Nanotechnology Books

Book SynopsisLearn about the state of the art in building artificial membranes and synthetic biological devices, and in constructing mathematical models for their dynamics at multiple time and spatial scales with this comprehensive book. Drawing on recent advances in bioengineering and biochemistry, it describes how to engineer tethered bilayer lipid membranes, bioelectronic interfaces, high-resolution biosensors, and diagnostic devices for non-invasive cellular measurements and electroporation. Multi-physics models combining atomistic (molecular dynamics and coarse-grained molecular dynamics), mesoscopic (PoissonNernstPlanck), and macroscopic (reaction-rate theory) dynamics provide a complete structure-to-function description of these devices. Experiments and dynamic models explain how anti-microbial peptides penetrate membranes, how molecular machine biosensors built out of artificial membranes can detect femtomolar concentrations, and how electroporation can be controlled. Supported by atomisticTable of ContentsPart I. Background: 1. Motivation and outline; 2. Biochemistry for engineers: a short primer; 3. Engineered artificial membranes; Part II. Building Engineered Membranes, Devices and Experimental Results: 4. Formation of engineered tethered membranes; 5. Ion-channel switch biosensor; 6. Physiochemical membrane platforms; 7. Experimental measurement methods for engineered membranes; Part III. Dynamic Models for Artificial Membranes: Atoms-to-Device: 8. Reaction-rate constrained models for engineered membranes; 9. Reaction-rate constrained models for the ICS biosensor; 10. Diffusion constrained continuum models of engineered membranes; 11. Electroporation models in engineered artificial membranes; 12. Electroporation measurements in engineered membranes; 13. Electrophysiological response of ion channels and cells; 14. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics; 15. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation models; 16. Closing summary for part III: from atoms to device; Appendices: Appendix A. Elementary primer on partial differential equations (PDE); Appendix B. Tutorial on coarse-grained molecular dynamics with peptides.

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Book SynopsisGet to grips with the fundamental optical and optoelectronic properties of nanostructures. This comprehensive guide makes a wide variety of modern topics accessible, and includes up-to-date material on the optical properties of monolayer crystals, plasmonics, nanophotonics, UV quantum well lasers, and wide bandgap materials and heterostructures. The unified, multidisciplinary approach makes it ideal for those in disciplines spanning nanoscience, physics, materials science, and optical, electrical and mechanical engineering. Building on work first presented in Quantum Heterostructures (Cambridge, 1999), this volume draws on years of research and teaching experience. Rigorous coverage of basic principles makes it an excellent resource for senior undergraduates, and detailed mathematical derivations illuminate concepts for graduate students, researchers and professional engineers. The examples with solutions included in the text and end-of-chapter problems allows the students to use this Table of Contents1. Some trends in optoelectronics; 2. Materials for optoelectronic applications; 3. Electrons in quantum structures; 4. Light-semiconductor materials interaction; 5. Optics of quantum structures; 6. Electro-optics and nonlinear optics; 7. Light emitting devices based on interband phototransitions in quantum structure; 8. Devices based on intraband phototransitions in quantum structures and silicon optoelectronics.

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Book SynopsisDiscover a rigorous treatment of aerogels processing and techniques for characterization with this easy-to-use reference. Presents the basics of aerogel synthesis and gelation to open porous nanostructures, and the processing of wet gels like ambient and supercritical drying leading to aerogels. Describes their essential properties with their measurement techniques and theoretical models used to analyse relations to their nanostructure. Linking the fundamentals and with practical applications, this is a useful toolkit for advanced undergraduates, and graduate students doing research in material and polymer science, physical chemistry, and chemical and environmental engineering.Trade Review'an essential toolkit for aerogel chemistry encompassing both physics principles and engineering practices, suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. The 14 well-conceived, masterfully executed chapters cover chemical synthesis, density, gels and gelation, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties. Five useful appendixes offer more-rigorous mathematical treatments of selected topics in polymer physics and thermodynamics. For more than just the fun of it, the authors thoughtfully include preparative recipes for cooking up something of an aerogel storm. Nice! And the book is nicely priced. Highly recommended.' L. W. Fine, Choice ConnectTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Chemical Synthesis of Aerogels from Monomeric Precursors; 3. Chemical Synthesis of Aerogels from Polymeric Precursors; 4. Gelation; 5. Drying of Wet Gels; 6. Morphology of Aerogels; 7. Density – Models and Measures; 8. Specific Surface Area; 9. Pores and Pore Sizes; 10. Diffusion in Aerogels; 11. Permeability for Gases; 12. Thermal Properties; 13. Mechanical Properties of Aerogels; 14. How to Cook Aerogels: Recipes and Procedures.

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Book SynopsisOffering a unified presentation of both metamaterials and metasurfaces, this book builds from basic nanophotonic principles towards cutting-edge original research. This advanced textbook will be invaluable to students and researchers working in the fields of optics and nanophotonics.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Electromagnetic (optical) properties of materials; 3. Metamaterials; 4. Metasurfaces; 5. Photonic crystals; 6. Nanophotonic applications of photonic crystals; 7. Plasmonics; 8. Building blocks for all-optical signal processing: Metatronics; 9. Selected topics of optical sensing; 10. Nanostructures for enhancement of solar cells; 11. Nanostructures for enhancement of thermophotovoltaic systems; Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstand the principles, practices, and applications of bionanotechnologyThis hands-on textbook covers key aspects of bionanotechnology from an engineering perspective. The book delves into a wide variety of topics, including materials science, micro/nano fabrication, general physics, fluid flow, electromagnetics, thermodynamics, molecular biology, immunology, biochemistry, and organic chemistry.Developed from an advanced engineering course taught by its authors, Bionanotechnology: Engineering Concepts and Applications fully explains all of the underlying concepts and shows how that theory can be directly applied in practical applications. Readers will get examples, problem sets, real-world case studies, and engineering design methodologies that illustrate each concept.The book contains complete discussions on microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip devices, organ-on-a-chip devices, quantum dots, DNA/RNA technology, micro/nano fabrication techniques, the mo

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and is also very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology. Chapter One examines the role of atomic particles and nanoparticles in catalysis. Chapter Two reviews the preparations of nanoporous microelectrodes, their physical and electrochemical characterisation, their electrochemical behaviors, and their promising applications. Chapter Three studies controllable growth methods for device applications of gold nanorods. Chapter Four provides an overview of various antibody-nanoparticle conjugating modalities and their potential clinical application. Chapter Five reviews the numerous methods available to fabricate delivery systems depending upon the physicochemical properties of active ingredients and the polymers. Chapter Six discusses recent achievements in the field of development of different photoconverters (photodetectors and solar cells) based on nanoheterostructures with quantum dots of germanium on silicon.

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials (NMs) or nanoparticles (NPs) are the small objects which behave as a simple single unit ranging in size from 1-100 nm. Chapter One is intended to provide detailed information on various aspects of nanomaterials including the types, characterisation, methods of preparation, physicochemical properties, optical and thermal properties and various applications. Chapter Two provides comprehensive information regarding the characteristics, advantages, composition, methods of preparation, factors affecting formulation, characterisation, applications, safety and toxicological considerations and future prospects for the use and preparation of nanosponges (NS). In Chapter Three, the fundamentals and applications of the mainstream top-down nanolithography techniques, which have been successfully applied in the fabrication of the graphene-based nano devices (such as the graphene nano-ribbon electronics, graphene quantum dot devices, graphene-based nano sensors and so on) are described. And in Chapter Four, the detailed method of tuning the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the AFM electric lithography is introduced and analysed.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology. Major obstacles, drawbacks and challenges were analysed, and optimum solutions were provided / recommended for each individual nanomaterial in Chapter One, which also covers some technical analysis and sustainable uses of these materials in different industries. Chapter Two summarises recent advances in the fabrication, characterisation, properties, and applications of CB nanoparticles in various industries. The (simultaneous) twin polymerisation using diverse main-group and transition metal compounds as twin monomers, and additives like metal carboxylates or tin alkoxides to produce metal and metal oxide nanoparticle- as well as tin alloy-decorated porous carbon and silica hybrid materials is reported in Chapter Three. Several nanocomposites and products available in the market were studied in detail in Chapter Four to understand the Eol concepts of these materials and structures used for numerous product developments. Chapter Five summarises recent advances in the fabrication of nanoparticles, especially carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and their inherent failure mechanism under various external loading conditions. Chapter Six utilises thermal performance-illumination experiment with intelligent dimensional analysis to study the green-energy device characteristics in high power heating sources, in order to reach the green recycling of energy efficiency and depict how to prepare the process of thermo-electric nanofluid and fill it into pipe to form a TEP device. Chapter Seven presents a summary of the fabrication of soft nanostructure by molecular self-assembly of synthetic peptides. The structural-parametric model, the solution of the wave equation of the electroelastic actuator and the calculation their transfer functions are presented in Chapter Eight.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors discuss nanopowders, or powders with a particle size of less than 100 nanometers. Several nanopowder types have effectively been synthesized with potential applications as follows: Fe3O4 and BaFe6O19 (as magnetic materials, microwave absorbent, magnetic fluid and gel), SiO2 (as fillers to enhance mechanical strength), and CaCO3 (as coating for corrosive protection, food additives, cosmetics and drugs). This method allows for the production of high purity nanopowders with a moderately narrow crystal size distribution and unique morphology. Next, the innovative approaches to address the lightning strikes and EMI shielding effects on composite aircraft are examined, noting that composite aircraft protection against lightning is more complex due to the anisotropic nature of composite structure and high resistance of carbon in epoxy resins. The authors go on to present results of studies of composite electrochemical coatings modified by nano- and microparticles of various natures are presented, considering the operational properties and structural features of main types of composite coatings. Later, recent advances in synthesising highly ordered Titana nanotubes are explored, with regard to selection of suitable titanium based substrate and electrolyte apart from process parameters. These parameters include temperature, pH, voltage and applications in the areas of global warming , solar energy, photocatalytic applications, biomedical starting from implants to drug-eluding stents, sensors, and hydrogen storage. A chapter is presented on practical ways for fabricating cost-effective equipment for deposition of nanofilms, covering the most versatile techniques of sol-gel deposition and sputter-coating. The authors maintain that by applying individual ingenuity to the described frugal techniques, the reader should be able to form nanofilms of various materials with properties tailored to suit the intended application. Afterwards, the authors describe the soft, hard templated, and hierarchically ordered strategies concerning nanotechnology applied to fabricate porous carbon materials. Additionally, relevant advantages and disadvantages aim to provide the vital information about the growing field for future energy to minimize the potential environmental risks. Moving on, the authors introduce new research and related literature concerning the synthesis of cobalt diselenide (CoSe2) nanoneedle arrays for efficient hydrogen evolution electrolysis. Future aspects for improving the performance of transition metal dichalcogenide-based electrocatalytic electrodes are also examined. Lastly, a study on formation of nanoporous silicon and germanium layers with silver nanoparticles by low-energy high-dose ion implantation is presented. The authors suggest ion implantation for the formation of naoporous semiconductor thin layers, which could be easily combined with the crystalline matrix for various applications.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors discuss a synergistic enhancement of electron and thermal conductivities of epoxy-based composites (CMs) with different hybrid fillers. Their investigation shows an increase of the thermal conductivity as compared to CMs with a single carbon filler. This increase is more pronounced for GNPs/BN fillers. However, the role of an interface thermal resistance is still dominant in the determination of the thermal conductivity of investigated epoxy composites. A subsequent chapter aims to present an overview of noteworthy functionalised materials that have been produced in recent years, in order to act as a guide for the future design of more efficient adsorbent materials. The authors also provide a review which could pave the way for the potential use of nanotechnology in the treatment of skin diseases. The potential implication of the nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals could be significant and is warranted to be evaluated in long-term in vivo and clinical studies. Next, a transparent and flexible crystalline polymer nanohybrid was fabricated, containing well-dispersed magnetic nanoparticles with organic chain-modified surfaces. The partially fluorinated copolymer matrix used is composed of switchboard-type lamellae. These become transparent owing to the creation of high-density amorphous regions on drawing the corresponding film at just below the polymer melting point. Lastly, the book investigates double-diffusive convection in unsteady nanofluid flow over a moving surface in a porous medium in the presence of a chemical reaction and subject to thermal radiation. This study includes the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis.

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Book SynopsisThis book is divided into two sections. Section One covers the authors'' work on the synthesis and characteristics of the various carbon nanofibers and microcoils using chemical vapor deposition and electrospun technologies. This section includes Chapters One through Four. Chapter One is an introductory chapter which presents synthesis, properties and analysis of carbon nanofibers and microcoils prepared by chemical vapor deposition and electrospun technologies. Chapter Two introduces information for approaching electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) with superior mechanical strength from aligned and stretched polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymer nanofibers possessing high degrees of morphological and structural perfection. Chapter Three investigates the in-situ and ex-situ processes for the formation of geometrically controlled carbon microcoils and the practical application of carbon microcoils to the various nano/micro electronic or mechanical devices. Chapter Four discusses the synthesis and various characterizations of carbon nanofibers synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of halogenated hydrocarbons. Section Two deals with the recent advances in materials synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofibers and their applications such as Li secondary batteries, supercapacitors and heavy metal remediation in ground and wastewater. This section includes chapter Five through Ten. Chapter Five presents preparation and characterization of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), CNFs-Si, and CNFs-(PC)Si composites synthesized by the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method using transition metal catalysts and applications to anode materials of Li secondary batteries. Chapter Six introduces a synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofibers and Si/carbon nanofiber composites based on Ni and Mo catalysts prepared for the anode material of Li secondary batteries. Chapter Seven discusses the electrophoretic deposition of Ni and Cu catalysts on C-fiber textiles for the growth of carbon nanofibers and coating of silica by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate on carbon nanofibers, and finally applications to the anode materials for Li secondary batteries. Chapter Eight presents synthesis and characterization of transition metal coated carbon nanofibers on Ni foam via CVD followed by a dipping method and electrochemical performance as anode materials for Li secondary batteries. Chapter Nine introduces a design of hierarchical porous carbon materials containing various metal oxides as an electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. Chapter Ten discusses an innovative carbon nanofibrous composite material prepared by the electrospun method and its application for efficient heavy metal pollutant remediation in contaminated groundwater as well as in wastewater treatment.

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Book SynopsisThe volume explores the emerging science of nanotechnology which deals with the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology, material science and technology of nanometer scale objects, which has become a central pillar for the next generation medical challenges such as developing tiny nanodevices, as well as for food technology. There is no doubt that the development of emerging nanotechnology based nanomedicine, nanodevices for diagnostics and therapy, drug delivery systems and other applications are fast growing research areas for chemistry, biology, physics, medicine and different disciplines of engineering. On the other hand, due to the possible use in human health and food technology, the same emerging technology might raise new ethical issues and therefore require careful analysis of ethical aspects. To summarize the recent growth, the first volume in the Nanotechnology: Principles, Applications and Ethical Considerations series discusses the basic science behind the emerging technology, which is necessary to understand how these tiny materials can be used in our daily lives. This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of this rapidly-expanding and fascinating field from the molecular level to possible applications in the medical field. It contains eight chapters written by world renowned experts in this area, covering from basic science to possible nanomedicine designs, which can have numerous applications in our society. This book is unique in its design and content, providing a depth of science for readers that will help them understand the benefits and limitations of nanotechnology as well as its ethical and social implications.

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Book SynopsisThe first-principle approach is designed for the interpretation of the experimental observations and prediction of properties for new nanomaterials. The understanding of physical phenomena requires a description at the atomic scale where size and geometric organization play important roles. The major challenge is to model systems as close as possible to those developed in the laboratory. The complexity both in terms of the geometric structure and chemical composition that comprise the modeling of such systems requires an entire panel of approaches ranging from semi-empirical methods to ab initio methods. At the atomic scale, the elementary bricks of the buildings are atoms. The cohesion and dynamics of these buildings are the result of interactions between these atoms. Two major classes of modeling techniques for these buildings can be distinguished: Electronic structure calculations and molecular simulation methods. Molecular simulation methods are limited in their application since they cannot be used to model properties that depend on the electronic structure. As part of the electronic structure calculations, the building is described by the notion of wave function. One of the fundamental tasks of quantum physics is to solve a differential equation according to the electronic, nuclear and spin coordinates via the Schrödinger equation. The resolution of this equation in analytical form is impossible, except in the case of hydrogenites. Different numerical resolution methods have been developed based on a series of simplifications and successive approximation techniques. Once solved, this equation gives the total energy of the system, the associated wave function, and the energies of the electronic states. These methods are applied at a temperature of zero and at a fixed pressure. There are several families of methods: Semi-empirical methods, Hartree-Fock (HF) methods and density functional (DFT) methods. From the dependence of the total energy on the volume of the mesh, we can deduce the equilibrium crystalline parameters, the modulus of rigidity or the enthalpy of formation. Finally and above all, they allow, through studies of electronic structure, to identify the phenomena that govern the substitutions. In other words, thanks to the fundamental laws of quantum physics, it is possible to compute macroscopic properties from microscopic information. The interface between the first-principle and experimental design could provide a way to answer a lot of problems and open questions on the physical properties of nanomaterials. The purpose of this book is to propose some ideas to answer the most important question in the design of nanomaterials (OD,1D and 2D) for nanotechnology application, namely, nanomaterials for spintronic application, nanomaterials for solar energy technologies application, magnetic refrigeration applications, switchable materials application and nanomedicine applications. Additionally, the author will discuss the correlation between the first-principle and experimental design to see how the properties of the yet-to-be-synthesized nanomaterials can be predicted. Based on experimental and on first-principle calculations design, the author will discuss structural, optical and magnetic properties of new nanomaterials. New physical properties will be discussed in nanomaterials recently observed, and this creates new opportunities for development and construction of a new nanomaterial for nanotechnology applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is devoted to the computer modeling of two-dimensional materials consisting of no more than two sheets of graphene or silicene. The results of the investigation of the mechanical and thermal properties of such ultrathin films that are in a free-standing state and, also, located on substrates of silver, copper, and graphite are presented. The thermal stability of copper, nickel, and aluminum films of monatomic thickness on graphene has been studied. The calculated data on the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene and silicene are presented. The excellent adsorption properties of graphene allow one to use it as a filter. A method for purifying graphene from heavy metals (copper, lead, and mercury) is proposed and implemented in a computer experiment by bombarding a contaminated graphene film on a copper substrate by clusters of noble gases with energies from 5 to 30 eV at various angles of incidence. This method of purifying graphene from mercury is compared with the method of heating this toxic metal deposited on graphene. The book is aimed at creating new composite materials with the use of graphene and silicene. Considerable attention is paid to the creation of high-capacity, rapidly cyclic, long-lived anodes of ionic batteries. Graphene and silicene can be used as anode materials of lithium-ion batteries, while their charge capacity sharply increase and the charging time is shortened. Here, the authors describe the results of the passage of lithium ions through graphene and silicene membranes. Vacancy defects form the holes in these membranes. Further development of electrochemical current sources is constrained due to the lack of suitable anode material. Graphene, and especially silicene, are the main materials for designing the anode of a lithium-ion battery. This book describes computer experiments involving the passage by lithium ions through the graphene, silicene, and silicene-graphene channels formed by corresponding perfect sheets and sheets containing vacancy defects. The processes of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium into silicene channels of various degrees of defectiveness located on a silver and copper substrate are considered. The lithium ion moving in the electric field along the channel is considered as a probe for determining the detailed structure of the channel. This approach allows us to investigate the surrounding of the ion by both Si-rings and Si-polyhedra. The prospect of using silicene on pyrolytic graphite as an anode material is examined. Computer tests are supported by the calculation of the energy, kinetic and mechanical characteristics of the functional elements of the anode. In each case, all components of the stress tensor of a two-dimensional material are determined. This book will be useful for scientists, graduate students, and students who are interested in the actual use of unique two-dimensional materials in the form of graphene and silicene. This book may interest technologists engaged in the field of electronics and the creation of electrochemical current sources, materials scientists, researchers using low-energy cluster beams, and specialists in the field of computer modeling. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation [the grant number 16-13-00061].

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Book SynopsisThis book is partially composed of short communications -- proceedings of international symposium "Nanophysics and nano-engineering 2017" (venue: Mining university), and full-sized chapters, covering selected topics in depth. A variety of phenomena are described in this book. Smart nanostructured coatings, methods of synthesis based on both "top to bottom" (plasma deposition, remote methods) and "bottom to top" approaches are covered, as well as modeling approaches and analytical techniques. As before, ecological issues are highly addressed, such as materials for water purification and pollution prevention. Permanent interest in fullerenes as to one-dimensional carbon-based structures arises from their ability to be relatively easily modified by species of interest, for the purpose of bio-substrate delivery. Graphite exfoliation is utilised as a method to produce graphite nanoparticles and the modelling of fullers is reported. Issues of dielectric relaxation of solids have been a stunning topic for at least a few decades, and even now the interest in the dielectric relaxation approach seems to increase. This is because of the sensitivity of this non-destructive method to the conformational changes of flexible molecular moieties, brushes, and interchain segments. This avenue was focused on materials appliances of the method and technical development of the method and resolution, as well as the materials studied. Semiconductor technologies discussed in the book were related to developing solar concentrator systems (silicon technologies), heterojunction solar cells of eutectic gallium arsenide solid solutions for the development of alternative heterostructures based on the tunneling effect. "Exotic" semiconductors -- diamonds with delta-doped layers known for their high temperature resistance -- are studied via capacitance measurements. Directional crystallisation was studied to produce rear-Earth compounds with anisotropic properties for the application of thermoelectric materials. Findings in sorption properties of clay minerals with singlet oxygen is underestimated as global in terms of environmental factors. Oil shale and oil shale ash Baltic basin studies are reported. Materials with magnetic properties synthesised by the sol-gel method are based on varrium-titanium ceramic and are studied via a variety of powerful experimental methods: SEM, XRD, SAXC, and SAPNS. Findings in the surface modification of zinc oxide films are modified by selenium. A special experimental setup is made possible using an ambient pressure approach without isolating the atmosphere to synthesise the hierarchically ordered surface structure. Interface properties related to water absorption on an aluminum surface are analyzed, and they are of interest for tribology applications of organopolymer compositions. Composite nanostructured materials for solar concentrator systems are discussed, as well as compounds for thermionic energy converters. It is believed that this book provides an unbiased sketch of progress in nanotechnology and related areas.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/applied-aspects-of-nanophysics-and-nano-engineering/

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the novel technology that enables the control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where exclusive phenomena allow novel systems and applications to arise. In other words, nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating atoms, molecules and matter at nanometric length scales, to create new systems, materials, and devices. The field of nanotechnology delivers opportunities and challenges for scientists and technologists for the development of new materials and systems with greater functionality and speed. The rapidly emerging innovations in nano systems have enabled the creation of new sensors, transducers and measurement devices with great improvements in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, along with significant size reductions. Nanotechnology and nano engineering stand to produce significant scientific and technological advances in diverse fields including medicine and physiology, automation, space research, and sensor technology. Also, recent advances in computational nanoscience enables scientists and technologists to study nano materials and nano systems more efficiently with the help of mathematical models and simulation techniques. This edited book aims to provide useful scientific discussions on the recent advances in nano systems and computational techniques covering topics in the diverse fields of biomedical engineering, automobile engineering, mechatronics, materials technology and renewable energy.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advances-in-nano-instrumentation-systems-and-computational-techniques/

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Book SynopsisCellulose is the most important and naturally abundant organic biopolymer in the biosphere. It is the basic structural component of plant cell walls. Cellulose based materials have been utilized by our society as engineering materials for thousands of years and their use continues today as verified by the enormity of the worldwide industries. In recent decades, the conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass and natural biopolymers into chemicals, liquid fuels and feed supplements has gained considerable attention. In addition, the gradual depletion of petroleum resources, the lack of space for landfills, concerns over emissions during incineration, and environmental pollution caused due to accumulation of these non-destructible solid wastes has spurred efforts to develop high performance materials which are eco-friendly and sustainable. Keeping in mind the advantages of the bio-based materials from cellulose, this volume, edited by Tri-Dung (T.-D.) Ngo, includes cellulose from the micro- (cellulose fiber) to nanoscale (nanocellulose). This book focuses on the chemistry, production, properties and applications of the cellulose materials in various areas. From the view of sustainable development, the new materials associated with cellulose bio-renewable sources are enormously being addressed. In addition, nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving area of development, as science, engineering and technology have merged to bring nanoscale materials much closer to reality. The book also summarizes the recent developments made in the area of advanced bio-nanomaterials, chemical functionalization of celluloses from the micro- to nanoscale, and their processing and successful utilization for selected applications. A number of critical issues and suggestions for future work are discussed, underscoring the roles of researchers for the efficient development of advanced bio-nanomaterials through value addition to enhance their use.

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Book SynopsisThe first chapter discusses the three major types of nanocomposites: metal, polymer, and ceramic matrix. Characteristics of different types of nanocomposites and their potential applications are presented briefly as well. Following this, the authors examine the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products that has aroused global concern regarding their fate in biological systems, resulting in a demand for parallel risk assessment. This compilation also contains numerous approaches for targeted drug delivery systems using various options, particularly those involving the incorporation of nanocomposite materials. The basics on the Hubbard model in 1D and 2D and its applications in work on nanomaterials is presented. These applications concern electrical transport properties and optical properties of nanomaterials. The authors provide a review of recent research on the effect of various polymers incorporation in thin films on optical, structural, electrochemical and other properties of thin films. An overview of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer based bone scaffold materials is provided, along with their synthesis, characterisation, applications, advantages and short comings in the field of biomedical engineering application. Besides the effect of porosity, pore size, interconnectivity, microstructure of the scaffold on bone tissue engineering are evaluated in this section. Later, the generalized structural-parametric model, the solution of the matrix equations of the multilayer electroelastic actuator for the mechatronics and the nanotechnology and the calculation their transfer functions are presented by the authors. The concluding chapter assesses some common multiscale methods developed while stating some of the computational merits in multiscale simulations compared to large-scale atomistic simulations.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/advances-in-nanotechnology-volume-22/

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Book SynopsisForensic Science is an interdisciplinary subject that uses principles and methodologies of various subjects including chemistry, biology, physics, geology, psychology, social science and engineering to help law enforcement agencies to enforce criminal laws and regulations to resolve civil and criminal cases. Body fluids, fingerprints, footprints, illicit drugs, explosives etc. are the evidences that can be found at the scene of crime in trace amount. These evidences are first analysed through screening and then confirmatory methods. During this process, the probability of sample loss is very high, especially when a sample amount is inadequate and therefore does not meet minimum requirement to analyse it. Generally, scientists discuss new-fangled nanotechnology research and its conversation turns to the commercial aspects or potential issues around health, safety, and the environment. In recent years, some of them have shown their interest to integrate nanotechnology with basic sciences and applied for forensic purposes, which are shifting the paradigm of forensic investigation process. Introduction of Forensic Nanotechnology as Future Armour is the first comprehensive book to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of forensic nanotechnology. This emerging field of forensic science investigates real-time crime scenes and terrorist activities, inquiries, detects the presence of explosive materials, biological indicators, document preservation, fingerprint enhancement and food adulteration using nanomaterial. Scientists and researchers are working on nanotechnology applications that may steer the power of forensic investigation, but the challenges to bring them from lab to the courtroom remain persistent. Moreover, some crucial concerns in forensic science such as analysis cost and time, methods' effectiveness and wide availability and results' accuracy and reliability are creating obstacles in forensic investigation and security. In this book we requested to enrich the scientific content as state-of-the-art in terms of application of nanotechnology in forensic science. In this way, all chapters will emphasise the emerging field of research to solve crime with the help of nanotechnology in various fields of forensic science like detecting explosives, biological indicators, document preservation, latent fingerprint and food adulteration. The integration of laboratory processes onto a nano platform is conceivably the most interesting advancement of nanotechnology highlighted in this book and some more issues like recent research developments, challenges and future opportunities are also addressed in this book. The book is written for a wide readership including researchers, undergraduate and graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology engineering, physics, life sciences, forensic science, and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook but also as a review and reference book. However, because many other nano technological applications for forensic analysis are yet to be studied, this book can be helpful to explore new opportunities. We hope that the chapters of this book will provide the reader with valuable insight as a revolutionary, protective tool in the fields of virtopsy, crime scene investigation, identification, forensic biology and toxicology. We also hope that after reading this book, researchers around the world will be motivated to enter into the field of forensic nanotechnology.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation opens with a discussion on the state of the art of the most representative mesostructured materials based on silicon dioxide used in diverse applications, and focusing on the synthesis, functionalization, and characterization of such materials. Following this, the authors present examples of success in using polymeric nanoparticles, as well as methods for their formation and physicochemical analysis required prior to perform safety and efficacy biological tests. Various mechanisms of silver nanoparticles contribute to their cytotoxicity, including generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and activation of signaling events leading to inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. As such, the authors propose that future efforts be focused on the development of less toxic silver nanoparticles. Continuing, graphene and its by-products are defined and the mechanism of electromagnetic waves absorption via graphene-based substrates and nanocomposites is presented. Various kinds of graphene-based electromagnetic shields are examined and their performances compared. Physicochemical characterizations of the nanoemulsions are performed, including analysis over a period time to monitor the maintenance of these characteristics during storage. Next, a series of topics regarding electromagnetic wave shielding theory, sample fabrication methods, and characterization of the shielding materials are presented and experimental programs reported in the literature are reviewed. In conclusion, the authors present results of investigations concerned with the impact of rhodamine-B deposition on the surface of porous silicon on the chemical composition and optical properties of this system.Table of ContentsPrefaceMesostructured Porous Nanoparticles Based on SiO2. Synthesis, Characterization and ApplicationsPolymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From Bench to ShelfApplications of Silver Nanoparticles in Medicine and DentistryGraphene-Based Nanocomposites as Potential Electromagnetic ShieldsPhysicochemical Evaluations for Nanoemulsion CharacterizationElectromagnetic Interference Shielding Cementitious Materials with Carbon Nanomaterials: A ReviewThe Study of Distinctions in the Deposition of Organic Dye Rhodamine-B on the Surface of Porous Silicon with Different Pore SizesIndex.

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Book SynopsisIn this collection, the authors begin by presenting recent progress and preparation of cellulose nanocrystals. Additionally, different applications of cellulose nanocrystals as polymeric scaffold material, reinforcement fillers, rheology modifiers, and in electronics are reviewed and discussed. Also provided are detailed descriptions on: cellulose nanocrystals isolation methods, characterization, and properties; current and future trends in terms of development of cellulose nanocrystals for various applications; concluding remarks on cellulose nanocrystals major uses in advanced engineering applications. In view of the rising interdisciplinary research being carried out on cellulose nanocrystals, the authors assemble the knowledge available about the chemical structure, sources, physical and chemical procedures for the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals. In closing, this book gives a brief, up-to-date introductory review on cellulose nanocrystals synthesis, up research in polymer-based cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites, and their applications and challenges.Table of ContentsPrefaceCellulose Nanocrystals -- Sources, Preparation, and Applications: Research AdvancesReview On: Current Research Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystals, Its Sources, Fabrication Methods, and PropertiesCellulose Nanocrystals from Bioresources and Their ApplicationsCellulose Nanocrystals and Its Application in Polymer Nanocomposite for Drug DeliveryIndex.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a wide field of theoretical and experimental investigations of organic and inorganic systems: preparation methods, functional properties characterization and modification and practical applications. The first section includes studies in carbon structures of reduced dimensionality. Covered topics are: thermodynamic modeling of the behavior of fullerenes at heating in Argon, studying carbon nanotubes by X-ray diffraction, modelling of oscillating systems by cognitive digital systems. The number of chapters describes the structural investigations of a wide variety of materials such as different sorts of steel in grained modification for mining equipment, elements of rock-breaking, crushing and grinding equipment; degradation of dielectrics, including nanostructured dielectrics, by migratory polarization. Quantum chemical calculations were traditionally of a special interest of modelling nanostructured nuclei's. This method was applied to study titanium and vanadium nanocoating's formation from gas phase and to study quaternary ammonium compounds for modification of metal surfaces. Quantum-chemical calculations in bio-medical aspect made possible visualization ischemia-reperfusion injury using indocyanine green. The final paper in the section contains a scientific essay, where peculiarities of quantum mechanics are traversed through findings of nanotechnology. Section 2 includes the chapters related to preparation methods for the materials containing various components. It is opened by research of nanoporous alumina, which is a promising material for printed circuit boards. Heat flow distribution was found to possess some interesting features. Physical properties of electrochemically grown metallic filaments studied by electron microscopy anddiversity from dendritic to fractal structure was described. Fractal thematic was also addressed with simulation of breakdown in plasma channel. Section 3 is focused on the possibility of using new nanomaterials of different composition and design as powders for corundum ceramics, perfluorsulfonic membranes, refining noble methods from ultrafine valuable components, metals regeneration from oxide, and surface nanostructuring laser mechanisms. Mentoring aspect - education of the young researchers involved in nanoscience and technology -- is covered in chapter "Students Training on "Nanoengineering", which is also a very important and promising scientific field.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Modeling of Fullerenes C32 Heating in Argon: Thermodynamic Computer Experiment; Cluster Model of Graphitized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; Transformation Modeling of Nanostructures by Cognitive Systems According to Big Smart Data; Grain Size Reduction in the Material Structure as an Effective Method of Increasing the Wear Resistance of Quick-Wear Elements of Mining Equipment; Degradation of Ionic Dielectrics under the Influence of Migratory Polarization; Nanodiagnostics of Construction Materials; The Influence of the Relative Concentrations of VOCl3 and TiCl4 Vapors in the Gas Mixture on the Composition of Vanadium-Titanium-Containing Nanocoatings on the Silica; Quantum-Chemical Modeling of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds for Modification of Metal Surface; Quantum-Chemical Justification of Using Indocyanine Green for Intravital Visualization of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury; Spectral and Kinetic Parameters of Triplet States of Acylic Derivatives Polycyclic Hydrocarbon; Some Peculiarities of Nanoworld from the Position of Modern Quantum Mechanics; Thermal Flows in a PCB from Aluminum with Alumina Oxide Generated by a Linear Heat Source; Using the Method of SEM Image Processing to Study the Morphology of Porous Anodic Alumina Films; Radial Distribution of the Thermoelectric Parameters in BixSb2-xTe3 Solid Solution Produced by Hot Extrusion; Nanoscale Range Metals Filamentous Powders of Cubic System; Characterization of Microplasma Breakdown in Semiconductor Structures Based on Fractal Analysis; Activation of the Surface of Alumina Powders for Sintering Ceramics; Porous Structure and Sorption Capacity of Perfluorosulfonic Membrane MF-4SK; On the Use of Microwave Treatment of Gold-Containing Concentrates for Its Efficient Processing; Regeneration of the Metal Oxidizer in the Near-Surface Layer as the Most Successful Variant of the Macrocycle in the Mechanism of Heterogeneous Heterophase Oxidation of the Metal; Research of Nanostructuring of Metal Surfaces by the Nanobar Code Processing; Raman Spectroscopy as a Method for Studying the Composition of Films of Compounds AIIBVI, AIIIBV on a SiC/Si Heterostructure; Mott-Schottky Analysis of Multi-Layered Graphenes for Application in Electrochemical Charge Storage Devices; Investigation the Absorption Spectra of Dialysate Output Line in the Hemodialysis Process to Create Biosensors; Professional Orientated Education System on Nanoengineering; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Quantum Wires (QWs) occupy a central position in the whole field of nanoscience and technology. In this edited book, in Chapter 1, the Fowler-Nordheim Field Emission from QWs has been studied and, in Chapter 2, the Effective Mass in Heavily Doped (HD) QWs has been investigated. The importance of Dispersion Relations is already well-known since the inception of Solid State Science, which has been studied in Chapter 3 in QWs of technologically important Non- Parabolic compounds. The Diffusivity Mobility Ratio and the Magneto Thermoelectric Power in QWs have been investigated in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively. In Chapters 6 and 7, the density-of-states function in HD superlattices in the presence of electric field has been explored as well as the Quantum Capacitance in Quantum Wire Field Effect Transistors. The importance of Einstein's Photoemission is already well-known and has been studied from Heavily Doped QWs in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9, the Magnetic susceptibility in the Magnetic Susceptibilities in QWs has been explored and, lastly, Chapter 10 discusses the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (HUP) and the Carrier Contribution to the Elastic Constants in HD Opto electronic QWs. This edited book is written for graduate and post graduate students, researchers, engineers and professionals in the fields of mechanical engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, semiconductors and related areas, nano-electronics, condensed matter physics, solid state sciences, materials science, nanoscience and technology and nano-structured materials in general.Table of ContentsDedication; Preface; Acknowledgements; Quantum Wires and Fowler-Nordheim Field Emission; The Effective Mass in Heavily Doped Quantum Wires; Dispersion Relations in Quantum Wires of Non-Parabolic Semiconductors; The Diffusivity Mobility Ratio in Quantum Wire Superlattices; The Magneto Thermoelectric Power in Quantum Wires in the Presence of Microwave Radiation; On the Simplified Expression of the Density-Of-States Function in Heavily Doped Superlattices in the Presence of Electric Field; The Quantum Capacitance in Quantum Wire Field Effect Transistors; Einsteins Photoemission from Heavily Doped Quantum Wires; Quantum Wires and Magnetic Susceptibilities; The Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle and the Carrier Contribution to the Elastic Constants in Heavily Doped Opto Electronic Quantum Wires; About the Editor; Index.

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Book SynopsisBiocatalytic Technology & Nanotechnology

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometre is a billionth of a metre, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this frontier field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometre is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this frontier field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a "catch-all" description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A manometre is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this frontier field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this frontier field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A manometer is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this frontier field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometre is a billionth of a metre, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book leading-edge research from around the world in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a ''catch-all'' description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book present simportant breakthroughs in the field from around the world.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a "catch-all" description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A manometre is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents the latest research in this field from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisNanophase materials and technology is a new application technology. Nanocomposites have attracted tremendous attention due to their potential applications in biomedical, catalytic, separation, chemical sensing, fuel cell, capacitors, microfabrication, tribological, resonant coupling, high flux gas transport etc. Nanocomposite materials are complex nanophase materials which optimise the performance of traditional materials. Various nanocomposites have been synthesised in a wide range of polymerisation, sol-gel, deposition, magnetron sputtering, supercritical fluid, sonochemistry, laser, etc.Among these works, many strategies were addressed to improve nanocomposites mechanical properties by inclusions (fibers, whiskers, platelets, or particles). The embedding of inclusions in a host matrix to make composites, which gives material properties not achieved by either phase alone, has been a common practice for many years. Traditionally, composites were reinforced with micron-sized inclusions. Recently, processing techniques have been developed to allow the size of inclusions to go down to nanoscale.With the recent developments in the nanoscience and nanotechnology fields, the correlation of composite properties with nanostructure has become a point of great interest. As a result, much of the work is still ongoing and there is yet to be a definite conclusion on the effect of nano-sized structure on nanocomposite systems. This book provides leading edge research from around the globe on this field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a "catch-all" description of activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in the real world. A nanometre is a billionth of a meter, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Nanotechnology is now used in precision engineering, new materials development as well as in electronics; electromechanical systems as well as mainstream biomedical applications in areas such as gene therapy, drug delivery and novel drug discovery techniques. This book presents new and important research advances from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the electron-phonon interactions in the charged molecular systems such as polyacenes, polyfluoroacenes, B, N-substituted polyacenes, and polycyanodienes are discussed. They estimated the electron-phonon coupling constants and the frequencies of the vibronic active modes playing an essential role in the electron-phonon interactions in order to discuss how CH-CF, CC-BN, and CC-CN substitutions are closely related to the essential characteristics of the electron-phonon interactions in these molecules by comparing the calculated results for charged polyacenes with those for charged B, N-substituted polyacenes and polycyanodienes, respectively. The C-C stretching modes around 1500 cm-1strongly couple to the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), and the lowest frequency modes and the C-C stretching modes around 1500 cm-1 strongly couple to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) in polyacenes. The C-C stretching modes around 1500 cm -1strongly couple to the HOMO and LUMO in polyfluoroacenes. The B-N stretching modes around 1500 cm -1 strongly couple to the HOMO and LUMO in B, N-substituted polyacenes. The C-C and C-N stretching modes around 1500 cm-1 strongly couple to the HOMO and LUMO in polycyanodienes. The total electron-phonon coupling constants for the monocations and monoanions decrease with an increase in molecular size in polyacenes, polyfluoroacenes, B, N-substituted polyacenes, and polycyanodienes. In general, we can expect that monocations and monoanions, in which number of carriers per atom is larger, affords larger value. The CH-CF, CC-BN, and CC-CN atomic substitutions are effective way to seek for larger values, and the CH-CF and CC-CN atomic substitutions are effective way to seek for larger values in polyacenes. The logarithmically averaged phonon frequencies which measure the frequencies of the vibronic active modes playing an essential role in the electron-phonon interactions for the monocations and monoanions in polyacenes, polyfluoroacenes, B, N-substituted polyacenes, and polycyanodienes are investigated. The values decrease with an increase in molecular size in polyacenes, polyfluoroacenes, and polycyanodienes, and the values decrease with an increase in molecular size in polyacenes, polyfluoroacenes, B, N-substituted polyacenes, and polycyanodienes. The authors can expect that in the hydrocarbon molecular systems, the values would basically decrease by substituting hydrogen atoms by heavier atoms. This can be understood from the fact that the frequencies of all vibronic active modes in polyacenes downshift by H-F substitution. However, considering that the value for the LUMO rather localised on carbon atoms in large sized polyfluoroacenes becomes larger by H-F substitution, the authors can expect that the value for a molecular orbital localised on carbon atoms has a possibility to increase by substituting hydrogen atoms by heavier atoms if the phase patterns of the molecular orbital do not significantly change by such atomic substitution. Therefore, the detailed properties of the vibrational modes and the electronic structures as well as the molecular weights are closely related to the frequencies of the vibronic active modes playing an important role in the electron-phonon interactions in the monoanions of polyfluoroacenes.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology has potential applications in many sectors of the American economy, including consumer products, health care, transportation, energy and agriculture. Since 2001, EPA has played a leading role in funding research and setting research directions to develop environmental applications for, and understand the potential human health and environmental implications of, nanotechnology. That research has already borne fruit, particularly in the use of nanomaterials for environmental clean-up and in beginning to understand the disposition of nanomaterials in biological systems. Some environmental applications using nanotechnology have progressed beyond the research stage. The purpose of this book is elucidate the needs associated with nanotechnology, to support related EPA programs, and to communicate these nanotechnology science issues to stakeholders and the public. The book begins with an introduction that describes what nanotechnology is, why EPA is interested in it, and what opportunities and challenges exist regarding nanotechnology and the environment. It then moves to a discussion of the potential environmental benefits of nanotechnology, describing environmental technologies as well as other applications that can foster sustainable use of resources. The book next provides an overview of existing information on nanomaterials regarding components needed to conduct a risk assessment.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology -- a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology -- is focused on understanding, controlling, and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can emerge at scales of one to 100 nanometers. A key issue before Congress regarding nanotechnology is how best to protect human health, safety, and the environment as nanoscale materials and products are researched, developed, manufactured, used, and discarded. While the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is believed by many to offer significant economic and societal benefits, some research results have raised concerns about the potential adverse environmental, health, and safety (EHS) implications of nanoscale materials. Potential detrimental effects of nanoscale materials and devices -- both real and perceived -- must be addressed to protect and improve human health, safety, and the environment; enable accurate and efficient risk assessment, risk management, and cost-benefit trade-offs; foster innovation and public confidence; and ensure that society can enjoy the widespread economic and societal benefits that nanotechnology may offer. This book examines those issues.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology, a term encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology is focused on understanding, controlling, and exploiting the unique properties of matter that can emerge at scales of one to 100 nanometers. A key issue before Congress regarding nanotechnology is how best to protect human health, safety, and the environment as nanoscale materials and products are researched, developed, manufactured, used, and discarded. While the rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology is believed by many to offer significant economic and societal benefits, some research results have raised concerns about the potential adverse environmental, health, and safety (EHS) implications of nanoscale materials. This book discusses new research in this field.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is considered an unlimited discipline inasmuch as it is considered as a mother technology by means of a reductionist approach. Nanotechnology is regarded as a fundamental technology that could ground all the technologies in a similar fashion to the unified theory of physics. Nevertheless, nanotechnology definition, in terms of the system size, which should be less than 1000 nanometres, is not related to the properties of objects or application areas. This confers Nanotechnology with a semantic vagueness that has been profited by several research groups to obtain financial funds inasmuch as nanocosmos has turned out to be a new frontier for scientific research. It is not about building a new world, atom by atom, but of miniaturising the mesocosmic world to a nanometric scale. Having this in mind, it is necessary to integrate physics, chemistry and molecular biology, notwithstanding are open fields which avoids attaining the goal of a unified theory. Hence, Nanotechnology is heavily grounded in frontier sciences and uses instruments developed for natural sciences investigations. Nanotechnology has continuously evolved sharing with past technologies the same approaches to science policy, therefore, it is problematic to consider nanotechnology as a radical change in the development of technology.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field and has achieved breakthroughs in bioengineering, molecular biology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometres or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. There has been much debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted. This new important book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this dynamic field.

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Book SynopsisPolymer nanocomposites are organic-inorganic hybrids where the high aspect ratio inorganic filler can be delaminated in the organic matrix at the nanometer scale, thus leading to significant enhancement of composite properties at very low filler volume fractions. With the advancement of polymer nanocomposites technology, significant enhancements in mechanical and thermal properties of the composites could be achieved. However, other important properties like gas barrier properties, which form an absolutely necessary requirement for the use of materials in packaging and storage applications, were relatively neglected. By improving the barrier performance of the materials by incorporation of high aspect ratio nano platelets, one can expect to reduce the thickness of the commercial packaging laminates and other materials where thick material is required to be used to provide barrier to various gases. This can thus lead to significant amount of savings in the material costs and can make the polymer materials more light and also transparent as the nano scale dispersed filler would not scatter light. This book examines the factors affecting barrier properties enhancement in polar polymer matrices, which are different from case when non polar polymers are involved, thus indicating that the performance has to be quantised by case-by-case basis. The commonly used conventional models for prediction of permeation reduction are also less representative of the true microstructure of the nanocomposites. Thus the barrier performance of the polymer nanocomposite materials is also explored, separate from the more bulk based mechanical properties.

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Book SynopsisThe terms "nanoscience and nanotechnology" refer to the synthesis, characterisation, exploration and application of nanostructured materials. There is an increasing awareness that the nanomechanical properties of living cells and the extracellular microenvironment are intimately linked to their underlying physiology in health and disease. The recent literature on cell nanomechanics is reviewed in this book and the relevance of this science to the development of nanomedicine is discussed. Furthermore, the data on the 2-line ferrihydrite structure and texture is analysed, as well as its methods for preparation and catalytic properties. In addition, a simple method to initiate polymerisation by irradiation, without any added initiators, is reviewed. The authors of this book also discuss the perspectives of future development of the photocatalytic systems based on nanostructured semiconductors, and the ways for their further perfection are outlined, broadening the number of known nanophotocatalysts and photocatalytic processes, as well as the benefits of the utilisation of such systems in modern nanotechnologies. Other chapters in this book discuss the results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy for SnO2, TiO2 and CeO2 nanocrystals. The applications of amorphous metal alloys, as well as its benefits and disadvantages are also discussed.

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Book SynopsisPhage display can be considered as a practical realisation of an artificial chemical evolution. As such, it is an useful tool for in vitro protein evolution, aimed to identifying new receptors and natural ligands for "orphan receptors", drug discovery (peptides might act as enzyme inhibitors and receptor agonists or antagonists, or otherwise modulate the enzyme/receptor''s biological effect), "epitope discovery" (a new approach to disease diagnosis and vaccine development), design of DNA-binding proteins, source of new materials, antibody phage and recombinant phage probes, next-generation nano-electronics, targeted therapy, molecular imaging, gene delivery and phage-display vaccination. All this can be regarded as a kind of synthetic biology in that it involves the reshaping and redirecting of natural molecular systems, phage, typically using the tools of protein and genetic engineering.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology, including dynamical symmetries in nanophysics; tubular carbon nanostructures; nanotribology and biomaterials; germanium nanocrystals; particles as protein markers and nanowire chemical gas sensors.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly. This book gathers and presents data on nanotechnology, including optical properties of nanocrystalline gallium nitride films; rare earth gadolinium nanoparticle; STM-based nanopatterning of silicon particle films; Troponin T and metal nanoparticles in catalysis.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. Biomedical nanotechnology, bio-nanotechnology and nanomedicine are used to describe this hybrid field. The pace of new discoveries in biotechnology and health care and even the appearance of whole new fields of endeavour in recent years have made for an exciting and challenging time for pharmacists. This book examines current research in the study of nanotechnology and its role in the diagnosis and treatment of various fields of medicine.

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