Description
Book SynopsisThe first book to paint a complete picture of the challenges of processing functional nanomaterials for printed electronics devices, and additive manufacturing fabrication processes.
Following an introduction to printed electronics, the book focuses on various functional nanomaterials available, including conducting, semi-conducting, dielectric, polymeric, ceramic and tailored nanomaterials. Subsequent sections cover the preparation and characterization of such materials along with their formulation and preparation as inkjet inks, as well as a selection of applications. These include printed interconnects, passive and active modules, as well as such high-tech devices as solar cells, transparent electrodes, displays, touch screens, sensors, RFID tags and 3D objects. The book concludes with a look at the future for printed nanomaterials.
For all those working in the field of printed electronics, from entrants to specialized researchers, in a number of disciplines ranging from chemistry and materials science to engineering and manufacturing, in both academia and industry.
Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii
1 Printing Technologies for Nanomaterials 1
Robert Abbel and Erwin R. Meinders
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Ink Formulation Strategies 4
1.3 Printing Technologies 6
1.3.1 Inkjet Printing 7
1.3.1.1 Toward 3D Printing 10
1.3.2 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 11
1.3.2.1 Toward 3D Printing 13
1.3.3 Contact Printing Technologies 13
1.3.4 Photopolymerization 17
1.3.5 Powder Bed Technology 19
1.4 Summary and Conclusions 20
References 20
2 Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials and Post-Processing 27
Ingo Reinhold
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Industrial Inkjet 28
2.3 Postprocessing of Metal-Based Inks for Conductive Applications 30
2.3.1 Mechanisms in Solid-State Sintering 32
2.3.2 Influence of Drying and Wet Sintering 34
2.3.3 Thermal Sintering 35
2.3.4 Chemical Sintering 35
2.3.5 Plasma Sintering 36
2.3.6 Sintering Using Electromagnetic Fields 37
2.3.6.1 Impulse Light Sintering 39
2.3.6.2 Microwave Sintering 40
2.3.6.3 Influence of the Substrate 41
2.4 Conclusion 42
References 43
3 Electroless Plating and Printing Technologies 51
Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Yelena Sverdlov, Stav Friedberg, and Avi Yaverboim
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Electroless Plating – Overview 54
3.2.1 Electroless Plating – Brief Overview 55
3.3 Seed Layer Printing 57
3.4 Electroless Plating on Printed Parts 57
3.4.1 Methods and Approaches 59
3.4.1.1 Printed Pd Seed 59
3.4.1.2 Printed Ag Ink 60
3.4.1.3 Preseed Surface Modification 60
3.4.2 Electroless Metal Integration: Examples 60
3.5 Summary and Conclusions 63
References 64
4 Reactive Inkjet Printing as a Tool for in situ Synthesis of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles 69
Ghassan Jabbour, Mutalifu Abulikamu, Hyung W. Choi, and Hanna Haverinen
4.1 Introduction to Reactive Inkjet Printing 69
4.2 RIJ of Self-Assembled Au NPs 70
4.3 Parameters Influencing the Growth of Au NPs 74
4.4 Simplifying the Approach (Single Cartridge) Using Single Cartridge Step 77
4.5 Further Progress toward Reduction of Fabrication Time (1 min) 77
4.6 Conclusion 79
References 79
5 3D Printing via Multiphoton Polymerization 83
Maria Farsari
5.1 Multiphoton Polymerization 84
5.2 The Diffraction Limit 85
5.3 Experimental Setup 86
5.4 Materials for MPP 88
5.4.1 Introduction 88
5.4.2 Photoinitiators 88
5.4.3 Organic Photopolymers 89
5.4.4 Su- 8 90
5.4.5 Hybrid Materials 90
5.4.6 Applications 91
5.4.6.1 Metamaterials 91
5.4.6.2 Biomedical Applications 94
5.5 Conclusions 96
References 96
6 High Speed Sintering: The Next Generation of Manufacturing 107
Adam Ellis
6.1 The Need for the Next Generation of Additive Manufacturing 107
6.2 High Speed Sintering 109
6.3 Machine Setup & Parameter Control 109
6.4 Materials & Properties 112
6.5 HSS for High-Volume Manufacturing 113
6.6 Case Study: From Elite to High Street 115
6.7 Opening the Supply Chain 115
6.8 The Future of HSS and the Benefits of Inkjet 116
References 116
7 Metallic Nanoinks for Inkjet Printing of Conductive 2D and 3D Structures 119
Alexander Kamyshny and Shlomo Magdassi
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 Metallic Nanoinks: Requirements and Challenges 120
7.3 Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal NPs for Conductive Nanoinks 121
7.3.1 Synthesis 121
7.3.2 Stabilization 122
7.3.2.1 Stabilization Against Aggregation 122
7.3.2.2 Stabilization Against Oxidation 124
7.4 Formulation of Conductive Metallic Nanoinks 125
7.5 Formation of 2D Conductive Structures: Printing and Sintering 127
7.6 3D Printing of Conductive Patterns: Formation and Sintering 134
7.7 Applications of Metallic Inkjet Nanoinks in Printed Electronics 135
7.7.1 RFID Tags 136
7.7.2 Thin-Film Transistors 136
7.7.3 Electroluminescent Devices and Light-Emitting Diodes 136
7.7.4 Transparent Conductive Electrodes 137
7.7.5 Organic Solar Cells 138
7.8 Outlook 139
References 140
8 Graphene- and 2D Material-Based Thin-Film Printing 161
Jiantong Li, Max C. Lemme, and Mikael Östling
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Printing Procedures 162
8.2.1 Ink Formulations 162
8.2.2 Jetting and Patterns 166
8.2.3 Drying 166
8.2.4 Posttreatments 171
8.3 Performance and Applications 172
8.3.1 Transparent Conductors 173
8.3.2 Micro-Supercapacitors 173
8.3.3 Photodetectors 174
8.3.4 Solar Cells 176
8.4 Discussion and Outlook 177
Acknowledgments 178
References 178
9 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 183
Minxuan Kuang and Yanlin Song
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 184
9.2.1 Process of Inkjet Printing 184
9.2.2 Inkjet Printing of Fine Controlled PC Dots and Lines 186
9.2.2.1 Influence of the Ink Formulation 186
9.2.2.2 Influence of Substrate Wettability 188
9.2.2.3 Suppression of “Coffee-Ring” Effect 193
9.3 Application of Printing of Photonic Crystals 196
9.3.1 Photonic Crystal Patterns 196
9.3.2 Printing Patterned Microcolloidal Crystals with Controllable 3D Morphology 199
9.3.3 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Vapor Sensors 201
9.3.4 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Chemical Detection 201
9.4 Outlook 203
References 204
10 Printable Semiconducting/Dielectric Materials for Printed Electronics 213
Sunho Jeong and Jooho Moon
10.1 Introduction 213
10.2 Printable Materials for Semiconductors 213
10.3 Printable Materials for Dielectrics 219
10.4 Conclusions 223
References 224
11 Low Melting Point Metal or Its Nanocomponents as Functional 3D Printing Inks 229
Lei Wang and Jing Liu
11.1 Introduction of Metal 3D Printing 229
11.2 Low Melting Point Metal Ink 230
11.2.1 Liquid Metal Printing Ink 230
11.2.2 Nanoliquid Metal 232
11.3 Liquid-Phase 3D Printing 234
11.3.1 Fabrication Scheme 234
11.3.2 Forming Principle of Metal Objects in Cooling Liquid 235
11.3.3 Liquid-Phase Printing of Metal Structures 236
11.3.4 Factors Affecting the Printing Quality 237
11.3.5 Comparison Between Liquid-Phase Cooling and Gas-Phase Cooling 238
11.3.6 Vision of the Future Liquid-Phase Printing 240
Acknowledgment 241
References 241
12 Inkjet Printing of Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials 245
Edward Song and Jin-Woo Choi
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Inkjet Printing of Polyaniline Nanomaterials 246
12.2.1 Introduction 246
12.2.2 Chemical Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Conductivity of Polyaniline 246
12.2.3 Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 249
12.2.4 Applications of Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 250
12.3 Polypyrrole 251
12.3.1 Properties and Synthesis of Polypyrrole (Ppy) Nanomaterials 251
12.3.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Ppy Nanomaterials 254
12.4 Polythiophene (Pth) and Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (pedot) 258
12.4.1 Properties and Synthesis of Pth and PEDOT Nanomaterials 258
12.4.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Pth Nanomaterials 258
12.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 258
References 260
13 Application of Printed Silver Nanowires Based on Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 265
Teppei Araki, Rajesh Mandamparambil, Jinting Jiu, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, and Katsuaki Suganuma
13.1 Introduction 265
13.2 Ag NW Transparent Electrodes 266
13.2.1 Background 266
13.2.2 Transparent Electrodes Formed from Ultra-Long Ag NWs 267
13.3 Printed Ag NW Electrodes 269
13.3.1 Fabrication and Properties of Stretchable Electrodes 269
13.3.2 Ag NWs Printing by LIFT 269
13.4 Summary 271
References 271
14 Inkjet Printing of Functional Polymers into Carbon Fiber Composites 275
Patrick J. Smith, Elliot J. Fleet, and Yi Zhang
14.1 Inkjet Printing 275
14.2 Carbon Fiber Composites 276
14.3 Mechanical Tests 276
14.4 Printing and Sample Preparation 277
14.5 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA Microdroplets 278
14.6 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA and PEG Microdroplets 283
14.7 Morphology of the Printed PMMA and PEG Droplets 284
14.8 Printed Polymers for Intrinsic Repair of Composites 286
14.9 Conclusions 288
Acknowledgments 289
References 289
15 Inkjet-Printable Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Sensor Fabrication 293
Niamh T. Brannelly and Anthony J. Killard
15.1 Introduction 293
15.2 Metallic Inks 294
15.2.1 Gold 294
15.2.2 Silver 296
15.2.3 Copper, Nickel, and Alumina 296
15.2.4 Metal Oxides 297
15.3 Conductive Polymers 298
15.3.1 Polyaniline 299
15.3.2 Polypyrrole 300
15.3.3 Prussian Blue 301
15.3.4 Pedot 302
15.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 302
15.4.1 Graphene Oxide 302
15.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 304
15.5 Future Outlooks and Conclusions 308
References 308
16 Electrochromics for Printed Displays and Smart Windows 317
Pooi See Lee, Guofa Cai, Alice L.-S. Eh, and Peter Darmawan
16.1 Overview on Electrochromics 317
16.1.1 Electrochromics for Green Buildings 318
16.1.2 Electrochromics for Displays 320
16.1.2.1 Solution Processing of Electrochromics 322
16.1.2.2 Printing Techniques in Electrochromics 324
16.2 Screen Printing 324
16.3 Inkjet Printing 326
16.4 Flexographic Printing 329
16.5 Roll-to-Roll Printing 329
16.6 Other Printing Methods 329
16.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 330
References 332
Index 341
