds the main aspects of neurorestoratology, which includes three sections with 22 chapters in two volumes. It systematically elaborates CNS neurorestorable theory and neurorestorative mechanisms. It firstly comprehends the Neurorestorative Process as a whole and Neurorestorative law. It fully describes all neurorestorative strategies and their continuing clinical progresses and achievements, especially the cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies.

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Book SynopsisMicroglia are the resident brain immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). These glial cells have an essential role in the CNS development and homeostasis, as well as in several diseases through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, trophic factors and reactive oxygen species, among other elements. Microglia cells are one of the most intrinsically plastic cell types of the human body, possessing the ability to assume different morphologies and molecular properties in response to their rapid-changing surroundings. This book discusses the physiology, regulation and health implications of microglia.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are the effects of b vitamins on behavior and neurochemistry; the human hippocampus; advantages and limitations of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human visual brain; reaction times as a dependent variable of memory; processing speed and memory; lateral skull base; cognitive impairment in Asperger Syndrome; assessment of proprioception; processing speed and memory; and body weight changes with antiepileptic medications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of surgical techniques and pearls for the management of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal pathology from some of the world''s most prominent figures in spine surgery. The chapters are organized by case vignettes to reflect commonly encountered spinal diseases such as cervical disc herniation, cervical myelopathy, lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, and deformity as well as conditions including cervical pseudoarthrosis and thoracic disc herniation. The surgical approaches include disc replacement, fusion, decompression, and laminoplasty as performed by expert spine surgeons as they lend their know-how on both minimally invasive and open techniques for the surgical management of spinal pathology. This book will enable spine surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthopaedic surgeons, fellows, residents, physiatrists, pain management professionals, and medical students to gain valuable insight into the typical presentations, appropriate evaluation, surgical techniques, benefits, complications, and the pearls and pitfalls in the treatment of spinal diseases.

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Book SynopsisA child with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) faces a childhood and adolescence with a disability that develops gradually. This book intends to expose the problems of children with DMD. The authors discuss situations related to the disease in an attempt to provide some quality and improvement of life for those affected since DMD is a degenerative disease which affects muscle. This book offers a historical study of muscular dystrophy. It also shows some profiles of excellent clinicians and scientists that have contributed to this book with a description of muscular dystrophy from the clinical picture, to the latest techniques in genetics. Also included in the chapters are resolutions of several approaches to DMD, like scales, in order to anticipate how to manage the disease. This book relates some techniques of moderate exercise, like Yoga and water exercises, that are compliable with some advantages in mobility. The book concludes with some current trends and what can be done in the future. This book can be a good read to everyone that is interested in DMD, and also for the ones who know or provide care for those with this terrible disease.

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Book SynopsisThe primary objective of this book is to provide readers with up-to-date knowledge of recent advances in serotonin research across different fields. The research topics include the following aspects: The first chapter provides novel evidence supporting the involvement of genetic variants in the serotonin transporter and receptor genes in the aetiology of nicotine dependence and alcoholism through gene-by-gene interaction. The second chapter provides an update on genes and genetic variants in the serotonergic network that have been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome. The third chapter discusses how aggressive social stress such as absence of electricity, cold weather, shortage of food, and social isolation influence the development of chronic stress, pathological aggression, and formation of killer and self-killer organisms and how the distribution and concentration of serotonin in the brain are changed along with these physiological and pathological conditions. Chapter Four shows that serotonin signalling influences many developmental processes both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral organs, and Chapter Five reviews new evidence on the involvement of the brain''s serotonergic system in the regulation of food intake, digestion, and metabolism in fish. The last two chapters describe the identification and purification of a novel serotonin-modulating anti-consolidation protein and show how this protein is involved in memory formation and suppression of drug addiction and epileptic seizures in Chapter 6 and in regulation of mutagenesis and adaptation in Chapter 7. Collectively, this book provides a broad view of recent advances in serotonin research in different species of animals. It is our hope that the book will provide readers with a deeper understanding of these new developments in serotonin research across different disciplines.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume are major depressive disorder and white matter alterations as evaluated by recent neuroimaging techniques; the discussion of neuromodulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus has being effective in the treatment of chronic cluster headaches; comparative quantitative neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; dizziness in the elderly; morphosyntactic difficulties in the language of persons with Down Syndrome; innovations in stroke rehabilitation; akinetic-rigid and tremor-dominant Parkinson''s disease; prescription characteristics of methylphenidate in a paediatric practices; and novel portable electroencephalograph for monitoring human brain activity prior to anxiety with balloon popping stimuli.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a state-of-the-art discussion forum for topics that are of high interest in the field of visual perception research. Experts from different countries and different scientific disciplines, such as medicine, psychology, neuroscience, sport and movement science, provide a number of significant contributions, covering recent theoretical developments, innovative methodical developments, current research evidence, as well as implications for practical applications in the field of visual perception. Topics discussed in the book include the role of importance in visual perception, accuracy and bias in emotion perception, automated vector-based gaze analysis, visual-vestibular interactions when performing complex skills, variability of fixation durations in healthy participants, gaze behaviour in subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, perception of moving objects in real life, controlling posture in differing perceptual information situations, orientation matching in perceptual space, error correction on the basis of visual information in sports, visual perceptual learning in cytopathology, visuomotor behaviour in virtual reality situations, role of augmented visual feedback in motor learning, informational domains in integrating information from different sensory sources, and the role of visual inputs in sensorimotor integration. Given the wide range of topics and scientific disciplines, this book may be an important source of information for graduate students, researchers and practitioners that study and work in the field of visual perception.

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Book SynopsisIn the last 20 years, fundamental research to repair the spinal cord has yielded positive results and today, there is real hope that a cure might be found for the treatment of spinal injuries. This has only been possible because in the last 70 years, patients with a traumatic injury of the spinal cord have been kept alive through conservative forms of treatment and returned to useful independent lives. It is salutary at this stage to look at how this conservative treatment developed. This book begins by providing a history of the treatment of spinal cord injuries and continues by examining the pertinent epidemiology, injury characteristics, and outcomes of spinal cord injury in children. It also discusses anaesthetic management of patients with chronic spinal cord injury; morphological changes of toenails in hemiplegia; and spasticity.

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Book SynopsisBased on human neurophysiology, it has been shown that the human brain and spinal cord can partly be repaired by movement-based learning. It seems that even to a very limited extent, new nerve cells can be built anew in the human central nervous system. Neural network learning starts with the knowledge of basic human neural network functions and their communication with the outside world. Neural network functions can only be explored thoroughly if it is partly known what impulse patterns run into and out of the networks. Even though the gained knowledge is rudimentary, it has immediate consequences for learning and the repair of the human central nervous system. This book discusses the theory of neural network learning. It provides research on neural network learning rates in healthy patients and patients with central nervous system injuries; neural network learning for coma patients; improving health in geriatric and cancer patients; and improving mental functions in patients with depression and anxiety.

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Book SynopsisAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impairments in communication and social skills, and marked by restricted and repetitive behaviours. In recent years, there has been an increasing growth in the prevalence of ASD with 1 in 68 children in the USA diagnosed with the disorder. The authors examine the practices for identifying early markers for ASD and in turn diagnosing the disorder. Furthermore, the interactions between genes and environments are now regarded as the most probable explanation for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This book includes research on the principal role infantile zinc- and magnesium-deficiency and/or toxic metal burdens play as environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Other chapters include research on the Family-Centered Transition Planning (FTCP) approach for ASD and the results that have been achieved by students and families; the experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorders with a focus on their social relationships; cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in adults with high functioning ASD and ways to enhance school-based interventions for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD).

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Book SynopsisLearning and memory are necessary, fundamental functions that animals need in order to survive and adapt to any environment. The ability to learn and form memory depends on changes occurring in neuronal circuits. These changes occur at both the synaptic level and at the level of changes in intrinsic membrane properties of neurons. Such changes involve physical, structural changes (including growth of new processes as well as retractions of other processes). Some of these changes may persist throughout the life of the organism while others last for relatively short times. While learning and memory are related, they are separate processes with their own ''rules and regulations''. Longer lasting memories involve changes in protein synthesis as well as gene activity. The molecular changes that occur in neurons and glia that underlie learning and memory result in structural and biophysical changes in single neurons and neuronal circuits. Some of the chapters in this book present the authors'' findings from specific model systems while other chapters present research concerned with memory consolidation in humans, which can be referred to the process by which the changes in neuronal functioning that occur as a result of learning (ie: new behaviour).

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is research on the symptoms, causes and treatment options of allodynia; the role of environmental toxins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); the prevalence estimates from the national ALS registry of ALS in the United States; pharmacological management of akathisia; increasing serum sodium concentration in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury; medial prefrontal cortex alterations induced by drugs of abuse; study updates on drugs for CNS disorders; characterisation of cytoarchitecture of dendrites and fibre neurons using the Golgi-cox method; unusual allodynia associated with cluster headache; and calculating consciousness correlates at multiple scales of neocortical interactions.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation presents original study results on the leading edge of neuroscience research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Included in this volume is research on holographic memory; epilepsy and psychiatric co-morbidities; emotional modulation of prepulse inhibition of the startle response in humans; neuroimaging and electrophysiology efficacy in measuring acute effects and long-term sequelae following sports-related concussion; children with writing disabilities; neuroimmune connections in the posterior nasopharyngeal cavity; pulse attraction-repulsion; autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1; avidity of autoantibodies against antigens in nervous tissue; epidemiological study of childhood epilepsy using the newly classification proposed by the international league against epilepsy; and the role of neuromuscular ultrasound in the diagnostic of the multifocal motor neuropathy.

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Book SynopsisThe authors'' of this book discuss the most recent advances in neuroscience research. The chapters include updated information on clinical and technical implementation of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in stroke imaging; association between word display and executive functioning; the connectivity between the cerebellum and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); the identification and validation of EEG, MRI and SPECT biomarkers for diagnosing, monitoring progression and predicting the onset of Alzheimer''s disease (AD); an examination of the leptin receptor, a drive of adult neurogenesis that may treat Alzheimer''s disease; the language of neurons and their clinical applications such as in deep brain stimulation; the use of folic acid and its intake by pregnant women to support both physiological changes in the mother and the optimal growth and development of the fetus and offspring; examples of the continuum of shapes and sizes of different dendritic spines, from simple to complex, observed in the human brain; an examination of spastic diplegia, the most common form of cerebral palsy; and the identification of new mechanisms of pharmacological effects of certain neurotropic peptides.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a set of recommendations from the Bioethics Commission in response to a request from President Obama to review the ethical issues associated with the conduct and implications of neuroscience research; and President Obama''s request related to the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. Specifically the President asked the Bioethics Commission to "identify proactively a set of core ethical standards both to guide neuroscience research and to address some of the ethical dilemmas that may be raised by the application of neuroscience research findings." This book focuses on the integration of ethics into neuroscience research across the life of a research endeavor; and on the analysis on three particularly controversial topics that illustrate the ethical tensions and societal implications of advancing neuroscience and technology: cognitive enhancement, consent capacity, and neuroscience and the legal system. The book seeks to clarify the scientific landscape, identify common ground, and recommend ethical paths forward.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this book discuss the most recent advances in neuroscience research. The chapters include updated information on the migration and differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells in the adult brain; human neurophysiology and movement-based learning for repairing the human brain; blood-brain barrier dysfunction in diabetic brain; the future strategy for treatment of brain tumors; intracranial hypotension syndrome; the causes, treatment and clinical outcomes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension and intracranial hypotension; and the crisis of incommensurability in mathematics/music.

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Book SynopsisMemory could be conceptualised as the capability to encode, store and retrieve information to guide behavior. Memory may be stored in different manners depending on synaptic characteristics for information processing, which may modulate synchronisation of firing of neuronal assemblies. This book focuses on some of the mechanisms that modulate the synaptic activity underlying both the organisation and expression of memory. Thus, memory is viewed from the point of view of its synaptic determinants. This book is the integrated compilation of a large body of experimental evidence related to some cellular and subcellular events underlying plastic changes of neural circuits forming the memory traces related to some memory systems. Moreover, this view of memory is considered from both a normal viewpoint and from that of some atypical situations.

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Book SynopsisOligodendrocytes have multiple functions in the central nervous system including mechanical support of neurons, production of myelin sheaths and uptake and inactivation of chemical neurotransmitters released by neurons. Consequently, oligodendrocytes could be involved in the pathology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. The first chapter of this book examines the range of disorders in which oligodendrocytes play a significant role. In the second chapter, the authors review the effects of microglia on oligodendrocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions. The third chapter focuses on cell transplantation for myelination of axons in spinal cord repair. In the fourth chapter, the authors review data showing the induction of some plasticity of olidogdendrocytes (OL) by growth factors and axon proteins in vitro. Finally, the last chapter is an examination of the potential uses of anti-S100B therapies to treat myelin-related disorders in order to reduce damage and improve recovery, as well as the quality of life of these patients.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the link between the modifiable risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases and chronic neuroinflammation are examined, thus highlighting that controlling risk factors is a valid approach for managing neurodegnerative diseases in which neuroinflammation contributes to the disease progression. The mechanisms of inhibition of neuroinflammation by EST and ERAs are discussed, as well as the neuroprotective roles of EST and ERAs in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease and epilepsy. The final chapter focuses on the dynamics of progression in MS patients, and the disease process within contexts of proinflammatory reactivity and interactivity.

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Book SynopsisSeveral studies have shown the presence of increased values of S100B in samples from patients with degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer''s disease. The first two chapters review the main findings and clinical significance of S100B detection serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid from patients suffering from such neurogenerative disorders. In the third chapter of the book, the authors present an updated view of the interrelation between S100B, glia, neuroinflammation, and depression, as well as their experience in stroke, where they encountered increased serum S100B levels in patients with more severe post-stroke depressive symptoms and proposed its possible utility as a blood marker for the prediction of post-stroke depression.

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Book SynopsisIn the first chapter of this fascinating book, the authors present an overview of the evidence that implicates a compromised neurogenic function in the neuropathology of AD, PD and HD and discuss whether treatments aimed at restoring adult neurogenesis might have therapeutic relevance for the treatment of these disorders. In the second chapter, the authors focus on some of the important biological properties of neural stem cells (NSC) in the health and disease brain, addressing the role of ABC transporters in the regulation of NSC behavior. The authors of the third chapter review the effect of prenatal stress on offspring development from the behavioral and neurobiological perspectives, including neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In the last chapter of the book, the author examines the neurogenic properties of melatonin, a major indoleamine of the pineal gland.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Topics covered include patient and nerve selection, review techniques, risks, benefits and alternatives to C2 and RFA ablation; early diagnosis and treatment in multiple sclerosis using ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging; the use of regenerative medicine to help patients with ataxia; genetic and clinical characteristics of spinocerebellar ataxias; white matter abnormalities in neurodegenerative disease; cell to cell propagation of pathogenic tau which may be involved in certain neurodegenerative disorders; the use of cannabis in neurology and psychiatry and its potential effects; deep brain stimulation for treating neuropsychiatric disorders; and the symptoms, anesthetic management and potential complications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease.

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Book SynopsisMeningiomas account for greater than one-third of all primary central nervous system tumors. Though in many cases they are pathologically benign, the presence and growth of such tumors in eloquent central nerve system locations may confer significant risk, potentially resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these tumors varies with tumor location and WHO classification. Rigorous clinical observation, surgical resection and radiation therapy are all appropriate in treating meningiomas. Given the diversity of tumor locations and pathology, it is critical for medical professionals to possess comprehensive knowledge of the diverse management of meningiomas. This formal reference is critical in understanding the surgical approaches and treatment of meningiomas. Medical practitioners including but not limited to neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, neurologists, internal medicine physicians, as well as nurses and physician assistants alike can all benefit from this resource. This text will facilitate the understanding of meningiomas, foster learning of the most current surgical approaches, and comprehensively equip medical providers to deliver comprehensive care to patients with meningiomas. This text provides a comprehensive and up-to-date resource for the surgical and radiosurgical management of meningiomas. It contains references to the latest peer-reviewed literature in the field and is distinctive in its focus on patient management and outcomes. With extensive clinical experience in the treatment of meningiomas, Dr. Steven Chang and Dr. Anand Veeravagu present a unique perspective and fluency in the treatment of this brain tumor.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Topics covered include the multiple effects of electroacupuncture on the synaptic efficacy of neuronal ensembles in the spinal cord of experimental animal models of neuropathic pain and their neuromodulation by neuropeptide hormones and cytokines; electrical stimulation for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment of spinal cord injury; the structure and function on the entorhinal cortex with special reference to neurodegenerative disease; recent advances in the understanding of the effects of different ginsenosides on CNS targets and how ginsenosides can contribute to cures for some of the most devastating neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases; neuroplasticity and neurogenesis; neuroplastic changes in subjects with deaf-blindness using the topographic distribution maps of the somatosensory evoked potential by stimulation of the median nerve (SEP-N20) pre-CI versus post-CI; vascular functions of dexamethasone, a synthetic GC with a focus on dexamethasone action on the blood-brain-barrier (BBB); the relationship between the effects of GCs on neurosteroid biosynthesis and on cognitive behaviors and hippocampal neural activity; a review of the real case of a patient with subacute combined spinal cord degeneration and pancytopenia secondary to severe and sustained vitamin B12 deficiency; and the role of sex-steroid hormones in anxiety, affective, eating and psychotic disorders.

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Book SynopsisThe book was written as an attempt to find the solution to one of the most complex and unsolved issues of the human anatomy: the understanding of the human brain and the principles according to which it operates. Currently, it is important to look at the challenge in an alternatively non-standard, yet still systemic way, paying less attention to details and outlining the ways out of this crisis of neuroscience. The purpose of this monograph is to describe the author''s theory about the brain''s architecture and operation to the medical and scientific community. Accompanied with extensive clinical, research and training experience, the author''s theoretical concepts of the brain synthesized with scientific evidence brought about the conclusion that low efficiency in neurologic therapy and mental diseases; the inability to work out mathematical models and simulations that could compete with the human brain; an academic dead end in the development of artificial intelligence; as well as high energy consumption of the computing innovations were conditioned by the inaccurate methodology and outdated anatomical and physiological views of the neurologists and neuroscientists on information processing in the brain, registration of memories and basic functions of the key morphological structures of the brain. The morphological structure and physiological functions of all known anatomical formations of the brain were defined in the late nineteenth century. Since then, these functions have been accepted as dogmatic. The book shows that present day multi-level neuroresearch relies on the foundation of systemic, morphofunctional and neuroanatomic knowledge about the brain structure. It looks for correlations between genome and post-genome data of molecular research in the brain tissue, as well as with neuropsychological and cognitive data; that is, the book intends to integrate the non-integrable into unified information space. The systemic approach in neuroresearch has become outdated by now and interferes with scientific development. The information approach in the author''s research of the genome, transcriptome, proteome in health and in disease permitted the analysis of the inductivity and magnetization of the nervous tissue. It also provided the explanation for targeted movement of the data in the module of the nervous tissue. The author came to the conclusion that gene, protein and neural networks "confused and chained" the pathways of scientific thought. Neural networks are only logistic constructions to provide data transfer in the brain between different modules of the nervous tissue. The author presumes that the funds invested in the development of brain simulations and artificial intelligence will hardly result in the expected advantages. If we are unable to step over the stereotypes of the systemic, morphofunctional research of the previous century, no progress shall come about. The author''s theoretical survey resulted in the unique information-commutation theory of the brain and formulation of the key principles of brain operation. As a clinician and professor of neurology, the author underpins his theory with clinical examples. This book presents the framework of the ideas that require experimental research and proof.

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Book SynopsisDopamine is an important neurotransmitter in human brain, and it is involved in many activities under physiological and pathological conditions of humans and mammals, especially in sports regulation, learning and memory, as well as drug addiction. Lack of dopamine can lead to a number of diseases such as schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson''s Disease. Thus, the studies of dopamine are of great importance in many disciplines such as neurophysiology, clinical medicine, and the pharmaceutical sciences. In recent years, more and more researchers have focused on the detection of dopamine and many different types of testing methods have emerged. Chapter One in this book reviews different kinds of electrodes used in the detection of dopamine and the stability, selectivity, sensitivity of those electrodes. Chapter Two presents a discussion about the modulation of the dopamine synthesis and release in the retina by light, clock genes and melatonin. Chapter Three summarises the most recent findings on the role of central D2, D3 and D4 receptors on erectile function and sexual behavior.

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Book SynopsisMemory impairment due to aging and various memory disorders represent a great medical challenge to our society. Since the publication of the fifth volume of this collection, the rapid progress in the research fields of Alzheimers disease (AD) and other types of dementias continues through the intense efforts of research scientists worldwide. This sixth volume contains eight chapters, bringing together a presentation of scientific frontiers in current AD/dementia research. The topics include a discussion on impairments in dementias, memory binding in AD, therapeutic targeting of BACE1 and neprilysin, Tau Immunotherapy, targeting 5-lipoxygenase targets for tauopathy, potential therapeutics for frontotemporal dementia, potential therapeutics for Downs syndrome, and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Research advances in these areas are presented and discussed in great detail in the chapters. The book will be highly valuable to students and scientists worldwide who are interested in the scientific research and progress in AD and memory disorders.

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together interdisciplinary research in cognitive psychology, cognitive impairment and abnormalities, cognitive networks and neurofeedback, and neurophysiology. Covered are the latest developments, pinpointing directions for future research on cognitive sciences and theory. Essential reading for those working directly in the cognitive sciences or in related specialist areas, Research Trends in Behavior and Executive Function provides an instant overview of current thinking for both experts and newcomers to cognitive sciences.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Chapter One presents nonlinear features of EEG changes during auditory verbal short-term memory task for words and nonwords. Chapter Two analyzes studies investigating the discriminative power of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test to screen for dementia. Chapter Three reviews demential with lewy bodies. Chapter Four examines the relationship between age and verbal working memory (WM) performance in healthy adults, ages 18 to 90. Chapter Five studies the differences in pointing versus performing a pathway in 4-5 year old childrens'' topographical working memory. Chapter Six discusses the development of nicotine acetylcholine receptor imaging probes and their use for the functional analysis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neuropathic pain. Chapter Seven reviews the dorsal raphe nucleus neurons as targets for the presynaptic effects of nicotine. Chapter Eight focuses on the contextual modulation of motion velocity.

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Book SynopsisIn 1910, L'Espinasse performed the first neurosurgical endoscopic procedure for choroid plexus electrocoagulation in an infant with hydrocephalus, by use of a cystoscope. One infant was successfully treated. Walter Dandy used an endoscope to perform an unsuccessful choroid plexectomy in 1922. The next year, Mixter, using a urethroscope, performed the first successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a 9-month-old girl with obstructive hydrocephalus. In 1935, Scarff reported his initial results about endoscopic third ventriculostomy using a novel endoscope. His ventriculoscope had an irrigation system to prevent intraventricular collapse and was equipped with a flexible unipolar probe. In 1952, Nulsen and Spitz began the era of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting, marking the end of the initial era of neuroendoscopy. This dark period for neuroendoscopy continued until 1970s. However, in this period image capabilities of endoscopes improved with technological developments. In 1978, Vries demonstrated that ETVs were technically feasible using a fiberoptic endoscope to treat patients with hydrocephalus. In 1990, Jones and colleagues described a 50% shunt-free success rate for ETV in 24 patients with various forms of hydrocephalus. Four years later, the same group reported an improved success rate of 61% in a series of 103 patients. Currently, ETV is primarily used to treat obstructive hydrocephalus due to benign aqueductal stenosis or compressive periaqueductal mass lesions. Modern shunt-free success rates range from 80 to 95%. The field of neuroendoscopy has extended beyond ventricular procedures. The endoscope is currently used for all types of neurosurgically treatable diseases such as obstructive hydrocephalus, various intraventricular lesions, hypothalamic hamartomas, craniosynostosis, skull base tumors, and spinal lesions and rare subtypes of hydrocephalus. With the evolution of surgical techniques, endoscopy has emerged as a suitable alternative to many instances of more invasive methods. Surgeons using a neuroendoscope can perform many complex operations through very small incisions. Nowadays, neurosurgeons prefer neuroendoscopic surgery for many different lesions because of less damage to healthy tissue, low complication rate and excellent results. Neuroendoscopic surgery is a specialty within neurosurgery and requires a neurosurgeon to undergo specialized training. In this book, we focused on neuroendoscopic procedures and challenges. We have created this book with the hope that it can be a guide for neurosurgeons who are interested in neuroendoscopic interventions.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgement; The Evolution of Sympathetic Ablations from Open into Endoscopic Approaches: The Merits and Drawbacks; How to Manage Isolated Fourth Ventricle Syndrome?; Radiological Evaluation of the Stoma Patency in Intraventricular Fenestrations; Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Skull Base Pathologies in Children; EndoscopeAssisted Microsurgery of Pediatric Brain Tumors; Suprasellar Arachnoid Cysts: Retrospective Series and Literature Review; Neuroendoscopic Challenges in the Treatment of Ventricular Tumors; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe dentate gyrus (DG) is one of the most sensitive regions to various brain insults due to the occurrence of neurogenesis in its subgranular zone. Thus, it may serve as a brain sensor to radiation exposure, chemical and biological toxins, alcohol abuse, smoking, drug treatments, hormone imbalances, stress, pain, hypoxia, brain trauma, malnutrition and aging. DG is also involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological and neuropsychological disorders including intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), Alzheimer's disease (AD), major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia. Over decades of research, our understanding regarding the function and physiology of the DG is ever-changing. While it is commonly believed that the dentate granule cells are primarily responsible for executing higher brain functions such as learning and memory, there is increasing evidence demonstrating that the glial cells, particularly microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are also involved in memory formation. Therefore, a book that systematically reviews DG structure, function and health implications is needed to update clinicians and researchers with state-of-the-art knowledge. In the first three chapters of this book, the recent progresses in the study of DG development with relevant molecular mechanisms, the cytoarchitectonics of DG with laminar and sublaminar distribution of different types of neurons and glial cells, as well as afferent and efferent of the DG and their neurophysiological roles will be described respectively. In Chapters 4 and 5, DG as a brain sensor to radiation exposure, and pre- and post-natal radiation-induced DG damage and cognitive impairment will be reviewed accordingly. The involvement of DG in pathogenesis of neurological disorders including TLE and AD will be discussed in Chapters 6 and 7. Finally, in the last two chapters, i.e., Chapters 8 and 9, the roles of DG in the development of neuropsychological disorders including MDD, PTSD and schizophrenia will be presented.Table of ContentsPreface; The Development of the Dentate Gyrus & the Relevant Molecular Mechanisms Involved; Cytoarchitectonics of the Dentate Gyrus; Afferent and Efferent of the Dentate Gyrus and their Neurophysiological Roles; Dentate Gyrus as a Brain Sensor for Radiation Exposure; Pre- and Post-Natal Irradiation-Induced Neuropathology in the Dentate Gyrus; Neurogenesis in the Adult Dentate Gyrus and Epileptogenesis; The Dentate Gyrus and Its Involvement in Alzheimers Disease; Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus as an Emotional Regulator through Circuits Modification; Maturational Arrest of the Dentate Gyrus Granule Cell Layer in Schizophrenia; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation provides some updates in the field of neuroscience research. Chapter One collects up-to-date research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elucidates the temporal development of this disorder. Chapter Two explains the role of lipid peroxidation in the development of hydrocephalic astrogliosis. Chapter Three is devoted to the effect of pyrimidine derivatives on changes in mitochondrial function in rats under conditions of permanent cerebral ischemia. Chapter Four investigates the relationship between PTSD and the brain's spatio-temporal dynamics through an experimental study on mice. Chapter Five provides an overview on studies to treat social cognition disturbances in mental disorders such as schizophrenia with transcranial direct current stimulation and discusses its neurobiological mechanisms. Finally, Chapter Six deals with the role of nucleosome ensembles in the control of the visual apparatus as a neuro controller in the operative work of the brain as a whole.Table of ContentsPreface; The Temporal Development and a Staging Approach of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; The Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Development of Hydrocephalic Astrogliosis; Possibility of Correction of Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Pyrimidine -4-H1-Oh Derivatives under Cerebral Ischemia: An Experimental Study; Longitudinally Divergent Dendritic Spine Densities of the Hippocampus and Amygdala: An Impact of Aggressor-Exposed Social Stress; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Social Cognition Impairments of Schizophrenia: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives; The Most Important Neuro Controller (Instructor) of the Human Brain; Index.

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Book SynopsisNeuroscience is a complex and important part of human physiology as it governs all the important actions of life. The complexity of the brain makes it challenging, yet interesting, to decode its information through different mechanistic approaches. Scientists and researchers always remain curious in finding out new avenues related to neuroscience. The main purpose of this book is to bring all relevant and current advancements occurring in the field of neurobiology and neurosciences under a single window that covers wider horizons of the subject. The book contains topics related to subjects like neuro-epigenetics, neuro-informatics, neurotoxicity, neurolaw, neuro-dental issues, neuro-transcriptomics, neuro-nanotechnology and more that focus on the current trends of neurosciences. Nearly all current aspects of neurosciences are covered in this book, which makes it a unique and comprehensive compilation. Chapter One defines different aspects of neuroinformatics; Chapter Two signifies the ongoing trends related to bioinformatics in the field of neurosciences; Chapter Three speaks about neurotoxicity; Chapter Four is a landmark in defining the computational approaches that can be used for the identification of novel biomarkers for neurological disorders; Chapter Five describes in detail about the role of miRNA in neurobiology; Chapter Six illustrates in detail the application of epigenetics in neurological disorders; Chapter Seven covers the details of the therapies that are used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases; Chapter Eight is confined to Alzheimer''s disease and its mitophagy, autophagy and angiogenesis; Chapter Nine discusses the role of neuro-nanotechnology in neurosurgery; Chapter Ten depicts the dental care that should be given to patients who are suffering from neurological diseases; Chapter Eleven signifies the current trends that are prevalent in the field of oral neurosciences; and Chapter Twelve is focused on the legal perspectives of neuroscience, that is, neurolaw. Therefore, the coverage of subject in relation to the current trends is quite wide and the book covers a holistic approach in linearity with its title and content.

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Book SynopsisThis volume includes nine chapters that describe recent advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter One studies the correlation between genes and violence. Chapter Two focuses on the effect of specific Central Nervous System (CNS) drugs and substances on neurotransmission of sleep, particularly at the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage. Chapter Three explores the potential of social cognition as a therapeutic target in schizophrenia. Chapter Four describes therapy methods for language neurorehabilitation in a few patients with brain injuries. Chapter Five provides current knowledge about in vitro toxicology studies in neuroblastoma cells for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Chapter Six reviews evidence supporting the bidirectional relationship between kynurenine pathway alterations, induction of activated microglia, and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Huntington's Disease patients and models. Chapter Seven presents the course of early neurorehabilitation treatment with emphasis on optimizing balance assessment in clinical practice, identifying impairments, informing treatment planning, and maximizing the effectiveness of exercise interventions to improve balance and reduce falls in patients after cerebellopontine angle tumor resection. Chapter Eight provides an update on the molecular mechanism of cognitive impairment due to REM sleep deprivation in the hippocampus. Finally, Chapter Nine presents the most frequently used evaluation tools and procedures of early neurorehabilitation in the acute hospital.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, chapters covering the broad areas in spinal neurosurgery, pediatric neurosurgery, and peripheral nerve surgery are included. Chapters presented have been of active interest in academia for the last couple of decades. Care has been taken to avoid duplication of other neurological texts. These chapters will provide a framework of current understanding and available evidence, which will help interested readers understand the area in more depth.

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