Medical specialties, branches of medicine Books

Book SynopsisHow to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis, perform and interpret patch tests, and select the best treatment options Written for a broad range of dermatologic professionals, Common Contact Allergens is a straightforward and useful guide that bridges the gap between detailed reference texts and basic handbooks on contact allergy, making it an ideal addition to general dermatology practices for practical use in the office. The first section of the book leads practitioners through the steps necessary to effectively and accurately perform patch testing. This covers basic immunological knowledge, various ways in which contact allergy can present, patch test techniques, and how to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. Giving attention to all standard allergens, the second section offers an overview of the current literature on each, with detailed analysis on determining the clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction. This convenient companion: Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xi About the Companion Website xiii Section 1: Methodology 1 1 Immunology of Allergic Contact Dermatitis 3 2 Patch Test Technique 5 3 The Detective’s Guide to Contact Dermatitis 15 4 History, Microhistory, and Sources of Contact Allergen Exposure 23 5 Microexamination 55 6 Setting up a Patch Test Practice 89 7 The Role of Providers of Patch Test Products 93 Section 2: Non‐Allergic Dermatoses 99 8 Elimination or Inclusion of Non‐Allergic Skin Diseases 101 9 Irritant Contact Dermatitis 123 Section 3: Common Contact Allergens 127 Metals 129 10 Nickel 129 11 Cobalt 145 12 Chromate 151 13 Gold 161 Fragrances 167 14 Fragrances Incorporating Fragrance Mix 1, Fragrance Mix 2, Hydroxyisoheyl 3‐cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Limonene, and Linalool 167 Preservatives 181 15 Formaldehyde 181 16 Quaternium‐15 187 17 Diazolidinyl Urea and Imidazolidinyl Urea 191 18 2‐Bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol 197 19 Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylisothiazolinone 201 20 Methylisothiazolinone 205 21 Parabens 211 Dyes 217 22 para‐Phenylenediamine 217 23 Disperse Blue 106 227 Rubber 233 24 Rubber: Mercaptobenzothiazole, Mercapto Mix, Thiurams, Carbamates, Thioureas, N Isopropyl‐N’‐Phenyl‐pphenylenediamine 233 Resins 245 25 Colophonium 245 26 Epoxy Resin 255 27 Tosylamide Formaldehyde Resin 263 28 para‐Tertiary‐Butylphenol Formaldehyde Resin 267 Plants 273 29 Sesquiterpene Lactone Mix and Compositae Mix 273 30 Primin 281 Medicaments 287 31 Neomycin 287 32 Clioquinol 293 33 Benzocaine 297 34 Tixocortol‐21‐pivalate Budesonide, and Hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate 303 Others 311 35 Lanolin 311 36 Cetearyl Alcohol 317 Index 321 E-Supplements 10 Nickel 11 Cobalt 12 Chromate 14 Fragrances 15 Formaldehyde 16 Quaternium 15 17 Diazolidinyl Urea and Imidazolidinyl Urea 19 Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylsiothiazolinone 20 Methylisothiazolinone 21 Parabens 22 para-Phenylenediamine 24 Rubber 25 Colophonium 26 Epoxy Resin 28 4-tert-Butylphenol Formaldehyde Resin 29 Sesquiterpene Lactone Mix and Compositae Mix 30 Primin 31 Neomycin 32 Clioquinol 33 Benzocaine 34 Corticosteroids: Tixocortol-21-pivalate, Budesonide, and Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 35 Lanolin

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Book SynopsisThe fourth edition of Implant Restorations: A Step-by-Step Guide provides a wealth of updated and expanded coverage on detailed procedures for restoring dental implants. Focusing on the most common treatment scenarios, it offers concise literature reviews for each chapter and easy-to-follow descriptions of the techniques, along with high-quality clinical photographs demonstrating each step. Comprehensive throughout, this practical guide begins with introductory information on incorporating implant restorative dentistry in clinical practice. It covers diagnosis and treatment planning and digital dentistry, and addresses advances in cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), treatment planning software, computer generated surgical guides, rapid prototype printing and impression-less implant restorative treatments, intra-oral scanning, laser sintering, and printing/milling polymer materials. Record-keeping, patient compliance, hygiene regimes, and follow-up are also covereTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction to Implant Dentistry 1 Introduction 1 Purpose of Textbook 1 Conventional Dentistry Versus Implant Dentistry 2 Predictability of Fixed Prosthodontics 2 Predictability of Implant Prosthodontics 3 Economics of Implant Dentistry 4 Prognostic Indicators for Teeth 5 Periodontal Disease 5 The Heavily Restored Tooth 6 The Furcation-Involved Tooth 8 The Periodontal Prosthesis Patient 9 Difficult Aesthetic Cases 10 Classification of Ridge Defects 12 Treatment Prognosis for the Dentition 15 Summary 18 Bibliography 18 2 Implants and Implant Restorative Components 21 Introduction 21 Implants 21 Implant/Abutment Connections 25 External Implant/Abutment Connections 25 Internal Implant/Abutment Connections 27 Healing Abutments 30 Conventional, Stock Healing Abutments 30 CAD/CAM Healing Abutments 32 Custom Healing Abutments 34 Impression Copings 35 Implant Impression Copings 35 Pickup Impression Copings (Open Tray) 36 Transfer Impression Copings (Closed Tray) 37 Low-Profile Conical Abutment Impression Copings 38 Scan Bodies 38 Abutments 39 Low-Profile Conical Abutments (LPCA) 40 LOCATOR Overdenture Abutments 41 Stock Abutments 42 UCLA Abutments 44 CAD/CAM Abutments 47 Milled Titanium 47 Milled Zirconia 50 Multiunit Abutments 54 Screws (Clinical) 54 Abutment/Retaining Screws 55 Preload Screw Mechanics 56 Cylinders 57 Definitive Cylinders 57 Interim Cylinders 57 Drivers and Placement Instruments 58 Drivers/Driver Tips 58 Laboratory Components 60 Implant Analogs/Replicas 61 Abutment Analogs/Replicas 62 Try-In Screws 63 Abutment Holders 63 Polishing Protectors 64 Bibliography 65 3 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Implant Restorative Dentistry 69 Patient Selection 69 Medical History 69 Diagnostic Procedures 70 Radiographs 70 CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) Scans 72 Scanning Appliances/Surgical Guides 74 Diagnostic Casts 75 Laboratory-Generated Surgical Guides 75 Physical Examination 78 Extraoral Examination 78 Intraoral Examination 78 Diagnostic Articulator Mounting 79 Diagnostic Wax Patterns 79 Implant Bone Volume 80 Implant Restorative Volume 83 Treatment Planning 85 Edentulous Patients 86 Overdentures 87 Restorative Volume 87 Fixed Implant-Retained, Full-Arch Prostheses-Edentulous Jaws 89 Milled Titanium Frameworks 92 Milled Zirconia Frameworks 94 High-Performance Polymers (HPP) 95 Crown-and-Bridge Type Prostheses 95 Partially Edentulous Patients 96 Screw-Retained Restorations 96 Treatment Goals 96 Benefits 96 Limitations 97 Cement-Retained Restorations 98 Benefits 98 Limitations 99 Angled Screw Channel Abutments 99 Peri-Implant Disease 99 Implant Loading Protocols 101 Unloaded Healing, Two-Stage Surgical Protocol 101 Unloaded Healing, Single-Stage Surgical Protocol 102 Early Loading 102 Immediate Occlusal Loading 103 Immediate Non-Occlusal Loading 103 Patient Consultation 104 Principles of Treatment Planning 104 Informed Consent 104 Summary 105 Bibliography 105 4 Treatment of Edentulous Mandibular Patients: (1) Implant-Retained Framework Overdenture and Resilient Attachments; (2) Resilient Attachments and Two Interforaminal Implants 111 Literature Review 111 Clinical Case Presentation Mandibular Implant-Supported Overdenture with CAD/CAM Framework and Resilient Attachments 117 Clinical Case Presentation Implant-Supported Overdenture with Resilient Attachments and Two Interforaminal Implants 142 Bibliography 156 5 Replacement of Single Teeth with CAD/CAM Implant Restorations: Implant-Level Impressions, Intraoral Scanning, Cement and Screw-Retained Crowns 159 Literature Review 159 Replacement of Individual Teeth 159 Single-Unit Implant Restorations 161 Computer-Assisted Design/Computer-Assisted Machining (CAD/CAM) Healing Abutments/Scan Bodies 162 Intraoral Scanning 167 Models from Digital Impressions 169 Clinical Case Presentation Posterior, Cement-Retained Single-Implant Restoration 170 Clinical Case Presentation Anterior, Screw-Retained Single-Implant Restoration (Angled Screw Channel) 185 Bibliography 197 6 Fixed Dental Prostheses: Retreatment of a Patient with a Fractured Implant-Retained Fixed Dental Prosthesis; CAD/CAM Abutments and a Cement-Retained Fixed Dental Prosthesis; Intraoral Scanning and Screw-Retained Fixed Dental Prosthesis (Atlantis™ Bridge Patient-Specific Suprastructures) 199 Literature Review 199 Clinical Case Presentation Implant-Level Impression/Screw-Retained Fixed Dental Prosthesis 204 Clinical Case Presentation Intraoral Scanning/Screw-Retained Fixed Dental Prosthesis (Atlantis™ Bridge Patient-Specific Suprastructure) 219 Bibliography 235 7 Accelerated Treatment Protocol of a Patient with Edentulous Jaws and CAD/CAM Titanium Framework/Fixed Hybrid Prostheses 237 Literature Review 237 Original Treatment Protocol 239 Accelerated Treatment Protocol 242 Clinical Case Presentation Four Months Post Implant Placement and Immediate Occlusal Loading 243 Bibliography 275 8 Treatment of Edentulous Patients with Immediate Occlusal Loading: Conventional Surgical and Computer-Generated Surgical Guides 279 Literature Review 279 Introduction 279 The Preosseointegration Era 280 The Osseointegration Era 281 Immediate Occlusal Loading in the Edentulous Mandible 282 Immediate Occlusal Loading in Edentulous Maxillae 285 Clinical Case Presentation Mandibular Immediate Occlusal Loading with Clinical Conversion of Mandibular Immediate Denture 286 Clinical Case Presentation Maxillary Immediate Occlusal Loading Using Computer-Generated Surgical Guide with Clinical Conversion of Maxillary Immediate Denture 312 Bibliography 324 9 Treatment of Edentulous Patients with Immediate Occlusal Loading: Conventional Surgical/Prosthetic Protocols 327 Literature Review 327 Immediate Occlusal Loading 327 Computer-Guided Surgery 328 Clinical Case Presentation Conventional Surgical and Restorative Protocols 332 Bibliography 367 10 Treatment of Partially Edentulous Patients with Immediate Non-Occlusal Loading Protocols (Intraoral Scanning, CAD/CAM Abutment, and Definitive Maxillary Central Incisor Restoration; Co-Axis Implant and Restoration) 371 Literature Review 371 Clinical Case Presentation INOL Protocol and Intraoral Scanning 375 Clinical Case Presentation INOL Protocol with Co-Axis Implant 396 Bibliography 408 11 Computed Tomography (CT) Guided Surgery/Immediate Occlusal Loading with Full-Arch Prostheses in Edentulous Patients 411 Literature Review 411 Immediate Occlusal Loading 411 Tilted Implants 412 Diagnostic Imaging 413 Computed Tomography (CT) 415 Interactive Computed Tomography (ICT) 417 Interactive Computer Software 418 Computer-Guided Surgery 418 Overview of CT Guided Surgical and Prosthetic Protocols 419 Surgical Guides 419 Master Tubes 419 Prosthetic Laboratory Kit-Implant Analog Mounts 420 Surgical Kit Components 420 Fabrication of Master Cast for Immediate, Fixed Provisional Prosthesis 421 Abutment Selection for Fixed, Screw-Retained Provisional Prostheses 422 Fabrication of a Screw-Retained Provisional Prosthesis 424 Clinical Patient Presentation Ill-Fitting Maxillary Denture; Mandibular Implant-Supported Overdenture 425 Clinical Patient Presentation Maxillary and Mandibular Terminal Dentitions; Computer-Guided Surgery with Metal Surgical Guides 448 Bibliography 463 12 Guidelines and Maintenance Procedures for Fixed, Full-Arch, Implant-Retained Prostheses 465 Introduction 465 Full-Arch Hybrid Prostheses 465 Historical Perspectives 466 Original Protocol 466 Immediate Occlusal Loading for Full-Arch Prostheses 466 Clinical Complications 467 Mechanical 467 Biologic: Peri-Implant Mucositis/Peri-Implantitis 470 Treatment (Peri-Implant Mucositis) 472 Treatment (Peri-Implantitis) 473 Innovations in Full-Arch Designs 475 Prosthesis Design/Materials 476 Hygiene/Maintenance Protocol for Immediately Loaded Full-Arch Prostheses 477 Hygiene/Maintenance Protocol for Definitive Full-Arch Prostheses 478 At-Home Hygiene 478 Plaque Control–Dentifrice 478 Plaque Control–Mechanical 478 Recall Appointments 479 Recall Interval/Schedule 479 Examination 480 Radiographs 481 Professional Maintenance 485 Prosthesis Removal 487 Cleaning the Removed Prosthesis 488 Conclusions 488 Bibliography 488 Index 493

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Book SynopsisTo fulfill the vision for his latest book, Dr. Hamid Shafie compiled technical information from a vast variety of sources, including implant manufacturers and designers, master dental technicians, implant researchers, and expert clinicians leading the field of implant dentistry worldwide.Table of ContentsLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii FOREWORDS viii PREFACE xi DEDICATIONS xii 1 Implant Abutment Materials 1Hamid R. Shafi e and Bryan A. White Introduction 1 Mucosal Seal 1 Pellicle Biofi lm and Periodontal Disease 2 Implant Abutment Material Related Research 3 Conclusions 14 References and Additional Reading 14 2 General Information about Implant Abutments 17Hamid R. Shafie Terminology 17 Stock Abutments 17 Customized Abutments 20 References and Additional Reading 22 3 Retaining Abutment Screws 23Hamid R. Shafi e and Scott Martyna Introduction 23 Basic Terminology 23 Abutment Screw Mechanics 24 Abutment Screw Materials 25 Special Considerations 26 Abutment Screw Failure 28 References and Additional Reading 32 4 Different Implant–Abutment Connections 33Hamid R. Shafi e and Bryan A. White Introduction 33 Chronological Development of Abutment Connections 33 External Hex Connections 34 Internal Connections 35 Comparison of Different Internal Connection Designs 37 Conclusions 43 References and Additional Reading 445 Prefabricated Implant Abutments 47Paul P. Binon Introduction 47 Chronological Development of Prefabricated Abutments 47 Examples of Prefabricated Abutments 49 Clinical Examples 54 References and Additional Reading 63 6 Use of CAD/CAM Technology in Custom Abutment Manufacturing 65Julian Osorio and Robert B. Kerstein History of CAD/CAM Technology in Prosthetic Dentistry 65 History of CAD/CAM Technology in Implant Abutment Manufacturing 66 Virtual Design and Manufacture of Abutments 69 Abutment Placement Using Sulcular Stretching 82 Clinical Examples 86 Advantages of CAD/CAM Abutments Versus Regular Cast Custom Abutments 97 Common Problems in CAD/CAM Abutment Manufacturing 99 Conclusions 100 References and Additional Reading 100 7 Relationship between Abutment Geometry and Peri-implant Tissue in Esthetic Zone Cases 102Dean Morton Tamer Abdel-Azim and Wei-Shao Lin Introduction 102 Provisional Restorations Prior to Implant Loading 103 Contouring the Soft Tissue with Provisional and Custom Impressions 107 Different Designs of Final Crowns Supported by Custom and Stock Abutments 111 References and Additional Reading 121 8 Instrumentation for Abutment Modifi cation and Guidelines for their Use 122Hamid R. Shafie Introduction 122 Extra-Oral Adjustment Techniques for a Titanium Abutment 122 Extra-Oral Adjustment Techniques for a Zirconia Abutment 125 Intra-Oral Adjustment Techniques for a Zirconia Abutment 128 References and Further Reading 132 9 Abutment Preparation Techniques for One-Piece Titanium and Zirconia Implants 133Hamid R. Shafi e and Mary L. Ballard Introduction 133 Material Science of One-Piece Implants 136 One-Piece Implant Macro-Geometry 138 One-Piece Implant Micro-Geometry 142 Case Selection Criteria 143 Surgical Techniques 148 One-Piece Implant Abutment Preparation Techniques 163 Principles of Loading 170 Provisionalization and Crown Fabrication 171 References and Additional Reading 175 10 Cleaning Disinfection and Sterilization Techniques for Implant Abutments 177Hamid R. Shafie Introduction 177 Cleaning Disinfecting and Sterilizing Implant Abutments 177 Cleaning and Sterilizing Abutment Adjustment Instruments 178 References and Additional Reading 179 INDEX 181

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Book SynopsisTreatment-resistant Depress Successful management of patients with treatment-resistant depression requires a thorough understanding of the biological basis for both the depression and its failure to respond to standard treatments. This book clearly and succinctly summarizes the latest scientific research and its applications in clinical practice. A first step is a clear definition of what constitutes treatment-resistant depression so that clinical trials and other studies are using common criteria, enabling comparison and meta-analysis of their outcomes. The opening chapter reviews definitions and predictors of treatment-resistant depression originating from different fields and discusses their usefulness in clinical practice and clinical research. The next chapter proposes a new definition, adapting terminology from medicine. Biological classification requires identification of genetic risk factors and gene variants have been identified as accounting for 50% of the vTrade Review“After all, this book is recommended for the young psychiatrist, who wants to read an easy introduction to the fascinating world of treatment of resistant depression.” (Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 9 November 2013) “This is a monograph, which could be of great interest to psychiatrists managing patients with TRD. The chapters are written clearly, and the references are comprehensive and up-to-date.” (Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental, 6 November 2013) “The editors should be congratulated for accomplishing the amazing feat of presenting so much information in such a compact book. With an investment of just a few hours, readers can be updated on a very complicated subject . . . The editors should be commended on detailing a variety of treatment options, including nonpharmacological options, which other books fail to emphasize.” (Doody’s, 23 August 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Foreword ix 1 Definitions and Predictors of Treatment-resistant Depression 1 Daniel Souery and William Pitchot 2 Treatment-resistant Depression: A Separate Disorder – A New Approach 21 Hans-Jürgen Möller, Florian Seemüller, Rebecca Schennach and Ramesh K. Gupta 3 Genetics of Treatment-resistant Depression 43 Chiara Fabbri, Stefano Porcelli and Alessandro Serretti 4 Is There a Role for Switching Antidepressants in Treatment-resistant Depression? 91 Stuart Montgomery 5 The Role of Atypical Antipsychotics in Inadequateresponse and Treatment-resistant Depression 107 Siegfried Kasper and Elena Akimova 6 Lithium, Thyroid Hormones and Further Augmentation Strategies in Treatment-resistant Depression 129 Robert Haußmann and Michael Bauer 7 The Role of Nonpharmacological Interventions in Treatment-resistant Depression 159 Thomas E. Schläpfer and Sarah Kayser 8 The Role of Psychotherapy in the Management of Treatment-resistant Depression 183 Michael E. Thase Index 209

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Book SynopsisHandbook for the Assessment of Children's Behaviours with Wiley Desktop Edition This ground-breaking book takes a new approach to the assessment of behaviour in children and adolescents. Written by an expert author team, combining one (Jonathan Williams) with higher qualifications in general practice, child neuropsychiatry, and child and adolescent psychiatry, with one (Peter Hill) with higher qualifications in medicine, paediatrics and child and adolescent psychiatry, the book draws on many thousands of multidisciplinary case discussions, at Great Ormond Street Hospital, in the Children's Multispecialty Assessment Clinic in North London, and in private practice. The book is ideal for the busy mental health professional working in a small team. Organised to allow rapid look-up of behaviours with comprehensive lists of their possible causes, it synthesizes research evidence and clinical experience. The authors interpret behaviour broadly, including not jTrade Review“The addition of the Wiley Desktop edition is an excellent way of making the handbook more portable and accessible. The functionality works on a variety of computers, tablets and phones and this makes this handbook all the more appealing to the modern clinician.” (Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 1 August 2013) “This is a very good resource for professionals working in child and adolescent psychiatry. It provides a very thorough and well-organized guide for the assessment of patients with a wide range of complaints . . . The book offers a unique method to reach an accurate diagnosis, amenable to interventions from a biopsychosocial perspective.” (Doody’s, 1 February 2013) "Overall, this is a fantastic resource for anyone that assesses behaviour in children and adolescents. It is comprehensive and covers an amazing variety of topics in an easy to understand, concise way. This is a handbook that covers the depth and breadth of information that is normally reserved for textbooks and encyclopaedias. A clearly well researched and thought through book that would be valuable on the bookshelf or computer of any health professionals that work with children (the review copy has already been borrowed by colleagues and purchased as a leaving present). In particular the handbook would be relevant for child and adolescent psychiatrists, clinical and educational psychologists, paediatricians and CAMHS professionals both working long-term within the field or whilst still in training. The addition of the Wiley Desktop edition is an excellent way of making the handbook more portable and accessible in any setting. The functionality works on a variety of computers, tablets and phones and this makes this handbook all the more appealing to the modern clinician."(Dr Mark Lovell, Consultant Child and Adolescent Learning Disability Psychiatrist, South Tees LDCAMHS, Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust) “A comprehensive and wide ranging book, exploring children’s behaviours from the routine to the quirky, set within a sound developmental framework. The layout with excellent cross-referencing and explanations is accessible and will be of interest to many clinicians working with children, young people and their families.” (Caryn Onions, Psychotherapist, Oxford, UK) "This is an incredibly useful book. It has a comprehensive list of presentations that frequently leave clinicians wondering what is going on. Beneath each entry lies a treasure trove of sophisticated, up to date evidence about conditions, blended with astute clinical wisdom." (Professor Stephen Scott, Professor of Child Health and Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, London)Table of ContentsIntroduction 9 Single Symptoms 11 Multiple symptoms occurring together 21 Cognition 27 General temporal patterns 61 Motor (General) 85 Motor (Specific Behaviours) 101 Sensory 121 Communication 143 Social 167 Home 189 School 215 Play 221 Preferences (General) 227 Preferences (Specific) 243 Breaking rules 249 Anger 285 Anxiety 295 Negativeness 309 Languor 321 Digestive / excretory 327 Bizarre experiences and ideas 343 Contradictions 353 Appendix A: Functional analysis 365 Appendix B: Further investigations / assessments 371 Appendix C: Syndromes and partial syndromes 383 Appendix D: DSM-IV behavioural syndromes 385 Appendix E: Catalogue of causes 393 Appendix F: Forms for assessment or monitoring 399 Appendix G: Mini-physical examination 409 Appendix H: Confidentiality 413 Glossary and index 417 References 577

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Book SynopsisDigital models based on data from medical images have recently become widespread in the field of biomechanics. This book summarizes medical imaging techniques and processing procedures, both of which are necessary for creating bone models with finite element methods. Chapter 1 introduces the main principles and the application of the most commonly used medical imaging techniques. Chapter 2 describes the major methods and steps of medical image analysis and processing. Chapter 3 presents a brief review of recent studies on reconstructed finite element bone models, based on medical images. Finally, Chapter 4 reveals the digital results obtained for the main bone sites that have been targeted by finite element modeling in recent years.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Main Medical Imaging Techniques 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. X-ray imaging 2 1.2.1. Definition of X-rays 2 1.2.2. X-ray instrumentation and generation 4 1.2.3. Applications of X-ray imaging 7 1.2.4. Advantages and disadvantages of X-ray imaging 14 1.3. Computed tomography 14 1.3.1. Description of the technique 15 1.3.2. Development of computed tomography 16 1.3.3. Instrumentation 17 1.3.4. Applications 22 1.3.5. Advantages and disadvantages of computed tomography 25 1.4. Magnetic resonance imaging 25 1.4.1. Instrumentation 26 1.4.2. Generation of the resonance effect 27 1.4.3. Relaxation and contrast 30 1.4.4. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging 33 1.4.5. Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic resonance imaging 36 1.5. Ultrasound imaging 36 1.5.1. Definition of ultrasound 36 1.5.2. Development of ultrasound imaging 37 1.5.3. Generation of ultrasound 38 1.5.4. Transducers 39 1.5.5. Applications of ultrasound techniques 42 1.5.6. Advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound imaging 47 1.6. Comparison between the different medical imaging techniques 47 1.7. Conclusion 48 Chapter 2. Medical Image Analysis and Processing 49 2.1. Introduction 49 2.2. Image compression 49 2.3. Image restoration 50 2.4. Image enhancement 50 2.4.1. Window and level 51 2.4.2. Gamma correction 51 2.4.3. Histogram equalization 52 2.4.4. Image subtraction 52 2.4.5. Spatial filtering 52 2.5. Image analysis 53 2.5.1. Texture features 53 2.5.2. Edges and boundaries 55 2.5.3. Shape and structure 57 2.6. Image segmentation 58 2.6.1. Simple methods of image segmentation 58 2.6.2. Active contour segmentation 60 2.6.3. Variational methods 61 2.6.4. Level set methods 62 2.6.5. Active shape and active appearance models 62 2.6.6. Graph cut segmentation 63 2.6.7. Atlas-based segmentation 63 2.6.8. Deformable model-based segmentation 65 2.6.9. Energy minimization-based segmentation 65 2.6.10. Learning-based segmentation 65 2.6.11. Other approaches 66 2.7. Image registration 66 2.7.1. Dimensionality 67 2.7.2. Nature of the registration basis 68 2.7.3. Nature of the transformation 69 2.7.4. Transformation domain 70 2.7.5. Interaction 71 2.7.6. Optimization procedure 72 2.7.7. Modalities involved 72 2.7.8. Subject 73 2.7.9. Object 74 2.8. Image fusion 74 2.8.1. Pixel fusion methods 74 2.8.2. Subspace methods 75 2.8.3. Multi-scale methods 75 2.8.4. Ensemble learning techniques 75 2.8.5. Simultaneous truth and performance level estimation 76 2.9. Image understanding 76 2.10. Conclusion 76 Chapter 3. Recent Methods of Constructing Finite Element Models Based on Medical Images 79 3.1. Introduction 79 3.2. X-ray-based finite element models 79 3.3. CT-based finite element models 89 3.4. MRI-based finite element models 117 3.5. Ultrasound-based finite element models 121 3.6. Conclusion 124 Chapter 4. Main Bone Sites Modeled Using the Finite Element Method 125 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. FE modeling of the calcaneus 125 4.3. FE modeling of phalanges 127 4.4. FE modeling of the metatarsal 129 4.5. FE modeling of the tibia 131 4.6. FE modeling of the knee 137 4.7. FE modeling of the femur 140 4.8. FE modeling of the vertebrae 143 4.9. FE modeling of the humerus 147 4.10. FE modeling of the elbow 149 4.11. FE modeling of the ulna 149 4.12. FE modeling of the wrist 150 4.13. Conclusion 152 Conclusion 153 References 155 Index 179

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