Metals technology / metallurgy Books

Book SynopsisA solid collection of interdisciplinary review articles on the latest developments in adhesion science and adhesives technology With the ever-increasing amount of research being published, it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus, topical review articles provide an alternate and very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art in many subjects representing the field of adhesion science and adhesives. Based on the success of the preceding volumes in this series Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, the present volume comprises 13 review articles published in Volume 7 (2019) of Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.The subject of these reviews fall into the following general areas. 1. Adhesively bonded joints2. Adhesives (including bioadhesives) and their applications3. Nanocomposite polymer adhesives4. Polymer Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Physico-Tribo-Mechanical and Adhesion Behaviour of Plasma Treated Steel and Its Alloys: A Critical Review 1Jitendra K. Katiyar and Vinay Kumar Patel 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Single Plasma Treatment for Improvement of Physico-Mechanical and Adhesion Properties 3 1.3 Double Plasma Treatment for Improvement of Physico-Mechanical and Adhesion Properties 14 1.4 Tribological Properties of Plasma Treated Steel and Its Grades 19 1.5 Conclusions 27 References 28 2 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints: A Critical Review 33Mariana D. Banea 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Design of Structures with Debondable Adhesives 34 2.3 Methodologies for Adhesive Debonding on Demand 35 2.3.1 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reversible/Reworkable Adhesive Systems 35 2.3.1.1 Reversible Adhesive Technologies Based on Diels-Alder Chemistry 36 2.3.1.2 Supramolecular Polymers 36 2.3.2 Electrically Induced Debonding of Adhesive Joints 37 2.3.3 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reactive Fillers 38 2.3.3.1 Nanoparticles 38 2.3.3.2 Microparticles 40 2.4 Summary 44 Acknowledgements 45 References 45 3 Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates–A Novel Class of Bioadhesive Polymers: A Critical Review 51Loveleen Kaur and Inderbir Singh 3.1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Polymers Used for Developing Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 52 3.1.2 Chitosan and Its Associated Problems 53 3.2 Preparation Methods for Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 54 3.3 Characterization 55 3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 55 3.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 56 3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 57 3.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 57 3.3.5 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 57 3.4 Properties of Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 57 3.4.1 Stability 57 3.4.2 Permeation 58 3.4.3 Mucoadhesion 58 3.4.4 Solubility 59 3.4.5 Antibacterial Property 59 3.4.6 Mechanical Strength 60 3.4.7 Biocompatibility 60 3.4.8 Bioink for 3D Printing 60 3.5 Applications of Chitosan-Catechol Conjugates 61 3.5.1 Nanoparticles 61 3.5.2 Hydrogels 62 3.5.3 Microspheres 62 3.5.4 Sponges 64 3.5.5 Films 64 3.6 Patent Updates 64 3.7 Summary and Future Aspects 64 Acknowledgement 65 Conflict of Interest 65 References 65 4 Adhesives in the Footwear Industry: A Critical Review 69Elena Orgilés-Calpena, Francisca Arán-Aís, Ana M. Torró-Palau and Miguel Angel Martínez Sánchez 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 The Footwear Industry 70 4.2.1 Substrates and Adhesives 70 4.2.2 Surface Treatments 73 4.2.3 Adhesives Requirements 77 4.2.4 Bonding Stages in Footwear Manufacturing Process 78 4.2.5 Debonding Real Cases in Footwear 81 4.3 Sustainable Adhesives for the Footwear Industry 82 4.3.1 Water-Based Adhesives 82 4.3.2 Hot-Melt Adhesives 84 4.4 Future Trends in Footwer Adhesives 86 4.5 Summary 88 Acknowledgements 88 References 89 5 Nanocomposite Polymer Adhesives: A Critical Review 93S. Kenig, H. Dodiuk, G. Otorgust and S. Gomid 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Nanostructuring of Adhesives – Methodology 94 5.3 Nanoparticles Types – Basic Compositions and Properties 95 5.3.1 Nanoclays 95 5.3.2 Nanosilica (NS) 96 5.3.3 POSS – Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes 97 5.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 97 5.3.5 Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and Expanded Graphite (EG) 99 5.3.6 Inorganic Fullerenes (IFs) and Inorganic Nanotubes (INTs) of Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) 101 5.4 Adhesives Types – Basic Compositions and Properties 102 5.4.1 Epoxies 102 5.4.2 Polyurethanes (PUs) 102 5.4.3 Polyimides (PIs) 103 5.4.4 Silicones 103 5.4.5 Acrylics 104 5.5 Nanocomposite Adhesives–Composition–Properties Relationships, Reinforcement and Toughening Mechanisms 104 5.5.1 Introduction 104 5.5.2 Epoxy/Nanoclay Composite Adhesives 105 5.5.2.1 Bulk Properties 105 5.5.2.2 Adhesive Properties 107 5.5.3 Epoxy/Silica Nanocomposite Adhesives 108 5.5.3.1 Bulk Properties 108 5.5.3.2 Adhesive Properties 110 5.5.4 Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposite Adhesives 110 5.5.4.1 Bulk Properties 110 5.5.4.2 Adhesive Properties 113 5.5.5 Epoxy/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 115 5.5.5.1 Bulk Properties 115 5.5.5.2 Adhesive Properties 118 5.5.6 Epoxy/GNPs and EG Nanocomposite Adhesives 118 5.5.6.1 Bulk Properties 119 5.5.6.2 Adhesive Properties 122 5.5.7 Epoxy/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 125 5.5.8 Polyurethane/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 126 5.5.8.1 Bulk Properties 126 5.5.8.2 Adhesive Properties 127 5.5.9 PU/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 128 5.5.10 Polyimide/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 128 5.5.10.1 Bulk properties 128 5.5.10.2 Adhesive Properties 129 5.5.11 Polyimide/CNTs Nanocomposite Adhesives 129 5.5.11.1 Bulk Properties 129 5.5.11.2 Adhesive Properties 132 5.5.12 PU/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 132 5.5.13 Polyurethane/CNTs/GNPs Nanocomposite Adhesives 132 5.5.13.1 Bulk Properties 132 5.5.13.2 Adhesive Properties 133 5.5.14 PU/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 134 5.5.15 Acrylic/Nanosilica Nanocomposite Adhesives 135 5.5.16 Acrylic/Titania and Alumina NPs Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.17 Acrylic/NCs Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.18 Acrylic/POSS Nanocomposite Adhesives 136 5.5.19 Silicone/WS2 Nanocomposite Adhesives 137 5.6 Fracture and Toughening Mechanisms 137 5.6.1 Fracture Surfaces 138 5.6.2 Toughening Micro and Nanomechanisms 138 5.7 Nanocomposite Adhesives – Applications, Challenges and Opportunities 143 5.7.1 Applications of Nanocomposite Adhesives 146 5.7.1.1 Electronics and Nanoelectronics 146 5.7.1.2 Aerospace 146 5.7.1.3 Biomedical 147 5.8 Summary 148 References 148 6 Adhesion Enhancement of Polymer Surfaces by Ion Beam Treatment: A Critical Review 169Endu Sekhar Srinadhu, Radhey Shyam, Jatinder Kumar, Dinesh P R Thanu, Mingrui Zhao and Manish Keswani 6.1 Introduction 169 6.1.1 Ion-Solid Interactions 170 6.1.2 Computer Simulations of Ion Beam – Solid Interactions 171 6.2 Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers 172 6.3 Analysis Techniques to Analyze Post Ion Beam Treated Target Surfaces 172 6.3.1 X-ray Diffraction 173 6.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 173 6.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 174 6.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 174 6.3.5 UV Spectroscopy 175 6.3.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 175 6.3.7 Wettability Measurements 176 6.3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 177 6.4 Biomedical Applications 178 6.4.1 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 178 6.4.2 Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) 180 6.4.3 Poly(L-lactide) (PLA), Poly(D, L-Lactide-coglycolide) (PDLG) and Poly(L-lactide-cocaprolactone) (PLC) Films 180 6.5 Microelectronics Applications 182 6.5.1 Bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) 182 6.5.2 Aluminum Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC) 184 6.5.3 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Films on Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (PC) 185 6.5.4 Polyimide Films 187 6.5.5 Cu/Polyimide Films 187 6.5.6 Multiple Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers 188 6.6 Summary 190 References 190 7 Non-Wettable Surfaces – From Natural to Artificial and Applications: A Critical Review 195Andrew Terhemen Tyowua, Msugh Targema and Emmanuel Etim Ubuo 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 The Basic Wetting Models 198 7.3 Non-Wettable Surfaces 200 7.3.1 Non-Wettable Surfaces in Nature: Their Importance to Plants and Animals 200 7.3.2 Artificial Non-Wettable Surfaces 206 7.3.3 Preparation of Non-Wettable Surfaces 208 7.3.4 Properties of Non-Wettable Surfaces 214 7.4 Applications of Non-Wettable Surfaces and Challenges 217 7.4.1 Non-Wettable Surfaces for Water Collection and Transportation 217 7.4.2 Non-Wettable Surfaces as Self-Cleaning and Icephobic Surfaces 218 7.4.3 Non-Wettable Surfaces for Biomedical Applications 219 7.5 Summary and Future Prospects 220 Acknowledgements 220 References 221 8 Plasma Oxidation of Polyolefins - Course of O/C Ratio from Unmodified Bulk to Surface and Finally to CO2 in the Gas Phase: A Critical Review 233J. Friedrich, M. Jabłońska and G. Hidde 8.1 Introduction 234 8.2 Chemistry of Polyolefin Oxidation 235 8.2.1 Binding Energies of Covalent Bonds in Polyolefins 235 8.2.2 Thermal Oxidation and Auto-Oxidation on the Surface of Paraffins 236 8.2.3 Decarboxylation and Emission of CO2 237 8.2.4 Formation of Gaseous Low-Molecular Weight Products on Thermal or Photo-Oxidation in Analogy to Oxygen Plasma Treatment 238 8.3 Processes at Polyolefin Surfaces 239 8.3.1 Formation of Gaseous Low-Molecular Weight Products on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 239 8.3.2 Introduction of Oxygen-Containing Groups at the Surface of Polyolefins on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 240 8.3.3 Formation and Characterization of LMWOM 243 8.3.3.1 LMWOM Formation by Fragmentation and Oxidation of Macromolecules 243 8.3.3.2 LMWOM Formation by Re-Deposition of Fragments or Plasma Polymerization 245 8.4 Depth Profiles at the Surface of Polyolefins 246 8.4.1 Analytical Depth Profiles 246 8.4.2 Measured Oxidation Depth Profiles 247 8.4.2.1 Plasma Parameters Influencing the Depth Profile and Its Range 247 8.4.2.2 Angle-Resolved XPS. 247 8.4.2.3 Dynamic SIMS 247 8.4.2.4 Sputtering 248 8.4.2.5 Post-Plasma Oxidation 248 8.5 Modes of the Oxidation Process at Polyolefin Surfaces on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 249 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 251 References 253 9 Procedures for the Characterization of Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Textiles - Use, Abuse, Misuse and Proper Use: A Critical Review 259Thomas Bahners and Jochen S. Gutmann 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Peculiarities of Textile Substrates 262 9.2.1 Geometric Hierarchy 262 9.2.2 Attempts to Model the Textile Geometry 266 9.3 Characterization of Fabrics – Drop Tests 270 9.3.1 Contact Angle Measurements 270 9.3.2 Characterization by Roll-Off Angle 272 9.3.3 Drop Penetration Tests 273 9.3.4 Characterization of Fabrics – Wicking or Rising Height Test 277 9.3.5 Fabric Characterization Based on The Wilhelmy Method 278 9.4 Contact Angle Measurement on Single Fibers 279 9.5 Methods for the Characterization of Fiber Bundles 280 9.5.1 The Washburn Approach – Wilhelmy Wicking Method 280 9.5.2 Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) 282 9.5.3 Using IGC as an Alternative Concept to Characterize Adhesion-Related Surface Modification 283 9.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 284 References 288 10 Bioadhesive Nanoformulations—Concepts and Preclinical Studies: A Critical Review 295Monika Joshi, Ravi Shankar and Kamla Pathak 10.1 Introduction to Nanoformulations 295 10.2 Types of Nanoformulations 296 10.2.1 Liposomes 296 10.2.2 Ethosomes 297 10.2.3 Niosomes 297 10.2.4 Nanoparticles 298 10.2.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 298 10.2.4.2 Lipid Nanoparticles 298 10.2.5 Polymeric Micelles (PMs) 298 10.2.6 Nanoemulsions 299 10.2.7 Dendrimers 299 10.3 Bioadhesion: Physiological and Pharmaceutical Aspects 299 10.4 Bioadhesive Polymers 300 10.4.1 Non-Specific Bioadhesive Polymers (Old Generation) 300 10.4.1.1 Cationic Polymers 300 10.4.1.2 Anionic Polymers 300 10.4.2 Specific Bioadhesive Polymers 301 10.4.2.1 Thiolated Polymers 301 10.4.2.2 Lectin-Based Polymers 301 10.5 Mechanism of Bioadhesion 302 10.6 Bioadhesive Nanoformulations and Their Supremacy Over Other Systems 302 10.6.1 Buccal/Sublingual Administration 303 10.6.2 Intranasal Bioadhesive Nanoformulations for Various Therapeutic Purposes 306 10.6.3 Ocular Administration 310 10.6.4 Oral Administration 313 10.6.5 Summary 318 References 319 11 Laser-Assisted Tailoring of Surface Wettability -Fundamentals and Applications: A Critical Review 331Alina Peethan, V. K. Unnikrishnan, Santhosh Chidangil and Sajan D. George 11.1 Introduction 332 11.1.1 Laser-Matter Interaction 332 11.1.2 Wettability and Laser-Assisted Tailoring of Surface Wettability 334 11.2 Nanosecond Laser Patterning 337 11.3 Picosecond Laser Patterning 341 11.4 Femtosecond Laser Patterning 344 11.5 Applications of laser textured surfaces 350 11.5.1 Biomedical applications 350 11.5.2 Water harvesting 351 11.5.3 Anti-Bacterial Activity 353 11.5.4 Spectroscopic Applications 353 11.5.5 Other Applications 354 11.6 Summary 357 Conflict of Interest 358 Acknowledgments 358 References 358 12 Improved Mathematical Models of Thermal Residual Stresses in Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints: A Critical Review 367M. Kemal Apalak and M. Didem Demirbas 12.1 Introduction 368 12.2 Mechanical and Physical Relations 374 12.3 Heat Transfer Model 377 12.4 Thermal Initial and Boundary Conditions 380 12.5 Elasticity Equations in Terms of Displacements 382 12.6 Finite-Difference Discretization 385 12.7 Implementation of Boundary Conditions 387 12.8 Results 389 12.9 Summary and Conclusions 408 Acknowledgement 409 References 410 13 Adhesion of Colloids and Bacteria to Porous Media: A Critical Review 417Runwei Li, Changfu Wei, Hefa Cheng and Gang Chen 13.1 Introduction 417 13.2 Adhesion Theory 418 13.2.1 Dupré Energy of Adhesion 418 13.2.2 Lifshitz-van der Waals Forces 421 13.2.3 Lewis Acid/Base Forces 422 13.2.4 Hydration Forces 424 13.2.5 Electrical Double Layer Forces 425 13.2.6 Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) Analysis 426 13.2.7 Capillary Forces 426 13.3 Adhesion of Colloids and Bacteria at Interfaces 428 13.3.1 Adhesion at the Liquid-Solid Interface 428 13.3.2 Adhesion at the Air-Water Interface 431 13.3.2.1 Water Structure and Hydrogen Bonding 431 13.3.2.2 Air-Water Interface Charges 434 13.3.2.3 Impact of Surfactants 435 13.3.2.4 Air-Water Interface in a Porous Medium 437 13.3.2.5 Force Balance at the Air-Water Interface 438 13.3.2.6 Impact of Air-Water Interface on Adhesion to Porous Media 439 13.4 Adhesion Theory Implementations 440 13.4.1 Water Saturation and Air-Water Interface in Porous Media 440 13.4.2 Liquid-Gas-Solid Three-Phase Interface and Particle Transport 441 13.4.3 Force Quantification 443 13.4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy Measurements 445 13.4.5 Linkage of Interactions and Transport 446 13.4.6 Surfactant Attachment at the Air-Water Interface 448 13.5 Summary 450 Acknowledgments 450 References 451

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xv Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 Properties and Strength of Material 1 1.1 Introduction 1 2 Properties of Metals 3 2.1 Material Properties 3 2.1.1 Structure Insensitive Properties 4 2.1.2 Structure Sensitive Properties 4 2.1.3 Mechanical Properties 5 2.1.3.1 Modulus of Elasticity 5 2.1.3.2 Tensile Strength 6 2.1.3.3 Yield Strength 7 2.1.3.4 Fatigue Strength 7 2.1.3.5 Ductility 8 2.1.3.6 Elastic Limit 9 2.1.3.7 Impact Strength 10 2.1.3.8 Energy Absorption in Impact Testing 10 2.1.3.9 Transition Temperature for Energy Absorption 11 2.1.3.10 Transition Temperature for Lateral Expansion 11 2.1.3.11 Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT) 11 2.1.3.12 Fracture Toughness 11 2.1.4 Low Temperature Properties 14 2.1.4.1 Metal Strength at Low Temperature 16 2.1.5 Elevated Temperature Properties 16 2.1.6 Physical Properties 17 2.1.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 17 2.1.6.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 17 2.1.6.3 Melting Point 17 2.1.7 Electrical Conductivity 18 2.1.8 Corrosion Properties 18 3 Design: Load Conditions 19 3.1 Design of Welds 19 3.2 Design by Calculations 20 3.2.1 Different Types of Loading 21 3.2.2 Tension 23 3.2.3 Compression 24 3.2.4 Bending 25 3.2.5 Shear 28 3.2.6 Torsion 29 3.2.7 Flat Sections 31 3.2.8 Round Cross Sectionals 32 3.2.9 Transfer of Forces 33 4 Design of Welds and Weldments 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.1.1 Structural Types that Affect Weld Design 38 4.2 Full Penetration Welds 38 4.3 Partial Penetration Welds 39 4.4 Groove Welds 39 4.4.1 Definitions of Terms Applicable to Groove Welds 39 4.4.1.1 Effective Length 40 4.4.1.2 Effective Size of CJP Groove Welds 40 4.4.1.3 Effective Weld Size (Flare Groove) 40 4.4.1.4 Effective Area of Groove Welds 40 4.5 Weld Grooves 42 4.5.1 Square Groove Welds 42 4.5.2 Single Bevel Groove Welds 43 4.5.3 Double Bevel Groove Weld 43 4.5.4 Single-V-Groove Weld 43 4.5.5 Double-V-Groove Welds 44 4.5.6 Single or Double-J-Groove Weld 44 4.5.7 Single or Double-U-Groove Weld 44 4.6 Fillet Welds 44 4.6.1 Definitions Applicable to Fillet Welds 45 4.6.1.1 Effective Length (Straight) 45 4.6.1.2 Effective Length (Curved) 45 4.6.1.3 Minimum Length 45 4.6.1.4 Intermittent Fillet Welds (Minimum Length) 45 4.6.1.5 Maximum Effective Length 45 4.6.1.6 Calculation of Effective Throat 45 4.6.1.7 Reinforcing Fillet Welds 46 4.6.1.8 Maximum Weld Size in Lap Joints 46 4.6.1.9 Effective Area of Fillet Welds 46 4.7 About Fillet Weld 46 4.7.1 Filet Weld Defined and Explained 47 4.7.1.1 Single Fillet Welds 52 4.7.1.2 Double Fillet Welds 52 4.7.1.3 Combined Groove and Fillet Welds 52 4.8 Weld Design and Loading 54 4.8.1 Common Conditions to Consider When Designing Welded Connections 55 4.8.2 Marking the Fabrication and Construction Drawings 55 4.8.3 Effective Areas 57 4.8.4 Effective Area of Groove Welds 57 4.9 Sizing Fillet Welds 59 4.9.1 Effective Length of Straight Fillet Welds 59 4.9.2 The Determination of Effective Throat of a Fillet Weld 59 4.9.2.1 Fillet Welds Joining Perpendicular Members 59 4.9.2.2 Fillet Weld in Acute Angle 60 4.9.2.3 Fillet Welds That Make Angle Between 60 o and 80 o 60 4.9.2.4 Fillet Welds That Make Acute Angle Between 60 o and 30 o 61 4.9.2.5 Reinforcing Fillet Welds 61 4.9.3 Fillet Welds - Minimum Size 61 4.9.4 Maximum Weld Size in Lap Joints 62 4.9.5 Skewed T-Joints 63 4.9.5.1 T–Joint Welds in Acute Angles Between 80° and 60° and in Obtuse Angles Greater Than 100° 63 4.9.5.2 T-Joint Welds in Angles Between 60° and 30° 63 4.9.5.3 T-Joint Welds in Angles Less than 30° 63 4.9.5.4 Effective Length of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.9.5.5 Effective Throat of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.9.5.6 Effective Area of Skewed T-Joints 64 4.10 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots 64 4.10.1 Slot Ends 64 4.10.2 Effective Length of Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots 64 4.10.3 Effective Area of Fillet Welds in Holes or Slots 64 4.10.4 Diameter and Width Limitations 64 4.10.5 Slot Length and Shape 65 4.10.6 Effective Area of Plug and Slot Welds 65 4.11 Designing Calculations for Skewed Fillet Weld 65 4.12 Treating Weld as a Line 66 4.12.1 Calculation Approach 67 4.12.2 Finding the Size of the Weld 67 4.12.3 Calculated Stresses 73 4.12.4 Stress in Fillet Welds 73 4.12.5 Joint Configuration and Details 74 4.12.6 Compression Member Connections and Splices 75 4.12.7 Where There is an Issue of Through-Thickness Loading on the Base Plate 75 4.12.8 Determining the Capacity of Combinations of Welds 75 4.12.9 Corner and T-Joint Surface Contouring 75 4.12.10 Weld Access Holes 75 4.12.11 Welds with Rivets or Bolts 76 4.12.12 Joint Configuration and Details 76 4.12.12.1 Groove Welds - Transitions in Thicknesses and Widths 76 4.12.12.2 Partial Length CJP Groove Weld Prohibition 76 4.12.12.3 Flare Welds, Flare Groove and Intermittent PJP Groove Welds 76 4.12.12.4 Joint Configuration and Details 77 4.12.12.5 Termination of Fillet Welds 77 4.12.12.6 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots 78 4.13 Design of Tubular Connections 80 4.13.1 Weld Joint Design 82 4.13.2 Uneven Distribution of Load 88 4.13.3 Collapse 91 4.13.4 Lamellar Tear and Lamination 91 4.13.5 Fatigue 92 4.14 Design for Cyclic Loading 93 4.14.1 Improving Fatigue Performance of Welds, and Evaluation of S-N Curves for Design 105 4.14.1.1 Typical Weld Flushing Plan 107 4.15 Aluminum 107 4.15.1 Aluminum Alloys and Their Characteristics 108 4.15.1.1 Aluminum Alloys Series 1xxx 108 4.15.1.2 Aluminum Alloy Series 2xxx 109 4.15.1.3 Aluminum Alloy Series 3xxx 109 4.15.1.4 Aluminum Alloy Series 4xxx 109 4.15.1.5 Aluminum Alloy Series 5xxx 109 4.15.1.6 Aluminum Alloy Series 6xxx 110 4.15.1.7 Aluminum Alloy Series 7xxx 110 4.15.2 The Aluminum Alloy Temper and Designation System 110 4.15.3 Wrought Alloy Designation System 111 4.15.4 Cast Alloy Designation 111 4.15.5 The Aluminum Temper Designation System 112 4.16 Welding Aluminum 114 4.16.1 Aluminum Welding Electrodes 115 4.16.2 Electrical Parameters 115 4.17 Design for Welding Aluminum 116 4.17.1 Effect of Welding on the Strength of Aluminum and its Alloys 117 4.17.2 Effect of Service Temperature 119 4.17.3 Type of Weld Joints for Aluminum Welding 120 4.17.3.1 Butt Joints 120 4.17.4 Lap Joint for Aluminum Welding 121 4.17.5 Use of T-Joints in Aluminum Welding 121 4.18 Distribution of Stress in Aluminum Weld Design 122 4.18.1 Shear Strength of Aluminum Fillet Welds 123 4.18.2 Fatigue Strength in Aluminum Welds 123 4.19 Heat and Distortion Control 124 4.19.1 Angular Distortion 125 4.19.2 Longitudinal Distortions 126 5 Introduction to Welding Processes 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 134 5.3 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 139 5.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding 142 5.5 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) 145 5.6 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 145 5.7 Electroslag Welding (ESW) 146 5.8 Plasma Arc Welding 146 5.9 Stud Welding 146 5.10 Oxyfuel Gas Welding 147 5.11 Hyperbaric Welding 152 5.12 Application of Welding Processes 153 6 Welding Symbols 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Common Weld Symbols and Their Meanings 156 6.2.1 The Basic Structure of Welding Symbol 156 6.2.2 Types of Welds and Their Symbols 157 6.3 Fillet Welds 158 6.3.1 The Length of the Fillet Weld 159 6.4 Groove Welds 160 6.4.1 Square Groove Welds 161 6.4.2 V-Groove Welds 161 6.5 Bevel Groove Welds 162 6.5.1 U-Groove Welds 163 6.5.2 J-Groove Welds 163 6.5.3 Flare-V Groove Welds 164 6.5.4 Flare Bevel Groove Weld 164 6.6 Plug and Slot Welds 166 7 Structural Design and Welding Specifications, and Other Useful Information 169 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 Structural Welding Codes 169 7.3 Useful Engineering Information 174 Index 201

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Book SynopsisAmorphous-nanocrystalline alloys are a relatively new class of materials born from the rapid development of new technologies and different methods of producing amorphous and nanocrystalline powders and films, compacting, melt quenching, megaplastic deformation, implantation, laser, plasma, and other high-energy methods. This book considers methods of producing these materials (melt quenching, controlled crystallization, deformation effect, and pulse treatments (photon, laser and ultrasound), spraying thin films, and ion implantation). Theoretical and experimental studies describe plastic deformation mechanisms and physico-mechanical properties. Practical applications are also presented.Table of ContentsPreface. Amorphous metal materials. Methods for preparing. Features of the structure. Structural relaxation. Defects in amorphous alloys. .Mechanical properties. Methods of study of mechanical properties. Resistance. The plasticity and mechanisms of plastic deformation. Destruction. Phenomenon of temper brittleness. Magnetic properties. Ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism of amorphous metals. Magnetoelastic phenomena in amorphous alloys. Nanocrystalline alloys.Classification of nanocrystalline alloys. Methods of preparing bulk nanocrystalline materials. Structure. Physical and mechanical properties. Theoretical strength and the theoretical hardness. Hall-Petch ratio and its anomaly. The structural mechanisms of plastic deformation. Disruption. Magnetic properties. Amorphous nanocrystalline alloys. Methods for the preparation of crystalline-amorphous materials. Melt quenching. Controlled curve of crystallization. Strain effect. Compacting of powders. Pulse formation processing. Preparation of thin films. Ionic implantation. The structure of alloys. Features of the transition of the amorphous state to a crystalline. state with the thermal effects. Special features of transformation of amorphous alloys to the crystalline state during deformation. Structure during compaction of powders. The structure under pulsed light annealing. Changes in the structure under the influence of the pulse laser light. The structure of amorphous-crystalline films. Mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of amorphous alloy in the early stages of crystallization. Mechanical properties in the later crystallization steps. Mechanical properties in melt quenching at a critical speed. Mechanical properties at deformation effects. Mechanical properties after pulse processing. Mechanical properties of amorphous-nanocrystalline film. Magnetic properties. The theory of magnetism in nanocrystals with strong grain interactions. The magnetic properties of the Fe-Si-Nb-Cu-B alloys ( «Finemet»). Magnetic properties of alloys after megaplastic deformation. Magnetic properties of Fe-M-B-Cu ( «Nanoperm") and (Fe, Co) -M-B-Cu ( «Termoperm") allopys. Magnetic properties of Fe-Nd-B alloys. Magnetic properties of the films.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Fracture Mechanics and Structural Integrity is organized to cover quantitative descriptions of crack growth and fracture phenomena. The mechanics of fracture are explained, emphasizing elastic-plastic and time-dependent fracture mechanics. Applications are presented, using examples from power generation, aerospace, marine, and chemical industries, with focus on predicting the remaining life of structural components and advanced testing metods for structural materials. Numerous examples and end-of-chapter problems are provided, along with references to encourage further study.The book is written for use in an advanced graduate course on fracture mechanics or structural integrity.Table of Contents1. Introduction and Review of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 2. Analysis of Cracks under Elastic–Plastic Conditions 3. Methods of Estimating J-Integral 4. Crack Growth Resistance Curves and Measures of Fracture Toughness 5. Effects of Constraint on Fracture and Stable Crack Growth under Elastic–Plastic Loading 6. Microscopic Aspects of Fracture 7. Fatigue Crack Growth under Large-Scale Plasticity 8. Analysis of Cracks in Creeping Materials 9. Creep–Fatigue Crack Growth 10. Applications

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Book SynopsisAluminium, magnesium and titanium are alloys of special interest for engineering applications in a wide range of sectors such as aeronautics, automotive and medical. Their low density, along with sufficient mechanical properties, makes them especially adequate for sectors such as transportation allowing diminishing weight less fuel consumption and emissions to the atmosphere.Nowadays, machining is still one the most important manufacturing processes, not only for metal parts, but also for specially designed hybrid parts for more demanding new applications. A wide range of valuable research has been done on the machining of conventional engineering materials. However, when dealing with light alloys and hybrid materials containing them, they need to face new challenges. Particularly, it is important to analyse the suitability of the machining of these alloys in the current context of Industry 4.0, focusing on the development of cost-effective and sustainable processes.ThTable of ContentsLight alloys and their machinability: A review. Investigation on the built-up edge process when dry machining aeronautical aluminum alloys. Advances in the machining of holes and internal threads in light alloys. Design, manufacturing, and machining trials of magnesium-based hybrid parts. Laser surface processing of magnesium alloys. Sensor monitoring of titanium alloy machining. Cryogenic machining of titanium alloys. Advanced technologies in drilling of light alloys and CFRP hybrid stacks for airframe structure manufacturing in the aerospace industry.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A fully updated source for structural steel design information Thoroughly revised for the latest advances, this comprehensive resource contains information essential to the design of steel structures. The book lays out the fundamentals of structural steel fabrication and erection followed by detailed design methods for steel beams, columns, tension components, roof systems, and connections. Design examples throughout the book clearly demonstrate how to apply complex code provisions in the field. You will get clear explanations of AISC 360-16, the AASHTO Standard Specification for Structural Steel Bridges, the AISI Cold-Formed Steel Standards, ASCE 7-16, and the 2018 IBC.  Structural Steel Designer's Handbook, Sixth Edition,Table of ContentsContributors Preface to the Sixth Edition Preface to the Second Edition Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement Chapter 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and Fabrication 1.1 Structural Steel Shapes and Plates 1.2 Steel-Quality Designations 1.3 Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications 1.4 Tubing for Structural Applications 1.5 Steel Cable for Structural Applications 1.6 Tensile Properties 1.7 Properties in Shear 1.8 Hardness Tests 1.9 Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties 1.10 Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties 1.11 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties 1.12 Fatigue 1.13 Brittle Fracture 1.14 Residual Stresses 1.15 Lamellar Tearing 1.16 Welded Splices in Heavy Sections 1.17 k-Area Cracking 1.18 Variations in Mechanical Properties 1.19 Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling 1.20 Effects of Grain Size 1.21 Annealing and Normalizing 1.22 Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties 1.23 Steelmaking Methods 1.24 Casting and Hot Rolling 1.25 Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing 1.26 Effects of Welding 1.27 Effects of Thermal Cutting Chapter 2. Fabrication and Erection 2.1 Estimates, Material Orders, and Shop Drawings 2.2 Requirements for Drawings 2.3 Fabrication Practices and Processes: Material Preparation 2.4 Fabrication Practices and Processes: Assembly, Fitting, and Fastening 2.5 Shop Assembly 2.6 Rolled Sections 2.7 Built-Up Sections 2.8 Cleaning and Painting and Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel 2.9 Fabrication Tolerances 2.10 Steel Frame Erection 2.11 Erection Equipment 2.12 Erection Methods for Buildings 2.13 Erection Procedure for Bridges 2.14 Field Tolerances 2.15 Coordination and Constructability 2.16 Safety Concerns 2.17 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Chapter 3. Connections 3.1 General Considerations for Connection Design 3.2 Design of Fasteners and Welds 3.3 General Connection Design Procedure 3.4 Shear and Axial Beam End Connections 3.5 Axial Connections 3.6 Moment Connections 3.7 Vertical Brace Design by Uniform Force Method 3.8 References Chapter 4. Building Codes, Loads, and Fire Protection 4.1 Building Codes 4.2 Approval of Special Construction 4.3 Standard Specifications 4.4 Building Occupancy Loads 4.5 Roof Loads 4.6 Wind Loads 4.7 Seismic Loads 4.8 Tsunami Loads 4.9 Impact Loads 4.10 Crane-Runway Loads 4.11 Self-Straining Load Effects 4.12 Combined Loads 4.13 Fire Protection Chapter 5. Criteria for Building Design 5.1 Materials, Design Methods, and Other Considerations 5.2 Design for Stability 5.3 Design of Tension Members 5.4 Design of Compression Members 5.5 Design of Flexural Members 5.6 Design of Members for Shear 5.7 Design for Combined Forces and Torsion 5.8 Design of Composite Members 5.9 Design of Connections Chapter 6. Design of Building Members 6.1 Tension Members 6.2 Example—LRFD for Double-Angle Hanger 6.3 Example—LRFD for Wide-Flange Truss Members 6.4 Compression Members 6.5 Example—LRFD for Steel Pipe in Axial Compression 6.6 Example—LRFD for Wide-Flange Section with Axial Compression 6.7 Example—LRFD for Double Angles with Axial Compression 6.8 Steel Beams 6.9 Example—LRFD for Simple-Span Floor Beam 6.10 Example—LRFD for Floor Beam with Unbraced Top Flange 6.11 Example—LRFD for Floor Beam with Overhang 6.12 Composite Beams 6.13 LRFD for Composite Beam with Uniform Loads 6.14 Example—LRFD for Composite Beam with Concentrated Loads and End Moments 6.15 Example—LRFD for Wide-Flange Column in a Multistory Rigid Frame Chapter 7. Floor and Roof Systems FLOOR DECKS 7.1 Concrete Fill on Metal Deck 7.2 Precast Concrete Plank ROOF DECKS 7.3 Metal Roof Deck 7.4 Lightweight Precast Concrete Roof Panels FLOOR FRAMING 7.5 Rolled Shapes 7.6 Open-Web Joists 7.7 Cold-Formed Steel Framing 7.8 Floor Trusses 7.9 Staggered Trusses 7.10 Cellular and Castellated Beams 7.11 Vibrations 7.12 Dead-Load Deflection 7.13 Fire Protection ROOF FRAMING 7.14 Plate Girders 7.15 Roof Trusses 7.16 Space Frames 7.17 Arched Roofs 7.18 Dome Roofs 7.19 Cable Structures 7.20 Tensegrity Domes Chapter 8. Lateral-Force Design 8.1 Description of Wind Forces 8.2 Determination of Wind Loads 8.3 Seismic Loads in Model Codes 8.4 Seismic Design Loads 8.5 Dynamic Method of Seismic Load Distribution 8.6 Alternate Seismic Design Methods 8.7 Structural Steel Systems for Seismic Design 8.8 Seismic-Design Limitations on Steel Frames 8.9 Forces in Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads 8.10 Member and Connection Design for Lateral Loads 8.11 Designing for Tsunami Loads Chapter 9. Cold-Formed Steel Design 9.1 Design Specifications and Materials 9.2 Manufacturing Methods and Effects 9.3 Nominal Loads 9.4 Design Methods 9.5 Section Property Calculations 9.6 Effective Width Concept 9.7 Maximum Width-to-Thickness Ratios Using Effective Width Method 9.8 Effective Widths of Stiffened Elements 9.9 Effective Widths of Unstiffened Elements 9.10 Effective Widths of Uniformly Compressed Elements with Simple Lip Edge Stiffener 9.11 Tension Members 9.12 Flexural Members 9.13 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members 9.14 Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending 9.15 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending 9.16 Cylindrical Tubular Members 9.17 Welded Connections 9.18 Bolted Connections 9.19 Screw Connections 9.20 Rupture (Fracture in Net Section) 9.21 Cold-Formed Steel Framing Design Resources 9.22 Example of Effective Section Calculation 9.23 Example of Bending Strength Calculation Chapter 10. Highway Bridge Design Criteria 10.1 Specifications 10.2 General Design Considerations 10.3 Design Methods 10.4 Highway Design Loadings 10.5 Distribution of Loads Through Decks 10.6 Fracture Control 10.7 Repetitive Loading and Fatigue 10.8 Detailing for Earthquakes 10.9 Detailing for Buckling 10.10 Criteria for Built-Up Tension Members 10.11 Criteria for Built-Up Compression Members 10.12 Plate Girders and Rolled Beams 10.13 Composite Construction with I-Girders 10.14 Cost-Effective Plate-Girder Designs 10.15 Box Girders 10.16 Hybrid Girders 10.17 Orthotropic-Deck Bridges 10.18 Bearings 10.19 Detailing for Weldability 10.20 Bridge Decks 10.21 Elimination of Expansion Joints in Highway Bridges 10.22 Bridge Steels and Corrosion Protection Chapter 11. Beam and Girder Bridges 11.1 Characteristics of Beam Bridges 11.2 Characteristics of Plate-Girder Stringer Bridges 11.3 Example—Load Factor Design of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge 11.4 Characteristics of Curved-Girder Bridges 11.5 Deck Plate-Girder Bridges with Floor Beams 11.6 Through Plate-Girder Bridges with Floor Beams 11.7 Composite Box-Girder Bridges 11.8 Continuous-Beam Bridges 11.9 Example—Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Composite Plate-Girder Bridge Chapter 12. Truss Bridges 12.1 Specifications 12.2 Truss Components 12.3 Types of Trusses 12.4 Bridge Layout 12.5 Deck Design 12.6 Lateral Bracing, Portals, and Sway Frames 12.7 Resistance to Longitudinal Forces 12.8 Truss Design Procedure 12.9 Truss Member Details 12.10 Member and Joint Design Examples—LFD and SLD 12.11 Member Design Example—LRFD 12.12 Truss Joint Design Procedure 12.13 Truss Joint Design and Rating 12.14 Example—Load and Resistance Factor Rating of a Truss Joint 12.15 Skewed Bridges 12.16 Truss Bridges on Curves 12.17 Truss Supports and Other Details 12.18 Continuous Trusses 12.19 References Chapter 13. Arch Bridges 13.1 Types of Arches 13.2 Arch Forms 13.3 Selection of Arch Type and Form 13.4 Comparison of Arch with Other Bridge Types 13.5 Erection of Arch Bridges 13.6 Design of Arch Ribs and Ties 13.7 Design of Other Elements 13.8 Examples of Arch Bridges 13.9 Guidelines for Preliminary Designs and Estimates 13.10 Buckling Considerations for Arches 13.11 Example—Design of Tied-Arch Bridge Chapter 14. Cable-Suspended Bridges 14.1 Evolution of Cable-Suspended Bridges 14.2 Classification of Cable-Suspended Bridges 14.3 Classification and Characteristics of Suspension Bridges 14.4 Classification and Characteristics of Cable-Stayed Bridges 14.5 Classification of Bridges by Span 14.6 Cable-Suspended Bridges for Rail Loading 14.7 Specifications and Loadings for Cable-Suspended Bridges 14.8 Cables 14.9 Cable Saddles, Anchorages, and Connections 14.10 Corrosion Protection of Cables 14.11 Statics of Cables 14.12 Suspension Bridge Analysis 14.13 Preliminary Suspension Bridge Design 14.14 Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges 14.15 Cable-Stayed Bridge Analysis 14.16 Preliminary Design of Cable-Stayed Bridges 14.17 Aerodynamic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Bridges 14.18 Seismic Analysis of Cable-Suspended Structures 14.19 Erection of Cable-Suspended Bridges Index

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Book SynopsisDespite the vast knowledge accumulated on silicon, germanium, and their alloys, these materials still demand research, eminently in view of the improvement of knowledge on silicongermanium alloys and the potentialities of silicon as a substrate for high-efficiency solar cells and for compound semiconductors and the ongoing development of nanodevices based on nanowires and nanodots.Silicon, Germanium, and Their Alloys: Growth, Defects, Impurities, and Nanocrystals covers the entire spectrum of R&D activities in silicon, germanium, and their alloys, presenting the latest achievements in the field of crystal growth, point defects, extended defects, and impurities of silicon and germanium nanocrystals.World-recognized experts are the authors of the book's chapters, which span bulk, thin film, and nanostructured materials growth and characterization problems, theoretical modeling, crystal defects, diffusion, and issues of key applicative value, including chemical etcTrade Review"This book gives the state of the art in understanding and tailoring point defects in group IV semiconductors. The reader will find useful and complete information about the mechanisms of formation, migration, and interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic point defects in Si, Ge, and SiGe alloys. This is a unique feature of this work, as it offers the possibility of comparing the peculiar behavior of Si, Ge, and related alloys under one single cover."—Professor Roberto Fornari, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Parma, Italy"This book describes the growth models, impurities, defects, and nanocrystals of silicon, germanium, and their alloys. It is organized well and written by experts with high international reputation in this area. I am attracted by the content in this book. Especially, the book illustrates in detail the formation, diffusion, aggregation, and analysis of point defects not only in silicon, but also in germanium and their alloys, which [provides a] … better understanding of defects in element semiconductor materials. I would like to have this book on my shelf. It is an excellent reference for engineers, researchers, and students."—Professor Deren Yang, State Key Lab of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ChinaTable of ContentsModern Aspects of Czochralski and Multicrystalline Silicon Crystal Growth. Growth and Characterization of Silicon–Germanium Alloys. Germanium on Silicon: Epitaxy and Applications. Self-Interstitials in Silicon and Germanium. Vacancies in Si and Ge. Self- and Dopant Diffusion in Silicon, Germanium, and Their Alloys. Hydrogen in Si and Ge. Point Defect Complexes in Silicon. Defect Delineation in Silicon Materials by Chemical Etching Techniques. Investigation of Defects and Impurities in Silicon by Infrared and Photoluminescence Spectroscopies. Device Operation as Crystal Quality Probe. Silicon and Germanium Nanocrystals.

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Book Synopsis''Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing'' STEPHEN KING It might have been the end of days. Instead it was the beginning of something shockingly new. They called the comet Cain, after the astronomer who discovered it. It passed 500,000 miles from Earth. We were spared planetary destruction and granted a light show like no other. But, one year later, Earth span into the debris field left by the comet and a meteor storm struck. Roads, buildings and even a small town were annihilated.The meteors impacted heavily around the dying mining town of Northfall, Minnesota. It was the night of a mysterious double murder, the deed overshadowed by the discovery that the burning remains of the rock contained an unknown substance more precious than gold: the Ninth Metal. And with that discovery, everything changed.Benjamin Percy is an award-winning novelist, celebrated comic books writer and author of the WTrade ReviewPraise for THE NINTH METAL * : *When Benjamin Percy publishes a novel, I have got to read that novel. THE NINTH METAL continues his streak of thrilling, incisive genre bending goodness. It's a sci-fi novel, a crime novel and a super-hero novel, too. Audacious and intelligent and exactly what I was dying to read * Victor LaValle, author of The Changeling *Ben Percy will serve you the impossible-and by the end of every chapter, you will believe it and feel it as truth. Whether you choose to think of him as the Elmore Leonard of rural Minnesota or the Stephen King of Science Fiction, Percy-with his extraordinary and unrelenting eye-dishes up humanity like some kind of otherworldly blue plate special, at once deeply familiar and wildly new * Margaret Stohl, No. 1 New York Times Bestselling Author *Take one part dystopia, one part sci-fi, two parts apocalypse, then ride them roughshod through a bleak and bloody western, and it still wouldn't get close to what Ben Percy does here, which is blow open the core of humanity's dark heart * Marlon James, Booker Prize winning author of Black Leopard, Red Wolf *The plot is dynamic, featuring multiple viewpoints as well as corporate malfeasance, spooky cults, and family drama. This sounds complicated, and it is, but all of these moving parts work together due to strong characterization, especially the cheery rookie police officer Stacie Toal. The action is vivid without being too graphic, contributing to an overall cinematic feel. While the novel comes to a satisfying conclusion, this is the first book in an anticipated trilogy * Booklist *Debris from a comet drops a fabulously valuable new metal . . . turning it into a bloody, brawling boomtown. Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing * Stephen King *Wildly entertaining * Publishers Weekly *A propulsive thriller that drops plenty of hints about a bigger picture to be discovered. Fast-paced and gripping, this will make you eager for the next in the Comet Cycle * Sci-Fi Bulletin *Percy's novel is a clever amalgamation of speculative fiction and family drama, of supercharged characters and regular folk, encompassing various viewpoints in a highly cinematic narrative. * Star Tribune *There's mystery and intrigue and a heavy dose of the Midwest in this book, which bills itself as a modern gold rush * Science Friday *The engine of the novel, first of a trilogy, has a lot of moving parts but Percy keeps them all meshing nicely together with sinewy prose and strong characterisation * Financial Times *It's a fast-paced book, full of gritty drama, surprising revelations that don't stray too far into incredulity, complex character dynamics and multiple layers of plot. It was great fun to read and had a real meteoric impact * ParSec *Reads like Stephen King, mixed with Lee Child with a dash of Marvel's Jessica Jones. I couldn't put it down * Concatenation *

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Book Synopsis''Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing'' STEPHEN KING It might have been the end of days. Instead it was the beginning of something shockingly new.They called the comet Cain, after the astronomer who discovered it. It passed 500,000 miles from Earth. We were spared planetary destruction and granted a light show like no other.But, one year later, Earth span into the debris field left by the comet and a meteor storm struck. Roads, buildings and even a small town were annihilated.The meteors impacted heavily around the dying mining town of Northfall, Minnesota. It was the night of a mysterious double murder, the deed overshadowed by the discovery that the burning remains of the rock contained an unknown substance more precious than gold: the Ninth Metal. And with that discovery, everything changed.Benjamin Percy is an award-winning novelist, celebrated comic books writer and author of the WolTrade ReviewPraise for THE NINTH METAL * : *When Benjamin Percy publishes a novel, I have got to read that novel. THE NINTH METAL continues his streak of thrilling, incisive genre bending goodness. It's a sci-fi novel, a crime novel and a super-hero novel, too. Audacious and intelligent and exactly what I was dying to read * Victor LaValle, author of The Changeling *Ben Percy will serve you the impossible-and by the end of every chapter, you will believe it and feel it as truth. Whether you choose to think of him as the Elmore Leonard of rural Minnesota or the Stephen King of Science Fiction, Percy-with his extraordinary and unrelenting eye-dishes up humanity like some kind of otherworldly blue plate special, at once deeply familiar and wildly new * Margaret Stohl, No. 1 New York Times Bestselling Author *Take one part dystopia, one part sci-fi, two parts apocalypse, then ride them roughshod through a bleak and bloody western, and it still wouldn't get close to what Ben Percy does here, which is blow open the core of humanity's dark heart * Marlon James, Booker Prize winning author of Black Leopard, Red Wolf *The plot is dynamic, featuring multiple viewpoints as well as corporate malfeasance, spooky cults, and family drama. This sounds complicated, and it is, but all of these moving parts work together due to strong characterization, especially the cheery rookie police officer Stacie Toal. The action is vivid without being too graphic, contributing to an overall cinematic feel. While the novel comes to a satisfying conclusion, this is the first book in an anticipated trilogy * Booklist *Debris from a comet drops a fabulously valuable new metal . . . turning it into a bloody, brawling boomtown. Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing * Stephen King *Wildly entertaining * Publishers Weekly *A propulsive thriller that drops plenty of hints about a bigger picture to be discovered. Fast-paced and gripping, this will make you eager for the next in the Comet Cycle * Sci-Fi Bulletin *Percy's novel is a clever amalgamation of speculative fiction and family drama, of supercharged characters and regular folk, encompassing various viewpoints in a highly cinematic narrative. * Star Tribune *There's mystery and intrigue and a heavy dose of the Midwest in this book, which bills itself as a modern gold rush * Science Friday *The engine of the novel, first of a trilogy, has a lot of moving parts but Percy keeps them all meshing nicely together with sinewy prose and strong characterisation * Financial Times *It's a fast-paced book, full of gritty drama, surprising revelations that don't stray too far into incredulity, complex character dynamics and multiple layers of plot. It was great fun to read and had a real meteoric impact * ParSec *Reads like Stephen King, mixed with Lee Child with a dash of Marvel's Jessica Jones. I couldn't put it down * Concatenation *There's mystery and intrigue and a heavy dose of the Midwest in this book, which bills itself as a modern gold rush * Science Friday *

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Book Synopsis''Debris from a comet drops a fabulously valuable new metal . . . turning it into a bloody, brawling boomtown. Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing'' - International bestselling author Stephen King on The Ninth Metal Named a Most Anticipated SFF Fiction Book by New ScientistIt began with a comet. They called it Cain, a wandering star that passed by Earth, illuminating the night with a swampy green light and twinning the sky by day with two suns. A year later, Earth spun through the debris field the comet left behind. Suddenly, hundreds of thousands of meteors plummeted into the atmosphere, destroying swaths of electrical grids, leaving shores of beaches filled with deceased sea life, and setting acres of land ablaze. It was then, they say, that the sky fell. It was then that Jack lost Mia.Five years after the disappearance of his daughter, Jack has fallen. Once an accomplished professor of botany, he''s now a shell oTrade ReviewDebris from a comet drops a fabulously valuable new metal . . . turning it into a bloody, brawling boomtown. Great characters, fine writing, totally engrossing * International bestselling author Stephen King on The Ninth Metal *Masterful . . . Combines a missing-person case, romantic reconciliation, and a riveting sci-fi what-if . . . A thoroughly satisfying near-future glimpse of both disaster and salvation * Publishers Weekly *Terrifying, entertaining, and thought-provoking. . . There's a spattering of gore, a connection to a psychopathic serial killer, and a secret government agenda to introduce alien matter into human genes-in other words, a little something for everyone, science fiction fans and mystery fans alike. * Kirkus Reviews *When Benjamin Percy publishes a novel, I have got to read that novel. THE NINTH METAL continues his streak of thrilling, incisive genre bending goodness. It's a sci-fi novel, a crime novel and a super-hero novel, too. Audacious and intelligent and exactly what I was dying to read * Victor LaValle, author of The Changeling on The Ninth Metal *Ben Percy will serve you the impossible-and by the end of every chapter, you will believe it and feel it as truth. Whether you choose to think of him as the Elmore Leonard of rural Minnesota or the Stephen King of Science Fiction, Percy-with his extraordinary and unrelenting eye-dishes up humanity like some kind of otherworldly blue plate special, at once deeply familiar and wildly new * Margaret Stohl, No. 1 New York Times Bestselling Author on The Ninth Metal *Take one part dystopia, one part sci-fi, two parts apocalypse, then ride them roughshod through a bleak and bloody western, and it still wouldn't get close to what Ben Percy does here, which is blow open the core of humanity's dark heart * Marlon James, Booker Prize winning author of Black Leopard, Red Wolf on The Ninth Metal *The plot is dynamic, featuring multiple viewpoints as well as corporate malfeasance, spooky cults, and family drama. This sounds complicated, and it is, but all of these moving parts work together due to strong characterization, especially the cheery rookie police officer Stacie Toal. The action is vivid without being too graphic, contributing to an overall cinematic feel. While the novel comes to a satisfying conclusion, this is the first book in an anticipated trilogy * Booklist on The Ninth Metal *Tense, entertaining and unexpectedly educational too * Concatenation *

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Book Synopsis''Totally engrossing'' - STEPHEN KING on The Ninth Metal THE FINAL BOOK IN PERCY''S CRITICALLY CLAIMED COMET CYCLE SERIES!The comet, Cain, came from beyond our solar system, its debris containing elements unknown. Now, in the isolated region of Fairbanks, Alaska, the skies shift and stretch as an interstellar dust cloud seeds the atmosphere. When a plane shudders its way through pulpy, swirling, bruise-shaped clouds, lit with sudden cracks of lightning, the sky opens and the aircraft vanishes...but only for a minute.When the flight lands, everyone on board and in the community will be changed forever. Chuck Bridges, a local DJ and conspiracy theorist, was on board and later reported dead to his family, but not before proclaiming that something inside the clouds was speaking to him. Now his son, Theo, must chase down answers to the mystery his father unlocked. He''ll find himself at odds with Sophie Chen, an agent with a shaTrade ReviewPercy offers intriguing theoretical physics, a penetrating analysis of human greed, and deeply sympathetic characters. This standout combination of science and psychology is sure to wow SF fans. * Publishers Weekly (starred review) *An excellent continuation of the Comet Cycle * SciFi Bulletin *

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Book Synopsisa very detailed book on multiferroics that will be useful for PhD students and researchers interested in this emerging field of materials science Dr. Wilfrid Prellier, Research Director, CNRS, Caen, FranceMultiferroics has emerged as one of the hottest topics in solid state physics in this millennium. The coexistence of multiple ferroic/antiferroic properties makes them useful both for fundamental studies and practical applications such as revolutionary new memory technologies and next-generation spintronics devices. This book provides an historical introduction to the field, followed by a summary of recent progress in single-phase multiferroics (type-I and type-II), multiferroic composites (bulk and nano composites), and emerging areas such as domain walls and vortices. Each chapter addresses potential technological implications. There is also a section dedicated to theoretical approaches, both phenomenological and first-principles calculations. Trade Review"A very detailed book on multiferroics that will be useful for PhD students and researchers interested in this emerging field of materials science." -Dr. Wilfrid Prellier, Research Director, CNRS, Caen, FranceTable of ContentsIntroduction and overview of the field. Type-I multiferroic systems. Type-II multiferroic systems. Multiferroic composites. Theoretical study of multiferroic materials. Applications of multiferroic materials. Emerging phenomena in multiferroics.

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Book SynopsisFor apprentices and amateur metalworkers, this book is a practical, hands-on guide to engineering benchwork that teaches all the valuable hand tool skills and procedures for files, punches, hand filers, and more. Well-illustrated with concise technical diagrams, tables, and black and white photos, you'll learn all the tricks and gain a solid foundation in the basics of engineering benchwork that will become second nature over the course of your career as a metalworker. Not only are these proper practices essential knowledge to get started in the industry, but they will also save you spoiled work and tools.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Brazing Technology provides practical guidance for the industrial production of an effectively brazed joint. Written in plain language by an active technical consultant with more than 50 years of brazing experience, this clear and concise book: Explains the fundamental concepts of the brazing process Covers all the common heating methods used for brazing Describes how to obtain brazing operator accreditation Addresses the latest advances in brazing technology Features an extensive glossary of brazing terms Underscores the importance of the joint gap References EN and ISO standards Introduction to Brazing Technology ensures a good working knowledge of the application of brazing as an industrial joining technique. The book offers new and existing users of the technology a comprehensive reference for tackling the day-to-day challenges encountered during thTrade Review"Comprehensive and thorough brazing process guidelines are illustrated with practical examples supported by good reference data. These carefully described logical steps define the ‘rules’ for successful brazing. … This book will no doubt become a ‘go-to reference’ for those involved in running a brazing process."—Dr. D. K. Hawksworth, President, Diomedea, Inc."…having known the author for 49 years, and [having] participated in numerous technical meetings and conferences, I feel eminently qualified to enthusiastically recommend to the reader the quality and quantity of information to be gleaned from this book. The addition of a glossary is a very worthwhile tool to this excellent book."—Mel Schwartz, Author, Consultant, Technical Writer"The book ensures a good working knowledge of the application of brazing as an industrial joining technique. It offers new and existing users of the technology a comprehensive reference for tackling the day-today challenges encountered during the brazing process." —Welding and Cutting, 2016 “This comprehensive book on brazing technology would be an excellent choice for anyone wanting to learn about the brazing process, as well as for those already involved with brazing who need an excellent reference guide. It contains information on new aluminum brazing methods, corrosion of stainless steels, new fuel gases, new alloys and flux codes, and ISO specifications. As a troubleshooting guide alone, it is well worth purchasing.” —IEEE Electrical Insulation, September/October 2016"Introduction to Brazing Technology, written by P.M. Roberts, is one of the most complete books available to brazing practitioners. This edition has numerous explanations and valuable practical information. Overall, the text remains a must as a learning tool and its clear relevance to real-world industry practices makes it useful for both students and practitioners." —Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology, Volume 27, 2016"Comprehensive and thorough brazing process guidelines are illustrated with practical examples supported by good reference data. These carefully described logical steps define the ‘rules’ for successful brazing. … This book will no doubt become a ‘go-to reference’ for those involved in running a brazing process."—Dr. D. K. Hawksworth, President, Diomedea, Inc."…having known the author for 49 years, and [having] participated in numerous technical meetings and conferences, I feel eminently qualified to enthusiastically recommend to the reader the quality and quantity of information to be gleaned from this book. The addition of a glossary is a very worthwhile tool to this excellent book."—Mel Schwartz, Author, Consultant, Technical Writer"The book ensures a good working knowledge of the application of brazing as an industrial joining technique. It offers new and existing users of the technology a comprehensive reference for tackling the day-today challenges encountered during the brazing process." —Welding and Cutting, 2016“This comprehensive book on brazing technology would be an excellent choice for anyone wanting to learn about the brazing process, as well as for those already involved with brazing who need an excellent reference guide. It contains information on new aluminum brazing methods, corrosion of stainless steels, new fuel gases, new alloys and flux codes, and ISO specifications. As a troubleshooting guide alone, it is well worth purchasing.” —IEEE Electrical Insulation, September/October 2016"Introduction to Brazing Technology, written by P.M. Roberts, is one of the most complete books available to brazing practitioners. This edition has numerous explanations and valuable practical information. Overall, the text remains a must as a learning tool and its clear relevance to real-world industry practices makes it useful for both students and practitioners." —Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology, Volume 27, 2016Table of ContentsProcess Fundamentals and Operator Safety. Where Brazing Fits in Joining Technology. Joint Design Fundamentals. Filler Materials, Fluxes and Brazing Paste Fundamentals. Brazing with Flames. Induction and Resistance Heating. Furnace Brazing. Brazing Aluminium. Troubleshooting and Some Common Brazing Problems. Accreditation of Brazing Operators. Importance of the Joint Gap in Brazing. Glossary. Addendum A: SafeFlame®. Appendix A: Selection Charts. Appendix B: Filler Metal Comparison Tables.

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Book SynopsisVacuum technology has enormous impact on human life in many aspects and fields, such as metallurgy, material development and production, food and electronic industry, microelectronics, device fabrication, physics, materials science, space science, engineering, chemistry, technology of low temperature, pharmaceutical industry, and biology. All decorative coatings used in jewelries and various daily productsincluding shiny decorative papers, the surface finish of watches, and light fixturesare made using vacuum technological processes. Vacuum analytical techniques and vacuum technologies are pillars of the technological processes, material synthesis, deposition, and material analysesall of which are used in the development of novel materials, increasing the value of industrial products, controlling the technological processes, and ensuring the high product quality. Based on physical models and calculated examples, the book provides a deeper look inside the vacuum physics and technologTrade ReviewThis comprehensive book on vacuum physics will provide the beginner, as well as the seasoned professional, with a handy reference for a wide variety of situations and background information critical to vacuum processes. It is very well illustrated and accessible at many levels of reader experience in vacuum technology. -IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February — Vol. 36, No. 1Table of ContentsPart 1: Physics of Low pressures. Fundamental Quantities in Vacuum Physics. Molecular Kinetic Theory and its Implications. Thermodynamics of Gases at Low Pressures. Real Gases. Transfer Phenomena in Gases at Vacuum Conditions. Molecular Collisions. Gas Flow at Vacuum Conditions. Sorption. Pumping Vacuum Systems. Part 2: Vacuum Production. Categorization of Vacuum Pumps. Mechanical Displacement Pumps. Dry Displacement pumps. Mechanical Kinetic Pumps. Kinetic Propellant Pumps and Accessories. Capture Pumps. Part 3: Low Pressure Measurements. Introduction into the Methodology of Low Pressure Measurements. Force Gauges with Manometric Fluids. Force Gauges with Elastic Deformation Elements. Force Gauges with Solid Sensing Elements. Viscosity Molecular Gauges. Vacuum Thermal Gauges. Ionization Gauges with Hot Filaments. Electric Discharge Vacuum Gauges. Vacuum Gauges with Radioactive Emitters. Partial Pressure Measurement at Vacuum Conditions. Energy Analyzers of Electrically Charged Particles. Gas Flow Measurements and Controls. Leak Detection. Appendix. Index. List of Tables.

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Book SynopsisElectrospinning is a simple and efficient process in producing nanofibers. The use of an electrospinning process in fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds has received great attention in recent years due to its simplicity and ability to fabricate ultrafine nanofibers. Chapter One investigates the process of formation of ultrafine fibres and nonwoven membranes by electrospinning from natural degradable polymers -- polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs); physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the products have been included. Chapter Two aims to give an insight into the use of this interesting class of polymers in electrospinning as well as to explore the wide range of possible applications. Chapter Three reveals the fundamental working principles of electrospinning process and the effect of electrospinning process parameters towards the nanofibers morphology. Chapter Four provides detailed information on the background of electrospinning, fundamental principles and theory, investigation on parameters involved in nanofibers structural/ biological/mechanical characteristics, advantages of superb properties and biomedical applications of electrospun nanofibres, particularly in tissue engineering heart valves. Chapter Five focuses on the fabrication and characterisation of electrospun PVDF, PVDF/PLA (50/50 wt %) and PVDF/G (99.5/0.5 wt %) membranes. Chapter Six presents the main results of recent experimental investigation of the electrodeposition and characterisation of Fe/TiO2 composite coatings obtained from an environmentally friendly methanesulfonate iron plating bath containing colloidal TiO2 particles.

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Book SynopsisLead Chalcogenides remain one of the basic materials of modern infrared optoelectronics. This volume presents the properties of lead chalcogenides, including the basic physical features, the bulk and epitaxial growth technique, and the 2-D physics of lead chalcogenide-based structures. In addition, the theoretical appraoches for band structure and impurity state calculations are reviewed.Table of ContentsLead Chalcogenides: Basic Physical Features, Y. Ravich · Phase Diagrams and Growth of Bulk Lead Chalcogenide Crystals, V. Zlomanov and L. Yashina · Molecular Beam Epitaxy of IV-VI Heterostructures and Superlattices,G. Springholz · Optical Properties and Low Dimensional Systems of IV-VI Semiconductors, H. Pascher and G. Bauer · Lead Telluride n-I-p-I Structures: An Electronic System in the Intermediate Regime Between Two and Three Dimensions, J. Oswald · Semimagnetic Semiconductors Based on Lead Chalcogenides, T. Story · Doped Lead Chalcogenides, L. Ryabova and B. Akimov · Band Structure and Impurity States in the Lead Chalcogenides, B. Volkov · Laser Application of IV-VI Semiconductors, A. Ishida and H. Fujiyasu · The Application of Lead Chalcogenides in Thermoelectric Devices, Z. Dashevsky · Lead Chalcogenide Infrared Detectors Grown on Silicon Substrates, H. Zogg · Infrared Photodetectors Based on Doped Lead Tellurides, D. Khokhlov

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Book SynopsisMetals are central to human civilization. Used in everything from technology to human bodily processes, we are constantly discovering new metal deposits in the earth, and refining our knowledge and understanding of these precious commodities.In this book, Pelikan discusses the importance of the classic 'seven metals' for humankind and nature, in the light of spiritual science. He adopts a phenomenological, Goethean approach, as developed by Rudolf Steiner, and considers the metals' various effects, including their therapeutic effects.Table of Contents1. The Metallic Condition on Earth2. Cosmic Aspects of the Metallic Nature3. Lead4. Tin5. Iron6. Gold7. Copper8. Quicksilver9. Silver10. Zinc11. Aluminum12. Nickel and Cobalt—Siblings of Iron13. Antimony14. The Nature of Sulphur

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Book SynopsisCorrosion is deterioration of essential properties in a material due to reactions with its surroundings. In the most common use of the word, this means a loss of an electron of metals reacting with water or oxygen. Weakening of iron due to oxidation of the iron atoms is a well-known example of electrochemistry (a branch of chemistry that studies the reactions that take place when an ionic and electronic conductor interfere) corrosion. This is commonly known as rust. This type of damage usually affects metallic materials, and typically produces oxide(s) and/or salt(s) of the original metal. Corrosion also includes the dissolution of ceramic materials and can refer to discoloration and weakening of polymers by the sun''s ultraviolet light. Most structural alloys corrode merely from exposure to moisture in the air, but the process can be strongly affected by exposure to certain substances. Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area to produce general deterioration. While some efforts to reduce corrosion merely redirect the damage into less visible, less predictable forms, controlled corrosion treatments such as passivation and chromate-conversion will increase a material''s corrosion resistance. This book presents important new research in the field.

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Book SynopsisPowder metallurgy is a forming and fabrication technique consisting of three major processing stages. First, the primary material is physically powdered, divided into many small individual particles. Next, the powder is injected into a mould or passed through a die to produce a weakly cohesive structure (via cold welding) very near the dimensions of the object ultimately to be manufactured. Finally, the end part is formed by applying pressure, high temperature, long setting times (during which self-welding occurs), or any combination thereof. In powder metallurgy or ceramics it is possible to fabricate components which otherwise would decompose or disintegrate. All considerations of solid-liquid phase changes can be ignored, so powder processes are more flexible than casting, extrusion, or forging techniques. Controllable characteristics of products prepared using various powder technologies include mechanical, magnetic, and other unconventional properties of such materials as porous solids, aggregates, and intermetallic compounds. This book provides new research on this field from around the globe.

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Book SynopsisThe history of industrial application of explosion for metal treatment, initially designed for metal hardening, spans almost half a century. The main body of achievements in the industrial application of explosion energy is based on the researches, which were made approximately since 1950. By being cost-effective and possessing unique technical capabilities, explosion metal treatment (EMT) has been developed in more than twenty directions, and even today it attracts the attention of many specialists. At the same time, production engineers who need to use this unusual source of energy for metal treatment face difficulties in applying previous experience for solving problems raised by new technology. The results of studies and technological solutions are scattered in many publications and monographs, the last one published in the early 90s, and usually relate only to specific uses of EMT. This complicates assessment of the state-of-the-art of EMT and selection of an appropriate technology for particular production conditions. This book is the first one on the theory and practice of EMT in Ukraine that solves, to a substantial degree, the above-mentioned problems. It gives an analysis of theoretical and applied aspects of using explosion energy in industry, in particular in welding production, mechanical engineering, industrial building construction and so on and is based on results obtained mainly by the author and his colleagues at the E O Paton Electric Welding Institute (PWI) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev), as wells as in other research centres.

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Book SynopsisPresenting the latest in archaeometallurgical research in a Mesoamerican context, this book brings together up-to-date research from the most notable scholars in the field. These contributors analyse data from a variety of sites, examining current approaches to the study of archaeometallurgy in the region as well as new perspectives on the significance metallurgy and metal objects had in the lives of its ancient peoples. The chapters are organised following the cyclical nature of metals -- beginning with extracting and mining ore, moving to smelting and casting of finished objects, and ending with recycling and deterioration back to the original state once the object is no longer in use. Data obtained from archaeological investigations, ethnohistoric sources, ethnographic studies, along with materials science analyses, are brought to bear on questions related to the integration of metallurgy into local and regional economies, the sacred connotations of copper objects, metallurgy as specialised crafting, and the nature of mining, alloy technology, and metal fabrication.Trade ReviewThis book will be a basic reference on the topic for many years to come, and will remain an essential source even as new field and laboratory studies develop. It is by far the best reference for metallurgy within the ancient Mesoamerican world system, and will be important for comparative studies between Mesoamerican and other early civilizations.Phil Weigand, Colegio de Michoacan

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Book SynopsisThe completely revised Second Edition of Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist provides a solid understanding of the basic principles and current practices of metallurgy.This major new edition is for anyone who uses, makes, buys or tests metal products. For both beginners and others seeking a basic refresher, the new Second Edition of the popular Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist gives an all-new modern view on the basic principles and practices of metallurgy. This new edition is extensively updated with broader coverage of topics, new and improved illustrations, and more explanation of basic concepts.Why are cast irons so suitable for casting? Do some nonferrous alloys respond to heat treatment like steels? Why is corrosion so pernicious? These are questions that can be answered in this updated reference with many new illustrations, examples, and descriptions of basic metallurgy.

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Book SynopsisSheet forming fundamentals are thoroughly addressed in this comprehensive reference for the practical and efficient use of sheet forming technologies. The principle variables of sheet forming including the interactions between variables are clearly explained, as a basic foundation for the most effective use of computer aided modelling in process and die design. Topics include stress analysis, formability criteria, tooling, and materials for sheet forming. The book also covers the latest developments in sheet metal forming technology including servo-drive presses and their applications, and advanced cushion systems in mechanical and hydraulic presses.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisLithium has a number of uses but one of the most valuable is a component of high energy-density rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Because of concerns over carbon dioxide footprint and increasing hydrocarbon fuel cost (reduced supply), lithium may become even more important in large batteries for powering all-electric and hybrid vehicles. Estimates of future lithium demand vary, based on numerous variables. Some of those variables include the potential for recycling, widespread public acceptance of electric vehicles, or the possibility of incentives for converting to lithium-ion-powered engines. This book addresses some of the issues raised by the increased focus on lithium, including the context of the lithium market into which future lithium-based large batteries must fit, the projected effect of electric and hybrid cars on lithium demand, various estimates for future lithium demand, and obstacles to reaching the more optimistic estimates.

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Book SynopsisCoverage on heat treating in the ASM Handbook series is being expanded into several volumes, and ASM Handbook, Volume 4A, Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes is the first of multiple volumes on heat treating. Volume 4A introduces the basics of steel heat treating and provides in-depth coverage of the many steel heat treating processes. Coverage includes: Physical metallurgy of steel heat treatment Fundamentals of steel hardness and hardenability Practical aspects of hardenability as a key criterion in the selection of steel Hardenability calculations and the use of hardenability data Fundamentals and practical aspects of steel quenching Expanded coverage on quenching processes Updates and expansion on annealing, tempering, austempering and martempering New articles on cleaning, subcritical annealing, austenitising, and quench partitioning of steel heat treatment Significant expansion on the fundamental and applied aspects of surface hardening by applied energy, carburising, carbonitriding, nitriding, and diffusion coatings Editors and authors have also added charts, examples, and practical reference data for application purposes.

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Book SynopsisCovers the basics of metal fabrication, delving deep into the technology of metals fabrication. Topics include: primary mill fabrication, casting, bulk deformation, forming, machining, heat treatment, finishing and coating, and powder metallurgy. This book can be read and understood by anyone with a technical background; it is useful to anyone who deals with metals including designers, mechanical engineers, civil engineers, structural engineers, material and process engineers, manufacturing engineers, faculty, and materials science students.

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Book SynopsisThe new 2016 edition of ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams is a revision of the original 1992 edition. 40% of the volume has been updated and now includes 1083 binary systems, 1095 binary diagrams, 115 ternary systems, and 406 ternary diagrams. The revised volume provides a more complete explanation of phase diagrams and their significance with the addition of new material on solid solutions and phase transformations; thermodynamics; isomorphous, eutectic, peritectic, and monotectic alloy systems; solid-state transformations; and intermediate phases. Users of this volume will gain a better understanding of phase diagram construction and alloy system interactions while having a valuable resource to aid in their research and engineering pursuits.Since the 1992 edition of this volume was published, improvements in experimental techniques have increased the accuracy of results, filling the remaining gaps of existing systems. Increasingly sophisticated computer modeling methods determine phase equilibria that could not be determined experimentally in a practical manner — resulting in numerous revisions of previously accepted phase diagrams, and predicted phase diagrams for newly assessed systems.

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Book SynopsisThe 2015 edition of the volume on Powder Metallurgy focuses on conventional powder metallurgy and includes a new section on metal injection molding. The newly developed handbook format is aimed at simplifying the understanding of process and property relationships by treating each metal/alloy family in individual divisions.

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