Nanotechnology Books

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces researchers and students to the physical principles which govern the operation of solid-state devices whose overall length is smaller than the electron mean free path. In quantum systems such as these, electron wave behavior prevails, and transport properties must be assessed by calculating transmission amplitudes rather than microscopic conductivity. Emphasis is placed on detailing the physical laws that apply under these circumstances, and on giving a clear account of the most important phenomena. The coverage is comprehensive, with mathematics and theoretical material systematically kept at the most accessible level. The various physical effects are clearly differentiated, ranging from transmission formalism to the Coulomb blockade effect and current noise fluctuations. Practical exercises and solutions have also been included to facilitate the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction and preliminary warning 1 1.2. Bibliography 7 Chapter 2. Some Useful Concepts and Reminders 9 2.1. Quantum mechanics and the Schrödinger equation 9 2.2. Energy band structure in a periodic lattice 22 2.3. Semi-classical approximation 25 2.4. Electrons and holes 27 2.5. Semiconductor heterostructure 30 2.6. Quantum well 31 2.7. Tight-binding approximation 43 2.8. Effective mass approximation 49 2.9. How good is the effective mass approximation in a confined structure? 55 2.10. Density of states 57 2.11. Fermi-Dirac statistics 60 2.12. Examples of 2D systems 62 2.13. Characteristic lengths and mesoscopic nature of electron transport 65 2.14. Mobility: Drude model 67 2.15. Conduction in degenerate materials 69 2.16. Einstein relationship 71 2.17. Low magnetic field transport 73 2.18. High magnetic field transport 75 2.19. Exercises 94 2.20. Bibliography 100 Chapter 3. Ballistic Transport and Transmission Conductance 103 3.1. Conductance of a ballistic conductor 103 3.2. Connection between 2D and 1D systems 109 3.3. A classical analogy 110 3.4. Transmission conductance: Landauer’s formula 111 3.5. What if the device length really does go down to zero? 114 3.6. A smart experiment which shows you everything 117 3.7. Relationship between the Landauer formula and Ohm’s law 120 3.8. Dissipation with a scatterer 123 3.9. Voltage probe measurements 127 3.10. Comment about the assumption that T is constant 129 3.11. Generalization of Landauer’s formula: Büttiker’s formula 130 3.12. Non-zero temperature 135 3.13. The integer quantum Hall effect 143 3.14. Exercises 150 3.15. Bibliography 157 Chapter 4. S-matrix Formalism 159 4.1. Scattering matrix or S-matrix 159 4.2. S-matrix combination rules 163 4.3. A simple example: the S-matrix of a Y-junction 164 4.4. A more involved example: a quantum ring 166 4.5. A final more complex example: solving the 2D Schrödinger equation 169 4.6. Exercises 181 4.7. Bibliography 182 Chapter 5. Tunneling and Detrapping 183 5.1. Introduction 183 5.2. Single barrier tunneling 185 5.3. Two coherent devices in series: resonant tunneling 189 5.4. Physical meaning of the terms appearing in the resonant transmission probability 194 5.5. Tunneling current 197 5.6. Resonant tunneling in the real world 199 5.7. Discrete state coupled to a continuum 201 5.8. Fano resonance 210 5.9. Fano resonance in a quantum-coherent device 212 5.10. Fano resonance in the real world 217 5.11. Exercises 219 5.12. Bibliography 224 Chapter 6. An Introduction to Current Noise in Mesoscopic Devices 225 6.1. Introduction 225 6.2. Ergodicity and stationarity 226 6.3. Spectral noise density and Wiener-Khintchine theorem 228 6.4. Measured power spectral density 230 6.5. Shot noise in the classical case 231 6.6. Why the shot noise formula is not valid in a macroscopic conductor 235 6.7. Classical example 1: a game with cannon balls 238 6.8. Classical example 2: cars and anti-cars 238 6.9. Quantum shot noise 240 6.10. Bibliography 247 Chapter 7. Coulomb Blockade Effect 249 7.1. Introduction 249 7.2. Energy balance when charging capacitors 251 7.3. Coulomb blockade in a two-terminal device 253 7.4. Coulomb blockade in a single-electron transistor 258 7.5. Single-electron turnstile 265 7.6. Coulomb blockade in the real world 265 7.7. Exercises 268 7.8. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Specific Interference Effects 273 8.1. Classical Lagrangian with a magnetic field 273 8.2. Classical Lagrangian without a magnetic field 275 8.3. Phase shift due to a magnetic field 275 8.4. Aharonov-Bohm effect in mesoscopic rings 276 8.5. 1D localization 280 8.6. Weak localization 283 8.7. Universal conductance fluctuations 286 8.8. Bibliography 289 Chapter 9. Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes 291 9.1. Introduction 291 9.2. Graphene band structure 293 9.3. Integer quantum hall effect in graphene 301 9.4. Carbon nanotube band structure 304 9.5. Carbon nanotube bandgap 309 9.6. Carbon nanotube density of states and effective mass 313 9.7. Electron transport in and quantum dots from carbon nanotubes 315 9.8. Exercises 321 9.9. Bibliography 323 Chapter 10. Appendices 325 10.1. The uncertainty principle 325 10.2. Crystalline lattice; some definitions and theorems 326 10.3. The harmonic oscillator 330 10.4. Stationary perturbation theory 336 10.5. Method of Lagrange multipliers 342 10.6. Variational principle 344 10.7. Wiener-Khintchine theorem 348 10.8. Binomial probability law 349 10.9. Random Poisson process 350 10.10. Transformation of the Cartesian wavevector coordinates into transverse and parallel components 351 10.11. Useful physical constants 353 Solutions to Exercises 355 Index 383

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Book SynopsisThe book provides an up-to-date overview of the fast growing area of Raman spectroscopy. The two-volume work describes how analytic methods using Raman spectroscopy allow for the chemical analysis of materials, providing even spatial resolution without precedent. In addition, external perturbations (strain, temperature, pressure) on molecules and their alignment can be analyzed. Raman spectroscopy can also provide information about the interactions of components, again at a high level of spatial resolution. In the form of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), the method is a valuable tool for nanotechnology. This book is intended for researchers or lecturers in chemistry and materials science, who are interested in the composition and properties of their samples. It describes how Raman spectroscopy will enable them to examine thin layers, surfaces, and interfaces and improve their knowledge about the properties of composites. In addition, it can serve as a short introduction to vibrational spectroscopy.

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Book SynopsisThe book's primary objective is to introduce the pathology and physiology atherosclerosis in brief, and its diagnosis and treatment. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. An advanced understanding of atherosclerosis shows that it leads to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases, taking 17 million people every year worldwide. The literature suggests that atherosclerosis is an ancient disease and is still a long-standing health problem globally. Hence early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis are crucial to solving long-standing health issues.This book provides a systemic summary of recent literature focusing on disease pathology, advancement in diagnosis and therapies. Recently, nanoparticles performing dual roles as diagnostic and therapeutic agents have been keenly interested. However, the nanoparticle has yet to reach the clinic. Understanding the role of biomaterials in formulations and existing strategies is critical when developing novel formulations and working on translation to clinical settings. The book provides a systematic biomaterial-based summary of the literature, methods used to formulate nanoparticles, and their scale-up potential. Another key objective of the book is to motivate the reader to conduct research on theranostic nanoparticles to treat atherosclerosis and put us one step closer to solving a long-standing health problem—atherosclerosis.The auto-summaries have been generated by a recursive clustering algorithm via the Dimensions Auto-summarizer by Digital Science handled by Subject Matter Experts and the external editor. The editor of this book selected which SN content should be auto-summarized and decided its order of appearance. Please be aware that the auto-summaries consist of original sentences, but are not representative of its original paper, since we do not show the full length of the publication. Please note that only published SN content is represented here, and that machine-generated books are still at an experimental stage.Table of ContentsIntroduction to atherosclerosis.- Introduction to nanoparticles, synthesis characterization and clinical status.- Nanoparticles used in diagnosis of atherosclerosis.- Theranostic-Nanoparticles used for atherosclerosis.

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Book SynopsisIn this second volume in the first book series on nanocarbons for advanced applications the highly renowned series and volume editor has put together a top author team of internationally acclaimed experts on carbon materials. Divided into three major parts, this reference provides a current overview of the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanocarbons, such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes, and porous carbons for energy conversion applications. It covers such varied topics as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in the different types of fuel cells, metal-air batteries and electrode materials for photovoltaic devices, as well as photocatalysts, electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting. Throughout, the authors highlight the unique aspects of nanocarbon materials in these fields, with a particular focus on the physico-chemical properties which lead to enhanced device performances.Table of ContentsList of Contributors XI Preface XV 1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Advanced Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 1Jintao Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Quanbin Dai, Qiuhong Zhang, and Liming Dai 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Experimental Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Activity toward ORR 2 1.3 Doped Carbon Nanotubes for ORR 4 1.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Nitrogen 4 1.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Heteroatoms Other Than Nitrogen 8 1.4 Conclusions 13 Acknowledgments 14 References 14 2 Doped Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 17Dongsheng Geng and Xueliang Sun 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Active Sites and Mechanisms of ORR on Doped Graphene 18 2.2.1 ORR Mechanism on Doped Graphene 18 2.2.2 The Active Site of DopedGraphene forORR 20 2.3 Synthesis and Performance of Doped Graphene 22 2.3.1 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 23 2.3.2 Synthesis and Performance of Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 30 2.3.2.1 B-Doped Graphene 30 2.3.2.2 S-Doped Graphene 31 2.3.2.3 P and Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 33 2.4 Conclusions and Perspective 35 References 37 3 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbon for Electrocatalysis 43Sheng Chen, Jian Liu, and Shi-Zhang Qiao 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Synthesis of Doped Nanoporous Carbons 45 3.2.1 Synthesis of Heteroatom-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 45 3.2.1.1 Self-Assembling of Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors through a Soft-Templating Method 45 3.2.1.2 Posttreatment of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Framework with Heteroatom-Rich Chemicals 47 3.2.1.3 Hard-Templating Method with One-Step Doping Using Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors 49 3.2.2 Synthesis of Doped Porous Graphene 51 3.2.2.1 Vapor-Assisted Method 51 3.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Method 53 3.3 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbons for Electrocatalysis 55 3.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 55 3.3.2 Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for ORR 57 3.3.3 Doped Graphene for ORR 61 3.3.3.1 Single Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 61 3.3.3.2 Dual-Doped Graphene 62 3.3.3.3 Doped Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 63 3.3.4 Other Electrochemical Systems 67 3.4 Summary and Perspectives 69 References 70 4 Nanocarbon-Based Nonprecious-Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Various Electrolytes 75Qing Li and GangWu 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media 77 4.2.1 Heat-Treated Macrocyclic Compounds 78 4.2.2 Heat-Treated Nonmacrocyclic Catalysts 78 4.2.2.1 Nitrogen Precursors 79 4.2.2.2 Type of Transition Metals 83 4.2.2.3 Effect of Supports 87 4.2.2.4 Heating Temperatures 89 4.2.3 Importance of in situ Formed Graphitic Nanocarbons 92 4.3 Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media 94 4.3.1 Metal-Free Carbon Catalysts 95 4.3.1.1 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon 96 4.3.1.2 Boron and Sulfur Doping 98 4.3.1.3 Binary and Ternary Dopants 99 4.3.2 Heat-Treated M-N-C (M: Fe, Co) Catalysts 100 4.3.3 Nanocarbon/Transition Metal Compound Hybrids 103 4.4 Oxygen Reduction in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries 105 4.5 Summary and Perspective 110 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 5 Spectroscopic Analysis of Nanocarbon-Based non-precious Metal Catalyst for ORR 117Ulrike I. Kramm 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Raman Spectroscopy 119 5.2.1 Theory 119 5.2.2 Characterization of Me–N–C Catalysts by Raman Spectroscopy 120 5.3 X-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy 122 5.3.1 Theory 122 5.3.2 Examples of EPR Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Me–N–C 124 5.4 X-ray-Induced Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 125 5.4.1 Theory 125 5.4.2 Example of Postmortem Analysis ofMe–N–C Catalysts by XPS 127 5.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MBS) 129 5.5.1 Theory 129 5.5.2 Effect of Iron Carbide Formation on the Concentration of Active Sites 132 5.5.3 Influence of the Electronic Structure: Correlation of Isomer Shift and TOF 133 5.6 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XANES/EXAFS) of Metal Edges 134 5.6.1 Theory 134 5.6.2 Influence of Preparation Parameters on the Next Neighbors (EXAFS) 135 5.6.3 Influence of the Pyrolysis Temperature on the Structure (XANES) 136 5.6.4 Correlation between XANES and Mössbauer Results 137 5.7 Possibilities to Do in situ Measurements (Coupled with an Electrochemical Cell/FC) 138 5.7.1 In situ XANES Spectroelectrochemistry on PANI–Fe–C Catalysts 138 5.8 Outlook 140 References 140 6 Graphene as a Support for ORR Electrocatalysts 149Ermete Antolini 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of GNS-Supported Catalyst Nanoparticles (Me/GNS, Me = Mono or Bimetallic Catalysts) 150 6.3 Electrochemical Properties of Me Catalysts Supported on GNS-, Modified GNS-, and Hybrid GNS-Containing Materials 152 6.3.1 Electrocatalytic Activity of Me/GNS for Oxygen Reduction 154 6.3.2 Me Supported on Modified GNS 154 6.3.2.1 Functionalized Graphene byThermal Exfoliation 154 6.3.2.2 Sulfonated Graphene 158 6.3.2.3 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 158 6.3.2.4 Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene: PDDA-GNS, CTAB-GNS, and gds-DNA/rGO 162 6.3.3 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CB, GNS-CNT, and GNS-MeO2 Materials 165 6.3.3.1 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CB 165 6.3.3.2 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CNT 167 6.3.3.3 Me Supported on GNS-MeO2 Materials 168 6.4 Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Me Catalysts Supported on GNS 170 6.5 Conclusions 171 References 172 7 Nanocarbons and Their Hybrids as Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries 177Hadis Zarrin and Zhongwei Chen 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Nanocarbons 179 7.2.1 1D Carbon Nanomaterial 180 7.2.2 2D Carbon Nanomaterial 180 7.3 Nanocarbonaceous Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries 181 7.3.1 Metal-Free Nanocarbon Catalysts 181 7.3.2 Noble Metal-Nanocarbon Catalysts 187 7.3.3 Metal Oxide-Nanocarbon Catalysts 191 7.3.3.1 Mono-Metal Oxides 191 7.3.3.2 Mixed Metal Oxides 199 7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 207 Acknowledgments 208 References 208 8 Nanocarbon-Based Hybrids as Cathode Electrocatalysts for Microbial Fuel Cells 215ZhenhaiWen, Suqin Ci, and Junhong Chen 8.1 Introduction to MFCs and MFC Cathodes 215 8.2 Nanocarbon-Supported Platinum Cathode Catalysts 217 8.3 Nanocarbon-Supported Precious-Metal-Free Cathode Catalysts 218 8.3.1 Transition Metal Macrocycles 218 8.3.2 Metal Oxide 221 8.3.3 Metal-Free Nanocarbon-Based Catalysts 222 8.3.4 Transition Metal-Containing Nanocarbon-Based Catalysts 225 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook 229 References 229 9 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Silicon-Based Solar Cells 233Xiao Li,Miao Zhu, Dan Xie, KunlinWang, Anyuan Cao, JinquanWei, DehaiWu, and Hongwei Zhu 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Carbon/Semiconductor Schottky Junction 234 9.3 Nanocarbon/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells 235 9.3.1 Theoretical Model 235 9.3.2 Chemical Doping 237 9.3.3 Antireflection Optimization 241 9.3.4 Hybrid Heterojunction and Photoelectrochemistry Solar Cells 242 9.3.5 Photodetectors 244 9.4 Summary 245 References 246 10 Graphene as Transparent Electrodes for Solar Cells 249Khaled Parvez, Rongjin Li, and KlausMüllen 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 Production of Graphene 250 10.2.1 Micromechanical Cleavage 251 10.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 251 10.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 252 10.2.4 Graphene from Graphite Oxide 253 10.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Graphene 254 10.4 Transparent Conductive Films from Graphene 257 10.5 Organic Solar Cells 262 10.6 Hybrid Solar Cells 268 10.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 268 10.8 Summary and Future Perspectives 274 References 275 11 Nanostructured Carbon Nitrides for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 281Yun Zheng, Lihua Lin, and XinchenWang 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 282 11.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 284 11.4 Nanostructure Design of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 286 11.4.1 Template-Assisted Method 286 11.4.1.1 Hard-Template Method 286 11.4.1.2 Soft-Template Method 289 11.4.2 Sulfur-Mediated Synthesis 290 11.4.3 Solvothermal Technology 292 11.4.4 Top-Down Strategy 292 11.4.5 Combined Methods 293 11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 294 Acknowledgments 296 References 296 Index 301

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Book SynopsisDiscover this timely, comprehensive, and up-to-date exploration of crucial aspects of the use of nanomaterials in analytical chemistry Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials: Next Generation Techniques for Sample Preparation delivers insightful and complete overview of recent progress in the use of nanomaterials in sample preparation. The book begins with an overview of special features of nanomaterials and their applications in analytical sciences. Important types of nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes and magnetic particles, are reviewed and biological sample preparation and lab-on-a-chip systems are presented. The distinguished author places special emphasis on approaches that tend to green and reduce the cost of sample treatment processes. He also discusses the legal, economical, and toxicity aspects of nanomaterial samples. This book includes extensive reference material, like a complete list of manufacturers, that makes it invaluable for professionals in analytical chemistry. Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials offers considerations of the economic aspects of nanomaterials, as well as the assessment of their toxicity and risk. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to nanomaterials in the analytical sciences and special properties of nanomaterials for sample preparation An exploration of the mechanism of adsorption and desorption on nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials used as adsorbents Discussions of membrane applications of nanomaterials, surface enhanced raman spectroscopy, and the use of nanomaterials for biological sample preparation A treatment of magnetic nanomaterials, lab-on-a-chip nanomaterials, and toxicity and risk assessment of nanomaterials Perfect for analytical chemists, materials scientists, and process engineers, Sample Preparation with Nanomaterials: Next Generation Techniques for Sample Preparation will also earn a place in the libraries of analytical laboratories, universities, and companies who conduct research into nanomaterials and seek a one-stop resource for sample preparation. Trade Review"... an excellent contribution in the field of sample preparation, showing the interesting possibilities offered by nanomaterials as analytical tools. It combines basic scientific principles of NMs with practical aspects, and provides examples of analytical applications. Overall, it presents a good resource on sample preparation alternatives for analytical purposes involving NMs." —Ángel Ríos, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03759-wTable of Contents1 Nanomaterials (NMs) in Analytical Sciences 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of NMs 2 1.2.1 Graphene 2 1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 3 1.2.3 Fullerenes (FULs) 4 1.2.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles 6 1.2.4.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 6 1.2.4.2 Titanium Nanoparticles 7 1.2.4.3 Silica Nanoparticles 7 1.2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 7 1.3 Applications of NMs 8 1.3.1 NMs in Separation Processes 8 1.3.2 NMs in Biomedical Applications 8 1.3.3 NMs in Sensor Platforms 12 1.4 Conclusions 16 References 19 2 Special Properties of Nanomaterials (NMs) for Sample Preparation 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Mechanical Properties of NMs 28 2.2.1 Hardness and Strength 28 2.2.2 Ductility 30 2.2.3 Applications of Mechanical Properties 32 2.3 Thermal Properties of NMs 33 2.4 Electrical Properties of NMs 35 2.5 Optical Properties of NMs 36 2.6 Magnetic Properties of NMs 37 2.7 Adsorption Properties of NMs 38 2.8 Conclusions 39 References 40 3 Adsorption Mechanism on Nanomaterials (NMs) 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Adsorption Process 48 3.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms 48 3.2.1.1 Langmuir Isotherm 50 3.2.1.2 Freundlich Isotherm 50 3.2.1.3 Temkin Isotherm 50 3.2.1.4 Dubinin–Radushkevich Model 51 3.2.1.5 Harkins–Jura and Halsey Isotherms 51 3.2.1.6 Redlich–Peterson Isotherm 51 3.2.1.7 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Isotherm 52 3.2.2 Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics 52 3.2.2.1 Pseudo-first-order Kinetics 52 3.2.2.2 Pseudo-second-order Kinetics 53 3.2.2.3 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 53 3.2.2.4 Thermodynamic Study 53 3.2.3 Adsorption Process on Nanoparticles 54 3.2.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles 54 3.2.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles 55 3.2.3.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 56 3.2.3.4 Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 56 3.2.4 Adsorption Process on Carbon Nanomaterials 58 3.2.4.1 Activated Carbon 58 3.2.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 59 3.2.4.3 Graphene Oxide (GO) 60 3.3 Conclusions and Future Perspective 63 References 63 4 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) as Adsorbents for Sample Preparation 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) 72 4.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 72 4.2.2 Graphene 73 4.2.3 Fullerenes (FULs) 75 4.3 Adsorption on CNMs 76 4.4 Applications of CNMs 77 4.4.1 Extraction and Separation Applications 77 4.4.2 Chromatographic Applications 80 4.4.2.1 Chromatographic Stationary Phases Having CNTs 81 4.4.2.2 Chromatographic Stationary Phases Having FULs 83 4.5 Conclusions 84 References 84 5 Membrane Applications of Nanomaterials (NMs) 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Traditional Membranes 93 5.3 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Membranes 94 5.3.1 Graphene-based Membranes 94 5.3.2 Carbon Nanotube-based Membranes 97 5.3.3 Fullerene-based Membranes 100 5.4 Nanoparticle-based Membranes 101 5.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)-based Membranes 102 5.6 Conclusions 105 References 108 6 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) with Nanomaterials (NMs) 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Theory of SERS 118 6.3 SERS Mechanisms 118 6.3.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement 119 6.3.2 Chemical Enhancement 120 6.4 Determination of SERS Enhancement Factor 121 6.5 Selection Rules 121 6.5.1 Image Field Model 121 6.5.2 Electromagnetic Field Model 122 6.6 Fabrications of SERS Substrates 123 6.6.1 Template-assisted Fabrication 124 6.6.2 Hybrid Fabrication 124 6.6.3 Fabrication by Using Colloids 124 6.6.4 Direct Deposition 125 6.7 Applications of SERS 125 6.7.1 SERS-Based Separation Applications 125 6.7.2 SERS-Based Sensor Applications 126 6.7.2.1 Environmental Analysis 126 6.7.2.2 Forensic Analysis 129 6.7.2.3 Biological Applications 131 6.8 Conclusions 133 References 133 7 Nanomaterials (NMs) for Biological Sample Preparations 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 The Use of NMs in Diagnostic Platforms 148 7.2.1 The Optimization of NMs in Diagnostic Platforms 148 7.2.2 Biofunctionalization of NMs in Diagnostic Platforms 149 7.3 NMs-based Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) Platforms 150 7.3.1 Paper-based LOC Platforms 152 7.3.2 Centrifugal LOC Platforms 152 7.3.3 Droplet-based LOC Platforms 152 7.3.4 Digital LOC Platforms 152 7.3.5 Surface AcousticWave-based LOC Platforms 152 7.3.6 LOC Platforms for Biological Applications 153 7.4 Biomedical Applications of NMs 155 7.5 Sensor Applications of NMs 157 7.6 Conclusions 162 References 162 8 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Sample Preparation 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 174 8.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Technique 174 8.2.2 Coprecipitation Technique 175 8.2.3 Sol–Gel Synthesis 175 8.2.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis 176 8.2.5 Microemulsion-Based Synthesis 176 8.2.6 Flow Injection Synthesis 176 8.2.7 Aerosol/Vapor-Phase-Based Synthesis 176 8.3 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 177 8.4 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction (MSPE) 177 8.4.1 MSPE for Environmental Samples 178 8.4.2 MSPE for Food and Beverage Samples 183 8.4.3 MSPE for Biological Samples 185 8.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 186 References 187 9 Lab-on-a-Chip with Nanomaterials (NMs) 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Concept 196 9.2.1 Paper-based LOC Systems 198 9.2.2 Centrifugal LOC Systems 198 9.2.3 Droplet-Based LOC Systems 198 9.2.4 Digital LOC Systems 199 9.2.5 Surface AcousticWave-Based LOC Systems 199 9.3 NM-Based LOC Platforms 199 9.3.1 NM-Based Transducers 199 9.3.1.1 Electrochemical Detection Systems 199 9.3.1.2 Optical Detection Systems 202 9.3.1.3 Other Detection Techniques 205 9.3.2 Nanoparticles as Labels in Microfluidics 206 9.3.3 NMs for Process Improvement 208 9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 209 References 210 10 Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials 220 10.2.1 Dermal Toxicity of Nanomaterials 220 10.2.2 Inhalational Toxicity of Nanomater𝚤als 221 10.2.3 Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials 223 10.2.4 Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials 226 10.3 Toxicity Mechanism of Nanomaterials 227 10.4 The Traditional Risk Assessment Paradigm 229 10.5 Strategies for Improving Specific Risk Assessment 230 10.5.1 Combining Life Cycle Methodology with the Risk Assessment Approach 230 10.5.2 The Support of Risk-Based Classification Systems 231 10.6 Conclusions 232 References 232 11 Economic Aspects of Nanomaterials (NMs) for Sample Preparation 241 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 Toxicity Concerns of NMs 242 11.3 Global Market for NM-Based Products 243 11.4 Conclusions 245 References 246 12 Legal Aspects of Nanomaterials (NMs) for Sample Preparation 251 12.1 Introduction 251 12.2 Safety Issues of NMs 251 12.3 Regulatory Aspects of NMs 252 12.3.1 Ethical Concerns in the Environmental Effects of NMs 253 12.3.2 Ethical Concerns in Occupational Health and Safety ofWorkers 254 12.3.3 Ethical Concerns of NMs in Food 255 12.3.4 Ethical Concerns of NMs in Drugs, Cosmetics, and Human Health 255 12.4 Conclusions 256 References 257 13 Monitoring of Nanomaterials (NMs) in the Environment 261 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Toxicity and Safety Concerns of NMs 262 13.3 Main Sources and Transport Routes of Nanopollutants 264 13.4 Requirements of Analytical Approaches 266 13.5 Sampling of NMs in Environmental Samples 266 13.6 Separation of NMs in Environmental Samples 267 13.7 Detection Techniques for the Characterization of NMs 268 13.8 Conclusions 270 References 270 14 Future Prospect of Sampling 275 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Sampling 276 14.3 Sample Preparation 276 14.4 Green Chemistry 278 14.5 Miniaturization of Analytical Systems 280 14.5.1 Miniaturization of Separation Techniques 281 14.5.2 Lab-on-a-Valve (LOV) as a Powerful Tool to Meet Green Chemical Principles 283 14.6 Conclusions 283 References 284 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThe first book to paint a complete picture of the challenges of processing functional nanomaterials for printed electronics devices, and additive manufacturing fabrication processes. Following an introduction to printed electronics, the book focuses on various functional nanomaterials available, including conducting, semi-conducting, dielectric, polymeric, ceramic and tailored nanomaterials. Subsequent sections cover the preparation and characterization of such materials along with their formulation and preparation as inkjet inks, as well as a selection of applications. These include printed interconnects, passive and active modules, as well as such high-tech devices as solar cells, transparent electrodes, displays, touch screens, sensors, RFID tags and 3D objects. The book concludes with a look at the future for printed nanomaterials. For all those working in the field of printed electronics, from entrants to specialized researchers, in a number of disciplines ranging from chemistry and materials science to engineering and manufacturing, in both academia and industry. Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii 1 Printing Technologies for Nanomaterials 1 Robert Abbel and Erwin R. Meinders 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ink Formulation Strategies 4 1.3 Printing Technologies 6 1.3.1 Inkjet Printing 7 1.3.1.1 Toward 3D Printing 10 1.3.2 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 11 1.3.2.1 Toward 3D Printing 13 1.3.3 Contact Printing Technologies 13 1.3.4 Photopolymerization 17 1.3.5 Powder Bed Technology 19 1.4 Summary and Conclusions 20 References 20 2 Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials and Post-Processing 27 Ingo Reinhold 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Industrial Inkjet 28 2.3 Postprocessing of Metal-Based Inks for Conductive Applications 30 2.3.1 Mechanisms in Solid-State Sintering 32 2.3.2 Influence of Drying and Wet Sintering 34 2.3.3 Thermal Sintering 35 2.3.4 Chemical Sintering 35 2.3.5 Plasma Sintering 36 2.3.6 Sintering Using Electromagnetic Fields 37 2.3.6.1 Impulse Light Sintering 39 2.3.6.2 Microwave Sintering 40 2.3.6.3 Influence of the Substrate 41 2.4 Conclusion 42 References 43 3 Electroless Plating and Printing Technologies 51 Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Yelena Sverdlov, Stav Friedberg, and Avi Yaverboim 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Electroless Plating – Overview 54 3.2.1 Electroless Plating – Brief Overview 55 3.3 Seed Layer Printing 57 3.4 Electroless Plating on Printed Parts 57 3.4.1 Methods and Approaches 59 3.4.1.1 Printed Pd Seed 59 3.4.1.2 Printed Ag Ink 60 3.4.1.3 Preseed Surface Modification 60 3.4.2 Electroless Metal Integration: Examples 60 3.5 Summary and Conclusions 63 References 64 4 Reactive Inkjet Printing as a Tool for in situ Synthesis of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles 69 Ghassan Jabbour, Mutalifu Abulikamu, Hyung W. Choi, and Hanna Haverinen 4.1 Introduction to Reactive Inkjet Printing 69 4.2 RIJ of Self-Assembled Au NPs 70 4.3 Parameters Influencing the Growth of Au NPs 74 4.4 Simplifying the Approach (Single Cartridge) Using Single Cartridge Step 77 4.5 Further Progress toward Reduction of Fabrication Time (1 min) 77 4.6 Conclusion 79 References 79 5 3D Printing via Multiphoton Polymerization 83 Maria Farsari 5.1 Multiphoton Polymerization 84 5.2 The Diffraction Limit 85 5.3 Experimental Setup 86 5.4 Materials for MPP 88 5.4.1 Introduction 88 5.4.2 Photoinitiators 88 5.4.3 Organic Photopolymers 89 5.4.4 Su- 8 90 5.4.5 Hybrid Materials 90 5.4.6 Applications 91 5.4.6.1 Metamaterials 91 5.4.6.2 Biomedical Applications 94 5.5 Conclusions 96 References 96 6 High Speed Sintering: The Next Generation of Manufacturing 107 Adam Ellis 6.1 The Need for the Next Generation of Additive Manufacturing 107 6.2 High Speed Sintering 109 6.3 Machine Setup & Parameter Control 109 6.4 Materials & Properties 112 6.5 HSS for High-Volume Manufacturing 113 6.6 Case Study: From Elite to High Street 115 6.7 Opening the Supply Chain 115 6.8 The Future of HSS and the Benefits of Inkjet 116 References 116 7 Metallic Nanoinks for Inkjet Printing of Conductive 2D and 3D Structures 119 Alexander Kamyshny and Shlomo Magdassi 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Metallic Nanoinks: Requirements and Challenges 120 7.3 Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal NPs for Conductive Nanoinks 121 7.3.1 Synthesis 121 7.3.2 Stabilization 122 7.3.2.1 Stabilization Against Aggregation 122 7.3.2.2 Stabilization Against Oxidation 124 7.4 Formulation of Conductive Metallic Nanoinks 125 7.5 Formation of 2D Conductive Structures: Printing and Sintering 127 7.6 3D Printing of Conductive Patterns: Formation and Sintering 134 7.7 Applications of Metallic Inkjet Nanoinks in Printed Electronics 135 7.7.1 RFID Tags 136 7.7.2 Thin-Film Transistors 136 7.7.3 Electroluminescent Devices and Light-Emitting Diodes 136 7.7.4 Transparent Conductive Electrodes 137 7.7.5 Organic Solar Cells 138 7.8 Outlook 139 References 140 8 Graphene- and 2D Material-Based Thin-Film Printing 161 Jiantong Li, Max C. Lemme, and Mikael Östling 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Printing Procedures 162 8.2.1 Ink Formulations 162 8.2.2 Jetting and Patterns 166 8.2.3 Drying 166 8.2.4 Posttreatments 171 8.3 Performance and Applications 172 8.3.1 Transparent Conductors 173 8.3.2 Micro-Supercapacitors 173 8.3.3 Photodetectors 174 8.3.4 Solar Cells 176 8.4 Discussion and Outlook 177 Acknowledgments 178 References 178 9 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 183 Minxuan Kuang and Yanlin Song 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 184 9.2.1 Process of Inkjet Printing 184 9.2.2 Inkjet Printing of Fine Controlled PC Dots and Lines 186 9.2.2.1 Influence of the Ink Formulation 186 9.2.2.2 Influence of Substrate Wettability 188 9.2.2.3 Suppression of “Coffee-Ring” Effect 193 9.3 Application of Printing of Photonic Crystals 196 9.3.1 Photonic Crystal Patterns 196 9.3.2 Printing Patterned Microcolloidal Crystals with Controllable 3D Morphology 199 9.3.3 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Vapor Sensors 201 9.3.4 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Chemical Detection 201 9.4 Outlook 203 References 204 10 Printable Semiconducting/Dielectric Materials for Printed Electronics 213 Sunho Jeong and Jooho Moon 10.1 Introduction 213 10.2 Printable Materials for Semiconductors 213 10.3 Printable Materials for Dielectrics 219 10.4 Conclusions 223 References 224 11 Low Melting Point Metal or Its Nanocomponents as Functional 3D Printing Inks 229 Lei Wang and Jing Liu 11.1 Introduction of Metal 3D Printing 229 11.2 Low Melting Point Metal Ink 230 11.2.1 Liquid Metal Printing Ink 230 11.2.2 Nanoliquid Metal 232 11.3 Liquid-Phase 3D Printing 234 11.3.1 Fabrication Scheme 234 11.3.2 Forming Principle of Metal Objects in Cooling Liquid 235 11.3.3 Liquid-Phase Printing of Metal Structures 236 11.3.4 Factors Affecting the Printing Quality 237 11.3.5 Comparison Between Liquid-Phase Cooling and Gas-Phase Cooling 238 11.3.6 Vision of the Future Liquid-Phase Printing 240 Acknowledgment 241 References 241 12 Inkjet Printing of Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials 245 Edward Song and Jin-Woo Choi 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Inkjet Printing of Polyaniline Nanomaterials 246 12.2.1 Introduction 246 12.2.2 Chemical Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Conductivity of Polyaniline 246 12.2.3 Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 249 12.2.4 Applications of Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 250 12.3 Polypyrrole 251 12.3.1 Properties and Synthesis of Polypyrrole (Ppy) Nanomaterials 251 12.3.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Ppy Nanomaterials 254 12.4 Polythiophene (Pth) and Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (pedot) 258 12.4.1 Properties and Synthesis of Pth and PEDOT Nanomaterials 258 12.4.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Pth Nanomaterials 258 12.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 258 References 260 13 Application of Printed Silver Nanowires Based on Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 265 Teppei Araki, Rajesh Mandamparambil, Jinting Jiu, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, and Katsuaki Suganuma 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 Ag NW Transparent Electrodes 266 13.2.1 Background 266 13.2.2 Transparent Electrodes Formed from Ultra-Long Ag NWs 267 13.3 Printed Ag NW Electrodes 269 13.3.1 Fabrication and Properties of Stretchable Electrodes 269 13.3.2 Ag NWs Printing by LIFT 269 13.4 Summary 271 References 271 14 Inkjet Printing of Functional Polymers into Carbon Fiber Composites 275 Patrick J. Smith, Elliot J. Fleet, and Yi Zhang 14.1 Inkjet Printing 275 14.2 Carbon Fiber Composites 276 14.3 Mechanical Tests 276 14.4 Printing and Sample Preparation 277 14.5 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA Microdroplets 278 14.6 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA and PEG Microdroplets 283 14.7 Morphology of the Printed PMMA and PEG Droplets 284 14.8 Printed Polymers for Intrinsic Repair of Composites 286 14.9 Conclusions 288 Acknowledgments 289 References 289 15 Inkjet-Printable Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Sensor Fabrication 293 Niamh T. Brannelly and Anthony J. Killard 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Metallic Inks 294 15.2.1 Gold 294 15.2.2 Silver 296 15.2.3 Copper, Nickel, and Alumina 296 15.2.4 Metal Oxides 297 15.3 Conductive Polymers 298 15.3.1 Polyaniline 299 15.3.2 Polypyrrole 300 15.3.3 Prussian Blue 301 15.3.4 Pedot 302 15.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 302 15.4.1 Graphene Oxide 302 15.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 304 15.5 Future Outlooks and Conclusions 308 References 308 16 Electrochromics for Printed Displays and Smart Windows 317 Pooi See Lee, Guofa Cai, Alice L.-S. Eh, and Peter Darmawan 16.1 Overview on Electrochromics 317 16.1.1 Electrochromics for Green Buildings 318 16.1.2 Electrochromics for Displays 320 16.1.2.1 Solution Processing of Electrochromics 322 16.1.2.2 Printing Techniques in Electrochromics 324 16.2 Screen Printing 324 16.3 Inkjet Printing 326 16.4 Flexographic Printing 329 16.5 Roll-to-Roll Printing 329 16.6 Other Printing Methods 329 16.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 330 References 332 Index 341

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Book SynopsisEdited and written by renowned experts in the field, this is the first book to reflect the state of the art of nanocatalysis in ionic liquids. Divided into two core areas, the first part of the book describes the different classes of metal nanoparticles as well as their synthesis in ionic liquids, while the second focuses on such emerging issues as the application of such systems to energy and biomass conversion.Table of ContentsList of Contributors XI Preface XV Foreword XIX Symbols and Abbreviations XXI Part I Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Nanocatalysts in Ionic Liquids 1 1 Fe, Ru, and Os Nanoparticles 3Madhu Kaushik, Yuting Feng, Nathaniel Boyce, and Audrey Moores 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Synthesis of Fe, Ru, and Os NPs in ILs 4 1.2.1 Synthesis via Reduction of Metal Precursors or Ligands 6 1.3 Ionic Liquid Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles 9 1.4 Applications of Ru, Fe, and Os Nanoparticles to Catalysis 11 1.5 Conclusion 21 Acknowledgments 21 References 21 2 Co, Rh, and Ir Nanoparticles 25Jackson D. Scholten andMuhammad I. Qadir 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Chemical Routes for the Synthesis of Metal NPs in ILs 26 2.3 Catalytic Application of Metal NPs in ILs 31 2.4 Conclusions 37 References 37 3 Ni and Pt Nanoparticles 41Carla Weber Scheeren 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Pt NPs in ILs 42 3.3 Catalytic Applications of Pt NPs in ILs 47 3.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Ni NPs in ILs 48 3.5 Catalytic Applications of Ni NPs in ILs 53 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 58 Symbols and Abbreviations 59 Characterization Methods 59 Ionic Liquids 59 References 59 4 Pd Nanoparticles for Coupling Reactions and Domino/Tandem Reactions 63Anna M. Trzeciak 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Formation of Pd NPs in ILs 65 4.3 The Heck Coupling 68 4.4 The Suzuki Reaction 74 4.5 The Stille Coupling 75 4.6 The Sonogashira Coupling 76 4.7 Summary and Conclusions 78 Acknowledgments 79 References 79 5 Soluble Pd Nanoparticles for Catalytic Hydrogenation 83Ran Zhang and Zhenshan Hou 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles in ILs 85 5.3 Pd Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation 88 5.4 Summary and Conclusions 93 Ionic Liquid Abbreviations 93 References 94 6 Au, Ag, and Cu Nanostructures 97Abhinandan Banerjee and RobertW. J. Scott 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Au NPs in the Presence of ILs 98 6.3 Catalytic Applications of AuNP/IL Composites 106 6.4 Ag NPs in the Presence of ILs 108 6.5 Cu NPs in the Presence of ILs 113 6.6 Summary and Conclusions 118 Acronyms 119 References 119 7 Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications 125Isabelle Favier, Emmanuelle Teuma, and Montserrat Gómez 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 127 7.3 Applications in Catalysis 137 7.4 Summary and Outlook 143 Acknowledgments 144 References 144 8 Synthesis and Application of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts in Ionic Liquid Media using Metal Carbonyl Complexes as Precursors 147Raquel Marcos Esteban and Christoph Janiak 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 Metal Carbonyls – Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding 150 8.3 Metal Carbonyls for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles (M-NPs) 152 8.4 Catalytic Applications of Metal Nanoparticles from Metal Carbonyls in ILs 160 8.5 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgment 164 References 164 9 Top-Down Synthesis Methods for Nanoscale Catalysts 171Tsukasa Torimoto, Tatsuya Kameyama, and Susumu Kuwabata 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Sputter Deposition of Metals in RTILs 172 9.3 Thermal Vapor Deposition on RTILs for Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles 196 9.4 Laser-Induced Downsizing and Ablation of Materials 197 9.5 Preparation of Single Crystals by Vapor Deposition onto RTILs 199 9.6 Conclusion 202 References 203 10 Electrochemical Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 207Yasushi Katayama 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 Basics of Electrodeposition 208 10.3 Electrodeposition of Silver and Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 210 10.4 Electrochemical Formation of the Nanoparticles of Various Metals 215 10.5 Summary and Conclusions 225 References 227 Part II Perspectives for Application of Nanocatalysts in Ionic Liquids 231 11 Tailoring Biomass Conversions using Ionic Liquid Immobilized Metal Nanoparticles 233Srinidhi Narayanan, Jiaguang Zhang, and Ning Yan 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Cellulose 234 11.3 Lignin 238 11.4 Fatty Acid and Its Derivatives 241 11.5 Other Biomass Substrates 243 11.6 Conclusion 245 References 245 12 Nanoparticles on Supported Ionic Liquid Phases – Opportunities for Application in Catalysis 249Pedro Migowski, Kylie L. Luska, and Walter Leitner 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Synthesis of Supported Ionic Liquid Phases (SILPs) 250 12.3 Nanoparticles Immobilized onto Supported Ionic Liquid Phases (NPs@SILPs) 252 12.4 Catalytic Applications of NPs@SILPs 256 12.5 Summary and Conclusions 268 Acknowledgments 269 References 269 13 Photovoltaic, Photocatalytic Application, andWater Splitting 275Adriano F. Feil, Heberton Wender, and Renato V. Gonçalves 13.1 Introduction 275 13.2 Photovoltaic Cells 276 13.3 Photocatalytic Processes 281 13.4 Water Splitting 285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 291 References 292 Index 295

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Book SynopsisA valuable learning tool as well as a reference, this book provides students and researchers in surface science and nanoscience with the theoretical crystallographic foundations, which are necessary to understand local structure and symmetry of bulk crystals, including ideal and real single crystal surfaces. The author deals with the subject at an introductory level, providing numerous graphic examples to illustrate the mathematical formalism. The book brings together and logically connects many seemingly disparate structural issues and notations used frequently by surface scientists and nanoscientists. Numerous exercises of varying difficulty, ranging from simple questions to small research projects, are included to stimulate discussions about the different subjects. From the contents: Bulk Crystals, Three-Dimensional Lattices - Crystal Layers, Two-Dimensional Lattices, Symmetry - Ideal Single Crystal Surfaces - Real Crystal Surfaces - Adsorbate layers - Interference Lattices - Chiral Surfaces - Experimental Analysis of Real Crystal Surfaces - Nanoparticles and Crystallites - Quasicrystals - NanotubesTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition IX Preface to the First Edition XI 1 Introduction 1 2 Bulk Crystals: Three-Dimensional Lattices 7 2.1 Basic Definition 7 2.2 Representation of Bulk Crystals 11 2.2.1 Alternative Descriptions Conserving the Lattice Representation 12 2.2.2 Alternative Descriptions Affecting the Lattice Representation 14 2.2.2.1 Cubic, Hexagonal, and Trigonal Lattices 16 2.2.2.2 Superlattices and Repeated Slabs 25 2.2.2.3 Linear Transformations of Lattice Vectors 29 2.2.3 Centered Lattices 31 2.3 Periodicity Cells of Lattices 35 2.4 Lattice Symmetry 38 2.5 Reciprocal Lattice 49 2.6 Neighbor Shells 52 2.7 Nanoparticles and Crystallites 63 2.8 Incommensurate Crystals and Quasicrystals 71 2.8.1 Modulated Structures 71 2.8.2 Incommensurate Composite Crystals 73 2.8.3 Quasicrystals 76 2.9 Exercises 82 3 Crystal Layers: Two-Dimensional Lattices 91 3.1 Basic Definition, Miller Indices 91 3.2 Netplane-Adapted Lattice Vectors 96 3.3 Symmetrically Appropriate Lattice Vectors: Minkowski Reduction 98 3.4 Miller Indices for Cubic and Trigonal Lattices 100 3.5 Alternative Definition of Miller Indices and Miller–Bravais Indices 106 3.6 Symmetry Properties of Netplanes 109 3.6.1 Centered Netplanes 110 3.6.2 Inversion 111 3.6.3 Rotation 114 3.6.4 Mirror Operation 119 3.6.5 Glide Reflection 131 3.6.6 Symmetry Groups 139 3.7 Crystal Systems and Bravais Lattices in Two Dimensions 144 3.8 Crystallographic Classification of Netplanes and Monolayers 149 3.8.1 Oblique Netplanes 151 3.8.2 Primitive Rectangular Netplanes 151 3.8.3 Centered Rectangular Netplanes 155 3.8.4 Square Netplanes 157 3.8.5 Hexagonal Netplanes 158 3.8.6 Classification Overview 163 3.9 Exercises 164 4 Ideal Single Crystal Surfaces 169 4.1 Basic Definition, Termination 169 4.2 Morphology of Surfaces, Stepped and Kinked Surfaces 175 4.3 Miller Index Decomposition 178 4.4 Chiral and Achiral Surfaces 192 4.5 Exercises 204 5 Real Crystal Surfaces 209 5.1 Surface Relaxation 209 5.2 Surface Reconstruction 210 5.3 Growth Processes 222 5.4 Faceting 226 5.5 Exercises 231 6 Adsorbate Layers 235 6.1 Definition and Classification 235 6.2 Adsorbate Sites 241 6.3 Wood Notation of Surface Structure 251 6.4 High-Order Commensurate (HOC) Overlayers 258 6.5 Interference Lattices 263 6.5.1 Basic Formalism 264 6.5.2 Interference and Wood Notation 272 6.5.3 Anisotropic Scaling, Stretching, and Shifting 279 6.6 Symmetry and Domain Formation 283 6.7 Adsorption at Surfaces and Chirality 293 6.8 Exercises 299 7 Experimental Analysis of Real Crystal Surfaces 305 7.1 Experimental Methods 305 7.2 Surface Structure Compilations 306 7.3 Database Formats for Surface and Nanostructures 311 7.4 Exercises 313 8 Nanotubes 315 8.1 Basic Definition 315 8.2 Nanotubes and Symmetry 319 8.3 Complex Nanotubes 323 8.4 Exercises 326 Appendix A: Sketches of High-Symmetry Adsorbate Sites 329 A.1 Face-Centered Cubic (fcc) Surface Sites 330 A.2 Body-Centered Cubic (bcc) Surface Sites 338 A.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp) Surface Sites 342 A.4 Diamond Surface Sites 346 A.5 Zincblende Surface Sites 349 Appendix B: Parameter Tables of Crystals 351 Appendix C: Mathematics of the Wood Notation 355 C.1 Basic Formalism and Examples 355 C.2 Wood-Representability 361 Appendix D: Mathematics of the Minkowski Reduction 367 Appendix E: Details of Number Theory 371 E.1 Basic Definitions and Functions 371 E.2 Euclid’s Algorithm 376 E.3 Linear Diophantine Equations 377 E.4 Quadratic Diophantine Equations 380 E.5 Number Theory and 2 × 2 Matrices 386 Appendix F: Details of Vector Calculus and Linear Algebra 391 Appendix G: Details of Fourier Theory 395 Appendix H: List of Surface Web Sites 399 Appendix I: List of Surface Structures 401 Glossary and Abbreviations 403 References 417 Index 425

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of the current state of this highly relevant topic. An interdisciplinary team of researchers reports on the opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the agriculture and food sector, highlighting the scientific, technical, regulatory, safety, and societal impacts. They also discuss the perspectives for the future, and provide insights into ways of assuring safety so as to obtain confidence for the consumer, as well as an overview of the innovations and applications. Essential reading for materials and agricultural scientists, food chemists and technologists, as well as toxicologists and ecotoxicologists.Table of ContentsSeries Editor Preface VII About the Series Editor IX Foreword XXI Introduction XXV Part One Basic Elements of Nanofunctional Agriculture and Food Science 1 1 Nanotechnologies for Agriculture and Foods: Past and Future 3Cecilia Bartolucci References 13 2 Nanoscience: Relevance for Agriculture and the Food Sector 15Shahin Roohinejad and Ralf Greiner 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Fundamental of Nanoscience 16 2.3 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Agriculture Sector 18 2.4 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Food Sector 23 2.5 Challenges of Using Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Sectors 27 2.6 Conclusions 28 Acknowledgment 28 References 28 3 Naturally Occurring Nanostructures in Food 33Saïd Bouhallab, Christelle Lopez, and Monique A.V. Axelos 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Protein-based Nanostructures 34 3.3 Lipid-Based Nanostructures 44 3.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 46 References 47 4 Artificial Nanostructures in Food 49Jared K. Raynes, Sally L. Gras, John A. Carver, and Juliet A. Gerrard 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Types and Uses of Artificial Organic Nanostructures Found in Food 52 4.3 Conclusion 62 References 63 5 Engineered Inorganic Nanoparticles in Food 69Marie-Hélène Ropers and Hélène Terrisse 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Engineered Inorganic Materials Containing Nanoparticles 69 5.3 Characterization of Engineered Inorganic Nanomaterials 78 5.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 81 References 82 6 Nanostructure Characterization Using Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons 87Francois Boué 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Principles 89 6.3 The Basic Information from a SAS Profile 93 6.4 A Few Examples: From Soft Matter to Agrofood 100 6.5 Other Scattering Techniques 106 6.6 Recommendation and Practical: A Checklist for Scattering 107 6.7 Summary and Conclusion 110 References 110 Part Two Opportunities, Innovations, and New Applications in Agriculture and Food Systems 113 7 Nanomaterials in Plant Protection 115Angelo Mazzaglia, Elena Fortunati, Josè Maria Kenny, Luigi Torre, and Giorgio Mariano Balestra 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Nanotechnology and Agricultural Sector 117 7.3 Applications of Nanomaterials against Plant Pathogens and Pests 125 7.4 Conclusions 129 References 130 8 Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals: Trojan Horse Hydrogel Beads 135Benjamin Zeeb and David Julian McClements 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Overview of Nanoparticles-Based Colloidal Delivery Systems 136 8.3 Designing Particle Characteristics 138 8.4 Trojan Horse Nanoparticle Delivery Systems 140 8.5 Case Study: Alginate Hydrogel Beads as Trojan Horse Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for Curcumin 146 8.6 Conclusions 149 References 149 9 Bottom-Up Approaches in the Design of Soft Foods for the Elderly 153José Miguel Aguilera and Dong June Park 9.1 Foods and the Elderly 153 9.2 Rational Design of Soft and Nutritious Gel Particles 155 9.3 Technological Alternatives for the Design of TM Foods 160 9.4 Conclusions 162 Acknowledgments 163 References 163 10 Barrier Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Food Packaging 167Jose M. Lagaron, Luis Cabedo, and Maria J. Fabra 10.1 Introduction 167 10.2 Nanocomposites 168 10.3 Nanostructured Layers 172 10.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 174 References 174 11 Nanotechnologies for Active and Intelligent Food Packaging: Opportunities and Risks 177Nathalie Gontard, Stéphane Peyron, Jose M. Lagaron, Yolanda Echegoyen, and Carole Guillaume 11.1 Introduction and Definitions 177 11.2 Nanomaterials in Active Packaging for Food Preservation 178 11.3 Nanotechnology for Intelligent Packaging as Food Freshness and Safety Monitoring Solution 181 11.4 Potential Safety Issues and Current Legislation 187 11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 References 191 12 Overview of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Food Science Applications 197Xavier Le Guével 12.1 Introduction 197 12.2 Food Packaging, Processing, and Storage 197 12.3 Supplements/Additives 199 12.4 Food Analysis 200 12.5 Conclusion and Perspective 202 Acknowledgment 203 References 203 13 Nanotechnology for Synthetic Biology: Crossroads Throughout Spatial Confinement 209Denis Pompon, Luis F. Garcia-Alles, and Gilles Truan 13.1 Convergence Between Nanotechnologies and Synthetic Biology 209 13.2 Spatially Constrained Functional Coupling in Biosystems 210 13.3 Functional Coupling Through Scaffold-Independent Structures 211 13.4 Spatial Confinement Mediated by Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds 213 13.5 Encapsulated Biosystems Involving Natural or Engineered Nanocompartments 216 13.6 Synthetically Designed Structures for Protein Coupling and Organization 225 13.7 Future Directions 226 References 227 14 Modeling and Simulation of Bacterial Biofilm Treatment with Applications to Food Science 235Jia Zhao, Tianyu Zhang, and Qi Wang 14.1 Introduction 235 14.2 Review of Biofilm Models 237 14.3 Biofilm Dynamics Near Antimicrobial Surfaces 244 14.4 Antimicrobial Treatment of Biofilms by Targeted Drug Release 246 14.5 Models for Intercellular and Surface Delivery by Nanoparticles 248 14.6 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgments 251 References 251 Part Three Technical Challenges of Nanoscale Detection Systems 257 15 Smart Systems for Food Quality and Safety 259Mark Bücking, Andreas Hengse, Heinrich Grüger, and Henning Schulte 15.1 Introduction 259 15.2 Overview 260 15.3 Roadmapping of Microsystem Technologies Toward Food Applications 261 15.4 Microsystem Technology Areas 266 References 275 16 Nanoelectronics: Technological Opportunities for the Management of the Food Chain 277Kris Van De Voorde, Steven Van Campenhout, Veerle De Graef, Bart De Ketelaere, and Steven Vermeir 16.1 Technological Needs and Trends in the Food Industry 277 16.2 Cooperation Model to Stimulate “The Introduction of New Nanoelectronics-Based Technologies in Food Industry”: An Engine for Innovation and Bridging the Gap 279 16.3 Existing Technologies That Can Be Used in a Wide Range of Applications: The Present 282 16.4 New Technology Developments: The Future 285 References 295 Part Four Nanotechnology: Toxicology Aspects and Regulatory Issues 297 17 Quality and Safety of Nanofood 299Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi 17.1 Introduction 299 17.2 Current and Future Application of Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 300 17.3 Food Quality and Food Safety 304 17.4 How Safe is Nanofood? 304 17.5 The Need for Risk Assessment 306 17.6 Regulations for Food Nanotechnology 306 17.7 Conclusion 307 References 307 18 Interaction between Ingested-Engineered Nanomaterials and the Gastrointestinal Tract: In Vitro Toxicology Aspects 311Laurie Laloux, Madeleine Polet, and Yves-Jacques Schneider 18.1 Introduction 311 18.2 Influence of the Gastrointestinal Tract on the Ingested Nanomaterials Characteristics 314 18.3 In Vitro Models of the Intestinal Barrier 318 18.4 Cytotoxicity Assessment and Application to Silver Nanoparticles 320 18.5 Conclusion 323 References 324 19 Life Cycle of Nanoparticles in the Environment 333Jean-Yves Bottero, Mark R. Wiesner, Jérôme Labille, Melanie Auffan, Vladimir Vidal, and Catherine Santaella 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 Transport and Bioaccumulation by Plants 334 19.3 Indirect Agricultural Application of NMs through Biowastes 336 19.4 Transformations of NPs in Soils after Application 339 19.5 Conclusion 342 Acknowledgments 343 References 343 Part Five Governance of Nanotechnology and Societal Dimensions 347 20 The Politics of Governance: Nanotechnology and the Transformations of Science Policy 349Brice Laurent 20.1 An Issue of Governance 349 20.2 Operationalizing the Governance of Nanotechnology 352 20.3 The Constitutional Project of Governance 356 References 360 21 Potential Economic Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Agriculture and the Food Sector 363Elke Walz, Volker Gräf, and Ralf Greiner 21.1 Introduction 363 21.2 Potential and Possible Applications of Nanomaterials in the Food Sector and Agriculture 364 21.3 Nanotechnology: Market Research and Forecasts 366 21.4 Critical Considerations and Remarks Concerning Market Reports and Forecasts 367 21.5 Obstacles Regarding Commercialization of Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture 370 21.6 Conclusion 372 References 372 22 Conclusions 377Monique A.V. Axelos and Marcel Van de Voorde Index 381

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Book SynopsisComprehensively introduces readers to the production, modifications, and applications of nanocellulose This book gives a thorough introduction to the structure, properties, surface modification, theory, mechanism of composites, and functional materials derived from nanocellulose. It also provides in-depth descriptions of plastics, composites, and functional nanomaterials specifically derived from cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose. It includes the most recent progress in developing a conceptual framework of nanocellulose, as well as its numerous applications in the design and manufacture of nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials. The book also looks at the relationship between structure and properties. Featuring contributions from many noted experts in the field, Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials examines the current status of nanocomposites based on nanocelluloses. It covers surface modification of nanocellulose in the nanocomposites development; reinforcing mechanism of cellulose nanocrystals in nanocomposites; and advanced materials based on self-organization of cellulose nanocrystals. The book studies the role of cellulose nanofibrils in nanocomposites, as well as a potential application based on colloidal properties of cellulose nanocrystals. It also offers strategies to explore biomedical applications of nanocellulose. Provides comprehensive knowledge on the topic of nanocellulose, including the preparation, structure, properties, surface modification and strategy Covers new reports on the application of nanocellulose Summarizes three kinds of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) and their production, modification, and applications Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials is a useful resource for specialist researchers of chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology science, as well as for researchers and students of the subject.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction to Nanocellulose 1Jin Huang, Xiaozhou Ma, Guang Yang, and Dufresne Alain 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose 2 1.2.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 2 1.2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 3 1.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose 4 1.3 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose 4 1.3.1 Esterification 7 1.3.2 Oxidation 7 1.3.3 Etherification 8 1.3.4 Amidation 8 1.3.5 Other Chemical Methods 8 1.3.6 Physical Interaction 9 1.4 Nanocellulose-Based Materials and Applications 9 1.5 Conclusions and Prospects 13 References 15 2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 21Chunyu Chang, Junjun Hou, Peter R. Chang, and Jin Huang 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals 21 2.2.1 Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals by Acid Hydrolysis 21 2.2.2 Pretreatments of Cellulose Before Acid Hydrolysis 27 2.2.3 Other Methods of Preparing Cellulose Nanocrystals 31 2.3 Structures and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 32 2.3.1 Physical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 32 2.3.2 Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension 39 References 45 3 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanofibrils 53Pei Huang, Chao Wang, Yong Huang, and Min Wu 3.1 Production of CNF 53 3.1.1 Chemical Bleaching 54 3.1.2 Mechanical Disintegration 54 3.1.2.1 Homogenization 54 3.1.2.2 Grinding 58 3.1.2.3 Ball-milling 59 3.1.2.4 Ultrasonication 59 3.1.2.5 Steam Explosion 61 3.1.2.6 Aqueous Counter Collision 61 3.1.2.7 Refining 62 3.1.2.8 Cryocrushing 62 3.1.2.9 Twin-Screw Extrusion 62 3.1.2.10 Other Methods 63 3.1.3 Pretreatment 63 3.2 Features and Properties 64 3.2.1 Morphology of CNF 64 3.2.2 Rheology 64 3.2.3 CNF in Different Forms 65 3.2.3.1 Suspensions 65 3.2.3.2 Powders 66 3.2.3.3 Films 67 3.2.3.4 Hydrogels 70 3.2.3.5 Aerogels CNF 72 3.3 Conclusion 72 References 74 4 Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose 81Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Sehrish Manan, Sabella J. Kiprono, Mazhar Ul-Islam, and Guang Yang 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Biogenesis of Bacterial Cellulose 83 4.2.1 Biochemistry of BC Synthesis 83 4.2.2 Biochemical Pathway of BC Production 85 4.2.3 Molecular Regulation of BC Synthesis 87 4.3 Structure and Exciting Features of Bacterial Cellulose 88 4.3.1 Chemical Structure and Properties 89 4.3.2 Physiological Features 89 4.3.3 Self-assembly and Crystallization 90 4.3.4 Ultrafine Thin Fibrous Structure 90 4.3.5 Macrostructure Control and Orientation 91 4.3.6 Porosity and Materials Absorption Potential of BC for Composite Synthesis 91 4.3.7 Biocompatibility 92 4.3.8 Biodegradability 92 4.4 Production of Bacterial Cellulose: Synthesis Approaches 93 4.4.1 Static Fermentative Cultivation: Production of BC Membrane, Film, or Sheet 93 4.4.2 Shaking Fermentative Cultivation: Production of BC Pellets 94 4.4.3 Agitation Fermentative Cultivation: Production of BC Granules 94 4.4.3.1 Rotating Disk Reactor 95 4.4.3.2 Trickling Bed Reactor 95 4.5 Additives to Enhance BC Production 95 4.5.1 Carboxymethylcellulose 97 4.5.2 Organic Acids 97 4.5.3 Vitamin C 97 4.5.4 Sodium Alginate 99 4.5.5 Alcohols 99 4.5.6 SSGO 99 4.5.7 Lignosulfate 100 4.5.8 Agar and Xanthan 100 4.5.9 Thin Stillage 100 4.6 Strategies Toward Low-Cost BC Production 101 4.6.1 Fruit Juices 101 4.6.2 Sugarcane Molasses 101 4.6.3 Agricultural and Industrial Wastes 103 4.6.4 Food Wastes 104 4.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 105 Acknowledgment 105 References 106 5 Surface Chemistry of Nanocellulose 115Ge Zhu and Ning Lin 5.1 Brief Introduction to Nanocellulose Family 115 5.1.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) 115 5.1.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) 117 5.1.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BC) 117 5.2 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose 119 5.2.1 Physical Adsorption of Surfactants 119 5.2.2 Sulfonation 121 5.2.3 TEMPO-oxidation 122 5.2.4 Esterification 123 5.2.5 Silylation 125 5.2.6 Grafting Onto 126 5.2.7 Grafting From 131 5.2.7.1 Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) 132 5.2.7.2 Living Radical Polymerization (LRP) 134 5.2.8 Chemical Modification from End Hemiacetal 137 5.3 Advanced Functional Modifications 139 5.3.1 Fluorescent and Dye Molecules 139 5.3.2 Amino Acid and DNA 142 5.3.3 Self-cross-linking of Nanocrystals 144 References 145 6 Current Status of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 155Xiaozhou Ma, Yuhuan Wang, Yang Shen, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal-Filled Nanocomposites 156 6.2.1 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposites 156 6.2.2 Rubber-Based Nanocomposites 161 6.2.3 Polyester-Based Nanocomposites 164 6.2.4 Polyurethane- and Waterborne Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites 167 6.2.5 Epoxy- and Waterborne Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites 169 6.2.6 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 171 6.3 Fibrillated Cellulose-Filled Nanocomposites 172 6.3.1 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposites 172 6.3.2 Rubber-Based Nanocomposites 176 6.3.3 Polyester-Based Nanocomposites 178 6.3.4 Polyurethane- andWaterborne Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites 180 6.3.5 Natural Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 182 6.3.6 Other Polymer Nanocomposites Filled with Fibrillated Cellulose 184 6.4 Conclusion and Prospect 186 References 186 7 Reinforcing Mechanism of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Nanocomposites 201Yaoyao Chen, Lin Gan, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne 7.1 Percolation Approach 201 7.1.1 Mean-Field Theory 202 7.1.2 Percolation Model 204 7.1.3 Factors Influencing the Percolation Network Formation 208 7.2 Interfacial Behaviors Between Cellulose Nanocrystals and Matrix 211 7.2.1 Effect of Functional Groups on CNC Surface on Interfacial Interaction 211 7.2.2 Effect of Segmental Entanglement Mediated with Grafted Chains on CNC Surface 225 7.2.3 Role of Co-continuous Structure Derived from Chemical Coupling of Filler/Matrix 229 7.2.3.1 Thiol−ene Coupling Process Between Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Matrix 230 7.2.3.2 Huisgen Cycloaddition Click Chemistry Between Modified CNCs and Matrices 232 7.2.3.3 Schiff’s Base Reaction Between Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Matrix 233 7.2.3.4 Esterification Reaction Between CNCs and The Matrix 237 7.2.3.5 Chemical Coupling Between Hydroxyl Groups of Matrix and Aldehyded CNCs or Modified CNCs 237 7.3 Conclusions 242 References 243 8 Role of Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites 251Thiago H. S. Maia, Marília Calazans, Vitor Lima, Francys K. V.Moreira, and Alessandra de Almeida Lucas 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Characteristics of Cellulose Nanofibrils 252 8.3 Mechanical Properties of CNF Polymer Nanocomposites 253 8.3.1 Thermoset Resins 254 8.3.2 Thermoplastics 255 8.3.3 Waterborne Polymer Systems 257 8.4 Effects of Extrusion on Mechanical Properties of PE/CNF Nanocomposites 258 8.5 Effect of Fiber Size and Lignin Presence 264 8.6 Multifunctionality: Optical and Barrier Properties of CNF Nanocomposites 267 8.7 Outlooks in CNF Nanocomposites 269 References 269 9 Advanced Materials Based on Self-assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals 277Lin Gan, Siyuan Liu, Dong Li, and Jin Huang 9.1 Self-assembly Structure of CNCs 277 9.1.1 Structure of CNC Liquid Crystals 278 9.1.2 Components of CNC Self-assembly 279 9.1.3 Form of CNC Self-assembly Products 279 9.2 Self-assembly Methods and Materials 281 9.2.1 Casting Method and Spin Coating Method 281 9.2.2 Vacuum-Assisted Self-assembly 283 9.2.3 Evaporation-Induced Self-assembly 284 9.3 Structural Adjustment of CNC Self-assembly 284 9.3.1 Cholesteric Structure of Neat CNC Films 284 9.3.2 Cholesteric Structure and Cross-linking Structure in Gel 286 9.3.3 Cholesteric Structure in Bulk Materials of CNC Composite Self-assembly 288 9.3.4 Nematic Structure 290 9.4 Modifying Surface Chemical Structure of CNC 291 9.5 Properties of CNC Self-assembly 295 9.5.1 Mechanical Properties 295 9.5.1.1 Mechanical Properties of CNC Films 295 9.5.1.2 Mechanical Properties of CNC Composite Films 295 9.5.2 Iridescent Color 298 9.5.2.1 Iridescent Color Control of CNC Films 298 9.5.2.2 Iridescent Color Control of CNC Composite Materials 300 9.5.2.3 Optical Control of CNC Self-assembly Gels 302 9.5.3 Plasmonic Properties of CNC 304 9.6 Potential Applications 305 9.6.1 Oil/Water Separation 305 9.6.2 Application of Optical Materials 306 9.6.2.1 Optical Application of CNC Films 306 9.6.2.2 Optical Application of CNC Composite Films 306 9.6.3 Sensors 307 References 309 10 Potential Application Based on Colloidal Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 315Shiyu Fu and Linxin Zhong 10.1 Colloidal Properties of CNC and Applications in Functional Materials 315 10.2 Nanocellulose for Paper and Packaging 324 10.2.1 Nanocellulose for Paper Coating 326 10.2.2 Microfibrillated Cellulose Coated Paper for Delivery System 328 10.2.3 Water-Resistant Nanopaper Based on Modified Nanocellulose 329 10.2.4 Effect of Chemical Composition on Microfibrillar Cellulose Film 334 10.2.5 Antimicrobial Diffusion Films Based on Microfibrillated Cellulose 336 10.3 Nanocellulose for Wood Coatings 339 References 341 11 Strategies to Explore Biomedical Application of Nanocellulose 349Yanjie Zhang, Peter R. Chang, Xiaozhou Ma, Ning Lin, and Jin Huang 11.1 Introduction 349 11.2 Research on Biological Toxicity of Nanocellulose 349 11.3 Application of Nanocellulose for Immobilization and Recognition of Biological Macromolecules 355 11.4 Application of Nanocellulose for Cell Imaging 360 11.5 Application of Nanocellulose for Cell Scaffolds 361 11.6 Application of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering 366 11.6.1 Tissue Repairing, Regeneration, and Healing 366 11.6.1.1 Skin Tissue Repairing 368 11.6.1.2 Bone Tissue Regeneration 370 11.6.2 Tissue Replacement 371 11.6.2.1 Artificial Blood Vessels 371 11.6.2.2 Soft Tissues, Meniscus, and Cartilage 373 11.6.2.3 Nucleus Pulposus Replacement 375 11.7 Application of Nanocellulose in Drug Carrier and Delivery 375 11.8 Application of Nanocellulose as Biomedical Materials 382 11.8.1 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 382 11.8.1.1 Nanocellulose Incorporated with Inorganic Antimicrobial Agents 385 11.8.1.2 Nanocellulose Incorporated with Organic Antimicrobial Agents 386 11.8.2 Medical Composite Material 388 11.9 Summary 389 References 389 12 Application of Nanocellulose in Energy Materials and Devices 397Gang Chen and Zhiqiang Fang 12.1 Introduction 397 12.2 Nanocellulose for Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) 398 12.2.1 Nanocellulose-Based Electrodes 398 12.2.2 Nanocellulose-Based Separators 401 12.2.3 Nanocellulose-Based Electrolytes 403 12.2.4 Nanocellulose-Based Binders 403 12.3 Nanocellulose for Supercapacitors 404 12.3.1 Nanocellulose As a Substrate 405 12.3.2 Nanocellulose As a Nano-template 406 12.3.3 Nanocellulose As a Mesoporous Membrane 410 12.4 Nanocellulose for Other Energy Devices 411 12.4.1 Fuel Cells 411 12.4.2 Solar Cells 412 12.4.3 Nanogenerators 414 12.5 Conclusion and Outlook 415 References 416 13 Exploration of Other High-Value Applications of Nanocellulose 423Ruitao Cha, Xiaonan Hao, Kaiwen Mou, Keying Long, Juanjuan Li, and Xingyu Jiang 13.1 Fire Resistant Materials 423 13.1.1 Introduction 423 13.1.2 Flame Retardant Additives 424 13.1.2.1 Halogenated Flame Retardants 424 13.1.2.2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 424 13.1.2.3 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 424 13.1.2.4 Silicon-Based Flame Retardants 424 13.1.2.5 Mineral Flame Retardants 425 13.1.2.6 Nanoparticles 425 13.1.3 Fire Resistance of Clay Nanopaper Based on Nanocellulose 425 13.1.4 Conclusion 432 13.2 Thermal Insulation Materials 432 13.2.1 Introduction 432 13.2.2 Thermal Building Insulation Materials 432 13.2.2.1 Mineral Wool 433 13.2.2.2 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) 433 13.2.2.3 Polyurethane (PUR) 433 13.2.2.4 Aerogel 433 13.2.3 Thermal Insulation Performance of Nanocellulose-Based Materials 434 13.2.4 Conclusion 437 13.3 The Templated Materials 438 13.3.1 Introduction 438 13.3.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Composite Aerogels 442 13.3.3 Synthesis of Inorganic Hollow Nanotube Aerogels 454 13.3.4 The Self-assembled CNC Templates 458 13.3.5 Conclusion 464 References 464 Index 475

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Book SynopsisWritten by authors from different fields to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the topic, this book guides the reader through new nano-materials processing inspired by nature. Structured around general principles, each selection and explanation is motivated by particular biological case studies. This provides the background for elucidating the particular principle in a second section. In the third part, examples for applying the principle to materials processing are given, while in a fourth subsection each chapter is supplemented by a selection of relevant experimental and theoretical techniques. Table of ContentsMolecular units Molecular recognition Cell adhesion Whole- cell censor structures Bio-hybrid silica-based materials Biomineralization Self- assembly

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Book SynopsisLong awaited new edition of this highly successful textbook, provides once more a unique introduction to the concepts, techniques and applications of nanoscale systems by covering its entire spectrum up to recent findings on graphene.Table of ContentsPreface XV Glossary of abbreviations XVII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Nanometers, Micrometers, and Millimeters 3 1.1.1 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 4 1.1.2 Scaling the Xylophone 4 1.1.3 Reliability of Concepts and Approximate Parameter Values Down to About L = 10 nm (100 Atoms) 5 1.1.4 Nanophysics Built into the Properties of Bulk Matter 6 1.2 Moore’s Law 7 1.3 Esaki’s Quantum Tunneling Diode 9 1.4 QDs of Many Colors 10 1.5 GMR and TMR 100–1000 Gb Hard Drive “Read Heads” 11 1.6 Accelerometers in Your Car 14 1.7 Nanopore Filters 15 1.8 Nanoscale Elements in Traditional Technologies 15 References 16 2 Systematics of Making Things Smaller, Pre-quantum 17 2.1 Mechanical Frequencies Increase in Small Systems 17 2.2 Scaling Relations Illustrated by a Simple Harmonic Oscillator 20 2.3 Scaling Relations Illustrated by Simple Circuit Elements 21 2.4 Thermal Time Constants and Temperature Differences Decrease 22 2.5 Viscous Forces Become Dominant for Small Particles in Fluid Media 22 2.6 Frictional Forces Can Disappear in Symmetric Molecular Scale Systems 24 References 26 3 What Are Limits to Smallness? 27 3.1 Particle (Quantum) Nature of Matter: Photons, Electrons, Atoms, and Molecules 27 3.2 Biological Examples of Nanomotors and Nanodevices 28 3.2.1 Linear Spring Motors 29 3.2.2 Linear Engines on Tracks 30 3.2.3 Rotary Motors 33 3.2.4 Ion Channels, the Nanotransistors of Biology 36 3.2.4.1 Ca++-Gated Potassium Channel 37 3.2.4.2 Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel 37 3.3 How Small Can You Make it? 38 3.3.1 What Are the Methods for Making Small Objects? 39 3.3.2 How Can You SeeWhat YouWant to Make? 39 3.3.3 How Can You Connect it to the OutsideWorld? 42 3.3.4 If You Cannot See it or Connect to it, Can You Make it Self-Assemble and Work on its Own? 42 3.3.5 Approaches to Assembly of Small Three-Dimensional Objects 42 3.3.5.1 VariableThickness Electroplating 43 3.3.5.2 Lithography onto Curved Surfaces 43 3.3.5.3 Optical Tweezers 43 3.3.5.4 Arrays of Optical Traps 45 3.3.6 Use of DNA Strands in Guiding Self-Assembly of Nanometer-Sized Structures 46 References 48 4 Quantum Nature of the Nanoworld 51 4.1 Bohr’s Model of Nuclear Atom 52 4.1.1 Quantization of Angular Momentum 52 4.1.2 Extensions of Bohr’s Model 53 4.2 Particle–Wave Nature of Light and Matter, DeBroglie Formulas λ = h¨Mp, E = hν 54 4.3 Wavefunction Ψ for Electron, Probability Density Ψ∗Ψ, Traveling and StandingWaves 55 4.4 Maxwell’s Equations; E and B asWavefunctions for Photons, Optical FiberModes 59 4.5 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 60 4.6 Schrodinger Equation, Quantum States and Energies, Barrier Tunneling 61 4.6.1 Schrodinger Equations in One Dimension 62 4.6.1.1 Time-Dependent Equation 62 4.6.1.2 Time-Independent Equation 63 4.6.2 The Trapped Particle in One Dimension 63 4.6.2.1 Linear Combinations of Solutions 64 4.6.2.2 Expectation Values 64 4.6.2.3 Two-ParticleWavefunction 65 4.6.3 Reflection and Tunneling at a Potential Step 65 4.6.3.1 Case 1: E > Uo 66 4.6.3.2 Case 2: E < Uo 66 4.6.4 Penetration of a Barrier, Escape Time from a Well, Resonant Tunneling Diode 67 4.6.5 Trapped Particles in Two andThree Dimensions: Quantum Dot 68 4.6.5.1 Electrons Trapped in a 2D Box 69 4.6.5.2 Electrons in a 3D “Quantum Dot” 70 4.6.6 2D Bands and QuantumWires 71 4.6.6.1 2D Band 71 4.6.6.2 QuantumWire 71 4.6.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 72 4.6.8 Schrodinger Equation in Spherical Polar Coordinates 73 4.7 The Hydrogen Atom, One-Electron Atoms, Excitons 74 4.7.1 Magnetic Moments 78 4.7.2 Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility 79 4.7.3 Positronium and Excitons 80 4.8 Fermions, Bosons, and Occupation Rules 81 References 81 5 Quantum Consequences for the Macroworld 83 5.1 Chemical Table of the Elements 83 5.2 Nanosymmetry, Diatoms, and Ferromagnets 84 5.2.1 Indistinguishable Particles and Their Exchange 84 5.2.1.1 Fermions 85 5.2.1.2 Bosons 85 5.2.1.3 Orbital and Spin Components ofWavefunctions 85 5.2.2 The Hydrogen Molecule, Dihydrogen:The Covalent Bond 86 5.2.2.1 Covalent Bonding and Covalent AntiBonding, Purely Nanophysical Effects 87 5.2.2.2 Ferromagnetism, a Purely Nanophysical Effect 87 5.3 More Purely Nanophysical Forces: van derWaals, Casimir, and Hydrogen Bonding 88 5.3.1 The Polar and van derWaals Fluctuation Forces 89 5.3.1.1 Electric Polarizability of Neutral Atoms and Molecules 89 5.3.1.2 Dipolar Fluctuations of Neutral and Symmetric Atoms 90 5.3.2 The Casimir Force 92 5.3.3 The Hydrogen Bond 96 5.4 Metals as Boxes of Free Electrons: Fermi Level, DOS, Dimensionality 97 5.4.1 Electronic Conduction, Resistivity, Mean Free Path, Hall Effect, Magnetoresistance 100 5.5 Periodic Structures (e.g., Si, GaAs, InSb, Cu): Kronig–Penney Model for Electron Bands and Gaps 101 5.6 Electron Bands and Conduction in Semiconductors and Insulators; Localization versus Delocalization 107 5.7 Hydrogenic Donors and Acceptors 110 5.7.1 Carrier Concentrations in Semiconductors, Metallic Doping 112 5.7.2 PN Junction, Electrical Diode I(V) Characteristic, Injection Laser 116 5.7.2.1 Radiative Recombination and Emission of Light 117 5.7.2.2 PN Junction Injection Laser 118 5.7.2.3 Increasing Radiative Efficiency η 119 5.7.2.4 Single-Nanowire Electrically Driven Laser 119 5.8 More about Ferromagnetism, the Nanophysical Basis of Disk Memory 121 5.9 Surfaces are Different; Schottky Barrier Thickness W = [2εεo VB¨MeND]1¨M2 124 5.10 Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics: Recent Applications to Advancing Nanotechnology 126 5.10.1 Piezoelectric Materials 126 5.10.2 Ultrasonic Initiation of Bubbles, by a Negative Pressure 127 5.10.3 Ferroelectrics and Pyroelectrics 127 5.10.4 A Nanotechnological (Pyroelectric) Compact Source of Neutrons 128 5.10.5 Electric Field Ionization of Deuterium (Hydrogen) 129 5.10.6 An Unexpected High-Temperature Nanoenvironment 131 5.10.7 Collapse of Ultrasonically Produced Bubbles in Dense Liquids 131 References 134 6 Self-Assembled Nanostructures in Nature and Industry 137 6.1 Carbon Atom 12 6C 1s2 2p4 (0.07 nm) 138 6.2 Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), and Octane (C8H18) 139 6.3 Ethylene (C2H4), Benzene (C6H6), and Acetylene (C2H2) 140 6.4 C60 Buckyball (∼0.5 nm) 140 6.5 C∞ Nanotube (∼0.5 nm) 141 6.5.1 Si Nanowire (∼5 nm) 144 6.6 InAs Quantum Dot (∼5 nm) 145 6.7 AgBr Nanocrystal (0.1–2 μm) 146 6.8 Fe3O4 Magnetite and Fe3S4 Greigite Nanoparticles in Magnetotactic Bacteria 147 6.9 Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au and Other Smooth Surfaces 149 References 151 7 Physics-Based Experimental Approaches to Nanofabrication and Nanotechnology 153 7.1 Silicon Technology:The INTEL-IBM Approach to Nanotechnology 154 7.1.1 Patterning, Masks, and Photolithography 154 7.1.1.1 Patterning Deposition Masks 154 7.1.1.2 Masking Layers to Limit Etching 155 7.1.2 Etching Silicon 155 7.1.2.1 Wet Etches 155 7.1.2.2 Dry Etches 156 7.1.3 Defining Highly Conducting Electrode Regions 156 7.1.4 Methods of Deposition of Metal and Insulating Films 156 7.1.4.1 Evaporation 156 7.1.4.2 Sputtering 157 7.1.4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 157 7.1.4.4 Laser Ablation 157 7.1.4.5 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 157 7.1.4.6 Ion Implantation 158 7.2 Lateral Resolution (Linewidths) Limited byWavelength of Light, Now 65 nm 158 7.2.1 Optical and X-Ray Lithography 158 7.2.2 Electron-Beam Lithography 159 7.3 Sacrificial Layers, Suspended Bridges, Single-Electron Transistors 160 7.4 What Is the Future of Silicon Computer Technology? 162 7.5 Heat Dissipation and the RSFQ Technology 163 7.6 Scanning Probe (Machine) Methods: One Atom at a Time 167 7.7 STM as Prototype Molecular Assembler 169 7.7.1 Moving Au Atoms, Making Surface Molecules 169 7.7.2 Assembling Organic Molecules with an STM 172 7.8 Atomic Force Microscope Arrays 173 7.8.1 Cantilever Arrays by Photolithography 173 7.8.2 Nanofabrication with an AFM 174 7.8.3 Imaging a Single Electron Spin by a Magnetic Resonance AFM 175 7.9 Fundamental Questions: Rates, Accuracy, and More 177 7.10 Nanophotonics and Nanoplasmonics 178 References 181 8 Quantum Technologies Based on Magnetism, Electron and Nuclear Spin, and Superconductivity 183 8.1 Spin as an Element of “Quantum Computing” 183 8.2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment: Observation of Spin-1¨M2; Angular Momentum of the Electron 186 8.3 Two Nuclear Spin Effects: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and the “21.1 cm Line” 187 8.4 Electron Spin 1¨M2; as a Qubit for a Quantum Computer: Quantum Superposition, Coherence 190 8.5 Hard and Soft Ferromagnets 193 8.6 The Origins of GMR (Giant Magnetoresistance): Spin-Dependent Scattering of Electrons 194 8.7 The GMR Spin Valve, a Nanophysical Magnetoresistance Sensor 197 8.8 The Tunnel Valve, a Better (TMR) Nanophysical Magnetic Field Sensor 198 8.9 Magnetic Random Access Memory 200 8.9.1 Magnetic Tunnel Junction MRAM Arrays 200 8.9.2 Hybrid Ferromagnet–Semiconductor Nonvolatile Hall Effect Gate Devices 200 8.10 Spin Injection: The Johnson–Silsbee Effect 203 8.10.1 Apparent Spin Injection from a Ferromagnet into a Carbon Nanotube 203 8.11 Magnetic Logic Devices: A Majority Universal Logic Gate 203 8.12 Superconductors and the Superconducting (Magnetic) Flux Quantum 206 8.13 Josephson Effect and the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) 211 8.14 Superconducting (RSFQ) Logic/Memory Computer Elements 214 8.14.1 The Single Flux Quantum Voltage Pulse 215 8.14.2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Using RSFQ Logic 217 References 217 9 Silicon Nanoelectronics and Beyond 219 9.1 Electron Interference Devices with Coherent Electrons 220 9.1.1 Ballistic Electron Transport in Stubbed Quantum Waveguides: Experiment and Theory 222 9.1.2 Well-Defined Quantum Interference Effects in Carbon Nanotubes 223 9.2 Carbon Nanotube Sensors and Dense Nonvolatile Random Access Memories 226 9.2.1 A Carbon Nanotube Sensor of Polar Molecules, Making Use of the Inherently Large Electric Fields 227 9.2.2 Carbon Nanotube Cross-Bar Arrays for Ultradense Ultrafast Nonvolatile Random Access Memory 228 9.3 Resonant Tunneling Diodes, Tunneling Hot Electron Transistors 232 9.4 Double-Well Potential Charge Qubits 233 9.4.1 Silicon-Based Quantum Computer Qubits 238 9.5 Single Electron Transistors 239 9.5.1 RFSET, a Useful Proven Research Tool 242 9.5.2 Readout of the Charge Qubit, with Subelectron Charge Resolution 242 9.5.3 A Comparison of SET and RTD Behaviors 244 9.6 Experimental Approaches to the Double-Well Charge Qubit 245 9.6.1 Coupling of Two-Charge Qubits in a Solid-State (Superconducting) Context 249 9.7 Ion Trap on a GaAs Chip, Pointing to a New Qubit 253 9.8 Quantum Computing by Quantum Annealing with Artificial Spins 254 References 255 10 Nanophysics and Nanotechnology of Graphene 257 10.1 Graphene: Record-Breaking Physical and Electrical Properties 257 10.2 Consequences of One-AtomThickness: Softness and Adherence 258 10.3 Impermeability of Single-Layer Graphene 258 10.4 Synthesis by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Direct Reaction 260 10.5 Application to Flexible, Conducting, and Transparent Electrodes 262 10.6 Potential Application to Computer Logic Devices, Extending Moore’s Law 264 10.7 Applications of Graphene within Silicon Technology 266 References 268 11 Looking into the Future 271 11.1 Drexler’s Mechanical (Molecular) Axle and Bearing 271 11.1.1 Smalley’s Refutation of Machine Assembly 272 11.1.2 van derWaals Forces for Frictionless Bearings? 274 11.2 The Concept of the Molecular Assembler is Flawed 275 11.3 Could Molecular Machines Revolutionize Technology or Even Self-Replicate toThreaten Terrestrial Life? 276 11.4 The Prospect of Radical Abundance by a Breakthrough in Nanoengineering 277 11.5 What about Genetic Engineering and Robotics? 278 11.6 Possible Social and Ethical Implications of Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology 281 11.7 Is there a Posthuman Future as Envisioned by Fukuyama? 282 References 284 Some Useful Constants 285 Exercises 287 Index 297

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