Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisThis text provides a detailed introduction to the computational techniques, numerical methods, and computational tools used by engineering students. It is aimed at first or second year students, and is intended to provide the theoretical and computational foundation required for advanced study in engineering. The text provides a foundation in computational theory, and an overview of thenumerical methods used by engineering students and practicing engineers. The text focuses on implementation of these computational techniques using two widely-used software packages: MATLAB, which provides a structured programming environment, and Excel, which is a ubiquitous spreadsheet application. Throughout the text, these two softwares are used to demonstrate the computational techniques developed in the text, and their advantages and limitations are described.Table of ContentsPART 1Chapter 1: Computing ToolsChapter 2: Excel FundamentalsChapter 3: MATLAB FundamentalsChapter 4: MATLAB ProgrammingChapter 5: Plotting DataPART 2Chapter 6: Finding the Roots of EquationsChapter 7: Matrix MathematicsChapter 8: Solving Simultaneous Equations Chapter 9: Numerical IntegrationChapter 10: Optimization

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the results of testing and operation experience of Novikov gearing. It gives the grounding, engineering techniques of geometry and strength analysis, definition of the gearing quality and adaptability with account of its manufacture and assembly errors. It outlines the recommendations on the reasonable assignment of basic rack profile parameters, accuracy ratings and design strength safety factors. Also, ways of load-bearing capacity essential increase are described and several original varieties of Novikov gearing are shown. The examples of engineering and computer-aided calculations of Novikov gearing according to the described techniques are given.

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Book SynopsisThe book is the third in a series of books covering the best practices of product development and is a follow up to the successful PDMA ToolBook1 published in 2002, and PDMA ToolBook2 published in 2004.Table of ContentsContributors. Introduction. Part 1 Tools for Engineering and Design. 1 TRIZ: The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (Gunter R. Ladewig). 2 Quality Function Deployment and the House of Quality (Gerry Katz). Part 2 Tools To Improve Customer And Market Inputs To NPD. 3 Applying Trade-off Analysis to Get the Most from Customer Needs (Nelson Whipple, Thomas Adler, and Stephan McCurdy). 4 The Slingshot: A Group Process for Generating Breakthrough Ideas (Anne Orban and Christopher W. Miller). 5 Integrating User Observations with Business Objectives to Drive Product Design (Larry Marine and Chad A. McAllister). 6 Market and Technology Attack Teams: Tools and Techniques for Developing the Next Breakthrough Platform Product (Peter A. Koen, Thomas C. Holcombe, and Christine A. Gehres). 7 Segmenting Your Market so You Can Successfully Position Your New Product (Brian D. Ottum). 8 Giving Your Product the Right Name (Leland D. Shaeffer and James S. Twerdahl). 9 Using Assumptions-Based Models to Forecast New Product Introduction (Kenneth B. Kahn). Part 3 Strategic Tools For Improving NPD Performance Across the Firm. 10 Intellectual Property and NPD (Sharad Rastogi, Aritomo Shinozaki, and Matthew Kaness). 11 Mad Scientists or Brilliant Inventors? How to Keep Your Staff Running Like a Well-Oiled Invention Machine (Douglas Neff and Kimberly Houchens). Part 4 Strategic Tools For Improving NPD Project Performance. 12 Formulating A Strategy for Codevelopment (Kevin Schwartz and Jennifer Abell). 13 Team Launch System (TLS): How to Consistently Build High-Performance Product Development Teams (Douglas A. Peters). 14 Using a Rolling Wave for Fast and Flexible Development (Gregory D. Githens). 15 Gaining Competitive Advantage by Leveraging Lessons Learned (Ken Bruss). 16 Metrics that Matter to New Product Development(Wayne Mackey). Appendices. The PDMA´s Body of Knowledge (Gerry Katz). The PDMA Glossary for New Product Development. Index.

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Book SynopsisA guide to the human factors in project management: knowledge, learning, and maturity The Wiley Guides to the Management of Projects address critical, need-to-know information that will help professionals successfully manage projects in most businesses and help students learn the best practices of the industry.Table of ContentsPreface and Introduction vii 1 An Overview of Behavioral Issues in Project Management 1 Dennis P. Slevin and Jeffrey K. Pinto 2 Project Management Structures 20 Erik Larson 3 Contemporary Views on Shaping, Developing, and Managing Teams 39 Connie L. Delisle 4 Leadership of Project Teams 70 Peg Thoms and John J. Kerwin 5 Power, Influence, and Negotiation in Project Management 89 John M. Magenau and Jeffrey K. Pinto 6 Managing Human Resources in the Project-Oriented Company 117 Martina Huemann, Rodney Turner, and Anne Keegan 7 Competencies: Organizational and Personal 143 Andrew Gale 8 Projects: Learning at the Edge of Organization 168 Christophe N. Bredillet 9 The Validity of Knowledge in Project Management and the Challenge of Learning and Competency Development 193 Peter W. G. Morris 10 Global Body of Project Management Knowledge and Standards 206 Lynn Crawford 11 Lessons Learned: Project Evaluation 253 J. Davidson Frame 12 Developing Project Management Capability: Benchmarking, Maturity, Modeling, Gap Analyses, and ROI Studies 270 C. William Ibbs, Justin M. Reginato, and Young Hoon Kwak 13 Project Management Maturity Models 290 Terry Cooke-Davies 14 Professional Associations and Global Initiatives 312 Lynn Crawford Index 327

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Book SynopsisWith continued discoveries and innovations, the field of materials synthesis and processing remains as it has been for many decades, a vibrant and fertile area for research and development.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING BY THE SPARK PLASMA METHOD Simulation of Contact Resistances Influence on Temperature Distribution during SPS Experiments 3 A. Cincotti, A. M. Locci, R. Orrù, and G. Cao Spark-Plasma-Sintering (SPS) Processsing of High Strength Transparent MgAI204 Spinel Polycrystals 19 Koji Morita, Byung-Nam Kim, Hidehiro Yoshida, and Keijiro Hiraga Consolidation of Carbon with Amorphous-Graphite Transformation by SPS 31 Naoki Toyofuku, Megumi Nishimoto, Kazuki Arayama, Yasuhiro Kodera, Manshi Ohyanagi, and Zuhair A. Munir Spark Plasma Sintering of Nanostructured Ceramic Materials with Potential Magnetoelectricity 41 C. Correas, R. Jiménez, T. Hungría, H. Amorin, J. Ricote, E. Vila, M. Algueró, A. Castro, and J. Galy Sintering and Properties of Nanometric Functional Oxides 55 Dat V. Quach, Sangtae Kim, Manfred Martin, and Zuhair A. Munir Spark Plasma Sintering Mechanisms in Si3N4-Based Materials 63 M. Belmonte, J. Gonzalez-Julian, P. Miranzo, and M.I. Osendi Consolidation of SiC with BN through MA-SPS Method 71 Yasuhiro Kodera, Naoki Toyofuku, Ryousuke Shirai, Manshi Ohyanagi, and Zuhair A. Munir Fabrication of Dense Zr-, Hf- and Ta-Based Ultra High Temperature Ceramics by Combining Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Spark Plasma Sintering 81 Roberta Licheri, Roberto Orrù, Clara Musa, Antonio Mario Locci, and Giacomo Cao NOVEL, GREEN, AND STRATEGIC PROCESSING Microwave Sintering of Mullite and Mullite-Zirconia Composites 95 Subhadip Bodhak, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay Idle Time and Gelation Behavior in Gelcasting Process of PSZ in Acrylamide System 105 Nasim Sahraei Khanghah and Mohammad-Ali Faghihi-Sani Characterization of the Mesoporous Amorphous Silica in the Fresh Water Sponge Cauxi 115 Ralf Keding, Martin Jensen, and Yuanzheng Yue Novel Chemistry-Modification Approach for Synthesis of SiAION from Fly Ash 131 J. P. Kelly, J. R. Varner, W. M. Carty, and V. R. Amarakoon Patterning of Closed Pores Utilizing the Superplastically Foaming Method 143 A. Kishimoto, Y. Nishino, and H. Hayashi The Research of Materials Life Cycle Assessment 153 ZuoRen Nie, Feng Gao, XianZheng Gong, ZhiHong Wang, and TieYong Zuo Modeling Dual and MgO Saturated EAF Slag Chemistry 167 Kyei-Sing Kwong, James Bennett, Rick Krabbe, Art Petty, and Hugh Thomas ADVANCED POWDER PROCESSING Aqueous Processing of TiC Preforms for Advanced Cermet Preparation 181 R. Bradley Collier and Kevin P. Plucknet The Effect of Precipitator Types on the Synthesis of La2Zr207 Powders by Chemical Coprecipitation Method 189 Jing Wang, Shuxin Bai, Hong Zhang, and Changrui Zhang The Study of Prepration of Blue V-Zircon Pigment by Using Zircon and Sulphuric Acid 197 M. Riahi and M.A. Faghihi Sani Preparation of Blue-Ceramic Pigments by Reaction Bonding 207 Enrique Rocha-Rangel, Imelda Villanueva-Baltazar, Lucia Téllez-Jurado, and Elizabeth Refugio-García Colloidal Characterization and Aqueous Gel Casting of Barium Titanate Ceramics 215 Cameron D. Munro and Kevin P. Plucknett Dispersion and Fluidity of Aqueous Aluminium Titanate Slurry by Addition of Titanate Aqueous Solution 227 Seizo Obata, Yoshiyuki Iwata, Hisanori Yokoyama, Osamu Sakurada, Minoru Hashiba, and Yasutaka Takahashi Author Index 235

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of equilibrium finite element analysis in the context of solid and structural mechanics Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations is an up to date exposition on hybrid equilibrium finite elements, which are based on the direct approximation of the stress fields.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Prerequisites 1 1.2 What Is Meant by Equilibrium? Weak to Strong Forms 2 1.3 What Do We Gain From Strong Forms of Equilibrium? 3 1.4 What Paths Have Been Followed to Achieve Strong Forms of Equilibrium? 5 1.5 Industrial Perspectives 6 1.5.1 Simulation Governance 7 1.5.2 Equilibrium in Structural Design and Assessment 7 1.6 The Structure of the Book 8 References 9 2 Basic Concepts Illustrated by Simple Examples 11 2.1 Symmetric Bi-Material Strip 12 2.2 Kirchhoff Plate With a Line Load 16 2.2.1 Kinematically Admissible Solutions 16 2.2.2 Statically Admissible Solutions 19 2.2.3 Assessment of the Solutions Obtained 20 References 21 3 Equilibrium in Other Finite Element Formulations 22 3.1 Conforming Formulations and Nodal Equilibrium 22 3.2 Pian’s Hybrid Formulation 25 3.3 Mixed Stress Formulations 27 3.4 Variants of the Displacement Based Formulations With Stronger Forms of Equilibrium 28 3.4.1 Fraeijs de Veubeke’s Equilibrated Triangle 29 3.4.2 Triangular Equilibrium Elements for Plate Bending 30 3.4.3 Other Variants 31 3.5 Trefftz Formulations 32 3.6 Formulations Based on the Approximation of a Stress Potential 33 3.7 The Symmetric Bi-Material Strip Revisited 33 References 40 4 Formulation of Hybrid Equilibrium Elements 43 4.1 Approximation of the Stresses 43 4.2 Approximation of the Boundary Displacements 45 4.3 Assembling the Approximations 48 4.4 Enforcement of Equilibrium at the Boundaries of the Elements 48 4.5 Enforcement of Compatibility 51 4.6 Governing System 53 4.7 Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution 54 4.8 Elements for Specific Types of Problem 57 4.8.1 Continua in 2D 57 4.8.1.1 Exemplification of the Assembly Process 58 4.8.1.2 A Simple Numerical Example 60 4.8.2 Continua in 3D 62 4.8.3 Plate Bending 63 4.8.3.1 Reissner–Mindlin Theory 64 4.8.3.2 Kirchhoff Theory 65 4.8.3.3 Example 66 4.8.4 Potential Problems of Lower Order 66 4.9 The Case of Geometries With a Non-Linear Mapping 68 4.10 Compatibility Defaults 69 4.11 The Dimension of the System of Equations 70 References 71 5 Analysis of the Kinematic Stability of Hybrid Equilibrium Elements 73 5.1 Algebraic and Duality Concepts Related to Spurious Kinematic Modes 73 5.2 Spurious Kinematic Modes in Models of 2D Continua 76 5.2.1 Single Triangular Elements 77 5.2.2 A Pair of Triangular Elements With a Common Interface 80 5.2.3 Star Patches of 2D Elements 82 5.2.3.1 Open Stars of Degree 0 84 5.2.3.2 Closed Stars of Degree 0 84 5.2.3.3 Open Stars of Degree 1 84 5.2.3.4 Closed Stars of Degree 1 85 5.2.3.5 Open Stars of Degree 2 85 5.2.3.6 Closed Stars of Degree 2 85 5.2.3.7 Examples of Unstable Closed Star Patches of Degree 2 86 5.2.3.8 Stars of Degree 3 or Higher 87 5.2.4 Observations for General 2D Meshes 87 5.3 Spurious Kinematic Modes in Models of 3D Continua 90 5.3.1 Single Tetrahedral Elements 90 5.3.1.1 Spurious Modes Associated With a Single Edge 92 5.3.1.2 Spurious Modes Associated With a Single Face 94 5.3.2 A Pair of Tetrahedral Elements 94 5.3.2.1 Primary Interface Spurious Modes 95 5.3.2.2 Pairs of Tetrahedral Elements With Coplanar Faces 96 5.3.3 Star Patches of Tetrahedral Elements 97 5.3.3.1 Edge-Centred Patches 98 5.3.3.2 Vertex-Centred Patches 98 5.4 Spurious Kinematic Modes in Models of Reissner–Mindlin Plates 99 5.4.1 A Single Triangular Reissner–Mindlin Element 100 5.4.2 A Pair of Reissner–Mindlin Elements 102 5.4.3 Star Patches of Reissner–Mindlin Elements 103 5.4.3.1 Open Stars of Degree 1 103 5.4.3.2 Closed Star Patches of Degree 1 103 5.4.3.3 Open Stars of Degree 2 103 5.4.3.4 Closed Star Patches of Degree 2 103 5.4.4 Observations for General Meshes of Reissner–Mindlin Elements 104 5.5 The Stability of Plates Modelled With Kirchhoff Elements 105 5.6 The Stability of Models for Potential Problems 106 5.7 How Do We Obtain a Stable Mesh for General Structural Models? 108 5.7.1 General Procedures 108 5.7.2 Macro-Elements 108 References 109 6 Practical Aspects of the Kinematic Stability of Hybrid Equilibrium Elements 111 6.1 Identification of Rigid Body and Spurious Kinematic Modes 111 6.1.1 Spurious Kinematic and Rigid Body Modes of an Element 112 6.1.2 Spurious Kinematic and Rigid Body Modes of a Mesh 113 6.2 Blocking the Spurious Modes 115 6.3 An Illustration of the Procedures to Remove Spurious Modes 116 6.4 How Do We Recognize Admissible Loads? 117 6.5 Quasi-Simplicial Hybrid Elements Created by Hierarchical Mesh Refinement 118 6.6 Non-Simplicial Hybrid Elements 120 6.7 A Cautionary Tale of ‘Near Misses’ 120 References 125 7 A Variational Basis of the Hybrid Equilibrium Formulation 126 7.1 Potential Energy and Complementary Potential Energy 126 7.1.1 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 129 7.1.2 Properties of the Exact Solution 129 7.1.3 The Formal Relation Between Both Energies 130 7.2 Hybrid Complementary Potential Energy 131 7.3 Properties of the Generalized Complementary Energy 132 7.4 The Babuška–Brezzi Condition and Hybrid Equilibrium Elements 133 References 134 8 Recovery of Complementary Solutions 135 8.1 General Features of Partition of Unity Functions 136 8.2 Recovery of Compatibility From an Equilibrated Solution 138 8.2.1 Derivation of ũ E 140 8.2.2 An Illustration of the Technique 141 8.3 Recovery of Equilibrium From a Compatible Solution 143 8.3.1 Recovery From Star Patches: The General Case 144 8.3.2 Recovery From Star Patches: The Case of Linear Displacements 146 8.3.3 Element by Element Recovery of Equilibrium 150 8.3.3.1 Resolution of the Vertex Forces 150 8.3.3.2 Derivation of Statically Equivalent Codiffusive Tractions 153 8.3.3.3 Admissibility of the Derived Tractions 155 8.3.3.4 Derivation of the Element Stress Fields 156 8.4 Numerical Examples 157 8.4.1 Recovery of Compatibility From an Equilibrated Solution 157 8.4.2 Recovery of Equilibrium From a Compatible Solution 160 8.5 Extensions of the Recovery Procedures 163 8.5.1 Reissner–Mindlin Theory 163 8.5.2 Kirchhoff Theory 163 8.5.2.1 Recovery of Compatibility 163 8.5.2.2 Recovery of Equilibrium 164 8.5.3 Non-Simplicial Elements 164 References 164 9 Dual Analyses for Error Estimation & Adaptivity 166 9.1 Global Error Bounds 167 9.1.1 Revisiting the simple example 170 9.2 Estimation of the Error Distribution and Global Mesh Adaptation 177 9.2.2 The Convergence of the Simple Example 180 9.3 Obtaining Local Quantities of Interest 184 9.4 Bounding the Error of Local Outputs 187 9.4.1 Background 187 9.4.2 Bounds of the Error of Outputs Obtained From Complementary Solutions 187 9.5 Local Outputs for the Kirchhoff Plate With a Line Load 189 9.5.1 The Displacement at the Corner 190 9.5.2 The Average Displacement on the Loaded Side 192 9.5.3 The Average Displacement on the Free Side 193 9.6 Estimation of the Error Distribution and Mesh Adaptation for Local Quantities 194 9.7 Adaptivity for Multiple Loads and Multiple Outputs 195 References 196 10 Dynamic Analyses 199 10.1 Toupin’s Principle for Elastodynamics 200 10.2 Derivation of the Equilibrium Finite Element Equations 201 10.3 Analysis in the Frequency Domain 203 10.4 Analysis in the Time Domain 205 10.5 No Direct Bounds of the Eigenfrequencies? 206 10.6 Example 207 10.6.1 Eigenfrequencies 207 10.6.2 Forced Vibrations 209 References 211 11 Non-Linear Analyses 212 11.1 Elastic Contact 212 11.2 Material Non-Linearity 214 11.2.1 Non-Linear Elasticity 214 11.2.2 Elastoplastic Constitutive Relations 215 11.2.2.1 Direct Implementation 216 11.2.2.2 A Standard Return Mapping Implementation 217 11.2.2.3 A Return Mapping Implementation for Plasticity Defined in the Strain Space 218 11.2.2.4 Imposing the Yield Condition in a Weak Form 219 11.3 Limit Analysis 220 11.3.1 Introduction 220 11.3.2 General Statement of the Problem as a Mathematical Programme 220 11.3.2.1 Formulation (1) 221 11.3.2.2 Formulation (2) 221 11.3.2.3 Yield Constraints 222 11.3.2.4 Application of the Complementary (Dual) Programme 222 11.3.3 Implementation for Plate Bending Problems 222 11.3.4 Numerical Example 223 11.4 Geometric Non-Linearity 224 11.4.1 Weak Compatibility for Large Displacements With Small Strains 225 11.4.2 Equilibrium 227 11.4.3 Transformation of Boundary Displacement Parameters and Generalized Tractions 228 11.4.4 Governing System 229 11.4.5 Determination of the Rigid Body Displacements 229 11.4.6 Tangent Form of the Governing System 230 11.4.6.1 Variation of the Rigid Body Displacements 230 11.4.6.2 The Effect of a Variation in the Boundary Displacement Parameters on the Associated Transformations 231 11.4.6.3 Tangent Form of the Governing System for an Element 233 11.4.7 Large Displacements and Spurious Kinematic Modes 233 11.4.7.1 Numerical Example 234 References 235 A Fundamental Equations of Structural Mechanics 237 A. 1 The General Elastostatic Problem 237 A.. 1 Two Dimensional Elasticity 237 A.1. 2 Three Dimensional Elasticity 238 A.1. 3 Shear Stresses and Warping of a Beam Section 240 A.1. 4 Plate Bending 245 A..4. 1 Reissner–Mindlin Theory 247 A.1.4. 2 Kirchhoff Theory 248 A. 2 Compatibility of Strains 250 A.2. 1 Integrability Conditions 250 A.. 2 Enforcement of the Kinematic Boundary Conditions 251 A.3 General Elastodynamic Problem 252 References 252 B Computer Programs for Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations 254 B.1 Auxiliary Programs 255 B.1.1 gmsh 255 B.1.2 The mche and mchf Classes 258 B.1.3 mtimesx 258 B.2 Structure of the Programs 259 B.2.1 Definition of the Mesh 259 B.2.2 Definition of the Material Properties and Boundary Conditions 260 B.2.3 Definition of the Approximation Functions 261 B.2.4 Enforcement of Boundary Conditions 263 B.2.5 Processing the Solutions 265 B.2.6 Code Snippets 265 B.2.6.1 Computing the Flexibility Matrix of an Element 265 B.2.6.2 The Equilibrium Matrix of a Side of a Plane Element 267 References 269 Subject Index 271

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Book SynopsisSuperconducting technology is potentially important as one of the future smart grid technologies. It is a combination of superconductor materials, electrical engineering, cryogenic insulation, cryogenics and cryostats. There has been no specific book fully describing this branch of science and technology in electrical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations and Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 References 3 2 Superconductivity 5 2.1 The Basic Properties of Superconductors 5 2.1.1 Zero-Resistance Characteristic 5 2.1.2 Complete Diamagnetism – Meissner Effect 11 2.1.3 Josephson Effects 15 2.2 Critical Parameters 17 2.2.1 Critical Temperature Tc 18 2.2.2 Critical Field Hc 18 2.2.3 Critical Current Density Jc 18 2.3 Classification and Magnetization 19 2.3.1 Coherence Length 19 2.3.2 Classifications 21 2.3.3 Type I Superconductor and Magnetization 22 2.3.4 Type II Superconductor and Magnetization 22 2.4 Measurement Technologies of Critical Parameters 27 2.4.1 Cryogenic Thermometers 27 2.4.2 Measurement of Critical Temperature 27 2.4.3 Measurement of Critical Current Ic 33 2.4.4 Measurement of Critical Magnetic Field 40 References 43 3 Mechanical Properties and Anisotropy of Superconducting Materials 45 3.1 Mechanical Properties 45 3.1.1 General Description of Mechanical Properties 45 3.1.2 Tensile Properties 46 3.1.3 Bending Properties 47 3.2 Electromagnetic Anisotropy 48 3.2.1 Anisotropy of Critical Current in HTS Materials 49 3.2.2 Anisotropy of Critical Current in 1G HTS Tape 50 3.2.3 Anisotropy of Critical Current in 2G HTS Tape 53 3.2.4 Anisotropy of Critical Current in Bi-2212 Wire 55 3.2.5 Anisotropy of n Value for HTS Tape 55 3.2.6 Anisotropy of Critical Current Density in HTS Bulk 56 3.3 Critical Current Characteristics of LTS Materials 57 3.3.1 Dependence of Critical Current Density of NbTi on Magnetic Field 58 3.3.2 Dependence of Critical Current Density of NbTi on Magnetic Field and Temperature 58 3.3.3 Dependence of Critical Current Density of Nb3Sn on Magnetic Field 59 3.4 Irreversible Fields of Superconducting Materials 60 3.5 Critical Temperature of Several Kinds of HTS Materials 61 3.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Practical Superconducting Materials 62 3.6.1 Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Practical Superconducting Materials 62 3.6.2 Thermal Contraction of Superconducting Materials 65 References 67 4 Stability of Superconductors 71 4.1 Critical States 72 4.2 Adiabatic Stabilization 72 4.3 Adiabatic Stability with Flux Jump 75 4.4 Self-Field Stability 79 4.5 Dynamic Stability 82 4.5.1 Stability of Composite Superconducting Slab with Cooled Side 83 4.5.2 Stability of Composite Superconducting Slab with Cooled Edge 87 4.5.3 Dynamic Stability of Current-Carrying Composite Superconductor Slab 89 4.5.4 Dynamic Stability of Current-Carrying Composite Superconductor with Circular Cross-Section 91 4.6 Cryostability 95 4.6.1 Stekly Parameter 96 4.6.2 One–Dimensional Normal Zone Propagation 100 4.6.3 Three-Dimensional Normal Propagation Zone and Minimum Quench Energy 101 4.7 NPZ Velocity in Adiabatic Composite Superconductors 105 4.7.1 Longitudinal Propagation Velocity 105 4.7.2 Transverse Propagation Velocity 107 4.8 Stability of HTS Bulks 109 4.8.1 Evolution of Super-Current Density 109 4.8.2 Magnetic Relaxation 110 4.9 Mechanical Stability of Superconducting Magnets 112 4.10 Degradation and Training Effect of Superconducting Magnets 113 4.10.1 Degradation of Superconducting Magnets 113 4.10.2 Training Effects of Superconducting Magnets 114 4.11 Quench and Protection of Superconducting Magnets 114 4.11.1 Resistance Increase and Current Decay in Quench Processes 115 4.11.2 Factors Causing Quench 122 4.11.3 Active Protection 124 4.11.4 Passive Protection 128 4.11.5 Numerical Simulation on Quench 134 4.12 Tests of Stability 135 4.12.1 Flux Jump Experiments 135 4.12.2 Measurement of Quench Parameters 138 References 139 5 AC Losses 141 5.1 AC Losses of Slab 142 5.1.1 Slab in Parallel AC Magnetic Field 142 5.1.2 Slab in Perpendicular AC Magnetic Field 144 5.1.3 Self-Field Losses 144 5.1.4 Slab-Carrying DC and AC Currents Located in Parallel DC/AC Magnetic Fields 146 5.1.5 Slab-Carrying AC and DC Currents 147 5.1.6 Slab with AC Transport Current in Perpendicular AC Magnetic Field 148 5.1.7 Slab in AC and DC Magnetic Fields 150 5.1.8 Flux-Flow Loss of Slab with Combinations of AC and DC Transport Currents in Perpendicular and Parallel AC and DC Magnetic Fields 151 5.1.9 Total AC Losses of Slab with any AC/DC Current and AC/DC Magnetic Field 155 5.2 AC Losses of Concentric Cylinder 156 5.2.1 Rod in Longitudinal AC Magnetic Field 156 5.2.2 Rod in Transverse AC Magnetic Field 157 5.2.3 Rod in Transverse AC Magnetic Field and Carrying DC Transport Current 160 5.2.4 Rod in Self-Magnetic Field 161 5.2.5 Rod-Carrying AC Transport Current in AC Transverse Magnetic Field with Same Phase 163 5.2.6 Flux-Flow Losses of Rod-Carrying AC/DC Transport Currents Subjected to AC/DC Magnetic Field 165 5.3 AC Losses of Hybrid Concentric Cylinder 165 5.4 AC Losses of Concentric Hollow Cylinder in Longitudinal Field 167 5.5 AC Losses for Large Transverse Rotating Field 167 5.6 AC Losses with Different Phases between AC Field and AC Current 168 5.6.1 Slab-Carrying Current Exposed to AC Magnetic Field Parallel to its Wide Surface with Different Phases 169 5.6.2 Slab-Carrying Current Exposed to Parallel AC Magnetic Field at One Side with Different Phases 170 5.6.3 AC Losses of Slab-Carrying AC Current and Exposed to Symmetrical Parallel AC Magnetic Field with Different Phases 172 5.7 AC Losses for other Waves of AC Excitation Fields 175 5.8 AC Losses for other Critical State Models 177 5.8.1 Kim Model 177 5.8.2 Kim–Anderson Model 178 5.8.3 Voltage-Current Power-Law Model – Nonlinear Conductor Model 179 5.8.4 Combination of Kim-Anderson Model and Voltage-Current Power-Law Model 181 5.9 Other AC Losses 182 5.9.1 Eddy Current Losses 182 5.9.2 Penetration Loss in Transverse AC Magnetic Field 184 5.9.3 Twist Pitch 186 5.9.4 AC Losses in Longitudinal AC Magnetic Field 187 5.9.5 Coupling Losses 189 5.9.6 Measures for Reducing AC Losses 193 5.10 Measurements of AC Loss 194 5.10.1 Magnetic Method 194 5.10.2 Electrical Method 196 5.10.3 Thermal Method 200 5.10.4 Comparison of Electrical with Calorimetric Measuring Method 204 5.11 AC Losses Introduction of Superconducting Electrical Apparatus 204 References 206 6 Brief Introduction to Fabricating Technologies of Practical Superconducting Materials 209 6.1 NbTi Wire 211 6.2 Nb3Sn Wire 213 6.2.1 Internal Diffusion Process 213 6.2.2 External Diffusion Process 214 6.3 Nb3Al Wire 215 6.4 MgB2 Wire 216 6.5 BSCCO Tape/Wire 216 6.6 YBCO Tape 221 6.6.1 Substrate and Textured Insulated Layer 222 6.6.2 Deposition of Superconducting Layer with High Critical Current Density 222 6.7 HTS Bulk 223 6.7.1 Melt-Texture-Growth (MTG) Process 224 6.7.2 Quench-Melt-Growth (MTG) Process/Melt-Powder-Melt-Growth (MPMG) Process 224 6.7.3 Powder-Melting-Process (PMP) 224 6.7.4 Melt Cast Process (MCP) 225 References 226 7 Principles and Methods for Contact-Free Measurements of HTS Critical Current and n Values 229 7.1 Measurement Introduction of Critical Current and n Values 229 7.2 Critical Current Measurements of HTS Tape by Contact-Free Methods 230 7.2.1 Remanent Field Method 230 7.2.2 AC Magnetic Field-Induced Method 232 7.2.3 Mechanical Force Method 233 7.3 n Value Measurements of HTS Tape by Contact-Free Methods 235 7.3.1 Hysteretic Loss Component – Varying Amplitude Method 235 7.3.2 Fundamental Component Method – Varying Frequency 236 7.3.3 Third Harmonic Component Voltage Method 237 7.4 Analysis on Uniformity of Critical Current and n Values in Practical Long HTS Tape 238 7.4.1 Gauss Statistical Method 238 7.4.2 Weibull Statistical Method 239 7.5 Next Measurements of Critical Currents and n Values by Contact-Free Methods 240 References 240 8 Cryogenic Insulating Materials and Performances 243 8.1 Insulating Properties of Cryogenic Gas 243 8.1.1 Insulating Properties of Common Cryogenic Gas 244 8.1.2 Insulating Properties of Other Gases 248 8.2 Insulating Characteristics of Cryogenic Liquid 248 8.2.1 Comparison of Cryogens 248 8.2.2 Electrical Properties of Cryogens 248 8.3 Insulating Properties of Organic Insulating Films 256 8.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Organic Films 258 8.3.2 Resistivity of Organic Films 260 8.3.3 Permittivity of Organic Films 260 8.3.4 Dielectric Loss 260 8.3.5 Breakdown Voltage 263 8.3.6 Electrical Ageing Characteristics 267 8.4 Cryogenic Insulating Paints and Cryogenic Adhesive 269 8.4.1 Epoxy Resin 269 8.4.2 GE7031 Varnish 271 8.4.3 Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesive and other Cryogenic Adhesives 271 8.5 Structural Materials for Cryogenic Insulation 271 8.5.1 Polymer Materials 271 8.5.2 Epoxy Resin Composites 272 8.6 Inorganic Insulating Materials 273 8.6.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Glasses 273 8.6.2 Electrical Properties of Ceramics 274 8.6.3 Thermodynamic and Electrical Properties of Mica Glass 276 References 278 9 Refrigeration and Cryostats 279 9.1 Cryogens 280 9.2 Cryostat 281 9.2.1 Cryogenic Thermal Insulation 282 9.2.2 Basic Classification and Structure of Cryogenic Thermal Insulation 290 9.2.3 Structure Design of Cryostats 304 9.2.4 Cryogenic Transfer Lines and Flexible Pipes 307 9.2.5 Ultra-Cryogenic Cryostat with Dual-Cryostat Structure 309 9.3 Refrigeration 310 9.3.1 Principle of Refrigeration and Performance of Refrigerators 310 9.3.2 Choice of Refrigerator Suitable for Superconducting Power Apparatus 317 9.4 Cooling Technologies of Superconducting Electric Apparatus 317 9.4.1 Open-Cycle Cooling 318 9.4.2 Closed-Cycle Cooling by Reducing Pressure 319 9.4.3 Closed-Cycle Cooling by Refrigerator 319 9.4.4 Forced-Flow Circulation Cooling 320 9.4.5 Direct Cooling by Refrigerator 322 References 323 10 Power Supplying Technology in Superconducting Electrical Apparatus 325 10.1 Current Leads 326 10.1.1 Conduction-Cooled Current Leads 326 10.1.2 Approximate Design of Conduction-Cooled Current Lead 329 10.1.3 Demountable Current Leads 335 10.1.4 Gas-Cooled Current Leads 336 10.1.5 HTS Current Leads 340 10.1.6 Peltier Thermoelectric (TE) Effect 343 10.1.7 Gas-Cooled Peltier Current Leads (PCL) 345 10.2 Superconducting Switch 352 10.2.1 Design of LTS Switch 353 10.2.2 Design of HTS Switch 354 10.2.3 Fabrication of Superconducting Switches 355 10.3 Flux Pump 357 10.3.1 Principle of Superconducting Flux Pump 357 10.3.2 Transformer-Type Superconducting Magnetic Flux Pump 358 10.3.3 HTS Permanent Magnetic Flux Pump 359 References 361 11 Basic Structure and Principle of Superconducting Apparatus in Power System 363 11.1 Cable 363 11.2 Fault Current Limiter 366 11.2.1 Classifications 367 11.2.2 Resistive Type 367 11.2.3 Saturated Iron Core Type 368 11.2.4 Transformer Type 370 11.2.5 Shielded Iron Core Type 370 11.2.6 Bridge Type 371 11.2.7 Hybrid Type 372 11.2.8 Three-Phase Reactance Type 373 11.3 Transformer 374 11.3.1 Configuration 374 11.3.2 Advantages 375 11.3.3 Further Key Technology 375 11.4 Rotating Machine-Generator/Motor 376 11.4.1 Configuration 376 11.4.2 Advantages 377 11.4.3 Electric Machine with HTS Bulk 378 11.4.4 Applications 378 11.5 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 379 11.5.1 Principle and Basic Topology 379 11.5.2 Application in Grid System 381 11.6 Superconducting Flywheel Energy Storage (SFES) 382 11.6.1 Principle and Structure 382 11.6.2 Application in Grid System 383 11.7 Other Industrial Applications 384 11.7.1 High Magnetic Field 384 11.7.2 Low Magnetic Field 385 11.7.3 Maglev Transportation 387 References 387 12 Case Study of Superconductivity Applications in Power System-HTS Cable 389 12.1 Design of AC/CD HTS Cable Conductor 389 12.1.1 Former Size 389 12.1.2 Number of Tapes 391 12.1.3 Number of Layers 391 12.1.4 Number of Tapes on Layer 392 12.1.5 Insulation 393 12.1.6 Shielding and Protection Layers 395 12.2 Electromagnetic Design of AC/CD Cable Conductor 395 12.2.1 Range of Winding Angle (Pitch) 395 12.2.2 Design of CD Cable Conductor 396 12.3 Analysis on AC Losses of DC HTS Cable 399 12.3.1 Magnetic Field Analysis 399 12.3.2 AC Losses of HTS CD Cable Conductor 400 12.4 Design of AC WD HTS Cable Conductor 404 12.4.1 Eddy Current Loss in Cryostat 405 12.4.2 Dielectric Loss 405 12.5 Design of DC HTS Cable Conductor 405 12.6 Design of Cryostat 408 12.7 Manufacture of CD HTS Cable Conductor 410 12.8 Bending of HTS Cable 412 12.9 Termination and Joint 412 12.9.1 Termination 412 12.9.2 Joint 414 12.10 Circulating Cooling System and Monitoring System 415 12.10.1 Cooling System 415 12.10.2 Monitoring System 418 References 419 Appendix 421 A.1 Calculations of Volumetric Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity and Resistivity of Composite Conductor 421 A.2 Eddy Current Loss of Practical HTS Coated Conductor (YBCO CC) 422 A.2.1 Eddy Current Loss with Transporting Alternating Current 423 A.2.2 Eddy Current Loss of YBCO CC Exposed to Perpendicular AC Magnetic Field 423 A.2.3 Eddy Current Loss Exposed to Parallel AC Magnetic Field 424 A.2.4 Iron Losses of Substrate 424 A.3 Calculation of Geometrical Factor G 425 A.4 Derivation of Self and Mutual Inductances of CD Cable 426 A.4.1 Self Inductance of Layer 426 A.4.2 Mutual Inductances amongst Layers 428 A.5 Other Models for Hysteresis Loss Calculations of HTS Cable 429 A.6 Cooling Arrangements 430 A.6.1 Counter-Flow Cooling 430 A.6.2 Counter-Flow Cooling with Sub-Cooled Station 434 A.6.3 Parallel-Flow Cooling 435 References 438 Index 439

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Book SynopsisThis is an introductory level textbook which explains the elements of high temperature and high-speed gas dynamics.Trade Review“From the above discussion, it is understood that the book has covered a large number of topics on high Mach number and high temper­ature flows. Also, the descriptive and lucid approach adapted in writing makes the reader comfortable in grasping the subject. It is strongly recommended to all who are working in the area of high enthalpy flows.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 June 2015)Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv 1 Basic Facts 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Enthalpy 1 1.2 Enthalpy versus Internal Energy 3 1.2.1 Enthalpy and Heat 4 1.3 Gas Dynamics of Perfect Gases 5 1.4 Compressible Flow 6 1.5 Compressibility 7 1.5.1 Limiting Conditions for Compressibility 8 1.6 Supersonic Flow 11 1.7 Speed of Sound 11 1.8 Temperature Rise 15 1.9 Mach Angle 17 1.9.1 Small Disturbance 19 1.9.2 Finite Disturbance 19 1.10 Summary 19 Exercise Problems 25 References 25 2 Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 28 2.2.1 Energy Equation for an Open System 29 2.2.2 Adiabatic Flow Process 31 2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Equation) 32 2.4 Thermal and Calorical Properties 33 2.4.1 Thermally Perfect Gas 34 2.5 The Perfect Gas 35 2.5.1 Entropy Calculation 36 2.5.2 Isentropic Relations 39 2.5.3 Limitations on Air as a Perfect Gas 46 2.6 Summary 59 Exercise Problems 62 References 64 3 Wave Propagation 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Velocity of Sound 66 3.3 Subsonic and Supersonic Flows 66 3.4 Similarity Parameters 70 3.5 Continuum Hypothesis 71 3.6 Compressible Flow Regimes 73 3.7 Summary 75 Exercise Problems 76 References 77 4 High-Temperature Flows 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Importance of High-Enthalpy Flows 81 4.3 Nature of High-Enthalpy Flows 83 4.4 Most Probable Macrostate 83 4.5 Counting the Number of Microstates for a given Macrostate 85 4.5.1 Bose–Einstein Statistics 86 4.5.2 Fermi–Dirac Statistics 87 4.5.3 The Most Probable Macrostate 87 4.5.4 The Limiting Case: Boltzmann’s Distribution 92 4.6 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties 94 4.6.1 Internal Energy E 95 4.7 Evaluation of Partition Function in terms of T and V 99 4.8 High-Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of a Single-Species Gas 103 4.9 Equilibrium Properties of High-Temperature Air 108 4.10 Kinetic Theory of Gases 108 4.11 Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path 111 4.11.1 Variation of Z and λ with p and T of the Gas 114 4.12 Velocity and Speed Distribution Functions 115 4.13 Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flows 121 4.14 Governing Equations 121 4.15 Normal and Oblique Shocks 123 4.16 Oblique Shock Wave in an Equilibrium Gas 130 4.17 Equilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows 132 4.17.1 Quasi One-Dimensional Flow 134 4.18 Frozen and Equilibrium Flows 139 4.19 Equilibrium and Frozen Specific Heats 141 4.19.1 Equilibrium Speed of Sound 145 4.19.2 Quantitative Relation for the Equilibrium Speed of Sound 146 4.20 Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows 148 4.20.1 Governing Equations for Inviscid, Nonequilibrium Flows 149 4.21 Nonequilibrium Normal Shock and Oblique Shock Flows 153 4.21.1 Nonequilibrium Flow behind an Oblique Shock Wave 156 4.21.2 Nonequilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows 158 4.22 Nonequilibrium Flow over Blunt-Nosed Bodies 161 4.23 Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases 163 4.23.1 Momentum Transport 164 4.23.2 Energy Transport 165 4.23.3 Mass Transport 165 4.24 Summary 174 Exercise Problems 191 References 194 5 Hypersonic Flows 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2 Newtonian Flow Model 196 5.3 Mach Number Independence Principle 198 5.4 Hypersonic Flow Characteristics 199 5.4.1 Noncontinuum Considerations 199 5.4.2 Stagnation Region 200 5.4.3 Stagnation Pressure behind a Normal Shock Wave 204 5.5 Governing Equations 207 5.5.1 Equilibrium Flows 208 5.5.2 Nonequilibrium Flows 208 5.5.3 Thermal, Chemical, and Global Equilibrium Conditions 209 5.6 Dependent Variables 210 5.7 Transport Properties 211 5.7.1 Viscosity coefficient 211 5.7.2 Thermal Conduction 212 5.7.3 Diffusion Coefficient 212 5.8 Continuity Equation 214 5.9 Momentum Equation 214 5.10 Energy Equation 216 5.11 General Form of the Equations of Motion 219 5.11.1 Overall Continuity Equation 220 5.11.2 Momentum Equation 220 5.11.3 Energy Equation 221 5.12 Experimental Measurements of Hypersonic Flows 221 5.13 Measurements of Hypersonic Flows 222 5.13.1 Hypersonic Experimental Facilities 224 5.14 Summary 224 Exercise Problems 230 References 230 6 Aerothermodynamics 233 6.1 Introduction 233 6.2 Empirical Correlations 234 6.3 Viscous Interaction with External Flow 235 6.4 CFD for Hypersonic Flows 236 6.4.1 Grid Generation 238 6.5 Computation Based on a Two-layer Flow Model 239 6.5.1 Conceptual Design Codes 239 6.5.2 Characteristics of Two-Layer CFD Models 240 6.5.3 Evaluating Properties at the Boundary Layer Edge 242 6.6 Calibration and Validation of the CFD Codes 244 6.7 Basic CFD – Intuitive Understanding 245 6.7.1 Governing Equations Based on Conservation Law 245 6.7.2 Euler Equations in Conservation Form 247 6.7.3 Characteristics of Fluid Dynamic Equations 248 6.7.4 Advection Equation and Solving Techniques 250 6.7.5 Solving Euler Equations – Extension to System Equations 261 6.8 Summary 291 Exercise Problem 294 References 294 7 High-Enthalpy Facilities 297 7.1 Introduction 297 7.2 Hotshot Tunnels 298 7.3 Plasma Arc Tunnels 299 7.4 Shock Tubes 301 7.4.1 Shock Tube Applications 302 7.5 Shock Tunnels 305 7.6 Gun Tunnels 305 7.7 Some of the Working Facilities 306 7.7.1 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel 307 7.7.2 High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST) 307 7.7.3 Hypersonic and High-Enthalpy Wind Tunnel 309 7.7.4 Von Karman Institute Longshot Free-Piston Tunnel 310 7.7.5 MHD Acceleration in High-Enthalpy Wind Tunnels 311 7.7.6 Measurement Techniques 3117.8 Just a Recollection 312 7.8.1 Thermally Perfect Gas 313 7.8.2 Calorically Perfect Gas 313 7.8.3 Perfect or Ideal Gas 313 7.8.4 Thermal Equilibrium 314 7.8.5 Chemical Equilibrium 314 7.8.6 Caloric and Chemical Effects 315 7.8.7 Aerodynamic Forces 315 7.8.8 Plasma Effects 315 7.8.9 Viscous and Rarefaction Effects 316 7.8.10 Trajectory Dependence 316 7.8.11 Nonequilibrium Effects 316 7.8.12 Ground Test 317 7.8.13 Real-Gas Equation of State 317 7.9 Summary 318 Exercise Problems 321 References 322 Further Readings 323 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThis is the first edited volume addressing analysis for unmanned vehicles and its focus is operations research ( how things should be used ), rather than engineering ( how things should be built ).Table of ContentsAbout the contributors xiii Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background and Scope 3 1.3 About the Chapters 4 References 6 2 The In‐Transit Vigilant Covering Tour Problem for Routing Unmanned Ground Vehicles 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Background 8 2.3 CTP for UGV Coverage 9 2.4 The In‐Transit Vigilant Covering Tour Problem 9 2.5 Mathematical Formulation 11 2.6 Extensions to Multiple Vehicles 14 2.7 Empirical Study 15 2.8 Analysis of Results 21 2.9 Other Extensions 24 2.10 Conclusions 25 Author Statement 25 References 25 3 Near‐Optimal Assignment of UAVs to Targets Using a Market‐Based Approach 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Problem Formulation 29 3.2.1 Inputs 29 3.2.2 Various Objective Functions 29 3.2.3 Outputs 31 3.3 Literature 31 3.3.1 Solutions to the MDVRP Variants 31 3.3.2 Market‐Based Techniques 33 3.4 The Market‐Based Solution 34 3.4.1 The Basic Market Solution 36 3.4.2 The Hierarchical Market 37 3.4.2.1 Motivation and Rationale 37 3.4.2.2 Algorithm Details 40 3.4.3 Adaptations for the Max‐Pro Case 41 3.4.4 Summary 41 3.5 Results 42 3.5.1 Optimizing for Fuel‐Consumption (Min‐Sum) 43 3.5.2 Optimizing for Time (Min‐Max) 44 3.5.3 Optimizing for Prioritized Targets (Max‐Pro) 47 3.6 Recommendations for Implementation 51 3.7 Conclusions 52 Appendix 3.A A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) Formulation 53 3.A.1 Sub-tour Elimination Constraints 54 References 55 4 Considering Mine Countermeasures Exploratory Operations Conducted by Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 59 4.1 Background 59 4.2 Assumptions 61 4.3 Measures of Performance 62 4.4 Preliminary Results 64 4.5 Concepts of Operations 64 4.5.1 Gaps in Coverage 64 4.5.2 Aspect Angle Degradation 64 4.6 Optimality with Two Different Angular Observations 65 4.7 Optimality with N Different Angular Observations 66 4.8 Modeling and Algorithms 67 4.8.1 Monte Carlo Simulation 67 4.8.2 Deterministic Model 67 4.9 Random Search Formula Adapted to AUVs 68 4.10 Mine Countermeasures Exploratory Operations 70 4.11 Numerical Results 71 4.12 Non‐uniform Mine Density Distributions 72 4.13 Conclusion 74 Appendix 4.A Optimal Observation Angle between Two AUV Legs 75 Appendix 4.B Probabilities of Detection 78 References 79 5 Optical Search by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Fauna Detection Case Study 81 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Search Planning for Unmanned Sensing Operations 82 5.2.1 Preliminary Flight Analysis 84 5.2.2 Flight Geometry Control 85 5.2.3 Images and Mosaics 86 5.2.4 Digital Analysis and Identification of Elements 88 5.3 Results 91 5.4 Conclusions 92 Acknowledgments 94 References 94 6 A Flight Time Approximation Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Estimating the Effects of Path Variations and Wind 95 Nomenclature 95 6.1 Introduction 96 6.2 Problem Statement 97 6.3 Literature Review 97 6.3.1 Flight Time Approximation Models 97 6.3.2 Additional Task Types to Consider 98 6.3.3 Wind Effects 99 6.4 Flight Time Approximation Model Development 99 6.4.1 Required Mathematical Calculations 100 6.4.2 Model Comparisons 101 6.4.3 Encountered Problems and Solutions 102 6.5 Additional Task Types 103 6.5.1 Radius of Sight Task 103 6.5.2 Loitering Task 105 6.6 Adding Wind Effects 108 6.6.1 Implementing the Fuel Burn Rate Model 110 6.7 Computational Expense of the Final Model 111 6.7.1 Model Runtime Analysis 111 6.7.2 Actual versus Expected Flight Times 113 6.8 Conclusions and Future Work 115 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 7 Impacts of Unmanned Ground Vehicles on Combined Arms Team Performance 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Study Problem 120 7.2.1 Terrain 120 7.2.2 Vehicle Options 122 7.2.3 Forces 122 7.2.3.1 Experimental Force 123 7.2.3.2 Opposition Force 123 7.2.3.3 Civilian Elements 123 7.2.4 Mission 124 7.3 Study Methods 125 7.3.1 Closed‐Loop Simulation 125 7.3.2 Study Measures 126 7.3.3 System Comparison Approach 128 7.4 Study Results 128 7.4.1 Basic Casualty Results 128 7.4.1.1 Low Density Urban Terrain Casualty Only Results 128 7.4.1.2 Dense Urban Terrain Casualty‐Only Results 130 7.4.2 Complete Measures Results 131 7.4.2.1 Low Density Urban Terrain Results 131 7.4.2.2 Dense Urban Terrain Results 132 7.4.2.3 Comparison of Low and High Density Urban Results 133 7.4.3 Casualty versus Full Measures Comparison 135 7.5 Discussion 136 References 137 8 Processing, Exploitation and Dissemination: When is Aided/Automated Target Recognition “Good Enough” for Operational Use? 139 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Background 140 8.2.1 Operational Context and Technical Issues 140 8.2.2 Previous Investigations 141 8.3 Analysis 143 8.3.1 Modeling the Mission 144 8.3.2 Modeling the Specific Concept of Operations 145 8.3.3 Probability of Acquiring the Target under the Concept of Operations 146 8.3.4 Rational Selection between Aided/Automated Target Recognition and Extended Human Sensing 147 8.3.5 Finding the Threshold at which Automation is Rational 148 8.3.6 Example 148 8.4 Conclusion 149 Acknowledgments 151 Appendix 8.A 151 Ensuring [Q ] * decreases as ζ* increases 152 References 152 9 Analyzing a Design Continuum for Automated Military Convoy Operations 155 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Definition Development 156 9.2.1 Human Input Proportion (H) 156 9.2.2 Interaction Frequency 157 9.2.3 Complexity of Instructions/Tasks 157 9.2.4 Robotic Decision‐Making Ability (R) 157 9.3 Automation Continuum 157 9.3.1 Status Quo (SQ) 158 9.3.2 Remote Control (RC) 158 9.3.3 Tele‐Operation (TO) 158 9.3.4 Driver Warning (DW) 158 9.3.5 Driver Assist (DA) 158 9.3.6 Leader‐Follower (LF) 159 9.3.6.1 Tethered Leader‐Follower (LF1) 159 9.3.6.2 Un‐tethered Leader‐Follower (LF2) 159 9.3.6.3 Un‐tethered/Unmanned/Pre‐driven Leader‐Follower (LF3) 159 9.3.6.4 Un‐tethered/Unmanned/Uploaded Leader‐Follower (LF4) 159 9.3.7 Waypoint (WA) 159 9.3.7.1 Pre‐recorded “Breadcrumb” Waypoint (WA1) 160 9.3.7.2 Uploaded “Breadcrumb” Waypoint (WA2) 160 9.3.8 Full Automation (FA) 160 9.3.8.1 Uploaded “Breadcrumbs” with Route Suggestion Full Automation (FA1) 160 9.3.8.2 Self‐Determining Full Automation (FA2) 160 9.4 Mathematically Modeling Human Input Proportion (H) versus System Configuration 161 9.4.1 Modeling H versus System Configuration Methodology 161 9.4.2 Analyzing the Results of Modeling H versus System Configuration 165 9.4.3 Partitioning the Automation Continuum for H versus System Configuration into Regimes and Analyzing the Results 168 9.5 Mathematically Modeling Robotic Decision‐Making Ability (R) versus System Configuration 169 9.5.1 Modeling R versus System Configuration Methodology 169 9.5.2 Mathematically Modeling R versus System Configuration When Weighted by H 171 9.5.3 Partitioning the Automation Continuum for R (Weighted by H) versus System Configuration into Regimes 175 9.5.4 Summarizing the Results of Modeling H versus System Configuration and R versus System Configuration When Weighted by H 177 9.6 Mathematically Modeling H and R 178 9.6.1 Analyzing the Results of Modeling H versus R 178 9.7 Conclusion 180 9.A System Configurations 180 10 Experimental Design for Unmanned Aerial Systems Analysis: Bringing Statistical Rigor to UAS Testing 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Some UAS History 188 10.3 Statistical Background for Experimental Planning 189 10.4 Planning the UAS Experiment 192 10.4.1 General Planning Guidelines 192 10.4.2 Planning Guidelines for UAS Testing 193 10.4.2.1 Determine Specific Questions to Answer 194 10.4.2.2 Determine Role of the Human Operator 194 10.4.2.3 Define and Delineate Factors of Concern for the Study 195 10.4.2.4 Determine and Correlate Response Data 196 10.4.2.5 Select an Appropriate Design 196 10.4.2.6 Define the Test Execution Strategy 198 10.5 Applications of the UAS Planning Guidelines 199 10.5.1 Determine the Specific Research Questions 199 10.5.2 Determining the Role of Human Operators 199 10.5.3 Determine the Response Data 200 10.5.4 Define the Experimental Factors 200 10.5.5 Establishing the Experimental Protocol 201 10.5.6 Select the Appropriate Design 202 10.5.6.1 Verifying Feasibility and Practicality of Factor Levels 202 10.5.6.2 Factorial Experimentation 202 10.5.6.3 The First Validation Experiment 203 10.5.6.4 Analysis: Developing a Regression Model 204 10.5.6.5 Software Comparison 204 10.6 Conclusion 205 Acknowledgments 205 Disclaimer 205 References 205 11 Total Cost of Ownership (TOC): An Approach for Estimating UMAS Costs 207 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Life Cycle Models 208 11.2.1 DoD 5000 Acquisition Life Cycle 208 11.2.2 ISO 15288 Life Cycle 208 11.3 Cost Estimation Methods 210 11.3.1 Case Study and Analogy 210 11.3.2 Bottom‐Up and Activity Based 211 11.3.3 Parametric Modeling 212 11.4 UMAS Product Breakdown Structure 212 11.4.1 Special Considerations 212 11.4.1.1 Mission Requirements 214 11.4.2 System Capabilities 214 11.4.3 Payloads 214 11.5 Cost Drivers and Parametric Cost Models 215 11.5.1 Cost Drivers for Estimating Development Costs 215 11.5.1.1 Hardware 215 11.5.1.2 Software 218 11.5.1.3 Systems Engineering and Project Management 218 11.5.1.4 Performance‐Based Cost Estimating Relationship 220 11.5.1.5 Weight‐Based Cost Estimating Relationship 223 11.5.2 Proposed Cost Drivers for DoD 5000.02 Phase Operations and Support 224 11.5.2.1 Logistics – Transition from Contractor Life Support (CLS) to Organic Capabilities 224 11.5.2.2 Training 224 11.5.2.3 Operations – Manned Unmanned Systems Teaming (MUM‐T) 225 11.6 Considerations for Estimating Unmanned Ground Vehicle Costs 225 11.7 Additional Considerations for UMAS Cost Estimation 230 11.7.1 Test and Evaluation 230 11.7.2 Demonstration 230 11.8 Conclusion 230 Acknowledgments 231 References 231 12 Logistics Support for Unmanned Systems 233 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Appreciating Logistics Support for Unmanned Systems 233 12.2.1 Logistics 234 12.2.2 Operations Research and Logistics 236 12.2.3 Unmanned Systems 240 12.3 Challenges to Logistics Support for Unmanned Systems 242 12.3.1 Immediate Challenges 242 12.3.2 Future Challenges 242 12.4 Grouping the Logistics Challenges for Analysis and Development 243 12.4.1 Group A – No Change to Logistics Support 243 12.4.2 Group B – Unmanned Systems Replacing Manned Systems and Their Logistics Support Frameworks 244 12.4.3 Group C – Major Changes to Unmanned Systems Logistics 247 12.5 Further Considerations 248 12.6 Conclusions 251 References 251 13 Organizing for Improved Effectiveness in Networked Operations 255 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 Understanding the IACM 256 13.3 An Agent‐Based Simulation Representation of the IACM 259 13.4 Structure of the Experiment 260 13.5 Initial Experiment 264 13.6 Expanding the Experiment 265 13.7 Conclusion 269 Disclaimer 270 References 270 14 An Exploration of Performance Distributions in Collectives 271 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Who Shoots How Many? 272 14.3 Baseball Plays as Individual and Networked Performance 273 14.4 Analytical Questions 275 14.5 Imparity Statistics in Major League Baseball Data 277 14.5.1 Individual Performance in Major League Baseball 278 14.5.2 Interconnected Performance in Major League Baseball 281 14.6 Conclusions 285 Acknowledgments 286 References 286 15 Distributed Combat Power: The Application of Salvo Theory to Unmanned Systems 287 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 Salvo Theory 288 15.2.1 The Salvo Equations 288 15.2.2 Interpreting Damage 289 15.3 Salvo Warfare with Unmanned Systems 290 15.4 The Salvo Exchange Set and Combat Entropy 291 15.5 Tactical Considerations 292 15.6 Conclusion 293 References 294 Index 295

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Book SynopsisBecause of their unique properties (size, shape, and surface functions), functional materials are gaining significant attention in the areas of energy conversion and storage, sensing, electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. Within the chapters of this book written by well-known researchers, one will find the range of methods that have been developed for preparation and functionalization of organic, inorganic and hybrid structures which are the necessary building blocks for the architecture of various advanced functional materials. The book discusses these innovative methodologies and research strategies, as well as provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the cutting-edge research on the processing, properties and technology developments of advanced functional materials and their applications. Specifically, Advanced Functional Materials: Compiles the objectives related to functional materials and provides detailed reviews of fundamentals, novel production methods, and fronTrade Review“The distinguished authors created this book for a broad audience ranging from students to researchers. The pages are beautifully illustrated with many figures and photos, and it is written in an accessible manner, with hundreds of references per chapter.” (Optics & Photonics, 1 December 2015) Table of ContentsPreface xvPart 1: Functional Metal Oxides: Architecture, Design, and Applications1 Development of Toxic Chemicals Sensitive Chemiresistors Based on Metal Oxides, Conducting Polymers and Nanocomposites Thin Films 3Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Hyung-Kee Seo, and Hyung-Shik Shin1.1 Introduction 41.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Chemiresistor 61.3 Conducting Polymers Nanostructures for Chemiresistors 211.4 Semiconducting Nanocomposites for Chemoresistors 441.5 Conclusions and Outlook 48Acknowledgments 49References 492 The Synthetic Strategy for Developing Mesoporous Materials through Nanocasting Route 59Rawesh Kumar and Biswajit Chowdhury2.1 Introduction to Nanocasting 592.2 Steps of Nanocasting 612.3 Porous Silica as Template for Inorganic Compounds 682.4 Porous Silica as Template for Mesoporous Carbon 862.5 Porous Carbon as Template for Inorganic Compound 1042.6 Future Prescriptive 1132.7 Limitation 1142.8 Conclusion 115Acknowledgments 116References 1163 Spray Pyrolysis of Nano-structured Optical and Electronic Materials 127Nurdan Demirci Sankir, Erkan Aydin, Esma Ugur, and Mehmet Sankir3.1 Introduction 1283.2 Spray Pyrolysis Technology 1283.3 Nanoparticles Created via Spray Pyrolysis Method 1343.4 Nanopillars and Nanoporous Structures 1423.5 Nanocrystalline Thin Film Deposition by Spray Pyrolysis 1503.6 Conclusion 167Acknowledgments 168References 1684 Multifunctional Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 183Noppakun Sanpo, Cuie Wen, Christopher C. Berndt, and James Wang4.1 Introduction 1834.2 Ferrites 1874.3 The Sol Gel Method 1894.4 Chelating Agents 1954.5 Approach and Methodology 1994.6 Experimental Results 2024.7 Concluding Remarks 213Acknowledgements 214References 2145 Heterostructures Based on TiO2 and Silicon for Solar Hydrogen Generation 219Dilip Kumar Behara, Arun Prakash Upadhyay, Gyan Prakash Sharma, B.V. Sai Krishna Kiran, Sri Sivakumar and Raj Ganesh S. Pala5.1 Introduction 2205.2 Overview of Heterostructures 2215.3 TiO2 Heterostructures 2345.4 Silicon Based Heterostructures 2535.5 Some Unaddressed Issues of Heterostructures in Relation to Photocatalysis 2615.6 Summary/Conclusions and Future Outlook 262Acknowledgment 263Notes on Contributors 263References 2646 Studies on Electrochemical Properties of MnO2 and CuO Decorated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Electrode Materials 283Mohan Raja6.1 Introduction 2836.2 Experimental 2856.3 Characterization 2866.4 Results and Discussion 2866.5 Conclusion 292References 293Part 2: Multifunctional Hybrid Materials: Fundamentals and Frontiers7 Discotic Liquid Crystalline Dimers: Chemistry and Applications 297Shilpa Setia, Sandeep Kumar and Santanu Kumar Pal7.1 Introduction 2987.2 Structure-Property Relationship of Discotic Dimers 3007.3 Applications 3577.4 Conclusions and Outlook 3618 Supramolecular Nanoassembly and Its Potential 367Alok Pandya, Heena Goswami, Anand Lodha and Pinkesh Sutariya8.1 Supramolecular Chemistry 3688.2 Nanochemistry 3768.3 Supramolecular Nanoassembly 3848.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 394References 396Suggested further reading 3979 Carbon/-Based Hybrid Composites as Advanced Electrodes for Supercapacitors 399S.T. Senthilkumar, K. Vijaya Sankar , J. S. Melo, A. Gedanken, and R. Kalai Selvana9.1 Introduction 4009.2 Principle of Supercapacitor 4029.3 Activated Carbon and their Composites 4109.4 Carbon Aerogels and Their Composite Materials 4119.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and their Composite Materials 4159.6 Two-Dimensional Graphene 4179.7 Conclusion and Outlook 424Acknowledgements 42510 Synthesis, Characterization, and Uses of Novel-Architecture Copolymers through Gamma Radiation Technique 433H. Ivin Melendez-Ortiz and Emilio Bucio10.1 Introduction 43410.2 Ionizing Radiation 43510.3 Gamma-Ray Measurements 43810.4 Synthesis of Graft Polymers by Gamma-Rays 44110.5 Different Architecture of Polymers 44910.6 Polymer Characterization 455Acknowledgments 458References 45811 Advanced Composite Adsorbents: Chitosan versus Graphene 463George Z. Kyzas11.1 Introduction 46311.2 Chitosan-Based Materials 46511.3 Graphene-Based Materials 47811.4 Graphene/Chitosan Composite Adsorbents 48311.5 Conclusions 488References 48912 Antimicrobial Biopolymers 493S. Sayed and M.A. Jardine12.1 Introduction 49312.2 Biopolymers 49612.3 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 50612.4 Metal Loading 51412.5 Assessment of Antimicrobial/Antifungal Testing Methods 51812.6 Conclusion 525References 52613 Organometal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications 535Sai Bai, Yizheng Jin, and Feng Gao13.1 Introduction 53513.2 Fundamentals of Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 53713.3 Deposition Methods and Crystal Engineering of Organometal Halide Perovskites 54713.4 Commercialization Challenges and Possible Solutions 55813.5 Summary and Conclusion 561Acknowledgements 562References 562Index 567

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Book SynopsisA single-volume resource featuring state-of-the art reviews of key elements of the roll-to-roll manufacturing processing methodology Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing is an important manufacturing technology platform used extensively for mass-producing a host of film-type products in several traditional industries such as printing, silver-halide photography, and paper. Over the last two decades, some of the methodologies and know-how of R2R manufacturing have been extended and adapted in many new technology areas, including microelectronics, display, photovoltaics, and microfluidics. This comprehensive book presents the state-of-the-art unit operations of the R2R manufacturing technology, providing a practical resource for scientists, engineers, and practitioners not familiar with the fundamentals of R2R technology. Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing: Process Elements and Recent Advances reviews new developments in areas such as flexible glass, disTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing: An Overview 1Jehuda Greener 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 R2R Operation Overview 5 1.3 Process Economics 9 1.4 Environmental, Health, and Safety Considerations 13 1.5 Summary 15 References 15 2 Coating and Solidification 19E. J. Lightfoot and E. D. Cohen 2.1 Coating Methods 19 2.1.1 Coating Fundamentals 20 2.1.1.1 Wetting 20 2.1.1.2 Coating Distribution 22 2.1.1.3 The Coating Window 22 2.1.2 Coating Hardware 24 2.1.2.1 Pre-metered Coating 24 2.1.2.2 Self-Metered Coating 27 2.1.3 Selecting a Coating Method 39 2.2 Drying and Curing 43 2.2.1 Principles 43 2.2.1.1 Choice of Solidification Method 43 2.2.1.2 Coupled Mass and Energy Transfer 44 2.2.1.3 Infrared Drying 48 2.2.1.4 UV Curing 48 2.2.1.5 E-Beam Curing 49 2.2.1.6 Dielectric Drying 49 2.2.1.7 The Drying Curve 50 2.2.2 Hardware 52 2.2.2.1 Conduction 52 2.2.2.2 Convection 52 2.2.2.3 IR Drying 56 2.3 Defect Management 58 2.3.1 Characterizing Defects 58 2.3.2 Defect Naming 58 2.3.3 Online Defect Characterization Systems 58 2.3.4 Defect Troubleshooting 59 2.3.4.1 Contamination 59 2.3.4.2 Substrate Deficiencies 59 2.3.4.3 Liquid Coating Quality 60 2.3.4.4 Unsuitable Coating Method 60 2.3.4.5 Inadequate Design of Coating Line Equipment 60 2.3.4.6 Deterioration of Coating Line Equipment 60 2.3.4.7 Drying-Induced Defects 60 2.3.4.8 Variations in Web Handling System 61 2.3.4.9 Inadequate Operating Procedures and Training 61 2.3.4.10 Key Variables Not Properly Controlled 61 References 61 3 Drying of Polymer Solutions: Modeling and Real-Time Tracking of the Process 65S. Shams Es-haghi and Miko Cakmak 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Modeling of the Drying Process 67 3.3 Real- Time Tracking of the Drying Process of Polymer Solutions 80 3.3.1 Real-Time Measurement System 80 3.3.2 Drying Process of Polyimide/N,N-Dimethylformamide Solutions 84 3.3.3 Real-Time Study of Drying and Imidization of Polyamic Acid/NMP Solution 91 3.3.4 Development of Optical Gradient During Evaporation of Solvent 97 3.3.5 Effect of Organoclay and Graphene Oxide on the Drying Process of PAI/DMAc Solution 99 3.3.6 Real-Time Drying Study of Polyetherimide/NMP 102 3.4 Conclusions 104 References 106 4 In-Line Vacuum Deposition 111C. A. Bishop 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Substrates 112 4.2.1 Polymer Substrates 113 4.2.2 Flexible Glass 114 4.2.3 Metal Foils 115 4.2.4 Fibers, Fabrics, Nonwovens, and Foams 115 4.2.5 Paper 116 4.3 Managing Defects 117 4.4 Managing Heat Load 123 4.5 Vacuum Deposition Systems 124 4.5.1 Batch Systems 126 4.5.2 Air-to-Air Systems 127 4.6 Vacuum Deposition Processes 128 4.6.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 128 4.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 130 4.6.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 130 4.7 Vacuum-Deposited Coatings for Growth Markets 133 4.8 Conclusions 136 References 137 5 Web Handling and Winding 147David R. Roisum, Gustavo Guzman, and S. Shams Es-haghi 5.1 Web Handling 147 5.2 Designfor Manufacturability (DFM) for Web Handling 149 5.3 Rollers 149 5.4 Tension Control 152 5.5 Nip Control 154 5.6 Temperature, Speed, and Gravity 155 5.7 Web Path Control, Guiding, and Oscillators 157 5.8 Slitting and Trim Removal 159 5.9 Winding 161 5.10 Wrinklings 167 References 169 6 Polymer Film Substrates for Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing: Process–Structure–Property Relationships 171Baris Yalcin and Miko Cakmak 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Category II: Polyester Films 177 6.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 180 6.2.2 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) and Poly(etherimide) (PEI) Blend 190 6.2.3 Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) 196 6.3 Category I: Solvent Cast High Tg Materials 206 6.3.1 Polyimides 207 6.4 Summary 210 6.4.1 Transparency 211 6.4.2 Thermal Properties 211 6.4.3 Barrier to Moisture and Gases and Planarization Requirements 214 References 219 7 Curl Effects in Roll-to-Roll Operations 225Jehuda Greener 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Core-Set Curl 226 7.3 Physical Aging Effects 235 7.4 Core-Set Curl in R2R Operations 238 7.5 Other Curl Mechanisms and Curl Mitigation Strategies 247 References 249 8 Roll-to-Roll Processing of Glass 251Doug Brackley, Dale Marshall, Gary Merz, and Eric Miller 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 History of Rolled Glass at Corning 251 8.3 Key Attributes of Glass 252 8.4 Properties of Glass That Impact R2R Processing 254 8.5 Important Considerations for a Successful R2R Glass Process 256 8.6 Summary 259 References 260 9 Novel Hybrid Composite Films by Roll-to-Roll Processing 261Saurabh Batra, W. Zhao, Baris Yalcin, and Miko Cakmak 9.1 Introduction 261 9.2 Process Overview 262 9.3 Transparent Electrically Conductive Films 265 9.4 Bendable Aerogels (Xerogel) 271 9.5 Flexible Hydrogels 273 9.6 Conclusion 280 References 280 10 Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing of Flexible Displays 285E. Montbach and D. Davis 10.1 Introduction: Thin and Flexible Substrates 285 10.1.1 Thinner Display Architectures 286 10.1.2 Challenges in Migrating to Roll-to-Roll 287 10.1.3 General Description of Roll-to-Roll Manufacture of Flexible Flat Panel Displays 292 10.1.3.1 Flexible Substrate 292 10.1.3.2 Application of Electrode 293 10.1.3.3 Electro-optic Layer 293 10.1.3.4 Cover Layer/Encapsulation 293 10.1.3.5 Singulation 293 10.1.3.6 Integration and Test 293 10.2 Roll-to-Roll Display Technologies 293 10.2.1 Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays 294 10.2.1.1 Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan 294 10.2.1.2 Kent Displays, Inc. 296 10.2.2 Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays 305 10.2.2.1 Background 305 10.2.2.2 Challenges in AMOLED Manufacturing 306 10.2.2.3 OLED Manufacturing Examples 309 10.2.3 Electrophoretic Displays 312 10.2.3.1 Function 312 10.2.3.2 Structure 313 10.2.3.3 Manufacturing 314 10.2.4 Microfluidic Displays 315 10.2.4.1 Function 315 10.2.4.2 Structure 316 10.2.4.3 Technology 316 10.3 Conclusions 318 References 319 11 Flexible Solar Cells 325Y. Galagan 11.1 Introduction to Photovoltaic Technologies 325 11.2 R2R Processing 326 11.2.1 Substrates for R2R Processing 327 11.2.2 Solution-Based R2R Methods 329 11.3 Organic Photovoltaics 334 11.3.1 Technology Assessment 336 11.3.2 Roll-to-Roll Printing and Coating of Electrode Materials 339 11.3.3 Patterning and Module Manufacturing 341 11.3.4 Current Progress in R2R Manufacturing of Organic Photovoltaics 342 11.4 Perovskite Photovoltaics 347 11.4.1 Scalable Processing Techniques for Manufacturing Perovskite Solar Cells 350 11.4.2 Other Challenges in the Scale-Up of Perovskite Solar Cells 351 11.5 Conclusions 352 References 352 12 Field-Assisted Self-Assembly of Nanocomposite Films: A Roll-to-Roll Approach 363Saurabh Batra and Miko Cakmak 12.1 Introduction 363 12.2 Process Overview 364 12.3 Electric Field Alignment 365 12.3.1 Orienting Clay Particles in Electric Field 367 12.3.2 Orienting BaTiO3 Particles in Electric Field 371 12.4 Magnetic Field Alignment 379 12.5 Thermal Gradient 386 12.5.1 Directional Crystal Growth Using Thermal Gradient 387 12.5.2 Block Copolymer Oriented with Thermal Gradient 389 12.6 Conclusions 391 References 392 Index 397

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Book SynopsisThe only comprehensive and authoritative reference guide to the ASME Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment (BPE) standard This is a companion guide to the ASME Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment (BPE) Standard and explains what lies behind many of the requirements and recommendations within that industry standard. Following an introductory narrative to the Standard''s early history, industry related codes and standards are explained; the design and engineering aspects cover construction materials, both metallic and nonmetallic; then components, fabrication, assembly and installation of piping systems are explored. Examination, Inspection and Testing then precede the ASME BPE certification process, concluding with a discussion on system design. The author draws on many years'' experience and insights from first-hand involvement in the field of industrial piping design, engineering, construction, and management, which includes the bioprocessing industry. The reader wTable of ContentsList of Figures xx List of Tables xxix List of Forms xxxi Series Preface xxxii Preface xxxiii Acknowledgments lxxvii About the Author lxxx 1 Introduction, Scope, and General Requirements of the BPE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scope of the ASME BPE Standard 2 1.3 Intent of the BPE Standard 6 1.4 ASME B31.3 Chapter X 7 1.5 Terms and Definitions 8 1.6 Quality Assurance 11 1.6.1 Documentation 13 1.7 An Essential Understanding of Codes and Standards 17 1.8 Source of BPE Content 20 1.8.1 Government Regulations 20 1.8.2 Generally Accepted Principals and Practices of the Industry 21 1.8.3 Research and Testing Done by the BPE Membership 21 1.9 ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code Chapter X 22 1.9.1 B31.3 Chapter X as Supplement to the Base Code 23 1.9.2 Harmonization of the BPE Standard and B31.3 Chapter X 24 2 Materials 25 2.1 Scope of this Chapter 25 2.2 Materials of Construction 25 2.3 Metallic Materials 26 2.3.1 Understanding ASTM Material Designations 27 2.3.2 Stainless Steel 36 2.3.3 The World of Crystallography 37 2.3.4 Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREn) 42 2.3.5 Alloying Constituents in Austenitic Stainless Steel 45 2.3.6 Dual Certified Stainless Steels 46 2.3.7 So Why 316L Stainless Steel? 47 2.4 Nonmetallic Materials 49 2.4.1 What Are Nonmetallic Materials? 49 2.4.2 Extractables and Leachables 52 2.4.3 Single]Use Systems and Components 54 2.5 Surface Finish 57 2.6 Rouge 63 2.6.1 Class I Rouge 64 2.6.2 Class II Rouge 65 2.6.3 Class III Rouge 66 2.6.4 Background on Rouge 68 2.6.5 Source of Rouge 69 2.7 Electropolishing 70 2.7.1 Irregularities or Flaws in Electropolishing 74 2.8 Passivation 76 3 Process Components 81 3.1 Process Components 81 3.2 Pressure Ratings 81 3.2.1 Pressure Ratings of Welded Components 81 3.2.2 Pressure Ratings and Other Fundamentals of Hygienic Clamp Joint Unions 86 3.3 Hygienic Clamp and Automatic Tube Weld Fittings 89 3.4 Sanitary Valves 101 3.5 Seals 102 3.6 Instruments 105 3.6.1 Coriolis Flow Meter 106 3.6.2 Radar Level Instruments 106 3.6.3 Pressure Instruments 106 3.6.4 Temperature Instruments 106 3.6.5 Analytical Instruments 106 3.6.6 Optical Devices 107 4 Fabrication, Assembly, and Installation 108 4.1 Scope and Introduction to this Chapter 108 4.1.1 Scope 108 4.1.2 Introduction 108 4.2 Fabrication 111 4.2.1 Fabrication Drawings and Spool Pieces 111 4.3 Fabrication of Metallic Tubing 116 4.3.1 Welding Documentation and Retention 116 4.3.2 Welding for Piping Systems 119 4.4 Fabrication of Nonmetallic Piping and Tubing 126 4.4.1 Fabrication of Polymeric Components 126 4.5 Assembly and Installation 131 4.5.1 General 131 4.5.2 Characteristics of the Hygienic Clamp Joint 131 4.6 The Piping Installation Process 140 4.6.1 Field Assembly and Installation (Stick Built) 140 4.6.2 As]Built and Other Drawings 142 4.6.3 Skid or Module Fabrication 144 5 Examination, Inspection, and Testing 147 5.1 Examination, Inspection, and Testing 147 5.2 Examination 148 5.2.1 Weld Examination 150 5.3 Inspection 153 5.4 Leak Testing of Piping 155 6 Equipment and Component Quality 157 6.1 Assured Quality 157 6.2 BPE Certification 157 6.3 A Quality Management System 161 6.4 Purpose 164 7 Design 166 7.1 BPE Scope of Design 166 7.2 Intent of Part SD 167 7.3 It’s a Bug’s Life 168 7.3.1 Perspective on Bacteria 168 7.4 A Preamble to Design 177 7.4.1 Undeveloped Subject Matter 177 7.4.2 Containment 177 7.4.3 Working with BPE and B31.3 180 7.4.4 Fabrication 183 7.4.5 Materials of Construction 185 7.4.6 Cleanability and Drainability 186 7.4.7 Bioprocessing System Boundaries 186 7.5 Design 186 7.5.1 The System 187 8 BPE Appendices 202 8.1 Mandatory and Nonmandatory Appendices 202 8.2 Mandatory Appendices 203 8.2.1 Mandatory Appendix I: Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the BPE Committee 203 8.2.2 Mandatory Appendix II: Standard Units 204 8.3 Nonmandatory Appendices 204 8.3.1 Nonmandatory Appendix A—Commentary: Slag 204 8.3.2 Nonmandatory Appendix B: Material and Weld Examination/Inspection Documentation 204 8.3.3 Nonmandatory Appendix C: Slope Measurement 204 8.3.4 Nonmandatory Appendix D: Rouge and Stainless Steel 204 8.3.5 Nonmandatory Appendix E: Passivation Procedure Qualification 205 8.3.6 Nonmandatory Appendix F: Corrosion Testing 205 8.3.7 Nonmandatory Appendix G: Ferrite 205 8.3.8 Nonmandatory Appendix H: Electropolishing Procedure Qualification 205 8.3.9 Nonmandatory Appendix I: Vendor Documentation Requirements for New Instruments 206 8.3.10 Nonmandatory Appendix J: Standard Process Test Conditions (SPTC) for Seal Performance Evaluation 206 8.3.11 Nonmandatory Appendix K: Standard Test Methods for Polymers 206 8.3.12 Nonmandatory Appendix L: Spray Device Coverage Testing 207 8.3.13 Nonmandatory Appendix M—Commentary: 316L Weld Heat]Affected Zone Discoloration Acceptance Criteria 207 8.3.14 Nonmandatory Appendix N: Guidance When Choosing Polymeric and Nonmetallic Materials 207 8.3.15 Nonmandatory Appendix O: General Background/Useful Information for Extractables and Leachables 207 8.3.16 Nonmandatory Appendix P: Temperature Sensors and Associated Components 208 8.3.17 Nonmandatory Appendix Q: Instrument Receiving, Handling, and Storage 208 8.3.18 Nonmandatory Appendix R: Application Data Sheet 208 8.3.19 Nonmandatory Appendix S—Polymer Applications: Chromatography Columns 208 8.3.20 Nonmandatory Appendix T: Guidance for the Use of US Customary and SI Units 208 Appendices Appendix A Cleaning and Leak Testing Procedure 209 Appendix B Biotechnology Inspection Guide Reference Materials and Training Aids 251 Appendix C Guide to Inspections of High Purity Water Systems 286 Appendix D Guide to Inspections of Lyophilization of Parenterals 304 Appendix E Guide to Inspections and Validation of Cleaning Processes 322 Appendix F Guide to Inspections of Dosage Form Drug Manufacturer’s—CGMPR’s 331 Appendix G Guide to Inspections Oral Solutions and Suspensions 349 Appendix H Guide to Inspections of Sterile Drug Substance Manufacturers 356 Appendix J Guide to Inspections of Topical Drug Products 366 Appendix K BPE History—Letters and Notes 375 Appendix L Component Dimensions 420 Further Reading 440 Index 445

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Book SynopsisCovers a wide range of practical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer problems This book covers the many issues that occur in practical fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer, and examines the basic laws (the conservation of matter, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, and the second law of thermodynamics) of these areas. It offers problem solutions that start with simplifying engineering assumptions and then identifies the governing equations and dependent and independent variables. When solutions to basic equations are not possible, the book utilizes historical experimental studies. It also looks at determining appropriate thermo-physical properties of the fluid under investigation, and covers solutions to governing equations with experimental studies. Case Studies in Fluid Mechanics with Sensitivities to Governing Variables offers chapters on: draining fluid from a tank; vertical rise of a weather balloon; wind dragTable of ContentsSeries Preface vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi About the Author xiii Introduction xv 1 Draining Fluid from a Tank 1 2 Vertical Rise of a Weather Balloon 9 3 Stability of a Floating Cone inWater 17 4 Wind Drag Forces on People 23 5 Creeping Flow Past a Sphere 29 6 Venturi Meter 39 7 Fluid’s Surface Shape in a Rotating Cylindrical Tank 45 8 Pin Floating on Surface of a Liquid 53 9 Small Raindrops 59 10 Range of an Aircraft 63 11 Designing a Water Clock 67 12 Water Turbine under a Dam 75 13 Centrifugal Separation of Particles 81 14 A Simple Carburetor 89 15 Ideal Gas Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 97 16 Laminar Flow in a Pipe 103 17 Water Supply from a Lake to a Factory 109 18 Air or Water Flow Required to Cool a PC Board 113 19 Convection Mass Transfer through Air–Water Interface 123 20 Heating a Room by Natural Convection 129 21 Laminar Flow through Porous Material 137 22 Condensation on the Surface of a Vertical Plate in a Laminar Flow Regime 145 23 A Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in a Pipe 153 24 Bubble Rise in a Glass of Beer 163 References 169 Index 171

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisMeet the latest challenges in quantum computing with this cutting-edge volume Miniaturization is one of the major forms (and drivers) of innovation in electronics and computing. In recent years, the rapid reduction in the size of semiconductors and other key elements of digital technology has created major challenges, which new technologies are being continuously mobilized to meet. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is a technology with huge potential to meet these challenges, particularly if multi-value computing is brought to bear. Computing with Multi-Value Logic in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata introduces this groundbreaking area of technology and its major applications. Using MATLAB software and a novel multi-value logic simulator, the book demonstrates that multi-value circuits with a function that approximates fuzzy logic are within reach of modern engineering and design. Rigorous and clear, this book offers a crucial introduction to the proces

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Book SynopsisThe control of energy in the industrial sector and the reduction of consumption in the building sector will be key elements in the energy transition. In order to achieve these objectives it is necessary to use materials with energy performance adapted to their use as well as insulators or super-insulators. In both cases, a thorough knowledge of their thermal properties will be required for optimal success. This revised and updated 2nd edition of Thermal Properties Measurement of Materials enables the reader to choose the measurement method best suited to the material they are characterizing and provides all of the information required in order to implement it with maximum precision. This work is intended to be accessible to anyone who needs to measure the thermal properties of a material, whether or not they are a thermal engineer.

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