Metals technology / metallurgy Books

Book SynopsisThis new book is a highly practical and useful ""go-to"" resource that presents an in-depth look at the high pressure cold spray process and describes applications in various industries.Cold spray continues to be the fastest developing spray technology over the last decade, and a significant number of scientists, engineers, and technologists are joining the cold spray community around the globe. The technology is relatively young and work is being simultaneously pursued in universities, research centers, and in many high tech industries. As this novel technology spreads quickly into many new application areas, there is a large need for an authoritative source of information. This new book addresses this need and will be indispensable to universities, libraries, and those involved in thermal spray. It presents baseline information on design and modeling, materials science of engineered coatings, and specific applications in various high tech industries, and is also a hands-on resource for cold spray operators.

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Book SynopsisThe Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys Atlas of Microstructures provides any engineer or researcher who works with aluminum castings with a practical and substantive tool for the visual analysis of the microscopic images of the microstructure of the aluminum casting alloys, as examined during routine laboratory procedures. The gallery of microstructure images presented in the Atlas has been selected and put in a systematic order with two main goals in mind Help the reader who has an image of an alloy microstructure identify the examined alloy in a gallery of standard casting Al-Si alloys Help the reader to identify the typical microstructure of an alloy based on its estimated cooling rate The Atlas was composed considering the cast part as a complex construction of crystallites, described in the context of particular technological conditions and initial chemical composition. Chapters I and II discuss the characteristics of the main phase constituents: ?-Al solid solution and silicon crystals (Ch. I), and intermetallic phases (Ch. II). Chapter III presents an atlas of the microstructures of Al-Si cast parts, designated according to standard PN EN 1706, taking into account its counterparts in ASTM-standards. Chapter IV presents the metallographic procedure of the visual identification of the alloy phase constituents.

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Book SynopsisThis new ASM Handbook, Volume 4E: Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys, completes the series of volumes on the major technological subject of heat treating. This singular work gives engineers, analysts, and technicians a one-stop source on the wide variety of nonferrous alloys. With expanded coverage on both the industrial practice and the science of heat treating, this new volume provides more practical information to guide processing requirements and the necessary background information for those without extensive prior knowledge.Table of ContentsGet the basics on heat treating with significantly expanded coverage on nonferrous alloys. In-depth articles provide details on the heat treating principles and practices of aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium alloys. Quenching, distortion, residual stresses, and alloying effects are given special focus, and attention is given to the complexities of aging practices and microstructural development for the major and less common types of nonferrous alloys.

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Book SynopsisThe 2017 edition of Volume 18 builds on articles devoted to specific friction- or wear-critical components supported by coverage on the fundamental physical principles of friction, lubrication, and wear. In addition to basic concepts, methods of lab testing and analysis, materials selection, and field diagnosis and monitoring of friction and wear are also covered. The 2017 edition of this volume has undergone a significant expansion and revision of coverage by a new group of global experts. It has been updated with numerous material and technology developments on coatings, lubrication, tool and die wear, and a number of typical tribological components or classes of components. While it is impossible to include all the types of moving mechanical assemblies that involve tribological challenges, Volume 18 emphasizes a structured approach in analyzing complex tribosystems involving thermal, mechanical, materials, and chemical influences. The new Volume 18 provides an essential resource for a broad audience including researchers, engineers, technicians, students, and quality control personnel. The sections on solid friction, lubricants and lubrication, and wear and surface damage contain basic physical principles that helps introduce the materials-oriented professional to established concepts in tribology. The Handbook is also intended for use by individuals with a background in mechanics or lubricant chemistry seeking information on trends and developments on materials and coatings.Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Introduction to Tribology and Tribological Parameters Tribological Testing and Presentation of Data SOLID FRICTION Basic Theory of Solid Friction Laboratory Testing Methods for Solid Friction Measurement of Surface Forces and Adhesion Frictional Heating in Dry and Lubricated Contacts Environmental and Application Factors in Solid Friction LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION Fundamentals of Lubrication Properties of Liquid Lubricants Lubricant Additives and Their Functions Engine Lubricants Overview and Development Trends Lubricants for Rolling-Element Bearings Ionic Liquids as Lubricants or Lubricant Additives Solid Lubricants Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Lubricant Applications Lubrication Strategies for Extreme Environments WEAR Introduction and Basic Theory of Wear Wear Measurement Wear Maps WEAR BY PARTICLES OR FLUIDS Abrasive Wear Polishing Wear Solid Particle Erosion Cavitation Erosion Liquid Impingement Erosion WEAR BY ROLLING, SLIDING, OR IMPACT Sliding and Adhesive Wear Fretting Wear Rolling-Contact Wear Impact Wear CHEMICALLY ASSISTED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CONTROLLED WEAR Tribocorrosion Adhesion, Friction, and Wear in Low-Pressure and Vacuum Environments Biotribology of Medical Implants TRIBOLOGY AND WEAR OF IRONS AND STEELS Wear of Cast Irons Wear Resistance of Steels Wear of Stainless Steels Tribology and Wear of Bearing Steels Tribology and Wear of Tool Steels TRIBOLOGY AND WEAR OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS AND NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearing Materials Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Alloys Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys Friction and Wear of Aluminum Alloys and Composites Friction and Wear of Cemented Carbides Friction and Wear of Ceramics Friction and Wear of Carbon-Containing Composites Friction and Wear of Polymers and Polymer Composites SURFACE TREATMENTS AND COATINGS FOR FRICTION AND WEAR CONTROL Carbon-Base (Diamond-Like and Diamond) Coatings Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based (MoS2, WS2) Coatings Carbide- and Boride-Based Thick Coatings for Abrasive Wear-Protection Applications Coatings and Surface Treatments for Friction and Wear Control Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology Carburizing Tribology of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Steels Wear and Galling Resistance of Borided (Boronized) Metal Surfaces Laser Surface Engineering for Tribology Wear of Hardfacing Alloys Friction Stir Processing and Surfacing Surface Texturing TOOL AND DIE WEAR Fundamentals of Tribology in Metal Forming Fundamentals of Tribology in Machining Lubrication and Wear in Rolling Lubrication and Wear in Drawing Tribology of Extrusion Lubrication and Wear in Forging Lubrication and Wear in Sheet Forming FRICTION AND WEAR OF MACHINE COMPONENTS Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearings Friction and Wear of Rolling-Element Bearings Gas-Lubricated Bearings Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Gears and Wind Turbine Components Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Internal Combustion Engine Parts Tribology of Power Train Systems Wear of Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Components Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Pump and Compressor Components Friction and Wear of Seals Friction and Wear of Automotive and Aircraft Brakes Wear and Tribology in Agricultural Machinery CONDITION MONITORING Introduction to Condition Monitoring Wear Particle Analysis Vibroacoustic Monitoring Using Signal-Processing Techniques Electrical and Motor-Current Signature Analysis Radionuclide Methods APPENDIX Glossary of Terms

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Book SynopsisASM Handbook, Volume 2A is intended for users of aluminum alloys seeking information on the processes, capabilities, and variables in producing and fabricating aluminum products. Beginning with the classification and underlying physical metallurgy of aluminum alloys, this new handbook is a significant update and expansion of coverage on the technologies of aluminum casting, metalworking, composite processing, heat treating, surface treatment and joining. Updates address ongoing advances in high-integrity die castings, expanded coverage on surface treatment technologies, and contributions from experts in a wide variety of technological areas. New articles address aluminum recycling, melt processing, solidification and castability of aluminum alloys, extrusion, forging design, aluminum foams, semisolid casting, powder and additive technologies, quenching, laser machining, anodizing, organic coating, conversion coating, and laser welding. Significant updates are included on brazing, extrusion, anodizing, welding, and shape casting.Volume 2A provides a detailed and broad-based reference that can give readers insights and solutions on the factors that influence process selection, product quality, performance, and serviceability of aluminum products.

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Book SynopsisThis engineering guide, an accompanying guide to Aluminum Castings Engineering Guide (ASM International, 2018), explains the interactions of product design (for function and manufacturability), materials engineering (for the best choice of alloy and microstructure), and process engineering practices (to achieve the properties and integrity of a component at the most comprehensive cost). Product design engineers, process engineers, quality personnel buyers, and students specializing in the iron and steel casting field will benefit from this application-oriented, practical guide that emphasizes the interdependence of the disciplines, with illustrations explaining the application of principles and the rationale of practices.This book examines performance driven by microstructure, which is driven by mechanical properties and manufacturability, which is then process driven by quality and competitive costs. The book combines theory as well as practice, making it a handy reference for practicing foundry personnel, and casting designers.Another notable feature is the vast information on different types of cast irons and steels, making it a unique reference material. It contains vast data on compositions/grades, structures, and properties applications making it a valuable addition to libraries.Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Casting Performance and Cost Drivers Chapter 2 - Overview of Iron and Steel Manufacturing Chapter 3 - Overview of Molding and Core Making Chapter 4 - Influence of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties and Performance Chapter 5 - Engineering for Functional Performance Chapter 6 - Engineering for Manufacturability and Integrity Chapter 7 - Engineering of Gray Iron Castings Chapter 8 - Engineering of Malleable Iron Castings Chapter 9 - Engineering Ductile Iron Castings Chapter 10 - Engineering Austempered Ductile Iron Castings Chapter 11 - Engineering Compacted Graphite Iron Castings Chapter 12 - Engineering Carbon and Alloy Steel castings Chapter 13 - Iron and Steel Castings Applications and Impact Of Electric Vehicles Chapter 14 - Process Control, Product Quality, and Product Launch Process

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Book SynopsisAluminum: Technology, Industry, and Applications provides an overview of the processes, practices, and trends associated with the use of aluminum as an engineering material.This resourceful and practical book includes chapters on mining and smelting, ingot and continuous casting, shape casting, hot and cold rolling, extrusion and drawing, forging, and secondary operations. It discusses the factors involved in the selection of product forms, alloy compositions, and temper designations with emphasis on manufacturability, component performance, sustainability, and cost.The book also describes the role of aluminum in aerospace, automotive, trucking, rail, marine, packaging, appliance, and building and infrastructure applications, noting major advancements as well as challenges. It also includes content that traces the development of the aluminum industry from its beginnings to its current state, from the perspective of the individuals and organizations who shaped it.It is for anyone working in or serving the aluminum industry and those who have interest in its past, present, and exciting future.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction—Aluminum as an Industrial Material Discovery of Aluminum The Washington Monument Origins of the Industry Evolution of the Aluminum Industry Chapter 2: Mining, Refining, Smelting, and Recycling Where Does Aluminum Come From? Refining—The Bayer Process Smelting Primary Aluminum Scrap and Recycling A Visit to the Aluminum Recycling Center Chapter 3: Strengthening and Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Designation Systems Strengthening of Aluminum Crystal Structure and Ductility of Aluminum Alfred Wilm (1869—1973) Temper Designations Microstructure Changes during Annealing Chapter 4: Direct Chill Ingot and Continuous Casting Processes Melting and Alloying Recycling Molten Metal Treatment Control of Inclusions Ingot Grain Refining Direct Chill Casting Direct Chill Ingot Microstructure Continuous Casting Methods Continuous Casters: The Holy Grail for Sheet Production? Chapter 5: Aluminum Shape Casting What Is a Casting? Aluminum Shape-Casting Processes Sand-Mold Casting High-Pressure Die Casting Casting Alloys Al-Si Alloys Casting Quality and Performance Premium Castings Heat Treatment of Cast Products Chapter 6: Production of Aluminum Rolled Products Ingot Preparation Ingot Preheating and/or Homogenization Hot Rolling Aluminum Rolling Mills Plate Production Cold Rolling of Sheet and Foil Finishing Operations Lithographic Sheet Thick Heat-Treated Plate Chapter 7: Production of Aluminum Extrusion and Wire Drawing Extrusion Process Extrusion Alloys and Process Hollows and Tubes Cold-Finished Rod and Bar Free-Machining Alloys and Products Weldable 6xxx and 7xxx High Strength Structural Alloys Secondary Operations Production of Wire Products Chapter 8: Aluminum Forging What Is Forging? Types of Forging Processes Forging Equipment Forging Process Forging Alloys Forged Products Chapter 9: Product, Alloy, and Temper Selection Introduction to Alloy and Product Selection Important Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Aluminum Corrosion Water Staining of Aluminum Chapter 10: Customer Manufacturing Processes Formability Surface Treatments Room Temperature Joining Elevated Temperature Joining Machining Chapter 11: Aluminum in Aircraft and Space Applications Commercial Aircraft Modern Aircraft Manufacturing Aerospace Alloys Military Aircraft Aluminum in Space Chapter 12: Aluminum in Light Vehicles Aluminum Shaped Castings The Story of the Vega Aluminum Engine Automotive Aluminum Rolled Products Ford F150 Automotive Aluminum Extruded Products Chapter 13: Aluminum in Ground Transportation Early Uses of Aluminum in Ground Transportation Trucks UPS Truck Tour with Driver Buses—School, City, and Long Distance Railroad Freight Applications Subways and Light Rail Passenger High-Speed Railroad Applications Aluminum in Military Vehicles Chapter 14: Aluminum in Marine Transportation Small Boats Alloys for Shipbuilding Aluminum Ships SS United States Chapter 15: Aluminum Packaging Products Foil Packaging Products Coffee Capsules, Pouches, and Packets Semirigid Containers Beverage and Food Cans Brief History of the Aluminum Can Can Metallurgy What Can Go Wrong in Can Making? Impact Extruded Containers Aluminum Closures Chapter 16: Aluminum Building Products Early Use and Development Extruded Products Rolled Products Cast Products Chapter 17: Aluminum in Household Goods and Appliances Cookware Surface Finishes on Aluminum Consumer Electronics and TVs Apple and Aluminum Home Interiors Ladders and Other Tools Luggage and Briefcases Outdoor Furniture Aluminum in Art Art and Architecture Chapter 18: Aluminum in Infrastructure Electrical Conductors Roads and Bridges Saguenay River Bridge at Arvida Highway Signs, Traffic Signals, and License Plates Railroad and Highway Crossings Solar Energy Generation Agriculture and Industrial Applications Chapter 19: Aluminum in Sports and Recreation Water Sports Baseball Easton Sports Hockey, Tennis, and Racquet Sports Cricket Track and Field Snowmobiles, Jet Skis, and Golf Carts Bicycles Sports Wheelchairs Motorcycles Travel Trailers and Recreational Vehicles Camping Equipment Chapter 20: Aluminum and Its Importance for Sustainability Prospects for the Future Primary Production Current State of Recycling Decarbonizing Aluminum Production What's Next for Recycling? Appendix 1 Wrought Aluminum Alloys Appendix 2 Aluminum Casting Alloys Appendix 3 Aluminum Alloy Heat-Treatable Alloy Temper Designations and Product Forms

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Book SynopsisCasting Equipment Engineering Guide is an essential resource covering engineering details of casting equipment, their design features, applications, capabilities, and selection guidelines.This book is written for mechanical engineers, practicing engineers, engineering students, and metallurgists specializing in casting technology.It covers all aspects of shape casting from the flow of raw materials to product inspection and testing. It describes the equipment and procedures used for sand and metal charge storage and handling, sand conditioning, molding and core making, iron and steel melting and pouring, aluminum melting and dosing, aluminum die casting, and gravity and low-pressure permanent and semipermanent molding. It also includes a chapter on post-process cleaning and heat treating and one on plant layout.Additionally, the book provides information on the design and operation of equipment, the calculation of important parameters, and the considerations involved in selecting the right process and equipment to produce iron, steel, and aluminum castings for specific applications.

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Book SynopsisSchey's Tribology in Metalworking: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear is an update to the seminal text Tribology in Metalworking by John Schey, originally published by ASM International in 1983.The 1983 first edition served as a recognized essential resource for researchers in the fields of manufacturing tribology and metal forming for many decades. This 2023 update preserves the essential information in that first edition but provides a thorough update, including a description of the significant advances in tribological research and detailed information for every metal forming process.The tribology of metal forming is very different from other sub disciplines of tribology such as in machine design, micromachine or biomedical applications. Metalforming tribology requires understanding of the implications of elevated temperature and the lubricants that are suitable at those temperatures; the complex interactions between oxide-free workpiece and tooling; the use of conversion coatings or engineered surfaces to help entrain lubricant in demanding applications; the use of emulsions, solid lubricants, cryogenics, and phase change lubricants; contact mechanics for plastically deforming workpieces; and many other considerations.The book is written in an approachable, practical style and each chapter has hundreds of references. Chapters and sections are logically arranged, and the comprehensive indexes are complete. Topics covered include fundamentals of metalworking; surfaces and friction; wear; theory of lubrication; metalworking lubricants; measurement techniques; rolling; drawing; extrusion; forging; sheet metalworking; metal removal; and much more.Author Steven R. Schmid is a Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and has performed research on metalworking tribology for 30 years. He has won numerous best paper and teaching awards and served as President of the North American Manufacturing Research Institute from 2015 to 2016 and an International Delegate to SME from 2019 to 2020. He received the SME Gold Medal in 2019, a lifetime achievement award from MESIC (Spain) in 2020, and the David Dornfeld Innovation Award in 2023.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, significant developments have been made to increase the mechanical strength of steels in order to reduce the overall weight of structures, particularly in motor vehicles. Depending on the application, the increase in strength should not be at the expense of forming and in-use properties. The development of ultra-high strength steels requires a search for new trade-offs between these properties in order to optimize the final microstructure. New Advanced High Strength Steels analyzes the interactions between tensile mechanical properties and properties such as work hardening, anisotropy, resistance to rupture, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, crashworthiness, edge retention, hydrogen resistance and weldability. It also examines the links between the microstructural parameters of high-strength steels and the properties mentioned above. It highlights the metallurgical developments that have been necessary for the emergence of these new generations of steels. The book concludes with a look ahead to future developments in ultra-high strength steels.Table of ContentsForeword xiiiDavid EMBURY Introduction xviiMohamed GOUNÉ, Thierry IUNG and Jean-Hubert SCHMITT Chapter 1 Strain Hardening and Tensile Properties 1Mohamed GOUNÉ and Olivier BOUAZIZ 1.1 Introductory remarks 1 1.2 Stress/strain curve: macroscopic quantities 2 1.3 Behavior of a single-phase structure: microscopic approach 3 1.4 Strain hardening and mechanical behavior of precipitation hardened micro-alloyed steels 7 1.5 Strain hardening and mechanical behavior of martensitic steels 19 1.6 Austenitic steels Fe-0.6C-22Mn with TWIP effect 23 1.7 Multiphase quenching and partitioning steels 28 1.8 Conclusion 38 1.9 References 39 Chapter 2 Anisotropy and Mechanical Properties 43Hélène RÉGLÉ and Brigitte BACROIX 2.1 Challenges 44 2.2 Textural anisotropy and mechanical properties 46 2.3 Conclusion 61 2.4 Calculation details 62 2.5 References 67 Chapter 3 Compromise between Strength and Fracture Resistance 71Anne-Françoise GOURGUES-LORENZON and Thierry IUNG 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Methods for measuring the resistance to damage and fracture 71 3.3 Physical mechanisms and microstructural control of damage and fracture 80 3.4 Examples of application 89 3.5 Conclusion and outlook 99 3.6 References 100 Chapter 4 Compromise between Tensile and Fatigue Strength 103Véronique FAVIER, André GALTIER, Rémi MUNIER and Bastien WEBER 4.1 Toughness: the main cause of part failure in service 103 4.2 Fatigue: from crack initiation to failure 104 4.3 How to improve fatigue life through metallurgy? 112 4.4 Increasing role of defects in high strength steels 123 4.5 Specific treatments for fatigue performance 126 4.6 Conclusion 128 4.7 References 129 Chapter 5 High Strength Steels and Coatings 133Marie-Laurence GIORGI and Jean-Michel MATAIGNE 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 The continuous galvanizing process 134 5.3 Selective oxidation during continuous annealing 143 5.4 Coatings on high-strength steels 149 5.5 Conclusion 160 5.6 References 161 Chapter 6 Corrosion Resistant Steels with High Mechanical Properties 167Franck TANCRET, Christine BLANC and Vincent VIGNAL 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 General principles of corrosion/oxidation and corrosion/oxidation resistance 168 6.3 Wet corrosion resistant and high strength steels 169 6.4 Alloys resistant to hot oxidation and creep 184 6.5 Conclusion 193 6.6 References 194 Chapter 7 Crashworthiness by Steels 197Dominique CORNETTE, Pascal DIETSCH, Kevin TIHAY and Sébastien ALLAIN 7.1 Introduction and industrial issues 197 7.2 The tests in force, or how to pass from the behavior of the complete vehicle to the behavior of the material 198 7.3 Parameters influencing the material during the manufacturing process and the behavior in service 214 7.4 Adequacy between material properties and crash behavior according to the different evaluation criteria 220 7.5 Conclusion 230 7.6 References 230 Chapter 8 Cut Edge Behavior 233Stéphane GODET, Ève-Line CADOTTE and Astrid PERLADE 8.1 Introduction/problem analysis 233 8.2 Cutting processes and characteristics of the cut edge 234 8.3 Behavior of the cut edge 240 8.4 Conclusion 260 8.5 References 260 Chapter 9 The Relationship between Mechanical Strength and Hydrogen Embrittlement 263Xavier FEAUGAS and Colin SCOTT 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 How to identify and characterize HE 264 9.3 Solubility and (apparent) diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in steels 268 9.4 Case study: embrittlement of fastener steels 276 9.5 Case study: HE of thin sheets 284 9.6 Research and perspectives 293 9.7 References 295 Chapter 10 Weldability of High Strength Steels 303Thomas DUPUY, Jessy HAOUAS and Laurent JUBIN 10.1 Introduction 303 10.2 Weldability issues 307 10.3 Solutions for a good weldability of high-strength steels 324 10.4 References 330 Appendix: A Brief Review of Steel Metallurgy 333Thierry IUNG and Jean-Hubert SCHMITT Postface: What's Next for Ultra-high Strength Steels? 373François MUDRY List of Authors 381 Index 385

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Book SynopsisThe Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig has the largest university collection of ancient Egyptian artefacts in Germany. It includes important objects from the excavations of the most prolific excavator among the museum’s curators, Georg Steindorff, at the sites of Abusir, Aniba, and Giza, complemented by objects from Abydos, Thebes, and Kerma. The catalogue represents the results of an interdisciplinary project by Egyptologist and archaeologist Martin Odler, archaeometalurgist Jiří Kmošek and other participating researchers. A selection of 86 artefacts was analysed using a range of archaeometallurgical methods (X-ray fluorescence; metallography; neutron activation analysis; lead isotope analysis), providing a diachronic sample of Bronze Age Egyptian copper alloy metalwork from Dynasty 1 to Dynasty 19. Besides currently popular focus on the ore provenance, the selection of the applied methods aimed also at the description of practical physical properties of the objects. The question of differences between full-size functional artefacts and models is addressed, as is the problem of 'imports' and their ethnic interpretation. The analyses brought many unexpected results to light, the most surprising being a bowl (ÄMUL 2162) made of arsenical copper high in nickel, which has parallels in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Anatolia, and was featured in an article in the Journal of Archaeological Science in 2018. The corpus presented here involves the largest analysed metalwork assemblage from the Nubian C-Group and the Egyptian New Kingdom, and it addresses the issue of the use of local Nubian ore sources versus the sources of copper from Cyprus and elsewhere.Table of ContentsForeword ; 1. Introduction ; 2. History of the collection ; 3. Egyptological framework of the study ; 4. Methodology of the analytical study ; 5. Dynasty-1 Abusir ; 6. Dynasty-2 Abydos ; 7. Old Kingdom Giza ; 8. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom artefacts ; 9. C-Group Aniba ; 10 Kerma culture ; 11. Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom Aniba ; 12. Other New Kingdom provenanced artefacts ; 13. Unprovenanced artefacts ; 14. Archaeometallurgical summary (JK) ; 15. Archaeological and historical summary (MO) ; 16. Concluding remarks ; 17. Bibliography

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Book SynopsisDuplex Stainless Steels (DSSs) are chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloys that are usually in proportions optimized for equalizing the volume fractions of austenite and ferrite. Due to their ferritic-austenitic microstructure, they possess a higher mechanical strength and a better corrosion resistance than standard austenitic steels. This type of steel is now increasing its application and market field due to its very good properties and relatively low cost. This book is a review of the most recent progress achieved in the last 10 years on microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties, as well as applications, due to the development of new grades. Special attention will be given to fatigue and fracture behavior and to proposed models to account for mechanical behavior. Each subject will be developed in chapters written by experts recognized around the international industrial and scientific communities. The use of duplex stainless steels has grown rapidly in the last 10 years, particularly in the oil and gas industry, chemical tankers, pulp and paper as well as the chemical industry. In all these examples, topics like welding, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength properties (mainly in the fatigue domain) are crucial. Therefore, the update of welding and corrosion properties and the introduction of topics like texture effects, fatigue and fracture strength properties, and mechanical behavior modeling give this book specific focus and character.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Process: Hot Workability 1 Isabel GUTIERREZ and Amaia IZA-MENDIA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. As-cast microstructure 1 1.3. Microstructural evolution during hot working 4 1.4. Mechanical behavior under hot working 16 1.5. Static softening 28 1.6. Hot workability 31 1.7. Conclusions 39 1.8. Acknowledgments 39 1.9. References 39 Chapter 2. Corrosion Resistance Properties 47 Jacques CHARLES 2.1. Introduction 47 2.2. The duplex grades and pitting resistance equivalent numbers 48 2.3. Some fundamentals concerning stainless steel corrosion resistance 50 2.4. The different forms of corrosion 60 2.5. Some complex corrosion behaviors encountered in industrial applications 100 2.6. Conclusions 111 2.7. References 111 Chapter 3. Phase Transformation and Microstructure 115 Angelo Fernando PADILHA and Ronald Lesley PLAUT 3.1. Introduction 115 3.2. Phase diagrams and typical phases 117 3.3. Solidification 120 3.4. Austenite precipitation 121 3.5. Phase changes occurring below 1,000°C 123 3.6. Cold working and annealing 132 3.7. Final remarks 134 3.8. References 135 Chapter 4. Welding Processes, Microstructural Evolution and Final Properties of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steels 141 Franco BONOLLO, Alberto TIZIANI and Paolo FERRO 4.1. Introduction 141 4.2. ƒÏ-ferrite ƒÏƒnaustenite transformation 142 4.3. Secondary and intermetallic phases precipitation during welding processes 145 4.4. Welding processes for DSS and SDSS 147 4.5. Final remarks 155 4.6. References 155 Chapter 5. Thermal Embrittlement of Cast Duplex Stainless Steels: Observations and Modeling 161 Andre PINEAU and Jacques BESSON 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Composition, elaboration, microstructure, and mechanical properties 163 5.3. Thermal embrittlement of the ferrite phase in DSS 170 5.4. Materials investigated and embrittlement heat treatments 181 5.5. Damage and rupture 186 5.6. Scale effect and scatter 189 5.7. Modeling of rupture 192 5.8. Conclusion 201 5.9. References 201 Chapter 6. Low-Cycle Fatigue at Room Temperature 209 Iris ALVAREZ-ARMAS 6.1. Introduction 209 6.2. Cyclic hardening/softening process 210 6.3. Uniaxial cyclic plasticity in DSSs 219 6.4. Final remarks 236 6.5. Acknowledgments 237 6.6. References 237 Chapter 7. Multiaxial Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior at Room Temperature 241 Suzanne DEGALLAIX-MOREUIL 7.1. Introduction 241 7.2. Multiaxial LCF – introduction 242 7.3. Biaxial LCF of a DSS type 25-07 248 7.4. Conclusions 270 7.5. Acknowledgments 270 7.6. References 270 Chapter 8. Partition of Cyclic Plasticity in the 25Cr-7Ni-0.25N Duplex Stainless Steel Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy 275 Jean-Bernard VOGT, Daniel SALAZAR and Ingrid PRORIOL SERRE 8.1. Introduction 275 8.2. Material 277 8.3. Experimental procedure 278 8.4. Cyclic behavior at a low strain range 280 8.5. Cyclic behavior at a high strain range 289 8.6. Conclusions 300 8.7. References 300 Chapter 9. Macro- and Micromodeling of the Monotonic and Cyclic Mechanical Behavior of a Forged DSS 303 Veronique AUBIN and Pierre EVRARD 9.1. Introduction 303 9.2. Macroscopic modeling of the mechanical behavior 304 9.3. Micromechanical modeling 318 9.4. General conclusion 332 9.5. References 334 Chapter 10. Low-Cycle Fatigue at Intermediate Temperatures 339 Alberto F. ARMAS 10.1. Introduction 339 10.2. Materials studied 342 10.3. UNS S32900 DSS 345 10.4. UNS S32750 SDSS 352 10.5. Temperature influence on the fatigue life 361 10.6. Final remarks 363 10.7. Acknowledgments 364 10.8. References 364 Chapter 11. Industrial Processing and Fatigue Response of DSSs 367 Nuri AKDUT 11.1. Introduction 367 11.2. Morphological aspects 369 11.3. The role of morphological texture on the fatigue response 372 11.4. The role of nitrogen-content on the fatigue response of DSSs 375 11.5. Cyclic plasticity and fatigue of nitrogen-alloyed DSSs – effects of cyclic softening 383 11.6. Summary and conclusions 395 11.7. References 396 Chapter 12. Applications 403 Mats LILJAS and Fredrik SJOHOLM 12.1. Introduction 403 12.2. Historical review 404 12.3. Current (modern) DSS grades 408 12.4. Modern applications 409 12.5. Conclusions 422 12.6. References 422 Appendix 425 List of Authors 429 Index 433

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the processes of mineral transformation, recycling and reclamation of metals, for the purpose of turning metals and alloys into a liquid state ready for pouring. Even though "process metallurgy" is one of the oldest technologies implemented by man, technological innovation, with the development of processes that are both focused on product quality and economically and ecologically efficient, continues to be at the heart of these industries. This book explains the physico-chemical bases of transformations, vital to their understanding and control (optimization of operational conditions), and the foundations in terms of "process engineering" (heat and matter assessment, process coupling: chemical reactions and transport phenomena), vital to the optimal execution and analysis of transformation process operations. This book is addressed to students in the field of metallurgy and to engineers facing the problem of metal and alloy development (operation of an industrial unit or development of a new process).Trade Review"The books are addressed to students in the field of metallurgy and to engineers facing the problem of metal and alloy development." (World of Metallurgy, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Metallurgical Thermochemistry 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Quantities characterizing the state of a system and its evolution 3 1.3. Thermodynamic fundamentals of reactions 16 1.4. Phase diagrams 36 1.5. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Oxides, Sulfides, Chlorides and Carbides 41 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2. Metal-oxygen/metal-sulfur systems activities in the intermediate phases 42 2.3. Standard Gibbs free energy: temperature diagrams for oxides – Ellingham-Richardson diagrams 51 2.4. Thermodynamic data for sulfides and chlorides 58 2.5. Metal-carbon phase diagrams and the Ellingham-Richardson diagram for Carbides 63 2.6. Carbon and carbon oxide reactions 67 2.7. Bibliography 71 Chapter 3. Metal Solutions, Slags and Mattes 73 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Metal solutions 74 3.3. Mattes 93 3.4. Slags 106 3.5. Bibliography 127 Chapter 4. Aqueous Electrolytic Solutions and Salt Melts 131 4.1. Introduction 131 4.2. Thermodynamics of aqueous electrolyte solutions 131 4.3. Thermodynamics of salt melts (fluxes) 173 4.4. Bibliography 179 Chapter 5. Reaction Kinetics 183 5.1. Introduction 183 5.2. Rate of a chemical reaction 184 5.3. Homogeneous precipitation 189 5.4. Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous reactions 194 5.5. Reaction rates for in situ conversion of a solid particle 211 5.6. Heterogeneous precipitation 215 5.7. Bibliography 217 Chapter 6. Transport Kinetics 219 6.1. Introduction 219 6.2. Equations of change and relationships between diffusion fluxes and driving forces 223 6.3. Interphase mass or heat transport (mass and heat transfer) 227 6.4. Mass and heat transfer coefficients 236 6.5. Overall kinetics of extraction processes under mixed control 247 6.6. Bibliography 251 Chapter 7. Particulate Kinetics 253 7.1. Introduction 253 7.2. Gasification/leaching of a particle 254 7.3. Heterogeneous precipitation: growth rate of the particles 263 7.4. In situ conversion of a solid particle 264 7.5. Conversion of a particle undergoing strong exo- or endothermic chemical reactions 270 7.6. Transfer processes between two fluid phases, one phase being dispersed (as drops or bubbles) in the second phase 276 7.7. Bibliography 280 Chapter 8. Electrochemical Reactions 283 8.1. Overview of electrochemical processes 283 8.2. Equilibrium electric potential of an elementary electrochemical reaction 285 8.3. Electrochemical equilibria of metals and metalloids (Pourbaix diagrams)292 8.4. Electrochemical kinetics 306 8.5. Redox electrochemical reactions 314 8.6. Bibliography 322 List of Symbols 325 Index 337 Summaries of Other Volumes 345

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Book SynopsisExtractive metallurgy is the art and science of extracting metals from their ores and refining them. The production of metals and alloys from these source materials is still one of the most important and fundamental industries in both developed and developing economies around the world. The outputs and products are essential resources for the metallic, mechanical, electromagnetic, electrical and electronics industries (silicon is treated as a metal for these purposes). This series is devoted to the extraction of metals from ores, concentrates (enriched ores), scraps, and other sources and their refining to the state of either liquid metal before casting or to solid metals. The extraction and refining operations that are required may be carried out by various metallurgical reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 1 deals with the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction processes. Extractive Metallurgy 2 focuses on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, halide and electro-metallurgical (conversion) processes. Extractive Metallurgy 3 deals with the industrial processing operations, technologies, and process routes, in other words the sequence of steps or operations used to convert the ore to metal. Processes and operations are studied using the methodology of "chemical reaction engineering". As the fundamentals of the art and science of Extractive Metallurgy are infrequently taught as dedicated university or engineering schools courses, this series is intended both for students in the fields of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering who want to acquire this knowledge, and also for engineers put in charge of the operation of an industrial production unit or the development of a new process, who will need the basic knowledge of the corresponding technology.Trade Review"The books are addressed to students in the field of metallurgy and to engineers facing the problem of metal and alloy development." (World of Metallurgy, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Hydrometallurgical Extraction Processes 1 1.1. Overview of hydrometallurgical processes 1 1.2. Leaching processes 2 1.3. Precipitation processes 39 1.4. Solvent extraction 55 1.5. Hydrometallurgical processing routes of ores, concentrates and residue (flowsheets) 62 1.6. Bibliography 81 Chapter 2. Electrometallurgical Extraction Processes 87 2.1. Overview of electrometallurgical processes 87 2.2. Electrolysis −?nbases 88 2.3. Aqueous electrolysis: bases 98 2.4. Electrowinning of copper 103 2.5. Electrowinning of nickel 108 2.6. Electrowinning of zinc 111 2.7. Electrorefining of lead 114 2.8. Electrorefining of tin 115 2.9. Cobalt electrowinning 115 2.10. Bibliography 115 Chapter 3. Halide Extraction Processes 117 3.1. Overview of the halide extraction processes 117 3.2. Chlorination processes 118 3.3. Reduction of halides 132 3.4. Bibliography 137 Chapter 4. Reduction of Metal Oxides 139 4.1. Introduction 139 4.2. Solid state oxide reduction by a gaseous reducing agent 148 4.3. Solid-state carbothermic reduction 168 4.4. Carbothermic smelting reduction 183 4.5. Smelting reduction by slag-metal reactions 195 4.6. Carbothermic reduction of silica and alumina 203 4.7. Metallothermic reductions 212 4.8. Bibliography 216 Chapter 5. Oxygen Steelmaking 221 5.1. Overview of steel converting and refining operations 221 5.2. Converting and refining reactions 222 5.3. Oxidation of hot metal elements by gaseous oxygen 226 5.4. “Slag-metal” reactions 232 5.5. Stainless steel making 245 5.6. Ultra-low carbon steel making 249 5.7. Bibliography 252 Chapter 6. Sulfide Extraction Processes 255 6.1. Introduction 255 6.2. Oxidation of sulfides (in the solid state) 258 6.3. Matte oxidation by gaseous oxygen 269 6.4. Reactions occurring in smelting and converting operations 274 6.5. Smelting reduction of a roasted concentrate and primary converting 284 6.6. Secondary converting of Cu2S, Ni3S2 and PbS mattes 285 6.7. Bibliography 291 Chapter 7. Metal Refining Processes 295 7.1. Introduction 295 7.2. Steel refining/secondary steelmaking 296 7.3. Aluminum refining 310 7.4. Copper refining 313 7.5. Lead refining 315 7.6. Tin refining 318 7.7. Zinc refining 318 7.8. Titanium and zirconium refining 319 7.9. Nickel refining 319 7.10. Bibliography 321 List of Symbols 325 Index 337 Summary of Other Volumes 349

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Book SynopsisAt one time, most towns of any size had somewhere a small foundry that would undertake small casting jobs, often more out of interest and good neighbourliness than for commercial gain. Regrettably, those days are no more and the model engineer in many areas must either adapt commercially available castings or send away to a specialist foundry that will undertake small jobs, often at some expense and with some delay. The alternative is to make your own patterns and castings, which is in fact much easier than you may think. The Backyard Foundry covers basic principles, materials and techniques, pattern making, moulding boxes, cores and core-boxes, electric, gas and coke furnaces, and includes step-by-step procedures with examples of locomotive cylinders and wheels. Sources of specialised materials and even the design of an outdoor furnace suitable for small-scale commercial work are given. Each stage and subject is covered in detail so that even the inexperienced can undertake casting with confidence. Although the book is written primarily for the model engineer, anyone wishing to make mouldings or castings will profit from its pages.Table of ContentsPatterns. Plate Patterns. Cores, Core Boxes and Core Making. Casting Locomotive Cylinders. Wheels. Metal, the Furnace and Melting. Solid Fuel Furnace. Suppliers of Foundry Materials.

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Book SynopsisStandardized processing routes for PM fabrication Powder Metallurgy in Design: Wear, Corrosion and Fatigue Resistance is an essential resource for anyone in the field. Powder metallurgy allows engineers to control the microstructure of the metal, resulting in materials more suitable for the fabrication of unique parts with unique properties — yet the process of formulating these metals is itself unique. This book standardizes and codifies the necessary processing routes, and helps engineers incorporate the potential of these products into the design stage of a project.Table of ContentsPowder metallurgy - the process and possibilities; design powder metallurgy for adhesive wear resistance; designing with tungsten carbide for erosive/corrosive applications; tungsten carbide for abrasion resistant aplications; designign with powder metallurgy for increased fatigue life; using powder metallury for friction metals.

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Book SynopsisSolidification is one of the oldest processes for producing complex shapes for applications ranging from art to industry, and remains as one of the most important commercial processes for many materials. Since the 1980s, numerous fundamental developments in the understanding of solidification processes and microstructure formation have come from both analytical theories and the application of computational techniques using commonly available powerful computers. This book integrates these developments in a comprehensive volume that also presents and places them in the context of more classical theories. This second edition highlights the key concepts within each chapter to help guide the reader through the most important aspects of the topics. The figures are now in color, in order to improve the visualization of phenomena and concepts. Recent important developments in the field since the first edition was published have also been added. The three-part text is aimed at graduate and professional engineers. The first part, Fundamentals and Macroscale Phenomena, presents the thermodynamics of solutions and then builds on that subject to motivate and describe equilibrium phase diagrams. Transport phenomena are discussed next, focusing on the issues of most importance to liquid-solid phase transformations, then moving on to describing in detail both analytical and numerical approaches to solving such problems. The second part, Microstructure, employs these fundamental concepts for the treatment of nucleation, dendritic growth, microsegregation, eutectic and peritectic solidification, and microstructure competition. This part concludes with a chapter describing the coupling of macro- and microscopic phenomena in microstructure development. The third and final part describes various types of Defects that may occur, with emphasis on porosity, hot tearing and macrosegregation, presented using the modeling tools and microstructure descriptions developed earlier.Table of ContentsOverview Introduction Solidification processes References PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS AND MACROSCALE PHENOMENA Thermodynamics Introduction Thermodynamics of unary systems Binary alloys Departure from equilibrium Exercises References Phase diagrams Motivation Binary systems Ternary systems Exercises References Balance Equations Introduction Mass balance Momentum balance Energy balance Solute balance in multicomponent systems Scaling Exercises References Analytical solutions for solidification Introduction Solidification in a superheated melt Solidification in an undercooled melt The effect of curvature Exercises References Numerical methods for solidification Introduction Heat conduction without phase change Heat conduction with phase change Fluid flow Optimization and inverse methods Exercises References PART II MICROSTRUCTURE Nucleation Introduction Homogeneous nucleation Heterogeneous nucleation Mechanisms for grain refinement Exercises References Dendritic growth Introduction Free growth Constrained growth Growth of a needle crystal Convection and dendritic growth Phase-field methods Exercises References Eutectics, peritectics and microstructure selection Introduction Eutectics Peritectics Phase selection and coupled zone Exercises References Microsegregation and homogenization Introduction 1-D microsegregation models for binary alloys Homogenization and solution treatment Multicomponent alloys Exercises References Macro- and microstructures Introduction Equiaxed grains growing in a uniform temperature field Grains nucleating and growing in a thermal gradient Columnar grains Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition Micro-macroscopic models Exercises References PART III DEFECTS Porosity Introduction Governing equations Interdendritic fluid flow and pressure drop Thermodynamics of gases in solution Nucleation and growth of pores Boundary conditions Application of the concepts Exercises References Deformation during solidification and hot tearing Introduction Thermomechanics of castings Deformation of the mushy zone Hot tearing Hot tearing criteria and models Exercises References Macrosegregation Introduction Macrosegregation during planar front solidification Composition field and governing equations Macrosegregation induced by solidification shrinkage Macrosegragation induced by fluid flow Macrosegregation induced by solid movement Exercises References

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a strong introduction to the fundamental concepts of materials science. It conveys the quintessence of this interdisciplinary field, distinguishing it from merely solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, using metals as model systems to elucidate the relation between microstructure and materials properties.Mittemeijer's Fundamentals of Materials Science provides a consistent treatment of the subject matter with a special focus on the microstructure-property relationship. Richly illustrated and thoroughly referenced, it is the ideal adoption for an entire undergraduate, and even graduate, course of study in materials science and engineering. It delivers a solid background against which more specialized texts can be studied, covering the necessary breadth of key topics such as crystallography, structure defects, phase equilibria and transformations, diffusion and kinetics, and mechanical properties. The success of the first edition has led to this updated and extended second edition, featuring detailed discussion of electron microscopy, supermicroscopy and diffraction methods, an extended treatment of diffusion in solids, and a separate chapter on phase transformation kinetics.“In a lucid and masterly manner, the ways in which the microstructure can affect a host of basic phenomena in metals are described.... By consistently staying with the postulated topic of the microstructure - property relationship, this book occupies a singular position within the broad spectrum of comparable materials science literature .... it will also be of permanent value as a reference book for background refreshing, not least because of its unique annotated intermezzi; an ambitious, remarkable work.” G. Petzow in International Journal of Materials Research. “The biggest strength of the book is the discussion of the structure-property relationships, which the author has accomplished admirably.... In a nutshell, the book should not be looked at as a quick ‘cook book’ type text, but as a serious, critical treatise for some significant time to come.” G.S. Upadhyaya in Science of Sintering. “The role of lattice defects in deformation processes is clearly illustrated using excellent diagrams . Included are many footnotes, ‘Intermezzos’, ‘Epilogues’ and asides within the text from the author’s experience. This ..... soon becomes valued for the interesting insights into the subject and shows the human side of its history. Overall this book provides a refreshing treatment of this important subject and should prove a useful addition to the existing text books available to undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of materials science.” M. Davies in Materials World. Trade Review“This is a quite comprehensive book with over 700 pages and excellent integration of figures, tables, and equations. … They provide great insights into the relationships between structure and properties that are fundamental to all materials scientists. … the book finds an excellent balance between theory and practical application. … Overall, Fundamentals of Materials Science: The Microstructure-Property Relationship Using Metals as Model Systems (Second Edition) by Eric J. Mittemeijer is an invaluable contribution to materials science.” (David P. Cann, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 57, 2022)Table of ContentsPreface.- Dedication.- Foreword.- Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Electronic Structure of the Atom; the Periodic Table.- Chapter 3. Chemical Bonding in Solids;with Excursions to Material Properties.- Chapter 4. Crystallography.- Chapter 5. The Crystal Imperfection; Structure Defects.- Chapter 6. Analysis of the Microstructure; Analysis of Structural Imperfection: Light and Electron Microscopical and (X-ray) Diffraction Methods.- Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria.- Chapter 8. Diffusion.- Chapter 9. Phase Transformations: Introduction and Typology.- Chapter 10. Phase Transformations: Kinetics.- Chapter 11. Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth.- Chapter 12. Mechanical Strength of Materials.- Index.

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