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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?Fortunately, thereâs Schaumâs. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaumâs to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaumâs is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. Schaumâs Outline of Thermodynamics for Engineers, Fourth Edition is packed with four sample tests for the engineering qualifying exam, hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This updated guide approaches the suTable of ContentsPreface Contents Chapter 1 Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes 1.3 Macroscopic Description 1.4 Properties and State of a System 1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Processes 1.6 Units 1.7 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight 1.8 Pressure 1.9 Temperature 1.10 Energy Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The P-v-T Surface 2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region 2.4 Property Calculations 2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 3 Work and Heat 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition of Work 3.3 Quasi-Equilibrium Work due to a Moving Boundary 3.4 Nonequilibrium Work 3.5 Other Work Modes 3.6 Heat Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process 4.4 Enthalpy 4.5 Latent Heat 4.6 Specific Heats 4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes 4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation to Control Volumes 4.10 Transient Flow Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4 Reversibility 5.5 The Carnot Engine 5.6 Carnot Efficiency Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 6 Entropy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition 6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats 6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 6.5 Entropy for Substances such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids 6.6 The Inequality of Clausius 6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 6.8 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 7 Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Availability 7.1 Basic Concepts 7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 7.3 Availability and Exergy 7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Gas Compressors 8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle 8.4 The Carnot Cycle 8.5 The Otto Cycle 8.6 The Diesel Cycle 8.7 The Dual Cycle 8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 8.9 The Brayton Cycle 8.10 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 8.11 The Intercooling, Reheating, Regenerative Brayton Cycle 8.12 The Turbojet Engine Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 9 Vapor Power Cycles 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Rankine Cycle 9.3 Rankine Cycle Efficiency 9.4 The Reheat Cycle 9.5 The Regenerative Cycle 9.6 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle 9.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency 9.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 10.3 The Multistage Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 10.4 The Heat Pump 10.5 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 10.6 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 11 Thermodynamic Relations 11.1 Three Differential Relations 11.2 The Maxwell Relations 11.3 The Clapeyron Equation 11.4 Further Consequences of the Maxwell Relations 11.5 Relationships Involving Specific Heats 11.6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 11.7 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Chapter 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 12.1 Basic Definitions 12.2 Ideal-Gas Law for Mixtures 12.3 A Mixture of Ideal Gases 12.4 Air-Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometry 12.5 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 12.6 The Psychrometric Chart 12.7 Air-Conditioning Processes Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Review Questions for the FE Examination Answers to Supplementary Problems Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination Chapter 13 Combustion 13.1 Combustion Equations 13.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law 13.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature Solved Problems Supplementary Problems Answers to Supplementary Problems Sample Exams for a Semester Course for Engineering Students Exam No. 1 Exam No. 2 Exam No. 3 Final Exam Appendix A Conversions of Units Appendix B Material Properties Appendix C Properties of Water (Steam Tables) Appendix D Properties of R134a Appendix E Ideal-Gas Tables Appendix F Psychrometric Charts Appendix G Compressibility Chart Appendix H Enthalpy Departure Charts Appendix I Entropy Departure Charts Index

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Book SynopsisHYBRID MICROMACHINING and MICROFABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES The book aims to provide a thorough understanding of numerous advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication techniques as well as future directions, providing researchers and engineers who work in hybrid micromachining with a much-appreciated orientation. The book is dedicated to advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication technologies by detailing principals, techniques, processes, conditions, research advances, research challenges, and opportunities for various types of advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication. It discusses the mechanisms of material removal supported by experimental validation. Constructional features of hybrid micromachining setup suitable for industrial micromachining applications are explained. Separate chapters are devoted to different advanced hybrid micromachining and microfabrication to design and development of micro-tools, which is one of the most vital compTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xix 1 Overview of Hybrid Micromachining and Microfabrication Techniques 1 Sandip Kunar, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Devarapalli Raviteja, Golam Kibria, Prasenjit Chatterjee, Asma Perveen and Norfazillah Talib 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Classification of Hybrid Micromachining and Microfabrication Techniques 3 1.2.1 Compound Processes 4 1.2.2 Methods Aided by Various Energy Sources 6 1.2.3 Processing Using a Hybrid Tool 9 1.3 Challenges in Hybrid Micromachining 9 1.4 Conclusions 10 1.5 Future Research Opportunities 11 References 11 2 A Review on Experimental Studies in Electrochemical Discharge Machining 17 Pravin Pawar, Amaresh Kumar and Raj Ballav 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Historical Background 18 2.3 Principle of Electrochemical Discharge Machining Process 20 2.4 Basic Mechanism of Electrochemical Discharge Machining Process 20 2.5 Application of ECDM Process 23 2.6 Literature Review on ECDM 23 2.6.1 Literature Review on Theoretical Modeling 23 2.6.2 Literature Review on Internal Behavioral Studies 27 2.6.3 Literature Review on Design of ECDM 30 2.6.4 Literature Review on Workpiece Materials Used in ECDM 33 2.6.5 Literature Review on Tooling Materials and Its Design in ECDM 36 2.6.6 Literature Review on Electrolyte Chemicals Used in ECDM 39 2.6.7 Literature Review on Optimization Techniques Used in ECDM 42 2.7 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgments 87 References 87 3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling 101 Asma Perveen, Sandip Kunar, Golam Kibria and Prasenjit Chatterjee 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Laser-Assisted Micromilling 103 3.2.1 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Steel Alloys 103 3.2.2 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Titanium Alloys 105 3.2.3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Ni Alloys 108 3.2.4 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Cementite Carbide 109 3.2.5 Laser-Assisted Micromilling of Ceramics 110 3.3 Conclusion 111 References 112 4 Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Micromachining 115 Sandip Kunar, Itha Veeranjaneyulu, S. Rama Sree, Asma Perveen, Norfazillah Talib, Sreenivasa Reddy Medapati and K.V.S.R. Murthy 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 Ultrasonic Effect 117 4.2.1 Pumping Effect 117 4.2.2 Cavitation Effect 117 4.3 Experimental Procedure 117 4.4 Results and Discussion 118 4.4.1 Effect of Traditional Electrochemical Micromachining 118 4.4.2 Effect of Electrolyte Jet During Micropatterning 119 4.4.3 Effect of Ultrasonic Assistance During Micropatterning 121 4.4.4 Effect of Ultrasonic Amplitude During Micropatterning 121 4.4.5 Influence of Working Voltage During Micropatterning 121 4.4.6 Influence of Pulse-Off Time During Micropatterning 121 4.4.7 Influence of Electrode Feed Rate During Micropatterning 122 4.5 Conclusions 122 References 123 5 Micro-Electrochemical Piercing on SS 204 125 Manas Barman, Premangshu Mukhopadhyay and Goutam Kumar Bose 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Experimentation on SS 204 Plates With Cu Tool Electrodes 126 5.3 Results and Discussions 127 5.4 Conclusions 134 References 134 6 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Discharge Micromachining 137 Sandip Kunar, Kagithapu Rajendra, V. V. D. Praveen Kalepu, Prasenjit Chatterjee, Asma Perveen, Norfazillah Talib and K.V.S.R. Murthy 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Experimental Procedure 140 6.3 Results and Discussion 143 6.3.1 ECDM Pre-Process 143 6.3.2 Laser Pre-Process 145 6.4 Conclusions 147 References 147 7 Laser-Assisted Hybrid Micromachining Processes and Its Applications 151 Ravindra Nath Yadav 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Laser-Assisted Hybrid Micromachining 156 7.3 Laser-Assisted Traditional-HMMPs 157 7.3.1 Laser-Assisted Microturning Process 157 7.3.2 Laser-Assisted Microdrilling Process 160 7.3.3 Laser-Assisted Micromilling Process 161 7.3.4 Laser-Assisted Microgrinding Process 162 7.4 Laser-Assisted Nontraditional HMMPs 163 7.4.1 Laser-Assisted Electrodischarge Micromachining 164 7.4.2 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Micromachining 166 7.4.3 Laser-Assisted Electrochemical Spark Micromachining 167 7.4.4 Laser-Assisted Water Jet Micromachining 168 7.5 Capabilities and Shortfalls of LA-HMMPs 171 7.6 Conclusion 174 Acknowledgment 174 References 174 8 Hybrid Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Micromachining Process 179 Sivakumar M., J. Jerald, Shriram S., Jayanth S. and N. S. Balaji 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Overview of Electrochemical Machining 181 8.3 Importance of Electrochemical Micromachining 182 8.4 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Micromachining 182 8.4.1 Electrochemistry of Electrochemical Micromachining 183 8.4.2 Mechanism of Material Removal 184 8.5 Major Factors of EMM 184 8.5.1 Nature of Power Supply 184 8.5.2 Interelectrode Gap (IEG) 185 8.5.3 Temperature, Concentration, and Electrolyte Flow 185 8.6 Jet Electrochemical Micromachining 186 8.7 Laser as Assisting Process 188 8.8 Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Micromachining (la-jecm) 189 8.8.1 Working Principles of LAJECM 189 8.8.2 Mechanism of Material Removal 191 8.8.3 Materials 193 8.8.4 Theoretical and Experimental Method for Process Energy Distribution 194 8.8.5 LAJECM Process Temperature 196 8.8.6 Material Removal Rate and Taper Angle 196 8.8.7 LAJECM and JECM Comparison 197 8.8.8 Machining Precision 198 8.8.8.1 Geometry Precision 198 8.8.8.2 Profile Surface Roughness 200 8.9 Applications of LAJECM 200 References 202 9 Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Microwire Electrochemical Discharge Machining 205 Sandip Kunar, Kagithapu Rajendra, Devarapalli Raviteja, Norfazillah Talib, S. Rama Sree and M.S. Reddy 9.1 Introduction 206 9.2 Experimental Setup 207 9.3 Results and Discussion 208 9.3.1 Influence of Ultrasonic Amplitude on Micro Slit Width 209 9.3.2 Influence of Voltage on Micro Slit Width 211 9.3.3 Effect of Duty Ratio on Micro Slit Width 212 9.3.4 Influence of Frequency on Slit Width 213 9.3.5 Analysis of Micro Slits 214 9.4 Conclusions 215 References 216 10 Study of Soda-Lime Glass Machinability by Gunmetal Tool in Electrochemical Discharge Machining and Process Parameters Optimization Using Grey Relational Analysis 219 Pravin Pawar, Amaresh Kumar and Raj Ballav 10.1 Introduction 220 10.2 Experimental Conditions 221 10.3 Analysis of Average MRR of Workpiece (Soda-Lime Glass) Through Gunmetal Electrode 223 10.3.1 ANOVA for Average MRR 224 10.3.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average MRR 228 10.4 Analysis of Average Depth of Machined Hole on Soda-Lime Glass Through Gunmetal Electrode 228 10.4.1 ANOVA for Average Machined Depth 229 10.4.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average Machined Depth 230 10.5 Analysis of Average Diameter of Hole of Soda-Lime Glass Through Gunmetal Electrode 231 10.5.1 ANOVA for Average Hole Diameter 231 10.5.2 Influence of Input Factors on Average Hole Diameter 231 10.6 Grey Relational Analysis Optimization of Soda-Lime Glass Results by Gunmetal Electrode 232 10.6.1 Methodology of Grey Relational Analysis 233 10.6.2 Data Pre-Processing 233 10.6.3 Grey Relational Generating 233 10.6.4 Deviation Sequence 234 10.6.5 Grey Relational Coefficient 235 10.6.6 Grey Relational Grade 235 10.7 Conclusion 238 Acknowledgments 238 References 238 11 Micro Turbine Generator Combined with Silicon Structure and Ceramic Magnetic Circuit 243 Minami Kaneko and Fumio Uchikoba 11.1 Introduction 244 11.2 Concept 246 11.3 Fabrication Technology 247 11.3.1 Microfabrication Technology of Silicon Material 247 11.3.2 Multilayer Ceramic Technology 248 11.4 Designs and Experiments 249 11.4.1 Designs of Turbine and Magnetic Circuit for Single-Phase Type 249 11.4.2 Designs of Turbine and Magnetic Circuit for Three-Phase Type 252 11.4.3 Rotational Experiment and Rotor Blade Design 253 11.4.4 Low Boiling Point Fluid and Experiment 255 11.5 Results and Discussion 255 11.5.1 Fabricated Evaluation 255 11.5.2 Rotational Result 258 11.5.3 Comparison of Rotor Shape and Rotational Motion 262 11.5.4 Phase Change 264 11.6 Conclusions 267 Acknowledgment 268 References 268 12 A Review on Hybrid Micromachining Process and Technologies 271 Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Sandip Kunar, M. Zubairuddin, Pramod Kumar, Marxim Rahula Bharathi B., P.V. Elumalai, M. Murugan and Yarrapragada K.S.S. Rao 12.1 Introduction 272 12.2 Characteristics of Hybrid-Micromachining 272 12.3 Bibliometric Survey of Micromachining to Hybrid-Micromachining 273 12.4 Material Removal in Microsizes 275 12.5 Nontraditional Hybrid-Micromachining Technologies 276 12.6 Classification of Techniques Used for Micromachining to Hybrid-Micromachining 276 12.6.1 Classification According to Material Removal Hybrid-Micromachining Phenomena 277 12.6.2 Classification According to Categories Based on Material Removal Accuracy 277 12.6.3 Classification According to Hybrid-Micromachining Purposes 278 12.6.4 Classification of Hybrid Micromanufacturing Processes 278 12.7 Materials Are Used and Application of Hybrid-Micromachining 278 12.8 Conclusions 279 References 279 13 Material Removal in Spark-Assisted Chemical Engraving for Micromachining 283 Sumanta Banerjee 13.1 Introduction 284 13.2 Essentials of SACE 285 13.2.1 Instances of SACE Micromachining 286 13.3 Genesis of SACE Acronym: A Brief Historical Survey 286 13.4 SACE: A Viable Micromachining Technology 288 13.4.1 Mechanical µ-Machining Techniques 288 13.4.2 Chemical µ-Machining Methods 289 13.4.3 Thermal µ-Machining Methods 289 13.5 Material Removal Mechanism in SACE µ-Machining 290 13.5.1 General Aspects 290 13.5.2 Micromachining at Shallow Depths 294 13.5.3 Micromachining at High Depths 300 13.5.4 Micromachining by Chemical Reaction 301 13.6 SACE µ-Machining Process Control 303 13.6.1 Analysis of Process 303 13.6.2 Etch Promotion 304 13.7 Conclusion and Scope for Future Work 307 References 308 Index 313

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of the technical, economic, and energy-saving aspects of the design, modeling, and operation of non-conventional cooling and heating systems Cooling and heating can collectively constitute one of the largest sources of energy consumption in a modern building, with attendant costs and sustainability concerns. As the global climate changes and temperature extremes produce demand for even greater energy consumption, energy-efficient methods for cooling interior spaces have become more important than ever. Our sustainable future demands non-conventional methods for cooling and thermal storage which can meet the demands of a changing climate and an efficient, renewable power grid. Advancements in Non-Conventional Cooling and Thermal Storage Strategies offers a detailed introduction to the latest cutting-edge space conditioning technologies for buildings. Beginning with an overview of activated carbon-based adsorbents and their potential heating a

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Book SynopsisThe main objective of this book is to provide to mechanical scientists and engineers the kinetic modeling tools necessary for predicting the damage state of organic composite matrices submitted to hydrolytic and oxidative ageing. These tools are derived from the degradation mechanisms and their validity is successfully checked from many experimental data. They can be interfaced with existing or under development computer codes for predicting the lifetime of composite structures. Particular attention is paid to the relationships between damage state and use properties in view of defining structural end-of-life criteria. For this purpose the book is divided into three main parts. The first one is devoted to the presentation of the common aspects to all types of chemical degradation processes. Emphasis is put on specific aspects of composite structures, such as the role of interphase/interface or the anisotropy of reagent diffusion, but also on current issues in the field of material ageing such as the study of multiphysics couplings. The second part is focused on humid ageing. Physical processes linked to plasticization and swelling, are distinguished from chemical processes in particular from the matrix hydrolysis and its resulting damages at the microstructural scale (osmotic cracking, blistering, etc.). The third part concerns thermal ageing. The ultimate objective is to predict the consequences of thermal oxidation on thermomechanical properties of organic composite matrices, in particular on their glass transition temperature and elastic and fracture properties. In each part, the kinetic approach is illustrated by several practical examples.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1) Common aspects in composite ageing 2) Humid ageing 3) Thermal ageing Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis second edition with four additional chapters presents the physical principles and solution techniques for transient propagation in fluid mechanics and hydraulics. The application domains vary including contaminant transport with or without sorption, the motion of immiscible hydrocarbons in aquifers, pipe transients, open channel and shallow water flow, and compressible gas dynamics. The mathematical formulation is covered from the angle of conservation laws, with an emphasis on multidimensional problems and discontinuous flows, such as steep fronts and shock waves. Finite difference-, finite volume- and finite element-based numerical methods (including discontinuous Galerkin techniques) are covered and applied to various physical fields. Additional chapters include the treatment of geometric source terms, as well as direct and adjoint sensitivity modeling for hyperbolic conservation laws. A concluding chapter is devoted to practical recommendations to the modeler. Application exercises with on-line solutions are proposed at the end of the chapters.Trade Review"However, for practitioners this book can give an insight into physical phenomena of wave propagation in fluids." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Scalar Hyperbolic Conservation Laws in One Dimension of Space 1 1.1. Definitions 1 1.2. Determination of the solution 9 1.3. A linear law: the advection equation 14 1.4. A convex law: the inviscid Burgers equation 21 1.5. Another convex law: the kinematic wave for free-surface hydraulics 28 1.6. A non-convex conservation law: the Buckley-Leverett equation 35 1.7. Advection with adsorption/desorption 42 1.8. Summary of Chapter 1 47 Chapter 2. Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws in One Dimension of Space 53 2.1. Definitions 53 2.2. Determination of the solution 59 2.3. A particular case: compressible flows 63 2.4. A linear 2×2 system: the water hammer equations 68 2.5. A nonlinear 2×2 system: the Saint Venant equations 84 2.6. A nonlinear 3×3 system: the Euler equations 108 2.7. Summary of Chapter 2 122 Chapter 3. Weak Solutions and their Properties 131 3.1. Appearance of discontinuous solutions 131 3.2. Classification of waves 138 3.3. Simple waves 142 3.4. Weak solutions and their properties 144 3.5. Summary 157 Chapter 4. The Riemann Problem 161 4.1. Definitions – solution properties 161 4.2. Solution for scalar conservation laws 165 4.3. Solution for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws 173 4.4. Summary 189 Chapter 5. Multidimensional Hyperbolic Systems 193 5.1. Definitions 193 5.2. Derivation from conservation principles 197 5.3. Solution properties 200 5.4. Application: the two-dimensional shallow water equations 208 5.5. Summary 221 Chapter 6. Finite Difference Methods for Hyperbolic Systems 223 6.1. Discretization of time and space 223 6.2. The method of characteristics (MOC) 227 6.3. Upwind schemes for scalar laws 244 6.4. The Preissmann scheme 250 6.5. Centered schemes 260 6.6. TVD schemes 263 6.7. The flux splitting technique 271 6.8. Conservative discretizations: Roe’s matrix 280 6.9. Multidimensional problems 284 6.10. Summary 289 Chapter 7. Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Systems 293 7.1. Principle 293 7.2. Godunov’s scheme 299 7.3. Higher-order Godunov-type schemes 313 7.4. EVR approach 319 7.5. Summary 326 Chapter 8. Finite Element Methods for Hyperbolic Systems 329 8.1. Principle for one-dimensional scalar laws 329 8.2. One-dimensional hyperbolic systems 340 8.3. Extension to multidimensional problems 344 8.4. Discontinuous Galerkin techniques 347 8.5. Application examples 354 8.6. Summary 368 Chapter 9. Treatment of Source Terms 371 9.1. Introduction 371 9.2. Problem position 372 9.3. Source term upwinding techniques 377 9.4. The quasi-steady wave algorithm 386 9.5. Balancing techniques 390 9.6. Computational example 403 9.7. Summary 408 Chapter 10. Sensitivity Equations for Hyperbolic Systems 411 10.1. Introduction 411 10.2. Forward sensitivity equations for scalar laws 413 10.3. Forward sensitivity equations for hyperbolic systems 422 10.4. Adjoint sensitivity equations 435 10.5. Finite volume solution of the forward sensitivity equations 441 10.6. Summary 447 Chapter 11. Modeling in Practice 449 11.1. Modeling software 449 11.2. Mesh quality 454 11.3. Boundary conditions 459 11.4. Numerical parameters 464 11.5. Simplifications in the governing equations 466 11.6. Numerical solution assessment 472 11.7. Getting started with a simulation package 477 Appendix A. Linear Algebra 479 Appendix B. Numerical Analysis 487 Appendix C. Approximate Riemann Solvers 505 Appendix D. Summary of the Formulae 521 Bibliography 527 Index 537

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Book SynopsisDue to their impressive performance biological adhesives have inspired the development of superior industrial adhesives. Biological adhesives often provide elegant solutions to engineering and biomedical requirements and are expected to inspire future technological innovations for adhesives for use in hostile conditions. Containing a selection of papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Biological and Biomimetic Adhesives, this book will showcase the latest advances in the chemical and structural characterisation of adhesives, the mechanical testing of adhesives and theory, fabrication and applications of biomimetic adhesives. Following the work of COST Action TD0909, the aim is to gain greater understanding of the mode of action of biological adhesives to allow successful development of improved synthetic counterparts. Appealing to a wide range of researchers in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering, the title provides the background and drive to improve scientific and technological progress in this important area.Table of ContentsBioadhesive Characterisation; Modelling of Biomimetic Systems; Targeting Specific Applications; Surface Modification for Optimal Bonding/Debonding; Conference outlook

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Book SynopsisProviding both an introduction and an up-to-date survey of the entire field, this text captivates the reader with its clear style and inspiring, yet solid presentation. The significantly expanded second edition of this milestone work is supplemented by a completely new chapter on the hot topic of nanoparticles and includes the latest insights into the deposition of dye layers on semiconductor electrodes. In his monograph, the acknowledged expert Professor Memming primarily addresses physical and electrochemists, but materials scientists, physicists, and engineers dealing with semiconductor technology and its applications will also benefit greatly from the contents.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition XI Preface XIII 1 Principles of Semiconductor Physics 1 1.1 Crystal Structure 1 1.2 Energy Levels in Solids 3 1.3 Optical Properties 8 1.4 Density of States and Carrier Concentrations 11 1.4.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 14 1.4.2 Doped Semiconductors 15 1.5 Carrier Transport Phenomena 17 1.6 Excitation and Recombination of Charge Carriers 19 1.7 Fermi Levels under Nonequilibrium Conditions 21 2 Semiconductor Surfaces and Solid–Solid Junctions 23 2.1 Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces in a Vacuum 23 2.2 Metal–Semiconductor Contacts (Schottky Junctions) 26 2.2.1 Barrier Heights 26 2.2.2 Majority Carrier Transfer Processes 31 2.2.3 Minority Carrier Transfer Processes 35 2.3 p–n Junctions 38 2.4 Ohmic Contacts 41 2.5 Photovoltages and Photocurrents 42 2.6 Surface Recombination 46 3 Electrochemical Systems 49 3.1 Electrolytes 49 3.1.1 Ion Transport in Solutions 49 3.1.2 Interaction between Ions and Solvent 52 3.2 Potentials and Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells 53 3.2.1 Chemical and Electrochemical Potentials 53 3.2.2 Cell Voltages 56 3.2.3 Reference Potentials 59 3.2.4 Standard Potential and Fermi Level of Redox Systems 60 4 Experimental Techniques 65 4.1 Electrode Preparation 65 4.2 Current–Voltage Measurements 65 4.2.1 Voltametry 65 4.2.2 PhotocurrentMeasurements 67 4.2.3 Rotating Ring Disk Electrodes 68 4.2.4 Scanning ElectrochemicalMicroscopy (SECM) 69 4.3 Measurements of Surface Recombination and Minority Carrier Injection 70 4.4 Impedance Measurements 72 4.4.1 Basic Rules and Techniques 72 4.4.2 Evaluation of Impedance Spectra 74 4.4.3 Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) 78 4.5 Surface Conductivity Measurement 80 4.6 Flash Photolysis Investigations 82 4.7 Surface Science Techniques 82 4.7.1 Spectroscopic Methods 83 4.7.2 In situ SurfaceMicroscopy (STMand AFM) 85 5 Solid–Liquid Interface 89 5.1 Structure of the Interface and Adsorption 89 5.2 Charge and Potential Distribution at the Interface 91 5.2.1 The Helmholtz Double Layer 92 5.2.2 Gouy Layer in the Electrolyte 93 5.2.3 Space Charge Layer in the Semiconductor 94 5.2.4 Charge Distribution in Surface States 101 5.3 Analysis of the Potential Distribution 102 5.3.1 Germanium Electrodes 102 5.3.2 Silicon Electrodes 109 5.3.3 Compound Semiconductor Electrodes 111 5.3.4 Flatband Potential and Position of Energy Bands at the Interface 114 5.3.5 Unpinning of Energy Bands during Illumination 118 5.4 Modification of Semiconductor Surfaces 123 6 Electron Transfer Theories 127 6.1 The Theory of Marcus 127 6.1.1 Electron Transfer in Homogeneous Solutions 127 6.1.2 The Reorganization Energy 132 6.1.3 Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Reactions 134 6.1.4 Electron Transfer Processes at Electrodes 134 6.2 The Gerischer Model 138 6.2.1 Energy States in Solution 138 6.2.2 Electron Transfer 143 6.3 Quantum Mechanical Treatments of Electron Transfer Processes 145 6.3.1 Introductory Comments 146 6.3.2 Nonadiabatic Reactions 149 6.3.3 Adiabatic Reactions 156 6.4 The Problemof Deriving Rate Constants 165 6.5 Comparison of Theories 167 7 Charge Transfer Processes at the Semiconductor–Liquid Interface 169 7.1 Charge Transfer Processes at Metal Electrodes 169 7.1.1 Kinetics of Electron Transfer at the Metal–Liquid Interface 169 7.1.2 Diffusion-controlled Processes 178 7.1.3 Investigations of Redox Reactions by Linear Sweep Voltametry 182 7.1.4 Criteria for Reversible and Irreversible Reactions 183 7.2 Qualitative Description of Current–Potential Curves at Semiconductor Electrodes 185 7.3 One-step Redox Reactions 186 7.3.1 The Energetics of Charge Transfer Processes 186 7.3.2 Quantitative Derivation of Current–Potential Curves 189 7.3.3 Light-Induced Processes 194 7.3.4 Majority Carrier Reactions 198 7.3.5 Minority Carrier Reactions 211 7.3.6 Electron Transfer in the “Inverted Region” 222 7.4 The Quasi-Fermi-Level Concept 225 7.4.1 Basic Model 225 7.4.2 Application of the Concept to Photocurrents 229 7.4.3 Consequences for the Relation between Impedance and IMPS Spectra 233 7.4.4 Quasi-Fermi-Level Positions under High-Level Injections 237 7.5 Determination of the Reorganization Energy 240 7.6 Two-step Redox Processes 244 7.7 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence 249 7.7.1 Kinetic Studies by Photoluminescence Measurement 250 7.7.2 Electroluminescence Induced by Minority Carrier Injection 255 7.8 Hot Carrier Processes 258 7.9 Catalysis of Electrode Reactions 262 8 Electrochemical Decomposition of Semiconductors 267 8.1 Anodic Dissolution Reactions 267 8.1.1 Germanium 267 8.1.2 Silicon 271 8.1.3 Compound Semiconductors 279 8.2 Cathodic Decomposition 283 8.3 Dissolution under Open Circuit Conditions 283 8.4 Energetics and Thermodynamics of Corrosion 285 8.5 Competition between Redox Reaction and Anodic Dissolution 288 8.6 Formation of Porous Semiconductor Surfaces 293 9 Photoreactions at Semiconductor Particles 295 9.1 Quantum Size Effects 295 9.1.1 Quantum Dots 296 9.1.2 Single Crystalline Quantum Films and Superlattices 303 9.1.3 Size Quantized Nanocrystalline Films 305 9.2 Charge Transfer Processes at Semiconductor Particles 306 9.2.1 Reactions in Suspensions and Colloidal Solutions 306 9.2.2 Photoelectron Emission 313 9.2.3 Comparison between Reactions at Semiconductor Particles and at Compact Electrodes 316 9.2.4 The Role of Surface Chemistry 317 9.2.5 Enhanced Redox Chemistry in Quantized Colloids 318 9.2.6 Reaction Routes at Small and Big Particles 322 9.2.7 Sandwich Formation between Different Particles and between Particle and Electrode 324 9.3 Charge Transfer Processes at Quantum Well Electrodes (MQW,SQW) 327 9.4 Photoelectrochemical Reactions at Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Layers 331 9.4.1 Impact Ionization and Carrier Multiplication 333 9.4.2 Hot Carrier Cooling and ExcitonMultiplication in Quantum Dots 335 9.4.3 Multiple Exciton Collection in a Sensitized Photovoltaic System 340 10 Electron Transfer Processes between ExcitedMolecules and Semiconductor Electrodes 343 10.1 Energy Levels of Excited Molecules 343 10.2 Reactions at Semiconductor Electrodes 349 10.2.1 Spectra of Sensitized Photocurrents 349 10.2.2 Dye Molecules Adsorbed on the Electrode and in Solution 352 10.2.3 Potential Dependence of Sensitization Currents 356 10.2.4 Sensitization Processes at Semiconductor Surfaces Modified by Dye Monolayers 357 10.2.5 Quantum Efficiencies, Regeneration, and Supersensitization 364 10.2.6 Kinetics of Electron Transfer between Dye and Semiconductor Electrode 366 10.2.7 Sensitization Processes at Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Electrodes 370 10.3 Comparison with Reactions at Metal Electrodes 375 10.4 Production of Excited Molecules by Electron Transfer 376 11 Applications 379 11.1 Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion 379 11.1.1 Electrochemical Photovoltaic Cells 379 11.1.2 Photoelectrolysis 402 11.1.3 Photoreduction of CO2 424 11.2 Photocatalytic Processes 426 11.2.1 Photodegradation of Pollutants 427 11.2.2 Photocatalytic Reactions 429 11.2.3 Light-Induced Chemical Reactions 430 11.3 Etching of Semiconductors 431 11.4 Light-Induced Metal Deposition 433 Appendices 437 A.1 List ofMajor Symbols 437 A.2 Physical Constants 440 A.3 Lattice Parameters of Semiconductors 440 A.4 Properties of Important Semiconductors 441 A.5 Effective Density of States and Intrinsic Carrier Densities 441 A.6 Major Redox Systems and Corresponding Standard Potentials 442 A.6.1 Aqueous Solutions 442 A.6.2 In Acetonitrile (vs Ag/AgCl) 442 A.7 Potentials of Reference Electrodes 443 References 445 Index 465

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Book SynopsisSeit der ersten Auflage dieses Referenzwerks gab es sowohl im Bereich der Herstellung als auch Anwendung von Vliesstoffen eine Reihe innovativer Neuerungen, und die weltweite Vliesstoffproduktion hat sich nahezu verdoppelt. Diesen Entwicklungen wird in der zweiten, komplett überarbeiteten Auflage Rechnung getragen und vermittelt allen Vliesstoff-Interessierten - vom Polymerchemiker bis zum Anwender - ein vertieftes Verständnis dieses dynamischen Gebiets. Neben neuen Herstellungsverfahren wie Meltblown, Nanoval, Airlaid, Elektrospinnen sowie Ultraschallverfestigung wurden auch die verschiedenen Verfahren zur Oberflächenmodifizierung, Konfektionierung und zum Recycling von Vliesstoffen mit aufgenommen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt bei Vliesstoffen für technische Anwendungen wie Isolation, Schutztextilien und Filtern. Ein separater Abschnitt über Prüfverfahren für Rohstoffe, Zwischen- und Endprodukte erhöht den Wert als unentbehrliches Nachschlagewerk.Trade Review"Dieses Buch bietet umfassende Information über Vliesstoffe, von den Fasern über die verschiedenen Verarbeitungsverfahren bis zu der Verwendung von Vliesstoffen. Es ist das Standardwerk der nächsten Jahre!" Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Die Liste der Autoren ist lang; genannt sind 78 Namen, was beweist, wie umfassend und sorgfältig das Werk in der neuesten Auflage zusammengestellt wurde." Werkstoffe in der Fertigung (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "eine umfassende 'Vliesstoff-Bibel'" Technische Textilien (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "Für eine Industrie mit lang anhaltendem kontinuierlichen Wachstum und einem Umsatz von heute 14-15 Milliarden USD/ Jahr war es allerhöchste Zeit, dass dieses Buch in überarbeiteter, stark aktualisierter Form erscheint... Insgesamt ist dieses Buch für Forschung, Aus und Weiterbildung und die Industrie sicher ein Muss." KU - KunststoffeTable of ContentsVorwort XXI Vorwort zur 1. Auflage XXIII Liste der Autoren XXV 0 Einführung 1 0.1 Definition und Einsatz von Vliesstoffen 1 0.2 Kurzer Überblick zu den Vliesstoffproduktionsprozessen 3 0.3 Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 4 0.3.1 1972−2011: Vier Jahrzehnte Vliesstoffproduktion mit ausgeprägter Charakteristik 4 0.3.2 1972−1981: Die Zeit der Pioniere 5 0.3.3 1982−1991: Gesundes Wachstum und Attraktivität 7 0.3.4 1992−2001: Das Zeitalter der Reife. und Unsicherheit 9 0.3.5 2002−2009: Das Phänomen Wassergestrahlte Wischtücher 11 0.4 Trendanalyse 13 0.4.1 Rohmaterialverbrauch 14 0.4.2 Geographische Betrachtungen 14 0.4.3 Ökonomische Perspektive 15 0.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 15 1 Faserstoffe 21 1.1 Naturfasern 21 1.1.1 Pflanzliche Fasern 23 1.1.1.1 Baumwolle (Gossypium) 23 1.1.1.2 Flachs (Linum usitatissimum Linné) 24 1.1.1.3 Jute (Corchorus) 25 1.1.1.4 Sisal (Agave sisalana) 25 1.1.1.5 Kokos (Cocos nucifera) 25 1.1.2 Tierische Fasern 25 1.1.2.1 Wolle (Ovis aries L.) 25 1.1.2.2 Seide (Bomby mori L.) 26 1.2 Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1 Chemiefasern aus natürlichen Polymeren 26 1.2.1.1 Cellulosische Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1.2 Chemiefasern aus Cellulosederivaten 30 1.2.1.3 Fasern aus Biokunststoffen 31 1.2.2 Chemiefasern aus synthetischen Polymeren 33 1.2.2.1 Polyesterfasern (PES) 33 1.2.2.2 Polyamidfasern (PA) 34 1.2.2.3 Polyolefinfasern (PO, PT, PE) 37 1.2.2.4 Polyacrylfasern (PAN) 38 1.2.2.5 Polyvinylalkoholfasern (PVA) 39 1.2.2.6 Aramidfasern (PAI) 40 1.2.2.7 Melaminharzfasern (MF) 41 1.2.3 Chemiefasern aus anorganischen Polymeren 42 1.2.3.1 Glasfasern 42 1.2.3.2 Silikatfasern 43 1.2.3.3 Keramikfasern 44 1.2.3.4 Kohlenstofffasern 45 1.2.3.5 Kohlenstoffnanoröhren − CNT 45 1.2.3.6 Metallfasern und metallisierte Fasern 46 1.2.4 Modifikation von Chemiefaserstoffen 47 1.3 Reißfasern 48 1.3.1 Das Ausgangsmaterial Textilabfall 49 1.3.2 Der Reißprozess 50 1.3.2.1 Materialvorbehandlung 51 1.3.2.2 Die Strukturauflösung 51 1.3.2.3 Nachbehandlung 53 1.3.3 Reißfaserqualität 54 1.3.3.1 Charakterisierung der Reißfaserqualität 55 1.3.3.2 Beeinflussung der Reißfaserqualität bei der Reißfaserherstellung 56 1.3.4 Reißfasereinsatz 57 2 Andere Rohstoffe 61 2.1 Fluff-Zellstoff 61 2.2 Granulate 62 2.2.1 Allgemeine Betrachtung der physikalischen Eigenschaften 63 2.2.1.1 Polyolefine 66 2.2.1.2 Polyester 68 2.2.1.3 Polyamide 69 2.3 Pulver 70 2.3.1 Polymerpulver 71 2.3.1.1 Polyacrylnitril 71 2.3.1.2 Additive 72 2.3.1.3 Stabilisatoren 73 2.4 Superabsorber 76 2.4.1 Absorptionsmechanismus 76 2.4.2 Herstellungsverfahren 77 2.4.2.1 Suspensionspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.2 Lösungspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.3 Nachvernetzung 78 2.4.2.4 Permeabilität 79 2.4.3 Testmethoden 79 2.4.3.1 Produktkenndaten 80 2.4.3.2 Märkte und Anwendungen 81 2.4.3.3 Zusammenfassung 82 2.5 Präparationen 83 2.5.1 Allgemeines 83 2.5.1.1 Definitionen 83 2.5.1.2 Anforderungen an Präparationen 84 2.5.1.3 Zusammensetzungen von Präparationen 85 2.5.2 Aufbringung von Präparationen 86 2.5.2.1 Chemiefaserherstellung 86 2.5.2.2 Verarbeitung 86 2.5.3 Prüfmethoden 87 2.5.3.1 Prüfungen am Präparationsmittel 87 2.5.3.2 Prüfungen am präparierten Fasermaterial 88 2.5.4 Präparationen auf Vliesstoffen 89 2.5.4.1 Allgemeines 89 2.5.4.2 Vliesstoffherstellung und Präparation 90 2.5.4.3 Endprodukt und Präparation 91 2.5.4.4 Spinnvliesstoffe und Präparationen 91 2.5.5 Ausblick 92 3 Bindemittel 97 3.1 Einleitung 97 3.2 Bindeflüssigkeiten 99 3.2.1 Anwendungsbereiche für Latex 99 3.2.2 Latex − Herstellung, Zusammensetzung, Typen 100 3.2.2.1 Übersicht 100 3.2.2.2 Latex-Herstellung 100 3.2.2.3 Latex-Bestandteile 101 3.2.2.4 Latex-Produktklassen für die Vliesverfestigung 102 3.2.2.5 Nanoteilchen 103 3.2.3 Filmbildung 104 3.2.3.1 Modellvorstellung 104 3.2.3.2 Interdiffusion, Vernetzung, Adhäsion 105 3.2.4 Vliesverfestigung mittels Latexflotte 106 3.2.4.1 Die Latexflotte als modifizierter Latex 106 3.2.4.2 Filmbildung bei der Vliesverfestigung 107 3.2.4.3 Unterscheidungsmerkmale für Latizes 109 3.2.5 Qualitätsaspekte 110 3.2.5.1 Latex und Latexflotte 110 3.2.5.2 Film 110 3.2.5.3 Vliesstoff 110 3.3 Bindefasern 111 3.3.1 Lösliche Fasern 111 3.3.2 Schmelzbindefasern 111 3.3.2.1 Aufmachungsformen 113 3.3.2.2 Chemischer Aufbau 113 3.3.2.3 Funktionsweise 115 3.3.2.4 Eigenschaften 116 II Herstellungsverfahren für Vliesstoffe 119 4 Trockenverfahren 123 4.1 Faservliese 123 4.1.1 Faservorbereitung 123 4.1.1.1 Ballenvorlage 124 4.1.1.2 Öffnen 125 4.1.1.3 Dosieren 127 4.1.1.4 Mischen 128 4.1.1.5 Speisevlies bilden 130 4.1.1.6 Anlagen 133 4.1.2 Faservliese nach dem Kardierverfahren 136 4.1.2.1 Krempeltheorie 137 4.1.2.2 Anlagentechnik 144 4.1.2.3 Vliesbildung 147 4.1.2.4 Die Vliesstreckung 155 4.1.3 Faservliese nach aerodynamischen Verfahren 158 4.1.3.1 Das Airlay-Verfahren 159 4.1.3.2 Das Airlaid-Verfahren 168 4.1.3.3 Sonderverfahren 171 4.1.4 Faservliesstoffe mit senkrechter Faserlage 171 4.1.4.1 Vibrationssenkrechtleger 172 4.1.4.2 Rotationssenkrechtleger 173 4.1.4.3 Verfestigung senkrecht gelegter Faservliese 173 4.2 Extrusionsvliesstoffe 175 4.2.1 Einleitung 175 4.2.2 Polymereinsatz 176 4.2.2.1 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Filament-Spinnvliesverfahren) 176 4.2.2.2 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Meltblown-Verfahren) 179 4.2.2.3 Polymere für das Lösungsspinnen 180 4.2.2.4 Additive für die Funktionalisierung 180 4.2.3 Grundsätzliches zur Verfahrenstechnik und -technologie 182 4.2.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen und Spinnvlies-Verbundstoffen 188 4.2.4.1 Schmelzspinnverfahren 188 4.2.4.2 Lösungsspinnverfahren 202 4.2.5 Vliesverfestigung 205 4.2.5.1 Thermische Verfestigung 206 4.2.5.2 Mechanische Verfestigung 209 4.2.5.3 Chemische Verfestigung 212 4.2.5.4 Flächenreckung 213 4.2.6 Spinnvliestechnologien in den Submikrometerbereich 213 4.2.6.1 Elektrostatik-Spinnvliesverfahren 214 4.2.6.2 Zentrifugenspinnen 216 4.2.7 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Foliefaser-Vliesstoffen 216 5 Nassverfahren 229 5.1 Verfahrensprinzip 230 5.2 Rohstoffe und Faservorbereitung 230 5.2.1 Spezielle Faserrohstoffaspekte 231 5.2.2 Faserstoffarten 232 5.2.3 Bindemittel 232 5.2.4 Pumpen 234 5.3 Aufbau von Nassvliesanlagen 234 5.3.1 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Teebeutelpapieren 235 5.3.1.1 Stoffaufbereitung für einlagige Produkte 235 5.3.1.2 Stoffaufbereitung für mehrlagige Produkte 237 5.3.2 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Filterpapieren 238 5.3.3 Vliesbildung 239 5.3.3.1 Erste Entwicklungsschritte auf einer Nassvlies-Laboranlage 239 5.3.3.2 Weitere Schritte auf einer Nassvlies-Pilotanlage 239 5.3.4 Verfestigen der Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.1 Zugabe von Bindefasern bzw. BiCo-Fasern 246 5.3.4.2 Zugabe von Bindemitteldispersionen in der Masse 246 5.3.4.3 Bindemittelzugabe auf die Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.4 Aufgießen der Binderdispersion 247 5.3.4.5 Schaumimprägnierung 247 5.3.4.6 Leimpresse / Imprägnierpresse / Filmpresse 247 5.3.4.7 Pressen 247 5.3.5 Vliestrocknung 247 5.3.5.1 Zylindertrocknung 248 5.3.5.2 Durchströmtrockner 248 5.3.5.3 Kanaltrockner 248 5.3.5.4 Strahlungstrocknung 249 5.3.6 Aufrollung 249 5.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen aus natürlichen Polymeren 249 6 Vliesverfestigung 255 6.1 Vernadelungsverfahren 255 6.1.1 Einfluss des Vliesbildungsverfahrens 256 6.1.2 Vernadelungsprinzip 259 6.1.2.1 Nadelbalkensystem 259 6.1.2.2 Einstichtechnologie 260 6.1.2.3 Einstichtiefe 261 6.1.2.4 Niederhalterstellung 261 6.1.2.5 Einstichdichte 267 6.1.3 Vlieszufuhr und Vorvernadelung 270 6.1.4 Vernadelungszone 271 6.1.4.1 Nadelbild 272 6.1.5 Vliesabzug 274 6.1.5.1 Positiver Vliestransport 274 6.1.5.2 Nadelvliesverstreckung 279 6.1.6 Arten der Nachvernadelung 282 6.1.6.1 Beidseitig alternierend 283 6.1.6.2 Beidseitig simultan 283 6.1.6.3 Vernadelungslinie 283 6.1.6.4 Vernadeln mehrschichtiger Vliese 284 6.1.6.5 Hochleistungsvernadelung 285 6.1.7 Papiermaschinenbespannungen (PMF) 290 6.1.7.1 PMF-Vorvernadelung 290 6.1.7.2 PMF-Endvernadelung 290 6.1.7.3 BELTEX-Verfahren 292 6.1.8 Modifizierte Vernadelungstechniken 293 6.1.8.1 Rundvernadelungsverfahren 293 6.1.8.2 Schrägvernadelungsverfahren 294 6.1.9 Einflussparameter für Nadelvliesstoffeigenschaften 296 6.1.9.1 Vernadelungsparameter 297 6.1.10 Oberflächenstrukturierung 307 6.1.10.1 Strukturierung mit positivem Vliestransport 309 6.1.11 Nadelcharakteristik 311 6.1.11.1 Filznadelgruppen 311 6.2 Maschenbildungsverfahren 318 6.2.1 Verfahrenssystematik 320 6.2.1.1 Vlies-Nähwirkverfahren 321 6.2.1.2 Faser-Vlieswirkverfahren 327 6.2.1.3 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren mit Grundbahn 332 6.2.1.4 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren ohne Grundbahn 334 6.2.1.5 Maschen-Vlieswirkverfahren 336 6.2.2 Kettenwirken 338 6.2.3 Stricken 339 6.3 Verwirbelungsverfahren 340 6.3.1 Verfahrensentwicklung 340 6.3.1.1 Physikalische Grundlagen 343 6.3.1.2 Verwirbelungsvorgang 345 6.3.1.3 Wirbelvliesstoffe 348 6.3.2 Faserstoff- und Prozesseinflüsse 349 6.3.2.1 Faserstoffeinflüsse 349 6.3.2.2 Prozesseinflüsse 351 6.3.3 Verfestigungsanlagen 352 6.3.4 Vliesverfestigung mit Dampfstrahlen 357 6.4 Thermische Verfahren 359 6.4.1 Trocknung 359 6.4.1.1 Konvektionstrocknung 360 6.4.1.2 Kontakttrocknung 373 6.4.1.3 Strahlungstrocknung 374 6.4.2 Heißluftverfestigung 375 6.4.2.1 Grundsätzliches 375 6.4.2.2 Verfahrenstechnik 377 6.4.2.3 Anlagentechnik 380 6.4.3 Thermofixierung 382 6.4.4 Thermische Kalanderverfestigung (Thermobonding Prozess) 385 6.4.4.1 Verfahrenstechnik 385 6.4.4.2 Anlagentechnik 389 6.4.5 Ultraschall-Verfestigung 391 6.4.5.1 Definition Ultraschall 391 6.4.5.2 Systemkomponenten 392 6.4.5.3 Funktionsprinzip 393 6.4.5.4 Vorteile des Ultraschallverfahrens 394 6.5 Chemische Verfahren 395 6.5.1 Adhäsion und Kohäsion 395 6.5.2 Kohäsive Verfestigung 397 6.5.3 Adhäsive Verfestigung 397 6.6 Verbundstoffe 398 6.6.1 Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.1 Aus Schichten aufgebaute Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.2 Durch Fadenschlingen verstärkte Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.3 Verfahrensvarianten 399 6.6.1.4 Verbinden durch Vernadeln 399 6.6.1.5 Verbinden durch Nähwirken 405 6.6.1.6 Verbinden durch Verwirbeln 405 6.6.1.7 Verbinden durch Verkleben 406 6.6.2 Vliesstoffe für Verbundwerkstoffe 409 7 Mechanische und chemische Ausrüstung von Vliesstoffen 417 7.1 Schrumpfen 417 7.1.1 Entstehen und Beseitigung von Verzügen 417 7.1.2 Gewolltes Schrumpfen 417 7.2 Stauchen und Kreppen 417 7.2.1 Stauchen – das Clupakverfahren 418 7.2.2 Kreppen – das Micrexverfahren 418 7.3 Glätten, Kalandern, Pressen 418 7.3.1 Glätt- bzw. Rollkalander 418 7.3.2 Präge- oder Gaufrierkalander 418 7.3.3 Muldenpressen 419 7.3.4 Formpressen, Stanzen 419 7.4 Perforieren, Schlitzen, Brechen 419 7.4.1 Perforieren 419 7.4.2 Schlitzen 420 7.4.3 Brechen 420 7.5 Spalten, Schleifen, Velourieren, Scheren, Rauen 420 7.5.1 Spalten 420 7.5.2 Schleifen, Velourieren 420 7.5.3 Scheren, Rauen 421 7.6 Sengen 421 7.7 Nähen, Steppen, Schweißen 421 7.7.1 Nähen und Steppen 421 7.7.2 Ultraschallschweißen 421 7.7.3 Hochfrequenzschweißen 422 7.7.4 Plasma- und Coronabehandlungen 422 7.8 Sonstige mechanische Ausrüstungsverfahren 423 7.9 Waschen 423 7.10 Färben 424 7.10.1 Flocke- und Spinnfärbung 424 7.10.2 Färben und Binden 424 7.10.3 Nachträgliches Färben 424 7.10.4 Verschiedene Färbemethoden 425 7.10.5 Kaltverweilverfahren 425 7.10.6 Kontinuefärben 425 7.11 Drucken 425 7.11.1 Drucken von Leichtvliesstoffen 426 7.11.2 Drucken schwerer Vliesstoffe (Fußbodenbeläge) 426 7.11.3 Spritz-, Tintenstrahl-, Inkjetdruck 426 7.11.4 Transferdruck 427 7.12 Appretieren, Weichmachen, Spezialeffekte 427 7.12.1 Maschinelle Gegebenheiten und Möglichkeiten 428 7.12.2 Steifappreturen 428 7.12.3 Weichmachen 429 7.12.4 Antistatische Ausrüstung 429 7.12.5 Schmutzabweisende Ausrüstung 430 7.12.6 Hydrophobieren, Oleophobieren 430 7.12.7 Hygieneausrüstung, Kosmeto- und Wellnesstextilien 430 7.12.8 Flammfestausrüstung 431 7.12.9 Saugfähige und wasserbindende Ausrüstung 431 7.12.10 Staubbindende Behandlung 432 7.13 Beschichten 433 7.13.1 Beschichtungsverfahren 433 7.13.1.1 Pflatschen 433 7.13.1.2 Beschichten durch Tiefdruck 433 7.13.1.3 Beschichten durch Rotationsdruck 433 7.13.1.4 Streichen oder Rakeln 434 7.13.1.5 Extrudieren 434 7.13.1.6 Berührungsloses Beschichten 434 7.13.1.7 Umkehrverfahren (Release-Coating) 434 7.13.2 Beschichtungseffekte 435 7.13.2.1 Rutschfestausrüstung 435 7.13.2.2 Verformbare Beschichtung 435 7.13.2.3 Selbstklebebeschichtung 435 7.13.2.4 Schaumbeschichtung 436 7.13.2.5 Selbstliegebeschichtung 437 7.13.2.6 Mikroporöse Beschichtung 437 7.13.2.7 Drainagebeschichtung 438 7.13.2.8 Heißsiegelbeschichtung 438 7.14 Kaschieren 440 7.14.1 Nasskaschierung 440 7.14.2 Trockenkaschierung 440 7.14.2.1 Anwendung von Klebevliesstoffen 441 7.14.3 Beispiele für Kaschierungen 441 7.15 Beflocken 441 7.16 Neue Verfahren und Produkte 442 7.16.1 Ökologie und Ökonomie 443 III Konfektionen von Vliesstoffen 449 8 Konfektion von Fertigprodukten 451 8.1 Begriffe und Definitionen 451 8.2 Produktentwicklung 453 8.2.1 Produktentwicklung für Bekleidungstextilien 453 8.2.2 Produktentwicklung für Wohn- und Heimtextilien 457 8.2.3 Produktentwicklung für technische Textilien 457 8.3 Produktionsvorbereitung 458 8.4 Produktion 460 8.4.1 Legen der Stofflagen 460 8.4.2 Zuschnitt 462 8.4.2.1 Konventionelle Zuschnitttechnik 463 8.4.2.2 Automatische Zuschnittanlagen 465 8.4.3 Verbindungsprozess und Montage 467 8.4.4 Bügeln 474 8.5 Verpacken 475 8.6 Mechanisierung und Automatisierung 476 IV Eigenschaften und Anwendung der Vliesstoffe 479 9 Hygieneerzeugnisse 481 9.1 Inkontinenzprodukte (Windeln) 482 9.2 OP-Textilien 484 9.3 Bereichs- und Berufsbekleidung 485 9.4 Antimikrobiell ausgerüstete Vliese 485 9.5 Damenhygieneprodukte (Binden, Tampons) 486 10 Vliesstoffe für Medizin 489 10.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen 489 10.2 Einwegtextilien oder Mehrwegtextilien 490 10.3 Vliesstoffe für Medizinprodukte 491 10.4 Weiterentwicklung 492 11 Vliesstoffe für Reinigungsprodukte und Oberflächenpflege 493 11.1 Marktsituation 494 11.2 Nass- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 494 11.2.1 Bodentücher und Materialien für Bodenreinigungssysteme 496 11.2.2 Wischtücher (Mehrweg) 497 11.2.3 Einwegtücher (Disposables) 497 11.2.3.1 Trockene Staubentfernung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 497 11.2.3.2 Feuchte Reinigung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.3.3 Spezielle Oberflächenreinigungsverfahren mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.4 Syntheseleder-Tücher 498 11.3 Trocken- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 499 11.3.1 Mikrofaservliesstoffe 499 11.3.2 Polyvinylalkohol-Vliesstoffprodukte 500 11.3.3 Imprägnierte Tücher 501 11.4 Scheuermedien 501 11.4.1 Topfreiniger, Scheuerschwämme und -pads 501 11.4.2 Bodenreinigungsscheiben 502 12 Vliesstoffe für Heimtextilien 505 12.1 Vliesstoffe in Polstermöbeln 505 12.2 Vliesstoffe in Matratzen 507 12.3 Vliesstoffe in Fußbodenbelägen 508 12.4 Vliesstoffe als Dekorationsmaterialien 510 12.5 Tuftingträger 512 12.5.1 Gegenüberstellung der zwei unterschiedlichen Flächenkonstruktionen 513 12.5.2 Definition der an den Träger gestellten Anforderungen 514 13 Vliesstoffe für Bekleidung 517 13.1 Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.1 Einleitung 517 13.1.2 Geschichte der Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.3 Funktionen von Einlagevliesstoffen 518 13.1.3.1 Einlagestoffe zur Formgebung und Formunterstützung 519 13.1.3.2 Einlagevliesstoff zur Stabilisierung und/oder Versteifung 519 13.1.3.3 Einlagevliesstoff zur Volumengebung 519 13.1.4 Eigenschaften der Einlagevliesstoffe 519 13.1.5 Funktionsträger der Einlagevliesstoffe 521 13.2 Vliesstoffe für Schutzkleidung 521 13.2.1 Anforderungen an Schutzkleidung 522 13.2.2 Chemikalien/Aerosol/Staubschutz-Bekleidung 524 13.2.3 Nässe- und Kälteschutzbekleidung 527 13.2.4 Hitzeschutzbekleidung 528 13.3 Trägervliesstoffe für Schuhe 529 14 Vliesstoffe für technische Anwendungen 539 14.1 Isolation 539 14.1.1 Feuer, Wärme, Schall 539 14.1.1.1 Isolation gegen Feuer/Hitze 539 14.1.1.2 Wärmeisolierung 542 14.1.1.3 Schallisolation 546 14.1.2 Vliesstoffanwendungen in der Elektrotechnik 548 14.1.3 Kabelummantelung 553 14.1.3.1 Allgemeines 553 14.1.3.2 Klebebänder aus Maliwatt 554 14.1.3.3 Klebebänder aus Malivlies 555 14.1.3.4 Klebebänder aus Kunit-Multiknit 556 14.2 Filtration 557 14.2.1 Trockenfiltration 562 14.2.1.1 Allgemeines 562 14.2.1.2 Funktionelle Anforderungen, Eigenschaften 565 14.2.1.3 Oberflächenfilter 566 14.2.1.4 Tiefenfilter 569 14.2.2 Flüssigkeitsfiltration 573 14.2.2.1 Flüssigkeitsfilter auf Vliesstoffbasis 575 14.2.2.2 Bauarten für Flüssigkeitsfilter 577 14.3 Bauwesen 579 14.3.1 Geovliesstoffe 579 14.3.1.1 Grundlagen 579 14.3.1.2 Funktionen und Anforderungen 581 14.3.1.3 Anwendungsfälle für Vliesstoffe 584 14.3.2 Dachbahnen 588 14.3.2.1 Einleitung 588 14.3.2.3 Eingesetzte Polyestervliesstoffe 589 14.3.2.4 Herstellung von Dachbahnen / Bitumierung 589 14.3.2.5 Entwicklungstrends 590 14.3.2.6 Recycling von Dachbahnen 590 14.4 Landwirtschaft 591 14.4.1 Einleitung 591 14.4.2 Anforderungen an Agrarvliesstoffe 591 14.4.3 Technologische Verfahren 592 14.4.4 Anwendungsbeispiele 592 14.4.5 Markttendenz 594 14.5 Fahrzeugindustrie 595 14.5.1 Markt 595 14.5.2 Automobilindustrie 596 14.5.2.1 Eigenschaftsanforderungen 600 14.5.2.2 Sitzpolster, Laminiervliesstoffe, Verkleidungsteile 605 14.5.2.3 Schall- und Wärmeisolation im Automobil 609 14.5.2.4 Synthetische Filtermedien für den mobilen Einsatz 613 14.5.3 Flugzeugindustrie, Schiffsbau, Eisenbahn 619 14.5.4 Ausblick 620 14.6 Papiermaschinenbespannungen 620 14.7 Simulation von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 624 14.7.1 Generierung virtueller Vliesstoffe 625 14.7.2 Eigenschaftsberechnung 626 14.7.2.1 Geometrische Charakterisierung 626 14.7.2.2 Strömungseigenschaften 626 14.7.2.3 Filtrationseigenschaften 627 14.7.2.4 Optimierung von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 628 14.7.3 Zukünftige Entwicklungen 628 15 Verwertung von Vliesstoffen 639 15.1 Produktionsabfälle aus der Vliesstoffherstellung 639 15.2 Vliesstoffabfälle nach dem Gebrauch 641 15.2.1 Einwegprodukte 641 15.2.2 Dauerhafte Produkte 641 15.3 Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für Vliesstoffabfälle 642 15.3.1 Mechanische Verfahren zur Faserrückgewinnung 642 15.3.2 Regranulierung 642 15.3.3 Herstellung von Textilschnitzeln und deren Verwendungsmöglichkeiten 643 15.3.4 Verarbeitung von Vliesstoffrandstreifen auf KEMAFIL®-Maschinen 644 15.3.5 Zweitverwertung von Vliesstoffabfällen 644 V Richtlinien und Prüfverfahren für Vliesrohstoffe und Vliesstoffe 647 16 Prüfverfahren 649 16.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 649 16.1.1 Probenahme und Statistik 649 16.1.2 Prüfklima 650 16.1.3 Normen und Richtlinien 650 16.2 Vliesrohstoffe 651 16.2.1 Fasern 651 16.2.1.1 Faserstoffanalyse 651 16.2.2 Granulate 655 16.2.3 Bindemittel 656 16.3 Vliesstoffe 657 16.3.1 Textilphysikalische Prüfungen 657 16.3.2 Prüfung von Echtheiten 667 16.3.3 Prüfung des Brennverhaltens 674 16.3.4 Prüfung des Pflegeverhaltens 679 16.3.5 Humanökologische Prüfungen 680 16.4 Einsatzbezogene Prüfverfahren 683 16.4.1 Hygiene- und Medizinerzeugnisse 683 16.4.2 Reinigungstücher und Haushalterzeugnisse 684 16.4.3 Heimtextilien 684 16.4.4 Schutzkleidung 685 16.4.5 Filterstoffe 687 16.4.6 Geovliesstoffe 692 17 Qualitätsüberwachungs- und Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Produkte, Maschinen und Anlagen 699 18 Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 711 Index 717

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Book SynopsisCharge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems Comprehensive resource offering knowledge on charge and energy transfer dynamics in molecular systems and nanostructures Charge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems provides a unified description of different charge and energy transfer phenomena in molecular systems with emphasis on the theory, bridging the regimes of coherent and dissipative dynamics and thus presenting classic rate theories as well as modern treatments of ultrafast phenomena. Starting from microscopic models, the common features of the different transfer processes are highlighted, along with applications ranging from vibrational energy flow in large polyatomic molecules, the motion of protons in solution, up to the concerted dynamics of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom in molecules and molecular aggregates. The newly revised and updated Fourth Edition contains a more detailed coverage of recent developments in density matrix theory, mixed quantum-classical methods for dynamics simulations, and a substantially expanded treatment of time-resolved spectroscopy. The book is written in an easy-to-follow style, including detailed mathematical derivations, thus making even complex concepts understandable and applicable. Charge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems includes information on: Electronic and vibrational molecular states, covering molecular Schrödinger equation, Born—Oppenheimer separation and approximation, Hartree-Fock equations and other electronic structure methods Dynamics of isolated and open quantum systems, covering multidimensional wave packet dynamics, and different variants of density operator equations Interaction of molecular systems with radiation fields, covering linear and nonlinear optical response using the correlation function approach Intramolecular electronic transitions, covering optical transition and internal conversion processes Transfer processes of electrons, protons, and electronic excitation energy Providing in-depth coverage of the subject, Charge and Energy Transfer Dynamics in Molecular Systems is an essential resource for anyone working on timely problems of energy and charge transfer in physics, chemistry and biophysics as well as for all engaged in nanoscience and organic electronics.Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix 1 Introduction 1 2 Electronic and Vibrational Molecular States 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Molecular Schrödinger Equation 9 2.3 Born–Oppenheimer Separation 11 2.3.1 Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 13 2.4 Electronic Structure Methods 15 2.4.1 The Hartree–Fock Equations 17 2.4.2 Density Functional Theory 19 2.5 Potential Energy Surfaces 21 2.5.1 Harmonic Approximation and Normal Mode Analysis 24 2.5.2 Operator Representation of the Normal Mode Hamiltonian 27 2.5.3 Construction of System–Bath Models 31 2.6 Adiabatic versus Diabatic Representation of the Molecular Hamiltonian 36 2.6.1 Adiabatic Picture 36 2.6.2 Diabatic Picture 37 2.6.3 Two-State Case 40 2.7 Condensed-phase Approaches 42 2.7.1 Dielectric Continuum Model 43 2.7.1.1 Medium Electrostatics 43 2.7.1.2 Reaction Field Model 47 2.7.2 Explicit Quantum-classical Solvent Model 49 2.8 Supplement 51 2.8.1 Franck–Condon Factors 51 2.8.2 The Two-level System 52 2.8.3 The Linear Molecular Chain and the Molecular Ring 55 References 57 Further Reading 57 3 Dynamics of Isolated and Open Quantum Systems 59 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Time-dependent Schrödinger Equation 66 3.2.1 Wave Packets 66 3.2.2 The Interaction Representation 69 3.2.3 Multidimensional Wave Packet Dynamics 71 3.3 The Golden Rule of Quantum Mechanics 75 3.3.1 Transition from a Single State into a Continuum 75 3.3.2 Transition Rate for a Thermal Ensemble 78 3.3.3 Green’s Function Approach 81 3.4 The Nonequilibrium Statistical Operator and the Density Matrix 84 3.4.1 The Density Operator 84 3.4.2 The Density Matrix 86 3.4.3 Equation of Motion for the Density Operator 88 3.4.4 Wigner Representation of the Density Operator 90 3.4.5 Dynamics of Coupled Multilevel Systems in a Heat Bath 93 3.5 The Reduced Density Operator and the Reduced Density Matrix 96 3.5.1 The Reduced Density Operator 96 3.5.2 Equation of Motion for the Reduced Density Operator 97 3.5.3 Mean-field Approximation 98 3.5.4 The Interaction Representation of the Reduced Density Operator 99 3.5.5 The Nakajima–Zwanzig Equation 101 3.5.6 Second-order Equation of Motion for the Reduced Density Operator 105 3.6 Quantum Master Equation 107 3.6.1 Markov Approximation 109 3.7 The Reservoir Correlation Function 112 3.7.1 General Properties of C uv (t) 112 3.7.2 Harmonic Oscillator Reservoir 114 3.7.3 The Spectral Density 116 3.7.4 Linear Response Theory for the Reservoir 120 3.7.5 Classical Description of C uv (t) 122 3.8 Reduced Density Matrix in Energy Representation 123 3.8.1 The Quantum Master Equation in Energy Representation 123 3.8.2 Multilevel Redfield Equations 126 3.8.2.1 Population Transfer: a = b, c = d 127 3.8.2.2 Coherence Dephasing: a ≠ b, a = c, b = d 129 3.8.2.3 Remaining Elements of R ab,cd 129 3.8.3 The Secular Approximation 130 3.8.4 State Expansion of the System–Reservoir Coupling 131 3.8.4.1 Some Estimates 132 3.9 Coordinate and Wigner Representation of the Reduced Density Matrix 133 3.10 The Path Integral Representation of the Density Matrix 135 3.11 Hierarchy Equations of Motion Approach 140 3.12 Coherent to Dissipative Dynamics of a Two-level System 143 3.12.1 Coherent Dynamics 143 3.12.2 Dissipative Dynamics Using Eigenstates 144 3.12.3 Dissipative Dynamics Using Zeroth-order States 147 3.13 Trajectory-based Methods 149 3.13.1 The Mean-field Approach 149 3.13.2 The Surface Hopping Method 152 3.14 Generalized Rate Equations: The Liouville Space Approach 155 3.14.1 Projection Operator Technique 156 3.14.2 Generalized Rate Equations 157 3.14.3 Rate Equations 159 3.14.4 The Memory Kernels 159 3.14.5 Second-order Rate Expressions 161 3.14.6 Fourth-order Rate Expressions 164 3.14.6.1 Three-level System with Sequential Coupling 165 3.15 Supplement 168 3.15.1 Thermofield Dynamics 168 3.15.2 Stochastic Schrödinger Equation 172 References 175 Further Reading 176 4 Interaction of Molecular Systems with Radiation Fields 177 4.1 Introduction 178 4.2 Absorption of Light 182 4.2.1 Linear Absorption Coefficient 182 4.2.2 Dipole–Dipole Correlation Function 184 4.3 Nonlinear Optical Response 186 4.3.1 Nonlinear Polarization 186 4.3.2 Nonlinear Response Functions 189 4.3.3 Eigenstate Expansion of the Response Functions 191 4.3.4 Cumulant Expansion of the Response Functions 194 4.3.5 Rotating Wave Approximation 197 4.3.6 Pump–Probe Spectroscopy 198 4.3.7 Two-dimensional Spectroscopy 202 4.4 Field Quantization and Spontaneous Emission of Light 206 References 208 Further Reading 209 5 Vibrational Dynamics: Energy Redistribution, Relaxation, and Dephasing 211 5.1 Introduction 211 5.2 Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution 215 5.2.1 Zeroth-order Basis and State Mixing 215 5.2.2 Golden Rule and Beyond 219 5.3 Intermolecular Vibrational Energy Relaxation 223 5.3.1 The System–Reservoir Hamiltonian 223 5.3.2 Instantaneous Normal Modes 226 5.3.3 Generalized Langevin Equation 228 5.3.4 Classical Force–Force Correlation Functions 231 5.3.5 Dissipative Dynamics of a Harmonic Oscillator 234 5.4 Polyatomic Molecules in Solution 237 5.4.1 System–Reservoir Hamiltonian 237 5.4.2 Higher Order Multiquantum Relaxation 238 5.5 Quantum–Classical Approaches to Relaxation and Dephasing 243 References 247 Further Reading 247 6 Intramolecular Electronic Transitions 249 6.1 Introduction 249 6.1.1 Optical Transitions 250 6.1.2 Internal Conversion Processes 255 6.2 The Optical Absorption Coefficient 255 6.2.1 Golden Rule Formulation 255 6.2.2 The Density of States 258 6.2.3 Absorption Coefficient for Harmonic Potential Energy Surfaces 260 6.2.4 Absorption Lineshape and Spectral Density 263 6.2.5 Cumulant Expansion of the Absorption Coefficient 264 6.2.6 Absorption Coefficient for Model Spectral Densities 266 6.3 Absorption Coefficient and Dipole–Dipole Correlation Function 269 6.3.1 Absorption Coefficient and Wave Packet Propagation 269 6.3.2 Absorption Coefficient and Reduced Density Operator Propagation 273 6.3.3 Mixed Quantum–Classical Computation of the Absorption Coefficient 275 6.4 The Emission Spectrum 280 6.5 Optical Preparation of an Excited Electronic State 281 6.5.1 Wave Function Formulation 281 6.5.1.1 Case of Short Pulse Duration 284 6.5.1.2 Case of Long Pulse Duration 284 6.5.2 Density Matrix Formulation 284 6.6 Internal Conversion Dynamics 286 6.6.1 The Internal Conversion Rate 287 6.6.2 Ultrafast Internal Conversion 288 6.7 Supplement 290 6.7.1 Absorption Coefficient for Displaced Harmonic Oscillators 290 References 294 Further Reading 294 7 Electron Transfer 295 7.1 Classification of Electron Transfer Reactions 295 7.2 Theoretical Models for Electron Transfer Systems 305 7.2.1 The Electron Transfer Hamiltonian 305 7.2.2 The Electron–Vibrational Hamiltonian of a Donor–Acceptor Complex 310 7.2.2.1 The Spin-Boson Model 312 7.2.2.2 Two Independent Sets of Vibrational Coordinates 313 7.2.3 Electron–Vibrational State Representation of the Hamiltonian 314 7.3 Regimes of Electron Transfer 315 7.3.1 Landau–Zener Theory of Electron Transfer 319 7.4 Nonadiabatic Electron Transfer in a Donor–Acceptor Complex 323 7.4.1 High-temperature Case 323 7.4.2 High-temperature Case: Two Independent Sets of Vibrational Coordinates 327 7.4.3 Low-temperature Case: Nuclear Tunneling 330 7.4.4 The Mixed Quantum–Classical Case 333 7.4.5 Description of the Mixed Quantum–Classical Case by a Spectral Density 335 7.5 Bridge-Mediated Electron Transfer 336 7.5.1 The Superexchange Mechanism 338 7.5.2 Electron Transfer Through Arbitrary Large Bridges 340 7.5.2.1 Case of Small Intrabridge Transfer Integrals 340 7.5.2.2 Case of Large Intrabridge Transfer Integrals 341 7.6 Nonequilibrium Quantum Statistical Description of Electron Transfer 343 7.6.1 Unified Description of Electron Transfer in a Donor–Bridge–Acceptor System 344 7.6.2 Transition to the Adiabatic Electron Transfer 347 7.7 Heterogeneous Electron Transfer 347 7.7.1 Nonadiabatic Charge Injection into the Solid State Described in a Single-Electron Model 348 7.7.1.1 Low-temperature Case 351 7.7.1.2 High-temperature Case 352 7.7.1.3 HET-induced Lifetime 352 7.7.2 Ultrafast Photoinduced HET from a Molecule into a Semiconductor. A Case Study 354 7.7.3 Nonadiabatic Electron Transfer from the Solid State into the Molecule 355 7.8 Charge Transmission Through Single Molecules 356 7.8.1 Inelastic Charge Transmission 359 7.8.1.1 An Example 360 7.8.2 Elastic Charge Transmission 361 7.8.2.1 An Example 364 7.8.2.2 Inclusion of Vibrational Levels 365 7.9 Photoinduced Ultrafast Electron Transfer 367 7.9.1 Quantum Master Equation for Electron Transfer Reactions 372 7.9.2 Rate Expressions 377 7.10 Supplement 378 7.10.1 Landau–Zener Transition Amplitude 378 7.10.2 The Multimode Marcus Formula 379 7.10.3 Second-order Electron Transfer Rate 380 7.10.4 Fourth-order Donor–Acceptor Transition Rate 382 7.10.5 Rate of Elastic Charge Transmission Through a Single Molecule 385 References 387 Further Reading 388 8 Proton Transfer 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Proton Transfer Hamiltonian 395 8.2.1 Hydrogen Bonds 395 8.2.2 Reaction Surface Hamiltonian for Intramolecular Proton Transfer 399 8.2.3 Tunneling Splittings 400 8.2.4 The Proton Transfer Hamiltonian in the Condensed Phase 404 8.2.4.1 Adiabatic Representation 405 8.2.4.2 Diabatic Representation 406 8.3 Adiabatic Proton Transfer 407 8.4 Nonadiabatic Proton Transfer 410 8.5 The Intermediate Regime: From Quantum to Quantum–Classical Hybrid Methods 412 8.5.1 Multidimensional Wave Packet Dynamics 413 8.5.2 Surface Hopping 415 8.6 Proton-coupled Electron Transfer 417 References 419 Further Reading 419 9 Excitation Energy Transfer 421 9.1 Introduction 421 9.2 The Aggregate Hamiltonian 427 9.2.1 The Intermolecular Coulomb Interaction 430 9.2.1.1 Dipole–Dipole Coupling 432 9.2.2 The Two-level Model 433 9.2.2.1 Classification of the Coulomb Interactions 433 9.2.3 Single and Double Excitations of the Aggregate 436 9.2.3.1 The Ground State Matrix Element 438 9.2.3.2 The Single Excited State Matrix Elements 438 9.2.3.3 The Double Excited State Matrix Elements 439 9.2.3.4 Off-Diagonal Matrix Elements and Coupling to the Radiation Field 440 9.2.3.5 Neglect of Intermolecular Electrostatic Coupling 441 9.2.4 Introduction of Delocalized Exciton States 441 9.2.4.1 The Molecular Heterodimer 443 9.2.4.2 The Finite Molecular Chain and the Molecular Ring 443 9.3 Exciton–Vibrational Interaction 444 9.3.1 Exclusive Coupling to Intramolecular Vibrations 445 9.3.2 Coupling to Aggregate Normal Mode Vibrations 448 9.3.3 Differentiating Between Intramolecular and Reservoir Normal Mode Vibrations 449 9.3.4 Exciton–Vibrational Hamiltonian and Excitonic Potential Energy Surfaces 449 9.4 Regimes of Excitation Energy Transfer 450 9.4.1 Quantum Statistical Approaches to Excitation Energy Transfer 452 9.5 Transfer Dynamics in the Case of Weak Excitonic Coupling: Förster Theory 453 9.5.1 The Transfer Rate 454 9.5.2 The Förster Rate 456 9.5.3 Nonequilibrium Quantum Statistical Description of Förster Transfer 458 9.5.3.1 Case of Common Vibrational Coordinates 462 9.5.3.2 Case of Vibrational Modulation of the Excitonic Coupling 464 9.6 Transfer Dynamics in the Case of Strong Excitonic Coupling 465 9.6.1 Rate Equations for Exciton Dynamics 465 9.6.2 Density Matrix Equations for Exciton Dynamics 466 9.6.3 Site Representation 468 9.6.4 Excitation Energy Transfer Among Different Aggregates 471 9.6.5 Exciton Transfer in the Case of Strong Exciton–Vibrational Coupling 472 9.6.6 Nonperturbative and Non-Markovian Exciton Dynamics 475 9.7 Optical Properties of Aggregates 477 9.7.1 Case of No Exciton–Vibrational Coupling 479 9.7.1.1 Static Disorder 481 9.7.2 Inclusion of Exciton–Vibrational Coupling 484 9.7.2.1 The n-Particle Expansion 484 9.7.2.2 Weak Exciton–Vibrational Coupling 487 9.7.2.3 Strong Exciton–Vibrational Coupling 488 9.8 Excitation Energy Transfer Including Charge-transfer States 490 9.8.1 Excitation Energy Transfer Via Two-electron Exchange 490 9.8.2 Charge-transfer Excitons and Charge Separation 493 9.9 Exciton–Exciton Annihilation 496 9.9.1 Three-level Description of the Molecules in the Aggregate 498 9.9.2 The Rate of Exciton–Exciton Annihilation 499 9.10 Supplement 500 9.10.1 Second Quantization Notation of the Aggregate Hamiltonian 500 9.10.2 Photon-mediated Long-range Excitation Energy Transfer 501 9.10.2.1 Preparatory Considerations for the Rate Computation 503 9.10.2.2 Photon Correlation Functions 505 9.10.2.3 The Rate of Photon-mediated Excitation Energy Transfer 506 9.10.2.4 Some Estimates 508 9.10.3 Fourth-order Rate of Two-electron-transfer-assisted EET 509 References 513 Further Reading 514 Index 515

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Book SynopsisTextile-Based Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics Discover state-of-the-art developments in textile-based wearable and stretchable electronics from leaders in the field In Textile-Based Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics, renowned researchers Professor Xing Fan and his co-authors deliver an insightful and rigorous exploration of textile-based energy harvesting and storage systems. The book covers the principles of smart fibers and fabrics, as well as their fabrication methods. It introduces, in detail, several fiber- and fabric-based energy harvesting and storage devices, including photovoltaics, piezoelectrics, triboelectrics, supercapacitors, batteries, and sensing and self-powered electric fabrics. The authors also discuss expanded functions of smart fabrics, like stretchability, hydrophobicity, air permeability and color-changeability. The book includes sections on emerging electronic fibers and textiles, including stress-sensing, strain-sensing, and chemical-sensing textiles, as well as emerging self-powered electronic textiles. Textile-Based Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics concludes with an in-depth treatment of upcoming challenges, opportunities, and commercialization requirements for electronic textiles, providing valuable insight into a highly lucrative new commercial sector. The book also offers: A thorough introduction to the evolution from classical functional fibers to intelligent fibers and textiles An exploration of typical film deposition technologies, like dry-process film deposition and wet-process technologies for roll-to-roll device fabrication Practical discussions of the fabrication process of intelligent fibers and textiles, including the synthesis of classical functional fibers and nano/micro assembly on fiber materials In-depth examinations of energy harvesting and energy storage fibers, including photovoltaic, piezoelectric, and supercapacitor fibers Perfect for materials scientists, engineering scientists, and sensor developers, Textile-Based Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices for Wearable Electronics is also an indispensable resource for electrical engineers and professionals in the sensor industry seeking a one-stop reference for fiber- and fabric-based energy harvesting and storage systems for wearable and stretchable power sources.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 On the Basis of Fibers and Textiles 1 1.1 On the Basis of Fibers 2 1.1.1 Nature Fibers 2 1.1.2 Chemical Fibers 4 1.1.3 Classical Functional Fibers 7 1.2 On the Basis of Textiles 11 1.2.1 Traditional Textiles 12 1.2.2 Classical Functional Textiles 15 1.3 The Evolution from Classical Functional Fibers to Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 20 1.3.1 Shape Memory Fibers and Textiles 20 1.3.2 Intelligent Temperature-Regulating Fibers and Textiles 22 1.3.3 Intelligent Color-Changing Fibers and Textiles 24 1.3.4 Wearable Electronic Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 27 1.4 Conclusions 30 References 31 2 A Brief Introduction to Typical Film Deposition Technologies 33 2.1 Dry-Process Film Deposition Technologies 34 2.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition for Film Deposition 34 2.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition for Film Deposition 37 2.1.3 Morphology and Pattern Design 41 2.2 Typical Wet-Process Technologies for Roll-to-Roll Device Fabrication 44 2.2.1 Chemical Reaction Coating for Thin Film Preparation 45 2.2.2 Electrochemical Reaction Method for Thin Film Preparation 49 2.2.3 Spray Pyrolysis 50 2.2.4 Langmuir–Blodgett Technique 51 2.3 Typical Film Structure Characterization Technologies 54 2.3.1 Thin Film Analysis Method: Crystal Structure Properties 54 2.3.2 Thin Film Analysis Method: Morphology Properties 58 2.3.3 Thin Film Analysis Method: Chemical Composition and Structure Properties 60 2.4 Conclusions 64 References 65 3 The Fabrication Process of Intelligent Fibers and Textiles 69 3.1 The Synthesis of Classical Functional Fibers 70 3.1.1 Wet Spinning 70 3.1.2 Electrospinning 71 3.1.3 Dry Spinning 74 3.1.4 Thermal Drawing Process 74 3.1.5 Surface Modification Method 76 3.2 The Nano/Micro-Assembly on Fiber Materials 79 3.2.1 Chemical Liquid Phase Deposition 79 3.2.2 Plasma Spraying Method 87 3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 88 3.2.4 Physical Vapor Deposition 90 3.3 Device Assembly from Fibers to Textiles 91 3.3.1 Direct Coating Based on Fabric 92 3.3.2 Layer Stacking of Fabric Electrodes 94 3.3.3 Interweaving of Fiber Electrodes 95 3.3.4 Weaving of Fiber Devices 97 3.3.5 Other Assembly Methods 97 References 100 4 Energy Harvesting Fibers 105 4.1 Photovoltaic Fibers 105 4.1.1 Fiber-Shaped Inorganic Solar Cell 106 4.1.2 Fiber-Shaped Organic Polymer Solar Cell 108 4.1.3 Fiber-Shaped Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 113 4.1.4 Fiber-Shaped Perovskite Solar Cell 119 4.2 Piezoelectric Fibers 124 4.2.1 Working Principle of Piezoelectricity 124 4.2.2 Piezoelectric Materials 125 4.2.3 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezoceramics 126 4.2.4 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezopolymers 127 4.2.5 Fiber-Shaped Piezoelectric Devices Based on Piezocomposites 130 4.3 Triboelectric Fibers 132 4.3.1 Working Principle of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 132 4.3.2 Triboelectrification Materials 134 4.3.3 Triboelectric Fiber Devices 135 4.4 Thermoelectric Fibers 140 4.4.1 Introduction of Thermoelectric Effect 140 4.4.2 TE Materials for Wearable Thermoelectric Devices 141 4.4.3 Fiber-Shaped Thermoelectric Devices 145 4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 147 References 148 5 Energy Storage Fibers 157 5.1 Supercapacitor Fibers 157 5.1.1 Supercapacitor Fibers with Carbon-Based Capacitive Materials 159 5.1.2 Supercapacitor Fibers with Composited Capacitive Materials 166 5.2 Battery Fibers 169 5.2.1 Primary Battery Fibers 170 5.2.2 Lithium-Ion Battery Fibers 173 5.2.3 Lithium-Sulfur Battery Fibers 174 5.2.4 Metal-Air Battery Fibers 177 5.2.5 Other Battery Fibers 180 5.3 Phase-Transit Fibers 182 5.3.1 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Hydrocarbons and Fatty Acids 184 5.3.2 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Fatty Alcohols 187 5.3.3 Phase-Transit Fibers Based on Other Kinds of Phase-Transit Materials 190 5.4 Conclusions 192 References 193 6 Smart Energy Textiles 197 6.1 Energy Harvesting Textiles 198 6.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting Textiles 198 6.1.2 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Textiles 203 6.1.3 Mechanical Energy Harvesting Textiles 205 6.2 Energy Storage Textiles 209 6.2.1 Supercapacitor Textiles 209 6.2.2 Primary Battery Textiles 212 6.2.3 Secondary Battery Textiles 213 6.3 Hybrid Energy Textiles 218 6.3.1 Multiple Energy Harvesting Hybrid Textiles 219 6.3.2 Harvesting-Storage Hybrid Energy Textiles 222 6.4 Commercialization Power Requirements of Smart Energy Textiles 224 References 225 7 Function Expansion of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 231 7.1 Stretchability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 231 7.1.1 Stretchable Electrode Based on Elastic Conductive Materials 232 7.1.2 Stretchable Electrode Based Electrode Structural Designs 236 7.1.3 Assembling of Fiber-Type and Textile-Type Stretchable Devices 238 7.2 Hydrophobicity of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 240 7.2.1 The History of Conventional Hydrophobic Fabrics 240 7.2.2 The Development of Hydrophobic Coatings 241 7.2.3 Fabricating Technologies for Hydrophobic Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 245 7.3 Endurability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 247 7.3.1 Mechanical Stability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 247 7.3.2 Chemical Stability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 249 7.3.3 OtherWorking Stability Under Complicate Environment 251 7.4 Air Permeability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 253 7.4.1 The Influence of Textile Materials on Air Permeability 253 7.4.2 The Influence of Textile Structure Design on Air Permeability 255 7.5 Color-Change Ability of Smart Energy Fibers and Textiles 258 7.5.1 Color-Changeable Materials 259 7.5.2 Color-Changeable Textiles 261 7.6 Conclusions 263 References 264 8 Emerging Electronic Fibers and Textiles 273 8.1 Stress Sensing Textiles 274 8.1.1 Piezoresistive Stress Sensing Textiles 274 8.1.2 Capacitive Stress Sensing Textiles 278 8.1.3 Other Stress Sensing Textiles 284 8.2 Strain Sensing Textiles 286 8.2.1 Piezoresistive Strain Sensing Textiles 286 8.2.2 Capacitive Strain Sensing Textiles 292 8.2.3 Triboelectricity Strain Sensing Textiles 296 8.3 Chemical Sensing Textiles 298 8.3.1 Ion Sensing Textiles 298 8.3.2 Humidity Sensing Textiles 301 8.3.3 Gas Sensing Textiles 301 8.4 Other Function Coupled Textiles 304 8.5 Conclusions and Outlook 306 References 306 9 Towards Self-Powered Electronic Textiles 313 9.1 Self-Powered Electronic Devices 313 9.1.1 Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 314 9.1.2 Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 317 9.1.3 Other Types of Self-Powered Electronic Devices 320 9.2 Flexible Self-Powered Electronic Devices 321 9.2.1 Flexible Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 322 9.2.2 Flexible Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 324 9.2.3 Other Types of Flexible Self-Powered Electronic Devices 327 9.3 Self-Powered Electronic Fibers 327 9.3.1 Fiber-Type and Textile-Type Independent Self-Powered Electronic Devices 329 9.3.2 Textile-Type Integrated Self-Powered Electronic Devices 331 9.4 Summary 335 References 336 10 The Future of Electronic Textiles 341 10.1 Commercialization Requirements Beyond Energy Efficiency 342 10.1.1 Energy Supply 343 10.1.2 Electronic Function Expansion 344 10.1.3 Mechanical Durability 344 10.1.4 Wearability 345 10.2 Challenges for Smart Electronic Textiles 345 10.2.1 Energy Efficiency 346 10.2.2 Diversity of Functions 347 10.2.3 Wearing Comfort 347 10.2.4 Fabrication Technology 349 10.3 A Prospective Discussion on Smart Electronic Textiles 351 References 355 Index 357

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Book SynopsisIntegrated Nanophotonics Helps readers understand the important advances in nanophotonics materials development and their latest applications This book introduces the current state of and emerging trends in the development of integrated nanophotonics. Written by three well-qualified authors, it systematically reviews the knowledge of integrated nanophotonics from theory to the most recent technological developments. It also covers the applications of integrated nanophotonics in essential areas such as neuromorphic computing, biosensing, and optical communications. Lastly, it brings together the latest advancements in the key principles of photonic integrated circuits, plus the recent advances in tackling the barriers in photonic integrated circuits. Sample topics included in this comprehensive resource include: Platforms for integrated nanophotonics, including lithium niobate nanophotonics, indium phosphide nanophotonics, silicon nanophotonics, and nonlinear optics for integrated photonics The devices and technologies for integrated nanophotonics in on-chip light sources, optical packaging of photonic integrated circuits, optical interconnects, and light processing devices Applications on neuromorphic computing, biosensing, LIDAR, and computing for AI and artificial neural network and deep learning Materials scientists, physicists, and physical chemists can use this book to understand the totality of cutting-edge theory, research, and applications in the field of integrated nanophotonics.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Packaging and Test of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) 1 Stéphane Bernabé, Tolga Tekin, Bogdan Sirbu, Jean Charbonnier, Philippe Grosse, and Moritz Seyfried 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Challenges and Specificities of PIC Packaging and Test 2 1.2.1 Optical Interconnects 3 1.2.2 Coupling Structures 5 1.2.2.1 Edge Coupler 5 1.2.2.2 Vertical Grating Coupler (VGC) 6 1.2.2.3 Evanescent Coupling 7 1.2.3 Wafer-level Test 7 1.2.4 Module Packaging 10 1.2.5 Fiber Optic Assembly (Pigtailing) 12 1.2.5.1 PIC Alignment to a Lensed Fiber 12 1.2.5.2 PIC Butt Coupling to a Standard Cleaved Single-mode Fiber 12 1.2.5.3 Lens Coupling Scheme 13 1.2.5.4 Optical Waveguide Interposer Coupling 14 1.2.6 Emerging Trends for Module Mass Manufacturing 15 1.3 Advances in Optical Coupling Strategies 18 1.3.1 Toward Passive Alignment Strategies 19 1.3.2 Advanced Technologies for Vision-Assisted Technologies 20 1.3.2.1 Open-Loop Alignment 20 1.3.2.2 Closed-Loop Alignment 20 1.3.3 Advanced Technologies for Self-alignment Strategies 21 1.3.3.1 Self-alignment of Fiber to PIC Through an Silicon Optical Bench Using Flip-Chip 22 1.3.3.2 Self-alignment-assisted Microlenses Assembly 22 1.3.3.3 Self-alignment of Polymer Waveguides 22 1.3.3.4 Self-alignment of Optical Plug 23 1.3.4 Laser/PIC Coupling 23 1.4 Electronic/Photonic Convergence 25 1.4.1 Flip-chip Interconnects 26 1.4.1.1 Standard Die-to-die interconnects 26 1.4.1.2 Advanced Interconnects for Future Needs 27 1.4.2 Intra-connections (Through Silicon Vias and Through Glass Vias) 29 1.4.2.1 TSV Last Process 29 1.4.2.2 TSV Middle Process 30 1.4.2.3 Through Glass Via (TGV) 31 1.4.3 Fan-out Wafer-level Packaging (FOWLP) 31 1.4.4 Interposers Integration Approach 32 1.4.4.1 Interposers for Electronic Integrated Circuits (CMOS) 33 1.4.4.2 Photonic Interposer and Photonic Systems on Chip 34 1.5 Toward an Ecosystem in Test and Assembly of PICs 36 1.5.1 Design Rules for Packaging and Test 36 1.5.1.1 3D Packaging 38 1.5.1.2 Design Rules for Testing 39 1.5.2 Advanced Techniques for Wafer-level Test 39 1.5.3 Recent Achievements and Future Aspects in Assembly Machines 40 1.6 Conclusion 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 2 The Last Mile Technology of Silicon Photonics Toward Productions and Emerging Applications 53 Bo Li, Shawn Yohanes Siew, Feng Gao, Shawn Wu Xie, Qiang Li, Chao Li, Xianshu Luo, Guo-Qiang Lo, and Junfeng Song 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Fiber-to-Chip Assembly 55 2.3 Hybrid Integration of Light Source 59 2.4 Electronic and Photonic Co-Packaging 63 2.5 Outlook 65 2.5.1 Silicon Photonics Emerging Applications 65 2.5.2 Opportunities and Challenges 68 References 70 3 Integrated Nonlinear Photonics and Emerging Applications 75 Yang Yue, Wenpu Geng, Yuxi Fang, and Yingning Wang 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Supercontinuum 77 3.2.1 Applications 77 3.2.2 History of SCG in Integrated Waveguides 79 3.2.3 Representative Works 83 3.3 Optical Frequency Comb 90 3.3.1 Microresonator-Based OFC 91 3.3.2 SC-Based OFC 99 3.3.3 EO-Based OFC 99 3.3.4 MLL-Based OFC 99 3.3.5 Applications 101 3.4 Nonlinear Wave Mixing 102 3.4.1 Introduction 102 3.4.2 Nonlinear Optical Signal Processing in Integrated Waveguides 105 3.4.3 Representative Works 108 3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 116 References 117 4 Excitation, Generation, Positioning, and Modulation for Quantum Light Sources Integrated on Chip 135 Cuo Wu, Cuiping Ma, and Zhiming Wang 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Excitation and Orientation of Quantum Emitters 136 4.3 Chip-Scale Integration Based on Quantum Emitters 141 4.3.1 Solution-Based Colloidal and Self-Assembled Quantum Dots 141 4.3.2 Strain-Induced Emitter Sites of Two-Dimensional Materials 144 4.3.3 Color Centers in Nanodiamond 148 4.4 Deterministically Positioning of Quantum Emitter 154 4.5 Quantum Light Interaction with Metasurface for Modulation 156 4.6 Conclusion 159 References 160 5 Quantum Light Sources in Two-Dimensional Materials 167 Yanan Wang and Philip X.-L. Feng 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Theory of Quantum Light Sources 168 5.2.1 Photon Statistics 168 5.2.1.1 Thermal Light 169 5.2.1.2 Coherent Light 170 5.2.1.3 Squeezed Light 170 5.2.2 Characteristics of Quantum Light Sources 172 5.2.2.1 Wavelength 172 5.2.2.2 Lifetime, Emission Rate, and Brightness 172 5.2.2.3 Emission Linewidth 173 5.2.2.4 Zero-Phonon Line (ZPL) and Debye–Waller Factor 173 5.2.2.5 Photon Polarization and Dipole Orientation 173 5.2.2.6 Optically Addressable Spin State 174 5.2.2.7 Indistinguishability 174 5.3 Quantum Light Sources in 2D Materials 175 5.3.1 Localized Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 176 5.3.2 Defect Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride 179 5.3.3 Graphene Quantum Dots 183 5.3.4 Quantum Light-Emitting Diodes 186 5.4 Integration with On-Chip Components 189 5.4.1 Theory of SPE-Cavity Coupling 190 5.4.1.1 Strong Coupling Regime 190 5.4.1.2 Weak Coupling Regime 191 5.4.2 Integration with Dielectric Waveguides and Cavities 191 5.4.2.1 Transferring 2D SPEs onto Predefined Structures 192 5.4.2.2 Transferring or Fabricating Photonic Structures on 2D Materials 194 5.4.2.3 Monolithic Integration 195 5.4.3 Integration with Plasmonic Waveguides and Cavities 197 5.5 Integration with Off-Chip Components 199 5.5.1 Flip-chip Integration 199 5.5.2 Integration with Optic Fibers 200 5.6 Summary and Outlook 202 Acknowledgments 203 References 204 6 Inverse Design for Integrated Photonics Using Deep Neural Network 209 Keisuke Kojima, Toshiaki Koike-Akino, Yingheng Tang, and Ye Wang 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Deep Neural Network (DNN) Models 210 6.2.1 Forward Modeling 211 6.2.2 Inverse Modeling 212 6.2.3 Generative Modeling 212 6.3 Deep Learning for Forward Modeling to Predict Optical Response 212 6.4 Deep Learning for Inverse Modeling to Construct Device Topology 217 6.5 Deep Learning for Generative Modeling to Produce Device Topology Candidates 220 6.6 Physics-informed Neural Networks 225 6.7 Nanophotonic Power Splitter Design Using Generative Modeling 227 6.7.1 Device Structure 228 6.7.2 Device Simulation Procedure 229 6.7.3 Network Architecture 230 6.7.4 Network Training Procedure 231 6.7.5 Device Generation Performance 232 6.7.6 Hyperparameters 234 6.7.7 Adjoint Method vs. Deep Learning 234 6.8 Deep Learning Techniques 235 6.8.1 Convolutional Neural Networks 235 6.8.2 Transfer Learning and Fine Tuning 235 6.8.3 AutoML: Meta Learning, Learning to Learn, Network Architecture Search 236 6.9 Conclusion 237 References 237 7 Deep Learning Driven Data Processing, Modeling, and Inverse Design for Nanophotonics 245 Peter R. Wiecha, Nicholas J. Dinsdale, and Otto L. Muskens 7.1 Introduction 245 7.2 Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning 245 7.2.1 Artificial Neurons and Neural Networks 246 7.2.2 Training of Artificial Neural Networks 247 7.3 Ultrafast Physics Predictions 248 7.3.1 Specialized Physics Predictors: Fully Connected vs. Convolutional ANNs 249 7.3.2 Generalized Nanophotonics Predictor Network 252 7.4 Photonics Inverse Design 255 7.4.1 Predictor Network as a Surrogate Model for Optimization 256 7.4.1.1 Example: Polarization Conversion Maximization 257 7.4.1.2 Example: Maximize Magnetic Near-Field 258 7.4.2 Direct Inverse Design Networks 259 7.4.3 Optimizing Inverse Design Performance 260 7.4.3.1 Optimizing the Network Layout 262 7.4.3.2 Quality of the Initial Dataset 262 7.4.3.3 Iterative Training 264 7.4.3.4 Postprocessing 265 7.5 Advanced Data Processing for Photonics Applications 265 7.5.1 Optical Data Storage below the Diffraction Limit 265 7.5.2 Speckle Reconstruction for Real-time Hyperspectral Imaging 267 7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 269 References 270 8 Optical Waveguide of Lithium Niobate Nanophotonics 277 Yarub Al-Douri 8.1 Introduction 277 8.2 Photonics Lithium Niobate 278 8.3 Nanophotonic Lithium Niobate-Based Optical Waveguide 286 8.4 Optical Studies of Nanophotonic Lithium Niobate-Based Optical Waveguide 287 8.5 Nanophotonic LiNbO 3 Under Stirrer Time Effect 295 8.6 Nanophotonic Studies of LiNbO 3 Under Stirrer Time Effect 297 8.7 Conclusions 304 References 305 9 Active, Tunable, and Reconfigurable Nanophotonics 313 Trevon Badloe, Jaehyuck Jang, Heonyeong Jeong, Minsu Jeong, Inki Kim, Byoungsu Ko, Jihae Lee, Taejun Lee, Seong-Won Moon, Dong Kyo Oh, Younghwan Yang, Gwanho Yoon, and Junsuk Rho 9.1 Introduction 313 9.2 Liquid Crystal-Integrated Tunable Devices 314 9.2.1 Devices that Modulate Polarization 314 9.2.2 Devices that Modulate Effective Refractive Index 316 9.3 Optically Tunable Devices 318 9.3.1 Devices that Are Dependent on the Direction of Incident Light 318 9.3.2 Devices that Depend on Wavelength 319 9.3.3 Devices that Depend on Polarization (Spin) 321 9.3.4 Orbital Angular Momentum-dependent Devices 323 9.4 Phase Change Materials-Based Reconfigurable Devices 324 9.4.1 Switchable Absorbers 324 9.4.2 Thermochromic Smart Windows 327 9.5 Mechanically Tunable Photonic Devices 329 9.5.1 Tunable Devices that Use Micro-electro-mechanical Systems 329 9.5.2 Photonic Devices that Are Tuned Using Strain 331 9.6 Tunable Photonic Devices with Material Engineering 335 9.6.1 Bandgap Engineering for Tunable Solid-state Devices 335 9.6.2 Biomaterials for Tunable Biophotonic Devices 339 9.7 Electrically Tunable Photonic Devices 341 Acknowledgments 346 References 346 Index 359

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Book SynopsisNitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Provides in-depth and comprehensive knowledge on both the chemistry and practical applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials Energetic materials, a class of material with high amounts of stored chemical energy, include explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. Initially used for military applications, nitrogen-rich energetic materials have become important in the civil engineering and aerospace sectors, they are increasingly used in commercial mining and construction as well as in rocket propulsion. Making these nitrogen-rich energetic materials safer, more powerful, and more cost-effective requires a thorough understanding of their chemistry, physics, synthesis, properties, and applications. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials presents a detailed summary of the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials over the past decade and provides up-to-date knowledge on their applications in various areas of advanced engineering. Edited by a panel of international experts in the field, this book examines the chemistry of pentazoles, fused ring and laser ignitable nitrogen-rich compounds, polynitrogen and tetrazole-based energetic compounds, and more. The text also introduces applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials in energetic polymers and metal-organic frameworks, as pyrotechnics materials for light and smoke, and in oxadiazoles from precursor molecules. This authoritative volume: Presents in-depth chapters written by leading experts in each sub-field covered Offers a systematic introduction to new and emerging applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials such as in computational chemistry Discusses recent advances in nitrate ester chemistry with focus on propellant applications Discusses green and eco-friendly approaches to nitrogen-rich compounds Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials is an important resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals across fields, including explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, polymer chemists, laser specialists, physical chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and safety officers.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Editors xv 1 Chemistry of Pentazole 1Ming Lu, Pengcheng Wang, Yuangang Xu, and Qiuhan Lin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Substituted Pentazoles 1 1.3 Strategies for the Preparation of cyclo-N5- 5 1.4 Complexes of Metal and cyclo-N5- 9 1.5 cyclo-N5--Based Nonmetallic Ionic Salts 25 1.6 Conclusions 43 2 Aromatic Fused-Ring-Based Energetic Compounds 47Kangcai Wang and Qinghua Zhang 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Fused-Ring Aromatic Energetic Compounds 49 2.3 Conclusions 68 3 Advances in Computations of Nitrogen-Rich Materials 73Lei Zhang and Chuang Yao 3.1 Why Computation and What Role It Plays? 73 3.2 Why Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs and How TheyWork? 74 3.3 Advances in Computation of First-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 75 3.4 Advances in Computation of Second-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 81 3.5 Advances in Computation of Third-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs: Polynitrogen Materials 84 3.6 Final Remarks 97 Acknowledgement 98 References 98 4 Laser Ignition of Energetic Transition Metal Complexes 107Maximilian Wurzenberger, Daniel Shem-Tov, and Jörg Stierstorfer 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Synthesis of Energetic Coordination Compounds 116 4.3 Synthesis of Energetic Tetrazole Ligands 116 4.4 Synthesis Energetic Coordination Complexes 121 4.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 122 4.6 Energetic Properties of Ligands and Corresponding Energetic Coordination Compounds 122 4.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Energetic Coordination Compounds 128 4.8 Studies of Ignition Mechanism 128 4.9 Conclusions 134 5 Energetic 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 139Aleksandr M. Churakov, Michael S. Klenov, Aleksey A. Voronin, and Vladimir A. Tartakovsky 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Methods of Synthesis and Reactivity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 141 5.3 NMR and X-ray Studies 164 5.4 Thermal Stability 168 5.5 Applications 177 References 179 6 Recent Advances in Chemistry of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189Michael Gozin and Leonid L. Fershtat 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Heterocyclic Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189 6.3 Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers Lacking Traditional Explosophoric Groups 201 6.4 Azido-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 202 6.5 Azido Fluoropolymers 216 6.6 Azido Plasticizers 219 6.7 Nitro Group Containing Polymers 225 6.8 Aromatic C-NO2 Containing Polymers 230 6.9 Conclusions 234 References 234 7 Tetrazole Energetic Salts Based on Various Explosophores: Recent Overview of Synthesis and Energetic Properties 239Saira Manzoor, Qamar-un-nisa Tariq, and Jian-Guo Zhang 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Tetrazole-Based Energetic Salts 241 7.3 Conclusion and Future Trends 278 7.4 Cautions 280 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 8 Properties and Application of Nitrogen-Rich Compound BTATz in Low-Signature Propellants 285Jianhua Yi, Zhihua Sun, Yi Xu, Zhao Qin, Changjian Wang, Bozhou Wang, Hui Li, Haijian Li, Chao Chen, Xiao Xie, and Fengqi Zhao 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Synthesis of BTATz 286 8.3 Structure of BTATz 287 8.4 Properties of BTATz 290 8.5 Energetic Properties of the Propellants 291 8.6 Plume Smoke Signature of the Propellants 295 8.7 Preparation of the Propellants 296 8.8 Decomposition Reaction Kinetics and Thermal Safety of the Propellants 297 8.9 Combustion Properties of the Propellants 319 8.10 Correlation Between PDSC Characteristic Values and Burning Rates 324 8.11 Conclusions 326 References 327 9 Nitro-substituted Oxadiazoles: Important Building Blocks in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds 331Philip Pagoria 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Enthalpy of Formation of Oxadiazoles 331 9.3 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles 332 9.4 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles 339 9.5 Furazans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole) and Furoxans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole-2-Oxides) 344 9.6 Summary 365 10 Insensitive High Explosives Containing Tetraazapentalene Moiety 377Ernst-Christian Koch 10.1 Introduction 377 10.2 Synthesis of TACOT Derivatives 377 10.3 Crystal and Molecular Structure 383 10.4 Spectroscopy 385 10.4.1 NMR Spectroscopy 385 10.5 Thermochemistry 386 10.6 Detonation Performance 388 10.7 Thermal Behavior 390 10.8 Sensitivity 391 10.9 Conclusions 392 Acknowledgments 392 Abbreviations 392 References 393 11 Nitrogen-Rich Pyrotechnic Materials for Light and Smoke 397Thomas M. Klapötke and Magdalena Rusan 11.1 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 397 11.2 Smokes 405 11.2.1 White Smoke 411 11.2.2 Colored Smoke 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 Index 415

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Book SynopsisAdditive Manufacturing Technology Highly comprehensive resource covering all key aspects of the current developments of additive manufacturing Additive Manufacturing Technology: Design, Optimization, and Modeling provides comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of the latest advances in various additive manufacturing technologies for polymeric materials, metals, multi-materials, functionally graded materials, and cell-laden bio-inks. It also details the application of numerical modeling in facilitating the design and optimization of materials, processes, and printed parts in additive manufacturing. The topics covered in this book include: Fundamentals and applications of 4D printing, 3D bioprinting of cell-laden bio-inks, and multi-material additive manufacturing Alloy design for metal additive manufacturing, mechanisms of metallurgical defect formation, and the mechanical properties of printed alloys Modified inherent strain method for the rapid prediction of residual stress and distortion within parts fabricated by additive manufacturing Modeling of the different stages in polymer and metal additive manufacturing processes, including powder spreading, melting, and thermal stress evolution By providing extensive coverage of highly relevant concepts and important topics in the field of additive manufacturing, this book highlights its essential role in Industry 4.0 and serves as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students in materials science, engineering, and biomedicine.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites Chapter 3. 4D printing Chapter 4. Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials Chapter 5. Recent Progress in 3D Cell Printing Technologies Chapter 6. Alloy Design for Metal Additive Manufacturing Chapter 7. Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics Chapter 8. Additive Manufacturing of Multiple Materials and Functionally Graded Material Components Chapter 9. Modified Inherent Strain Method for Predicting Residual Stress in Metal Additive Manufacturing Chapter 10. High-Fidelity Modeling of Metal Additive Manufacturing Chapter 11. Modeling of Polymer Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing Chapter 12. Design and Optimization for Additive Manufacturing

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Book SynopsisHairy Nanoparticles Authoritative reference summarizing comprehensive knowledge on hairy nanoparticles, their self-assembly, interfacial behavior, and applications in catalysis, biomedicine, lubricant technology, etc. Hairy Nanoparticles provides a comprehensive understanding of the subject, including hairy nanoparticles synthesis, self-assembly (both experiment and simulation), properties, functionalities, and applications. Rendering polymer hairs on the surface of nanoparticles enables hairy nanoparticles to carry a set of intriguing properties. Contributed to by experts in the field and edited by two highly qualified authors, Hairy Nanoparticles includes information on: Hairy nanoparticles via bulk microphase separation of block copolymers and self-assembly of block copolymers in solution Synthesis of monodisperse nanoparticles via block copolymer unimolecular micelles nanoreactors and application of polymer-capped nanoparticles Environmentally responsive well-defined binary mixed homopolymer brush-grafted silica particles and thermoresponsive polymer brush-grafted silica particles Self-assembled morphologies of well-defined binary mixed homopolymer brushes grafted on silica nanoparticles (MBNPs) and computer simulations of the self-assembled morphology of MBNPs Upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type thermoresponsive poly(alkyl methacrylate)s in SpectraSyn™ 4 PAO oil. Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject, Hairy Nanoparticles is an essential introductory resource for scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, materials science and engineering, polymer science and engineering, nanobiotechnology, and biomedicine, working in both academia and industry.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Synthesis of Hairy Nanoparticles 1 Zongyu Wang, Jiajun Yan, Michael R. Bockstaller, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 1.1 Introduction to Grafting Chemistry 1 1.2 Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles 2 1.2.1 Surface Modification by Chemical Treatment 2 1.2.2 Surface Modification by Plasma Treatment 8 1.2.3 Synthesis of Functionalized Nanoparticles Through Initiator-Containing Precursors 8 1.3 Synthesis of Hairy Nanoparticles 9 1.3.1 Surface-Initiated Polymerization/The “Grafting-from” Approach 9 1.3.1.1 SI-Free Radical Polymerization 10 1.3.1.2 Si-atrp 10 1.3.1.3 Si-raft 17 1.3.1.4 Other Polymerization Techniques 19 1.3.2 The “Grafting-onto” Approach 21 1.3.2.1 Conventional “Grafting-onto” Approach 21 1.3.2.2 Ligand Exchange 23 1.3.3 Template Synthesis 24 1.3.3.1 Block Copolymer and Its Derivative Templates 24 1.3.3.2 Star/Bottlebrush Polymer Templates 25 1.4 The Role of “Architecture” in Hairy Nanoparticles 25 1.4.1 Conformation of Hairy Nanoparticles 26 1.4.2 Bimodal Hairy Nanoparticles 31 1.5 Conclusion 32 Acknowledgment 34 References 34 2 Hairy Nanoparticles via Self-assembled Linear Block Copolymers 49 Zhen Zhang, Yi Shi, and Yongming Chen 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Hairy NPs via Bulk Microphase Separation of Block Copolymers 50 2.2.1 Bulk Microphase Separation of Diblock Copolymers 50 2.2.1.1 Theoretical Research 51 2.2.1.2 Experimental Study 52 2.2.1.3 Effect Factors 53 2.2.2 Bulk Microphase Separation of Triblock Copolymers 54 2.2.3 Preparation of Hairy NPs with Different Shapes 55 2.2.3.1 Diblock Copolymers with PTEPM or PGMA Components 56 2.2.3.2 Diblock Copolymers Containing PS 56 2.2.3.3 Triblock Copolymer System with PS Components 59 2.3 Hairy NPs via the Self-assembly of Block Copolymer in Solution 61 2.3.1 Morphology of Block Copolymers Assembly 62 2.3.1.1 Spherical Micelles 62 2.3.1.2 Rod-Like Micelles 63 2.3.1.3 Bilayer Structure 63 2.3.1.4 New Morphologies 64 2.3.2 Preparation of Hairy Copolymer NPs 65 2.3.3 Major Factors Influencing the Morphology of Hairy NPs 65 2.3.3.1 Block Copolymer Composition 65 2.3.3.2 Block Copolymer Concentration 66 2.3.3.3 The Nature of the Solvent 66 2.3.3.4 Additives 67 2.3.3.5 Other Factors 68 2.4 Summary 69 References 69 3 Hairy Nanoparticles via Unimolecular Block Copolymer Nanoreactors 73 Wenjie Zhang and Xinchang Pang 3.1 Background 73 3.2 Synthesis and Properties of Block Copolymer Unimolecular Micelles 75 3.2.1 Properties of Unimolecular Block Copolymer Micelles 75 3.2.2 Synthesis and Features of Star-Liked Block Copolymers 77 3.2.2.1 Synthesis of Star-Liked Block Copolymers via Core-First Method 77 3.2.2.2 Synthesis of Star-Liked Block Copolymers via Arm-First Method 83 3.2.3 Synthesis of Bottle Brush-Liked Block Copolymer 84 3.3 Synthesis of Monodispersed Nanoparticles via Block Copolymer Unimolecular Micelles Nanoreactors 88 3.3.1 Star-Like Block Copolymers as Unimolecular Nanoreactors 88 3.3.1.1 Plain Nanoparticles 88 3.3.1.2 Core@Shell Nanoparticles 94 3.3.1.3 Hollow Nanoparticles 97 3.3.1.4 Nanoring 99 3.3.1.5 Colloidal Nanoparticles Assemblies 102 3.3.2 Cylindrical Polymer Brushes as Unimolecular Nanoreactors 104 3.4 Application of Polymer-Capped Nanoparticles 111 3.4.1 Solar Energy Conversion 112 3.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 113 3.4.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 114 3.4.4 Catalysis 115 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 117 3.5.1 Conclusion 117 3.5.2 Perspectives 117 References 119 4 Environmentally Responsive Hairy Inorganic Particles 123 Caleb A. Bohannon, Ning Wang, and Bin Zhao 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Environmentally Responsive Well-defined Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brush-grafted Silica Particles 126 4.2.1 Introduction to Mixed Polymer Brushes 126 4.2.2 Mixed Polymer Brushes Grafted on Particles 129 4.2.3 Synthesis of Well-defined Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brushes on Silica Particles 130 4.2.4 Responsive Properties of Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brush-grafted Silica Particles 134 4.3 Thermoresponsive Polymer Brush-grafted Silica Particles 141 4.3.1 Synthesis and Thermally Induced LCST Transition of Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes Grafted on Silica Particles 141 4.3.2 Thermally Induced Phase Transfer of Thermoresponsive Hairy Particles Between Two Immiscible Liquid Phases 144 4.3.2.1 Thermally Induced Phase Transfer of Thermoresponsive Hairy Particles Between Water and Immiscible Organic Solvents 144 4.3.2.2 Thermally induced Phase Transfer of Thermoresponsive Hairy Particles Between Water and a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid 146 4.3.3 Thermoreversible Gelation of Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymer Brush-grafted Silica Nanoparticles in Water 150 4.3.4 Thermoresponsive Polymer Brush-grafted Nanoparticles for Enhancing Gelation of Thermoresponsive Linear ABC Triblock Copolymers in Water 156 4.4 Summary and Outlook 160 Acknowledgements 161 References 161 5 Self-Assembly of Hairy Nanoparticles with Polymeric Grafts 167 Xiaoxue Shen, Huibin He, and Zhihong Nie 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into Colloidal Molecules 168 5.2.1 Precisely Defined Assembly of Patchy NPs 168 5.2.1.1 Isotropic NPs 169 5.2.1.2 Anisotropic NPs 171 5.2.2 Polymer-Guided Assembly of NPs 172 5.3 Self-Assembly of PGNPs Into One-Dimensional (1-D) Structures 175 5.3.1 Self-Assembly of PGNPs in Solution Guided by Various Molecular Interactions 176 5.3.1.1 Self-Assembly Driven by Neutralization Reaction 176 5.3.1.2 Self-Assembly Driven by Hydrophobic Interaction 178 5.3.1.3 Self-Assembly Driven by Dipolar Interaction 180 5.3.2 Templated Self-Assembly of PGNPs into 1-D Structures 182 5.3.2.1 Hard Template-Assisted Assembly of PGNPs 182 5.3.2.2 Self-Assembly of PGNPs Assisted by Soft Templates 184 5.3.3 The Self-Assembly of 1-D Structures in Polymer Films 187 5.4 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into 2-D Structures 190 5.4.1 Templated Self-Assembly of PGNPs into 2-D Structures 190 5.4.1.1 Self-Assembly Using BCPs as Templates 190 5.4.1.2 Hard Template-Assisted Self-Assembly 193 5.4.2 Interfacial Assembly 193 5.4.3 2-D Assemblies Within Thin Film 197 5.4.3.1 PGNPs/Homopolymer System 197 5.4.3.2 Self-Assembly of Single-Component Neat PGNPs 199 5.4.3.3 Self-Assembly of Binary PGNPs Blends 201 5.5 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into 3-D Structures 202 5.5.1 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into Clusters 202 5.5.2 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into Vesicles 206 5.5.2.1 Self-Assembly of Hydrophilic Homopolymer-Grafted NPs 206 5.5.2.2 Self-Assembly of Mixed Homopolymer-Grafted NPs (M-PGNPs) 206 5.5.2.3 Self-Assembly of BCP-Grafted NPs (B-PGNPs) 209 5.5.2.4 Co-Assembly of Binary B-PGNPs or B-PGNPs/BCPs 210 5.5.3 Self-Assembly of PGNPs into 3-D Superlattices and Crystals 212 5.5.3.1 Superlattices and Crystals Assembled in Solution 212 5.5.3.2 Binary Superlattice Assembled at Interfaces 214 5.6 Representative Applications of Assembled PGNPs 215 5.6.1 Biological Applications: Imaging, Therapy, and Drug Delivery 215 5.6.1.1 Assemblies of Plasmonic PGNPs 216 5.6.1.2 Assemblies of Magnetic PGNPs 216 5.6.1.3 Assemblies of Plasmonic-Magnetic PGNPs 217 5.6.2 Dielectric Materials 218 5.7 Summary and Outlook 219 References 220 6 Interfacial Property of Hairy Nanoparticles 227 Yilan Ye and Zhenzhong Yang 6.1 Introduction 227 6.2 Hairy NPs as Interfacial Building Blocks 228 6.2.1 Conformation of Grafted Polymers in Good Solvents 228 6.2.2 Patchy and Janus Geometry in Selective Solvents 230 6.2.3 Interfacial Activity as Colloids 233 6.3 Hairy NPs Assembly at Various Interfaces 235 6.3.1 Dispersion in Polymer Nanocomposites 235 6.3.2 Anisotropic Assembly 237 6.3.3 Liquid–Liquid Interfaces 240 6.3.4 Air–Solid Surfaces 243 6.3.5 Air–Liquid Surfaces 244 6.4 Interfacial Entropy 246 6.5 Interfacial Jamming 248 6.5.1 Electrostatic Assembly 248 6.5.2 Host–Guest Molecular Recognition 251 6.6 Single-Chain NPs at Interfaces 251 6.6.1 Efficient Synthesis 251 6.6.1.1 Electrostatic-Mediated Intramolecular Crosslinking Toward Large-Scale Synthesis of SCNPs 252 6.6.1.2 Grafting Single-Chain at NPs 255 6.6.2 Interfacial Applications 256 References 258 7 Hairy Hollow Nanoparticles 261 Huiqi Zhang 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Overview of the Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Hairy Hollow NPs 262 7.2.1 Synthetic Strategies for Hairy Hollow Polymer NPs 262 7.2.1.1 Sacrificial Template Method 263 7.2.1.2 Self-Assembly (of Block Copolymers) Method 282 7.2.1.3 Single-Molecule Templating (of Core–Shell Bottlebrush Polymers) Method 288 7.2.2 Synthetic Strategies for Hairy Hollow Inorganic NPs 293 7.2.2.1 Direct Grafting of Polymer Brushes onto Hollow Inorganic NPs 293 7.2.2.2 Sacrificial Template Strategy Combined with Sol–Gel Chemistry and Polymer Brush-Grafting Methods 296 7.2.3 Synthetic Strategies for Hairy Hollow Organic/Inorganic Hybrid NPs 302 7.2.3.1 Direct Deposition of Polymer Layers onto Hollow Inorganic NPs by SI-Polymerizations 302 7.2.3.2 Self-Assembly Method 302 7.2.3.3 Single-Molecule Templating Method 304 7.2.3.4 Sacrificial Template Method Combined with Polymer Brush Nanoreactors 305 7.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 306 Acknowledgment 308 References 308 8 Self-Assembly of Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brush-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles 313 Bin Zhao, Ping Tang, Phoebe L. Stewart, Rong-Ming Ho, Christopher Y. Li, and Lei Zhu 8.1 Introduction 313 8.2 Computer Simulations of the Self-Assembled Morphology of MBNPs 315 8.3 Self-Assembled Morphologies of Well-Defined Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brushes Grafted on Silica NPs 318 8.3.1 Synthesis of Well-Defined Binary Mixed Homopolymer Brush-Grafted Silica NPs 318 8.3.2 Lateral Microphase Separation of Nearly Symmetric PtBA/PS MBNPs 319 8.3.3 Effect of Chain Length Disparity on the Self-Assembled Morphology of PtBA/PS MBNPs 320 8.3.4 Effect of Overall Grafting Density on Morphology of PtBA/PS MBNPs 324 8.3.5 Effect of Molecular Weight on Morphology of Symmetric MBNPs 327 8.3.6 Effect of Core Particle Size on Morphology of PtBA/PS MBNPs 332 8.3.7 3D Morphologies of PtBA/PS MBNPs by Cryo-TEM and Electron Tomography 335 8.4 Self-Assembled Morphology in Solvents and Homopolymer Matrices 339 8.4.1 Self-Assembly of MBNPs in Good and Selective Solvents 339 8.4.2 Self-Assembly of MBNPs in Homopolymer Matrices with Different Molecular Weights 341 8.5 Conclusions and Future Work 346 Acknowledgment 346 References 347 9 Hairy Plasmonic Nanoparticles 351 Christian Rossner, Tobias A.F. König, and Andreas Fery 9.1 Introduction 351 9.2 Plasmonic Properties of Isolated NPs and Energy Transfer to Adjacent Hairy Environment 354 9.2.1 Plasmonic Principles of Hairy NPs 354 9.2.2 Energy Transfer to Adjacent Hairy Environment 358 9.2.2.1 Hairy NPs for Photothermal Heating 358 9.2.2.2 Hairy NPs Conjugated with Photoactive Entities 360 9.2.2.3 Hairy NPs Conjugated with Acceptors 361 9.3 Plasmonic Coupling Scenarios of Hairy Plasmonic NPs 362 9.3.1 Supercolloidal Structures in Solution 362 9.3.2 Hairy NPs Linked to Surface and Self-assembly 366 9.4 Summary and Outlook Discussions 368 Acknowledgments 370 References 370 10 Hairy Metal Nanoparticles for Catalysis: Polymer Ligand-Mediated Catalysis 375 Zichao Wei and Jie He 10.1 Nanocatalysis Mediated by Surface Ligands 375 10.1.1 Surface Ligands as an Important Component for Nanocatalysis 375 10.1.2 Polymers as Better Ligands for NPs 377 10.2 Catalysis Mediated by PGNPs with Thiol-Terminated Polymers 380 10.3 Catalysis Mediated by PGNPs with NHC-Terminated Polymers 387 10.4 Other PGNP Nanocatalysts 393 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 396 References 397 11 Hairy Inorganic Nanoparticles for Oil Lubrication 401 Michael T. Kelly and Bin Zhao 11.1 Introduction 401 11.1.1 Oil Lubrication 401 11.1.2 Nanoparticles as Oil Lubricant Additives for Friction and Wear Reduction 402 11.1.3 Polymer Brush-Grafted Nanoparticles: Definition and Synthesis 404 11.2 Oil-Soluble Poly(lauryl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Metal Oxide NPs as Lubricant Additives 406 11.2.1 Synthesis, Dispersibility, and Stability in PAO of Poly(lauryl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Silica and Titania NPs 406 11.2.2 Lubrication Properties of Poly(lauryl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Silica and Titania NPs in PAO 410 11.3 Effects of Alkyl Pendant Groups on Oil Dispersibility, Stability, and Lubrication Property of Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles 413 11.3.1 Synthesis of Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted, 23-nm Silica NPs 413 11.3.2 Dispersibility and Stability of 23-nm Silica NPs Grafted with Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Brushes with Various Pendant Groups in PAO- 4 414 11.3.3 Effect of Alkyl Side Chains of Poly(alkyl methacrylate) Brushes on Lubrication Performance of 23-nm Hairy Silica NPs as Additives for Pao- 4 416 11.4 Improved Lubrication Performance by Combining Oil-Soluble Hairy Silica Nanoparticles and an Ionic Liquid as Additives for PAO- 4 420 11.4.1 Preparation of PAO-4 Lubricants with Various Amounts of PLMA Hairy Silica NPs and [P8888][DEHP] and Stability of Hairy Silica NPs in the Presence of [P8888][DEHP] 421 11.4.2 Lubrication Performances of PAO-4 Lubricants with the Addition of HNP, IL, and HNP + IL at Various Mass Ratios 422 11.4.3 SEM–EDS and XPS Analysis of Wear Scars Formed on Iron Flats from Tribological Tests 424 11.5 Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST)-Type Thermoresponsive Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s in PAO-4 426 11.5.1 Synthesis of Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s with Various Alkyl Pendant Groups by RAFT Polymerization and Their Thermoresponsive Properties in PAO-4 428 11.5.2 UCST-Type Thermoresponsive ABA Triblock Copolymers as Gelators for Pao-4 429 11.6 Summary 432 Acknowledgments 433 References 433 Index 437

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Phases of Matter and their Transitions An all-in-one, comprehensive take on matter and its phase properties In Phases of Matter and their Transitions, accomplished materials scientist Dr. Gijsbertus de With delivers an accessible textbook for advanced students in the molecular sciences. It offers a balanced and self-contained treatment of the thermodynamic and structural aspects of phases and the transitions between them, covering solids, liquids, gases, and their interfaces. The book lays the groundwork to describe particles and their interactions from the perspective of classical and quantum mechanics and compares phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics. It also examines materials with special properties, like glasses, liquid crystals, and ferroelectrics. The author has included an extensive appendix with a guide to the mathematics and theoretical models employed in this resource. Readers will also find: Thorough introductions to classical and quantum mechanics, intermolecular interactions, and continuum mechanics Comprehensive explorations of thermodynamics, gases, liquids, and solids Practical discussions of surfaces, including their general aspects for solids and liquids Fulsome treatments of discontinuous and continuous transitions, including discussions of irreversibility and the return to equilibrium Perfect for advanced students in chemistry and physics, Phases of Matter and their Transitions will also earn a place in the libraries of students of materials science.

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Book SynopsisGrundlagen der Konstruktionswerkstoffe für Studium und Praxis Der anwendungsorientierte Einstieg in die Welt der Konstruktionswerkstoffe für Studierende des Maschinenbaus und der Werkstoffwissenschaften! Viele Studierende nehmen die Werkstoffkunde anfangs als sehr trockene Disziplin wahr. Dabei ist die Welt der Werkstoffe eine überaus faszinierende. Die profunde Kenntnis von Struktur und Eigenschaften der Werkstoffe öffnet Türen zum Einstieg in High-Tech-Branchen wie Maschinenbau, Lasertechnik und Photonik, Medizintechnik, erneuerbare Energien, Präzisionsmechanik, Luft- und Raumfahrt oder Mikro- und Nanotechnologie. Mit seinem Fokus auf Konstruktionswerkstoffe richtet sich das Lehrbuch an angehende Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure der Fachrichtungen Maschinenbau und Werkstoffwissenschaften. Dabei werden die Grundlagen ausführlich dargestellt und stets mit Bezügen zu Praxisanwendungen flankiert. Der Inhalt deckt alle fürs Studium relevanten Themen ab: Metallkunde, Legierungskunde, das Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Diagramm, Werkstoffprüfung, Korrosion, Oberflächentechnik und die Werkstoffe Stahl, Eisengusswerkstoffe, Aluminium und andere Nichteisenmetalle, Keramik und Glas sowie Polymere. Anschaulich: mehr als 400 farbige Abbildungen und Illustrationen erhöhen die Übersichtlichkeit und den Spaß am Lernen Hilft bei der Prüfungsvorbereitung: Kapitelzusammenfassungen und zahlreiche Aufgaben mit Lösungen im Anhang Motivierend: der Praxisbezug zu modernen Anwendungen aus High-Tech-Industrien sorgt für Aha-Effekte und stärkt das Durchhaltevermögen bei der Durchdringung des LernstoffsTable of ContentsVorwort xv Danksagung xvii 1 Metallkunde 1 1.1 Wichtige Kristallstrukturen von Metallen 2 1.1.1 Miller’sche Indizes: Bezeichnung von Richtungen und Ebenen 3 1.1.2 Packungsdichte und dicht gepackte Ebenen in Metallen 6 1.1.3 Polymorphie: Die Vielgestalt einiger Metalle 8 1.2 Kristallbaudefekte in realen Metallstrukturen 9 1.2.1 0D: punktförmige Defekte 10 1.2.2 1D: Versetzungen 11 1.2.3 2D: Korngrenzen und andere Flächendefekte 12 1.2.4 3D: Ausscheidungen 13 1.3 Tropie: Die Richtungsabhängigkeit der Eigenschaften 14 1.4 Linear-elastische Verformung 16 1.4.1 Linear-elastische Verformung isotroper Werkstoffe 16 1.4.2 Vertiefung: linear-elastische Tensoren für isotrope Werkstoffe 19 1.4.3 Vertiefung: linear-elastische Tensoren und Anisotropiefaktor für kubische Einkristalle 22 1.5 Plastische Verformung der Metalle 23 1.5.1 Vereinfachte Betrachtung der plastischen Verformung 23 1.5.2 Vertiefende Betrachtung der plastischen Verformung 24 1.5.3 Zusammenhang zwischen Kristallstruktur und plastischer Verformbarkeit 31 1.6 Verfestigung von Metallen durch Kristallbaudefekte 31 1.6.1 0D: Mischkristallverfestigung 31 1.6.2 1D: Kaltverfestigung 33 1.6.3 2D: Feinkornverfestigung 34 1.6.4 3D: Ausscheidungshärtung 34 1.7 Aufgaben 35 Zusammenfassung 36 2 Legierungskunde 39 2.1 Erstarrungsverhalten von Metallschmelzen 39 2.2 Homogene oder heterogene Gefüge 41 2.3 Legierungen 42 2.3.1 Homogene Legierungen aus Mischkristallen 42 2.3.2 Heterogene Legierungen aus Kristallgemischen 43 2.3.3 Legierungen mit intermetallischen oder intermediären Phasen 44 2.4 Zweistoffsysteme (Auswahl) 45 2.4.1 Zweistoffsystem mit vollständiger Löslichkeit 45 2.4.2 Eutektisches Zweistoffsystem mit begrenzter Löslichkeit 48 2.4.3 Eutektisches Zweistoffsystem Aluminium-Silizium 55 2.4.4 Zweistoffsysteme mit intermetallischen Phasen 57 2.5 Aufgaben 58 Zusammenfassung 60 3 Das Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Diagramm (metastabiles EKD) 61 3.1 Das metastabile Zweistoffsystem Eisen-Kohlenstoff 61 3.2 Hebelgesetz und Gefügeentstehung im metastabilen EKD 64 3.3 Ausblick auf die Kapitel Stahl und Eisengusswerkstoffe (Kap. 7 bis 10) 68 3.4 Aufgaben 68 Zusammenfassung 69 4 Werkstoffprüfung 71 4.1 Methoden der Werkstoffprüfung zur Ermittlung mechanischer Kennwerte 71 4.1.1 Technische Spannung und technische Dehnung 71 4.1.2 Zugversuch 73 4.1.3 Härteprüfung 83 4.1.4 Biegeversuch 86 4.1.5 Torsionsversuch 88 4.1.6 Dynamische Werkstoffprüfung – Dauerschwingversuch nach Wöhler 90 4.1.7 Kerbschlagbiegeversuch und Zähigkeit 95 4.1.8 Zeitstandversuch: Kriechen und Relaxation 99 4.1.9 Weitere technologische Versuche 102 4.2 Verfahren der Rissprüfung 102 4.2.1 Durchstrahlungsprüfung 103 4.2.2 Ultraschallrissprüfung 103 4.2.3 Magnetpulverprüfung 104 4.2.4 Wirbelstromprüfung 105 4.2.5 Farbeindringprüfung 105 4.3 Mikroskopische Mess- und Prüfverfahren 105 4.3.1 Stereomikroskop 105 4.3.2 Konfokale Lasermikroskopie 105 4.4 Methoden der Analyse von Struktur und Gefüge 106 4.4.1 Strukturanalyse durch Röntgenbeugung (XRD) 106 4.4.2 Metallographische Lichtmikroskopie 107 4.4.3 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) 108 4.4.4 Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) 109 4.4.5 Computertomographie: der Röntgenblick ins Material 109 4.5 Analyse der chemischen Zusammensetzung 111 4.5.1 Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) 111 4.5.2 EDX und WDX 113 4.5.3 Photoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) 114 4.5.4 Auger-Elektronenspektroskopie 116 4.5.5 Funkenspektrometrie (OES, optische Emissionsspektrometrie) 116 4.5.6 Massenspektrometer 116 4.5.7 Nasschemische Analyse 117 4.5.8 Infrarotspektroskopie (FTIR) 117 4.6 Aufgaben 118 Zusammenfassung 120 5 Korrosion 123 5.1 Grundlagen der Korrosion 123 5.1.1 Elektrochemische Standardpotentiale 123 5.1.2 Galvanische Zelle 126 5.1.3 Sauerstoff- oder Wasserstoffkorrosion? 128 5.1.4 Sauerstoffkorrosion 128 5.1.5 Wasserstoffkorrosion 129 5.1.6 Sonderfall Passivierung 129 5.1.7 Flächenregel 130 5.2 Erscheinungsformen der Korrosion in der Praxis 131 5.2.1 Gleichmäßige Flächenkorrosion 131 5.2.2 Kontaktkorrosion und selektive Korrosion 132 5.2.3 Interkristalline Korrosion 133 5.2.4 Lochfraßkorrosion 134 5.2.5 Rostfreier Edelstahl: Lochfraßpotential und PREN-Nummer 136 5.2.6 Spaltkorrosion und Belüftungselement 140 5.2.7 Spannungsrisskorrosion 142 5.2.8 Korrosionsrisiko Umformmartensit im austenitischen rostfreien Edelstahl 143 5.3 Korrosionsschutz 144 5.3.1 Passiver Korrosionsschutz 144 5.3.2 Aktiver Korrosionsschutz 144 5.4 Mess- und Prüfverfahren für Korrosion 145 5.4.1 Salzsprühtest 145 5.4.2 Test auf interkristalline Korrosionsanfälligkeit (IK-Test) 146 5.4.3 Stromdichte-Potentialkurven (Lochfraßpotentialmessungen) 146 5.4.4 Chemische Analyse der Korrosionsprodukte 148 5.5 Aufgaben 148 Zusammenfassung 149 6 Oberflächentechnik 151 6.1 Grundlagen der Tribologie 151 6.1.1 Reibung 151 6.1.2 Schmierung 152 6.1.3 Verschleiß 154 6.2 Oberflächenbehandlungen 155 6.2.1 Mechanische Verfahren 155 6.2.2 Thermische Randschichtverfahren 156 6.2.3 Reinigen und Entfetten 156 6.2.4 Oberflächenaktivierung 157 6.2.5 Haftvermittler 157 6.3 Chemische Umwandlungsschichten 159 6.3.1 Beizen und Passivieren von rostfreiem Edelstahl 159 6.3.2 Phosphatieren von Stahl 160 6.3.3 Brünieren von Stahl 160 6.3.4 Chromatieren von Aluminium, Magnesium und Zink 161 6.3.5 Anodisieren von Aluminium 162 6.3.6 Anodisieren von Titan 165 6.4 Oberflächenbeschichtungen 165 6.4.1 Lackieren 165 6.4.2 Galvanisieren 168 6.4.3 Chemisch Nickel oder chemisch Kupfer 172 6.4.4 Metallisieren von Kunststoffen 173 6.4.5 Feuerbeschichtungen, Lamellenbeschichtung und Plattieren 174 6.4.6 Thermisches Spritzen 174 6.4.7 Emaillieren 177 6.4.8 Sol-Gel-Technologie 179 6.4.9 Dünnschichttechnologien PVD und CVD 180 6.5 Aufgaben 182 Zusammenfassung 183 7 Stahl: Technologie und Wärmebehandlung 185 7.1 Stahltechnologie 186 7.1.1 Hochofenprozess und Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren 186 7.1.2 Direktreduktionsprozess und Elektrostahlverfahren 187 7.1.3 Sekundärmetallurgie und Weiterverarbeitung des Stahls 189 7.1.4 Stahlerzeugnisse 191 7.2 Wärmebehandlung: Glühen von Stahl 195 7.2.1 Homogenisierungsglühen, Lösungsglühen, Blankglühen 196 7.2.2 Grobkornglühen 197 7.2.3 Normalglühen 197 7.2.4 Weichglühen 198 7.2.5 Rekristallisationsglühen 198 7.2.6 Spannungsarmglühen 200 7.3 Wärmebehandlung: Härten und Vergüten von Stahl 200 7.3.1 Martensitisches Härten 200 7.3.2 Anlassvergüten 202 7.3.3 Bainitisches Vergüten 204 7.3.4 Patentieren 205 7.3.5 Zeit-Temperatur-Umwandlungsschaubild (ZTU-Diagramm) 206 7.4 Wärmebehandlung: Ausscheidungshärtung von Spezialstählen 210 7.4.1 Kohärente Ausscheidungen in martensitaushärtenden Stählen (Maraging und PH-Stähle) 210 7.4.2 Sekundärhärtung durch Carbide und Nitride beim Anlassen 212 7.5 Wärmebehandlung: Härten der Oberfläche 212 7.5.1 Randschichthärten ohne thermochemische Diffusion 212 7.5.2 Verfahren mit thermochemischer Diffusion und martensitischer Randschichthärtung 215 7.5.3 Verfahren mit thermochemischer Diffusion ohne martensitische Randschichthärtung 217 7.5.4 Bestimmung der Einhärtetiefe (Härteverlaufskurve) 221 7.6 Wärmebehandlung: praktische Hinweise 222 7.7 Schweißeignung der Stähle 223 7.8 Aufgaben 224 Zusammenfassung 225 8 Stahl: Güteklassen, Kurznamen und Werkstoffnummern 227 8.1 Einteilung in Güteklassen 227 8.2 Kurznamen und Werkstoffnummern für Stahl 229 8.2.1 Kurznamen nach Verwendungszweck und mechanischen oder physikalischen Eigenschaften 229 8.2.2 Kurznamen nach chemischer Zusammensetzung 232 8.2.3 Internationale Werkstoffnummern 235 8.3 Aufgaben 239 Zusammenfassung 239 9 Stahl: Ausgewählte Sorten und Anwendungen 241 9.1 Stahlsorten für den Stahlbau 241 9.1.1 Unlegierte Baustähle und Maschinenbaustähle 241 9.1.2 Mikrolegierte Feinkornbaustähle mit erhöhter Festigkeit und Zähigkeit 243 9.1.3 Wetterfeste Baustähle 246 9.1.4 Flacherzeugnisse für das Kaltumformen 247 9.1.5 Flacherzeugnisse mit erhöhter Festigkeit für den Leichtbau von Automobilen 248 9.2 Spezielle Stahlsorten für den Maschinen- und Stahlbau 252 9.2.1 Kaltfließpressstähle (Kaltstauchstähle) 252 9.2.2 Automatenstähle für die spanende Bearbeitung 252 9.2.3 Einsatzstähle 254 9.2.4 Nitrierstähle 255 9.2.5 Vergütungsstähle 256 9.2.6 Federstähle 260 9.2.7 Verschleißfeste Wälzlagerstähle und Hartmanganstahl 263 9.2.8 Druckwasserstoffbeständige Stähle 265 9.2.9 Martensitaushärtende (Maraging-)Stähle mit höchster Festigkeit 265 9.2.10 Kaltzähe Stähle für tiefe Temperaturen 267 9.2.11 Warmfeste Stähle für hohe Temperaturen 268 9.3 Nichtrostende Stähle 271 9.3.1 Rostfreie ferritische Stähle 272 9.3.2 Rostfreie martensitische Stähle 273 9.3.3 Rostfreie nickelmartensitische und PH-Stähle 275 9.3.4 Rostfreie austenitische und superaustenitische Stähle 276 9.3.5 Rostfreie Duplex-undSuperduplexstähle 278 9.3.6 Festigkeit, Korrosionsbeständigkeit und typische Anwendungen rostfreier Stähle 279 9.4 Nichtrostende hitzebeständige Stähle 281 9.5 Stähle mit besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften 283 9.5.1 Nichtrostende nichtmagnetisierbare Stähle 283 9.5.2 Elektrobleche 284 9.6 Stahlsorten für Werkzeuge 284 9.6.1 Unlegierte Werkzeugstähle 285 9.6.2 Legierte Kaltarbeitsstähle 285 9.6.3 Warmarbeitsstähle 288 9.6.4 Schnellarbeitsstähle 289 9.7 Aufgaben 292 Zusammenfassung 293 10 Eisengusswerkstoffe 295 10.1 Stahlguss 297 10.2 Herstellung von Gusseisen 299 10.3 Entstehung des Gefüges von Gusseisen 299 10.3.1 Eutektische Reaktion: Graues und weißes Gusseisen 299 10.3.2 Eutektoide Reaktion: Perlitische oder ferritische Matrix 300 10.3.3 Ferritische Matrix durch Perlitzerfall 300 10.4 Graues Gusseisen: Wichtigster Eisengusswerkstoff 302 10.4.1 Gusseisen mit Lamellengraphit (GJL) 302 10.4.2 Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit (GJS) 305 10.4.3 Gusseisen mit Vermikulargraphit (GJV) 308 10.4.4 Sondergusseisen: korrosionsbeständiger austenitischer Grauguss (GJLA und GJSA) 308 10.4.5 Sondergusseisen: GJS-SiMo für hohe Temperaturen 309 10.4.6 Sondergusseisen: Ausferritisch vergütetes („bainitisches“) Gusseisen 309 10.5 Weißes Gusseisen 310 10.5.1 Perlitischer Hartguss (GJN) 310 10.5.2 Temperguss (GJMW und GJMB) 311 10.5.3 Sondergusseisen – verschleißfester perlitischer Hartguss 311 10.6 Kennzeichnung und Anwendungen von Gusseisen 311 10.7 Aufgaben 315 Zusammenfassung 316 11 Aluminium 317 11.1 Gewinnung von Aluminium 317 11.2 Nachhaltiges Aluminiumrecycling 319 11.3 Kennzeichnung und Einteilung der Aluminiumwerkstoffe 319 11.4 Verfestigungsmechanismen in Aluminiumlegierungen 322 11.5 Wärmebehandlung von Aluminiumlegierungen 323 11.5.1 Ausgewählte Glühbehandlungen 323 11.5.2 Ausscheidungshärten hochfester Aluminiumlegierungen 323 11.6 Anwendungen von Aluminium und seinen Legierungen 332 11.6.1 Reinaluminium und seine Anwendungen 332 11.6.2 Aluminiumknetlegierungen und ihre Anwendungen 334 11.6.3 Aluminiumgusslegierungen und ihre Anwendungen 338 11.7 Oberflächenbehandlungen 344 11.8 Aufgaben 344 Zusammenfassung 346 12 Andere Nichteisenmetalle 347 12.1 Titan 347 12.1.1 Arten und Anwendungen von Titanlegierungen 347 12.1.2 Fallstudie Anwendungen Titan in der Luftfahrt: Kampfjet 351 12.1.3 Fallstudie Anwendungen Titan in der Medizintechnik: Dentalimplantate 352 12.2 Magnesium 354 12.3 Nickel 355 12.3.1 Korrosionsbeständige Monellegierungen 355 12.3.2 Hochtemperaturfeste Nickelbasissuperlegierungen 356 12.3.3 Fallstudie einkristalline Turbinenschaufel 358 12.3.4 Heizleiter 359 12.3.5 Formgedächtnislegierungen 359 12.3.6 Weichmagnetische Nickellegierungen 359 12.4 Cobalt 360 12.5 Kupfer 360 12.5.1 Herstellung von Kupfer 360 12.5.2 Anwendungen von reinem und niedriglegiertem Kupfer 361 12.5.3 Anwendungen ausgewählter Kupferlegierungen 364 12.6 Zink 367 12.7 Zinn 367 12.8 Refraktärmetalle: Wolfram, Molybdän, Tantal und Niob 368 12.9 Edelmetalle 371 12.10 Aufgaben 372 Zusammenfassung 373 13 Keramik und Glas 375 13.1 Keramik: Herstellung und Konstruktionsregeln 376 13.2 Umgang mit dem Sprödbruchverhalten von Keramiken 378 13.2.1 Weibull-Festigkeitsverteilung von Keramiken 378 13.2.2 Bruchzähigkeit von Keramiken 379 13.3 Silikatkeramik 381 13.4 Feuerfeste Keramik 382 13.5 Hochleistungskeramik 384 13.5.1 Aluminiumoxid 384 13.5.2 Zirkoniumoxid 386 13.5.3 Siliziumcarbid 389 13.5.4 Siliziumnitrid 390 13.6 Schneidkeramik für die spanende Bearbeitung 391 13.7 Funktionskeramik 394 13.7.1 Piezoelektrische Keramiken 394 13.7.2 Vertiefung piezoelektrische Keramik: Fallstudie hochpräzise Positioniersysteme 397 13.7.3 Ferrimagnetische Keramiken 400 13.7.4 Supraleitende Keramiken 402 13.7.5 Optische Keramiken 402 13.8 Glaskeramik 404 13.9 Glas 405 13.9.1 Herstellung von Glas 406 13.9.2 Quarzglas 407 13.9.3 Kalk-Natron-Glas 408 13.9.4 Borosilikatglas 408 13.9.5 Thermisch und chemisch gehärtete Gläser 408 13.9.6 Verbund- und Sicherheitsgläser 410 13.9.7 Gefärbte Gläser und Überfanggläser 410 13.9.8 Gläser mit Bleioxid 410 13.10 Aufgaben 411 Zusammenfassung 412 14 Kunststoffe 413 14.1 Einteilung der Kunststoffe nach Vernetzungsgrad: Thermoplaste, Elastomere und Duroplaste 415 14.2 Struktur und Eigenschaften thermoplastischer Kunststoffe 415 14.2.1 Monomere als chemische Grundbausteine 415 14.2.2 Entstehung kettenartiger Makromoleküle 416 14.2.3 Primärbindungen in den Molekülketten 416 14.2.4 Sekundärbindungen zwischen den Molekülketten 417 14.2.5 Amorphe und kristalline Bereiche in Kunststoffen 418 14.2.6 Kristalline Bereiche in Flüssigkristallpolymeren 419 14.2.7 Viskoelastisches Verhalten von amorphen und teilkristallinen Kunststoffen 419 14.2.8 Anisotropie beim Strecken der Makromoleküle 421 14.2.9 Lineare und verzweigte Ketten 422 14.2.10 Copolymere zum gezielten Einstellen von Eigenschaften 422 14.2.11 Zusatzstoffe (Additive) und Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften 423 14.3 Thermoplaste und ihre Anwendungen 423 14.3.1 Thermoplastische Massenkunststoffe 424 14.3.2 Thermoplastische Ingenieurkunststoffe 427 14.3.3 Thermoplastische Hochleistungskunststoffe 431 14.4 Elastomere und ihre Anwendungen 433 14.4.1 R-Kautschuke mit ungesättigten Hauptketten 433 14.4.2 M-Kautschuke mit gesättigten Hauptketten 435 14.4.3 Q-Kautschuke (Silikone) 436 14.4.4 U-Kautschuke (Polyurethane) 437 14.4.5 O- und T-Kautschuke 438 14.4.6 Spritzgießbare thermoplastische Elastomere 438 14.5 Duroplaste und ihre Anwendungen 439 14.6 Biokunststoffe 439 14.7 Aufgaben 442 Zusammenfassung 443 15 Werkstoffe, Rohstoffe und Nachhaltigkeit: persönliches Schlusswort 445 15.1 Ressourcenverbrauch und Kreislaufwirtschaft 445 15.2 Rohstoffabbau und Nachhaltigkeit 447 15.3 Verantwortung ist immer persönlich 449 Lösungen 451 Literatur 473 Stichwortverzeichnis 483

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisFür alle, die es genauer wissen wollen: Band 1 der Neuauflage des unschlagbar präzisen Ansorge/Oberle-Lehrwerks zur Mathematik in den Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften In sämtlichen Ingenieurwissenschaften, insbesondere im Maschinenbau, im Bauingenieurwesen und in der Elektrotechnik, ist Mathematik unverzichtbar bei der Beschreibung, Modellierung und Lösung ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Probleme. Für Studierende dieser Fächer ist es daher unabdingbar, sich detailliert mit der Mathematik auseinanderzusetzen und Wissen zu erwerben, das über die reine Anwendung von "Kochrezepten" hinausgeht. Der vorliegende Band 1 des vollständig überarbeiteten und erweiterten Lehrwerks "Mathematik in den Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften" gibt eine Einführung in die Lineare Algebra und analytische Geometrie sowie die Differential- und Integralrechnung einer Variablen. Bei den Herleitungen wird besonderer Wert gelegt auf Vollständigkeit und mathematische Exaktheit. In den Beispielen behandeln die Autoren die Anwendung mathematischer Techniken und Vorgehensweisen auf häufig vorkommende Probleme in den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Numerische Methoden und deren Implementierung in MATLAB runden das Buch ab. * Zum Tiefereinsteigen: besonders geeignet für diejenigen, die eine anspruchsvolle Darstellung der höheren Mathematik in den Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften suchen * Bewährtes Konzept, überarbeitet und erweitert: präzise, sauber, fachlich korrekt und anwendungsnah * Neu in dieser Auflage: mit mehr Motivationen und Erläuterungen und zahlreichen neuen Anwendungsbeispielen und Modellbildungen * Dazu passend: das neue Aufgaben- und LösungsbuchTrade Review"Die Lehrbücher liefern eine anspruchsvolle Darstellung der höheren Mathematik für Studenten der Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften. Die 5. Auflage bietet noch mehr Erläuterungen sowie zahlreiche neue Anwendungsbeispiele." METALL, 26.05.2020 Table of ContentsVorwort zur fünften Auflage ix Vorwort zur vierten Auflage xi Vorwort zur dritten Auflage xiii Vorwort zur zweiten Auflage xv Vorwort xvii 1 Aussagen, Mengen und Funktionen 1 1.1 Aussagen 1 1.2 Mengen 6 1.3 Funktionen 10 2 Zahlenbereiche 17 2.1 Naturliche Zahlen 17 2.2 Reelle Zahlen 25 2.3 Komplexe Zahlen 33 3 Vektorrechnung und Analytische Geometrie 45 3.1 Vektoren 45 3.2 Geraden und Ebenen im ℝ3 61 3.3 Allgemeine Vektorraume 65 4 Lineare Gleichungssysteme 73 4.1 Matrizenkalkul 73 4.2 Gaus-Elimination 77 4.3 Inverse Matrizen 85 4.4 Die Dreieckszerlegung einer Matrix 90 4.5 Determinanten 97 5 Lineare Abbildungen 109 5.1 Lineare Abbildungen – Basisdarstellung 109 5.2 Orthogonalitat 116 5.3 Orthogonale Transformationen 124 6 Lineare Ausgleichsprobleme und lineare Programme 133 6.1 Ausgleichsprobleme und Normalgleichungen 133 6.2 Die QR-Zerlegung 137 6.3 Lineare Programme 142 6.4 Das Simplexverfahren 148 7 Eigenwerttheorie fürMatrizen 153 7.1 Eigenwerte und Eigenvektoren 153 7.2 Symmetrische Matrizen und Hauptachsentransformation 168 7.3 Numerische Berechnung von Eigenwerten und Eigenvektoren 180 8 Konvergenz von Folgen und Reihen 193 8.1 Folgen 193 8.2 Konvergenzkriterien fur reelle Folgen 199 8.2.1 Folgen in Vektorraumen 207 8.2.2 Konvergenzkriterien fur Reihen 209 9 Stetigkeit und Differenzierbarkeit 217 9.1 Stetigkeit und Grenzwerte von Funktionen 217 9.2 Differentialrechnung einer Variablen 227 10 Weiterer Ausbau der Differentialrechnung 237 10.1 Mittelwertsatze und Satz von Taylor 237 10.2 Die Regeln von de l’Hospital 253 10.3 Kurvendiskussion 255 10.4 Fehlerrechnung 258 10.5 Fixpunkt-Iterationen 264 11 Potenzreihen und elementare Funktionen 271 11.1 Gleichmaβige Konvergenz 271 11.2 Potenzreihen 274 11.3 Elementare Funktionen 280 12 Interpolation 289 12.1 Problemstellung 289 12.2 Polynom-Interpolation nach Aitken, Neville und Newton 295 12.3 Spline-Interpolation 299 13 Integration 305 13.1 Das bestimmte Integral 305 13.2 Kriterien fur Integrierbarkeit 310 13.3 Der Hauptsatz und Anwendungen 314 13.4 Integration rationaler Funktionen 321 13.5 Uneigentliche Integrale 326 13.6 Parameterabhangige Integrale 331 14 Anwendungen der Integralrechnung 337 14.1 Rotationskorper 337 14.2 Kurven und Bogenlange 342 14.3 Kurvenintegrale 349 15 Numerische Quadratur 353 15.1 Die Newton-Cotes-Formeln 354 15.2 Extrapolation 359 16 Periodische Funktionen, Fourier-Reihen 365 16.1 Grundlegende Begriffe 365 16.2 Fourier-Reihen 371 16.3 Numerische Berechnung der Fourier-Koeffizienten 382 Weiterführende Literatur 389 Stichwortverzeichnis 393

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Book SynopsisAnschaulichkeit vor Formalismus - die unvergleichlich verständliche Einführung in die Mechanik und Thermodynamik für Studierende der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften in neuer Auflage! Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau, Chemie, Geophysik, Biologie: eine Einführung in die Physik gehört für alle Studierende der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften unumgänglich zum Studium dazu, sei es im Rahmen der Physikvorlesungen für Hauptfachstudierende oder in Form auf spezifische Studiengänge zugeschnittener Veranstaltungen. Die vierte Auflage des Lehrbuchklassikers von Friedhelm Kuypers gibt in gewohnt anschaulicher Weise eine Einführung in die Mechanik und die Thermodynamik; neu hinzugekommen sind ein leicht verständlicher Überblick zum schwer greifbaren Thema Entropie und zu erneuerbaren Energien. Jeder Abschnitt wurde vollständig überarbeitet, um noch besser auf immer wieder vorkommende Probleme der Studierenden einzugehen. Im Aufgaben- und Lösungsteil werden die mittleren und schweren Aufgaben mit einer anschaulichen Vorstellung der behandelten Physik eingeleitet, bevor die eigentlichen Rechnungen beginnen.Table of ContentsA Mechanik 1 Einführung 1 1.1 Einleitung 1 1.2 Messung und Maßeinheit 2 1.3 Die Einheit Sekunde 4 1.4 Die Einheit Meter 4 1.5 Die Einheit Kilogramm 6 2 Kinematik der Massenpunkte 7 2.1 Idealisierungen 7 2.2 Geschwindigkeit 8 2.3 Einführung in die Integralrechnung 10 2.4 Beschleunigung 13 2.5 Kreisbewegung 17 2.6 Noch einmal in Kürze 21 2.7 Aufgaben 22 3 Die Newtonschen Axiome und Kräfte 24 3.1 Das erste Newtonsche Axiom 24 3.2 Das zweite und dritte Newtonsche Axiom 26 3.3 Lösung einfacher Bewegungsgleichungen 28 3.4 Reibungskräfte 36 3.5 Noch einmal in Kürze 42 3.6 Aufgaben 43 4 Arbeit, Leistung und Energie 49 4.1 Arbeit 49 4.2 Leistung 53 4.3 Energie 56 4.4 Erneuerbare Energien * 62 4.5 Noch einmal in Kürze 72 4.6 Aufgaben 73 5 Impulssatz und Drehimpulssatz 81 5.1 Impulssatz 81 5.2 Drehimpulsssatz für Massenpunkte 92 5.3 Noch einmal in Kürze 100 5.4 Aufgaben 101 6 Bewegungen starrer Körper 107 6.1 Schwerpunktsatz 107 6.2 Trägheitsmomente 111 6.3 Drehungen um raumfeste Achsen 117 6.4 Ebene Bewegungen starrer Körper 121 6.5 Kinetische Energie ebener Bewegungen 127 6.6 Unwuchtkräfte * 127 6.7 Noch einmal in Kürze 131 6.8 Aufgaben 133 7 Lineare Schwingungen 137 7.1 Freie Schwingungen 137 7.2 Erzwungene Schwingungen 146 7.3 Mechanische und elektrische Schwingungen * 157 7.4 Gekoppelte Pendel 158 7.5 Noch einmal in Kürze 162 7.6 Aufgaben 164 8 Strömungslehre 171 8.1 Grundlagen 171 8.2 Die Bernoulli-Gleichung 175 8.3 Laminare Strömungen 186 8.4 Turbulenzbildung und Reynolds-Zahl 194 8.5 Strömungswiderstand umströmter Körper 199 8.6 Modelltechnik * 201 8.7 Windkraftanlagen * 202 8.8 Noch einmal in Kürze 209 8.9 Aufgaben 211 B Thermodynamik 9 Einführung in die Thermodynamik 215 10 Temperatur 218 10.1 Definition der Temperaturskala 218 10.2 Thermische Ausdehnung 223 10.3 Temperaturmessung 228 10.4 Noch einmal in Kürze 229 10.5 Aufgaben 230 11 Ideale Gasgleichung 232 11.1 Die Basiseinheit Mol 232 11.2 Aufstellung der idealen Gasgleichung 235 11.3 Noch einmal in Kürze 239 11.4 Aufgaben 240 12 Kinetische Gastheorie 242 12.1 Definition des idealen Gases 242 12.2 Grundgleichung der kinetischen Gastheorie 243 12.3 Die Einheit Kelvin 249 12.4 Geschwindigkeitsverteilung 249 12.5 Noch einmal in Kürze 253 12.6 Aufgaben 254 13 Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 256 13.1 Wärme 256 13.2 Erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 257 13.3 Wärmeübergang 259 13.4 Volumenänderungsarbeit 262 13.5 Gleichverteilungssatz und Wärmekapazität 266 13.6 Adiabatische Zustandsänderungen 272 13.7 Noch einmal in Kürze 276 13.8 Aufgaben 278 14 Zweiter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 282 14.1 Formulierungen von Clausius und Kelvin 282 14.2 Reversible und irreversible Prozesse 285 14.3 Wirkungsgrad reversibler und irreversibler Prozesse 292 14.4 Der Carnot-Prozess 294 14.5 Entropie * 302 14.6 Dritter Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 312 14.7 Noch einmal in Kürze 312 14.8 Aufgaben 313 15 Phasenumwandlungen 319 15.1 Umwandlungswärmen und -temperaturen 319 15.2 Verdampfung und Kondensation 324 15.3 p,T-Diagramme 332 15.4 Zustandsgleichung realer Gase * 337 15.5 Verflüssigung von Gasen * 340 15.6 Kältemaschinen 342 15.7 Noch einmal in Kürze 347 15.8 Aufgaben 350 16 Wärmeübertragung 354 16.1 Wärmeleitung 354 16.2 Konvektion 362 16.3 Wärmestrahlung 364 16.4 Strahlungsaustausch * 377 16.5 Noch einmal in Kürze 379 16.6 Aufgaben 381 Lösungen Lösungen: 2 Kinematik der Massenpunkte 387 Lösungen: 3 Die Newtonschen Axiome und Kräfte 391 Lösungen: 4 Arbeit, Energie und Leistung 399 Lösungen: 5 Impuls- und Drehimpulssatz 412 Lösungen: 6 Starrer Körper 421 Lösungen: 7 Lineare Schwingungen 431 Lösungen: 8 Strömungslehre 443 Lösungen: 10 Temperatur 451 Lösungen: 11 Ideale Gasgleichung 453 Lösungen: 12 Kinetische Gastheorie 457 Lösungen: 13 Erster Hauptsatz 458 Lösungen: 14 Zweiter Hauptsatz 464 Lösungen: 15 Phasenumwandlungen 475 Lösungen: 16 Wärmeübertragung 481 Stichwortverzeichnis 497 Periodensystem 512

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Book SynopsisSie suchen einen schnellen Überblick über die Strömungsmechanik? Dann ist dies genau das richtige Buch für Sie. Die Autoren erklären zuerst die wichtigen Grundlagen und Eigenschaften von Fluiden. Dann erläutern sie, was es zu ruhenden und sich bewegenden Fluiden zu wissen gibt und führen Sie in die Anwendung für ideale und reibungsbehaftete Strömungen ein. Anschließend lernen Sie das Wesentliche über Impulssatz, kompressiblen Strömungen und Strömungen mit Arbeitsaustausch. Übungsaufgaben mit Lösungen helfen Ihnen, Ihr Wissen zu festigen und zu prüfen.

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Book SynopsisMaster the mechanics of materials with YouTube influencer Jeff Hanson   Written to complement Hansonâs videos, How to Ace Mechanics of Materials with Jeff Hanson provides everything you need to know about strength of materials. Designed to reinforce lessons learned from the videos, the text covers key mechanics of materials concepts in concise, easy-to-understand ways. Youâll find pro tips, pitfalls, and practice problems pulled from and interlaced with the videos. Additional questions, problems, and challenges expand on those covered in the videos. Follows the videos of the YouTube engineering influencer Jeff Hanson, who has nearly 250,000 followers and is famous for demystifying complex material Reinforces learning with real-world examples, visuals and problems No paragraphs of text! Just the key takeaways you need to know in easy-to-read bulleted lists and illustrations Packed with pro tips and advice on avoidin

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Chemical Process Control Bridge the gap between theory and practice with this accessible guide Process control is an area of study which seeks to optimize industrial processes, applying different strategies and technologies as required to navigate the variety of processes and their many potential challenges. Though the body of chemical process control theory is robust, it is only in recent decades that it has been effectively integrated with industrial practice to form a flexible toolkit. The need for a guide to this integration of theory and practice has therefore never been more urgent. Advanced Chemical Process Control meets this need, making advanced chemical process control accessible and useful to chemical engineers with little grounding in the theoretical principles of the subject. It provides a basic introduction to the background and mathematics of control theory, before turning to the implementation of control principles in industrial contexts. The result is a bridge between the insights of control theory and the needs of engineers in plants, factories, research facilities, and beyond. Advanced Chemical Process Control readers will also find: Detailed overview of Control Performance Monitoring (CPM), Model Predictive Control (MPC), and more Discussion of the cost benefit analysis of improved control in particular jobs Authored by a leading international expert on chemical process control Advanced Chemical Process Control is essential for chemical and process engineers looking to develop a working knowledge of process control, as well as for students and graduates entering the chemical process control field.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Introduction xxv1 Mathematical and Control Theory Background 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Models for Dynamical Systems 1 1.2.1 Dynamical Systems in Continuous Time 1 1.2.2 Dynamical Systems in Discrete Time 2 1.2.3 Linear Models and Linearization 3 1.2.3.1 Linearization at a Given Point 3 1.2.3.2 Linearizing Around a Trajectory 6 1.2.4 Converting Between Continuous- and Discrete-Time Models 6 1.2.4.1 Time Delay in the Manipulated Variables 7 1.2.4.2 Time Delay in the Measurements 9 1.2.5 Laplace Transform 9 1.2.6 The z Transform 10 1.2.7 Similarity Transformations 11 1.2.8 Minimal Representation 11 1.2.9 Scaling 14 1.3 Analyzing Linear Dynamical Systems 15 1.3.1 Transfer Functions of Composite Systems 15 1.3.1.1 Series Interconnection 15 1.3.1.2 Parallel Systems 16 1.3.1.3 Feedback Connection 16 1.3.1.4 Commonly Used Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 17 1.3.1.5 The Push-Through Rule 17 1.4 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Functions 18 1.4.1 Poles of Multivariable Systems 19 1.4.2 Pole Directions 19 1.4.3 Zeros of Multivariable Systems 20 1.4.4 Zero Directions 22 1.5 Stability 23 1.5.1 Poles and Zeros of Discrete-Time Transfer Functions 23 1.5.2 Frequency Analysis 24 1.5.2.1 Steady-State Phase Adjustment 26 1.5.3 Bode Diagrams 27 1.5.3.1 Bode Diagram Asymptotes 27 1.5.3.2 Minimum Phase Systems 29 1.5.3.3 Frequency Analysis for Discrete-Time Systems 30 1.5.4 Assessing Closed-Loop Stability Using the Open-Loop Frequency Response 31 1.5.4.1 The Principle of the Argument and the Nyquist D-Contour 31 1.5.4.2 The Multivariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.3 The Monovariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.4 The Bode Stability Criterion 32 1.5.4.5 Some Remarks on Stability Analysis Using the Frequency Response 35 1.5.4.6 The Small Gain Theorem 36 1.5.5 Controllability 37 1.5.6 Observability 38 1.5.7 Some Comments on Controllability and Observability 39 1.5.8 Stabilizability 40 1.5.9 Detectability 40 1.5.10 Hidden Modes 41 1.5.11 Internal Stability 41 1.5.12 Coprime Factorizations 43 1.5.12.1 Inner–Outer Factorization 44 1.5.12.2 Normalized Coprime Factorization 44 1.5.13 Parametrization of All Stabilizing Controllers 44 1.5.13.1 Stable Plants 45 1.5.13.2 Unstable Plants 45 1.5.14 Hankel Norm and Hankel Singular Values 46 Problems 47 References 49 2 Control Configuration and Controller Tuning 51 2.1 Common Control Loop Structures for the Regulatory Control Layer 51 2.1.1 Simple Feedback Loop 51 2.1.2 Feedforward Control 51 2.1.3 Ratio Control 54 2.1.4 Cascade Control 54 2.1.5 Auctioneering Control 55 2.1.6 Split Range Control 56 2.1.7 Input Resetting Control 57 2.1.8 Selective Control 59 2.1.9 Combining Basic Single-Loop Control Structures 60 2.1.10 Decoupling 61 2.2 Input and Output Selection 62 2.2.1 Using Physical Insights 63 2.2.2 Gramian-Based Input and Output Selection 64 2.2.3 Input/Output Selection for Stabilization 65 2.3 Control Configuration 66 2.3.1 The Relative Gain Array 66 2.3.2 The RGA as a General Analysis Tool 68 2.3.2.1 The RGA and Zeros in the Right Half-Plane 68 2.3.2.2 The RGA and the Optimally Scaled Condition Number 68 2.3.2.3 The RGA and Individual Element Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.4 RGA and Diagonal Input Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.5 The RGA as an Interaction Measure 70 2.3.3 The RGA and Stability 70 2.3.3.1 The RGA and Pairing of Controlled and Manipulated Variables 71 2.3.4 Summary of RGA-Based Input–Output Pairing 72 2.3.5 Partial Relative Gains 72 2.3.6 The Niederlinski Index 73 2.3.7 The Rijnsdorp Interaction Measure 73 2.3.8 Gramian-Based Input–Output Pairing 74 2.3.8.1 The Participation Matrix 75 2.3.8.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 75 2.3.8.3 Accounting for the Closed-Loop Bandwidth 76 2.4 Tuning of Decentralized Controllers 76 2.4.1 Introduction 76 2.4.2 Loop Shaping Basics 77 2.4.3 Tuning of Single-Loop Controllers 79 2.4.3.1 PID Controller Realizations and Common Modifications 79 2.4.3.2 Controller Tuning Using Frequency Analysis 81 2.4.3.3 Ziegler–Nichols Closed-Loop Tuning Method 86 2.4.3.4 Simple Fitting of a Step Response Model 86 2.4.3.5 Ziegler–Nichols Open-Loop Tuning 88 2.4.3.6 IMC-PID Tuning 88 2.4.3.7 Simple IMC Tuning 89 2.4.3.8 The Setpoint Overshoot Method 91 2.4.3.9 Autotuning 95 2.4.3.10 When Should Derivative Action Be Used? 95 2.4.3.11 Effects of Internal Controller Scaling 96 2.4.3.12 Reverse Acting Controllers 97 2.4.4 Gain Scheduling 97 2.4.5 Surge Attenuating Controllers 98 2.4.6 Multiloop Controller Tuning 99 2.4.6.1 Independent Design 100 2.4.6.2 Sequential Design 102 2.4.6.3 Simultaneous Design 103 2.4.7 Tools for Multivariable Loop-Shaping 103 2.4.7.1 The Performance Relative Gain Array 103 2.4.7.2 The Closed-Loop Disturbance Gain 104 2.4.7.3 Illustrating the Use of CLDG’s for Controller Tuning 104 2.4.7.4 Unachievable Loop Gain Requirements 107 Problems 108 References 112 3 Control Structure Selection and Plantwide Control 115 3.1 General Approach and Problem Decomposition 115 3.1.1 Top-Down Analysis 115 3.1.1.1 Defining and Exploring Optimal Operation 115 3.1.1.2 Determining Where to Set the Throughput 116 3.1.2 Bottom-Up Design 116 3.2 Regulatory Control 117 3.2.1 Example: Regulatory Control of Liquid Level in a Deaeration Tower 118 3.3 Determining Degrees of Freedom 121 3.4 Selection of Controlled Variables 122 3.4.1 Problem Formulation 123 3.4.2 Selecting Controlled Variables by Direct Evaluation of Loss 124 3.4.3 Controlled Variable Selection Based on Local Analysis 125 3.4.3.1 The Minimum Singular Value Rule 127 3.4.3.2 Desirable Characteristics of the Controlled Variables 128 3.4.4 An Exact Local Method for Controlled Variable Selection 128 3.4.5 Measurement Combinations as Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.1 The Nullspace Method for Selecting Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.2 Extending the Nullspace Method to Account for Implementation Error 130 3.4.6 The Validity of the Local Analysis for Controlled Variable Selection 131 3.5 Selection of Manipulated Variables 132 3.5.1 Verifying that the Proposed Manipulated Variables Make Acceptable Control Possible 133 3.5.2 Reviewing the Characteristics of the Proposed Manipulated Variables 134 3.6 Selection of Measurements 135 3.7 Mass Balance Control and Throughput Manipulation 136 3.7.1 Consistency of Inventory Control 138 Problems 140 References 141 4 Limitations on Achievable Performance 143 4.1 Performance Measures 143 4.1.1 Time-Domain Performance Measures 143 4.1.2 Frequency-Domain Performance Measures 145 4.1.2.1 Bandwidth Frequency 145 4.1.2.2 Peaks of Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 146 4.1.2.3 Bounds on Weighted System Norms 146 4.1.2.4 Gain and Phase Margin 147 4.2 Algebraic Limitations 148 4.2.1 S + T = I 148 4.2.2 Interpolation Constraints 148 4.2.2.1 Monovariable Systems 148 4.2.2.2 Multivariable Systems 149 4.3 Control Performance in Different Frequency Ranges 149 4.3.1 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Zeros 149 4.3.1.1 Multivariable Systems 150 4.3.2 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Poles 150 4.3.3 Combined Effects of RHP Poles and Zeros 150 4.3.4 Implications of the Sensitivity Integral Results 150 4.4 Bounds on Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 151 4.4.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.1.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.2 Minimum Phase and Stable Versions of the Plant 152 4.4.3 Bounds on S and T 153 4.4.3.1 Monovariable Systems 153 4.4.3.2 Multivariable Systems 153 4.4.4 Bounds on KS and KSG d 154 4.5 ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6 Bandwidth and Crossover Frequency Limitations 156 4.6.1 Bounds from ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6.2 Bandwidth Bounds from Weighted Sensitivity Minimization 157 4.6.3 Bound from Negative Phase 158 4.7 Bounds on the Step Response 158 4.8 Bounds for Disturbance Rejection 160 4.8.1 Inputs for Perfect Control 161 4.8.2 Inputs for Acceptable Control 161 4.8.3 Disturbances and RHP Zeros 161 4.8.4 Disturbances and Stabilization 162 4.9 Limitations from Plant Uncertainty 164 4.9.1 Describing Uncertainty 165 4.9.2 Feedforward Control and the Effects of Uncertainty 166 4.9.3 Feedback and the Effects of Uncertainty 167 4.9.4 Bandwidth Limitations from Uncertainty 168 Problems 168 References 170 5 Model-Based Predictive Control 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Formulation of a QP Problem for MPC 175 5.2.1 Future States as Optimization Variables 179 5.2.2 Using the Model Equation to Substitute for the Plant States 180 5.2.3 Optimizing Deviations from Linear State Feedback 181 5.2.4 Constraints Beyond the End of the Prediction Horizon 182 5.2.5 Finding the Terminal Constraint Set 183 5.2.6 Feasible Region and Prediction Horizon 184 5.3 Step-Response Models 185 5.4 Updating the Process Model 186 5.4.1 Bias Update 186 5.4.2 Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filters 187 5.4.2.1 Augmenting a Disturbance Description 188 5.4.2.2 The Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.2.3 The Iterated Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.3 Unscented Kalman Filter 190 5.4.4 Receding Horizon Estimation 193 5.4.4.1 The Arrival Cost 195 5.4.4.2 The Filtering Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.4.3 The Smoothing Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.5 Concluding Comments on State Estimation 198 5.5 Disturbance Handling and Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.1 Feedforward from Measured Disturbances 199 5.5.2 Requirements for Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.3 Disturbance Estimation and Offset-Free Control 200 5.5.4 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Input 203 5.5.5 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Output 205 5.5.6 MPC and Integrator Resetting 208 5.6 Feasibility and Constraint Handling 210 5.7 Closed-Loop Stability with MPC Controllers 212 5.8 Target Calculation 213 5.9 Speeding up MPC Calculations 217 5.9.1 Warm-Starting the Optimization 218 5.9.2 Input Blocking 219 5.9.3 Enlarging the Terminal Region 220 5.10 Robustness of MPC Controllers 222 5.11 Using Rigorous Process Models in MPC 225 5.12 Misconceptions, Clarifications, and Challenges 226 5.12.1 Misconceptions 226 5.12.1.1 MPC Is Not Good for Performance 226 5.12.1.2 MPC Requires Very Accurate Models 227 5.12.1.3 MPC Cannot Prioritize Input Usage or Constraint Violations 227 5.12.2 Challenges 227 5.12.2.1 Obtaining a Plant Model 228 5.12.2.2 Maintenance 228 5.12.2.3 Capturing the Desired Behavior in the MPC Design 228 Problems 228 References 231 6 Some Practical Issues in Controller Implementation 233 6.1 Discrete-Time Implementation 233 6.1.1 Aliasing 233 6.1.2 Sampling Interval 233 6.1.3 Execution Order 235 6.2 Pure Integrators in Parallel 235 6.3 Anti-Windup 236 6.3.1 Simple PI Control Anti-Windup 237 6.3.2 Velocity Form of PI Controllers 237 6.3.3 Anti-Windup in Cascaded Control Systems 238 6.3.4 A General Anti-Windup Formulation 239 6.3.5 Hanus’ Self-Conditioned Form 240 6.3.6 Anti-Windup in Observer-Based Controllers 241 6.3.7 Decoupling and Input Constraints 243 6.3.8 Anti-Windup for “Normally Closed” Controllers 244 6.4 Bumpless Transfer 245 6.4.1 Switching Between Manual and Automatic Operation 245 6.4.2 Changing Controller Parameters 246 Problems 246 References 247 7 Controller Performance Monitoring and Diagnosis 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Detection of Oscillating Control Loops 251 7.2.1 The Autocorrelation Function 251 7.2.2 The Power Spectrum 252 7.2.3 The Method of Miao and Seborg 252 7.2.4 The Method of Hägglund 253 7.2.5 The Regularity Index 254 7.2.6 The Method of Forsman and Stattin 255 7.2.7 Prefiltering Data 255 7.3 Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.1 Manual Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.2 Detecting and Diagnosing Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.1 Using the Cross-Correlation Function to Detect Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.2 Histograms for Detecting Valve Stiction 258 7.3.2.3 Stiction Detection Using an OP–PV Plot 260 7.3.3 Stiction Compensation 262 7.3.4 Detection of Backlash 263 7.3.5 Backlash Compensation 264 7.3.6 Simultaneous Stiction and Backlash Detection 265 7.3.7 Discriminating Between External and Internally Generated Oscillations 266 7.3.8 Detecting and Diagnosing Other Nonlinearities 266 7.4 Plantwide Oscillations 269 7.4.1 Grouping Oscillating Variables 269 7.4.1.1 Spectral Principal Component Analysis 269 7.4.1.2 Visual Inspection Using High-Density Plots 269 7.4.1.3 Power Spectral Correlation Maps 270 7.4.1.4 The Spectral Envelope Method 271 7.4.1.5 Methods Based on Adaptive Data Analysis 272 7.4.2 Locating the Cause for Distributed Oscillations 273 7.4.2.1 Using Nonlinearity for Root Cause Location 273 7.4.2.2 The Oscillation Contribution Index 273 7.4.2.3 Estimating the Propagation Path for Disturbances 274 7.5 Control Loop Performance Monitoring 278 7.5.1 The Harris Index 278 7.5.2 Obtaining the Impulse Response Model 279 7.5.3 Calculating the Harris Index 280 7.5.4 Estimating the Deadtime 281 7.5.5 Modifications to the Harris Index 282 7.5.6 Assessing Feedforward Control 283 7.5.7 Comments on the Use of the Harris Index 285 7.5.8 Performance Monitoring for PI Controllers 286 7.6 Multivariable Control Performance Monitoring 287 7.6.1 Assessing Feedforward Control in Multivariable Control 287 7.6.2 Performance Monitoring for MPC Controllers 288 7.7 Some Issues in the Implementation of Control Performance Monitoring 290 7.8 Discussion 290 Problems 291 References 291 8 Economic Control Benefit Assessment 297 8.1 Optimal Operation and Operational Constraints 297 8.2 Economic Performance Functions 298 8.3 Expected Economic Benefit 299 8.4 Estimating Achievable Variance Reduction 300 8.5 Worst-Case Backoff Calculation 300 References 301 A Fourier–Motzkin Elimination 303 B Removal of Redundant Constraints 307 Reference 308 C The Singular Value Decomposition 309 D Factorization of Transfer Functions into Minimum Phase Stable and All-Pass Parts 311 D. 1 Input Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 2 Output Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 3 Output Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 4 Input Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 5 SISO Systems 314 D. 6 Factoring Out Both RHP Poles and RHP Zeros 314 Reference 314 E Models Used in Examples 315 E.1 Binary Distillation Column Model 315 E.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracker Model 318 References 320 Index 321

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Book SynopsisMathematica for Physicists and Engineers Hands-on textbook for learning how to use Mathematica to solve real-life problems in physics and engineering Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers provides the basic concepts of Mathematica for scientists and engineers, highlights Mathematica’s several built-in functions, demonstrates mathematical concepts that can be employed to solve problems in physics and engineering, and addresses problems in basic arithmetic to more advanced topics such as quantum mechanics. The text views mathematics and physics through the eye of computer programming, fulfilling the needs of students at master’s levels and researchers from a physics and engineering background and bridging the gap between the elementary books written on Mathematica and the reference books written for advanced users. Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers contains information on: Basics to Mathematica, its nomenclature and programming language, and possibilities for graphic output Vector calculus, solving real, complex and matrix equations and systems of equations, and solving quantum mechanical problems in infinite-dimensional linear vector spaces Differential and integral calculus in one and more dimensions and the powerful but elusive Dirac Delta function Fourier and Laplace transform, two integral transformations that are instrumental in many fields of physics and engineering for the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations Serving as a complete first course in Mathematica to solve problems in science and engineering, Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers is an essential learning resource for students in physics and engineering, master’s students in material sciences, geology, biological sciences theoretical chemists. Also lecturers in these and related subjects will benefit from the book.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Foreword xvii About the Authors xix 1 Preliminary Notions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Versions of Mathematica 1 1.3 Getting Started 2 1.4 Simple Calculations 2 1.4.1 Arithmetic Operations 2 1.4.2 Approximate Numerical Results 3 1.4.3 Algebraic Calculations 3 1.4.4 Defining Variables 4 1.4.5 Using the Previous Results 5 1.4.6 Suppressing the Output 6 1.4.7 Sequences of Operations 6 1.5 Built-in Functions 7 1.6 Additional Features 9 1.6.1 Arbitrary-Precision Calculations 9 1.6.2 Value for Symbols 10 1.6.3 Defining Naming and Evaluating Functions 10 1.6.4 Composition of Functions 11 1.6.5 Conditional Assignment 12 1.6.6 Warnings and Messages 13 1.6.7 Interrupting Calculations 13 1.6.8 Using Symbols to Tag Objects 13 2 Basic Mathematical Operations 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Basic Algebraic Operations 15 2.3 Basic Trigonometric Operations 20 2.4 Basic Operations with Complex Numbers 21 3 Lists and Tables 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Lists 25 3.3 Arrays 26 3.4 Tables 26 3.5 Extracting the Elements from the Arrays/Tables 29 4 Two-Dimensional Graphics 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Plotting Functions of a Single Variable 31 4.3 Additional Commands 34 4.4 Plot Styles 44 4.5 Probability Distribution 58 4.5.1 Binomial Distribution 58 4.5.2 Poisson Distribution 58 4.5.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 59 4.6 Some More Useful Commands 61 5 Parametric, Polar, Contour, Density, and List Plots 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Parametric Plotting 65 5.3 Polar Plots 72 5.3.1 Polar Plots of Circles 72 5.3.2 Polar Plots of Ellipse, Parabola, and Hyperbola 72 5.4 Implicit Plot 80 5.5 Contour Plots 81 5.6 Density Plot 85 5.7 ListPlot and ListLinePlot 85 5.8 LogPlot, LogLogPlot, ErrorListPlot 88 5.9 Least Square Fit 89 5.10 Plotting of Complex Numbers 92 6 Three-Dimensional Graphics 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Plotting Function of Two Variables 97 6.3 Parametric Plots 101 6.4 3D Plots in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 102 6.5 ContourPlot3D 105 6.6 ListContourPlot3D 108 6.7 ListSurfacePlot3D 110 6.8 Surface of Revolution 112 6.9 Conicoids 114 7 Matrices 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Properties of Matrices 123 7.2.1 Matrix Multiplication 123 7.3 Types of Matrices 123 7.4 The Rank of the Matrix 124 7.5 Special Matrices 124 7.6 Creation of a Matrix and Matrix Operations 125 7.6.1 Extraction of the Submatrices or the Elements of the Matrices 126 7.7 Properties of the Special Matrices 133 7.8 Direct Sum of Matrices 137 7.9 Direct Product of Matrices 137 7.10 Examples from Group Theory 138 7.10.1 SO(3) Group 138 7.10.2 SU(n)Group 139 7.10.3 SU(2) Group 140 7.10.4 SU(3) Group 141 8 Solving Algebraic and Transcendental Equations 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Solving System of Linear Equations 143 8.2.1 Number of Equations Equal to Number of Unknowns 144 8.2.2 Number of Equations Less than the Number of Unknowns 146 8.2.3 Number of Equations More than Number of Unknowns 146 8.3 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 147 8.4 Solving Complex Equations 149 8.5 Solving Transcendental Equations 153 9 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 161 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 161 9.2.1 Distinct Eigenvalues Having Independent Eigenvectors 162 9.2.2 Multiple Eigenvalues Having Independent Eigenvectors 163 9.2.3 Multiple Eigenvalues Not Having Independent Eigenvectors 165 9.3 Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 166 9.4 Diagonalization of a Matrix 167 9.4.1 Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization Method 167 9.4.2 Diagonalizability of a Matrix 169 9.4.3 Case of a Non-diagonalizable Matrix 170 9.5 Some More Properties of the Special Matrices 172 9.6 Power of a Matrix 173 9.6.1 Roots of a Matrix 174 9.6.2 Exponential of a Matrix 174 9.6.3 Logarithm of a Matrix 174 9.6.4 Matrix Power Series 174 9.7 Power of a Matrix by Diagonalization 174 9.8 Bilinear, Quadratic, and Hermitian Forms 177 9.9 Principal Axes Transformation 178 10 Differential Calculus 183 10.1 Introduction 183 10.2 Limits 183 10.2.1 Evaluation of the Limits Using L’Hospital’s Rule 184 10.2.2 Application of L’Hospital’s Rule for the “Indeterminate Form” ∞ 185 ∞ 10.2.3 Evaluation of the Limit Using Taylor’s Theorem of Mean 186 10.3 Differentiation 188 10.3.1 Computation of Partial Derivatives 191 10.3.2 Total Derivative 193 10.4 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms 195 10.4.1 Chain Rule for a Function of Two Independent Variables 196 10.4.2 Chain Rule for a Function of Three Independent Variables 196 10.5 Rolle’s Theorem 198 10.6 Mean Value Theorem 198 10.7 Series 200 10.8 Maxima and Minima 209 10.8.1 First Derivative Test 210 10.8.2 Second Derivative Test 211 10.8.3 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval 213 10.8.4 Maxima and Minima of Two Variables 218 10.9 Differential Equations 222 10.9.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillator 225 10.9.2 LCR Circuit – Discharging of a Condenser Through an LR Circuit 227 11 Integral Calculus 235 11.1 Introduction 235 11.1.1 Indefinite Integral 235 11.1.2 Definite Integral 235 11.1.3 Numerical Value of the Integral 235 11.1.4 Assumptions While Evaluating the Integral 236 11.1.5 Multiple Integrals 236 11.1.6 Triple Integral 236 11.2 Evaluation of Indefinite Integrals 236 11.3 Evaluation of Definite Integrals 238 11.3.1 Numerical Value of the Integral 238 11.3.2 Options for Integration 239 11.4 Two and Three-Dimensional Integrals 240 11.5 Evaluation of the Integral in Polar Coordinates 242 11.6 Evaluation of Special Integrals 242 11.7 Orthogonal Polynomials 248 11.8 Area Between Curves 252 11.9 Application of Green’s Theorem in a Plane 256 11.10 Area of Surfaces of Revolution 257 12 Dirac Delta Function 263 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 The Limiting Form of the Dirac Delta Function 263 12.3 Integral Representation of the Dirac Delta Function 265 12.4 Some Important Properties of the Dirac Delta Function 267 12.5 The Three-Dimensional Dirac Delta Function 270 13 Fourier Transforms 273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Fourier Transforms 273 13.3 Scaling Property 280 13.4 Shifting Property 280 13.5 Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms 281 13.6 Fourier Transform of the Derivative 282 13.7 Inverse Fourier Transform 282 13.8 Convolution 283 13.9 Convolution Theorem for Fourier Transforms 291 13.10 Parseval’s Theorem 293 14 Laplace Transforms 295 14.1 Introduction 295 14.2 Some Simple Examples 296 14.3 Properties of the Laplace Transforms 297 14.3.1 Linearity 297 14.3.2 Shifting Property 297 14.3.3 Scaling Property 297 14.4 Laplace Transform of the Derivative 298 14.5 Laplace Transform of Certain Special Functions 299 14.6 The Laplace Transform of Error and Complementary Error Functions 300 14.7 The Evaluation of a Certain Class of Definite Integrals Using Laplace Transforms 300 14.8 The Inverse Laplace Transform 302 14.8.1 Inverse Laplace Transform of Standard Functions 303 14.8.2 Shifting Properties 303 14.8.3 Inverse Laplace Transforms of Derivatives 305 14.9 Solving the Differential Equation by Laplace Transform 306 14.10 Convolution Theorem 307 14.11 Graphical Treatment of the Convolution 308 15 Vectors 315 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Properties 315 15.3 Vector Differentiation 319 15.4 Directional Derivative 320 15.5 Unit Vector Normal to the Surface 320 15.6 Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in the Cartesian Coordinate System 320 15.6.1 Gradient 320 15.6.2 Divergence 321 15.6.3 Curl 321 15.6.4 Laplacian Operator (∇ 2) 321 15.6.5 Examples 322 15.7 Expressing the Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in Other Coordinate Systems 326 15.7.1 Spherical Coordinate System 326 15.7.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 330 15.8 Vector Plots 337 16 Linear Vector Spaces and Quantum Mechanics 343 16.1 Introduction 343 16.2 Linear Independence, Basis, and Dimension 343 16.3 Dimension of the Vector Space 343 16.4 Basis of the Vector Space 343 16.5 Completeness 344 16.6 Scalar Product in a Linear Vector Space 344 16.7 Norm of the Vector 344 16.8 Orthonormal Basis 344 16.9 Linear Independence of Functions 348 16.10 Hilbert Space 349 16.11 Completeness in Functional Space 350 16.12 The Dirac Ket and Bra Notation 351 16.12.1 The Scalar Product of Kets and Bras 351 16.12.2 Schwartz Inequality 352 16.12.3 The Orthonormal States 352 16.12.4 Basis 352 16.12.5 Probability Density 352 16.13 The Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Operators in Dirac Ket and Bra Notation 352 16.14 Expectation Values 353 16.15 Matrix Representation of the Linear Operator 359 17 Application of Mathematica to Quantum Mechanics 361 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 361 17.3 A Particle in a Two-Dimensional Box 365 17.4 The Hydrogen Atom Problem 368 17.4.1 The Orthonormal Property of the Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 371 17.5 The One-Dimensional Linear Harmonic Oscillator Atom Problem 373 17.6 Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 377 17.7 Miscellaneous Problems 382 References 385 Index 387

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Book SynopsisMoran's Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version, continues to offer a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics, while retaining an engineering perspective. With concise, applications-oriented discussion of topics and self-test problems, this book encourages students to monitor their own learning. This classic text provides a solid foundation for subsequent studies in fields such as fluid mechanics, heat transfer and statistical thermodynamics, and prepares students to effectively apply thermodynamics in the practice of engineering. This edition is revised with additional examples and end-of-chapter problems to increase student comprehension.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The industry-standard resource for maintenance planning and schedulingâthoroughly revised for the latest advancesWritten by a Certified Maintenance and Reliability Professional (CMRP) with more than three decades of experience, this resource provides proven planning and scheduling strategies that will take any maintenance organization to the next level of performance. The book resolves common industry frustration with planning and reduces the complexity of scheduling in addition to dealing with reactive maintenance. You will find coverage of estimating labor hours, setting the level of plan detail, creating practical weekly and daily schedules, kitting parts, and more, all designed to increase your workforce without hiri

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Book SynopsisTheory and Design for Mechanical Measurements provides a well-founded, fundamental background in the theory and practice of engineering measurements. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, the book offers a rigorous treatment of the subject with a flexible pedagogical framework for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference. It integrates the necessary elements to conduct engineering measurements through the design of measurement systems and measurement test plans, with an emphasis on the role of statistics and uncertainty analyses in that process. This International Adaptation offers new or expanded material on several topics, mostly under Fundamentals of Measurement, Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties, Sensors and Actuators. Along with extensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, the book includes practical discussion on real-world methods and techniques. The current applications of measurement theory and design are presented with examples, case studies, and vignettes. The updated end-of-chapter material includes significant number of new problems.Table of Contents1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Measurement System 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 1.4 Calibration 1.5 Standards 1.6 Presenting Data 1.7 Loading Effects 1.8 Applications of Measurement Systems Summary Nomenclature References Problems 2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 2.3 Signal Analysis 2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature, Problems 3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 3.4 Transfer Functions 3.5 Phase Linearity 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 3.7 Coupled Systems Summary References Nomenclature Subscripts Problems 4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 4.5 Hypothesis Testing 4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution 4.7 Regression Analysis 4.8 Data Outlier Detection 4.9 Number of Measurements Required 4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 4.11. Maximum Likelihood Theory Summary References Nomenclature Problems 5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Errors 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval Summary References Nomenclature Problems 6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters, 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires Summary References Nomenclature Problems 7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sampling Concepts 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 7.5 Voltage Measurements 7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing Summary References Nomenclature Problems 8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement, Summary References Suggested Reading Nomenclature Problems 9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pressure Concepts 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems 9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects 9.9 Acoustical Measurements 9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems Summary References Nomenclature Problems 10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Background 10.3 Flow Rate Concepts 10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination 10.5 Pressure Differential Meters 10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters 10.7 Mass Flow Meters 10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards 10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate Summary References Nomenclature Problems 11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Stress and Strain 11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges 11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits 11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement 11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation 11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques Summary References Nomenclature Problems 12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sensors 12.3 Actuators 12.4 Controls Summary References Nomenclature Problems A PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS B LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICS B.1 Final Value Theorem B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs C Standard Normal Table Reference GLOSSARY INDEX

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The 100th Anniversary Edition of the Cornerstone Text of Mechanical EngineeringâFully Revised to Focus on the Core Subjects Critical to the DisciplineThis 100th Anniversary Edition has been extensively updated to deliver current, authoritative coverage of the topics most critical to todayâs Mechanical Engineer.  Featuring contributions from more than 160 global experts, Marksâ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Twelfth Edition, offers instant access to a wealth of practical information on every essential aspect of mechanical engineering. It provides clear, concise answers to thousands of mechanical engineering questions.  You get, accurate data and calculations along with clear explan

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