Nanotechnology Books

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Book SynopsisNanowires are nanostructures that have a thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or less and an unconstrained length. In addition, many different types of nanowires exist, including metallic, semiconducting and insulating. This book presents current research in the study of the properties, synthesis and application of nanowires. Topics discussed include semiconductor nanowires and heterostructure based gas sensors; transport properties of nanostructured materials; nanowire array electrodes in biosensor applications and analogies between metallic nanowires and carbon nanotubes

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field and has achieved breakthroughs in bioengineering, molecular biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. There has been much debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted. Advances in Nanotechnology, Volume 3 gathers the latest research from around the globe in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisMaterials with nanometric dimensions such as nanodots, nanowire, nanotubes, functional structures, multi-layers of low dimensions, have unique properties, which can be tuned by varying their size. Therefore they have tremendous potentials for applications in various fields. The understanding of the properties of these low dimension systems is equally interesting and challenging. This book reviews research on applications and theoretical modelling of ion beams in the field of nanotechnology.

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Book SynopsisIn the course of the 20th century, the theory of size-effects in metal thin layers has been explained and described by numerous scientists, and various approaches to the problem have been proposed. Behaviour of metal 1D, 2D and 3D particles of "exiguous" dimensions is affected mainly by the surface size and quantum size effects. These phenomena have become subject of recently developed scientific discipline known as Size-Dependent Chemistry. The surface- and size-effects can be attributed to a high nanoparticle surface-to-bulk ratio. Hand in hand with the reduction of nanoparticle dimension, surface atoms'' proportion increases dramatically, thus commonly known physical properties of the bulk materials change. This new book summarises present knowledge and recent experimental results obtained on synthetic polymers.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology including the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructured films by means of excimer laser ablation; modelling defective carbon nanotubes by molecular mechanics; advances in surface functionalisation of carbon nanotubes; the catalytic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles and others.

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Book SynopsisSilver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. While frequently described as being ''silver'' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. This book explores the properties, characterisation and application of silver nanoparticles on topics such as low and high-order nonlinearities of silver nanoparticles; the synthesis, growth mechanisms and tuneable optical and catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles; laser-induced shape transformation of silver nanoparticles embedded in glass and others.

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Book SynopsisAfter compression of a system formed by a nanoporous media and a non-wetting liquid to the threshold pressure value, the liquid fills the pores of a porous media. In accordance with prevailing concepts, passage of the liquid from the bulk to the dispersed state can be described as a percolation-type transition. This process is typical of infiltration of macroscopic porous bodies with wetting liquids. The threshold type of infiltration was observed for non-wetting liquids and is scientifically detailed in this book.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and is also very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. This book discusses nanostructures and their properties which are critical to understanding and developing innovations in biological systems, therapeutic agents, and medicine and health.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology, a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, is focused on understanding, controlling and exploiting the unique properties of matter than can emerge at scales of 1 to 100 nanometers. A key issue before Congress regarding nanotechnology is how best to protect human health, safety, and the environment as nanoscale materials and products are researched, developed, manufactured, used, and discarded. While the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is believed by many to offer significant economic and societal benefits, some research results have raised concerns about the potential adverse environmental, health, and safety implications of nanoscale materials. This book explores the nanotechnology considerations facing the EPA and FDA today.

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Book SynopsisThis book will provide innovative chapters on the growth of educational, scientific, and industrial research activities among engineers and provides a medium for mutual communication between international academia and the industry. This book publishes significant research reporting new methodologies and important applications in the different fields of nano as well as includes the latest coverage of chemical databases and the development of new experimental methods.

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Book SynopsisCarbon nanotubes possess unusual fascinating properties which have attracted the scientific world. This book covers a very wide domain of research and development where the synthesis and properties of carbon nanotubes are discussed. This book describes the carbon nanotube general introduction, various synthesis procedures and properties. This book is going to be beneficial to the researchers who are working for their postgraduate degree in nanomaterials and nanotechnology. This book also provides a platform for all the academics and researchers as it covers a vast background for the recent literature, abbreviations, and summaries. This book will be worth reading for the researchers who are more interested in the general overview of carbon nanotubes, fundamentals concepts and various synthetic procedures in the multidisciplinary areas. This book contains the fundamental knowledge with the recent advancements for the research and development in the field of nanomaterials and nanotechnology.

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Book SynopsisDue to their one-dimensional structures and novel physical properties, nanofibrous materials have been extensively investigated and hold promising applications in various fields, including electronic, optical, semiconductors, sensors, polymer fillers and non-woven porous membranes. This book presents current research in the study of the synthesis, properties and application of nanofibres. Topics include the functionalisation and activation of carbon nanofibres; fabrication of aligned polymer and metal oxide nanofibres by electrospinning; inorganic nanofibres for novel separation membranes; the physics behind the vapor-liquid-solid route and carbon nanofibre formation; preparation and modification of chitin nanofibres; and the synthesis of composite carbon nanofibres with macroscopic shaping.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the results of investigation of liquid dynamics in carbon nanotubes are presented. The analysis of liquid structures and the character of its flow plus the results of experiments show that the simulation of fluid flow for nanoscale systems should be based on the continuum hypothesis taking into account the quantised character of the liquid in the length scale of intermolecular distances. Consideration of the flow characteristics allows analogy of the behavior of the liquid in a nanotube with a flow of a viscoplastic Bingham fluid. A model of mass transfer of liquid in a nanotube is introduced. It is based on the possibility of forming an empty interlayer between the moving fluid particles and the particles of the wall of the nanotube.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology employs knowledge from the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, health sciences, and engineering. It has immense applications in almost all the fields of science and human life. People and scientists argue that nanotechnology is likely to have a horizontal impact across an entire range of industries and great implications on human health, environment, sustainability, and national security. The impact of nanotechnology is felt by everyone. It is observed that many facets of the science are impacted and people are revisiting many research areas with a nanoview to understand how the same thing can work at the nano level. This phenomenon is revolutionizing pharmaceutical sciences, and many drugs are again being relooked at for the possibilities of delivery as a nanosystem. The objective of the present book is to address formulation and characterization properties of novel and intelligent nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDS) for effective cancer therapy.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the synthesis, optical properties and applications for cancer treatment of gold nanoparticles. Topics discussed include the use of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment and biomedical applications to target tumors and provide detection, drug carriers, gene silencing and radiotherapy; gold nanoparticle fabrication by laser ablation technique and their optical and morphological study; gold nanoparticles for metabolite imaging; formation of gold nanoparticles inside the corona of amphiphilic triblock copolymer micelles; and the intracellular delivery of gold nanoparticles and their application in nanomedicine.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors discuss the control, manipulation and behavioural applications of microfluidics. Topics include dielectrophoresis based droplet microfluidic devices for on-chip bioassays; microfluidic biosensor systems for cell biology and drug discovery; controllable microfluidic generation of monodisperse multiple emulsion droplets; an alternative method to predict wettability for microfluidics; integration of capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers to microfluidic devices; selection of easily accessible PCR-and bio-compatible materials for microfluidic chips; and electrokinetic manipulation of biomolecules.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research related to the synthesis, characterisation, and heat transfer of nanofluids. Nanofluids are stable colloidal suspensions of solid nanomaterials in base fluids. While nanoparticles were first added to base fluids to obtain nanofluids; other nanomaterials, like nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanosheets, or other nanocomposites, are used to synthesise the nanofluids. The types of base fluids cover a wide range of liquids that include water, oil, ethylene-glycol (automotive antifreeze), refrigerants, polymer solutions, or even bio-fluids. The special properties of nanomaterials and their interactions with base fluids lead to substantially different properties of nanofluids compared with that of base fluids. Significant physical insights into complex physical phenomena in nanofluids are gained via the utilisation of advanced theoretical tools and state-of-the-art experimental measurement techniques.

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Book SynopsisThe field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical disciplines. This obviously includes polymer science and technology and even in this field the investigations cover a broad range of topics. This would include microelectronics (which could now be referred to as nanoelectronics) as the critical dimension scale for modern devices now below 100 nm. Other areas include polymer-based biomaterials, nanoparticle drug delivery, miniemulsion particles, fuel cell electrode polymer bound catalysts, layer-by-layer self-assembled polymer films, electrospun nanofibers, imprint lithography, polymer blends and nanocomposites. Even in the field of nanocomposites, many diverse topics exist including composite reinforcement, barrier properties, flame resistance, electro-optical properties, cosmetic applications, and bactericidal properties. Nanotechnology offers unique approaches to probe and control a variety of biological and medical processes that occur at nanometer length scales, and is expected to have a revolutionary impact on biology and medicine. Among the approaches for exploiting nanotechnology in medicine, nanoparticles offer some unique advantages as sensing, image enhancement, and delivery agents. Several varieties of nanoparticles with biomedical relevance are available including, polymeric nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, quantum dots, dendrimers, and nanoassemblies. To further the application of nanoparticles in disease diagnosis and therapy, it is important that the systems are biocompatible and capable of being functionalised for recognition of specific target sites in the body after systemic administration. We have discussed the novel nanocomposites and nanoparticles from various applications and drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the current state of the art, new challenges and opportunities in the field of nanomaterials with a focus on nanodiamonds, diamond nanowires, Csp2 nanoobjects, metallic nanostructures, conductive polymer nanostructures and nanocomposites and micro/nano carbon fiber/carbon nanotube composites. The emphasis of the book is on surface chemistry having a central role in the applications of the said nanomaterials which encompass composites, biomaterials, sensors, catalysts, separative hybrid materials and so on. The handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors across the globe make this survey an outstanding resource reference for anyone involved in the field of design of advanced nanomaterials with tunable surface chemical and physicochemical properties. This book will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers, Master and PhD students, and post docs active in the domain of surface chemistry for modification and application of nanomaterials, and to those who are already active in the science and technology of nanomaterials but who would like to have a deeper insight into the strategies for chemically modifying nanomaterials.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights recent advances in silver nanoparticles, at the interface between material science, technology and bio-applications of these important metal nanostructures. In this book, interesting discussions are reported on promising new avenues of research that reveal the enormous potential of emerging approaches in nanobiotechnology. This is an interdisciplinary field that conjugates expertise coming from different backgrounds. A nanotechnological approach is now used in different aspects of our life: medicine, energy, transport, etc. For this reason, we decided to invite scientists with different backgrounds and from all over the world, to cover the various subjects connected with silver nanoparticles in terms of synthesis, applications and characterisation. Nanostructures are playing a fundamental role in the advancement of science, as a result of the continuing dramatic progress in understanding the electronic, optical, mechanical and biomedical properties of an ever-increasing variety of nanostructures.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a variety of topics related to the synthesis of smart nanoobjects. Among them are surface nanostructured metals with improved corrosion and wear resistance (Syrkov); the synthesis of organo-micro cycles, with emphasis on the characterisation of obtained materials by infrared spectroscopy, HPLC, and NMR analysis (El-Saied); Schiff bases metal complexes and their investigation for antibacterial and anti-fungal activity (El-Seidy); and transition metal complexes (Al-Sawaf). Nanotubes have always been positioned in the study of nanocomposites as interesting materials for application in electronics (transistors, resistors, varistors, sensors, display devices to mention just a few). This volume includes research on thin film deposition by acoustic wave atomisers (Balachova), and exfoliation of graphene from the liquid phase (Moshkalev). Continued interest in conducting polymer hydrogels have stimulated research for their application as pH sensors with sensing principles based on electroactivity (Elyashevich). Investigation of mass transfer kinetics in bifunctional matrixes is carried out with a new type of material: metal-ion exchangers (Kalinitchev). The world of nanotechnology described in this book will excite any reader, from interested students to industrial or academic professionals.

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Book SynopsisThis is the second volume of the four volume set. Functional nanomaterials appear in our daily lives. These materials mainly include nanocomposites, nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanocoatings. Nanotechnology enables the creation of structures which do not exist in nature, those which cannot be produced by conventional chemistry. Some advantages of this technology are the synthesis of stronger, more adjustable materials as well as lower costs. Nanotechnology is scientific and research development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels in a dimension range of 1 to 100 nm; the fabrication and application of the structures, equipment, and systems which involve unique characteristics and new applications because of their small or medium dimensions; and the potential for (materials and processes) the control and management of atomic scales. Therefore, nanotechnology involves industrial research and development at atomic, molecular, and macromolecular levels. This research aims to create and exploit the structures and systems which involve unique applications due to their small dimensions. The main difference between nanotechnology and other technologies is found within the dimensions and properties of the materials and structures applied in this technology. As a matter of fact, the main difference between these two types of technologies is the presence of base elements, which are indeed the same nanoscale elements with different properties in their nanoscale and larger states. Due to the developed properties of the very fine powders including surface chemistry, compressive properties, optical characteristics, and synthetic reactions as well as an increasing demand for fine powders in industries, very fine fragmentation is applied in many materials such as: minerals, ceramics, dyes, chemicals, micro-organisms, pharmaceuticals and paper manufacturing. This volume mainly discusses the characterisation and reliability of functional nanomaterials.

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Book SynopsisThe intention of this book is to provide an updated view of the synthesis, characterisation and applications of different kinds of nanocomposites. It includes 9 review chapters and 8 research chapters. The review articles introduce various nanocomposites like polymer-based nanocomposite (polymer-based carbonaceous nanocomposites, chitosan-quantum dots nanocomposites and chitosan-based inorganic nanocomposites), UV-cured nanocomposite coatings, carbon dots nanocomposites, layered double hydroxides/organo nanocomposites, catalytic membranes loaded with nanocomposite materials and block copolymer nanocomposites. The research articles include studies on the influence of silica nanoparticles on functional properties of polyurethane nanocomposites, the annealing effects in nanostructured carbon-copper films, fabrication, characterisation and modelling of functionally graded synthetic graphite/polymer nanocomposites, the mass transfer process in metal-ion exchanger nanocomposites, mechanosynthesis of Fe-MeC (Me=V, Ti, Nb) nanocomposites, preparation and adsorption for Congo red of rectorite/chitosan nanocomposite, synthesis, assembly, and performance of metal-oxide based nanocomposites using polyol technique and electrospinning and also synthesis and applications of developed metal matrix/nanodiamond composites. According to this book, you can get a comprehensive understanding about the development of nanocomposites in recent years. Moreover, you can figure out detailed synthesis methods as well as advanced characterisation methods for nanocomposites. It will be an inspiration for applications of nanocomposites in various fields. By covering both the fundamentals and synthetic applications, it is therefore suitable for both new and experienced researchers, chemists, biochemists, natural product chemists and graduate students.

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Book SynopsisThis is the fourth volume of the handbook of functional nanomaterials (4 volume set). Functional nanomaterials appear in our daily lives. These materials mainly include nanocomposites, nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanocoatings. Nanotechnology enables the creation of structures that do not exist in nature, those which cannot be produced by conventional chemistry. This research aims to create and exploit the structures and systems which involve unique applications due to their small dimensions. The main difference between nanotechnology and other technologies is found within the dimensions and properties of the materials and structures applied to this technology. This volume mainly discusses the properties and commercialisation of functional nanomaterials. Some of the functional nanomaterials that were discussed in this volume are graphene-based nanocomposites, nanoporous materials, ionic liquids-carbon nanotube nanocomposites, carbon nanotube/nanofiber cement-based composites, titania nanostructured materials, nanostructured multi-layer films, ZnO nanostructures, biomolecular nanoconjugates, functionalised magnetic nanoparticles, nano latex materials, semiconductor quantum dots, mesoporous silica-based sensors and keratin nanomaterials. There are 21 chapters in this volume. Each one includes examples of these interesting materials, supported with appropriate figures for better clarification.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first volume of the four volume set of Handbook of Functional Nanomaterials. Functional nanomaterials appear in our daily lives. These materials mainly include nanocomposites, nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanocoatings. Nanotechnology enables the creation of structures that do not exist in nature, those which cannot be produced by conventional chemistry. Some advantages of this technology are the synthesis of stronger, more adjustable materials as well as lower costs. Nanotechnology is scientific and research development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels in a dimension range of 1 to 100 nm; the fabrication and application of the structures, equipment, and systems which involve unique characteristics and new applications because of their small or medium dimensions; and the potential for (materials and processes) and control and management of atomic scales. Due to the developed properties of the very fine powders including surface chemistry, compressive properties, optical characteristics, and synthetic reactions, as well as an increasing demand for fine powders in industries, a very fine fragmentation is applied in many materials such as: minerals, ceramics, dyes, chemicals, microorganisms, pharmaceuticals and paper manufacturing. This volume mainly discusses the synthesis and modification of functional nanomaterials. Some of the functional nanomaterials discussed in this volume are zinc oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide, cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles, chitosan-based nanocomposites, mesoporous materials, gallium nitride nanowires, titania nanoparticles, plasmonic nanofilms, polyaniline nanocomposites and nano silver. There are 19 chapters in this volume; each one includes examples of these interesting materials, supported by appropriate figures for better clarification.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to provide both a rigorous view and a more practical, understandable view of nanosystems for graduate students and scientists in related fields. This book wants to satisfy readers with both direct and lateral interest in the discipline. This volume is structured into different parts devoted to nanotechnology and drug delivery systems and their applications. Every section of the book has been expanded where relevant, to take into account significant new discoveries and realizations of the importance of key concepts. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on the underlying fundamentals and on acquisition of a broad and comprehensive grasp of the field as a whole.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology -- a term encompassing the science, engineering, and applications of submicron materials -- involves the harnessing of unique physical, chemical, and biological properties of nanoscale substances in fundamentally new and useful ways. The economic and societal promise of nanotechnology has led to investments by governments and companies around the world. In 2000, the United States launched the world''s first national nanotechnology program. From FY2001 through FY2013, the federal government invested approximately $17.9 billion in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology through the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). President Obama has requested $1.7 billion in NNI funding for FY2014. U.S. companies and state governments have invested billions more. The United States has, in the view of many experts, emerged as a global leader in nanotechnology, though the competition for global leadership is intensifying as countries and companies around the world increase their investments. Nanotechnology''s complexity and intricacies, early stage of development (with commercial payoff possibly years away for many potential applications), and broad scope of potential applications engender a wide range of public policy issues. Maintaining U.S. technological and commercial leadership in nanotechnology poses a variety of technical and policy challenges, including development of technologies that will enable commercial scale manufacturing of nanotechnology materials and products, as well as environmental, health, and safety concerns. This book provides an overview of nanotechnology, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, possible reauthorization of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003 (P.L. 108-153), and appropriations issues.

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Book SynopsisThis is the third volume of the "Handbook of Functional Nanomaterials" (4 volume set). Functional nanomaterials appear in our daily lives. These materials mainly include nanocomposites, nanopowders, nanoparticles and nanocoatings. Nanotechnology enables the creation of structures that do not exist in nature, those which cannot be produced by conventional chemistry. Some advantages of this technology are the synthesis of stronger, more adjustable materials as well as lower costs. Nanotechnology is scientific and research development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels in a dimension range of 1 to 100 nm; the fabrication and application of the structures, equipment, and systems which involve unique characteristics and new applications because of their small or medium dimensions; and the potential for the control and management at atomic scales. Therefore, nanotechnology involves industrial research and development at atomic, molecular, and macromolecular levels. This research aims to create and exploit the structures and systems which involve unique applications due to their small dimensions. The main difference between nanotechnology and other technologies is found within the dimensions and properties of the materials and structures applied to this technology. This volume mainly discusses the application and development of functional nanomaterials. Some of the functional nanomaterials that were discussed in this volume are titania nanostructures, hybrid nanomaterials based on nanoclays, multifunctional nanomedicine, nanocomposites using polypyrrole, metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes and capped nanotubes, graphene, nanocomposite coatings, functionalized carbon nanotube, nanopowders.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and is also very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology, including basic introduction on nanoimprint lithography, the technology and materials, and how to use them for achieving an optimum result for research or industrial applications; strategies to obtain well-dispersed, with improved mechanical properties nanocomposites; information about the growing field of nanomaterials formed by green nanotechnology for bioapplication in medical science to minimize the potential human health and environmental risk; the polymer filling process in nanoimprint lithography performed by molecular dynamics simulation; the optical properties and sizes of gold nanoparticles and its practical applications; and the study of the rheological properties of ferrofluid particles and how it compares with some existing models.

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Book SynopsisMagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the materials of great interest for presenting a unique combination of relevant properties such as high surface area, magnetic behaviour and low toxicity, which can find potential use in different processes and applications in areas such as catalysis, data storage, water treatment, drug delivery system, DNA separation, tissue engineering, sensors, hyperthermia, ferrofluids, and as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. This book provides further information on how magnetic nanoparticles are synthesised, their physicochemical properties and the roles MNPs play in biomedicine.

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Book SynopsisNanostructured materials and coatings have gained great importance due to their microstructural properties. Their applications have increased in different technological areas such as, in environmental pollution control, photo catalysis, optics, solid oxide fuel cells, electronic and optoelectronic devices, mechanical protection, catalysis, and in biomedical. Furthermore, advances in aerosol processing in recent years have increased the variety of produced nanostructured materials, including metals, oxides, ceramics, and composites, in different appearances such as nanoparticles, rods, belts, fibres, tubes, needles, and films. This book discusses the synthesis, properties and implications that aerosols have on the environment.

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Book SynopsisTechnology-based innovations fuel the knowledge-based economy, as it creates new industries, makes existing ones globally competitive, and drives future economic growth. In order to reach technology-based economic growth, it is not only necessary to invest capital, intellect and time in technology-related research and development (R&D), but also to execute processes related to technology development trends, diffusion patterns, and the adoption and implementation of technology-based innovations. Nanotechnology has contributed to remarkable advances in the field of science and technology in the past two decades, which have led to significant prospective applications in various technological domains including advanced materials, biotechnology and pharmacy, electronics, scientific tools and techniques, and industrial manufacturing processes. This ultra-small technology will drive a new technology-driven global economy, with revolutionary advances in almost all industry sectors through high utility and demands.

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Book SynopsisResults from recent animal studies indicate that carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibres (CNF) may pose a respiratory hazard. CNTs and CNFs are tiny, cylindrical, large aspect ratio, manufactured forms of carbon. There is no single type of carbon nanotube or nanofibre; one type can differ from another in shape, size, chemical composition (from residual metal catalysts or functionalisation of the CNT and CNF) and other physical and chemical characteristics. Such variations in composition and size have added to the complexity of understanding their hazard potential. Occupational exposure to CNTs and CNFs can occur not only in the process of manufacturing them, but also at the point of incorporating these materials into other products and applications. This book reviews the animal and other toxicological data relevant to assessing the potential non-malignant adverse respiratory effects of CNT and CNF; provides a quantitative risk assessment based on animal dose-response data; proposes a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 1 μg/m3 elemental carbon as a respirable mass 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration; and describes strategies for controlling workplace exposures and implementing a medical surveillance program.

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Book SynopsisNanoscale science, engineering, and technology -- commonly referred to collectively as nanotechnology -- is believed by many to offer extraordinary economic and societal benefits. Congress has demonstrated continuing support for nanotechnology and has directed its attention primarily to three topics that may affect the realisation of this hoped for potential federal research and development (R&D) in nanotechnology; U.S. competitiveness; and environmental, health, and safety (EHS) concerns. This book provides an overview of these topics, and two others which are nanomanufacturing, and public understanding of and attitudes toward nanotechnology.

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Book SynopsisZinc Oxide (ZnO) is a metal oxide semiconductor of group II-IV whose nature resides at the borderline between covalent and ionic semiconductors. In the last decade it has raised several attention in the research field since it possesses promising catalytic, electrical, electronic and optical properties. It can be easily prepared in different shapes and sizes at both the micrometric and nanometric scale, including the forms of micro- and nanowires, nanobelts, nanotubes, micro- and nanoparticles, multipods, tetrapods, and flower-like microstructures. This different variety of morphologies has thus attracted considerable attention for potential application in solar cells, nanogenerators, field effect transistors, gas sensors and other electronic micro- and nanodevices. This book discusses the synthesis and the electrical properties of ZnO nanowires. It also discusses rough silver nanowires, nanobuds and nanoparticle substrates; the synthesis and properties of Ni nanowires in porous silicon templates; and phonon scattering and elastic energy propagation in nanowires.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and is also very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology, including the formulation for local magnetically mediated hyperthermia treatment of solid tumors; synthesis and applications of gold nanoparticles; dendritic nanostructures grown in hierarchical branched pores; fabrication and applications of aligned nanofibers by electrospinning; nanotechnology applied to solar cells for energy solutions; and environmental applications of nanomaterials.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), the only family of biopolyesters completely synthesized by biological means, received increasing attention because of their attractive properties and wide applications. PHAs and their related academic and industrial chains have affected our daily lives in fermentation, materials, feeds, energy as well as in the medical fields. It is very important to understand all aspects related to the PHAs their processes in this valuable field. This book presents a general overview of PHAs from the biosynthesis, fermentation, industrial production, extraction, purification and application. This book consists of four sections including 21 original chapters, which together provide a comprehensive introduction to the subject, and the detail information for the biosynthesis, industrial production, and medical application of PHAs. This book is written to be accessible to a wide readership, especially for beginners who have just started PHA related research. In a word, this book summarizes the literature data and recent research results on PHAs with a state-of-the-art description of the present, challenge and future of PHAs.

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Book SynopsisThe National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) has served as the vehicle for co-ordinating and reporting on activities in the dynamic field of nanotechnology across the Federal Government. Twenty departments, independent agencies, and independent commissions participate in the NNI, representing a wide variety of missions, responsibilities, interests, and expertise. The National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan outlines the broad goals of the Initiative and supports those goals by delineating specific objectives. It provides a framework to foster co-ordination and collaboration across agencies and serves as a guide for individual NNI member agencies as they prioritise activities relating to research, development, training, and infrastructure. This book provides an overview, reauthorization, and appropriations issues of the NNI. It also discusses the NNI''s strategic plan in full detail.

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