Mechanical engineering and materials Books

Book SynopsisThe fields of nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, more widely known as nanotechnology, have experienced an explosion of interest, both scientific and industrial, over the past decade. This book is a compilation of articles and papers previously published by ACerS on the topic of nanotechnology. Information on research and development, manufacturing, and marketing will provide an excellent reference resource for those involved in this field. This collection includes 40 articles and papers from the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Ceramic Transactions (CTs), Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (CESP) and the American Ceramic Society Bulletin.Table of ContentsIntroduction. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Market Analysis of Nanostructured Materials (M.N. Rittner; Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull.; Vol.81, No.3, 2002). Nanosized Alumina Fibers (F. Tepper, M. Lerner, D. Ginley, Am.Ceram. Soc. Bull.; Vol.80, No.6, 2001). New Flame Process for Producing Nanopowders (G.S Tompa, G. Skandan, N. Glumac, and B.H. Kear; Am. Ceram. Soc .Bull.; Vol.78, No.10, 1999). Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Carbon Nitride-Related Nanomaterials from Chemical Vapor Deposition: Structure and Properties (E. G. Wang; Volume 85, No. 1, 2002). Effect of Ammonia Treatment on the Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon-Carbon-Nitrogen Ceramics Derived from Polymer Precursor Pyrolysis (Julin Wan, Matthew J. Gasch, and Amiya K. Mukherjee; Volume 85, No. 3, 2002). Novel Method to Prepare Electroconductive Titanium Nitride–Aluminum Oxide Nanocomposites (Jingguo Li, Lian Gao, Jingkun Guo, and Dongsheng Yan; Volume 85, No. 3, 2002). Near-Field Optical Characterization of Nanocomposite Materials (Lukas Novotny; Volume 85, No. 5, p. 1057-1060, 2002). Morphological Control of Zirconia Nanoparticles through Combustion Aerosol Synthesis (Amit U. Limaye and Joseph J. Helble; Volume 85, No. 5, 2002). Preparation of a Bioactive Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Silica Nanocomposite (Sang-Hoon Rhee and Je-Yong Choi; Volume 85, No. 5, 2002). Synthesis of Platinum/Silica Nanocomposite Particles by Reverse Micelle and Sol–Gel Processing (Dong-Sik Bae, Kyong-Sop Han, and James H. Adair; Volume 85, No. 5, 2002). Synthesis of a Hydroxyapatite/Collagen/Chondroitin Sulfate Nanocomposite by a Novel Precipitation Method (Sang-Hoon Rhee and Junzo Tanaka; Volume 84, No. 2, 2001). Evidence for Bulk Residual Stress Strengthening in Al2O3/SiC Nanocomposites (Luca Paolo Ferroni and Giuseppe Pezzotti; Volume 85, No. 8, 2002). Synthesis of Dense TiB2–TiN Nanocrystalline Composites through Mechanical and Field Activation (Jae Won Lee, Zuhair A. Munir, Masachika Shibuya, and Manshi Ohyanagi; Volume 84, No. 6, 2001). Nanofiber Formation in the Fabrication of Carbon/Silicon Carbide Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites by Slurry Impregnation and Pulse Chemical Vapor Infiltration (Nyan-Hwa Tai and Che-Fu Chen; Volume 84, No. 8, 2001). Single-Source Sol–Gel Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZnAl2O4: Structural and Optical Properties (Sanjay Mathur, Michael Veith, Michel Haas, Hao Shen, Nicolas Lecerf, Volker Huch, Stefan Hufner, Robert Haberkorn, Horst P. Beck, and Mohammad Jilavi; Volume 84, No. 9, 2001). Strengthening of Porous Alumina by Pulse Electric Current Sintering and Nanocomposite Processing (Sung-Tag Oh, Ken-ichi Tajima, Motohide Ando, and Tatsuki Ohji; Volume 83, No. 5, 2000). Reaction-Bonded and Superplastically Sinter-Forged Silicon Nitride–Silicon Carbide Nanocomposites (Naoki Kondo, Yoshikazu Suzuki, and Tatsuki Ohji; Volume 83, No. 7, 2000). Nonisothermal Synthesis of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanopowder through Oxalate Processing: I, Characteristics of Y-Zr Oxalate Synthesis and Its Decomposition (Oleg Vasylkiv and Yoshio Sakka; Volume 83, No. 9, 2000). Calcium- and Lanthanum-Modified Lead Titanate (PCLT) Ceramic and PCLT/Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene 0-3 Nanocomposites (Q. Q. Zhang, H. L. W. Chan, Q. F. Zhou, and C. L. Choy; Volume 83, No. 9, 2000). Ceramic Transactions. Preparation and Characterization of Iron Oxide-Zirconia Nanopowder for Its Use as an Ethanol Sensor Material (C.V.G. Reddy, S.A. Akbar, W. Cao, O.K. Tan, and W. Zhu; Ceramic Transactions Vol. 130, Chemical Sensors for Hostile Environments, 2002). Investigation of N–Cu–Zn Ferrite with High Performance Derived from Nanoferrite Powders (X. Wang, W. Qu, L. Li, Z. Gui, and J. Zhou; Ceramic Transactions Vol. 129, Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites V, 2002). Crack Healing and Strength Recovery in Thermally Shocked Sintered Alumina-SiC Nanocomposite (S. Maensiri and S.G. Roberts; Ceramic Transactions Vol. 128, Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites VII, 2002). Microstructure-Electrical Property Relationship in Nanocrystalline CeO2 Thin Films (V. Petrovsky, B.P. Gorman, H.U. Anderson, and T. Petrovsky; Ceramic Transactions Vol. 127, Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 2002). New Nanostructured Silicon and Titanium Nitride Composite Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries (I.-S. Kim, P.N. Kumta, And G.E. Blomgren; Ceramic Transactions Vol. 127, Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 2002). Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. Single-Step Preparation of Nanosized Ceramics and Composites from Metal–Organic Precursors (S. Mathur, M. Veith, H. Shen, and S. Hüfner; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Nasicon Powders and Thin Films (S.V. Kesapragada, S. Bhaduri, S.B. Bhaduri, E.G. Baburaj, and P.A. Lessing; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Manufacturing of Glass and Ceramic Matrix Composites by Electrophoretic Impregnation with Nanosized Powders ( J. Tabellion, C. Oetzel, and R. Clasen; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Comparative Investigation of Al2O3 and ZrO2 Nanopowders Synthesized by Different Methods (S. Appel, R. Clasen, A. Chkourankov, H. Natter, R. Hempelmann, S. Schlabach, B. Xu, and D. Vollath; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Characterization of Doped Glasses Manufactured by Sintering of Nanoparticles; K. Smeets and R. Clasen (CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Preparation of PLZT Powders from Nanosized Oxides (E. Bartscherer, K. Sahner, and R. Clasen; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Sintering Behavior and Grain Structure Development of ZrO2- and Al2O3-Compacts Fabricated from Different Nanosized Powders ( S. Appel, R. Clasen, S. Schlabach, B. Xu, and D. Vollath; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Advanced Ceramic or Glass Components and Composites by Electrophoretic Deposition/Impregnation Using Nanosized Particles (J. Tabellion and R. Clasen; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Physical and Mechanical Properties of Microwave Sintered Nano-Crystalline Hydroxyapatite (M.G. Kutty, J.P. Olberding, S. Bhaduri, J.R. Jokisaari, and S.B. Bhaduri; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Properties and Microstructure of Alumina–Niobium and Alumina–Neodymium Titanate Nanocomposites Made by Novel Processing Methods (J.D. Kuntz, G.-D. Zhan, J. Wan, and A.K. Mukherjee; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). A Novel Hybrid Route to Chemically Tailored, Three-Dimensional Oxide Nanostructures: The Basic (Bioclastic and Shape-Preserving Inorganic Conversion) Process (K.H. Sandhage, M.B. Dickerson, P.M. Huseman, F.M. Zalar, M.C. Carroll, M.R. Rondon, and E.C. Sandhage; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Silicon Nitride/Silicon Carbide Nanocomposites from Polymer Precursors (J. Wan, M.J. Gasch, and A.K. Mukherjee; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Properties of Si3N4-MoSi2 Composites with a Nanostructured Matrix (D. Sciti, S. Guicciardi, and A. Bellosi; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Solution-Based Processing of Nanocrystalline SiC (C.-A. Wang, M.D. Sacks, G.A. Staab, and Z. Cheng; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002). Solution-Based Processing of Nanocrystalline ZrC (Z. Hu, M.D. Sacks, G.A. Staab, C.-A. Wang, and A. Jain; CESP, Vol. 23, Issue 4, 2002).

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Book SynopsisTap into the American Ceramic Society’s knowledge base by accessing this compilation of recently published articles on ceramic armor. Ceramic-based armor systems are critical for reliable ballistic protection of military and police personnel, equipment, vehicles, aircraft and helicopters. Progress in Ceramic Armor covers materials such as boron carbide, alumina, silicon carbide, titanium diboride, and transparent armor. This collection includes 36 articles and papers from Ceramic Transactions (CTs) and Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (CESP)Table of ContentsIntroduction. CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS. An Overview of Ceramic Armor Applications (William A. Gooch). Practical Issues in Ceramic Armor Design (Bryn James). Ballistic Development of High Density Tungsten Carbide Ceramics (William A. Gooch, Mathew S. Burkins and Richard Palicka). Structure and Properties of Shock-Resistant Ceramics Developed at the Institute for Problems in Materials Science (B.A. Galanov, O.N. Grigoriev, S.M. Ivanov and V.V. Kartuzov). Ceramic Armor with Submicron Alumina Against Armor Piercing Prokectiles (E. Strassburger, B.Lexow and A. Krell ). An Overview of Ballistic Testing Methods of Ceramic Materials (Michael Normandia and William Gooch). Historical Perspectice on Ceramic Materials Damage Models (A.M. Rajendran). A Comparison of Ceramic Material Models (Douglas W. Templeton, Timothy J. Holmquist, Hubert W. Meyer, David J. Grove and Brian Leavy). Damage Mitigation in Ceramics: Historical Developments and Future Directions in Army Research (D.M. Stepp). Progress in the 3-D Visualization of Interior Ballistic Damage in Armor Ceramics (Joseph M. Wells, Nevin L. Ruper and William H. Green). An Assessment of Low Cost Manufacturing Technology for Advanced Structural Ceramics and Its Impact on Ceramic Armor (Richard E. Tressler). Solid Freeform Fabrication of Advanced Armor Concepts: Opportunities for Design and Manufacture (R.C. Danforth, M.J. Matthewson and D.E. Niesz). Developing and Ultra-Lightweight Armor Conept (Charles E. Anderson). Novel Ideas in Multi-Functional Ceramic Armor Design (Sia Nemat-Nasser, Sai Sarva, Jon B. Isaacs and David W. Lischer). A New Family of Reaction Bonded Ceramics for Armor Applications (M.K. Aghajanian, B.N. Morgan, Singh J. Mears and R.A. Wolffe). Flexible Ceramic Coated Fiber Fabrics for Lightweight Protection Systems (Konstantin von Niessen and Rainer Gadow). Improved Peformance of Alumina Ceramics with Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement (Michael Sennett, Sekyung Chang, Robert H. Doremus, Richard W. Siegel, Pulickel M. Ajayan and Linda S. Schadler). Recent Progress on the Influence of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on Ballistic Performance (J.C. LaSalvia). Transparent Armor Materials: Needs and Requirements (Parimal J. Patel and Gary A. Glide). Microwave Reactive Sintering to Fully Transparent Aluminum Oxynitride (AION) Ceramics (Dinesh Agrawal, Jiping Cheng and Rustum Roy). An Investigation of the Transmission Properties and Ballistic Performance of Hot Pressed Spinel (Mark C.L. Patterson, Don W. Roy and Gary Glide). The Effect of Microstructure on the Dynamic Behavior of Composite Alumina/Titanium Diboride (Kathryn V. Logan). Microstructure Development of Aluminum Oxide/Titanium Diboride Composites for Penetration Resistance (J.W. Adams, G.A. Glide, M. Burkins and L. Prokurat Franks). The Effect of Metal-Ceramic Bonding on Ballistic Impact (Kevin J. Doherty). Lightweight Ballistic Structures Made of Ceramic and Cermet/Aramide Composites (R. Gadow and K. von Niessen). Silicon Carbide-Based Ceramics for Ballistic Protection (E. Medvedovski). Toughness-Hardness Trade-off in Advanced SiC Armor (M. Flinders, D. Ray and R.A. Cutler). Development of Pressureless Sintered Silicon Carbide Monolith and Special-Shaped Silicon Carbide Whisker Reinforced Silicon Carbide Matrix Composite for Lightweight Armor Application (T.M. Lillo, H.S. Chu, D.W. Bailey, V.M. Harrison and D.A. Laughton). Design and Manufacturing B4C-SiC Layered Ceramics for Armor Applications, M. Logovy, V. Subbotin, O. Rachenko, J. Adams, M. Chheda, J. Shih, J. Sankar and S. Yarmolenko). Spinel Armor—Clearly the Way to Go (M.C.L. Patterson, A.A. DiGiovanni, D.W. Roy and G. Glide) CERAMI ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS (CEDP). A Brief History of Ceramic Armor Development (S.R. Skaggs). Relationship Between Defects and Dynamic Failure in Silicon Carbide (M. Bakas, D.E. Niesz, V.A. Greenhut, J. Adams and J. McCauley). Development of CMC-Materials for Lightweight Armor (B. Heidenreich, W. Krenkel and B. Lexow). The Physics of Ceramic from Shock-Wave Experiments (D.E. Grady). Tungsten Carbides for Armor Applications (J.J. Swab).

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Book SynopsisThe world's infrastructure is largely built of concrete. With growing populations in the developing countries of the world, such as India, and with the decay of existing infrastructure in developed countries, such as the U.S., the need for new materials with improved properties has become as imperative now as ever. High-performance concrete composites that include fibers and particulate matter along with advanced chemical admixtures and complex ternary and even quaternary cement blends represent a growing proportion of the concrete being used and would possibly be the future norm. Topics covered from this conference include Defining High Performance and Today's State-of-the-Art; Fiber-Based Systems for High Performance; Next Generation Cement Blends for High Performance; and Tools for Modern and Next Generation High Performance Research.Table of ContentsDefining High Performance and Today's State-of-the-Art. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (S. P. Shah and T. Voigt). High Performance Concrete- Present Scenario and Future Prospects in Indian Context (S. Gopalakrishnan, J. A. Peter, and K. Balasubramanian). Application of High Performance Concrete in India - Some Case Studies (S. A. Reddi). Fracture Characteristics of High Strength High Performance Concrete (B. K. Raghuprasad and B. H. Bharatkumar). Fiber-Based Systems for High Performance. High Performance Hybrid Composites for Thin Cementitious Products: the Next Generation (A. E. Naaman, T. Wongtanakitcharoen, and V. Likhitruangsilp). Fibre Based Systems for High Performance (S. K. Kaushik). Guidelines for Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements with High Strength Steel Fibres in Concrete Matrix (N. Lakshmanan and T. S. Krishnamoorthy). Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete-Applications in India (V.S. Parameswaran, K. Balasubramanian, and S. Gopalakrishnan). Flexural Cracks in Beams with Glass FRP Rebar and Fiber Reinforced Concrete (D. C. Jansen and W. K. Lee). Investigation of Wood Pulp Fiber Reinforcement for Ready Mixed Concrete Applications (H. J. Brown and J. H. Morton). Confinement Analogy Model for Hybrid Continuous/Discrete Reinforced Concrete Members (V. S. Gopalaratnam, Zeyad El-Shakra and H. Mihashi). Enhanced Performance of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Low Fiber Volume Fractions (M. Lopez de Murphy, T. Hockenberry, and A. Achenbach). Next-Generation Cement-Blends for High Performance. Hydration Kinetics of Portland Cement Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials (Y. Peng, W. Hansen, C. Borgnakke, and J. J. Biernacki). Next Generation Cement Blends for High Performance Concrete (A. K. Jain). Fly Ash Based High Performance Cementitious Composites (K. Ganesh Babu and P. Dinakar). Multi-Component Cementitious Systems and Their Influence on Durability of Concrete (N. Bhanumathidas, N. Kalidas, and G. A. B. Suresh). New Generation Admixtures for Enhanced Performance of Concrete (R. Shridhar). Influence of Fine Aggregate Lithology on Delayed Ettringite Formation in High Early Strength Concrete (A. M. Amde, Richard A. Livingston, and Kenneth Williams). Potential Use of Beneficiated Fly Ash in High Performance Concrete (K. A. Riding and M. C. Garci Juenger). Tools for Modern and Next Generation High Performance Research. Comparison of Different Methods for Characterization of Cement-Based Materials Subjected to Sulfate Attack (K. E. Kurtis, A. C. Jupe, N. N. Naik, S. R. Stock, and P. Stutzman). Sustainable Development: Approach for Research on Next Generation High Performance Concrete with Fly Ash in India (P. C. Basu). Rheological Measurements and Very Early Age Viscoelastic Property Measurements of Concrete (M. Neelamegam, N. P. Rajmane and J.K. Dattatreya). Non-Destructive and Partially-Destructive Test Methods for Condition Assessment of Corrosion Affected Structures (H. G. Sreenath). Fiber Optic Instruments for Monitoring Service Life Performance of In-place Concrete (K. Ravisankar). Considering Moisture Gradients and Time-Dependent Crack Growth in Restrained Concrete Elements Subjected to Drying (N. Neithalath, B. Pease, J. H. Moon, F. Rajabipour, J. Weiss, and E. Attiogbe). Meso-Scale Strain Measurements Using Synchrotron X-Rays (J. J. Biernacki, C. Parnham, J. Bai, T. Watkins and C. Hubbard). Investigation of Early Age Material Property Development in Cementitious Materials using One-Sided Ultrasonic Technique (K. V. Subramaniam and Jaejun Lee).

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive volume is a good summary of the latest developments in high-temperature superconductor (HTS) research and an excellent resource for researchers and managers working in this field. The book is divided into three chapters: coated conductors; BSCCO-based conductors, MgB2 , and other HTS materials; and control of microstructure. Papers include topics such as long-length flexible wires and tapes, melt-textured YBCO materials, processing of HTS materials, the current status and potential for YBCO-based coated conductors, BSCCO-based conductors, and MgB2 based wires. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 149.Table of ContentsCoated Conductors. Solution Buffer Layers for YBCO Coated Conductors (S. Sathyamurthy, M. Paranthaman, H.-Y. Zhai, S. Kang, C. Cantoni, S. Cook, L. Heatherly, A. Goyal, H.M. Christen, Md.S. Bhuiyan and K. Salama). Scale Up of High Performance High Temperature Superconductors (V. Selvamanickam, Y. Li, H.G. Lee, X. Xiong, Y. Qiao, J. Reeves, Y. Xie, A. Knoll and K. Lenseth). Inclined-Substrate Pulsed Laser Deposition of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Template Film for YBCO Coated Conductors (B. Ma, M. Li, B.L. Fisher, R.E. Koritala, R.M. Baurceanu, S.E. Dorris and U. Balachandran). Evaluating Superconducting YBCO Film Properties Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (P.N. Barnes, J.C. Tolliver, T.J. Haugan, S.M. Mukhopadhyay and J.T. Grant). Development of Low-Cost Alternative Buffer Layer Architectures for YBCO Coated Conductors (M.P. Paranthaman, T. Aytug, H.Y. Zhai, H.M. Christen, D.K. Christen, A. Goyal, L. Heatherly and D.M. Kroeger). Improvement of the Texture in AG Substrates for High Temperature Superconductor Deposition (D.M. Liu, M.L. Zhou, E.D. Li, W. Liu, Y.C. Hu, B. Zong, M. Liu and T.Y. Zuo). Chemically Coated Buffer Layers Deposited on Rolled Ni Substrates for HTS Coated Conductors (Y.X. Zhou, S. Bhuiyan, H. Fang and K. Salama). Development of Conductive La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Buffer Layers for Cu-Based RABiTS (T. Aytug, M.P. Paranthaman, A. Goyal, A. Gapud, N. Rutter, H.Y. Zhai and D.K. Christen). Pulsed Laser Deposition of YBCO with Yttrium Oxide Buffer Layers (R.M. Nekkanti, P.N. Barnes, L.B. Brunke, T.J. Haugan, N.A. Yust, I. Maartense, J.P. Murphy, S. Sathiraju, J.M. Evans, J.C. Tolliver and K.R. Marken Jr.). BSCCO-Based Conductors, MgB2 and Other HTS Materials. High Transport Properties in Iron-Clad MgB2 Wires and Tapes (H. Fang, S. Padmanabhan, Y.X. Zhou, P.T. Putman and K. Salama). Flux Loss Measurements of Ag-Sheathed Bi-2223 Tapes (M.-H. Jang, W. Wong-Ng, R. Shull, L.P. Cook, D. Suh and T. Ko). Preparation of SrZrO3 Thin Films on Bi(2223) Tapes for the Reduction in AC Losses (S.-J. Lee, D.Y. Lee, Y.-S. Song and K.-H. Ye). New Seeding Method for Texturing Y-Ba-Cu-O Bulk Superconductor: Multiple Seeded Melt Growth (Y.X. Zhou, H. Fang, K. Salama and U. Balachandran). Control of Microstructure. Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Thick YBa2Cu3O7-δ Films on RABiTS (K.J. Leonard, S. Kang, B. Kang, A. Goyal and D.M. Kroeger). Thickness Dependence of JcS in YBCO, TL-2212 and HG-1212 Thick Films (J.Z. Wu, R. Emergo and X. Wang). Damaged Effect in HTS Irradiated by U Fission Fragments (A. Gandini and R. Weinstein). Effect of Y2BaCuO5 Morphology and Size in Semisolid Melt on Growth Rate of YBa2Cu3O7-x Single Crystals (O. Jongprateep and F. Dogan). Flux Pinning and Properties of Solid-Solution (Y,Nd)1+XBa2-xCu3O7-δ Superconductors Processed in Air and Partial Oxygen Atmospheres (T.J. Haugan, J.M. Evans, J.C. Tolliver, I. Maartense, P.N. Barnes, W. Wong-Ng, L.P. Cook and R.D. Shull). Phase Relations in the BaO-R2O3-CuOx Systems (W. Wong-Ng, L.P. Cook and J. Suh). Studies on Nanoparticulate Inclusions in Y-123 Thin Films (S. Sathiraju, P.T. Murray, T.J. Haugan, R.M. Nekkanti, L. Brunke, I. Maartense, A.L. Campbell, J.P. Murphy, J.C. Tolliver and P.N. Barnes).

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Book SynopsisThis seventh volume of the Materials Science of Concrete series presents carefully selected state-of-the-art reviews on selected topics relevant to concrete and cement. This collection of new developments and information in the field of cement-based materials is a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and academics interested in concrete.Table of ContentsPrediction of a Portland Cement's Properties from its Chemical and Mineralogical Compositon. Tricalcium Silicate Hydration: A Historical Overview. Thermodynamics of Hydration Reactions. Tricalcium Silicate Hydration: A Historical Overview. Influence of Initial and Boundary Conditions on Moisture Transport in Hydrated Cement Systems. Ionic Interactions in Cement-Based Materials: Importance of Physical and Chemical Interactions in Presence of Chloride or Sulfate Ions. Mechanisms of Frost Damage. Early-Age Flexural Strength: The Role of Aggregates and Their Influence on Maturity Prediction. Drying stresses and Internal Relative Humidity in Concrete.

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Book SynopsisCurrent advances in the formulation and chemical aspects of glazes and glass coatings make this comprehensive resource the most up-to-date reference on glazes for the ceramics industry and studio potter. By focusing on the process of making ceramic coatings, their chemical makeup, and the properties of these coatings, Understanding Glazes is a book that will appeal to a wide-ranging audience from industries involved in the manufacturing of tile, ceramic coating materials, sanitaryware, tableware, hobby and giftware to faculty and students in ceramic engineering, to studio potters.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION. THE NATURE OF GLASS AND GLAZE STRUCTURE. FORMULATION OF GLAZES. Method of Presentation. Function of the Oxides. Leadless Gloss Glazes. Lead Glazes. Opaque Glazes. Satin and Matte Glazes. Glazes for Aesthetic Effects. Additives to Produce Surface Effects. How Many Glazes Do I Need? RAW MATERIALS FOR CERAMIC COATINGS. Sources of Each of the Oxides. Raw Materials to Avoid. Frits. Kinetic Effects in Glazing. BATCH CALCULATIONS. Batch to Oxide. The Role of Judgment. Oxide to Batch. Computer Programs. MILL ADDITIVES AND SLIP RHEOLOGY. Binders. Deflocculants. Flocculants. Suspending Agents. Other Additives. Slip Rheology. COLOR IN GLAZES. What Is Color? Color Spaces. Color Measurement. Sources of Color in Vitreous Coatings. Solution Colors. Pigment Manufacture. Oxide Pigments. Cadmium Sulfoselenide and Inclusion Pigments. Purity of Color. Effect of Coating Constituents. Theory of Color Matching. MIXING AND MILLING. APPLICATION TECHNIQUES. Dipping. Spraying. Waterfall or Bell Coating. Dry Glazing. Centrifugal Glazing. Painting. Dry Application Techniques. DECORATION. Media. Choosing a Method of Decoration. Lining and Banding. Hand Painting. Spraying. Printing. Decalcomania. Stamping. FIRING. Intermittent Kilns. Continuous Kilns. Comparison of Intermittent and Continuous Kilns. Fast-Firing. Reduction Firing. Firing Conditions. ADHERENCE AND FIT. Adherence. Coating Fit. Measurement of Thermal Expansion (Contraction). Stresses on Cooling a Fused-On Coating. Prediction of Thermally Induced Stress. Prediction of Thermal Expansion Coefficients. CHEMICAL DURABILITY. Corrosion Processes. Effect of pH. Corrosion by Hydrofluoric Acid. Effect of Glaze Composition. Tests for Corrosion Resistance. Lead and Cadmium Release from Ceramic Coatings. Summary. SURFACES: GLOSS, SATIN, MATTE. Gloss Glazes. Satin and Matte Glazes. DEFECTS AND THEIR CONTROL. Bubble Defects. Surface Texture. Crazing and Peeling. Specking. Crawling. Metal Marking. Dunting. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER. Cone 9-10 Celadon Glaze. Cone 9-10 Matte Glaze. Clear Gloss Glaze for Cone 9-10. Clear Gloss Glaze for Cone 5-6. Satin Glaze. Cone 1 Opaque White Gloss Glaze for Fast-Fire Tile. Cone 1 Opaque Colored Glaze for Fast-Fire Tile. Cone 1 Clear Gloss Glaze for Tile. Matte Glaze for Tile. CONCLUSION. Endnotes. Appendix I Manufacturers/Suppliers of Color Measuring Equipment. Appendix II Our Solution to the Batch Calculation Problem. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a summary of microwave processing research, processing and characterization tools, and applications specifically applicable to ceramic engineers. It will serve as an update/summary of research related to microwave processing of ceramic materials and as an introductory book to those wishing to initiate microwave studies or who wish to determine the potential applications in their area of expertise.Table of ContentsIntroduction: What is Microwave Processing? (D.E. Clark and D.C. Folz). THE BASICS. Microwave Processing of Ceramic Materials (W.H. Sutton). Principles of Industrial Microwave and RF Heating (R.F. Schiffmann). Fundamental Interaction Mechanisms Between Microwaves and Matter (R.E. Newnham, S.J. Jang, M. Xu, and F. Jones). Microwave Material Interactions and Process Design Modeling (W.R. Tinga). Modeling of Multi-Frequency Microwave Sintering of ZnO Ceramic (A. Birman, B. Levush, Y. Carmel, D. Gershon, D. Dadon, L.P. Martin and M. Rosen). Equipment Safety for Microwave and Radio Frequency Processing of Ceramics (J.F. Gerling). Fundamentals and Application of Dielectric Heating Technologies for Materials Processing: A Review (J.W. Cresko). PUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE Microwave Drying of Electrical Porcelain: A Feasibility Study (W.A. Hendrix and T. Martin). Microwave Energy Versus Convected Hot Air for Rapidly Drying Ceramic Tile (D.A. Earl, D.E. Clark, and R.L. Schulz). Microwave Sintering Kilogram Batches of Silicon Nitride (P.A. Apte and W.D. MacDonald). Sintering of Traditional Ceramics By Microwaves (84 GHz and 2.45 GHz) (S. Takayama, M. Mizuno, S. Obata, T. Shimada, K. Satake, M. Sato, T. Mutoh, T. Shimotuma, S. Ito, K. Ida, T. Inoue, K. Esaki, O. Motojima and M. Fujiwara). Microwave Plasma Sintering of Alumina (M.P. Sweeney and D.L. Johnson). Microwave Processing of Ceramics, Composites and Metallic Materials (D. Agrawal, J. Cheng, Y. Fang and R. Roy). Microwave Plasma Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Application of Microwave to Produce New Materials (D.V. Szabo, D. Vollath and W. Arnold). Hybrid Microwave Firing of Heavy Clay Products (G.V.A. Tayler, M. Anderson and M. Hamlyn). Annealing and Self-Healing of Microwaved Ceramics (M.S. Morrow, D.E. Schnechter, P.A. Eggleston, H.E. Huey and Q.S. Wang). Enhancement of Cutting Performance of Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools (Microwave Treatment by S. Aravindan, J. Ramkumar, S.K. Malhotra and R. Krishnamurthy). Microwave Heating of Glass (U. Kolberg and H. Roemer). Surface Modification of Sodium Aluminosilicate Glasses Using Microwave Energy (Z. Fathi, I. Ahmad, J.H. Simmons, D.E. Clark and A.R. Lodding). Microwave Crystallization of Glass (A. Boonyapiwat, D.C. Folz and D.E. Clark). Microwave Joining of Engineering Ceramics (J.G.P. Binner, P.A. Davis, T.E. Cross and J.A. Fernie). Auto Ignition Synthesis and Microwave Sintering of Nanocrystalline Ceramics (S.B. Bhaduri, W.R. Tinga, J.G. Huang, E.H. Zhou and S. Bhaduri). THE TOOLS Designing Industrial Microwave Heating Systems for Safe Operation: Batch Ovens (R.F. Schiffmann). A Technical Review of Equipment and Methods for Waveguide Power Measurement in Microwave Heating Applications (J.F. Gerling). Sintering of Ceramics Using Low-Frequency RF Power (J.B.O. Caughman, D.J. Hoffman, F.W. Baity, M.A. Akerman, S.C. Forrester and M.D. Kass). Materials Processing Via Variable Frequency Microwave Irradiation (R.S. Garard, Z. Fathi and J.B. Wei). MM-Wave Processing of Ceramics (G. Link, W. Bauer, A. Weddigen, H.-J. Ritzhaupt-Kleissl and M. Thumm). Temperature Measurements in a 2.45 GHz Microwave Furnace (D.J. Grellinger and M.A. Janney). Temperature Measurement in Microwave-Heated Silicon Wafers (K. Thompson, J.H. Booske, R.F. Cooper, Y.B. Gianchandani and S. Ge). Scanning Dielectric Analysis-Another Analytical Tool for Ceramics Studies (R.M. Hutcheon, J. Mouris, P. Hayward and C. Pickles) PROFITING FROM MICROWAVES. Microwave and RF Energy Utilization - Expert and Audience Perspectives (W.R. Tinga). Dielectric Heating: EPRI's Perspective on the Market and the Technology (C. Gellings). Commercialization - Steps to Successful Applications and Scaleup (B. Krieger). Commercializing Microwave Systems: Paths to Success or Failure (R.F. Schiffmann). An Industrial Application of Microwave Heating: Continuous Drying of Inorganic Salts (J.I. Ortigosa). Scaling Up the Microwave Firing of Ceramics (F.C.R. Wroe). Microwave-Assisted Processing - From Laboratory to Production (S.M. Bond). Parallam - New Structural Wood Composite (M.C. Churchland).

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Book SynopsisThis book is the result of a study to develop a high-temperature melt properties database with sufficient comprehensiveness and reliability to allow mathematical modeling of glass melting and forming processes for improved product quality, improved efficiency and lessened environmental impact. The study was initiated by the U.S. glass industry through the National Science Foundation Industry/University Center for Glass Research at Alfred University (CGR) and funded in part by a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy's Industrial Technologies Program.Table of ContentsCommercial and Statistically Designed Glass Composition (T. Vascott and T.P. Seward III). Gas Solubility and Water Diffusion in Glasses and Melts of Commercial Compositions (J.E. Shelby). Water Diffusion (J.E. Shelby). Solubility and Diffusion of SO3 in Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass Melts at High Temperatures (O.A. Prokhorenko). Radiative Thermal Conductivity of Melts (O.A. Prokhorenko). The Measurement of the Density and Surface Tension of Glass Melts Using the Sessile Drop Method (A.G. Clare, A. Kucuk, D.R. Wing, and L.E. Jones). Viscosity of Commercial Glasses (A. Fluegel, A.K. Varshneya, J.E. Shelby, P. Hrma, C.A. See, O.P. Lam, K.B.C. Minister). High-Temperature Viscosity of Commercial Glasses (P. Hrma, C.A. See, O.P. Lam, K.B.C. Minister). Parallel Plate Viscometry (A. Fluegel and A.K. Varshneya). Transformation Range Viscosity Measurements (J.E. Shelby). Electrical Resistivity (A.K. Varshneya, T. Vascott, R. Karuppanan and J.M. Jones). Statistical Analysis of Viscosity, Electrical Resistivity, and Further Glass Melt Properties (A. Fluegel, D.A. Earl, A.K. Varshneya and D. Öksoy). Summary (T.P. Seward III). Appendix I. Glass Properties (J.E. Shelby). Appendix II. Glass Compositions in Mol %. Appendix III. Units, Conversions, and Molecular Weights.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of over 200 papers from the 9th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories is broad-ranging and diverse in perspective. Topics include steelmaking refractories, castable technology, global refractories education and technology and industrial applications. Numerous papers are from representatives from major international steel companies.Table of ContentsSteelmaking Refractories. Secondary Metallurgy. Carbon Containing. Steel Ladles. Operations. Continuous Casting. Blast Furnaces & Coke Ovens. Castable Technology. Installed Properties. Installation Essentials. Carbon Containing. Curing & Dewatering. Molten Liquid Interactions. Robert E. Moore Memorial Symposium. In Situ and Ex Situ Characterization. Worldwide Raw Materials. Ultra High Temperataure Ceramics. Environmental Sustainability. Refractories for Primary Aluminum. Foundry Applications. Glass Production. New Development and Test Methods. Hydrocarbon Processing. Fracture of Refractories.

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Book SynopsisControl Loops are the feedback mechanisms that work between a sensor or site control and a set of system or component settings-such as temperature or pressure. Understanding the various dynamics that come in to play when trying to control any active system can be complex and difficult, but this book seeks to make that effort much easier and more applicable to the day-to-day job site. The new edition will have greater coverage of on new software-driven control loop systems and control loop analytics. Readers will find: Review of control loop fundamentals, including PID controllers, loop dynamics and common tuning methods Coverage of the effects of various kinds of dynamics, including process, controller, measurement, valve and nonlinear dynamics New chapters on computer-aided control loop tuning methods and smart systems Summaries with useful control loop equations and algorithms

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Book SynopsisControl engineers, mechanical engineers and mechanical technicians will learn how to select the proper control systems for axial and centrifugal compressors for proper throughput and surge control, with a particular emphasis on surge control. Readers will learn to understand the importance of transmitter speed, digital controller sample time, and control valve stroking time in helping to prevent surge. Engineers and technicians will find this book to be a highly valuable guide on compressor control schemes and the importance of mitigating costly and sometimes catastrophic surge problems. It can be used as a self-tutorial guide or in the classroom with the book's helpful end-of-chapter questions and exercises and sections for keeping notes.

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Book SynopsisAbout the BookMore and more, the patterns and scientific principles of natural living systems are being mimicked and exploited in man-made engineered systems and products. That trend is now starting to appear in the curricula design of engineering schools. This will be the first broad-based introduction to the influence of nature and biological systems in how things are designed and made, from new design paradigms and structural systems to "self-healing materials" and "smart" systems and robotics. Presented as a traditional textbook, with accompanying Solutions and Instructor's Manuals, it will offer both students and professionals new to the subject a window into the new world of engineering. The reader will find: A general overview of the relationship between living systems and engineering and how biosystems can and do affect engineering design, from structural materials to thermal-fluid behavior to systems engineering Applications of bio-systems to robotics and biomedical engineering End of chapter problems and exercises to reinforce design concepts and expand understanding

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Book SynopsisEnergy Engineers, Technology Managers, and political leaders all need a solid, holistic understanding of where the world finds its energy - the limits of that energy - and what we will need to do in the future if we are to have a cleaner and environmentally sustainable world, all without sacrificing our modern technological-based civilization. This book will shed some much needed light on that conundrum. It: Uses the tools of Systems Analysis to plan for the eventual transition to Sustainable Energy Explains how to Optimize Energy Sources and allocation using MERIT: Multi-layered Energy Resource and Infrastructure Tools Covers Energy Planning for both Developed and Underdeveloped nations, using LEAP, the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning Tool As a companion to the authors' first book, The Path to Sustainable Energy, this book will provide the quantitative tools to assess energy demand and supply scenarios in an integrated, 'systems analysis' approach. Using quantitative models, metrics, and narrative case stories, the book will be the first to address energy planning from the perspective of the new field of 'Earth Systems Engineering and Management (ESEM).' This new ESEM discipline is based on the integration of earth sciences with human economics and development needs. The book will take a particularly close look at the underdeveloped world that currently lacks access to modern energy, and which is crippled by its dependence on dirty, inefficient biomass fuels to meet bare subsistence needs. That focus will benefit from the work being done now with projects in Africa through the AHEAD Energy Corporation, a non-profit founded by the authors.

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Book SynopsisConjugate methods, also sometimes referred to as coupled equations, are used to analyze the inter-dependent relationship of two sets of governing equations--for example in understanding the movement of heat across the boundary from one object to another or the transfer of energy from a moving fluid to a surrounding elastic medium. This will be the first definitive text in years to offer a broad overview of conjugate methods and their more typical applications, with an emphasis on the advantages and benefits of this type of engineering analysis. Students and professionals alike will gain a better understanding of the practical uses for conjugate mathematical methods in solving often intractable problems in heat transfer and fluid mechanics. Ample end of chapter examples and problem sets will help to reinforce the theory and knowledge presented in the book. Some highlights are: Reviews basics of heat conduction in solids and convective heat transfer Offers both analytic and numerical methods for solving conjugate boundary condition problems Numerous detailed examples of applications in industrial problems, biomechanical systems, and other areas of heat transfer and fluid mechanics End of chapter problems and Solutions Manual

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Book SynopsisTubular combustors are cylindrical tubes where flame ignition and propagation occur in a spatially confined, highly controlled environment, in a nearly flat, elongated geometry. This allows for some unique advantages where extremely even heat dispersion is required over a large surface while still maintaining fuel efficiency. Tubular combustors also allow for easy flexibility in type of fuel source, allowing for quick changeover to meet various needs and changing fuel pricing. This new addition to the MP sustainable energy series will provide the most up-to-date research on tubular combustion--some of it only now coming out of private proprietary protection. Plentiful examples of current applications along with a good explanation of background theory will offer readers an invaluable guide on this promising energy technology. Highlights include: An introduction to the theory of tubular flames The 'how to' of maintaining stability of tubular flames through continuous combustion Examples of both small-scale and large-scale applications like steel making, chemical processing, flexible-fuel-source heaters, efficient boilers, and other similar uses

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Book SynopsisFinite Element Analysis is a very popular, computer-based tool that uses a complex system of points called nodes to make a grid called a "mesh". The mesh contains the material and structural properties that define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions, allowing virtual testing and analysis of stresses or changes applied to the material or component design. This groundbreaking text extends the usefulness of finite element analysis by helping both beginners and advanced users alike. It simplifies, improves, and extends both the finite element method while at the same time advancing adaptive refinement procedures. The book presents: A more simplified approach to finite element analysis based on computational continuum mechanics Physically interpretable notation that identifies a common basis for the finite element and the finite difference methods New point-wise error estimators that identify errors in terms of quantities of direct interest in solid mechanics

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Book SynopsisLong a leading book on this class of controllers, this new edition by industry authority David Spitzer will provide the latest improvements to variable speed drives, including automated âœsmartâ feedback systems. Readers with both basic and advanced controller knowledge will find this book to be extremely useful introduction to how variable speed drivers work, how they are best used, and what to do and what to avoid when employing them as part of an overall automated industrial enterprise, all with an eye on energy savings.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial automation has gone from simple pre-programmed machine instructions to complex general manufacturing, rules-based automation procedures. Unlike other books on industrial automation, this book focuses in on 'Manufacturing Operations Systems' (MOPS) in general. It describes their development, implementation and successful management. The book especially addresses the all-important human-machine interface: computer-based manufacturing procedures that are understandable to both computers and humans. Consequently, a language for writing procedures is discussed. It is a language based on Chinese grammar, which is the simplest of all complex human languages. Finally, the design of procedures is discussed as a hierarchy of complexity, along with exception handling at each level. Readers with basic experience using non-procedural automation can greatly benefit from the productivity gains possible from procedural-based automation. They will learn how to create procedural language that is as close to natural language as possible.The reader also will benefit from: A brief overview and history of Manufacturing Operations (MOPS) Coverage of manufacturing units and regulatory and sequential control Discussion of Data recording from MOPs and tasks An overview of Automating Manufacturing Tasks with DCS, PLC, and PCS Guidelines for setting up an Automated MOPS (AMOPS) project Guidelines for validating an AMOPS for regulated industries Examples of applications for both continuous and batch manufacturing

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Book SynopsisThis concise guide on statistical quality control in textile processes offers useful guidance to engineers and technicians on how to set up and conduct quality control procedures using the mathematical tools offered in this book. It presents an introduction to the control and optimization of textile processes and the resulting improved quality of manufactured textile products. Additionally, it also offers a review of the methods for experimental design, various textile processes, and the methods for derivation and optimization of mathematical models. Individual models are illustrated with numerical examples, which allow for easier comprehension and implementation of the methods. Special attention is given to the use of Taguchi methods in setting up experimental design models.

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Book SynopsisA field bus is a two-way link between a programmable controller or operations monitor and an industrial device like a sensor, an electric motor, or a switch. It is a critical part of any automated industrial process - whether for factory automation (discrete processes like an assembly line) or process automation (continuous flow of materials being mixed, treated, or processed). PROFIBUS is a widely established program that allows for communication among and between controllers, fieldbuses, and actuator devices. This very concise introduction for industrial engineers, controls engineers, and manufacturing technicians covers the basics of field bus architecture and communication and the fundamentals of the PROFIBUS language protocol.

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Book SynopsisThe storing, handling, and processing of bulk solid materials is fundamental to nearly every manufacturing and processing industry, from the food industry and agribusiness, to the plastics industry, to the mining and cement industries, to coal-fired electric utilities. This concise introduction to the use of radar for measuring solid materials in solution or in dispersion provides useful applications for industrial processing and manufacturing. It is a boon to industrial engineers, controls engineers, and manufacturing technicians who want to quickly learn about the great potential for automating processes heretofore considered too difficult by using radar-based sensing for solids measurement.

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Book SynopsisReliable and effective control systems are a critical component of safe and profitable operations across process industries. And many of our industrial facilities today continue to operate using legacy control systems from the past four decades that are at or near the end of their lifecycles. Migration projects to modern control systems are complex, requiring detailed upfront planning, a methodical implementation strategy and astute project management.This comprehensive collection of best practices guides you to control system migration success! Simple to follow for a broad range of control system experience levels, the handbook is: A practical application guide to walk you through the entire process from justification to vendor selection to cutover to close-out of the migration project A thorough resource to aid the identification of common and high-risk challenges and to offer innovative, proven solutions A concise primer of project management covering both the technical aspects of projects and the intangible factors for success A valuable roadmap providing real-world examples and anecdotes as well as usable checklists

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Book SynopsisIn order to enable the continuous conversion of the inflow of matter, energy or information into the corresponding outflow (of matter, energy or information), the process control and regulation is required. This book covers different topics from industrial process control, robotic process control, intelligent process control, and automation applied in different sectors.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science is an interdisciplinary branch of science that studies changes in the materials properties in both solid and liquid states, depending on some factors. This book edition covers different topics from engineering materials, including characteristics of engineering materials, spectroscopy techniques, semiconductor materials, and materials for batteries.Table of ContentsSection 1 Characteristics of Engineering MaterialsChapter 1 Wear Evaluation of Copper-Nickel-Aluminum Alloys under Extreme ConditionsChapter 2 Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of the Fiber-Reinforced Composite MaterialsChapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Gadolinium Oxide-Hematite Magnetic Ceramic NanostructuresChapter 4 Comparative Characteristics of Hydrated Lime with Fine Sewage Sludge Ash (FSSA) and Coal Fly Ash (CFA)Chapter 5 Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of Two Togolese Clays for Geopolymer SynthesisSection 2 Spectroscopy TechniquesChapter 6 Orientation Mapping of Extruded Polymeric Composites by Polarized Micro-Raman SpectroscopyChapter 7 Atomic Force Microscopy for Understanding Solvent Cointercalation into Graphite Electrode in Lithium Secondary BatteriesChapter 8 Structural Characterization of Carbon Nanomaterial Film In Situ Synthesized on Various Bulk MetalsChapter 9 Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces Investigated by Positron Annihilation SpectroscopySection 3 Semiconductor MaterialsChapter 10 Energy Transfer in Triple Semiconductor-Organic Hybrid StructuresChapter 11 Impulse Spatial-Temporal Domains in Semiconductor Laser with FeedbackChapter 12 Frequency Sweep Linearization for Semiconductor Laser Using a Feedback Loop Based on Amplitude-Frequency ResponseSection 4 Materials for BatteriesChapter 13 Flexible Paper-Based Li-ion Batteries: A ReviewChapter 14 Graphene-Based Composites as Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion BatteriesChapter 15 ZnO Nanocrystals as Anode Electrodes for Lithium-Ion BatteriesChapter 16 Reduction of Anisotropic Volume Expansion and the Optimization of Specific Charge Capacity in Lithiated Silicon NanowiresChapter 17 Improved Safety for Automotive Lithium Batteries: An Innovative Approach to include an Emergency Cooling Element

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Book SynopsisThe book focuses on the effect of ageing (thermo-oxidation, humid ageing) on the mechanical properties of organic matrix composite materials, covering: Bibliographic issues and a detailed state-of-the-art; phenomenological and experimental issues; modelling issues and models parameter identification; illustration and interpretation of experimental tests and proposal for novel test design in the light of the model predictions.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix Acknowledgements xxi Preface xxiii Introduction xxvii Chapter 1 Phenomenological Aspects of Thermo-oxidative Ageing of OMCs 1 1.1 Effect of thermo-oxidation on the local mechanical behavior of the polymer 7 1.1.1 Oxidized layers 10 1.1.2 EIT measurements by UMI 14 1.1.3 Introduction to the parameter γ, an oxidation tracer 19 1.1.4 Characterizing the local mechanical behavior of the polymer 24 1.1.5 Oxidized material 33 1.2 Study of matrix shrinkage induced by thermo-oxidation in unidirectional OMCs 37 1.2.1 Virgin sample 40 1.2.2 Sample oxidized under 2 bar O2 47 1.2.3 Air-oxidized sample 53 Chapter 2 Modeling of Thermo-oxidative Ageing of OMCs 59 2.1 Thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal variables 59 2.2 Development of an ageing-dependent behavior law for organic polymers 64 2.3 Taking into account the initial inelastic and chemical strains 77 Chapter 3 Identification and Simulations 79 3.1 Identifying the behavior law of thermo-oxidized polymers through the inverse analysis of ultra-micro-indentation tests 79 3.1.1 The method to identify the local mechanical behavior of virgin and oxidized polymers 79 3.1.2 Identification of local mechanical behavior of virgin polymers 83 3.1.3 Identifying the local mechanical behavior of the oxidized polymer 87 3.2 Identification of inelastic strains of chemical origin by inverse analysis of matrix shrinkage in unidirectional OMCs 93 3.2.1 Method for identifying inelastic strains in virgin and oxidized OMCs 96 3.2.2 Identification of inelastic strains and calculation of stresses in virgin OMCs 98 3.2.3 Identification of inelastic strains in oxidized OMCs 102 3.2.4 Validating the identification of inelastic strains of chemical origin 105 3.2.5 Numerical simulation of stresses induced by thermo-oxidation in UD OMCs 108 3.2.6 Rayleigh–Ritz approach for approximate computation of matrix shrinkage in OMCs 111 Conclusion and Perspectives 119 Bibliography 127 Index 133

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Book SynopsisThis book covers several aspects of the fatigue behavior of textile and short fiber reinforced composites. The first part is dedicated to 2D and 3D reinforced textile composites and includes a systematic description of the damage evolution for quasi-static and tensile-tensile fatigue loadings. Acoustic emissions and digital image correlation are considered in order to detect the damage modes’ initiation and development. The acoustic emission thresholds of the quasi-static loading are connected to the “fatigue limit” of the materials with distinctions for glass and carbon reinforcements.The second part is devoted to the fatigue behavior of injection molded short fiber reinforced composites. Experimental evidence highlights the dependence of their fatigue response on various factors: fiber and matrix materials, fiber distribution, environmental and loading conditions are described. A hybrid (experimental/simulations) multi-scale method is presented, which drastically reduces the amount of experimental data necessary for reliable fatigue life predictions.Table of ContentsPreface ix Part 1 Fatigue of Textile Composites 1 Chapter 1 Fatigue Behavior and Damage Evolution of 2D and 3D Textile-Reinforced Composites 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Experimental methodologies 5 1.3. Fatigue behavior and damage evolution in 2D E-glass plain weave textile-reinforced epoxy composite 9 1.3.1 Quasi-static tensile behavior and damage observation 10 1.3.2 Fatigue life and damage metrics 15 1.3.3 Fatigue damage observation and evolution 18 1.3.4 Postfatigue mechanical properties and damage observation 21 1.4 Fatigue behavior and damage evolution in single-ply non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave E-glass reinforced epoxy composite 24 1.4.1 Quasi-static tensile behavior and damage observation 26 1.4.2 Fatigue life and damage metrics 34 1.4.3 Fatigue damage observation and evolution 40 1.4.4 Postfatigue mechanical properties and damage observation 44 1.5 Fatigue behavior and damage evolution in 3D rotary braided carbon reinforced epoxy composite 49 1.5.1 Quasi-static tensile behavior and damage observation 51 1.5.2 Fatigue life and damage metrics 55 1.5.3 Fatigue damage observation and evolution 58 1.5.4 Postfatigue mechanical properties 60 1.6 Fatigue behavior and damage evolution in non-crimp stitched and unstitched carbon reinforced epoxy composite 63 1.6.1 Quasi-static tensile behavior 64 1.6.2 Fatigue life and damage metrics 67 1.6.3 Fatigue damage observation and evolution 71 1.6.4 Postfatigue mechanical properties 73 1.7 Remarks and perspectives 78 1.8 Bibliography 80 Chapter 2 Fatigue Limit: A Link to Quasi-Static Damage? 87 2.1 Fatigue limit 87 2.2 Damage development stages and load thresholds for quasi-static tension 90 2.3 Damage development in quasi-static tension and in the progression of fatigue loading 93 2.4 Experimental data on the fatigue limit and the quasi-static damage thresholds for textile composites 96 2.4.1 Fatigue limit for glass fiber reinforced composites 98 2.4.2 Fatigue limit for carbon fiber reinforced composites 100 2.5 Summary and conclusion on the fatigue life limit 102 2.6 Bibliography 104 Part 2 Fatigue of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites 107 Chapter 3 Experimental Observations of Fatigue of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites 109 3.1 Injection molded SFRC 110 3.2 SN curve behavior of SFRC 113 3.2.1 Fiber-based parameters 115 3.2.2 Loading-based parameters 121 3.2.3 Environmental effects 123 3.2.4 Specimen configurations 125 3.3 Loss of stiffness 127 3.3.1 Collection of loss of stiffness data 131 3.3.2 Comparison of the loss of stiffness curves 133 3.4 Future outlook and modeling strategy 136 3.5 Bibliography 137 Chapter 4 Fatigue Modeling of SFRC: A Master SN Curve Approach 145 4.1 Overall framework and modeling strategy 145 4.2 Choice of a mean field homogenization method 151 4.2.1 Benchmarking of schemes with full FE solution 153 4.3 Damage modeling 157 4.3.1 Fiber–matrix debonding: equivalent bonded inclusion approach 159 4.3.2 Matrix damage 163 4.3.3 Validation 163 4.4 MSNC approach 165 4.4.1 Scaling of SN curves using the endurance limit 166 4.4.2 MSNC approach 168 4.4.3 Validation 173 4.4.4 Comparison of the MSNC scheme with other schemes 177 4.5 Component-level simulations 181 4.6 Conclusions and future outlook 184 4.7 Bibliography 185 Index 195

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Book SynopsisThe set of books on Mechanical Engineering and Solid Mechanics, of which this book is the first volume, is an essential tool for those looking to develop a rigorous knowledge of the discipline, whether students, professionals (in search of an approach to a problem they are dealing with), or anyone else interested. This volume deals with the elements required for establishing the equations of motion when dealing with solid bodies. Chapter 1 focuses on the systems of reference used to locate solid bodies relative to the observer, and demonstrates how to describe their position, orientation, and evolution during their motion. Chapter 2 introduces descriptors of motion such as velocity and acceleration, and develops the concept of torsor notation in relation to these descriptors. Finally, Chapter 3 concerns the notions of mass and inertia, as well as the kinetic torsor and dynamic torsor which consolidate the kinematic and kinetic aspects in a single concept.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Table of Notations xv Chapter 1. Location of Solid Bodies 1 1.1. The notion of system of reference 1 1.2. Frame of reference 2 1.2.1. Setting up a frame of reference 2 1.2.2. Various types of frames of reference 9 1.3. Location of a solid body 14 1.3.1. The principle of locating a solid 15 1.3.2. Location parameters of a solid 15 1.3.3. Coordinates of the position vector 16 1.3.4. Exercises 20 1.4. Positioning of a system of reference connected to a solid 22 1.4.1. Several examples of location systems of reference 22 1.4.2. General location parameters 26 1.4.3. Euler angles 28 1.4.4. Changes of basis in the Euler representation 29 1.4.5. Exercises 36 1.5. Vector rotation R u ,α 44 1.5.1. Exercises 47 1.6. Other exercises 51 1.6.1. Exercise 7 – Location of an airplane – Euler angles 51 1.6.2. Exercise 8 – Vector rotation 55 1.6.3. Exercise 9 – Vector rotation 57 1.6.4. Exercise 10 –Vector rotation 59 Chapter 2. Solid Kinematics 63 2.1. Generalities on moving solids 63 2.1.1. Concept of a rigid material system 63 2.1.2. Notion of time 64 2.1.3. Kinematic components of a solid 65 2.2. Kinematics of a material point 66 2.2.1. Position vector 66 2.2.2. Trajectory of a material point in a reference frame 66 2.2.3. Velocity of a material point in a reference frame 67 2.2.4. Components of the velocity vector or velocity 68 2.2.5. Derivative of a vector in a basis 71 2.2.6. Acceleration vector of a material point in a reference frame 74 2.2.7. Exercises 79 2.3. Velocity field associated with the motion of the rigid solid 85 2.3.1. Fundamental formula for the velocity 85 2.3.2. Use of matrix notation 87 2.3.3. Velocity-distributing torsor 89 2.3.4. Partial distributing 89 2.4. Acceleration field of the rigid solid 91 2.4.1. Derivative in relation to the time of the rate of rotation 91 2.4.2. Derivation of a vector of the solid 92 2.4.3. Fundamental formula of acceleration 92 2.4.4. Matrix notation of the vectorial product 92 2.4.5. Exercises 93 2.5. Motion with fixed plane 102 2.5.1. Position of the problem 102 2.5.2. Instantaneous rotation center 104 2.5.3. Fixed and mobile centroids of the motion 106 2.5.4. The instantaneous center of rotation on the fixed centroid and on the movable centroid 107 2.5.5. Physical interpretation of the notions of fixed centroid and mobile centroid 108 2.5.6. Exercises 109 2.6. Combining motions within a mobile frame of reference 117 2.6.1. Position of the problem 117 2.6.2. Trajectory of a material point in the different frames 118 2.6.3. Combination of velocities 118 2.6.4. Combination of accelerations 123 2.6.5. Application exercises 128 2.7. Relative motion of two rigid solids in contact 141 2.7.1. Position of the problem 141 2.7.2. Velocity-distributing torsors 141 2.7.3. Characterization of motions 142 2.7.4. Nature of the contact between (S1) and (S2) 143 2.7.5. Exercises 145 2.8. Other exercises 156 2.8.1. Exercise 21 – Motion with fixed plane 156 2.8.2. Exercise 22 – Combination of motions 160 2.8.3. Exercise 23 – Kinematics of contact in a system 169 Chapter 3. Kinetics of Solid Bodies 177 3.1. The mass of a continuous mechanical set (D ) 177 3.1.1. The notion of measure on a continuous mechanical set 178 3.1.2. The volume and the mass of a continuous mechanical set 178 3.2. Center of the measure of μ on (D ) 179 3.2.1. Definition 179 3.2.2. Uniqueness of the center of measure 179 3.2.3. Center of measure of two disjoint sets 180 3.2.4. Coordinates of the center of measure in a system of reference (λ) 181 3.3. Interpretation of the notion of center of measure 183 3.4. Kinetic torsor of a mechanical set (D ) 183 3.4.1. Definition – linear momentum 183 3.4.2. Kinetic torsor { } S pλ of a rigid solid body 185 3.4.3. Inertia operator OS ( | ) I S m 186 3.4.4. Kinetic torsor and change of basis 196 3.5. Dynamic torsor of a mechanical set (D ) 198 3.5.1. Definition 198 3.5.2. Dynamic torsor of the rigid solid body (S) 199 3.6. Kinetic energy of a mechanical set (D ) 206 3.6.1. Definition 207 3.6.2. Kinetic energy of the free rigid solid body (S) 207 3.6.3. Derivatives of the kinetic energy - Lagrangian 213 3.6.4. Exercises 223 3.6.5. Kinetic energy of a constrained solid 238 3.7. Partition of a continuous mechanical set (D ) 239 Bibliography 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThis volume is the focal point of the work undertaken in the previous volumes of this set of books: the statement of the fundamental principle of the dynamics whose implementation, according to two paths whose choice depends on the problem to be treated, leads to equations of motion. In order to achieve this, it is treated first of all in the context of solids in their environment, as a prerequisite for the formulation of the fundamental principle. Then, in addition to its use in some exercises, the approach is illustrated by three particular cases. The first is an example where it is developed end-to-end and addresses the two approaches that lead to the equations of motion. The two other examples deal with two classical but important subjects, the movement of the Earth according to the hypotheses that can be stated about it, and Foucault’s pendulum.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Table of Notations xiii Chapter 1 Fundamental Principle of Dynamics 1 1.1 The fundamental principle of dynamics and its scalar consequences 1 1.1.1 Fundamental principle of dynamics 1 1.1.2 Choosing a frame 2 1.1.3 Preferred time scale 5 1.2 Secondary principles 7 1.2.1 First secondary principle of the separation of effects 7 1.2.2 Second secondary principle of effort generators 8 1.2.3 Third secondary principle of effort receivers 8 1.3 Motion of a set (D) in a given frame〈λ〉 9 1.3.1 Presentation of the context 9 1.3.2 Combination of accelerations 10 1.3.3 Coriolis inertial torsor 10 1.3.4 Drive inertial torsor 11 1.3.5 Relation between the dynamic torsors in the two frames 12 1.3.6 Applying the fundamental principle 13 1.4 Motion of a non-deformable solid in a given frame 14 1.4.1 Coriolis inertial torsor 14 1.4.2 Drive inertial torsor 16 Chapter 2 Solid in Space Efforts and Links: Power 19 2.1 Degrees of freedom of a solid 19 2.2 Free solid 20 2.2.1 Velocity distributing torsor 20 2.2.2 Kinetic torsor 21 2.2.3 Dynamic torsor 21 2.2.4 Kinetic energy 22 2.2.5 Applying the fundamental principle of dynamics 22 2.3 Linked solids and links 23 2.3.1 Links 23 2.3.2 Configurable links 24 2.3.3 Linked solids 25 2.4 Virtual power developed on a material set (D) 28 2.5 Power of the efforts exerted on a solid 30 2.5.1 Definition 30 2.5.2 Discrete force field 30 2.5.3 Non-deformable mechanical set 31 2.5.4 Continuous mechanical set 31 2.6 Properties of power 32 2.6.1 Powers developed in two distinct frames 32 2.6.2 Case of a system of forces equivalent to zero acting on a solid 32 2.6.3 Case of a system of forces equivalent to zero acting on a deformable mechanical set 33 2.6.4 Partial powers 34 Chapter 3 Scalar Consequences and Movement Equations 35 3.1 Establishment principle of the movement equations 35 3.1.1 Vector projection 36 3.1.2 Torsor products 37 3.1.3 Choice of representative scalar consequences 38 3.2 Movement equations of a solid 39 3.2.1 Scalar consequences via vector projection 39 3.2.2 Scalar consequences of the analytic mechanics of motion 57 3.2.3 Linear independence of torsors 58 3.2.4 Exercise 3 – Scalar consequences using analytical mechanics 60 3.3 Movement equations of the free solid 72 3.4 Movement equations of the linked solid with configurable links 75 3.4.1 Velocity distributing torsor and partial distributing torsors 75 3.4.2 Case of configurable links independent of time 76 3.4.3 Case of configurable links dependent on time 77 3.4.4 Perfect configurable links 78 3.5 Energetic expression of the equations of analytical mechanics 78 3.5.1 Case of configurable links explicitly independent of time 78 3.5.2 Case of configurable links explicitly dependent on time 79 3.6 Summary example 81 3.6.1 Locating the solid 81 3.6.2 Links 83 3.6.3 Solid kinematics 83 3.6.4 Kinetics of the solid 85 Chapter 4 Particular Applications 97 4.1 Simulation of the motion of Earth 97 4.1.1 Application of the fundamental principle 97 4.1.2 Theorem of dynamic moment at G 99 4.1.3 Theorem of dynamic resultant 108 4.2 Foucault’s pendulum 114 4.2.1 Observation of the phenomenon 114 4.2.2 Analyzing the phenomenon 116 Chapter 5 Methodological Formulary 127 5.1 Reference outline on the motion of a solid 127 5.1.1 Representation of a frame 127 5.1.2 Reference frame 129 5.1.3 Situation of the solid 130 5.1.4 Notion of basis in a frame 133 5.2 Kinematics of the solid 133 5.2.1 Kinematics of a material point M 134 5.2.2 Kinematics of non-deformable solids 139 5.3 Principle of motion with fixed plane 142 5.3.1 Kinematics of a solid 142 5.3.2 Fixed and mobile centroids in a motion with fixed plane 143 5.4 Combination of motions 145 5.4.1 Combination of velocities 145 5.4.2 Combination of accelerations 147 5.5 Kinetics of non-deformable solids 148 5.5.1 Center of measure 148 5.5.2 Linear momentum and kinetic torsor 149 5.5.3 Dynamic torsor 153 5.5.4 Kinetic energy 155 Bibliography 161 Index 163

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Book SynopsisThe final volume in the Non-deformable Solid Mechanics set, Movement Equations 5 deals with the dynamics of sets of solids. This volume provides the appropriate mathematical tools (torsor calculus and matrix calculus) to obtain and solve the equations of motion for a chain of solids. These equations are then used to acquire the information necessary for the design of mechanical systems. Also examined are the vibratory behavior of continuous (deformable) systems, rigid and deformable solids, and sets of several solids. The book concludes with a study of the response of an excited system as a function of the excitation frequency. Accompanied by detailed examples, this book is aimed primarily at students, but would also serve as a valuable support for working engineers and teacher-researchers.Table of ContentsPreface ix Table of Notations xi Chapter 1. Set of Solids with Neither Loops Nor Branches 1 1.1. Identifying a chain of solids with neither loops nor branches 1 1.2. Applying the fundamental principles of mechanics 2 1.2.1. Principle of effort generators 3 1.2.2. Principle of effort receivers 4 1.2.3. Applying the fundamental principle of dynamics 4 1.2.4. Theorem of mutual actions 7 1.2.5. Summary of equations obtained 8 1.3. Study of the movement of a chain of solids (case of three solids) 8 1.3.1. Applying the fundamental principle of dynamics 8 1.3.2. Solidifying parameters 9 1.3.3. Movement equations 11 1.3.4. Determining the link unknowns 18 1.4. Links between solids 18 1.4.1. Link associated with the point contact of two solids 18 1.4.2. Link torsor associated with the line contact of two solids 25 1.4.3. Link torsor associated with the surface contact of two solids 28 1.4.4. Fundamental links between two solids in contact 32 Chapter 2. Vibration Mechanics of Systems of Solids 35 2.1. Movement equations of a set of solids 35 2.1.1. Configuring and situating a set of solids in a Galilean frame 35 2.1.2. Velocity distributors of n solids 37 2.1.3. Torsors associated with loads and efforts 38 2.1.4. General equation of dynamics derived from the fundamental principle 39 2.1.5. Applying analytical mechanics of movement 39 2.2. Linear oscillatory systems with n solids 42 2.2.1. Setting the problem as an equation 42 2.2.2. Equilibrium of a set of n solids 46 2.2.3. Oscillations of a set of n solids 47 2.2.4. Vibration eigen modes of a set of n solids 48 2.2.5. Influence of the initial conditions of the problem 53 2.3. Studying the vibrations of a continuous set by passing to the limit 54 2.3.1. Taking the boundary conditions into account at any instant 59 2.4. Exercises 62 2.4.1. Exercise 1: movement equations – equilibrium 62 2.4.2. Exercise 2: movement around an equilibrium position 75 2.4.3. Exercise 3: dynamics of an RTT robot (one rotation + two translations) 85 Chapter 3. Vibrations with N Degrees of Freedom 97 3.1. Introduction 97 3.2. Homogeneous system – free vibrations (f1 = f2 = 0) 99 3.2.1. Without damping (cij = 0) 99 3.2.2. Solving the system (Σ) 100 3.2.3. Damped free system 108 3.3. Response on the time domain of an excited system 112 3.4. Exercises 113 3.4.1. Exercise 1: eigen modes of a system with 2 DOF 113 3.4.2. Exercise 2: free and forced oscillations of a conservative 2-DOF system 118 3.4.3. Exercise 3: calculation/test correlation 125 3.4.4. Exercise 4: damped system with a single excited mode 128 3.4.5. Exercise 5: system excited by the base 137 Chapter 4. Modal Analysis of N Degrees of Freedom 145 4.1. Introduction 145 4.1.1. Normal modes 145 4.2. Response in the frequency domain of a conservative structure subjected to a harmonic excitation 146 4.3. Response of a structure with proportional viscous damping to a harmonic excitation 150 4.4. Frequency response of a structure with proportional hysteretic damping 153 4.5. Exercises 155 4.5.1. Exercise 1: receptance matrix of a conservative structure 155 4.5.2. Exercise 2: receptance matrix of a structure with proportional viscous damping 164 4.5.3. Exercise 3: case of a non-diagonal mass matrix 170 References 177 Index 179

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Book SynopsisVolume 3 begins with an introduction to which are added four chapters focused on modeling and flow simulation in an environment in 2 or 3 dimensions (2D or 3D). They deal with different cases taken from situations found in the field. A conclusion comes close this third book: The different software used in this third volume Computer simulation of discrete flows Mixed flow simulation Flows in 3D and the evacuation simulation Flows in 3D for conveying and storage The conclusion discusses the future developments of the software and their integration into society. At the end of each volume is a bibliography and a list of web links. There is also a glossary explaining some abbreviations, acronyms and some very specific terminology of logistics and operations research.Table of ContentsAbout This Book ix Introduction xv Chapter 1 Computer Simulation of Discrete Flows 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Worked example 1 1.2.1 Map of the resort 2 1.2.2 Problem statement and design brief 3 1.3 Setting up the project in the ExtendSim 9 software 5 1.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 5 1.3.2 Designing the model and inputting constraints 7 1.3.3 Definition of flows 22 1.3.4 Running the simulation 22 1.3.5 Creation and allocation of resources 24 1.3.6 Rerunning the simulation 28 1.3.7 Generating a report and analysis 29 1.3.8 Development, enhancement and improvement 31 1.3.9 Hierarchy 38 1.3.10 Appearance design 40 1.4 Conclusion 44 Chapter 2 Simulation of Mixed Flows 47 2.1 Mixed Flows 47 2.2 An example of modeling mixed flows 48 2.2.1 Problem statement and specifications 48 2.3 Creating and inputting the project in ExtendSim 52 2.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 52 2.3.2 Soda production and bottling 53 2.3.3 Transport, carbonation and labeling 80 2.3.4 Packaging and storage 85 2.3.5 Maintenance and cleaning 93 2.3.6 Finishing touches 98 2.4 Conclusion 108 Chapter 3 3D Flows and Evacuation Simulation 109 3.1 3D flows 109 3.2 The Pathfinder software 110 3.3 Evacuation of a building with PathFinder 111 3.3.1 Importing and formatting the first floor plans 113 3.3.2 Creating the different first floor rooms 117 3.3.3 Creating the first floor doors 120 3.3.4 Populating with occupants 122 3.3.5 Simulation and results for the first floor evacuation 123 3.3.6 Incorporating furniture 126 3.3.7 Importing and formatting the second floor plans 128 3.3.8 Creating rooms, doors and populating with occupants 129 3.3.9 Creating the stairs 130 3.3.10 Simulation and results for evacuation of the whole building 134 3.4 Extensions 146 3.4.1 Moving to SFPE mode 146 3.4.2 Groups of occupants 148 3.4.3 Managing the elevators 148 3.4.4 Creating viewpoints 154 3.4.5 Creating camera tours 156 3.4.6 Further possibilities 158 Chapter 4 3D Flows, Distribution and Warehousing 159 4.1 Product distribution 159 4.2 The FlexSim software 159 4.3 Basic concepts of the FlexSim software 160 4.3.1 General appearance of FlexSim 160 4.3.2 Libraries 162 4.3.3 Mouse-based functions 164 4.3.4 Connections between objects 165 4.4 Worked example 166 4.4.1 Description of the warehouse 167 4.4.2 Warehouse operation 168 4.4.3 Modeling stage 1 170 4.4.4 Modeling stage 2 178 4.4.5 Modeling stage 3 184 4.5 Detailed flow and task executer management 194 4.5.1 Generation of containers with several types of content 194 4.5.2 A fixed resource for task executers 198 4.5.3 Shared task executers 200 4.5.4 Pulled and pushed flows and more 204 4.5.5 Naming items 210 4.5.6 Timetables, groups and resources 216 4.6 Experimenter 231 4.6.1 Constructing the model 231 4.6.2 Adding the dashboard 232 4.6.3 Configuring the Experimenter 235 4.7 Concluding remarks 239 Conclusion 241 Glossary 245 Bibliography 251 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThe objective of this work on the mechanics of aeronautical solids, materials and structures is to give an overview of the principles necessary for sizing of structures in the aeronautical field. It begins by introducing the classical notions of mechanics: stress, strain, behavior law, and sizing criteria, with an emphasis on the criteria specific to aeronautics, such as limit loads and ultimate loads.Methods of resolution are then presented, and in particular the finite element method. Plasticity is also covered in order to highlight its influence on the sizing of structures, and in particular its benefits for design criteria.Finally, the physics of the two main materials of aeronautical structures, namely aluminum and composite materials, is approached in order to clarify the sizing criteria stated in the previous chapters.Exercises, with detailed corrections, then make it possible for the reader to test their understanding of the different subjects. Trade ReviewReview copy sent to The Aeronautical Journal 23/11/2017. Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Stress 1 1.1 Notion of stress 1 1.1.1 External forces 1 1.1.2 Internal cohesive forces 2 1.1.3 Normal stress, shear stress 2 1.2 Properties of the stress vector 3 1.2.1 Boundary conditions 3 1.2.2 Torsor of internal forces 5 1.2.3 Reciprocal actions 8 1.2.4 Cauchy reciprocal theorem 9 1.3 Stress matrix 11 1.3.1 Notation 11 1.3.2 Invariants of the stress tensor 13 1.3.3 Relation between the stress matrix and the stress vector 15 1.3.4 Principal stresses and principal directions 18 1.4 Equilibrium equation 21 1.5 Mohr’s circle 23 Chapter 2 Strain 27 2.1 Notion of strain 27 2.1.1 Displacement vector 27 2.1.2 Unit strain 28 2.1.3 Angular distortion 30 2.2 Strain matrix 33 2.2.1 Definition of the strain matrix 33 2.2.2 Principal strains and principal directions 37 2.2.3 Volume expansion 39 2.2.4 Invariants of strain tensor 40 2.2.5 Compatibility condition 40 2.3 Strain measurement: strain gage 41 Chapter 3 Behavior Law 43 3.1 A few definitions 43 3.2 Tension test 43 3.2.1 Brittle materials 44 3.2.2 Ductile materials 45 3.2.3 Particular cases 46 3.3 Shear test 46 3.3.1 Brittle materials 47 3.3.2 Ductile materials 48 3.4 General rule 48 3.4.1 Linear elasticity 48 3.5 Anisotropic materials: example of a composite 53 3.5.1 Elasticity 53 3.6 Thermoelasticity 54 Chapter 4 Resolution Methods 59 4.1 Assessment 59 4.2 Displacement method 61 4.3 Stress method 61 4.4 Finite element method 62 Chapter 5 Work-energy Theorem: Principle of Finite Element Method 63 5.1 Work-energy theorem 63 5.1.1 Hypotheses 63 5.1.2 Strain energy 64 5.1.3 Work of external forces 65 5.1.4 Strain energy 66 5.1.5 Energy minimization: Ritz method 68 5.2 Finite element method 69 5.2.1 General principle of finite element method 69 5.2.2 Example of the three-node triangular element 74 5.3 Application: triangle with plate finite element using Catia 80 Chapter 6 Sizing Criteria of an Aeronautical Structure 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Experimental determination of a sizing criterion 85 6.3 Normal stress or principal stress criterion: brittle material 87 6.4 Stress or maximum shear energy criterion: ductile material 91 6.4.1 Tresca criterion 91 6.4.2 Von Mises criterion 93 6.4.3 Rupture of a ductile material 96 6.5 Maximum shear criterion with friction: compression of brittle materials 99 6.6 Anisotropic criterion: example of the composite 105 Chapter 7 Plasticity 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Plastic instability: necking, true stress and true strain 111 7.3 Plastic behavior law: Ramberg–Osgood law 116 7.4 Example of an elastic–plastic calculation: plate with open hole in tension 118 Chapter 8 Physics of Aeronautical Structure Materials 127 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Aluminum 2024 130 8.3 Carbon/epoxy composite T300/914 135 8.4 Polymers 140 Chapter 9 Exercises 151 9.1 Rosette analysis 151 9.2 Pure shear 154 9.3 Compression of an elastic solid 154 9.4 Gravity dam 155 9.5 Shear modulus 156 9.6 Modulus of a composite 157 9.7 Torsional cylinder 158 9.8 Plastic compression 160 9.9 Bi-material beam tension 162 9.10 Beam thermal expansion 164 9.11 Cube under shear stress 165 9.12 Spherical reservoir under pressure 166 9.13 Plastic bending 169 9.14 Disc under radial tension 171 9.15 Bending beam: resolution by the Ritz method 173 9.16 Stress concentration in open hole 174 9.17 Bending beam 178 Chapter 10 Solutions to Exercises 183 10.1 Rosette analysis 183 10.2 Pure shear 191 10.3 Compression of an elastic solid 192 10.4 Gravity dam 196 10.5 Shear modulus 201 10.6 Modulus of a composite 203 10.7 Torsional cylinder 206 10.8 Plastic compression 212 10.9 Bi-material beam tension 215 10.10 Beam thermal expansion 225 10.11 Cube under shear stress 231 10.12 Spherical reservoir under pressure 235 10.13 Plastic bending 240 10.14 Disc under radial tension 245 10.15 Bending beam: resolution by the Ritz method 252 10.16 Stress concentration in open hole 256 10.17 Bending beam 259 Appendix 273 Bibliography 279 Index 281

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Book SynopsisMost physical problems can be written in the form of mathematical equations (differential, integral, etc.). Mathematicians have always sought to find analytical solutions to the equations encountered in the different sciences of the engineer (mechanics, physics, biology, etc.). These equations are sometimes complicated and much effort is required to simplify them. In the middle of the 20th century, the arrival of the first computers gave birth to new methods of resolution that will be described by numerical methods. They allow solving numerically as precisely as possible the equations encountered (resulting from the modeling of course) and to approach the solution of the problems posed. The approximate solution is usually computed on a computer by means of a suitable algorithm. The objective of this book is to introduce and study the basic numerical methods and those advanced to be able to do scientific computation. The latter refers to the implementation of approaches adapted to the treatment of a scientific problem arising from physics (meteorology, pollution, etc.) or engineering (structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, signal processing, etc.) .Table of ContentsPreface xi Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Review of Linear Algebra 3 1.1. Vector spaces 3 1.1.1. General definitions 3 1.1.2. Free families, generating families and bases 4 1.2. Linear mappings 5 1.3. Matrices 7 1.3.1. Operations on matrices 7 1.3.2. Change-of-basis matrices 8 1.3.3. Matrix notations 9 1.4. Determinants 10 1.5. Scalar product 12 1.6. Vector norm 12 1.7. Matrix eigenvectors and eigenvalues 13 1.7.1. Definitions and properties 13 1.7.2. Matrix diagonalization 15 1.7.3. Triangularization of matrices 15 1.8 Using Matlab 16 Chapter 2 Numerical Precision 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Machine representations of numbers 22 2.3. Integers 23 2.3.1. External representation 23 2.3.2. Internal representation of positive integers 24 2.4. Real numbers 25 2.4.1. External representation 25 2.4.2. Internal encoding of real numbers 25 2.5. Representation errors 26 2.5.1. Properties of computer-based arithmetic 27 2.5.2. Operation of subtraction 28 2.5.3. Stability 29 2.6. Determining the best algorithm 29 2.7 Using Matlab 30 2.7.1. Definition of variables 30 2.7.2. Manipulating numbers 30 Part 2 Approximating Functions 35 Chapter 3 Polynomial Interpolation 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Interpolation problems 37 3.2.1. Linear interpolation 38 3.3. Polynomial interpolation techniques 38 3.4. Interpolation with the Lagrange basis 39 3.4.1. Polynomial interpolation error 43 3.4.2. Neville–Aitken method 46 3.5. Interpolation with the Newton basis 46 3.6. Interpolation using spline functions 48 3.6.1. Hermite interpolation 50 3.6.2. Spline interpolation error 55 3.7 Using Matlab 58 3.7.1. Operations on polynomials 58 3.7.2. Manipulating polynomials 59 3.7.3. Evaluation of polynomials 60 3.7.4. Linear and nonlinear interpolation 60 3.7.5. Lagrange function 63 3.7.6. Newton function 64 Chapter 4 Numerical Differentiation 67 4.1. First-order numerical derivatives and the truncation error 67 4.2. Higher-order numerical derivatives 70 4.3. Numerical derivatives and interpolation 71 4.4. Studying the differentiation error 73 4.5. Richardson extrapolation 77 4.6. Application to the heat equation 78 4.7 Using Matlab 81 Chapter 5 Numerical Integration 83 5.1. Introduction 83 5.2. Rectangle method 84 5.3. Trapezoidal rule 84 5.4. Simpson’s rule 87 5.5. Hermite’s rule 90 5.6. Newton–Côtes rules 91 5.7. Gauss–Legendre method 92 5.7.1. Problem statement 92 5.7.2. Legendre polynomials 94 5.7.3 Choosing the αi and xi (i = 0, . . . , n) 99 5.8 Using Matlab 100 5.8.1. Matlab functions for numerical integration 100 5.8.2. Trapezoidal rule 101 5.8.3. Simpson’s rule 103 Part 3 Solving Linear Systems 107 Chapter 6 Matrix Norm and Conditioning 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Matrix norm 109 6.3. Condition number of a matrix 113 6.3.1 Approximation of K(A) 116 6.4. Preconditioning 116 6.5 Using Matlab 117 6.5.1. Matrices and vectors 117 6.5.2. Condition number of a matrix 119 Chapter 7 Direct Methods 123 7.1. Introduction 123 7.2. Method of determinants or Cramer’s method 123 7.2.1. Matrix inversion by Cramer’s method 124 7.3. Systems with upper triangular matrices 124 7.4. Gaussian method 125 7.4.1. Solving multiple systems in parallel 129 7.5. Gauss–Jordan method 129 7.5.1. Underlying principle 129 7.5.2. Computing the inverse of a matrix with the Gauss–Jordan algorithm 131 7.6. LU decomposition 132 7.7. Thomas algorithm 133 7.8. Cholesky decomposition 134 7.9 Using Matlab 136 7.9.1. Matrix operations 136 7.9.2. Systems of linear equations 138 Chapter 8 Iterative Methods 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Classical iterative techniques 148 8.2.1. Jacobi method 149 8.2.2. Gauss–Seidel method 151 8.2.3. Relaxation method 152 8.2.4. Block forms of the Jacobi, Gauss–Seidel and relaxation methods 154 8.3. Convergence of iterative methods 155 8.4. Conjugate gradient method 157 8.5 Using Matlab 159 8.5.1. Jacobi method 159 8.5.2. Relaxation method 160 Chapter 9 Numerical Methods for Computing Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 163 9.1. Introduction 163 9.2. Computing det (A − λI) directly 164 9.3. Krylov methods 166 9.4. LeVerrier method 167 9.5. Jacobi method 168 9.6. Power iteration method 171 9.6.1. Deflation algorithm 172 9.7. Inverse power method 173 9.8. Givens–Householder method 174 9.8.1. Givens algorithm 175 9.9 Using Matlab 176 9.9.1. Application to a buckling beam 177 Chapter 10 Least-squares Approximation 185 10.1. Introduction 185 10.2. Analytic formulation 185 10.3. Algebraic formulation 191 10.3.1. Standard results on orthogonality 191 10.3.2. Least-squares problem 191 10.3.3. Solving by orthogonalization 192 10.4. Numerically solving linear equations by QR factorization 193 10.4.1. Householder transformations 193 10.4.2. QR factorization 193 10.4.3. Application to the least-squares problem 193 10.5. Applications 194 10.5.1. Curve fitting 194 10.5.2. Approximations of derivatives 195 10.6 Using Matlab 195 Part 4 Appendices 199 Appendix 1 Introduction to Matlab 201 Appendix 2 Introduction to Optimization 209 Bibliography 215 Index 217

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Book SynopsisInside industrial furnaces and combustion chambers, energy is essentially exchanged by radiation. It is through the same mechanism that the energy emitted by the Sun spreads through different media to reach the Earth. Developing a sound understanding of the laws underlying energy exchanges by radiation is therefore essential, not only for establishing design equations for industrial equipment, but also for an optimal harvesting of solar energy and a better understanding of climate change phenomena such as the greenhouse effect. Energy Transfers by Radiation establishes the basic laws and equations which support the quantification of energy fluxes transferred between surfaces for situations similar to those usually encountered in industrial processes or in solar energy applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Origin of Radiation 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The Niels Bohr model. 2 1.2.1. Illustration: excitation of the neon atom 3 1.2.2. Illustration: mercury vapor lamps 5 1.3. Nature of the radiating energy 7 1.3.1. Reminders regarding the characterization of electromagnetic waves 7 1.3.2. Electromagnetic spectrum and position of thermal radiation 8 Chapter 2. Magnitudes Used in Radiation 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.2. Monochromatic, total, directional and hemispherical magnitudes 11 2.3. Absorption, reflection and transmission 13 2.3.1. Opaque materials 14 2.3.2. Transparent materials 14 2.4. Total intensity of a source in one direction 15 2.5. Total luminance of a source in one direction 15 2.6. Illuminance of a receiving surface 16 2.7. Examples of monochromatic magnitudes and explanation of the greenhouse effect 16 2.7.1. Terrestrial greenhouse effect, transmissivity of atmosphere is incriminated 18 2.7.2. The terrestrial greenhouse effect, a natural temperature controller 19 2.7.3. The terrestrial greenhouse effect, both an asset and a risk 19 2.8. Relations between magnitudes 20 2.8.1. Illuminance and luminance 20 2.8.2. Lambert’s law 21 2.8.3. Emittance and luminance in the case of isotropic emissions 22 Chapter 3. Analysis of Radiative Energy Transfers: Black-body Radiation 25 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. Definition of a black body 25 3.3. Physical creation of the black body 26 3.4. Black-body radiation 27 3.4.1. Planck’s law 27 3.4.2. Stefan-Boltzmann law 28 3.4.3. Illustration: calculating the energy emitted by a black surface 29 3.4.4. Wien laws 30 3.4.5. Illustration: emittance as a function of wavelength 31 3.4.6. Evaluating emittance in a given wavelength band 33 3.4.7. Illustration: calculating the energy radiated in the infrared 34 3.4.8. Useful spectrum 35 3.4.9. Illustration: determining a useful spectrum 36 Chapter 4. Radiant Properties of Real Surfaces 39 4.1. Introduction 39 4.2. Emissivity of a real surface 39 4.2.1. Total emissivity 40 4.2.2. Monochromatic emissivity 40 4.2.3. Emissivity data 41 4.3. Gray body 43 4.3.1. Density of flux emitted by a gray body 43 4.3.2. Illustration: calculating the energy emitted by an electric heater 43 4.4. Effective temperature of a real surface 44 4.4.1. Calculating the effective temperature of a real surface 44 4.4.2. Illustration: calculating the effective temperature of a gray surface 45 4.5. Luminance of a real surface 45 4.6. Kirchhoff’s law 46 4.6.1. Consequences for gray bodies 46 4.6.2. Consequences for black bodies 46 4.6.3. Illustration: simple radiation balances 46 Chapter 5. Radiation Balances between Real Surfaces Separated by a Transparent Medium 49 5.1. Introduction 49 5.2. The angle factor 50 5.3. Expressing the shape factor 51 5.4. Relations between shape factors 53 5.4.1. Reciprocity relations 53 5.4.2. Transfer function 54 5.4.3. Angle factors for convex or concave surfaces 54 5.4.4. Property of the sum of the shape factors 55 5.5. Reducing the number of shape factors to be calculated 55 5.5.1. Reducing using symmetry 56 5.5.2. Illustration: shape factors between the surfaces of a cylinder 57 5.5.3. Illustration: shape factors of the surfaces forming a cube 59 5.5.4. Illustration: using relations between shape factors 61 5.6. Superposition principle 64 5.6.1. Illustration: shape factors of complementary surfaces 65 5.7. Crossed-string method: very long surfaces 66 Chapter 6. Practical Determination of Shape Factors 69 6.1. Introduction 69 6.2. Methods of practical determination of shape factors 69 6.2.1. Surfaces under total influence 70 6.2.2. Illustration: angle factors for concentric spheres 71 6.2.3. Illustration: infinite coaxial cylinders 71 6.2.4. Illustration: shape factors for a half-sphere covering a disc 71 6.2.5. Illustration: half-cylinder covering a rectangular plane 72 6.3. Shape factors for standard geometric configurations 73 6.3.1. Configuration 1: equal area parallel planes, centered on an axis 73 6.3.2. Configuration 2: two infinite parallel planes of the same width and with the same axis 74 6.3.3. Configuration 3: two infinite parallel planes of different widths but with the same axis 74 6.3.4. Configuration 4: two rectangular perpendicular planes with a side in common 75 6.3.5. Configuration 5: two planes of the same dimensions, with a side in common 76 6.3.6. Configuration 6: two planes of different dimensions, with a side in common 76 6.3.7. Configuration 7: two perpendicular rectangles 77 6.3.8. Configuration 8: two parallel, off-center rectangles of arbitrary dimensions 78 6.3.9. Configuration 9: linear strip whose plane is parallel to a rectangle 79 6.3.10. Configuration 10: narrow linear strip whose plane is perpendicular to a rectangle 80 6.3.11. Configuration 11: narrow linear source whose plane intersects a rectangular plane with an angle θ 81 6.3.12. Configuration 12: elementary surface placed on the normal to a plane 82 6.3.13. Configuration 13: elementary surface placed on a plane perpendicular to a rectangle 83 6.3.14. Configuration 14: two parallel discs with the same axis 84 6.3.15. Configuration 15: elementary source placed on the normal of a disc 84 6.3.16. Configuration 16: two infinite cylinders with parallel axes 85 6.3.17. Configuration 17: two infinite coaxial cylinders 85 6.3.18. Configuration 18: finite coaxial cylinders 86 6.3.19. Configuration 19: elementary source of arbitrary length, parallel to an infinite cylinder 87 6.3.20. Configuration 20: spherical point source and sphere of radius R 88 6.3.21. Configuration 21: elementary plane and sphere of radius R 88 6.3.22. Configuration 22: elementary plane whose tangent passes through the center of a sphere 89 6.3.23. Configuration 23: sphere and disc with the same axis 89 6.3.24. Configuration 24: prism of infinite length and triangular cross-sectional area 90 6.3.25. Illustration: calculating the angle factors of two planes intersecting at 45° 91 6.3.26. Illustration: calculating the angle factors of parallel discs 92 6.3.27. Illustration: parallel planes, with the same axis and surface area 93 6.3.28. Illustration: calculating the angle factor for two perpendicular, rectangular planes with a side in common 94 6.3.29. Illustration: development of charts for inclined planes of different dimensions 96 Chapter 7. Balances of Radiative Energy Transfers between Black Surfaces 99 7.1. Introduction 99 7.2. Establishing balance equations 100 7.3. Solving radiation balances for black surfaces 101 7.3.1. Surfaces with imposed fluxes 102 7.3.2. Surfaces at imposed temperatures 102 7.3.3. Case where certain fluxes and certain temperatures are imposed 102 7.3.4. Illustration: radiation transfers in a baking oven 102 7.3.5. Illustration: design of an industrial furnace with imposed temperatures 110 Chapter 8. Balances on Radiative Energy Transfers between Gray Surfaces 119 8.1. Introduction 119 8.2. Reminder of the radiative properties of real surfaces 119 8.3. Radiosity 120 8.4. Balances on gray surfaces 121 8.4.1. Establishing the balance on Si 121 8.4.2. Simplifying the balance equation 123 8.5. Solving the radiation balance equations between gray surfaces 123 8.5.1. Surfaces with imposed fluxes 124 8.5.2. Surfaces at imposed temperatures 125 8.5.3. Scenario where certain fluxes and certain temperatures are imposed 126 8.5.4. Illustration: industrial furnace with gray adiabatic walls 128 Chapter 9. Electrical Analogies in Radiation 135 9.1. Introduction 135 9.2. Analogies for black surfaces 135 9.2.1. Electrical analog representing emittances 136 9.2.2. Electrical analog representing temperatures 137 9.2.3. Electrical analog representing the flux density 137 9.2.4. Illustration: calculating the flux density by electrical analogy 138 9.3. Electrical analogies for heat transfer between gray surfaces 139 9.3.1. Electrical analog representing radiosities 139 9.3.2. Electrical analogy representing temperatures 140 9.3.3. Illustration: determining net fluxes in an industrial furnace 142 9.4. Gray shape factor 145 9.5. Illustration: gray shape factor of the industrial furnace with adiabatic walls 146 Chapter 10. Reduction of Radiating Energy Transfers through Filtering 153 10.1. Introduction 153 10.2. Expressing the flux density for a filterless transfer 154 10.3. Reducing the flux through filtering 156 10.4. Comparing q0 and qm 158 10.5. Scenario where plates S0 and Sn have the same emissivity 159 10.5.1. Situation without filter (m = 0) 159 10.5.2. Situation with m filters (m ≠ 0) with emissivities equal to ε 159 10.5.3. Illustration: reducing radiative energy transfers through filtration 160 Chapter 11. Radiative Energy Transfers in Semi-transparent Media 163 11.1. Introduction 163 11.2. Radiation in semi-transparent gases 164 11.2.1. Beer’s law 165 11.2.2. Alternative expression of Beer’s law 166 11.2.3. Transmissivity of semi-transparent gases 167 11.2.4. Transmission of energy between surfaces separated by a semi-transparent medium 167 11.2.5. Spectral absorptivity of a semi-transparent gas 170 11.2.6. Spectral emissivity of a semi-transparent gas 171 11.2.7. Practical determination of parameters and radiative fluxes of semi-transparent gases 171 11.2.8. Radiative behavior of an optically thick gas 172 11.3. Illustration: calculating the flux radiated by combustion gases 173 11.4. Reading: discovery of the Stefan-Boltzmann law 174 Chapter 12. Exercises and Solutions 179 Appendix 247 References 309 Index 323

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an introduction to structural equation modeling (SEM) and facilitates the access of students and researchers in various scientific fields to this powerful statistical tool. It offers a didactic initiation to SEM as well as to the open-source software, lavaan, and the rich and comprehensive technical features it offers. Structural Equation Modeling with lavaan thus helps the reader to gain autonomy in the use of SEM to test path models and dyadic models, perform confirmatory factor analyses and estimate more complex models such as general structural models with latent variables and latent growth models. SEM is approached both from the point of view of its process (i.e. the different stages of its use) and from the point of view of its product (i.e. the results it generates and their reading). Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Structural Equation Modeling 1 1.1 Basic concepts 2 1.1.1 Covariance and bivariate correlation 2 1.1.2 Partial correlation 5 1.1.3 Linear regression analysis 7 1.1.4 Standard error of the estimate 10 1.1.5 Factor analysis 11 1.1.6 Data distribution normality 18 1.2 Basic principles of SEM 21 1.2.1 Estimation methods (estimators) 27 1.3 Model evaluation of the solution of the estimated model 36 1.3.1 Overall goodness-of-fit indices 36 1.3.2 Local fit indices (parameter estimates) 43 1.3.3 Modification indices 44 1.4 Confirmatory approach in SEM 45 1.5 Basic conventions of SEM 47 1.6 Place and status of variables in a hypothetical model 49 1.7 Conclusion 49 1.8 Further reading 50 Chapter 2 Structural Equation Modeling Software 53 2.1 R environment 54 2.1.1 Installing R software 55 2.1.2 R console 55 2.2 lavaan 58 2.2.1 Installing the lavaan package 58 2.2.2 Launching lavaan 58 2.3 Preparing and importing a dataset 60 2.3.1 Entry and import of raw data 60 2.3.2 What to do in the absence of raw data? 63 2.4 Major operators of lavaan syntax 65 2.5 Main steps in using lavaan 66 2.6 lavaan fitting functions 68 Chapter 3 Steps in Structural Equation Modeling 69 3.1 The theoretical model and its conceptual specification 70 3.2 Model parameters and model identification 71 3.3 Models with observed variables (path models) 73 3.3.1 Identification of a path model 74 3.3.2 Model specification using lavaan (step 2) 76 3.3.3 Direct and indirect effects 78 3.3.4 The statistical significance of indirect effects 80 3.3.5 Model estimation with lavaan (step 3) 81 3.3.6 Model evaluation (step 4) 82 3.3.7 Recursive and non-recursive models 83 3.3.8 Illustration of a path analysis model 85 3.4 Actor-partner interdependence model 90 3.4.1 Specifying and estimating an APIM with lavaan 92 3.4.2 Evaluation of the solution 93 3.4.3 Evaluating the APIM re-specified with equality constraints 94 3.5 Models with latent variables (measurement models and structural models) 95 3.5.1 The measurement model or Confirmatory Factor Analysis 97 3.6 Hybrid models 148 3.7 Measure with a single-item indicator 149 3.8 General structural model including single-item latent variables with a single indicator 151 3.9 Conclusion 152 3.10 Further reading 155 Chapter 4 Advanced Topics: Principles and Applications 157 4.1 Multigroup analysis 157 4.1.1 The steps of MG-CFA 162 4.1.2 Model solutions and model comparison tests 166 4.1.3 Total invariance versus partial invariance 171 4.1.4 Specification of a partial invariance in lavaan syntax 172 4.2 Latent trait-state models 172 4.2.1 The STARTS model 173 4.2.2 The Trait-State-Occasion Model 197 4.2.3 Concluding remarks 211 4.3 Latent growth models 213 4.3.1 General overview 213 4.3.2 Illustration of an univariate linear growth model 223 4.3.3 Illustration of an univariate non-linear (quadratic) latent growth model 228 4.3.4 Conditional latent growth model 232 4.3.5 Second-order latent growth model 240 4.4 Further reading 249 References 251 Index 269

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Book SynopsisThe development of mechatronic and multidomain technological systems requires the dynamic behavior to be simulated before detailed CAD geometry is available. This book presents the fundamental concepts of multiphysics modeling with lumped parameters. The approach adopted in this book, based on examples, is to start from the physical concepts, move on to the models and their numerical implementation, and finish with their analysis. With this practical problem-solving approach, the reader will gain a deep understanding of multiphysics modeling of mechatronic or technological systems – mixing mechanical power transmissions, electrical circuits, heat transfer devices and electromechanical or fluid power actuators. Most of the book's examples are made using Modelica platforms, but they can easily be implemented in other 0D/1D multidomain physical system simulation environments such as Amesim, Simulink/Simscape, VHDL-AMS and so on. Table of ContentsForeword xi Chapter 1. Role of Simulation in the Design Cycle of Complex Technological Systems 1 1.1. Approach to the design of complex systems 2 1.1.1. Engineering activities in the design cycle 3 1.1.2. Modeling and simulation roles in the design cycle 4 1.1.3. Validation and verification 13 1.2. Book objectives and content 14 1.2.1. Modeling principles 14 1.2.2. Approaches and analysis tools 16 1.2.3. Multi-physics or multidisciplinary knowledge 17 1.2.4. Problem-based approach 17 Chapter 2. Fundamental Concepts of Lumped Parameter-Based Multi-Physics Modeling 19 2.1. Definition and modeling levels of mechatronic systems 20 2.1.1. From mechanical systems to mechatronic systems 20 2.1.2. Modeling levels in the design of mechatronic systems 22 2.2. Modeling of mechatronic systems with lumped parameters 23 2.2.1. Lumped parameters 23 2.2.2. Port and causality notions 24 2.2.3. Kirchhoff’s laws and network approach 27 2.2.4. Representation of energy flows 30 2.2.5. Types of generic elements 30 2.3. Multi-physics modeling of a power window system 34 2.3.1. Description of the system and of modeled domains 34 2.3.2. Domains and elements used for modeling 35 2.3.3. Incremental modeling 37 2.3.4. Graphic or text modeling 39 2.3.5. Transient control and simulations 39 2.4. Revision exercises and multiple-choice questions 40 2.4.1. Revision of Kirchhoff’s laws in multi-domain modeling 40 2.4.2. Questions related to the power window system example 42 2.4.3. Multiple-choice questions related to the modelling of technological components 44 2.5. Problems 46 2.5.1. Analysis of the conditioning electronics of a pressure sensor 46 2.5.2. Modeling the power transmission of an electric scooter 49 2.5.3. Modeling a hydraulic actuation system for launcher thrust vector control 53 2.5.4. Electromagnetic interferences 58 Chapter 3. Setting Up a Lumped Parameter Model 65 3.1. Introduction to the notion of adapted model 66 3.1.1. Chapter objectives and approach 66 3.1.2. Problem under study 67 3.1.3. Importance of the type of excitation 68 3.2. Identifying the main effects 69 3.2.1. Systematic setup of domains and effects 69 3.2.2. From geometry to network 70 3.3. Modeling approaches and selection of adapted models 73 3.3.1. Incremental modeling by increasing complexity 73 3.3.2. Model reduction by activity index analysis 77 3.3.3. Model reduction by design of the experiment or by comparison of effects 80 3.4. Introductory exercises related to setting up models with lumped parameters 83 3.4.1. Building up analytical skills 84 3.4.2. Geometry/network link: power steering analysis 88 3.4.3. Systematic analysis of effects: analysis of a direct injection system by common rail 91 3.5. Problems related to the choice of modeling level 93 3.5.1. Thermal response of a TGV motor – deductive approach 93 3.5.2. Modeling of a power steering torque sensor – geometry analysis 95 3.5.3. Calculation of the short-circuit torque of a submarine propulsion motor – model reduction 99 Chapter 4. Numerical Simulation of Multi-Physics Systems 103 4.1. From mathematical model to numerical model 104 4.1.1. Mathematical models – various systems of equations 104 4.1.2. Advantages of integration 107 4.1.3. Various representations of a system of equations 110 4.2. From numerical model to computer simulated model 112 4.2.1. Causality 112 4.2.2. Reaching consistency 113 4.2.3. Bond graph modeling 117 4.3. Simulation: numerical resolution of ODEs 124 4.3.1. Review and definitions 124 4.3.2. Separate steps methods 125 4.3.3. Linked steps methods 129 4.3.4. Stability domain of a method for solving ODE 131 4.4. The main sources of error in modeling and simulation 131 4.4.1. Model representativity 131 4.4.2. Validity of parameters 133 4.4.3. System initialization 133 4.4.4. Numerical robustness 134 4.4.5. Observation errors 134 4.5. Revision exercises 135 4.5.1. Revision of various modeling methods 135 4.5.2. Causality studies and associated modifications 136 4.6. Problem 138 Chapter 5. Dynamic Performance Analysis Tools 141 5.1. Dynamic performance indicators 142 5.2. Laplace transform and transfer functions 148 5.3. Stability of linear dynamic systems 158 5.4. Analysis of first- and second-order systems. Model reduction 167 5.4.1. First-order systems 167 5.4.2. Second-order systems 176 5.4.3. Model reduction 185 5.5. Revision exercises 196 5.5.1. Dynamic performances 196 5.5.2. Transfer functions 200 5.5.3. Stability 202 5.5.4. Model reduction 205 5.5.5. First-order systems 211 5.5.6. Second-order systems 213 Chapter 6. Mechanical and Electromechanical Power Transmissions 217 6.1. Introduction 218 6.1.1. Objective 218 6.1.2. Case study 218 6.2. Variational approaches 220 6.2.1. Variational equivalents of network approaches in mechanics 220 6.2.2. Systems with several degrees of freedom 223 6.2.3. Multi-domain systems 226 6.3. Modeling by direct integration of local laws: bulk and multi-layer ceramics 228 6.3.1. Equations of piezoelectricity 228 6.3.2. Equivalent model of piezoelectric ceramics 231 6.3.3. Modelica implementation 233 6.4. Principle of virtual works: amplified actuators 235 6.4.1. Presentation of actuators and modeling hypotheses 235 6.4.2. Turns ratio 236 6.4.3. Modelica implementation 237 6.5. Energy and co-energy balances: bimetals 239 6.5.1. Presentation of actuators and modeling hypotheses 239 6.5.2. Modeling 239 6.6. Lagrange equations: Langevin transducers 242 6.6.1. Actuator presentation 242 6.6.2. Modeling 243 6.6.3. Modelica implementation 247 6.7. Introductory exercises 249 6.7.1. Principle of virtual works: scissor mechanism 249 6.7.2. Energies and co-energies: electromagnetic power-off brakes 250 6.7.3. Lagrange equation: modeling of a personal transporter 253 6.8. Modeling problems 255 6.8.1. Modeling of the mechanical efforts in a car steering system 255 6.8.2. High bandwidth fast steering mirror 257 Chapter 7. Power Transmission by Low-Compressibility Fluids 261 7.1. Fluid power 262 7.1.1. Context 262 7.1.2. Advantages of fluid power use 262 7.2. Presentation of a helicopter actuation system 263 7.3. Minimal fluid modeling according to the phenomena involved 265 7.3.1. Fluid model requirements 265 7.3.2. Mass density modeling 267 7.3.3. Modeling of dynamic viscosity 268 7.3.4. Modeling of the bulk modulus 268 7.3.5. Properties modeling by tables 268 7.4. Modeling of the various physical phenomena 269 7.4.1. R element 269 7.4.2. C element 270 7.4.3. I element 270 7.5. Modeling of the main hydraulic components 271 7.5.1. Modeling of hydraulic fluid storage 271 7.5.2. Modeling of hydraulic power generation 272 7.5.3. Modeling of the hydraulic power distribution 274 7.5.4. Modeling of hydraulic power modulation 275 7.5.5. Modeling of hydraulic power transformation 277 7.6. Simulation of a helicopter actuation system 278 7.6.1. Modelica model of an actuation system 278 7.6.2. Variation of performances depending on temperature 279 7.6.3. Variation of performances depending on antagonist load 281 7.7. Exercises and problems 282 7.7.1. Multiple-choice questions on the modelling of hydraulic components 282 7.7.2. Problem 1: simple modeling of a hydraulic servo valve 284 7.7.3. Problem 2: modeling of the pressure regulator 287 Chapter 8. Heat Power Transmission 293 8.1. Heat exchangers 293 8.1.1. Classification of heat exchangers 294 8.1.2. Objectives of the study 296 8.2. Effectiveness-based thermal modeling of heat exchangers. Constant effectiveness 298 8.3. Estimation of the heat exchanger effectiveness 302 8.4. Estimation of the global heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger 308 8.5. Estimation of the pressure drops (losses) in the heat exchangers 318 8.6. Revision exercises and problems 322 8.6.1. Sizing of a heat exchanger with concentric tubes 322 8.6.2. Sizing and modeling of a heat exchanger for the recovery of thermal energy in a double flow CMV 323 Chapter 9. Thermal Power Conversion 327 9.1. Several examples of heat engines 328 9.2. Behavior of compressible fluids 331 9.2.1. Fluid modeling 331 9.2.2. Modeling of thermodynamic processes 334 9.3. Thermodynamics review 335 9.3.1. First law of thermodynamics 335 9.3.2. Thermodynamic cycles 337 9.4. Modeling of the components of heat engines 341 9.4.1. Modeling of a turbine 342 9.4.2. Modeling of a compressor 345 9.5. Simulation of a thermal power plant 349 9.6. Revision exercises and problems 352 9.6.1. Modeling of fluids 352 9.6.2. Efficiency of a gas turbine 352 9.6.3. Optimization of a gas turbine 354 9.6.4. Simulation of a heat pump 354 References 357 Index 361

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Book SynopsisThe challenges of automating socio-technical systems are strongly linked to the strengths and limitations of technical and human resources, such as perceptual characteristics, cooperative capacities, job-sharing arrangements, modeling of human behavior and the contribution of innovative design approaches. Automation Challenges of Socio-technical Systems exposes the difficulties in implementing and sustaining symbiosis between humans and machines in both the short and long terms. Furthermore, it presents innovative solutions for achieving such symbiosis, drawing on skills from cognitive sciences, engineering sciences and the social sciences. It is aimed at researchers, academics and engineers in these fields. Table of ContentsIntroduction xiFrédéric VANDERHAEGEN, Choubeila MAAOUI, Mohamed SALLAK and Denis BERDJAG Part 1. Perceptual Capacities 1 Chapter 1. Synchronization of Stimuli with Heart Rate: a New Challenge to Control Attentional Dissonances 3Frédéric VANDERHAEGEN, Marion WOLFF and Régis MOLLARD 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. From human error to dissonance 4 1.3. Cognitive conflict, attention and attentional dissonance 7 1.4. Causes and evaluation of attentional dissonance 9 1.5. Exploratory study of attentional dissonances 11 1.6. Results of the exploratory study 14 1.7. Conclusion 22 1.8. References 24 Chapter 2. System-centered Specification of Physico–physiological Interactions of Sensory Perception 29Jean-Marc DUPONT, Frédérique MAYER, Fabien BOUFFARON, Romain LIEBER and Gérard MOREL 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Situation-system-centered specification of a sensory perception interaction 31 2.2.1. Multidisciplinary knowledge elements in systems engineering 32 2.2.2. Interdisciplinary knowledge elements in systems engineering 38 2.2.3. Specification of a situation system of interest 44 2.3. Physiology-centered specification of a sensory perception interaction 51 2.3.1. Multidisciplinary knowledge elements of a physico–physiological interaction 52 2.3.2. Prescriptive specification of the targeted interaction of auditory perception 57 2.4. System-centered specification of an interaction of sensory perception 61 2.4.1. System-centered architecting specification of the targeted auditory interaction 61 2.4.2. Sensing-centered specification of the targeted auditory interaction 65 2.4.3. System-centered sensing specification of the targeted auditory interaction 67 2.5. Conclusion 72 2.6. References 74 Part 2. Cooperation and Sharing of Tasks 81 Chapter 3. A Framework for Analysis of Shared Authority in Complex Socio-technical Systems 83Cédric BACH and Sonja BIEDE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. From the systematic approach to the systemic approach: a different approach of sharing authority and responsibility 86 3.3. A framework of analysis and design of authority and responsibility 88 3.3.1. Actions in a perspective of authority, responsibility and accountability 89 3.3.2. Levels of authority and responsibility 92 3.3.3. Patterns of actions in relation to authority and responsibility 96 3.3.4. Dynamic relations between the dimensions of the analysis framework 103 3.4. Management of wake turbulence in visual separation: a study of preliminary cases 104 3.4.1. At the nano level 106 3.4.2. At the micro level 106 3.4.3. At the meso level 107 3.4.4. At the macro level 107 3.5. Conclusion 108 3.6. References 108 Chapter 4. The Design of an Interface According to Principles of Transparency 111Raïssa POKAM MEGUIA, Serge DEBERNARD, Christine CHAUVIN and Sabine LANGLOIS 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. State of the art 113 4.2.1. Situational awareness 113 4.2.2. Transparency 114 4.3. Design of a transparent HCI for autonomous vehicles 118 4.3.1. Presentation of the approach 118 4.3.2. Definition of the principles of transparency 119 4.3.3. Cognitive work analysis 125 4.4. Experimental protocol 132 4.4.1. Interfaces 132 4.4.2. Hypotheses 134 4.4.3. Participants 134 4.4.4. Equipment 135 4.4.5. Driving scenarios 136 4.4.6. Measured variables 138 4.4.7. Statistical approach 139 4.5. Results and discussions 140 4.5.1. Situational awareness 140 4.5.2. Satisfaction of the participants 143 4.6. Conclusion 145 4.7. Acknowledgments 146 4.8. References 146 Part 3. System Reliability 151 Chapter 5. Exteroceptive Fault-tolerant Control for Autonomous and Safe Driving 153Mohamed Riad BOUKHARI, Ahmed CHAIBET, Moussa BOUKHNIFER and Sébastien GLASER 5.1. Introduction 153 5.2. Formulation of the problem 157 5.3. Fault-tolerant control architecture 158 5.3.1. Vehicle dynamics modeling 159 5.4. Voting algorithms 162 5.4.1. Maximum likelihood voting (MLV) 162 5.4.2. Weighted averages (WA) 163 5.4.3. History-based weighted average (HBWA) 164 5.5. Simulation results 167 5.6. Conclusion 175 5.7. References 176 Chapter 6. A Graphical Model Based on Performance Shaping Factors for a Better Assessment of Human Reliability 179Subeer RANGRA, Mohamed SALLAK, Walter SCHÖN and Frédéric VANDERHAEGEN 6.1. Introduction 179 6.2. PRELUDE methodology 186 6.2.1. Theoretical framework 188 6.2.2. The qualitative part 193 6.2.3. The quantitative part 198 6.2.4. Quantification and sensitivity analysis 205 6.3. Case study 209 6.3.1. Step 1, qualitative part: HFE and PSF identification 211 6.3.2. Step 2, quantitative part: expert elicitation, data combination and transformation 213 6.3.3. Step 3, quantification data and results 216 6.4. Conclusion 221 6.5. Acknowledgments 224 6.6. References 224 Part 4. System Modeling and Decision Support 231 Chapter 7. Fuzzy Decision Support Model for the Control and Regulation of Transport Systems 233Saïd HAYAT and Saïd Moh AHMAED 7.1. Introduction 233 7.2. The problem of decision support systems in urban collective transport 234 7.3. Montbéliard’s transport network 235 7.3.1. Connections 236 7.3.2. The regulation of an urban collective transport network 237 7.4. Fuzzy aid decision-making model for the regulation of public transport 239 7.4.1. Knowledge acquisition 240 7.4.2. Decision criteria for the regulation of public transport traffic 242 7.4.3. Criteria modeling 243 7.4.4. The fuzzification process 244 7.4.5. Generation of decisions 247 7.4.6. Defuzzification 249 7.4.7. Types of decisions 255 7.4.8. Suggestions of regulatory strategies 258 7.4.9. Impact and validation of regulatory strategies 258 7.4.10. Implementation of regulatory strategies 258 7.5. Conclusion 259 7.6. References 259 Chapter 8. The Impact of Human Stability on Human–Machine Systems: the Case of the Rail Transport 261Denis BERDJAG and Frédéric VANDERHAEGEN 8.1. Introduction 261 8.2. Stability and associated notions 262 8.2.1. Resilience 263 8.2.2. Stability within the technological context 263 8.2.3. Mathematical definition of stability in the sense of Lyapunov 264 8.2.4. Lyapunov’s theorem 265 8.3. Stability in the human context 265 8.3.1. Definition of human stability 265 8.3.2. Definition of the potential of action and reaction 267 8.4. Stabilizability 267 8.5. Stability within the context of HMS 268 8.6. Structure of the HMS in the railway context 269 8.6.1. General structure 269 8.6.2. The supervision module 271 8.6.3. The technological system model 271 8.6.4. The human operator model 272 8.7. Illustrative example 273 8.7.1. Experimental protocol 273 8.7.2. Experimental results 279 8.7.3. Remarks and discussion 280 8.8. Conclusion 281 8.9. References 282 Part 5. Innovative Design 285 Chapter 9. Development of an Intelligent Garment for Crisis Management: Fire Control Application 287Guillaume TARTARE, Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE, Ludovic KOEHL and Xianyi ZENG 9.1. Introduction 287 9.2. Design of an intelligent garment for firefighters 290 9.2.1. Wearable system architecture 290 9.2.2. Choice of electronic components 292 9.2.3. Textile design and sensor integration 292 9.3. Physiological signal processing 294 9.3.1. Extraction of respiratory waveforms 294 9.3.2. Automatic heart rate detection 295 9.3.3. Heart rate variability 297 9.3.4. Analysis of experimental results 297 9.4. Firefighter–robot cooperation, using intelligent clothing 299 9.4.1. Robots 301 9.4.2. Human supervisor interface 302 9.5. Conclusion 303 9.6. References 304 Chapter 10. Active Pedagogy for Innovation in Transport 307Frédéric VANDERHAEGEN 10.1. Introduction 307 10.2. Analysis of a railway accident and system design 308 10.3. Analysis of use of a cruise control system 311 10.4. Simulation of a collision avoidance system use 314 10.5. Eco-driving assistance 316 10.6. Towards support for the innovative design of transport systems 319 10.7. Conclusion 321 10.8. References 322 Conclusion 327Frédéric VANDERHAEGEN, Choubeila MAAOUI, Mohamed SALLAK and Denis BERDJAG List of Authors 329 Index 333

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Book SynopsisThe theory of viscoelasticity has been built up as a mechanical framework for modeling important aspects of the delayed behavior of a wide range of materials. This book, primarily intended for civil and mechanical engineering students, is devoted specifically to linear viscoelastic behavior within the small perturbation framework. The fundamental concepts of viscoelastic behavior are first presented from the phenomenological viewpoint of the basic creep and relaxation tests within the simple one-dimensional framework. The linearity and non-ageing hypotheses are introduced successively, with the corresponding expressions of the constitutive law in the form of Boltzmann’s integral operators and Riemann’s convolution products respectively. Applications to simple quasi-static processes underline the dramatic and potentially catastrophic consequences of not taking viscoelastic delayed behavior properly into account at the design stage. Within the three-dimensional continuum framework, the linear viscoelastic constitutive equation is written using compact mathematical notations and takes material symmetries into account. The general analysis of quasi-static linear viscoelastic processes enhances similarities with, and differences from, their elastic counterparts. Simple typical case studies illustrate the importance of an in-depth physical understanding of the problem at hand prior to its mathematical analysis.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Notations xiii Chapter 1. One-dimensional Viscoelastic Modeling 1 1.1. Experimental observations 1 1.2. Fundamental uniaxial tests 2 1.2.1. Creep test, creep function 2 1.2.2. Stress relaxation test, relaxation function 5 1.2.3. First comments 7 1.2.4. Recovery 8 1.2.5. Stress fading 9 1.3. Functional description 10 1.4. Aging 11 1.4.1. Aging phenomenon 11 1.4.2. Non-aging materials 12 1.5. Linear behavior 14 1.5.1. Superposition principle: Boltzmannian materials 14 1.5.2. Linear elasticity 15 1.6. Linear viscoelastic material 15 1.6.1. Instantaneous behavior 16 1.6.2. Creep and relaxation functions 16 1.6.3. Recovery and stress fading 18 1.6.4. Instantaneous behavior 19 1.6.5. Validation of the linearity hypothesis: An example 19 1.7. Linear viscoelastic constitutive equation 20 1.7.1. Arbitrary stress history 20 1.7.2. Arbitrary deformation history 23 1.7.3. Linear elastic material 24 1.7.4. Boltzmann’s formulas, integral operator 24 1.7.5. Comments 26 1.8. Non-aging linear viscoelastic constitutive equation 27 1.8.1. Creep and relaxation functions 27 1.8.2. Boltzmann’s formulas 28 1.8.3. Recovery and stress fading 30 1.8.4. Operational calculus 30 1.9. One-dimensional linear viscoelastic behavior 33 1.9.1. Uniaxial viewpoint and one-dimensional modeling 33 1.9.2. Structural elements 36 1.10. Harmonic loading process 39 1.10.1. The loading process 39 1.10.2. Asymptotic harmonic regime 40 1.10.3. Complex modulus 41 1.10.4. Loss angle, specific loss 43 Chapter 2. Rheological Models 45 2.1. Rheological models 45 2.2. Basic elements 45 2.2.1. Linear elastic element 45 2.2.2. Linear viscous element 46 2.3. Classical models 47 2.3.1. Maxwell model 47 2.3.2. Kelvin model 49 2.3.3. The standard linear solid 51 2.4. Generalized Maxwell and Kelvin models 56 2.4.1. Generalized Maxwell model 57 2.4.2. Generalized Kelvin model 58 2.4.3. Equivalence 59 2.4.4. Continuous spectra 60 Chapter 3. Typical Case Studies 63 3.1. Presentation and general features 63 3.2. “Creep-type” problems 64 3.2.1. Homogeneous cantilever beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load 64 3.2.2. Homogeneous cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated load 68 3.2.3. Homogeneous statically indeterminate beam 70 3.2.4. A statically indeterminate system 72 3.3. Prestressing of viscoelastic systems or structures 75 3.3.1. Prestressed cantilever beam 75 3.3.2. Prestressed hyperstatic system 79 3.3.3. Prestressed hyperstatic arc 80 3.3.4. The example of a rheological model 84 3.3.5. Practical applications 88 3.4. A complex loading process 93 3.4.1. A practical problem 93 3.4.2. Mathematical treatment 95 3.4.3. Comments 97 3.5. Heterogeneous viscoelastic structures 98 Chapter 4. Three-dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Modeling 103 4.1. Multidimensional approach 103 4.2. Fundamental experiments 104 4.2.1. The three-dimensional continuum framework 104 4.2.2. General definition of the creep and relaxation tests 105 4.2.3. The linearity hypothesis. 105 4.2.4. Tensorial creep and relaxation functions 106 4.2.5. Instantaneous elasticity 107 4.3. Boltzmann’s formulas 108 4.3.1. Integral operator 108 4.3.2. Important identities 109 4.4. Isotropic linear viscoelastic material 110 4.4.1. Material symmetries, principle of material symmetries 110 4.4.2. Isotropic linear viscoelastic material: Creep test 111 4.4.3. Isotropic linear viscoelastic material: Relaxation test 113 4.4.4. Boltzmann’s formulas 114 4.4.5. Uniaxial tension relaxation test 115 4.4.6. Constant Poisson’s ratio 118 4.5. Non-aging linear viscoelastic material 120 4.5.1. Boltzmann’s formulas 120 4.5.2. Operational calculus 121 4.5.3. Isotropic material 122 Chapter 5. Quasi-static Linear Viscoelastic Processes 125 5.1. Quasi-static linear viscoelastic processes 125 5.1.1. Isothermal quasi-static processes 125 5.1.2. Isothermal quasi-static linear viscoelastic processes 128 5.1.3. Superposition principle 129 5.1.4. Loading parameters, kinematic parameters 129 5.2. Solution to the linear viscoelastic quasi-static evolution problem 131 5.2.1. Statically admissible stress histories, kinematically admissible displacement histories 131 5.2.2. Solution methods 132 5.3. Homogeneous isotropic material with constant Poisson’s ratio 133 5.3.1. Creep-type problems, creep-type evolutions 134 5.3.2. Relaxation-type problems, relaxation-type evolutions 135 5.3.3. Mixed data problems 137 5.3.4. Comments 139 5.4. Non-aging linear viscoelastic material 140 5.4.1. Correspondence principle 140 5.4.2. Comments 142 Chapter 6. Some Practical Problems 143 6.1. Presentation 143 6.2. Uniaxial tension–compression of a cylindrical rod 143 6.2.1. Statement of the problem 143 6.2.2. Solution 145 6.3. Bending of a cylindrical rod 148 6.3.1. Statement of the problem 148 6.3.2. Solution 149 6.4. Twisting of a cylindrical rod 152 6.4.1. Preliminary comments 152 6.4.2. Statement of the problem 153 6.4.3. Solution 154 6.4.4. Comment 157 6.5. Convergence of a spherical cavity 158 6.5.1. Statement of the problem 158 6.5.2. Solution 160 Appendix 163 References 167 Index 175

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Book SynopsisThe conception of lasers and optoelectronic devices such as solar cells have been made possible, thanks to the modern day mastery of processes that harness the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. This first volume is dedicated to thermal radiation and experimental facts that reveal the quantification of matter. The study of black body radiation allows the introduction of fundamental precepts such as Planck�s law and the energy-related qualities that characterize radiation. The properties of light and wave–particle duality are also examined, based on the interpretation of light interferences, the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect. This book goes on to investigate the hydrogen atomic emission spectrum and how it dovetails into our understanding of quantum numbers to describe the energy, angular momentum, magnetic moment and spin of an electron. A look at the spectroscopic notation of the states explains the different wavelengths measured from the splitting of spectral lines. Finally, this first volume is completed by the study of de Broglie�s wave theory and Heisenberg�s uncertainty principle, which facilitated the advancement of quantum mechanics.Table of ContentsForeword xi Louis MARCHILDON Preface xiii Chapter 1. Thermal Radiation 1 1.1. Radiation 2 1.1.1. Definition 2 1.1.2. Origin of radiation 2 1.1.3. Classification of objects 4 1.2. Radiant flux 4 1.2.1. Definition of radiant flux, coefficient of absorption 4 1.2.2. Black body and gray body 5 1.3. Black body emission spectrum 6 1.3.1. Isotherms of a black body: experimental facts 6 1.3.2. Solid angle 7 1.3.3. Lambert’s law, radiance 9 1.3.4. Kirchhoff’s laws 10 1.3.5. Stefan–Boltzmann law, total energy exitance 11 1.3.6. Wien’s laws, useful spectrum 12 1.3.7. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, “ultraviolet catastrophe” 15 1.3.8. Planck’s law, monochromatic radiant exitance 16 1.4. Exercises 18 1.4.1. Exercise 1 – Calculation of the Stefan–Boltzmann constant 18 1.4.2. Exercise 2 – Calculation of the Sun’s surface temperature 18 1.4.3. Exercise 3 – Average energy of a quantum oscillator, Planck’s formula 19 1.4.4. Exercise 4 – Deduction of Wien’s first law from Planck’s formula 20 1.4.5. Exercise 5 – Total electromagnetic energy radiated by the black body 20 1.5. Solutions 21 1.5.1. Solution 1 – Calculation of the Stefan–Boltzmann constant 21 1.5.2. Solution 2 – Calculation of the Sun’s surface temperature 23 1.5.3. Solution 3 – Average energy of a quantum oscillator, Planck’s formula 24 1.5.4. Solution 4 – Deduction of Wien’s law from Planck’s law 27 1.5.5. Solution 5 – Total electromagnetic energy radiated by the black body 29 Chapter 2. Wave and Particle Aspects of Light 33 2.1. Light interferences 34 2.1.1. Elongation of a light wave 34 2.1.2. Total elongation of synchronous light sources 35 2.1.3. Young’s experimental setup 36 2.1.4. Interference field, fringes of interference 37 2.1.5. Interpretation, interference as concept 37 2.1.6. Path difference 39 2.1.7. Fringe spacing, order of interference 41 2.2. Photoelectric effect 44 2.2.1. Experimental setup, definition 44 2.2.2. Interpretation, photon energy 44 2.2.3. Einstein relation, energy function 45 2.2.4. Photoelectric threshold 46 2.2.5. Stopping potential, saturation current 48 2.2.6. Quantum efficiency of a photoelectric cell 51 2.2.7. Sensitivity of a photoelectric cell 51 2.3. Compton effect 53 2.3.1. Experimental setup, definition 53 2.3.2. Energy and linear momentum of a relativistic particle 55 2.3.3. Interpretation, photon linear momentum, and Compton shift 56 2.4. Combining the particle- and wave-like aspects of light 59 2.4.1. Particle- and wave-like properties of the photon 59 2.4.2. Planck–Einstein relation 60 2.5. Exercises 61 2.5.1. Exercise 1 – Single-slit diffraction, interferences 61 2.5.2. Exercise 2 – Order of interference fringes 62 2.5.3. Exercise 3 – Experimental measurement of Planck constant and of the work function of an emissive photocathode 63 2.5.4. Exercise 4 – Experimental study of the behavior of a photoelectric cell, quantum efficiency and sensitivity 64 2.5.5. Exercise 5 – Compton backscattering 65 2.5.6. Exercise 6 – Energy and linear momentum of scattered photons and of the electron ejected by Compton effect 65 2.5.7. Exercise 7 – Inverse Compton effect 66 2.6. Solutions 66 2.6.1. Solution 1 – Single-slit diffraction, interferences 66 2.6.2. Solution 2 – Order of interference fringes 68 2.6.3. Solution 3 – Experimental measurement of Planck constant and of the work function of an emissive photocathode 70 2.6.4. Solution 4 – Experimental study of the behaviour of a photoelectric cell, quantum efficiency and sensitivity 74 2.6.5. Solution 5 – Compton backscattering 76 2.6.6. Solution 6 – Energy and linear momentum of the scattered photons and of the electron ejected by Compton effect 78 2.6.7. Solution 7 – Inverse Compton effect 79 Chapter 3. Quantum Numbers of the Electron 83 3.1. Experimental facts 85 3.1.1. Spectrometer 85 3.1.2. First lines of the hydrogen atom identified by Ångström 88 3.1.3. Balmer’s formula 89 3.1.4. Rydberg constant for hydrogen 90 3.1.5. Ritz combination principle 92 3.2. Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom 92 3.2.1. Rutherford’s scattering, atomic nucleus 92 3.2.2. Limitations of the planetary model 94 3.3. Bohr’s quantized model of the atom 95 3.3.1. Shell model of electron configurations 95 3.3.2. Bohr’s postulates, principal quantum number 95 3.3.3. Absorption spectrum, emission spectrum 98 3.3.4. Principle of angular momentum quantization 99 3.3.5. Quantized expression of the energy of the hydrogen atom 100 3.3.6. Interpretation of spectral series 104 3.3.7. Energy diagram of the hydrogen atom, ionization energy 107 3.3.8. Advantages and limitations of Bohr’s model 109 3.3.9. Reduced Rydberg constant 110 3.4. Sommerfeld’s atomic model 111 3.4.1. Experimental facts: normal Zeeman effect 111 3.4.2. Bohr–Sommerfeld model, angular momentum quantum number 113 3.4.3. Atomic orbital, electron configuration 114 3.4.4. Interpretation of normal Zeeman effect, angular momentum quantum number 117 3.4.5. Advantages and limitations of the Bohr–Sommerfeld model 120 3.5. Electron spin 120 3.5.1. The Stern–Gerlach experiment 120 3.5.2. The Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit hypothesis, electron spin 121 3.5.3. Degree of degeneracy of energy levels 124 3.5.4. Total quantum number, selection rules 125 3.6. Electron magnetic moments 127 3.6.1. Orbital and spin magnetic moments 127 3.6.2. Magnetic potential energy 130 3.6.3. Spin–orbit interaction, spectroscopic notation of states 131 3.6.4. Fine structure of the levels of energy of the hydrogen atom 132 3.7. Exercises 135 3.7.1. Exercise 1 – Spectrum of hydrogen-like ions 136 3.7.2. Exercise 2 – Using the energy diagram of the lithium atom 136 3.7.3. Exercise 3 – Spectra of the hydrogen atom, application to astrophysics 137 3.7.4. Exercise 4 – Atomic resonance 139 3.7.5. Exercise 5 – X-ray spectrum 141 3.7.6. Exercise 6 – Lifetime of the hydrogen atom according to the planetary model 143 3.7.7. Exercise 7 – Correspondence principle, quantization of the angular momentum 144 3.7.8. Exercise 8 – Franck–Hertz experiment: experimental confirmation of Bohr’s atomic model 145 3.7.9. Exercise 9 – Identification of a hydrogen-like system 148 3.7.10. Exercise 10 – Nucleus drag effect: discovery of deuteron 149 3.7.11. Exercise 11 – Normal Zeeman effect on the Lyman alpha line of the hydrogen atom 150 3.7.12. Exercise 12 – Zeeman–Lorentz triplet, Larmor precession 150 3.7.13. Exercise 13 – The Stern–Gerlach experiment, magnetic force 152 3.7.14. Exercise 14 – Intensities of the spots in the Stern–Gerlach experiment 153 3.7.15. Exercise 15 – Normal Zeeman effect on the 2p level of hydrogen-like systems 155 3.7.16. Exercise 16 – Anomalous Zeeman effect on the ground state of hydrogen-like systems 156 3.7.17. Exercise 17 – Anomalous Zeeman effect on the 2p level of hydrogen-like systems 156 3.7.18. Exercise 18 – Fine structure of the resonance line of the hydrogen atom 157 3.7.19. Exercise 19 – Fine structure of n = 2 level of the hydrogen atom 157 3.7.20. Exercise 20 – Illustration of complex Zeeman effect on the yellow sodium line, selection rules 159 3.7.21. Exercise 21 – Linear oscillator in the phase space, Bohr’s principle for angular momentum quantization 159 3.8. Solutions 161 3.8.1. Solution 1 – Spectrum of hydrogen-like ions 161 3.8.2. Solution 2 – Using the energy diagram of the lithium atom 164 3.8.3. Solution 3 – Spectra of the hydrogen atom, application to astrophysics 166 3.8.4. Solution 4 – Atomic resonance phenomenon 168 3.8.5. Solution 5 – X-ray spectrum 170 3.8.6. Solution 6 – Lifetime of the hydrogen atom according to the planetary model 172 3.8.7. Solution 7 – Correspondence principle, angular momentum quantization principle 175 3.8.8. Solution 8 – Experimental confirmation of Bohr’s model: Franck–Hertz experiment 179 3.8.9. Solution 9 – Identification of a hydrogen-like system 184 3.8.10. Solution 10 – Nucleus drag effect: discovery of the deuton 186 3.8.11. Solution 11 – Normal Zeeman effect on the Lyman alpha line of the hydrogen atom 188 3.8.12. Solution 12 – Zeeman–Lorentz triplet, Larmor precession 189 3.8.13. Solution 13 – Theoretical interpretation of the Stern–Gerlach experiment, magnetic force 195 3.8.14. Solution 14 – Intensities of the spots in the Stern–Gerlach experiment 198 3.8.15. Solution 15 – Normal Zeeman effect on the 2p level of hydrogen-like systems 202 3.8.16. Solution 16 – Anomalous Zeeman effect on the ground level of hydrogen-like systems 204 3.8.17. Solution 17 – Anomalous Zeeman effect on the 2p level of hydrogen-like systems 205 3.8.18. Solution 18 – Fine structure of the resonance line of the hydrogen atom 206 3.8.19. Solution 19 – Fine structure of n = 2 level of the hydrogen atom 209 3.8.20. Solution 20 – Illustration of complex Zeeman effect on the yellow line of sodium, selection rules 211 3.8.21. Solution 21 – Linear oscillator in the phase space, Bohr’s angular momentum quantization principle 212 Chapter 4. Matter Waves – Uncertainty Relations 217 4.1. De Broglie’s matter waves 218 4.1.1. From light wave to matter wave 218 4.1.2. De Broglie’s relation 219 4.1.3. Law of dispersion of matter waves 221 4.1.4. Phase velocity and group velocity 222 4.1.5. Bohr’s quantization principle and de Broglie hypothesis 226 4.1.6. Experimental confirmation, experiment of Davisson and Germer 228 4.2. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations 236 4.2.1. Uncertainty principle 236 4.2.2. Probabilistic interpretation of the wave function 237 4.2.3. Root mean square deviation 238 4.2.4. Spatial uncertainty relations, complementary variables 239 4.2.5. Time–energy uncertainty relation, width of lines 241 4.2.6. Heisenberg’s microscope 242 4.3. Exercises 244 4.3.1. Group velocity of de Broglie waves in the relativistic case 244 4.3.2. Observing an atom with an electron microscope 245 4.4. Solutions 246 4.4.1. Group velocity of de Broglie waves in the relativistic case 246 4.4.2. Observing an atom with an electron microscope 248 Appendices 251 Appendix 1 253 Appendix 2 267 Appendix 3 275 Appendix 4 287 Appendix 5 293 References 309 Index 313

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Book SynopsisDue to their special properties, organic semiconductors enable the development of large-area, low-cost devices, paving the way for flexible and nomadic applications that advantageously replace those made with traditional semiconductors. In this second volume, we study the main applications of organic semiconductors, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells (OPVs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).The commercialization of these new devices is then discussed within the Brabec triangle framework, in which yield, stability and production costs are the key factors. We also address the environmental impact of organic devices for their future development. This book presents the application side of organic electronics from a technological, economic and environmental perspective. It is intended for researchers and students in university programs or engineering schools specializing in electronics, energy and materials.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Reminders on optics 2 1.2.1 Photometry and radiometry 2 1.2.2 Colors 3 1.3 OLED operating principle 6 1.3.1 P–N junction LED 6 1.3.2 OLEDs 15 1.4 OLED applications 35 1.4.1 OLEDs for lighting 36 1.4.2 OLEDs for display 37 1.4.3 OLEDs for automotive equipment 39 1.5 Conclusion 40 Chapter 2 Organic Solar Cells 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Solar spectrum 42 2.3 Operating principle 44 2.3.1 Absorption of photons 45 2.3.2 Diffusion of excitons 46 2.3.3 Dissociation of excitons 47 2.3.4 Diffusion of carriers to electrodes 50 2.3.5 Collection of charges 50 2.3.6 Process optimization for an organic solar cell 50 2.4 Characteristic parameters of solar cells 52 2.4.1 Current–voltage characteristics 52 2.4.2 Photovoltaic parameters of a solar cell 54 2.4.3 Efficiency 57 2.5 Organic materials 59 2.5.1 Electron donor materials 59 2.5.2 Electron acceptor materials 61 2.6 P3HT:PCBM 63 2.7 Perovskite 65 2.7.1 Structure of perovskite 66 2.7.2 Solar cells based on perovskite 67 2.7.3 Conversion efficiency 69 2.7.4 Problems with the use of perovskite solar cells 69 2.8 Solar cells based on organic, hybrid and silicon materials 73 2.9 Strategies to improve the performance of organic and hybrid solar cells 75 2.9.1 Low bandgap semiconductors 76 2.9.2 Tandem cells 78 2.10 Conclusion 82 Chapter 3 Organic Transistors 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Operating principle 86 3.2.1 Transistor effect 87 3.2.2 Field effect 88 3.3 Principal OFET parameters 95 3.3.1 Charge carrier mobility 96 3.3.2 Contact resistance 97 3.3.3 Hysteresis 101 3.3.4 Gate-bias stress effects, VGS 102 3.3.5 Ion/Ioff current ratio 102 3.4 Materials 103 3.4.1 Metals used for electrodes 103 3.4.2 Dielectric materials 104 3.4.3 Active organic materials 109 3.5 Ambipolar transistors and semiconductors 115 3.5.1 Ambipolar semiconductors 115 3.5.2 Ambipolar transistors 116 3.6 Light-emitting transistors 118 3.6.1 Ambipolar OLETs with BHJ structure 118 3.6.2 Single-semiconductor ambipolar OLETs 118 3.6.3 Vertical OLETs 120 3.7 OFET applications 121 3.7.1 RFID tags 121 3.7.2 Sensors 122 3.7.3 Active-matrix displays 123 3.8 Conclusion 124 Chapter 4 The Brabec Triangle 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Device efficiency 128 4.2.1 OLED efficiency 128 4.2.2 Solar cell efficiency 130 4.2.3 OFET performance 133 4.3 Stability of materials and devices 134 4.3.1 Process of degradation of organic materials and devices 135 4.3.2 Classification of device degradation mechanisms 137 4.3.3 Degradation of OFETs 143 4.3.4 Measuring the lifetime of devices 146 4.4 Organic device production cost and marketing 151 4.4.1 Production of OLEDs 152 4.4.2 Production of OSCs 153 4.4.3 Production of OFETs 155 4.5 Synthesis on Brabec’s criteria 156 4.6 Environmental dimension 157 4.6.1 Life-cycle assessment 158 4.6.2 Levelized cost of energy 160 4.6.3 Energy payback time 160 4.6.4 Life cycle of organic solar cells 161 4.6.5 Fate of released pollutants 162 4.6.6 Mass production and environment 165 4.7 Prospects and developments 167 List of Acronyms 173 References 181 Index 197

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Book SynopsisTo develop innovations in quantum engineering and nanosystems, designers need to adopt the expertise that has been developed in research laboratories. This requires a thorough understanding of the experimental measurement techniques and theoretical models, based on the principles of quantum mechanics. This book presents experimental methods enabling the development and characterization of materials at the nanometer scale, based on practical engineering cases, such as 5G and the interference of polarized light when applied for electromagnetic waves. Using the example of electromechanical, multi-physical coupling in piezoelectric systems, smart materials technology is discussed, with an emphasis on scale reduction and mechanical engineering applications. Statistical analysis methods are presented in terms of their usefulness in systems engineering for experimentation, characterization or design, since safety factors and the most advanced reliability calculation techniques are included from the outset. This book provides valuable support for teachers and researchers but is also intended for engineering students, working engineers and Master�s students.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Nanometer Scale 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sample elaboration 6 1.2.1 Physical and chemical method: spin coating 9 1.2.2 Physical method: cathode sputtering 12 1.2.3 Physical method: laser ablation 14 1.3 Characterization of samples 20 1.3.1 Scanning electron microscope 26 1.3.2 Atomic force microscope 30 1.3.3 Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR) 33 1.4 Conclusion 45 1.5 Appendix: light ray propagation 46 Chapter 2 Statistical Tools to Reduce the Effect of Design Uncertainties 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Review of fundamental definitions in probability theory 52 2.2.1 Definitions and properties 52 2.2.2 Random variables 54 2.2.3 Random vectors 55 2.2.4 Static moments 56 2.2.5 Normal probability functions 60 2.2.6 Uniform probability function 61 2.3 Random process and random field 62 2.4 Mathematical formulation of the model 64 2.5 Reliability-based approach 65 2.5.1 Monte Carlo method 65 2.5.2 Perturbation method 66 2.5.3 Polynomial chaos method 70 2.6 Design of experiments method 71 2.6.1 Principle 71 2.6.2 Taguchi method 72 2.7 Set-based approach 76 2.7.1 The interval method 77 2.7.2 Fuzzy logic-based method 79 2.8 Analysis in terms of main components 82 2.8.1 Description of the approach 82 2.8.2 Mathematical basis 83 2.8.3 Interpretation of results 84 2.9 Applications 84 2.9.1 Rod mesh 84 2.9.2 Example of a linear oscillator 88 2.10 Conclusion 90 Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Waves and Their Applications 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Characteristics of the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave 94 3.3 The energy of a plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave 98 3.3.1 Answer to question 1 99 3.3.2 Answer to question 2 100 3.3.3 Answer to question 3 100 3.3.4 Answer to question 4 101 3.3.5 Answer to question 5 101 3.3.6 Answer to question 6 103 3.4 Rectangular waveguide as a high-pass frequency filter 103 3.4.1 Answer to question 1 105 3.4.2 Answer to question 2 107 3.4.3 Answer to question 3 108 3.4.4 Answer to question 4 108 3.4.5 Answer to question 5 109 3.4.6 Answer to question 6 110 3.4.7 Answer to question 7 111 3.4.8 Answer to question 8 111 3.4.9 Answer to question 9 111 3.4.10 Answer to question 10 112 3.4.11 Answer to question 11 112 3.4.12 Answer to question 12 112 3.4.13 Answer to question 13 113 3.4.14 Answer to question 14 113 3.4.15 Answer to question 15 114 3.5 Characteristics of microwave antennas 114 3.5.1 Introduction to antennas 115 3.5.2 Radiation of a wire antenna 122 3.6 Characteristics of networks of microwave antennas 134 3.6.1 Introduction to networks of microwave antennas 134 3.6.2 Radiation of antenna networks 137 Chapter 4 Smart Materials 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Smart systems and materials 150 4.3 Thermodynamics of couplings in active materials 158 4.3.1 Thermo-mechanical and thermoelastic coupling 158 4.3.2 Multiphysics couplings 172 4.4 Exercises on the application of active materials 184 4.4.1 Strain tensor for 2D thin films 184 4.4.2 A piezoelectric accelerometer 190 4.4.3 Piezoelectric transducer 193 4.4.4 Piezoelectric sensor 198 4.5 Appendix: crystal symmetry 202 Appendix 205 References 211 Index 217

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Book SynopsisThe key social issues of health, medicine, the environment, food and safety cannot be addressed without the support of chemical sensors and biosensors, whose performance is constantly improving in terms of reliability and cost, particularly in the production of autonomous devices connected to the Internet. Obtaining high-intensity transduction signals arising from the interaction of an analyte and a sensor, enabling the identification and dosage of a given compound, requires the selection of suitable physical measurement methods and the creation of structures that react specifically to different types of analyte. Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials Applied to Chemical Sensors and Biosensors details recent advances in the field of sensor design using carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, etc.) and inorganic nanomaterials (metallic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.), as well as a variety of ph

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a new perspective to uncover the keys to accident and disaster avoidance. Created with a working group, it presents research and understanding on the root causes of disasters. Indeed, beyond technical failures, human beings are at the heart of organizations and, through the exchange of data and information, influential relationships inevitably emerge such as conflicts of interest and cooperation.With examples selected from multiple accidents and disasters, this book demonstrates that analyzing the causal chain that leads to an accident is not sufficient if we wish to truly understand it. The role of operational and managerial actors and the complexities they generate are also explored.Cindynics, The Science of Danger helps readers develop their ability to identify gaps, deficits, dissonances, disjunctions, degenerations and blockages, which are the real dangers in inevitably evolving activity situations. With an easily-understandable approach, this book offers new perspectives in several fields (health, crisis management and conflict resolution).Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Presentation of the Institut pour la Maîtrise des Risques (French Institute for Risk Management) xi Foreword xiiiAndré LANNOY Preface xvii Chapter 1. Understanding Cindynics 1 1.1. The approach 3 1.2. The method 4 1.3. The tools 6 1.4. Processes 7 Chapter 2. The Usefulness of the Cindynics Approach and Method 9 2.1. The situation, the founding concept of cindynics 9 2.2. Characterizing an activity situation 10 2.3. Qualifying a dangerous situation within an activity situation 12 2.3.1. Notion of a dangerous situation 13 2.3.2. Qualifying the dangerousness of a situation 15 Chapter 3. The Usefulness of Cindynics Tools 17 3.1. Qualification grid for risk sources that are not easily identifiable 17 3.2. Describing this type of risk source 18 3.2.1. At the global organization level 19 3.2.2. At the level of stakeholder groups 23 3.2.3. At the level of the individual actor 23 Chapter 4. Reducing Risk Sources 25 Chapter 5. A Comparative View Between Dependability and Cindynics 29 5.1. Introduction 29 5.1.1. Dependability 29 5.1.2. The cindynics approach 29 5.1.3. Dependability and cindynics seem to ignore or even compete with each other 30 5.2. What is a complex system? 30 5.3. Dependability approach – its strengths and limitations 30 5.3.1. The scope of dependability 30 5.3.2. Description of the system and its components 31 5.3.3. Functional analysis 31 5.3.4. Process hazard analysis 31 5.3.5. Technological choices 31 5.3.6. Identification of failures – analyzing risks 32 5.3.7. Strengths and limitations of the approach 32 5.4. The cindynics approach 32 5.4.1. The cindynic situation and its scope 32 5.4.2. Strengths and limitations of the approach 33 5.5. Conflict or complementarity of the two approaches 34 5.6. Conclusion 35 Chapter 6. Perspectives 37 Conclusion 41 Examples of Approaches 45 Appendix 1. Current Risk Management and its Shortcomings 99 Appendix 2. Notions of Interaction and Complexity 105 Appendix 3. The Grounded Theorization Method 109 Appendix 4. Notions of Quantum Theory 111 Appendix 5. Summary of CSDs 115 Appendix 6. Archeocindynic Study 117 Appendix 7. Bhopal Study 137 Appendix 8. More Information About Bhopal 143 Appendix 9. Collection of Information on the Queen Mary II Gangway Accident 149 Appendix 10. Queen Mary Accident Cause Tree 157 Appendix 11. Collection of Information on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig Accident 159 Appendix 12. Synthesis Note of the Work of IMdR–AFPCN: “Vulnerability of Networks and Natural Disasters” 165 Appendix 13. The New Cindynics Concepts Training Course 167 Postface 169 Glossary 173 References 179 Index 185

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Book SynopsisDistribution systems drive energy and societal transition. System planning enables investments to be made in the right place, at the right time and with the right technology. Distribution System Planning is centered on the evolution of planning methods that will best support this transition, and describes the historical context and concepts that enable planning, its challenges and key influencing factors to be grasped. It also analyzes the impact of the development of renewable and decentralized energy resources, government recommendations and distributor initiatives to promote their integration. Through the use of case studies, this book provides examples of how planning methodologies have evolved, as well as an overview of new and emerging solutions.Table of ContentsForeword xi Nouredine HADJSAID and Pierre MALLET List of Notations xv List of Acronyms xxiii Introduction xxxv Chapter 1 Power Systems 1 1.1 Electricity: an essential and complex product 1 1.2 History of industrial power systems 4 1.2.1 Discovery of direct current and the design of the first generators 4 1.2.2 Birth of the first power systems: public lighting systems 5 1.2.3 The expansion of AC 6 1.2.4 The revival of DC 7 1.2.5 Development of power systems 8 1.2.6 The frequency choice for power systems 11 1.2.7 Choosing voltage levels for power systems 14 1.2.8 Structuring the power system 16 1.3 Technical description of the power system 20 1.3.1 The three-phase system 20 1.3.2 Connection mode for components of the power system 27 1.3.3 Electrotechnical imperfections of power systems 29 1.4 Distribution systems 37 1.4.1 HV/MV primary substations 37 1.4.2 MV/LV distribution substations 41 1.5 Opening of the energy markets: appearance of new players 49 1.5.1 Market deregulation versus technical regulation 49 1.5.2 Historical players in the power system 49 1.5.3 Market models around the world 52 1.5.4 Additional players in deregulated systems 57 1.5.5 Example of the European model 58 1.6 Roles of consumers and producers 64 1.6.1 Development of distributed energy resources based on renewable energies 64 1.6.2 Change in the status of the consumer: the “prosumer” 70 1.6.3 Distributed energy resources 72 1.7 Conclusion 73 1.8 References 73 Chapter 2 Principles of Power Distribution System Planning 81 2.1 Methods of power distribution system planning 81 2.1.1 Definition 81 2.1.2 The different time scales in planning 84 2.1.3 France’s power distribution system planning 86 2.1.4 Indicators used in planning and the solutions commonly employed to meet them 92 2.1.5 Planning options 108 2.1.6 Application of techno-economic formulas on simple examples 109 2.2 Typical architectures of non-distributed neutral distribution systems (European system) 119 2.2.1 MV system architectures 120 2.2.2 LV system architectures 134 2.3 Typical architectures of distributed neutral systems (North American system) 135 2.3.1 MV system architectures 136 2.3.2 LV system architectures 140 2.3.3 Comparison of architectures 144 2.4 Other architectures encountered in the world 144 2.4.1. Multi-divided and multi-connected structure (Japan and China) 144 2.4.2 Loop and sub-loop system (Madrid, Berlin and China) 145 2.4.3 Two voltage levels, two types of distribution systems (Singapore) 146 2.4.4 Secured feeder and spot network (Indonesia, Malaysia) 147 2.4.5 United Arab Emirates 148 2.5 Conclusion 149 2.6 References 150 Chapter 3 Integration of Distributed Energy Resources in Distribution System Planning 155 3.1 Introduction 155 3.2 Impact of distributed energy resources on the planning methods of distribution power systems 156 3.2.1 Problems brought about by the appearance of DERs 156 3.2.2 A need for an advanced planning tool that integrates DERs 160 3.2.3 Government policy recommendations on the evolution of distribution system planning methods 162 3.2.4 Transitioning to planning with DERs 165 3.3 Phase 1: traditional “fit and forget” planning 168 3.3.1 Allocation of DER connection costs 169 3.3.2 Estimated hosting capacity of the distribution system 171 3.3.3 Locational Net Benefit Analysis 173 3.3.4 Distribution Investment Deferral Framework 175 3.4 Phase 2: planning with DERs 181 3.4.1 List of possible insertion solutions 181 3.4.2 Planning without flexibility markets 183 3.4.3 Planning with flexibility markets 189 3.5 Conclusion 195 3.6 References 196 Chapter 4 Planning Case Studies 201 4.1 Introduction 201 4.2 State of the art of distribution systems with DERs 205 4.2.1 New diagnostic criteria for distribution systems 205 4.2.2 General principle for estimating the maximum DER power without imposing constraints on the system 206 4.2.3 Decision support tools under uncertainty based on the Monte Carlo method 209 4.3 Dense urban interconnected systems 217 4.3.1 Structural solution: topological optimization of electrical distribution systems 217 4.3.2 Case study 3: non-wire alternatives 243 4.4 Rural interconnected systems 262 4.4.1 Case study 4: NWA to integrate DERs into LV rural distribution systems 262 4.4.2. Case study 5: using storage to defer investments in LV systems 275 4.5 Off-grid systems 280 4.5.1 Case study 6: rural electrification – Cambodia 280 4.5.2 Case study 7: high cost, difficult access areas – Australia 290 4.6 Conclusion 292 4.7 References 293 Chapter 5 Mathematical Tools for Planning 295 5.1 Introduction 295 5.2 Inputting data for the planning problem 295 5.2.1 Preliminary definitions 295 5.2.2 Technical and economic data 300 5.2.3 Structure of the initial electrical system 302 5.2.4 Topological data 305 5.2.5 Definition of sizing situations 310 5.3. Planning: a multi-objective optimization problem under constraints 312 5.3.1 Decision-making variables 312 5.3.2 Definition of the multi-objective function to be optimized 319 5.3.3 Defining constraints 322 5.3.4 Load distribution calculation 329 5.4 Algorithms for optimizing the planning of distribution systems 340 5.4.1 Analysis of the optimization problem 340 5.4.2 Breakdown of sub-problems to be optimized 344 5.4.3 Summary of optimization methods used in planning 346 5.4.4 Integration of uncertainties in planning 351 5.5 Conclusion 354 5.6 References 354 Chapter 6 Mathematical Tools for Planning: Application to Case Studies 357 6.1 Introduction 357 6.2 Master-slave decomposition method with a feedback loop and use of metaheuristics: case study no 1 360 6.3 Greedy decomposition method 365 6.3.1 Heuristics: case study no 2a 365 6.3.2 Brute-force search: case study no 2b 371 6.4 Linear programming 373 6.4.1. Consumption curtailment (demand response): case study no. 3a 373 6.4.2 Phase balancing problem – integer linear programming: case study no 6 378 6.5 Nonlinear programming 379 6.5.1 Storage to remove system constraints: case study no 5 379 6.5.2 Placement and sizing of storage and production units: case study no 6 382 6.6 Integration of uncertainties 383 6.6.1 Monte Carlo method applied to the calculation of the DER HC and the technical and economic interest of flexibilities 383 6.6.2 Probabilistic method applied to the technical and economic interests of flexibilities: case study no 3b 391 6.7 Conclusion 398 6.8 References 399 Chapter 7 New Trends and Challenges 401 7.1 Introduction 401 7.2 New architectures and new products 402 7.2.1 A new set of values 402 7.2.2 New objects: virtualization of assets, case of the virtual lines of the Ringo Project 407 7.2.3 Renewed interest for direct current 408 7.2.4 New multi-objective systemic approaches 417 7.3 Integrated planning tools 418 7.3.1 Why integrate? 418 7.3.2 The challenges of data 420 7.3.3 Including control in planning models 422 7.3.4 The challenge of skills 423 7.4 New economic actors and new business models 424 7.4.1 Diversity of actors 424 7.4.2 Diversity of topics 425 7.4.3 Diversity of business models 426 7.5 Conclusion 427 7.6 References 427 Conclusion 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisThe main objective of this book is to offer an overview and a critical assessment of current connectivity issues in Asia and Europe, seen from an industrial perspective. Critical insights into the contemporary debate on connectivity during times of crisis, which has led to significant economic and social disruptions, are offered throughout the book. European and Asian countries seek to "bounce forward" and not "bounce back" as they navigate the complex economic recovery process. Innovation and investment emerge as critical players to help an economic recovery that shifts towards a more resilient and environmentally friendly approach, to ensure that the world economies stay connected. The global health crisis has revealed that, more than ever before, ubiquitous connectivity, underpinned by pioneering innovation, is a must. As such, governments worldwide need to ensure that businesses and societies emerge stronger and more resilient from existing and emerging crises by laying solid foundations that help to circumnavigate future disruptions of a global magnitude.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Connectivity in Euro-Asian Business xi Robert TAYLOR I.1 The Chinese conception of a new world order xi I.2 China as a global economic player in Europe xii I.3 Sino-American rivalry in Asia xiii I.4 China’s trade and investment in Asia xiv I.5 China’s digitalization strategy in Asia xv I.6 Summary and conclusion xvi I.7 References xix Chapter 1 Japan’s Plans for Society 5.0 – A Global Concept, an Isolated Solution or Utopia? 1 Jana-Larissa GRZESZKOWIAK 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Achievements in the implementation process 3 1.3 Society 5.0 – a science, technology and innovation policy 9 1.4 Conclusion 11 1.5 References 12 Chapter 2 European Union–Japan Relations: A Business System Overview of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) 17 Louis-Caleb REMANDA 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Literature review 18 2.2.1 The relationship between Japan and the European Union in context 19 2.2.2 Understanding the business systems overview 21 2.2.3 Regionalization and Europeanization 23 2.3 Research propositions and methodology 25 2.4 Case of Japan – European Union Economic Partnership Agreement 27 2.4.1 The targets of the Free Trade Agreement 27 2.4.2 The organizations in charge of the implementation 28 2.4.3 Initiatives taken for the success of the EPA 29 2.4.4. JETRO and the EU-Japan Centre as bridges between authorities 30 2.5 Conclusion 32 2.6 References 32 Chapter 3 The Evolving Foreign Direct Investment Landscape: Evidence from Europe and Asia 35 Clare O’MAHONY and Thi Ngoc DAO 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Measuring FDI 37 3.3 Country selection 38 3.4 Data availability and comprehensiveness 42 3.5 Effects of reverse investment 44 3.6 Effects of pass-through investment and corporate inversion 46 3.7 Concluding remarks 49 3.8 References 50 Chapter 4 Investigating the Influencing Factors Revealing a Trade Potential for EU–China Agricultural Products: A Trade Gravity Model Approach 53 Junshi LI and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Literature review 55 4.3 Methodology 58 4.4 Empirical results 65 4.4.1 The effects of GDP on EU–China agricultural trade 65 4.4.2 The effects of geographical distance on EU–China agricultural trade 67 4.4.3 The effect of GDP per capita on EU–China agricultural trade 69 4.4.4 The effect of institutional distance on EU–China agricultural trade 70 4.4.5 The effects of two dummy variables on the agricultural trade between the EU and China: WTO membership and landlocked 73 4.4.6. The EU’s trade potential vis-à-vis China in agricultural products 75 4.5 Conclusion 78 4.6 Appendix: Agricultural products defined by Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) 79 4.7 References 80 Chapter 5 Understanding the US Restrictions on Huawei and their Impact on the Development of the EU Digital Single Market and on the Outlook of the 5G Market 83 Qin TANG 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 The epical US sanctions and EU undertakings 84 5.3 Basic ideas of 5G 87 5.3.1 What is 5G? 87 5.3.2 Three use cases of the application of 5G 88 5.3.3 5G: A new shuffle in the current global value chain? 90 5.4 Concerns and fallacies 93 5.5. Focusing on policy regulation instead of geopolitical gameplaying? 98 5.6 Conclusion: 5G future in juncture 99 5.7 References 102 Chapter 6 Analyzing the Quality of Online Product Reviews and their Antecedents 109 Yin XU and Sam DZEVER 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Literature review 110 6.2.1 Definition and measurement of online review quality 110 6.2.2 Antecedents of online review quality 111 6.3 Theoretical model and hypothesis development 112 6.3.1 The effect of product type on the quality of online reviews 112 6.3.2. The effect of monetary incentive on the quality of online reviews 113 6.3.3 Interactions between monetary incentives and product type 114 6.4 Data collection 115 6.5 Analysis and results 117 6.5.1 Research model and analysis method 117 6.5.2 Findings 119 6.6 Conclusion and implications 121 6.7 References 122 Chapter 7 Climate Policy Challenges in China: Spatial and Econometric Analysis 129 Miroslava ZAVADSKA, Lucía MORALES, Jarmila ZIMMERMANNOVÁ and Vít PÁSZTO 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 China’s carbon emissions and economic growth 131 7.3 Environmental issues and greenhouse gases 134 7.4 Data and methodological framework 138 7.4.1 Data 138 7.4.2 Econometric models 138 7.4.3 Spatial methods 139 7.5 Econometric findings 141 7.6 Spatial findings 144 7.6.1 Coal consumption 144 7.6.2 Consumption expenditure per capita on health care 145 7.6.3 Carbon emissions 146 7.6.4 Carbon intensity 147 7.6.5 Typology of Chinese provinces based on cluster analysis 149 7.6.6 Cluster analysis types 149 7.7 Conclusion 152 7.8 References 152 Chapter 8. The Connecting Role of Home Country Institutions on SME Internationalization: China’s OFDI Support in Germany 157 Fabian HÄNLE, Stefanie WEIL and Bart CAMBRÉ 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Literature review 160 8.3 Methodology 162 8.4 Findings and discussion 165 8.4.1 Overview of findings 165 8.4.2 Discussion of theoretical contributions 171 8.5 Limitations and future research 176 8.6 Implications and conclusion 177 8.7 References 180 Chapter 9 Stock Markets and Cultural Dimensions: A Comparison Between Japan, South Korea and China 193 Sophie NIVOIX and Serge REY 9.1 The relationships between cultural values and financial decisions 194 9.1.1 The cultural dimensions of Hofstede 195 9.1.2 The Schwartz dimensions 196 9.1.3 The approach of Trompenaars 197 9.1.4 The GLOBE project 198 9.2 The measures of the cultural dimensions and their financial implications 199 9.2.1 The Hofstede dimensions for Japan, South Korea and China 200 9.2.2 The results of Schwartz for Japan, South Korea and China 201 9.2.3. The Trompenaars dimensions for Japan, South Korea and China 202 9.2.4 Scores of the GLOBE project for the three countries 202 9.2.5. Summary of risk and return assumptions for the three countries 204 9.3 Main financial patterns among the three stock markets 205 9.4 Conclusion 209 9.5 References 209 Chapter 10 Geo-economics and Geopolitics of Power Balance: Insights from the China-Iran-Pakistan Alliance 213 Lucía MORALES, Daniel RAJMIL and Bernadette ANDREOSSO-O’CALLAGHAN 10.1 Introduction 214 10.2 China’s economic challenges 216 10.3 Globalization insights and power balance 220 10.4 China-Pakistan-Iran trilateral cooperation 221 10.5 Pakistan’s vital role in the CPEC and regional stability 223 10.6. Energy and natural resources as a binding element for China’s geo-economics aspirations 225 10.7 Pakistan’s shift from geopolitics to geo-economics 227 10.8 Iran’s role in the alliance 228 10.9 Conclusion 232 10.10 References 233 Chapter 11 The New Silk Road, EU-China Connectivity and Global Logistics Crisis: Nordic Perspective to the Eurasian Land Bridge Rail Routes 239 Erja KETTUNEN and Claes G. ALVSTAM 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Europe-China connectivity and the geography of transportations 241 11.2.1 Modes of transport in Europe-China trade 241 11.2.2 Policy initiatives and the development of railway connectivity 243 11.2.3 Data and method of the study 245 11.3 Finnish rail transport routes to China along the Eurasian Land Bridge 246 11.3.1 Before the regular connections 246 11.3.2 The start of regular transports 247 11.3.3 The impact of the connectivity policies 250 11.3.4 The impact of the pandemic and global logistics disruption 251 11.4 Conclusion 253 11.5 References 254 Conclusion 263 Sam DZEVER List of Authors 265 Index 267

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