Materials science Books

Book SynopsisBoron is a trivalent metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite. Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, while boron compounds play important roles as light structural materials, insecticides and preservatives, and reagents for chemical synthesis. Boron is an essential plant nutrient. Whereas lack of boron results in boron deficiency disorder, high soil concentrations of boron may also be toxic to plants. This book presents current research in the study of boron, including borophosphates; boron in higher plants; thermodynamic stability of boride semiconductor alloys; boron beam interaction with matter; boron processing in the solar cell industry; and treatment of boron-containing water.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a study of brick and mortar research technologies. Topics include the corrosion and environmental aspects of cements and reinforced concrete; in-plane behaviour of CRFP retrofitted masonry; high temperature effects on masonry materials; raman spectroscopic characterization of brick and mortars; preparation of coloured facing brick from low melting clay under a water vapor atmosphere; negative effects of the use of white portland cement as an additive to aerial lime mortars; the anti-corrosive behaviour of four different types of organic coatings; the modelling of brick-mortar interface; and ultrasonic characterization of mortar using micromechanical and multiple scattering models.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on polybenzimidazoles polymer synthesis and applications; N-type diamond materials; transparent conducting oxides for thin film solar cells; valorisation of gneiss rock powder waste in ceramic materials; and metal-on-metal hip protheses.

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Book SynopsisAnisotropy is a term used to indicate the directional dependence of a biological, chemical, geometrical, mechanical or physical property of a system that develops in different ways along different spatial axes. This material behaviour is observed in many engineering disciplines, computer graphics, geology and geophysics, medicine, neurosciences and natural sciences. Thus the research approaches within those disciplines accordingly varies. This book has collected contributions of new research developments and the corresponding research results from different disciplines with particular focus on experimental, numerical and theoretical studies of material property variations. Thus, the materials in this book indicate significant directions on new research progresses and are expected to give future research perspectives in anisotropy behaviour.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the fabrication, properties and thermal stability of quasi-amorphous Ta-Si-N diffusion barriers; sol-gel immobilised micro-organisms for bioremediation systems and biosensors; glass-ceramics with oriented non-linear crystals; plastic based nanocomposite films for active packaging with tailor diffusion properties; thermal barrier coated superalloys used in turbine blades and using feldspar to produce ceramic floor tiles.

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Book SynopsisMachining is a science and technology that holds great interest in industrialised countries (G7) and countries with emerging economies (BRICS). Nowadays, several important and advanced industries such as the automotive, aeronautic, aerospace, alternative energy, moulds and dies, and biomedical industries, use machining. Machining is a manufacturing process in which parts are shaped by removal of unwanted material. Interest for this topic has increased over the last twenty years, with rapid advances in materials science, micro and nanotechnology, automation, electronics and computer technology. This book aims to provide research and review studies on machining operations, technology and management. This research book can be used for final undergraduate engineering courses (for example, mechanical, manufacturing, industrial, materials, etc.,) or as a subject on machining at the postgraduate level. Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for academics, manufacturing researchers, mechanical, manufacturing and industrial engineers, and professionals in related industries with machining operations, technology and management.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a general introduction to the use of the silkworm and its products for the textile industry and in the human body for the purposes of aiding healing and correcting deformities. In addition, this book provides a familiarity with the uses of silk materials in textile and biological applications and also the rational basis for these applications. It covers subjects such as silkworm silk fibre composites, silk materials in medicine and cellular immunological responses to silk materials.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on resin-based dental composites; controlled delivery materials; DC art plasma jet; organic potential of rubber tyre wastes; limestone as sorbent for toxic species in energy production; recycling of rubber; fire-induces colour modifications on limestones used as building materials in monuments; poly (vinyl alcohol) ferrogels and electrowinning of precious metals using a modified electrochemical cyclone reactor.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a continuation of the book Materials Science Researcher Biographical Sketches and Research Summaries which compiles biographical sketches of top professionals in the field of materials science research, as well as research summaries from a number of different focuses in this important field.

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Book SynopsisCerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth''s crust by weight. It is found in a number of minerals, the most important being monazite and bastnasite. Commercial applications of cerium include catalysts, additives to fuel to reduce emissions and to glass and enamels to change their colour. In this book, the authors study the molecular structure, technological applications and health effects of cerium. Topics include the synthetic and structural features of ceriopolyoxotungstates; cerium-based corrosion inhibitors; tetravalent cerium chemistry; comparative toxicity of cerium and other rare earth elements (REEs) in plant and invertebrate test systems; cerium-based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3; cerium oxide and its reduction in composite materials under hydrogen containing atmosphere; cerium as fertiliser for soils in Russia; and the structure and reactivity of cerium IV complexes with aliphatic organic compounds.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the synthesis, optical properties and applications for cancer treatment of gold nanoparticles. Topics discussed include the use of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment and biomedical applications to target tumors and provide detection, drug carriers, gene silencing and radiotherapy; gold nanoparticle fabrication by laser ablation technique and their optical and morphological study; gold nanoparticles for metabolite imaging; formation of gold nanoparticles inside the corona of amphiphilic triblock copolymer micelles; and the intracellular delivery of gold nanoparticles and their application in nanomedicine.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the compounds, production and applications of platinum. Topics discussed include the structural aspects of platinum coordination complexes; the problems of geochemical antagonism between REE and PGE in mafic and ultramafic rocks and their petrogenetic significance; the synthesis of platinum complexes of cyclic phosphines and bisphosphines; platinum films YSZ with different types of grain boundaries; platinum nanoparticles and inflammation; and platinum-halide square-prism compounds and their optical features.

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Book SynopsisPolypropylene (PP) is one of the most largely used man-made polymeric materials. This synthetic stereo-regular polymer has a high tensile strength combined with a low cost, which could explain it''s wide usage and application. This book covers some important advances in PP research, including its synthesis, characterizations, modifications, and applications. A thorough understanding of propylene polymerization, mainly concerning its physical and chemical features, as crystalline morphology, for instance, is useful to understand how it could influence PP mechanical properties and heat resistance. These characteristics are directly related to PP rheology and consequently the tendencies to form composites or blends. PP hybrid materials amplify the possibilities of obtaining new useful supplies, and also allow recycling or reusing wastes or low cost resources, as ashes, besides increasing its value.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on amorphous calcium orthophosphates and their biomedical applications; hydroxyapatite synthesis and characterization; luminescent carbon nanomaterials; Ag/PDA composite nonlinear optical materials; activated carbons from wooden precursors; composite PVA hydrogels application in biomedicine; tailoring glass fibre sizings from the mechanical characterization of the fibers; degradation of composite materials by the effect of water; the microhardness of photoplymerization commercial composite of resin; and potassium catalyzed degradation of wood under nitrogen and air.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors discuss the occurrences, physical properties and applications of spinels. Topics include optical spectroscopy of transition metals in a-ZnAl2S4 wide band gap semiconductors; development of spinel NiZn ferrites for power field applications; spinel ferrites as catalysts for light alkanes combustion; application of magnesium spinel nanometric coating on aluminum oxide as an ionizing radiation sensor for personal and environmental dosimetry; chromium spinel oxides in high magnetic fields; the structural behavior of natural Cr-bearing spinels compared with synthetic ones; negative temperature coefficient thermistors based on spinel-type ceramics; and synthesis of high surface area MgAl2O4 spinel particles by a new method.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors discuss the structure, technology and applications of sapphire. Topics include the advances in machining technology of sapphire wafers; the growth and surface investigations of synthetic sapphire; laser-assisted micro-fabrication of sapphire; and the heat-physical processes of sapphire crystal growth by horizontal directed crystallisation.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of adhesions. Topics discussed in this compilation include surface analysis techniques for root canal filling adhesion studies; polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecules in the human nervous system at prenatal, postnatal and adult ages; surgical adhesives; interaction of diamond-transition metal substrates and interfacial adhesion enhancement/failure mechanisms; inhibition and impairment of cell adhesions; and effects of anti-cell adhesion molecules to prevent heart transplant rejection.

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Book SynopsisGelatine has been the focus of many scientific studies recently published, as it is widely used not only in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals but also in paints, fertilisers, and photographs. In this book, a discussion of the chemistry and cross-linking of gelatine is explored, in addition to the methods used for determination of gelatine quality. This book also discusses the applications of gelatine in neurosurgery, laboratory methods, and forensic applications; gelatine as a carrier matrix for drug delivery applications; recently developed techniques for improving the mechanical strength of gelatine-based films; alternative raw material used in gelatine production; and current discussions on the religious status of gelatine and religious requirements for kosher and halal gelatine production.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the crystallography, chemistry and catalytic performance of perovskites. Topics discussed include the defect structure and defect-induced expansion of perovskite oxides; perovskite-based catalysts for transformation of natural gas and oxygenates into syngas; Bi containing multiferroic perovskite oxide thin films; perovskites as catalysts for environmental remediation; microwave-assisted synthesis and characterisation of perovskite oxides; perovskite and lead based ceramic materials; photocatalytic properties of perovskite-type layered oxides; structure of perovskite electron-ionic conductors; and distorted perovskites.

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Book SynopsisThis book, written by leading experts of the international scientific community, is divided into 10 chapters and gives a comprehensive review of the important aspects of conducting polymers. Synthetic methodologies of these polymers and their nanocomposites along with their electrical and electrochemical properties are described herein. Application of the conducting polymers for sensors, solar cells and lithium batteries are also presented. The editor and all contributors believe the subjects highlighted are important topics in the field of conducting polymers and make this book a very useful scientific support to a large audience of readers, from students to senior researchers in the academic community and from engineers to business people in different industrial sectors.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the status and perspectives of organic photovoltaic cells; room temperature silicon carbide thin-film formation; microcapsule based self-healing thermosetting materials for structural applications; donor-accepted interface and conversion efficiency; silicon carbide as a catalytic support for energy and environmental applications; transmission electron microscopy application on y-Al2O3 single crystal formation during NiAl oxidation and applied to fuel cell materials characterisation; low pressure deposition techniques of silicon carbide thin films; automated crystal orientation mapping in a transmission electron microscope in electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel; pharmaceutical application of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy; and fabrication and characterisation of C60-based solar cells with phthalocyanine, poly-vinylcarbazole and germanium bromide.

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Book SynopsisThe advanced materials and composites based on nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, and also using the latest achievements of Materials Science, Condensed Matter Physics and Mechanics of Deformable Solids have found broad applications in modern science techniques and technologies. Tremendous interest is connected with fast development of theoretical, experimental and numerical methods which ensure obtaining new knowledge and are capable to control and give forecast on the development of critical phenomena and very fine processes. This edited book presents 30 selected reports of the Russian-Taiwanese Symposium "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications". These papers are divided into four scientific directions: (i) processing techniques of new materials, (ii) physics of new materials, (iii) mechanics of new materials, and (iv) applications of new materials. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers taking part in R&D of nano-materials, ferro-piezoelectrics and related materials, and also different devices based on broad applications in different areas of modern science and technique.

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Book SynopsisMany fascinating applications of liquid crystals -- a material that possesses behaviour in between the crystalline solid and the liquid phases -- have been reported by the RandD workers. These materials exhibit amazing features that make them indispensable for versatile usage. Liquid crystal based flat display panels are now found in mass volume in use as television and computer monitors. Apart from this, liquid crystals can be used in sensing and communication systems. The aim of this book is three-fold: (i) to make the expert researchers aware of the advancements in several areas of liquid crystal technology, (ii) to fuel the novice researchers interest through varieties of research directions, and (iii) to give a glimpse of the merged ideas to multi-disciplinary researchers for conceptual development of novel devices. Starting from the introduction of liquid crystals, this book covers topics ranging from nanoparticle synthesis to their varieties and physical and chemical properties along with their possible optics and electronics oriented applications. These include chemical bonding in liquid crystals, the use of liquid crystals in nanoparticle synthesis, the effects of liquid crystals on the thermal isomerisation of azoderivatives, sensing organosulphur compounds by liquid crystal supported chemically functionalised surfaces, electro-optic behaviour of liquid crystals and their applications in dynamic holographic correctors, optics of chiral liquid crystals, electromagnetic behaviour of liquid crystal based optical fibres and applications in 3D electronic displays. These topics are presented in nine chapters written by expert scientists in their respective areas of research in liquid crystals. Some of the chapters are devoted to the physics and chemistry of liquid crystals, and some touch upon their interesting applications. It is expected that the book will be of immense use for novice, expert and multi-disciplinary researchers in universities and research institutions.

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Book SynopsisThe most important first premise in science is that mass can be neither created nor destroyed. It is also becoming clear that natural laws dictate that mass be connected to energy. In effect, mass-balance provides the only governing equation that is both necessary and sufficient. Clearly, this compels a paradigm shift in scientific study. If a process is engineered'' in violation of natural principles of material production, the balance will be irreversibly disturbed, and the outcome of such a violated process both unpredictable and harmful to future generations. The post-Renaissance mode of technology development is based on an analogous corollary principle of mass production. This is an approach characterised by an excessive focus on quantity to the detriment of establishing or upholding definitive criteria as to quality. In order to make mass-produced materials acceptable to the consumer, non-scientific means have been used to cover up true properties of both materials and energy. As a result, today technologies ranging from photovoltaic electricity to genetically-modified crop production to mass-produced pharmaceutical products are considered to be in harmony with nature. On the other hand, herbal medicine is dismissed as quackery and direct solar energy usage as pseudo-science. Nobel Laureates, such as the prize-winning chemist Robert Curl, have not shied from pronouncing this development mode a technological disaster''.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors gather and present recent advances in magnetism research. Topics discussed include the field theory of magnetism; long-range order (LRO) and phase transition in the quantum anisotropic ferromagnetic Ising-Heisenberg linear chain; Green''s function method in the Bogoliubov-Tyablikov version of the quantum theory of magnetism; diluted magnetic semiconductors; perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in half-metallic Heusler alloy films; a comparative study of the structural and physical properties of spinel nano-ferrites synthesised by a co-precipitation method; and the hysteretic behaviour of composite magnetic alloys.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the potential application of semiconductor materials for gas sensor production on the basis of their fundamental, theoretical, and experimental studies. Some of these materials or their composites were applied for semiconductor gas sensor production for the first time. Special attention is paid to the model materials A2B6, which are used in the form of films with biographic surface as well as with the surface doped by donor (In, Cd, Sn, Pt, Pd etc.) and acceptor (Se and others) particles. Results of application of metal-oxide materials as adsorptionally sensitive elements are also represented in this book. These elements were produced and tested in the form of simple oxides (as SnO2, In2O3, for example) as well as in the form of composite oxide metal complexes (SnWO4, ZnO:In2O3 etc.). The book examines in detail the influence of doping on different materials and their adsorption sensitivity, persistence, selectivity, dynamic and kinetic characteristics, and other parameters. Results of thorough studies of degradation of semiconductor sensor material characteristics, when in working gas atmospheres, are represented in a special section of the book. Adsorptionally sensitive parameters of amorphous silicon, micro-, macro- and nanoporous silicon are examined and results of Si structure testing as gas sensors are also discussed in this book.

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Book SynopsisAn important milestone in the history of science, the diffraction of X-rays, was observed by Max von Laue in 1912. In the last 100 years, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have revealed highly valuable information about many ordered atomic structures seen in a variety of common materials. The understanding of material structures opened the door to the reliable application of these materials and allowed scientific discussions about material properties and structural features to become possible. Besides playing this crucial role in history, XRD has now also successfully transformed itself into a method in the forefront of extending much of our knowledge boundaries. Written by more than 30 X-ray diffraction experts from 9 countries/regions, this book consists of 11 chapters examining the development of the XRD technique and demonstrating various new opportunities for its application. Each chapter discusses timely and important subjects surrounding the XRD technique, including the past and future of the single-crystal XRD technique and new explorations with co-ordination polymers; the very successful implementation of Rietveld refinement analysis for alloys, intermetallics, cements, and ceramics; the application of XRD in nanoparticles structure study; the methodological developments in quantifying the state of residual stress in materials; and the state-of-the-art progress in combining XRD principles with electron crystallography for structure determination.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the outstanding contributions in the area of polymeric micro and nanoparticles as drug delivery systems; strategies to modify the inorganic clays and to make them compatible with polymeric matrices and the effect of each one; present problems of ceramic lubricating materials, and the design principle of these materials; the study of Pincina alginite and its applications; the methods of determining the composition of polarons with different mobility and their main magnetic, relaxation and dynamics parameters from effective EPR spectra and the development of glass fibre reinforced polyester composites.

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Book SynopsisThousands of oil and chemical spills of varying size occur in the United States each year. State and local officials located in proximity to these incidents generally are the first responders and may elevate an incident for federal attention if greater resources are desired. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, often referred to as the National Contingency Plan (NCP), establishes the procedures for the federal response to oil and chemical spills. This book focuses on the federal emergency response framework of oil and chemical spills; provides a summary of the laws in the Clean Water Act; gives a summary of superfund cleanup authorities and related provisions act; discusses the background and governance of oil spills in United States coastal waters; and finally, provides incite on the liability of responsible parties in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

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Book SynopsisThis collection provides a broad overview of textiles covering historical, fundamental and industrial application topics, including vintage fashion and design; synthesis and application of cellulose derivatives and dyes; colour management and photo-responsive textile applications in the field of printing; the preservation of textile objects in different environments; smart textiles; modification by physico-chemical methods for better performance and extra-properties; electronic, medical and health care applications; comfort finishing of textile materials; effects of clothing materials on the thermoregulatory response of the human body; new applications of hemp fibres; microscopic and spinning related topics. Textiles are essential and one of the most important classes of materials used by humanity since ancient times. Despite textiles having been around and in use for so long, advances and improvements continue to be made. This book contains 22 invited contributions written by leading experts in the field of textiles. Each chapter presents and discusses updated science and technological advances during this period. Hence, this collection will be a valuable reference for those researching and manufacturing textiles, as well as those that are interested in a wider area of textiles.

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Book SynopsisFluorite-based oxide materials such as stabilised zriconias, doped cerias, and urania represent a group of the most important key engineering materials in our modern society, with their well-known various electrochemical, ceramic and nuclear etc. applications. This is primarily due to their multi-lateral excellent physical/chemical properties such as high chemical/structure stability, high oxide ion conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and unique nuclear properties, and so on. For example, urania UO2 and urania-plutonia mixed-oxide (U,Pu)O2 are almost exclusively used to represent nuclear fuels in commercial nuclear power plants throughout the world. Also in non-nuclear next-generation clean hydrogen energy technology such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), stabilised zirconias and doped cerias are the key solid electrolyes (oxide ion conductors) for their current and future more efficient versions. Stabilised zirconias, the most widely used fluorite materials, find other various practical and potential applications such as solid electrolytes for oxygen sensors/monitors/pumps, thermal barrier coatings, conventional and novel super-plastic and ultra-hard structural/refractory ceramics, high-pressure media, dielectric insulators/substrates, catalysts, synthetic teeth/jewels, etc. in non-nulcear areas and inert-matrix fuel and radioactive nuclear waste form in the nuclear area. Ceria-based systems have recently attracted increasingly more attention also as catalysts for pollution gas/liquid management and chemical substance syntheses.

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Book SynopsisSince the discovery of the first liquid crystal in 1888 by the Austrian biologist Friedrich Reinitzer with the considerable assistance of the German physicist Otto Lehman, who in that time had been universally recognised authority in the field of microscope technique, thousands and thousands of liquid crystals have been synthesised among them nematics, short-pitch cholesterics and various kinds of smectics such as smectic-A and smectic-C. The smectic-A or smectic-C phases grow from a nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric oriented in the middle part of the cells and from strongly-deformed nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric layer in the boundary regions of the liquid crystal cells.

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Book SynopsisTungsten alloying in microalloyed steels is of growing academic and industrial interests due to its positive role in the aspects of microstructural modification and properties improvement. This book has systematically described the functions of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels. Topics covered include the effects of tungsten on the phase transformation behaviour of microalloyed steels by establishing the continuous cooling transformation diagrams in order to control the expected microstructure and the required mechanical properties; the effects of tungsten on the characteristics of precipitated particles in microalloyed steels; the microstructural evolution of microalloyed steels including grain size, phase component, pearlite interlamellar spacing, allotriomorphic ferrite and acicular ferrite after tungsten addition; the effects of tungsten on mechanical properties of microalloyed steels by means of hardness, impact toughness and room/low-temperature tensile properties tests; strategies for heat treatment of microalloyed steels with the purpose of determining the optimal heat treatment conditions for microalloyed steels with different tungsten additions; improvement of the corrosion resistance of microalloyed steels after tungsten addition; and the effects of tungsten on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of microalloyed steels. The text of this book is up-to-date, informative, readable and self-contained. It is not only a technical document that can be used in the research and development of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels, but also a scientific and valuable literature for the metallurgists, engineers, materials scientists, academics and higher degree research students who make, use, study and design with steels and tungsten worldwide by introducing the latest research findings and achievements of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels, and considering the metallurgical basis for steel research.

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Book SynopsisThe advanced materials and devices based on nanotechnology and piezoelectric approaches have found wide applications in modern science and techniques. Tremendous interest to similar studies is supported owing to fast improvement of theoretical, experimental and numerical methods. These achievements expand scientific knowledge on the physical world and provide a forecast on the development of very fine processes and transformations occurring during processing, loading and work of modern materials and devices under critical conditions. The considered specimens demonstrate a broad spectrum of properties in scale from nanometers up to macroscopic range. The discussed devices and goods possess very high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges; they demonstrate characteristics directly defined by developed compositions, technical and technological solutions.

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Book SynopsisThe study of complex hysteresis problems has become increasingly important in recent years, since the hysteresis phenomenon affects significantly the decisions that have to be rendered in a wide range of real-world practical applications. For example, the so-called hysteresis effects may influence substantially some fields not directly related to the natural sciences such as finance, economy, or fiscal policy. In addition, such phenomenon is also typically present in many engineering and physics applications of interest such as in magnetism, spin-valve technology, semiconductors, surface physics, aeronautical and civil engineering aerodynamics, complex battery systems, biology, etc. This book focuses on the most recent attempts for modeling a diverse variety of complex hysteresis problems faced in economics, engineering, and physics. The chapters of this book provide a self-contained, rigorous, and clear treatment of the different types and sources of hysteresis under a large spectrum of applications. The book also highlights how stochastic control and other mathematical tools as well as econometric techniques can be applied for analyzing the complex properties of hysteresis problems. This authoritative book is a definitive guide on how to understand the newest designs for modeling hysteresis in highly complex systems and thus it will be an essential reading for graduate students and researchers in economics, engineering, and physics.

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Book SynopsisHyperspectral imaging (HSI), known also as chemical or spectroscopic imaging, is an emerging platform technology that integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spatial and spectral information from an object. Although hyperspectral imaging was originally developed for remote sensing, it recently has gained wide recognition as a non-destructive and fast quality and safety analysis and assessment method for a wide range of food products. This book discusses hyperspectral imaging data processes and its application in food products, as well as the use of HSI for detecting changes in retinal vessel blood oxygen saturation; the performance evaluation of CCSDS lossless compression standard for multi/HSI; and multidimensional approach of infrared imaging spectra and morphology of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

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Book SynopsisRadioactive material is used worldwide for legitimate commercial purposes, including industrial processes in the oil and gas, aerospace, and food sterilisation sectors. Material used for these purposes is typically sealed in a metal capsule, such as stainless steel, titanium, or platinum, to prevent its dispersal and is commonly called a sealed source.1 Some of these sources are highly radioactive and are found in a wide variety of devices, ranging from mobile industrial radiography sources containing hundreds of curies of iridium-192 to larger irradiators with thousands, or even millions, of curies of cobalt-60. In the hands of terrorists, these sources could be used to produce a simple and crude, but potentially dangerous weapon, known as a radiological dispersal device or dirty bomb, whereby conventional The facilities where these sources are contained include, among other things, warehouses, commercial facilities, and research buildings. This book examines the challenges in reducing security risks posed by industrial radiological sources and the steps federal agencies are taking to improve security of the sources.

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Book SynopsisThis is the third volume of the four volume set of Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials, mainly discussing different properties and the development of mesoporous materials. Many applications for these materials have been recognised. Ultra precision methods also developed for commercialisation of these materials. Like many nanostructured materials, mesoporous materials are also found in abundance in nature, such as in cell walls that are made of mesoporous membranes although they are much more complicated. During past decades in the oil industry, natural mesoporous materials known as zeolites are widely used. However, most of them are now produced artificially.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the electroluminescent and photo luminescent properties of semiconductor-based materials with different structures; advantages of reactive extrusion for the synthesis of polyurethanes for biomedical applications; pyridine-type defects in graphene; amorphous silicon carbide thin film formation at room temperature; hydrogen gas sensor based on material with yttrium nanoparticles; influence of supercritical carbon dioxide for pharmaceutical processing; polymerisable dyes containing heterocyclic derivatives of polyureas and polyurethanes; the β-nucleation in polypropylene and its effect on the mechano-physical and thermal properties; and the effect of hydrogen on boron doped amorphous silicon prepared by magnetron sputtering.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the fourth volume in a series of books that present original results in the study of analytical models of thermal stresses in composite materials. Within the analytical modelling, two- and three-component composites are replaced by multi-particle-matrix and multi-particle-envelope-matrix systems, respectively, which consist of isotropic and/or anisotropic components represented by spherical particles (without or with an envelope of the particle surface) periodically distributed in an infinite matrix. In addition to the thermal stresses, analytical models of thermal-stress induced phenomena (crack formation, limit state, energy barrier, strengthening, lifetime prediction) are also discussed. Illustrative examples of applications of these analytical models are examined against real engineering materials (superconductive and structural ceramic composites). Results of this book are applicable within basic research (solid continuum mechanics, theoretical physics, materials science and engineering) as well as within engineering practices.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first volume of the four volume set of "Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials". The discovery and application of mesoporous materials in the different industries, including the catalyst industry, is one of the major advances over the past two decades. One of the important mesoporous materials is zeolite. Over the past decade, different types of zeolites have been produced in the nanometer range dimensions. Porosities can also be regular or irregular. Due to more research done on mesoporous materials, knowledge of this science has increased. Researchers are now able to make mesoporous materials with dimensions equal to the predetermined requirements to use in engineering, such as with molecular separation membranes. This volume mainly discusses the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous materials. Some of the mesoporous materials discussed in this volume are alumina, carbon, silica and also polymeric materials. There are 15 chapters in this volume; each one includes examples of these interesting materials, supported by appropriate figures for better clarification.

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Book SynopsisThis is the second volume of the four volume set of the Comprehensive guide for Mesoporous Materials. Mesoporous materials are found abundant in biological systems and minerals and some of these materials have long been used in various industries. Recent advances at the nanoscale level has caused an increase in the use of these materials. This volume mainly discusses the analysis and functionalization of mesoporous materials.

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Book SynopsisThis is the final volume of the four volume set of Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials. Mesoporous materials are found abundant in biological systems and minerals and some of these materials have long been used in various industries. Recent advances in scientific understanding and manipulating in nanoscale caused an increase in the usage of these materials. One of the most important applications of mesoporous membranes are due to the special ability of pores. For example, controls of specific DNA structures and molecules filtration are possible. This volume mainly discusses the application and commercialization of mesoporous materials.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of contributions provides a series of modern pieces of research related to rheology. The selected studies demonstrate how theoretical concepts developed in rheology yield practically important outcomes, how a combination of known substances can form a novel material with wonderful properties, and how neglecting a single parameter during an experiment can ruin the research entirely. The authors of this book examine the exciting and diverse field of modern rheology. It is a book recommended for professional rheologists, teaching instructors in rheology and material science, and to those who are interested in modern trends and developments in science.

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