Materials science Books

Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the outstanding contributions in the area of polymeric micro and nanoparticles as drug delivery systems; strategies to modify the inorganic clays and to make them compatible with polymeric matrices and the effect of each one; present problems of ceramic lubricating materials, and the design principle of these materials; the study of Pincina alginite and its applications; the methods of determining the composition of polarons with different mobility and their main magnetic, relaxation and dynamics parameters from effective EPR spectra and the development of glass fibre reinforced polyester composites.

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Book SynopsisThousands of oil and chemical spills of varying size occur in the United States each year. State and local officials located in proximity to these incidents generally are the first responders and may elevate an incident for federal attention if greater resources are desired. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, often referred to as the National Contingency Plan (NCP), establishes the procedures for the federal response to oil and chemical spills. This book focuses on the federal emergency response framework of oil and chemical spills; provides a summary of the laws in the Clean Water Act; gives a summary of superfund cleanup authorities and related provisions act; discusses the background and governance of oil spills in United States coastal waters; and finally, provides incite on the liability of responsible parties in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.

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Book SynopsisThis collection provides a broad overview of textiles covering historical, fundamental and industrial application topics, including vintage fashion and design; synthesis and application of cellulose derivatives and dyes; colour management and photo-responsive textile applications in the field of printing; the preservation of textile objects in different environments; smart textiles; modification by physico-chemical methods for better performance and extra-properties; electronic, medical and health care applications; comfort finishing of textile materials; effects of clothing materials on the thermoregulatory response of the human body; new applications of hemp fibres; microscopic and spinning related topics. Textiles are essential and one of the most important classes of materials used by humanity since ancient times. Despite textiles having been around and in use for so long, advances and improvements continue to be made. This book contains 22 invited contributions written by leading experts in the field of textiles. Each chapter presents and discusses updated science and technological advances during this period. Hence, this collection will be a valuable reference for those researching and manufacturing textiles, as well as those that are interested in a wider area of textiles.

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Book SynopsisFluorite-based oxide materials such as stabilised zriconias, doped cerias, and urania represent a group of the most important key engineering materials in our modern society, with their well-known various electrochemical, ceramic and nuclear etc. applications. This is primarily due to their multi-lateral excellent physical/chemical properties such as high chemical/structure stability, high oxide ion conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and unique nuclear properties, and so on. For example, urania UO2 and urania-plutonia mixed-oxide (U,Pu)O2 are almost exclusively used to represent nuclear fuels in commercial nuclear power plants throughout the world. Also in non-nuclear next-generation clean hydrogen energy technology such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), stabilised zirconias and doped cerias are the key solid electrolyes (oxide ion conductors) for their current and future more efficient versions. Stabilised zirconias, the most widely used fluorite materials, find other various practical and potential applications such as solid electrolytes for oxygen sensors/monitors/pumps, thermal barrier coatings, conventional and novel super-plastic and ultra-hard structural/refractory ceramics, high-pressure media, dielectric insulators/substrates, catalysts, synthetic teeth/jewels, etc. in non-nulcear areas and inert-matrix fuel and radioactive nuclear waste form in the nuclear area. Ceria-based systems have recently attracted increasingly more attention also as catalysts for pollution gas/liquid management and chemical substance syntheses.

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Book SynopsisSince the discovery of the first liquid crystal in 1888 by the Austrian biologist Friedrich Reinitzer with the considerable assistance of the German physicist Otto Lehman, who in that time had been universally recognised authority in the field of microscope technique, thousands and thousands of liquid crystals have been synthesised among them nematics, short-pitch cholesterics and various kinds of smectics such as smectic-A and smectic-C. The smectic-A or smectic-C phases grow from a nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric oriented in the middle part of the cells and from strongly-deformed nematic or unwinded large-pitch cholesteric layer in the boundary regions of the liquid crystal cells.

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Book SynopsisTungsten alloying in microalloyed steels is of growing academic and industrial interests due to its positive role in the aspects of microstructural modification and properties improvement. This book has systematically described the functions of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels. Topics covered include the effects of tungsten on the phase transformation behaviour of microalloyed steels by establishing the continuous cooling transformation diagrams in order to control the expected microstructure and the required mechanical properties; the effects of tungsten on the characteristics of precipitated particles in microalloyed steels; the microstructural evolution of microalloyed steels including grain size, phase component, pearlite interlamellar spacing, allotriomorphic ferrite and acicular ferrite after tungsten addition; the effects of tungsten on mechanical properties of microalloyed steels by means of hardness, impact toughness and room/low-temperature tensile properties tests; strategies for heat treatment of microalloyed steels with the purpose of determining the optimal heat treatment conditions for microalloyed steels with different tungsten additions; improvement of the corrosion resistance of microalloyed steels after tungsten addition; and the effects of tungsten on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of microalloyed steels. The text of this book is up-to-date, informative, readable and self-contained. It is not only a technical document that can be used in the research and development of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels, but also a scientific and valuable literature for the metallurgists, engineers, materials scientists, academics and higher degree research students who make, use, study and design with steels and tungsten worldwide by introducing the latest research findings and achievements of tungsten alloying in microalloyed steels, and considering the metallurgical basis for steel research.

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Book SynopsisThe advanced materials and devices based on nanotechnology and piezoelectric approaches have found wide applications in modern science and techniques. Tremendous interest to similar studies is supported owing to fast improvement of theoretical, experimental and numerical methods. These achievements expand scientific knowledge on the physical world and provide a forecast on the development of very fine processes and transformations occurring during processing, loading and work of modern materials and devices under critical conditions. The considered specimens demonstrate a broad spectrum of properties in scale from nanometers up to macroscopic range. The discussed devices and goods possess very high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges; they demonstrate characteristics directly defined by developed compositions, technical and technological solutions.

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Book SynopsisThe study of complex hysteresis problems has become increasingly important in recent years, since the hysteresis phenomenon affects significantly the decisions that have to be rendered in a wide range of real-world practical applications. For example, the so-called hysteresis effects may influence substantially some fields not directly related to the natural sciences such as finance, economy, or fiscal policy. In addition, such phenomenon is also typically present in many engineering and physics applications of interest such as in magnetism, spin-valve technology, semiconductors, surface physics, aeronautical and civil engineering aerodynamics, complex battery systems, biology, etc. This book focuses on the most recent attempts for modeling a diverse variety of complex hysteresis problems faced in economics, engineering, and physics. The chapters of this book provide a self-contained, rigorous, and clear treatment of the different types and sources of hysteresis under a large spectrum of applications. The book also highlights how stochastic control and other mathematical tools as well as econometric techniques can be applied for analyzing the complex properties of hysteresis problems. This authoritative book is a definitive guide on how to understand the newest designs for modeling hysteresis in highly complex systems and thus it will be an essential reading for graduate students and researchers in economics, engineering, and physics.

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Book SynopsisHyperspectral imaging (HSI), known also as chemical or spectroscopic imaging, is an emerging platform technology that integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spatial and spectral information from an object. Although hyperspectral imaging was originally developed for remote sensing, it recently has gained wide recognition as a non-destructive and fast quality and safety analysis and assessment method for a wide range of food products. This book discusses hyperspectral imaging data processes and its application in food products, as well as the use of HSI for detecting changes in retinal vessel blood oxygen saturation; the performance evaluation of CCSDS lossless compression standard for multi/HSI; and multidimensional approach of infrared imaging spectra and morphology of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

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Book SynopsisThis is the third volume of the four volume set of Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials, mainly discussing different properties and the development of mesoporous materials. Many applications for these materials have been recognised. Ultra precision methods also developed for commercialisation of these materials. Like many nanostructured materials, mesoporous materials are also found in abundance in nature, such as in cell walls that are made of mesoporous membranes although they are much more complicated. During past decades in the oil industry, natural mesoporous materials known as zeolites are widely used. However, most of them are now produced artificially.

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Book SynopsisMaterials science encompasses four classes of materials, the study of each of which may be considered a separate field: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. This volume gathers important research from around the globe in this dynamic field including research on the electroluminescent and photo luminescent properties of semiconductor-based materials with different structures; advantages of reactive extrusion for the synthesis of polyurethanes for biomedical applications; pyridine-type defects in graphene; amorphous silicon carbide thin film formation at room temperature; hydrogen gas sensor based on material with yttrium nanoparticles; influence of supercritical carbon dioxide for pharmaceutical processing; polymerisable dyes containing heterocyclic derivatives of polyureas and polyurethanes; the β-nucleation in polypropylene and its effect on the mechano-physical and thermal properties; and the effect of hydrogen on boron doped amorphous silicon prepared by magnetron sputtering.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the fourth volume in a series of books that present original results in the study of analytical models of thermal stresses in composite materials. Within the analytical modelling, two- and three-component composites are replaced by multi-particle-matrix and multi-particle-envelope-matrix systems, respectively, which consist of isotropic and/or anisotropic components represented by spherical particles (without or with an envelope of the particle surface) periodically distributed in an infinite matrix. In addition to the thermal stresses, analytical models of thermal-stress induced phenomena (crack formation, limit state, energy barrier, strengthening, lifetime prediction) are also discussed. Illustrative examples of applications of these analytical models are examined against real engineering materials (superconductive and structural ceramic composites). Results of this book are applicable within basic research (solid continuum mechanics, theoretical physics, materials science and engineering) as well as within engineering practices.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first volume of the four volume set of "Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials". The discovery and application of mesoporous materials in the different industries, including the catalyst industry, is one of the major advances over the past two decades. One of the important mesoporous materials is zeolite. Over the past decade, different types of zeolites have been produced in the nanometer range dimensions. Porosities can also be regular or irregular. Due to more research done on mesoporous materials, knowledge of this science has increased. Researchers are now able to make mesoporous materials with dimensions equal to the predetermined requirements to use in engineering, such as with molecular separation membranes. This volume mainly discusses the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous materials. Some of the mesoporous materials discussed in this volume are alumina, carbon, silica and also polymeric materials. There are 15 chapters in this volume; each one includes examples of these interesting materials, supported by appropriate figures for better clarification.

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Book SynopsisThis is the second volume of the four volume set of the Comprehensive guide for Mesoporous Materials. Mesoporous materials are found abundant in biological systems and minerals and some of these materials have long been used in various industries. Recent advances at the nanoscale level has caused an increase in the use of these materials. This volume mainly discusses the analysis and functionalization of mesoporous materials.

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Book SynopsisThis is the final volume of the four volume set of Comprehensive Guide for Mesoporous Materials. Mesoporous materials are found abundant in biological systems and minerals and some of these materials have long been used in various industries. Recent advances in scientific understanding and manipulating in nanoscale caused an increase in the usage of these materials. One of the most important applications of mesoporous membranes are due to the special ability of pores. For example, controls of specific DNA structures and molecules filtration are possible. This volume mainly discusses the application and commercialization of mesoporous materials.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of contributions provides a series of modern pieces of research related to rheology. The selected studies demonstrate how theoretical concepts developed in rheology yield practically important outcomes, how a combination of known substances can form a novel material with wonderful properties, and how neglecting a single parameter during an experiment can ruin the research entirely. The authors of this book examine the exciting and diverse field of modern rheology. It is a book recommended for professional rheologists, teaching instructors in rheology and material science, and to those who are interested in modern trends and developments in science.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines and systematises knowledge concerning porous glass materials. Different volumes of pores and the methods of directly synthesising the glass with predefined sizes are discussed as well. Likewise, the primary approaches on determining parameters of porous structures are a topic of interest within this text. A separate chapter is devoted to properties of porous glass; these include optical, electrical, sensor and transport of it and its materials. Authors provide practical recommendations based on their experience with synthesis as well as handling and applying this specific glass.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this book discuss the latest advances in materials science research. The chapters include a discussion on a mathematical model used to study the behavior of piezoelectric materials and its applications in energy harvesting; the highly reactive etchant gas, chlorine trifluoride, and its applications relating to the silicon carbide (SiC) device process; the rheological properties and structure of poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)/plasticizer systems; a comprehensive review of ultrafine grained TiNi-based SMAs presented in terms of processing techniques, microstructure evolution, thermo-mechanical properties, biocompatibility and applications; and a chapter on the properties of silk/lyocell blended fabrics and the applications of selected functional finishes.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the most recent developments in the field of materials science, with chapters focused on advances in thermoluminescence research; a new structural explanation for plastic deformation behavior, including yielding and necking, using in situ Raman spectroscopy to investigate the uniaxial drawing and stress relaxation processes; an examination of the fast pyrolysis of woody biomass carried out with and without a zeolite catalyst; a review of proposals that have been made for the assessment of geologic materials in relation to their contribution to external gamma dose radiation; a comprehensive summary of practical X-ray analysis applied to the study of welding fluxes at high temperatures; and state-of-the-art research on calcium orthophosphate-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials suitable for biomedical applications.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this monography is to summarise the fundamentals and technical approaches in the processing and behavior of nanostructured materials in the textile industry, to provide a comprehensive assessment of exciting opportunities for diversification in the textile industry, upgrading the existing functions and performance of textile materials, developing smart and intelligent textiles with unprecedented functions. This book mainly focuses on zinc oxide architectures with regard to their syntheses, characteristics and responses to environmental factors (UV radiation, water and water vapors, and heat, under controlled laboratory conditions). Several new concepts and models are introduced by synthesising ZnO nano and bulk (micron) powders using simple and facile methods. Two new ZnO nanostructures are discovered and analysed. In addition, the monography was oriented in achieving a textile nanocomposite with a surface architecture allowing blocking/fixing/adhesion of different guest compounds, resulting in different properties like: water repellence/washing resistance, antimicrobial activity, photoprotection, etc.)

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in materials science research. The chapters included in this volume are conductive composites as versatile substrates for modeling of interfaces and sensors; the use of fiber reinforced polymers to improve load carrying capacity of damaged concrete; functionally graded materials in dentistry; electrochemical synthesis and characterization of electroactive copolymers deriving from five-ring with six-ring aromatic compounds and their perspectives for cost-effective optoelectronic applications; structural health monitoring of composite aircraft; semiconductor nanomaterials for water splitting; dendrimer and its role for the advancement of nanotechnology and bioengineering; parametric identification of nonlinear model of hydrogen thermal desorption from structural materials; testing 1D ternary photonic band gap material structure for use in temperature unstable environments; the effect of temperature variation on transmission properties of 1D photonic band gap material structure and random multilayer structure; and altering spectrum tuning capability, and temperature sensitivity in 1D ternary photonic band gap material structures.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include research on the main achievements, drawbacks and applicable scope of two-dimensional layered crystals; polyethylene/sepiolite nanocomposites; the development of ultrasonic signal processing techniques for the testing of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP); analytical techniques for the characterization of historical building materials; precise damage diagnosis as a vital element in stone conservation and sustainable monument preservation; various methods developed for the synthesis and applications of zeolitic materials; a novel tool for tuning optical properties and a review of the importance of pure iron nanophase powders and its various applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents research on superconductivity. The first chapter discusses the physical properties of two nonmagnetic noncentrosymmetric superconductors, LaRhSi3 and LaIrSi3. Chapter two reviews the SrFe2As2 and FeTe0.8S0.2 compounds, which are perspective for developing new superconducting materials on their basis. The possibility of selective excitation of the nonlinear lattice vibrations in high-temperature superconductors formed from layers or thin films opens the new perspectives in the manipulations and control of quantum field in superconducting phase, which is further discussed in chapter three. Chapter four begins with a detailed derivation of the three coupled integral equations associated with the so-called generalised Bose-Einstein condensation formalism of a many-fermion system. Finally, chapter five proposes a microscopic theory of superconductivity based on the spinfluctuation mechanism of pairing.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include calcium orthophosphate bioceramics; eco-friendly epoxy thermosets; polymer materials for advanced optical applications; Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies of metal-hydrogen systems for hydrogen storage; and the characterisation and properties of bitumen/montmorillonite nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisThis book is concerned with heavy metals, which are considered to be the most hazardous pollutants present in the water system. Heavy metals are extensively studied and their effects on human health are reviewed here. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals are known for a long time, exposure to heavy metals continues and is even increasing in some parts of the world. This books deals with the source of heavy metals in the environment and possible mitigation measures for metal recovery. The technology available for the detection of heavy metals and the latest remediation techniques are also discussed in detail. In this way, the book also addresses general background to polymers and their composite materials for removal of specific toxic heavy metals from waste water. The different adsorption isotherm models and adsorption mechanism using biosorption methods are also described. The widespread applications of low-value agricultural products, ion-exchange, coagulation, precipitation, flocculation, ultra-filtration and electrochemical methods are mentioned. The book reviews the essential issues and will be of interest to academicians, research scholars and industries. It will be the precious resource for all undergraduate and postgraduate students at institutes and universities.

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this book provide recent research on conductive materials and composites. Chapter One studies the electromagnetic properties of microwire composites CoFeNiBSiMo, CoFeSiB and CoFeBSiCr, in the X and Ku band frequency. Chapter Two presents the results of the investigation of microstructure, electrical conductivity of nanocarbon-polymer composites, and the parameters of interaction with microwave electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Chapter Three reviews the shielding effectiveness of conductive materials and composites. The final chapter provides insight in the procedures of dispersion, distribution, and network formation during the melting processes of carbon black-filled nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Topics covered include recent advances in starch based materials; multiphasic calcium orthophosphates; the influence of soft wood contents on material properties, biodegradability and thermoformability of high density polyethylene (HDPE); recent progress on multifunctional thermoplastic-based composites that incorporate carbon nanotubes (CNTs); and stationary energy partition between oscillatory modes in low-dimensional systems at ambient temperatures.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One reports studies using acid leaching, use of microwaves, impregnation, funcionalization, and other possibilities that allow consideration of metakaolin as a good precursor to solid catalysts. Chapter Two discusses supramolecular adhesive complexes of stimuli-responsive polymers. Chapter Three reviews the preparation of biomedical materials from polyacrylonitirle and applications of it in various fields. Chapter Four gives an overview on the recent theoretical and experimental advances concerning plasmonic excitations in thin slabs of topological insulators. Chapter Five focuses on atmospheric plasmadynamic systems for thermal spray technologies. Chapter Six discusses optical monitoring and control of powder technologies thermal processes.

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Book SynopsisThis edited monograph includes five chapters, each detailing recent advancements in materials science research. Chapter One discusses various processes to manufacture lithium alloys and salts as well as fabricated pebbles of lithium-based ceramics with desired properties for their use as tritium breeder materials. Chapter Two examines how the mechanical performance of glass fibre reinforced hybrid composites changes according to glass fibre type, glass fibre end form, other reinforcing non-fibrous or fibre-based materials and composite manufacturing method. Chapter Three describes studies concerning the properties of synthesised organometallics. Chapter Four investigates the correlation between the surface chemistry and the corrosion resistance of silanised samples of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Lastly, Chapter Five describes the control methods of brittle intermetallic compounds in the welding process of titanium and other alloys.Table of ContentsPreface; Lithium-Based Tritium Breeder Materials; Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites; Organometallics: Physical Methods and Optically Important Features; Correlating the Surface Chemistry and Corrosion Resistance of Silanized AZ91D Magnesium Alloy; Research Progress of Dissimilar Welding Techniques for Ti Alloys to Other Metals; Index.

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials are materials with individual units ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nanometers. Nanomaterials research necessitates collaboration between materials science and nanotechnology, improved materials metrology, and synthesis. This book is made up of chapters that cover the most important aspects of nanotechnology. The majority of the subjects covered in this book are related to nanomaterial properties, synthesis, procedures, and applications. This edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of this vital area. The different materials and their presentations in energy, ceramics, alloys, catalysis, membrane, pollution, and biomedical sciences are covered in this edited book. It addresses a range of aspects because these materials' structure can be tailored at extremely small scales to achieve specific properties, thus greatly expanding the materials science toolkit. It explores several applications that could potentially be used to improve the environment and to more efficiently and cost-effectively produce energy, such as producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive rate, so the book offers a valuable asset for a broad readership, including professionals, students, and researchers from materials science/engineering, polymer science, composite technology, nanotechnology, and biotechnology whose work involves various types of nanomaterials. Increased coverage of important background science makes this a valuable self-contained text, and extensive expanded referencing engages readers with the newest research and industrial advancements in the subject. This edited book contains twelve chapters of valuable studies from recent years.Table of ContentsPreface; Hydrogen: Ultimate Alternative Energy Carrier; Theoretical Modelling on Hydrogenation Characteristics of Ball-Milled AB5-Type Hydrogen Storage Nanomaterial; Elemental Metal Hydride MgH2 for Promising Hydrogen Storage Applications; The Magical Green Fuel: Hydrogen; High Entropy Materials: An Emerging Material for Battery and Supercapacitive Applications; A New Prospective of High Entropy Ceramics: Properties and Remarkable Applications; History and Developments of Heusler Alloys; Carbon Nanotubes: One Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterial; Graphene: A Green, Metal Free and Sustainable Catalyst; Graphene Based 2-D Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Ions Detection; A Brief Overview on Binary Pyridyl, Ternary Pyridyl and Triphenylphosphine Based Supramolecular Polymeric Complexes of Cu(I); A Literature Review on Asymmetric Membranes Based on Poly (Ethylene-Co-Vinyl Alcohol) Polymer; Index.

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Book Synopsis"Developing production technology tries to respond to human needs. Meeting these needs requires the development of new products or an increase in the supply of raw materials. Although polymer-based, recycled, and natural resources are used as raw materials, it does not reduce the importance of metal-based structures. However, there is a need to use these metal-based materials at lower costs or to improve their existing properties. This book offers relational studies to these issues"--

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Book SynopsisComprehensive book on mechanical vibrations for senior undergrad and postgrad students. Covers mathematical and physical aspects, models, tools, and solution development. Emphasizes practical perspective with minimal math. Includes solved and unsolved problems for practical understanding.

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