Mathematical foundations Books

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Book SynopsisAnthony Croft has taught mathematics in further and higher education institutions for over thirty years. During that time, he has championed the development of mathematics support for the many students who find the transition from school to university mathematics particularly difficult. In 2008 he was awarded a National Teaching Fellowship in recognition of his work in this field. He has authored many successful mathematics textbooks, including several for engineering students. He was jointly awarded the IMA Gold Medal 2016 for his outstanding contribution to mathematics education. Robert Davison has thirty years of experience teaching mathematics in further and higher education. He has authored many successful mathematics textbooks, including several for engineering students.

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Book Synopsisthis section gained proofs of the Schroeder–Bernstein theorem and the Trichotomy Law for Sets, and lost most of the material about finite and countable sets, which has now been moved to a new section devoted to those two types of sets.Trade Review“This is a well-written book, based on very sound pedagogical ideas. It would be an excellent choice as a textbook for a ‘transition’ course.” (Margret Höft, zbMATH 1012.00013, 2021)“The contents of the book is organized in three parts … . this is a nice book, which also this reviewer has used with profit in his teaching of beginner students. It is written in a highly pedagogical style and based upon valuable didactical ideas.” (R. Steinbauer, Monatshefte für Mathematik, Vol. 174, 2014)“Books in this category are meant to teach mathematical topics and techniques that will become valuable in more advanced courses. This book meets these criteria. … This book is well suited as a textbook for a transitional course between calculus and more theoretical courses. I also recommend it for academic libraries.” (Edgar R. Chavez, ACM Computing Reviews, February, 2012)“This is an improved edition of a good book that can serve in the undergraduate curriculum as a bridge between computationally oriented courses like calculus and more abstract courses like algebra.” (Teun Koetsier, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1230, 2012)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition To the Student To the Instructor Part I. Proofs 1. Informal Logic 2. Strategies for Proofs Part II. Fundamentals 3. Sets 4. Functions 5. Relations 6. Finite and Infinite Sets Part III. Extras 7. Selected Topics 8. Explorations Appendix: Properties of Numbers Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Discrete.- Integers.- Natural Numbers and Induction.- Some Points of Logic.- Recursion.- Underlying Notions in Set Theory.- Equivalence Relations and Modular Arithmetic.- Arithmetic in Base Ten.- The Continuous.- Real Numbers.- Embedding Z in R.- Limits and Other Consequences of Completeness.- Rational and Irrational Numbers.- Decimal Expansions.- Cardinality.- Final Remarks.- Further Topics.- Continuity and Uniform Continuity.- Public-Key Cryptography.- Complex Numbers.- Groups and Graphs.- Generating Functions.- Cardinal Number and Ordinal Number.- Remarks on Euclidean Geometry.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"The Art of Proof is a surprising union of rigor with taste and wit. The authors take a hard-core axiomatic approach, but the writing is never dry. Instead, topics are carefully chosen and meticulously developed with grace and humor, careful attention to detail, and just the right number of skill-building exercises and thought-provoking problems."The text is spare—well under two hundred pages—but contains a thorough axiomatic development of the integers and the reals, along with non-standard optional topics such as Cayley graphs and generating functions. Instead of the standard scattershot "symbolic logic-set theory-functions-proof by contradiction-zzzz..." books, this text keeps its focus on just a few fundamental ideas, of which induction is the most important. This helps my students to feel that they are participants in a grand undertaking—the construction of a number system—rather than passive victims of one proof technique after another." —Paul Zeitz (Mathematics Professor at the University of San Francisco)“This qualitative transition presents a most acute pedagogical challenge. … This book does feature definite mathematical content, contrasting with works that aim at decoupling purely logical apparatus from strictly mathematical concerns. … The authors write with the authority of research mathematicians and clearly mean to open that avenue to students. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (D. V. Feldman, Choice, Vol. 48 (8), April, 2011)“This book offers an approach well-balanced between rigor and clarifying simplification. Dilbert and Foxtrot cartoons with philosophical quotes presage the introduction of axioms and preliminary propositions. This graceful and witty blend succeeds well in a textbook for a post-calculus course transitioning a student to higher mathematics. The Art of Proof can also well serve independent readers looking for a solitary path to a vista on higher mathematics.” (Tom Schulte, The Mathematical Association of America, November, 2010)“This is an undergraduate text to extend, in a deeper and formal way, the usual initial knowledge of mathematics. The book deals with classical topics like integers, induction, algorithms, real numbers, rational numbers, modular arithmetic, limits, uncountable sets … . The publication may be useful for people using the book to teach a course on the above mentioned topics. … The aim behind this textbook is teaching how to read and write mathematics as well as understanding key methods and concepts.” (Claudi Alsina, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1198, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface.- Notes for the Student.- Notes for Instructors.- Part I: The Discrete.- 1 Integers.- 2 Natural Numbers and Induction.- 3 Some Points of Logic.- 4 Recursion.- 5 Underlying Notions in Set Theory.- 6 Equivalence Relations and Modular Arithmetic.- 7 Arithmetic in Base Ten.- Part II: The Continuous.- 8 Real Numbers.- 9 Embedding Z in R.- 10. Limits and Other Consequences of Completeness.- 11 Rational and Irrational Numbers.- 12 Decimal Expansions.- 13 Cardinality.- 14 Final Remarks.- Further Topics.- A Continuity and Uniform Continuity.- B Public-Key Cryptography.- C Complex Numbers.- D Groups and Graphs.- E Generating Functions.- F Cardinal Number and Ordinal Number.- G Remarks on Euclidean Geometry.- List of Symbols.- Index.

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Book SynopsisExploring Geometry, Second Edition promotes student engagement with the beautiful ideas of geometry. Every major concept is introduced in its historical context and connects the idea with real-life. A system of experimentation followed by rigorous explanation and proof is central. Exploratory projects play an integral role in this text. Students develop a better sense of how to prove a result and visualize connections between statements, making these connections real. They develop the intuition needed to conjecture a theorem and devise a proof of what they have observed.Features:Second edition of a successful textbook for the first undergraduate courseEvery major concept is introduced in its historical context and connects the idea with real lifeFocuses on experimentationProjects help enhance student learningAll major software programs can be used; free software from authorTable of ContentsGeometry and the Axiomatic MethodEarly Origins of GeometryThales and PythagorasProject 1 - The Ratio Made of GoldThe Rise of the Axiomatic MethodProperties of the Axiomatic SystemsEuclid's Axiomatic GeometryProject 2 - A Concrete Axiomatic SystemEuclidean GeometryAngles, Lines, and Parallels ANGLES, LINES, AND PARALLELS 51Congruent Triangles and Pasch's AxiomProject 3 - Special Points of a TriangleMeasurement and AreaSimilar TrianglesCircle GeometryProject 4 - Circle Inversion and OrthogonalityAnalytic GeometryThe Cartesian Coordinate SystemVector GeometryProject 5 - Bezier CurvesAngles in Coordinate GeometryThe Complex PlaneBirkhoff's Axiomatic SystemConstructionsEuclidean ConstructionsProject 6 - Euclidean EggsConstructibilityTransformational GeometryEuclidean IsometriesReflectionsTranslationsRotationsProject 7 - Quilts and TransformationsGlide ReflectionsStructure and Representation of IsometriesProject 8 - Constructing CompositionsSymmetryFinite Plane Symmetry GroupsFrieze GroupsWallpaper GroupsTilting the PlaneProject 9 - Constructing TesselationsHyperbollic GeometryBackground and HistoryModels of Hyperbolic GeometryBasic Results in Hyperbolic GeometryProject 10 - The Saccheri QuadrilateralLambert Quadrilaterals and TrianglesArea in Hyperbolic GeometryProject 11 - Tilting the Hyperbolic PlaneElliptic GeometryBackground and HistoryPerpendiculars and Poles in Elliptic GeometryProject 12 - Models of Elliptic GeometryBasic Results in Elliptic GeometryTriangles and Area in Elliptic GeometryProject 13 - Elliptic TilingProjective GeometryUniversal ThemesProject 14 - Perspective and ProjectionFoundations of Projective GeometryTransformations and Pappus's TheoremModels of Projective GeometryProject 15 - Ratios and HarmonicsHarmonic SetsConics and CoordinatesFractal GeometryThe Search for a "Natural" GeometrySelf-SimilaritySimilarity DimensionProject 16 - An Endlessly Beautiful SnowflakeContraction MappingsFractal DimensionProject 17 - IFS FernsAlgorithmic GeometryGrammars and ProductionsProject 18 - Words Into PlantsAppendix A: A Primer on ProofsAppendix A □ A Primer on Proofs 497Appendix B □ Book I of Euclid’s Elements Appendix C □ Birkhoff’s Axioms Appendix D □ Hilbert’s Axioms Appendix E □ Wallpaper Groups

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Book SynopsisThis is the first text to be written on the topic of Self-Field Theory (SFT), a new mathematical description of physics distinct from quantum field theory, the physical theory of choice by physicists at the present time. SFT is a recent development that has evolved from the classical electromagnetics of the electron’s self-fields that were studied by Abraham and Lorentz in 1903-04. Due to its bi-spinorial motions for particles and fields that obviate uncertainty, SFT is capable of obtaining closed-form solution for all atomic structures rather than the probabilistic solutions of QFT. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Self-Field Theory. The Photon. The Phonon. Self-Field Theory: A Mathematical Model of Physics. Appendices: Mathematical Preliminaries. Comments on Physical Constants, Equations, and Standards. Self-Field Theory: New Photonic Insights. Frequently Asked Questions. The Search for a General Physical Mathematics.

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Book SynopsisDiscrete optimization models are used to tackle a wide variety of problems in many fields, including operations research, management science, engineering, and mathematics. Written by two internationally recognized integer programming experts, this book presents the mathematical foundations, theory, and algorithms of discrete optimization methods.Table of ContentsFOUNDATIONS. The Scope of Integer and Combinatorial Optimization. Linear Programming. Graphs and Networks. Polyhedral Theory. Computational Complexity. Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Linear Programming. Integer Lattices. GENERAL INTEGER PROGRAMMING. The Theory of Valid Inequalities. Strong Valid Inequalities and Facets for Structured Integer Programs. Duality and Relaxation. General Algorithms. Special-Purpose Algorithms. Applications of Special- Purpose Algorithms. COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION. Integral Polyhedra. Matching. Matroid and Submodular Function Optimization. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis adaptation of an earlier work by the authors is a graduate text and professional reference on the fundamentals of graph theory. It covers the theory of graphs, its applications to computer networks and the theory of graph algorithms. Also includes exercises and an updated bibliography.Table of ContentsBasic Concepts. Trees, Cutsets, and Circuits. Eulerian and Hamiltonian Graphs. Graphs and Vector Spaces. Directed Graphs. Matrices of a Graph. Planarity and Duality. Connectivity and Matching. Covering and Coloring. Matroids. Graph Algorithms. Flows in Networks. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisWritten for engineering students, this textbook on numerical methods stresses the typical methods that engineers use in daily practice. A chapter on design introduces problems which bring relevance to the use of this tool in engineering situations.Table of ContentsFOUNDATIONS. Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations. Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. DATA ANALYSIS. Statistics and Least-Squares Approximation. Curve Fitting. NUMERICAL CALCULUS. Differentiation and Integration. Ordinary Differential Equations. ADVANCED TOPICS. Matrix Eigenproblems. Introduction to Partial Differential Equations. Design and Optimization. Appendices. References. Bibliography. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisExplores fundamental concepts in arithmetic. This book begins with the definitions and properties of algebraic fields. It then discusses the theory of divisibility from an axiomatic viewpoint, rather than by the use of ideals. It also gives an introduction to p-adic numbers and their uses, which are important in modern number theory.Table of ContentsCh. I Algebraic Fields 1 Ch. II Theory of Divisibility (Kronecker, Dedekind) 33 Ch. III Local Primadic Analysis (Kummer, Hensel) 71 Ch. IV Algebraic Number Fields 141 Amendments 223

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Book SynopsisRevealing the mathematical side of Benjamin Franklin, this book explains the mathematics behind Franklin's popular "Poor Richard's Almanac", which featured such things as population estimates and a host of mathematical digressions. It includes optional math problems that challenge readers to match wits with the Founding Father himself.Trade Review"Pasles...speculates gleefully on the oft-denied mathematical genius of Benjamin Franklin...Drawing on Franklin's letters and journals as well as modern-day reconstructions of his library, Pasles touches on Franklin's fondness for magazines of mathematical diversions; publication of arithmetic problems in Poor Richard's Almanac; startlingly accurate projections of population growth and cost-benefit arguments against slavery."--Publisher's Weekly "In Franklin's Numbers, a book mixing intellectual history and mathematical puzzles (with solutions appended), Paul Pasles brings out a less-celebrated sphere of Franklin's intellect. He makes the case for the founding father as a mathematician."--Jared Wunsch, Nature "Pasles delivers surprising news to Sudoku lovers: Benjamin Franklin once shared their passion...Pasles illuminates Franklin's innovative use of mathematical logic in settling moral questions and in assessing population trends. Franklin's mathematical pursuits thus emerge as a complement to his much-lauded work in politics and science. An unexpected but welcome perspective on the genial genius of Philadelphia."--Bryce Christensen, Booklist "There is hardly a discipline on which Franklin did not stamp his mark during the 18th century. But the role that mathematics played in his life has been overlooked, argues Paul Pasles. Franklin, for instance, was fascinated with magic squares, and this book provides plenty of background to help the reader admire his interest."--New Scientist "[This is] a book that is an easy read for the innumerate but which also provides nourishment for those more skilled in the niceties of math...Also included are some contemporary puzzles that offer the reader the chance to contest skills with Franklin himself."--James Srodes, The Washington Times "Making frequent use of Franklin's writings as well as mathematical brainteasers of the type that Franklin enjoyed, Benjamin Franklin's Numbers is an engaging and thoroughly unique biography of a singular figure in American history."--Ray Bert, Civil Engineering "I thoroughly enjoyed reading this book. It is written in a pleasant, conversational style and the author's enthusiasm for his subject is infectious. The text is richly embroidered with colorful details, both mathematical and historical."--Eugene Boman, Convergence: A Magazine of the Mathematical Association of America "Pasles has succeeded in writing a book dealing with mathematics that is accessible to readers at all levels, yet thoroughly referenced and scholarly enough to satisfy researchers. His endeavor was eased by the fact that the bulk of the material concerns Franklin's magic squares and circles, which only require that the reader have the ability to add. Unexpectedly, Pasles contributes much that is new; he corrects the errors of previous authors and presents new ideas through literary sleuthing and mathematical analysis."--C. Bauer, Choice "Pasles makes a convincing case for Franklin as the last true Renaissance man in what is an entertaining and informative book that will even appeal to readers with only limited knowledge of mathematics."--Physics World "With seven years of diligent study, by going through a vast amount of archive material, references including primary sources and books and research papers, the author has produced a carefully documented and fascinating account to substantiate the theme he makes, namely, that Franklin 'possessed a mathematical mind.'"--Man Keung Siu, Mathematical Reviews "[Paul C. Pasles] and the publisher should ... be commended for producing a highly aesthetically pleasing book, with a color centerpiece showing many of Franklin's beloved magic squares in their full glory."--Eli Maor, SIAM Review "This book will appeal to readers with an interdisciplinary interest in both history and mathematics. Teachers who enjoy showing students the many ways in which they can draw on mathematics to construct logical, real-world arguments will find useful examples for the classroom. The book also includes a variety of number puzzles that can be used to challenge students."--Michelle Cirillo, Mathematics Teacher "I found Benjamin Franklin's Numbers a delightful book. I enjoyed studying and playing with the magic squares and patterns, and I was fascinated by the biographical tidbits about Franklin. This book is very well written, and I highly recommend it to anyone with an interest in mathematics or in Benjamin Franklin."--James V. Rauff, Mathematics and Computer EducationTable of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1: The Book Franklin Never Wrote 1 Chapter 2: A Brief History of Magic 20 Chapter 3: Almanacs and Assembly 61 Interlude: Philomath Math 83 Chapter 4: Publisher, Theorist, Inventor, Innovator 87 Chapter 5: A Visit to the Country 117 Chapter 6: The Mutation Spreads (Adventures Among the English) 141 Chapter 7: Circling the Square 158 Chapter 8: Newly Unearthed Discoveries 191 Chapter 9: Legacy 226 Acknowledgements 243 Appendix 245 Index 253

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Book SynopsisJohn Napier (1550-1617) is celebrated today as the man who invented logarithms--an enormous intellectual achievement that would soon lead to the development of their mechanical equivalent in the slide rule: the two would serve humanity as the principal means of calculation until the mid-1970s. Yet, despite Napier's pioneering efforts, his life andTrade Review"John Napier fills a gap concerning an important, and often ignored, chapter of mathematical history."--George Szpiro, Nature "In this engaging book, we learn more about Napier the mathematician, the religious zealot, the person."--Devorah Bennu, The Guardian, Grrl Scientist "Edinburgh born John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, is in danger of fading into the shadows of the scientific landscape. In the new book John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy, Julian Havil does a marvelous job of bringing Napier back into the spotlight."--Stephanie Blanda, American Mathematical Society blog "I'm sure after reading this entertaining and enjoyable book, Napier will climb some rungs on your ladder of famous mathematicians."--A. Bultheel, European Mathematical Society "Havil ... gives a rich history of Napier's involvement in the Protestant reformation, his introduction of logarithms, and his legacy."--Choice "With this book, the author continues his impressive series of illuminating, accessible monographs on the history of mathematics."--Bart J. I. Van Kerkhove, Mathematical Review "This book fills a clear gap in published work on Napier and is likely to be the standard point of departure for those interested in his life and work for some years to come."--Mark McCartney, London Mathematical Society Newsletter "It is clearly a very interesting book."--Ernesto Nungesser, Irish Math Society Bulletin "Havil's attention to detail is without equal in the opinion of this reviewer."--John A. Adam, ScotiaTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter One Life and Lineage 8 Chapter Two Revelation and Recognition 35 Chapter Three A New Tool for Calculation 62 Chapter Four Constructing the Canon 96 Chapter Five Analogue and Digital Computers 131 Chapter Six Logistics: The Art of Computing Well 155 Chapter Seven Legacy 179 Epilogue 207 Appendix A Napier's Works 209 Appendix B The Scottish Science Hall of Fame 210 Appendix C Scotland and Conflict 211 Appendix D Scotland and Reformation 216 Appendix E A Stroll Down Memory Lane 220 Appendix F Methods of Multiplying 229 Appendix G Amending Napier's Kinematic Model 232 Appendix H Napier's Inequalities 233 Appendix I Hos Ego Versiculos Feci 236 Appendix J The Rule of Three 238 Appendix K Mercator's Map 250 Appendix L The Swiss Claimant 264 References 270 Index 275

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Book SynopsisThe mathematics of ancient Egypt was fundamentally different from our math today. Contrary to what people might think, it wasn't a primitive forerunner of modern mathematics. This title provides an introduction to the intuitive and often-surprising art of ancient Egyptian math.Trade Review"Count Like an Egyptian would make an excellent addition to math classrooms at many different levels. Reimer includes problems in the text and solutions in the back of the book, so the reader can practice techniques and get a feel for exactly how the system works as they go through the book. The mathematics is basic enough to be helpful for children learning fractions or multiplication for the first time, but it's also different enough from the methods most of us know that adults will get a lot out of it as well."--Evelyn Lamb, Scientific American "History lovers will gain much more than just insight into the Egyptian mind-set. The author interleaves mathematical exposition with short essays on Egyptian history, culture, geography, mythology--all, like the rest of the book, beautifully illustrated... For a lively and inquiring mind the book has a good deal to offer. It is well written, lavishly illustrated, and just awfully interesting. The book is a pleasure to hold, to browse, and to read."--Alexander Bogomolny, Cut the Knot "You get the feeling that David Reimer must be a pretty entertaining teacher. An associate professor of mathematics at the College of New Jersey, he has taken on the task of explaining ancient math systems by having you use them. And though it's not easy, he manages to lead you, step by step, through a hieroglyphic based calculation of how many 10-pesu loaves of bread you can make from seven hekat of grain."--Nancy Szokan, Washington Post "An interesting combination of history, ancient literature and mythology, arithmetic puzzles and mathematics, and lavishly illustrated with numerous colour diagrams, this engaging book is unusual, thought-provoking and just plain fun to read."--Devorah Bennu, GrrlScientist, The Guardian "Count Like an Egyptian is a beautifully illustrated and well-written book... Reimer's overriding goal is to demonstrate that Egyptian fraction arithmetic is fascinating, versatile, and well suited for whatever calls fractions into existence... By working through the material Reimer patiently and gently presents, the reader will have a more thorough understanding and appreciation of how Egyptian scribes made the calculations needed to administer an empire bent on building pyramids and granaries, surveying flooded riverside property, digging irrigation basins, and rationing or exchanging bread and beer supplies amongst its gangs of workers... This book should find a home in libraries used by middle school and high school mathematics teachers. It also provides a good resource for mathematics education professors and their students on the college level as they explore historical beginnings of mathematical ideas, make cultural comparisons, and develop interdisciplinary connections."--Calvin Jongsma, MAA Reviews "An interesting combination of history, ancient literature and mythology, arithmetic puzzles and mathematics, and lavishly illustrated with numerous colour diagrams, this engaging book is unusual, thought-provoking and just plain fun to read."--GrrrlScientist "This amusing popular introduction to an uncommon subject is a mental adventure that sheds new light on the thought processes of a lost civilization and will appeal both to those who enjoy mathematical puzzles and to Egyptophiles."--Edward K. Werner, Library Journal "In general I really like this book and believe it is, if not necessarily a must for all Egyptophiles, then definitely one to put on the wish list as an interesting addition to your bookshelf... It is fun way of working through complicated and yet practical mathematics which makes the Rhind Papyrus come alive and gives an insight into the logical brain of ancient Egyptian scribes."--Charlotte Booth, charlottesegypt.com "Reimer succeeds very well in transferring his enthusiasm tor the Egyptian system to the reader. The reactions from his students who were used tor a try-out are claimed to be positive. But even if you do not want to graduate as an Egyptian scribe, you may be charmed by the witty Egyptian system and you will be delighted by the colourful illustrations and Reimer's entertaining account of it all."--A. Bultheel, European Mathematical Society "Count Like an Egyptian takes the reader step-by-step through the ancient Egyptian methods, which are surprisingly different from our own, and yet, in the capable hands of author David Reimer, surprisingly understandable. This lovely book has fun illustrations to demonstrate the various operations, basic geometry, and other tasks faced by the scribes... This book is a pleasure to read and makes Egyptian math a pleasure to learn."--Gretchen Wagner, San Francisco Book Review "The book is intended to be used as a teaching tool and includes practice examples for the student. It would be difficult to imagine a work that more effectively covers this aspect of the ancient civilization."--JPP, Ancient Egypt "David Reimer succeeds in keeping the mathematics in Count Like an Egyptian clever and light, raising this book into a rare category: a coffee table book that is serious and fun."--Robert Schaefer, New York Journal of Books "This volume is ideal for anyone, and I truly mean anyone, young or old, mathematician, student or teacher, who wants to learn how the ancient Egyptians did mathematics... This book has all the Egyptian mathematics a general mathematician, teacher or student could ever want to learn. In particular it would be a perfect resource for a schoolteacher, elementary through lower division college. The material is presented in a direct and accessible manner."--Amy Shell-Gellasch, CSHPM Bulletin "Overall this is a didactic and well written book, with many important illustrations, with some incursions in the mathematics of other ancient cultures."--European Mathematical Society "With Reimer's guidance, motivating stories, and lighthearted remarks, readers can become facile with Egyptian algorithms and the insights they reveal... Valuable for all readers looking for a guided of an alternative to traditional school arithmetic and the torpor that algorithmic training causes."--Choice "[T]his book is a worthwhile read for anyone interested in seeing exactly how ancient Egyptians dealt with mathematics. It will help put our present algorithms into perspective as simply one of many possible algorithms one could use to perform arithmetic operations."--Victor J. Katz, Mathematical Reviews Clippings "[Reimer] ... set himself to understand and explain the ancient methods, and the result is an approachable, thorough and lavishly-produced book."--Owen Toller, Mathematical Gazette "Count like an Egyptian is a beautifully glossy and colourful book; the presentation of hieroglyphs is particularly well done, and fully interated into the surrounding text... This book has given me a new perspective on day-to-day arithmetic."--Christopher Hollings, Mathematics Today "This is a wonderful book, very well written, filled with illustrations on every page, witty, addressing anyone interested in grade school arithmetic."--Victor V. Pambuccian, Zentralblatt MATH "Count Like an Egyptian is important for anyone interested in alternative algorithms... If you want to roll up your sleeves and learn some new mathematics, this is the book for you."--Michael Manganello, Mathematics Teacher "An engaging and beautifully illustrated book that deals with the basics of ancient Egyptian mathematics, set in the wider context of other ancient mathematical systems."--Corinna Rossi, Aestimatio "A great approach and a dedicated effort. One hopes the book will reflect that persistence and it does... This is a book that comes recommended, for anyone who wants to know where our current basis of mathematics comes from through to those with an interest in maths and history."--Gordon Clarke, Gazette of the Australian Mathematical SocietyTable of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Computation Tables xi 1 Numbers 1 2 Fractions 13 3 Operations 22 4 Simplification 55 5 Techniques and Strategies 80 6 Miscellany 121 7 Base-Based Mathematics 144 8 Judgment Day 182 Practice Solutions 209 Index 235

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Offers a clear and beautiful progression from addition to modern number theory."--Math-Blog "The authors did a remarkable job in making some aspects of modern number theory very accessible to readers with only a minimal knowledge of mathematics, say a student who had a first calculus course. However, also mathematicians who do not have number theory as their main focus will enjoy this book."--Adhemar Bultheel, European Mathematical Society "Ash and Gross do a masterful job of leading students from finite sums to modular forms and to the forefront of modern number theory... This is an excellent piece of mathematical writing."--Choice "[A]n accessible and fun introduction to modular forms... [Summing It Up] is engaging and conversational, without losing accuracy or essential rigor."--Dominic Lanphier, American Mathematical MonthlyTable of Contents*Frontmatter, pg. i*CONTENTS, pg. vii*PREFACE, pg. xi*ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, pg. xv*INTRODUCTION: WHAT THIS BOOK IS ABOUT, pg. 1*CHAPTER 1. PROEM, pg. 11*CHAPTER 2. SUMS OF TWO SQUARES, pg. 22*CHAPTER 3. SUMS OF THREE AND FOUR SQUARES, pg. 32*CHAPTER 4. SUMS OF HIGHER POWERS: WARING'S PROBLEM, pg. 37*CHAPTER 5. SIMPLE SUMS, pg. 42*CHAPTER 6. SUMS OF POWERS, USING LOTS OF ALGEBRA, pg. 50*CHAPTER 7. INFINITE SERIES, pg. 73*CHAPTER 8. CAST OF CHARACTERS, pg. 96*CHAPTER 9. ZETA AND BERNOULLI, pg. 103*CHAPTER 10. COUNT THE WAYS, pg. 110*CHAPTER 11. THE UPPER HALF-PLANE, pg. 127*CHAPTER 12. MODULAR FORMS, pg. 147*CHAPTER 13. HOW MANY MODULAR FORMS ARE THERE?, pg. 160*CHAPTER 14. CONGRUENCE GROUPS, pg. 179*CHAPTER 15. PARTITIONS AND SUMS OF SQUARES REVISITED, pg. 186*CHAPTER 16. MORE THEORY OF MODULAR FORMS, pg. 201*CHAPTER 17. MORE THINGS TO DO WITH MODULAR FORMS: APPLICATIONS, pg. 213*BIBLIOGRAPHY, pg. 225*INDEX, pg. 227

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Having a healthy skepticism toward numbers and giving readers the tools to think about math more logically is the purpose of this easily read, slight book. Brian W. Kernighan adroitly distills complex issues. His tone is more that of a mellow friend breaking down a concept that flummoxes you rather than an Ivy League professor expounding on the elegance of numbers."---Jacqueline Cutler, NJ.com"Numbers, graphs and statistics can often be misleading and misrepresented. In Millions, Billions, Zillions: Defending Yourself in a World of Too Many Numbers, Kernighan provides the reader with an entertaining and useful guide to avoid becoming a victim of number abuse."---Ben Rothke, RSA Conference"I can wholeheartedly recommend reading this book, because of the infectious way the author describes his interaction with numbers."---J. Herret, International Mathematical News"This is a must-read for anyone looking to cure their “number numbness”"---Tibi Puiu, ZME Science

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Nahin has written a beautifully clear, fascinating book on a topic which is truly vital to so many areas of science and I would recommend anyone who enjoys puzzle solving and having new tools to tackle old (or new) problems should read it."---Jonathan Shock, Mathemafrica

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Book SynopsisPreface.- Introduction.- Propositional Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- Propositional Logic: Deductive Systems.- Propositional Logic: Resolution.- Propositional Logic: Binary Decision Diagrams.- Propositional Logic: SAT Solvers.- First-Order Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- First-Order Logic: Deductive Systems.- First-Order Logic: Terms and Normal Forms.- First-Order Logic: Resolution.- First-Order Logic: Logic Programming.- First-Order Logic: Undecidability and Model Theory.- Temporal Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- Temporal Logic: A Deductive System.- Verification of Sequential Programs.- Verification of Concurrent Programs.- Set Theory.- Index of Symbols.- Index of Names.- Subject Index.Trade ReviewAsst. Prof. Manoj Raut, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, IndiaExcerpts from full review posted Jan 15 2013 to Computing Reviews [Review #: CR140831]I have used the second edition of this book for my class. I find this new third edition more interesting and more elaborately written; I like it very much, and applaud the author for his work.Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction.- Propositional Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- Propositional Logic: Deductive Systems.- Propositional Logic: Resolution.- Propositional Logic: Binary Decision Diagrams.- Propositional Logic: SAT Solvers.- First-Order Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- First-Order Logic: Deductive Systems.- First-Order Logic: Terms and Normal Forms.- First-Order Logic: Resolution.- First-Order Logic: Logic Programming.- First-Order Logic: Undecidability and Model Theory.- Temporal Logic: Formulas, Models, Tableaux.- Temporal Logic: A Deductive System.- Verification of Sequential Programs.- Verification of Concurrent Programs.- Set Theory.- Index of Symbols.- Index of Names.- Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisLively prose and imaginative exercises draw the reader into this unique introductory real analysis textbook. Motivating the fundamental ideas and theorems that underpin real analysis with historical remarks and well-chosen quotes, the author shares his enthusiasm for the subject throughout. A student reading this book is invited not only to acquire proficiency in the fundamentals of analysis, but to develop an appreciation for abstraction and the language of its expression. In studying this book, students will encounter: the interconnections between set theory and mathematical statements and proofs; the fundamental axioms of the natural, integer, and real numbers; rigorous e-N and e-d definitions; convergence and properties of an infinite series, product, or continued fraction; series, product, and continued fraction formulæ for the various elementary functions and constants. ITrade Review Table of ContentsPreface.- Some of the most beautiful formulæ in the world.- Part 1. Some standard curriculum.- 1. Very naive set theory, functions, and proofs.- 2. Numbers, numbers, and more numbers.- 3. Infinite sequences of real and complex numbers.- 4. Limits, continuity, and elementary functions.- 5. Some of the most beautiful formulæ in the world I-III.- Part 2. Extracurricular activities.- 6. Advanced theory of infinite series.- 7. More on the infinite: Products and partial fractions.- 8. Infinite continued fractions.- Bibliography.- Index​.

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Book SynopsisSince its inception, fuzzy logic has attracted an incredible amount of interest, and this interest continues to grow at an exponential rate. As such, scientists, researchers, educators and practitioners of fuzzy logic continue to expand on the applicability of what and how fuzzy can be utilised in the real-world. In this book, the authors present key application areas where fuzzy has had significant success. The chapters cover a plethora of application domains, proving credence to the versatility and robustness of a fuzzy approach. A better understanding of fuzzy will ultimately allow for a better appreciation of fuzzy. This book provides the reader with a varied range of examples to illustrate what fuzzy logic can be capable of and how it can be applied. The text will be ideal for individuals new to the notion of fuzzy, as well as for early career academics who wish to further expand on their knowledge of fuzzy applications. The book is also suitable as a supporting text for advanced undergraduate and graduate-level modules on fuzzy logic, soft computing, and applications of AI.Table of ContentsRecognising Handwritten Digits Using a Fuzzy Neural Network Joshua Reynolds and Tianhua Chen Fuzzy Assessment of Student Academic Performances Shangen Yang and Tianhua Chen A Hybrid Fuzzy Neural Network for Image Recognition Samaresh Nayak and Tianhua Chen A Fuzzy Diagnostic System for Heart Disease Siyue Song, Tianhua Chen, and Grigoris Antoniou Analysing Medical Notes using Fuzzy Logic Siyue Song, Tianhua Chen, and Grigoris Antoniou Fostering Positive Personalisation through Fuzzy Clustering Raymond Moodley Fuzzy Logic in Modern Information Retrieval Steve Wade Fuzzy Applied to Sentiment Analysis Orestes Appel Fuzzy Logic, a Logicians Perspective Patrick Fogarty Applications of Fuzzy Logic in an Automated Warehouse Patrick Fogarty Can Fuzzy Systems Assist with Project Planning? Daniel Maia and Arjab Khuman Fuzzy Logic in Autonomous Vehicles David McDougall and Arjab Khuman AI Spawning Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Inference System Reece Carey and Arjab Khuman The Application of Fuzzy Logic on Intelligent Transportation Systems Nath Lloyd and Arjab Khuman Fuzzy Logic Applied to Water Processes Will Chapman and Arjab Khuman Applications of Fuzzy Logic in Autonomous Vehicles Sam Asquith and Arjab Khuman Predicting Cyber Threats using Fuzzy Logic Jarrad Morden and Arjab Khuman Implementations of Fuzzy Logic in Camera Systems Sophie Hughes and Arjab Khuman Application of a Fuzzy Logic Control System for Stock Market Prediction Based on Technical Indicators and Fundamental Analysis Humza Nazir and Arjab Khuman The Application of Fuzzy Logic in Determining Outcomes of Sporting Events Spencer Deane and Arjab Khuman Using Fuzzy Logic to Educate People on Phishing Harry Taylor and Arjab Khuman

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Book SynopsisThis volume is dedicated to Hiroakira Ono life’s work on substructural logics. Chapters, written by well-established academics, cover topics related to universal algebra, algebraic logic and the Full Lambek calculus; the book includes a short biography about Hiroakira Ono. The book starts with detailed surveys on universal algebra, abstract algebraic logic, topological dualities, and connections to computer science.It further contains specialised contributions on connections to formal languages (recognizability in residuated lattices and connections to the finite embedding property), covering systems for modal substructural logics, results on the existence and disjunction properties and finally a study of conservativity of expansions. This book will be primarily of interest to researchers working in algebraic and non-classical logic.Table of ContentsChapter 1. A scientific autobiography (Hiroakira Ono).- Part I: Expository and survey chapters.- Chapter 2. Universal algebraic methods for non-classical logics (James G. Raftery).- Chapter 3. Abstract algebraic logic - An introductory chapter (Josep Maria Font).- Chapter 4. Topological duality and algebraic completions (Mai Gehrke).- Chapter 5. An algebraic glimpse at bunched implications and separation logic (Peter Jipsen and Tadeusz Litak).- Part II: Special topics.- Chapter 6. Recognizability in Residuated Lattices (José Gil-Férez and Constantine Tsinakis).- Chapter 7. Finite embeddability property for residuated lattices via regular languages (Rostislav Horčík). Chapter 8. Cover systems for the modalities of linear logic (Robert Goldblatt).- Chapter 9. A negative solution to Ono’s Problem P52: Existence and disjunction properties in intermediate predicate logic (Nobu-Yuki Suzuki).- Chapter 10. Conservative expansions of substructural logics (Jacopo Amidei, Rodolfo C. Ertola-Biraben and Franco Montagna).

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Book SynopsisThis open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2022, which was held during April 4-6, 2022, in Munich, Germany, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2022. The 23 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 77 submissions. They deal with research on theories and methods to support the analysis, integration, synthesis, transformation, and verification of programs and software systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes revised selected papers from the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Dynamic Logic, DaLí 2022, held in Haifa, Israel, in July/August 2022.The 8 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions. They deal with new trends and applications in the area of Dynamic Logic. Table of ContentsFirst steps in updating knowing how.- Parametrized modal logic II: the unidimensional case.- Relating Kleene algebras.- Dynamic epistemic logic for budget-constrained agents.- Action models for coalition logic.- Quantum logic for observation of physical quantities.- Cautious distributed belief.- A STIT logic of intentionality.

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Book SynopsisEdited in collaboration with FoLLI, this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Indian Conference on Logic and Its Applications, ICLA 2023, which was held in Indore, India, in March 2023.Besides 6 invited papers presented in this volume, there are 9 contributed full papers which were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 submissions. The volume covers a wide range of topics. These topics are related to modal and temporal logics, intuitionistic connexive and imperative logics, systems for reasoning with vagueness and rough concepts, topological quasi-Boolean logic and quasi-Boolean based rough set models, and first-order definability of path functions of graphs.Table of ContentsA Note on the Ontology of Mathematics.- Boolean Functional Synthesis: From Under the Hood of Solvers.- Labelled Calculi for Lattice-based Modal Logics.- Two Ways to Scare a Gruffalo.- Determinacy Axioms and Large Cardinals.- Big ideas from logic for mathematics and computing education.- Modal Logic of Generalized Separated Topological Spaces.- Multiple-valued Semantics for Metric Temporal Logic.- Segment transit function of the induced path function of graphs and its first-order definability.- Fuzzy Free Logic with Dual Domain Semantics.- A New Dimension of Imperative Logic. -Quasi-Boolean based models in Rough Set theory: A case of Covering.- Labelled calculi for the logics of rough concepts.- An Infinity of Intuitionistic Connexive Logics.- Relational Semantics for Normal Topological Quasi-Boolean Logic.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Formal Methods Teaching, FMTea 2023, which was held in Lübeck, Germany, in March 2023.The 7 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 10 submissions. FMTea 2023 aim is to support a worldwide improvement in learning Formal Methods, mainly by teaching but also via self-learning.Table of ContentsAutomated Exercise Generation for Satisfiability Checking.- Graphical Loop Invariant Based Programming.- A Gentle Introduction to Verification of Parameterized Reactive Systems.- Model Checking Concurrent Programs for Autograding in pseuCo Book.- Teaching TLA+ to Engineers at Microsoft.- Teaching and Training in Formalisation with B.- Teaching low-code Formal Methods with Coloured Petri Nets.

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Book SynopsisThe two main themes of this book, logic and complexity, are both essential for understanding the main problems about the foundations of mathematics. Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity covers a broad spectrum of results in logic and set theory that are relevant to the foundations, as well as the results in computational complexity and the interdisciplinary area of proof complexity. The author presents his ideas on how these areas are connected, what are the most fundamental problems and how they should be approached. In particular, he argues that complexity is as important for foundations as are the more traditional concepts of computability and provability.Emphasis is on explaining the essence of concepts and the ideas of proofs, rather than presenting precise formal statements and full proofs. Each section starts with concepts and results easily explained, and gradually proceeds to more difficult ones. The notes after each section present some formal definitions, theorems and proofs.Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity is aimed at graduate students of all fields of mathematics who are interested in logic, complexity and foundations. It will also be of interest for both physicists and philosophers who are curious to learn the basics of logic and complexity theory.Trade Review“This monograph by the outstanding Czech logician Pavel Pudlák provides a broad but also deep survey of work in logic and computer science relevant to foundational issues, interpreted in a wide sense. … This is a fine overview of logic and complexity theory that can be confidently recommended to anybody who would like to orient themselves in an increasingly intricate and difficult field.” (Alasdair Urquhart, Philosophia Mathematica, Vol. 23 (3), October, 2015)“For the non-expert it offers indeed a ‘gentle introduction’ to logic that is well selected and excellently explained. And for the logician it certainly offers some of the best introductions to those topics outside their area of direct expertise. … it contains plenty of informal explanations, intuition and motivation. … It is truly a gift to the logic and wider communities … . This book is very enjoyable to read and I wish it all success.” (Olaf Beyersdorff, Mathematical Reviews, August, 2014)“It spans the historical, logical, and at times philosophical underpinnings of the theory of computational complexity. Students of mathematics seeking a transition to higher mathematics will find it helpful, as will mathematicians with expertise in other areas. … an excellent choice for a first text in studying complexity, or as a clarifying adjunct to any assigned text in this area. … a compact guide for graduate students with a need for or interest in computational complexity and its foundations.” (Tom Schulte, MAA Reviews, July, 2014)“This book, exactly as indicated by its title, deals with the main philosophical, historical, logical and mathematical aspects … in a quite approachable and attractive way. … the prospective readers of this book are mathematicians with an interest in the foundations, philosophers with a good background in mathematics, and also philosophically minded scientists. Due to the author’s nice style, the book will be a very good choice for the first text in studying this subject.” (Branislav Boričić, zbMATH, Vol. 1270, 2013)Table of Contents​​​​​​​​​​Mathematician’s world.- Language, logic and computations.- Set theory.- Proofs of impossibility.- The complexity of computations.- Proof complexity.- Consistency, Truth and Existence.- References.

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Book SynopsisGerhard Gentzen is best known for his development of the proof systems of natural deduction and sequent calculus, central in many areas of logic and computer science today. Another noteworthy achievement is his resolution of the embarrassing situation created by Gödel's incompleteness results, especially the second one about the unprovability of consistency of elementary arithmetic. After these successes, Gentzen dedicated the rest of his short life to the main problem of Hilbert's proof theory, the question of the consistency of analysis. He was arrested in the summer of 1945 with other professors of the German University of Prague and died soon afterward of starvation in a prison cell. Attempts at locating his lost manuscripts failed at the time, but several decades later, two slim folders of shorthand notes were found. In this volume, Jan von Plato gives an overview of Gentzen's life and scientific achievements, based on detailed archival and systematic studies, and essential for placing the translations of shorthand manuscripts that follow in the right setting. The materials in this book are singular in the way they show the birth and development of Gentzen's central ideas and results, sometimes in a well-developed form, and other times as flashes into the anatomy of the workings of a unique mind.Trade Review“This book is obviously indispensable to historians of logic in the immediate wake of Gödel’s 1931 incompleteness theorems. … Saved from the Cellar is also valuable for less specialist readers (like myself ) who wish to understand the broader outlines of what proof theory has meant to several of its leading creators.” (Colin McLarty, Isis, Vol. 111 (1), 2020)“The book contains translations of shorthand notes which survived in the Nachlass of the mathematical logician Gerhard Gentzen. ... The book is valuable source for the history of modern logic; the editor did an excellent work in getting the shorthand notes, first transcribed in normal German text, and then translating it to English.” (Reinhard Kahle, zbMath 1414.03002, 2019)“Every general reader interested in modern logic and its history, … may find a source of inspiration in Genzen’s unpublished notes of the thirties, as well as for the philosopher concerned with epistemological aspects of modern logic.” (Adrian Rezus, Studia Logica, Vol. 107, 2019)“This is an account and transcription of two slim folders of stenographic material in Gerhard Gentzen's handwriting that were found in 1984. … this book is a valuable contribution to the history of the development of mathematical logic in the first half of the twentieth century.” (Henry Africk, Mathematical Reviews, December, 2017)Table of ContentsPart I: A Sketch of Gentzen's Life and Work.- 1. Overture.- 2. Gentzen's years of study.- Dr. Gentzen's arduous years in Nazi Germany.- 4. The scientific accomplishments.- 5. Loose ends.- 6. Gentzen's genuis.- Part II: Overview of the Shorthand Notes.- 1. Gentzen's series of stenographic manuscripts.- 2. The items in this collection.- Practical remarks on the manuscripts.- Manuscript illustrations.- The German alphabet in Latin, Sutterlin, and Fraktur Type.- Bibliography for parts I and II.- Index of names for Parts I and II.- Part III: The Original Writings.- 1. Reduction of number-theoretic problems to predicate logic.- 2. Replacement of functions by predicates.- 3. The formation of abstract concepts.- 4. Five different forms of natural calculi.- 5. Formal conception of correctness in arithmetic I.- 6. Investigations into logical inferences.- 7. Reduction of classical to intuitionistic logic.- 8. CV of the candidate Gerhard Gentzen.-0 9. Letters to Heyting.- 10. Formal conception of correctness in arithmetic II.- 11. Proof theory of number theory.- 12. Consistency of artihmetic, for publication.- 13. Correspondence with Paul Bernays.- 14. Forms of type theory.- 15. Predicate logic.- 16. Propositional logic.- 17. Foundational research in mathematics.- Table of cross-references in the Gentzen papers.- Index of names in the Gentzen papers.- Index of subjects in the Gentzen papers.

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Book SynopsisThis is a two-volume collection presenting the selected works of Herbert Busemann, one of the leading geometers of the twentieth century and one of the main founders of metric geometry, convexity theory and convexity in metric spaces. Busemann also did substantial work (probably the most important) on Hilbert’s Problem IV. These collected works include Busemann’s most important published articles on these topics. Volume I of the collection features Busemann’s papers on the foundations of geodesic spaces and on the metric geometry of Finsler spaces. Volume II includes Busemann’s papers on convexity and integral geometry, on Hilbert’s Problem IV, and other papers on miscellaneous subjects. Each volume offers biographical documents and introductory essays on Busemann’s work, documents from his correspondence and introductory essays written by leading specialists on Busemann’s work. They are a valuable resource for researchers in synthetic and metric geometry, convexity theory and the foundations of geometry. Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction to Volume I.- List of publications of Herbert Busemann.- Acknowledgements.- Essays.- A. Papadpoulos: Herbert Busemann (1905-1994).- A. Papadopoulos and M. Troyanov: On three early papers by Herbert Busemann on the foundations of geometry.- M. Troyanov: On Pasch's Axiom and Desargues' Theorem in Busemann's work.- V. N. Berestovskiy: Busemann's results, ideas, questions on locally compact homogeneous geodesic spaces.- A. Papadopoulos and S. Yamada: Busemann's problems on G-spaces.- Busemann's metric theory of timelike spaces.- A. Papadopoulos: Chronogeometry.- W. M. Boothby: Review of Busemann's book The geometry of Geodesics.- F. A. Ficken: Review of Busemann's book Metric Methods in Finsler Spaces and in the Foundations of Geometry.- Busemann's papers on the foundations of geodesic spaces and on the metric geometry of Finsler spaces.

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Book SynopsisThrough its engaging and unusual problems, this book demonstrates methods of reasoning necessary for learning number theory. Every technique is followed by problems (as well as detailed hints and solutions) that apply theorems immediately, so readers can solve a variety of abstract problems in a systematic, creative manner. New solutions often require the ingenious use of earlier mathematical concepts - not the memorization of formulas and facts. Questions also often permit experimental numeric validation or visual interpretation to encourage the combined use of deductive and intuitive thinking. The first chapter starts with simple topics like even and odd numbers, divisibility, and prime numbers and helps the reader to solve quite complex, Olympiad-type problems right away. It also covers properties of the perfect, amicable, and figurate numbers and introduces congruence. The next chapter begins with the Euclidean algorithm, explores the representations of integer numbers in different bases, and examines continued fractions, quadratic irrationalities, and the Lagrange Theorem. The last section of Chapter Two is an exploration of different methods of proofs. The third chapter is dedicated to solving Diophantine linear and nonlinear equations and includes different methods of solving Fermat’s (Pell’s) equations. It also covers Fermat’s factorization techniques and methods of solving challenging problems involving exponent and factorials. Chapter Four reviews the Pythagorean triple and quadruple and emphasizes their connection with geometry, trigonometry, algebraic geometry, and stereographic projection. A special case of Waring’s problem as a representation of a number by the sum of the squares or cubes of other numbers is covered, as well as quadratic residuals, Legendre and Jacobi symbols, and interesting word problems related to the properties of numbers. Appendices provide a historic overview of number theory and its main developments from the ancient cultures in Greece, Babylon, and Egypt to the modern day. Drawing from cases collected by an accomplished female mathematician, Methods in Solving Number Theory Problems is designed as a self-study guide or supplementary textbook for a one-semester course in introductory number theory. It can also be used to prepare for mathematical Olympiads. Elementary algebra, arithmetic and some calculus knowledge are the only prerequisites. Number theory gives precise proofs and theorems of an irreproachable rigor and sharpens analytical thinking, which makes this book perfect for anyone looking to build their mathematical confidence.Table of ContentsPreface.- Numbers: Problems Involving Integers.- Further Study of Integers.- Diophantine Equations and More.- Pythagorean Triples, Additive Problems, and More.- Homework.

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Book SynopsisLectures on intuitionism.- Realizability: A retrospective survey.- Some applications of Kleene's methods for intuitionistic systems.- Notes on intuitionistic second order arithmetic.- Some properties of intuitionistic zermelo-frankel set theory.- Ouelques Resultats sur les Interpretations Fonctionnelles.- Combinator realizability of constructive finite type analysis.- The arithmetic theory of constructions.- The priority method for the construction of recursively enumerable sets.- Admissible ordinals and priority arguments.- Abstract computability versus analog-generability (a survey).- Infinitary combinatorics.- The maximum sum of a family of ordinals.- Effective implications between the "finite" choice axioms.- On descendingly complete ultrafilters.- XVI. A model for the negation of the axiom of choice.- Filters closed under MAHLO's and GAIFMAN's operation.- On chromatic number of graphs and set systems.- Countable models of set theories.- Errata.- Descriptive set theory in .- Modal model theory.- A preservation theorem for interpretations.- Vaught sentences and Lindström's regular relations.Table of ContentsLectures on intuitionism.- Realizability: A retrospective survey.- Some applications of Kleene's methods for intuitionistic systems.- Notes on intuitionistic second order arithmetic.- Some properties of intuitionistic zermelo-frankel set theory.- Ouelques Resultats sur les Interpretations Fonctionnelles.- Combinator realizability of constructive finite type analysis.- The arithmetic theory of constructions.- The priority method for the construction of recursively enumerable sets.- Admissible ordinals and priority arguments.- Abstract computability versus analog-generability (a survey).- Infinitary combinatorics.- The maximum sum of a family of ordinals.- Effective implications between the "finite" choice axioms.- On descendingly complete ultrafilters.- XVI. A model for the negation of the axiom of choice.- Filters closed under MAHLO's and GAIFMAN's operation.- On chromatic number of graphs and set systems.- Countable models of set theories.- Errata.- Descriptive set theory in .- Modal model theory.- A preservation theorem for interpretations.- Vaught sentences and Lindström's regular relations.

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Book SynopsisOver the years, this book has become a standard reference and guide in the set theory community. It provides a comprehensive account of the theory of large cardinals from its beginnings and some of the direct outgrowths leading to the frontiers of contemporary research, with open questions and speculations throughout.Table of ContentsPreliminaries.- Beginnings.- Partition Properties.- Forcing and Sets of Reals.- Aspects of Measurability.- Strong Hypotheses.- Determinacy.

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