Materials science Books

Book SynopsisThe book introduces the reader to the concepts of Scientific Molding and Scientific Processing for Injection Molding, geared towards developing a robust, repeatable, and reproducible (3Rs) molding process.The effects of polymer morphology, thermal transitions, drying, and rheology on the injection molding process are explained in detail. The development of a robust molding process is broken down into two sections and is described as the Cosmetic Process and the Dimensional Process. Scientific molding procedures to establish a 3R process are provided.The concept of Design of Experiments (DOEs) for and in injection molding is explained, providing an insight into the cosmetic and dimensional process windows. A plan to release qualified molds into production with troubleshooting tips is also provided. Topics that impact a robust process such as the use of regrind, mold cooling, and venting are also described.Readers will be able to utilize the knowledge gained from the book in their day-to-day operations immediately.The second edition includes a completely new chapter on Quality Concepts, as well as much additional material throughout the book, covering fountain flow, factors affecting post mold shrinkage, and factor selections for DOEs. There are also further explanations on several topics, such as in-mold rheology curves, cavity imbalances, intensification ratios, gate seal studies, holding time optimization of hot runner molds, valve gated molds, and parts with large gates. A troubleshooting guide for common molded defects is also provided.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMechanical Vibrations: Theory and Application to Structural Dynamics, Third Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition of the popular textbook. It presents the theory of vibrations in the context of structural analysis and covers applications in mechanical and aerospace engineering. Key features include: A systematic approach to dynamic reduction and substructuring, based on duality between mechanical and admittance concepts An introduction to experimental modal analysis and identification methods An improved, more physical presentation of wave propagation phenomena A comprehensive presentation of current practice for solving large eigenproblems, focusing on the efficient linear solution of large, sparse and possibly singular systems A deeply revised description of time integration schemes, providing framework for the rigorous accuracy/stability analysis of now widely used algorithms such as HHT and GeneralizTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Introduction 1 Suggested Bibliography 7 1 Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems 13 1.1 Principle of Virtual Work for a Particle 14 1.1.1 Nonconstrained Particle 14 1.1.2 Constrained Particle 15 1.2 Extension to a System of Particles 17 1.2.1 Virtual Work Principle for N Particles 17 1.2.2 The Kinematic Constraints 18 1.2.3 Concept of Generalized Displacements 20 1.3 Hamilton’s Principle for Conservative Systems and Lagrange Equations 23 1.3.1 Structure of Kinetic Energy and Classification of Inertia Forces 27 1.3.2 Energy Conservation in a System with Scleronomic Constraints 29 1.3.3 Classification of Generalized Forces 32 1.4 Lagrange Equations in the General Case 36 1.5 Lagrange Equations for Impulsive Loading 39 1.5.1 Impulsive Loading of a Mass Particle 39 1.5.2 Impulsive Loading for a System of Particles 42 1.6 Dynamics of Constrained Systems 44 1.7 Exercises 46 1.7.1 Solved Exercises 46 1.7.2 Selected Exercises 53 References 54 2 Undamped Vibrations of n-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 57 2.1 Linear Vibrations about an Equilibrium Configuration 59 2.1.1 Vibrations about a Stable Equilibrium Position 59 2.1.2 Free Vibrations about an Equilibrium Configuration Corresponding to Steady Motion 63 2.1.3 Vibrations about a Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 66 2.2 Normal Modes of Vibration 67 2.2.1 Systems with a Stable Equilibrium Configuration 68 2.2.2 Systems with a Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 69 2.3 Orthogonality of Vibration Eigenmodes 70 2.3.1 Orthogonality of Elastic Modes with Distinct Frequencies 70 2.3.2 Degeneracy Theorem and Generalized Orthogonality Relationships 72 2.3.3 Orthogonality Relationships Including Rigid-body Modes 75 2.4 Vector and Matrix Spectral Expansions Using Eigenmodes 76 2.5 Free Vibrations Induced by Nonzero Initial Conditions 77 2.5.1 Systems with a Stable Equilibrium Position 77 2.5.2 Systems with Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 82 2.6 Response to Applied Forces: Forced Harmonic Response 83 2.6.1 Harmonic Response, Impedance and Admittance Matrices 84 2.6.2 Mode Superposition and Spectral Expansion of the Admittance Matrix 84 2.6.3 Statically Exact Expansion of the Admittance Matrix 88 2.6.4 Pseudo-resonance and Resonance 89 2.6.5 Normal Excitation Modes 90 2.7 Response to Applied Forces: Response in the Time Domain 91 2.7.1 Mode Superposition and Normal Equations 91 2.7.2 Impulse Response and Time Integration of the Normal Equations 92 2.7.3 Step Response and Time Integration of the Normal Equations 94 2.7.4 Direct Integration of the Transient Response 95 2.8 Modal Approximations of Dynamic Responses 95 2.8.1 Response Truncation and Mode Displacement Method 96 2.8.2 Mode Acceleration Method 97 2.8.3 Mode Acceleration and Model Reduction on Selected Coordinates 98 2.9 Response to Support Motion 101 2.9.1 Motion Imposed to a Subset of Degrees of Freedom 101 2.9.2 Transformation to Normal Coordinates 103 2.9.3 Mechanical Impedance on Supports and Its Statically Exact Expansion 105 2.9.4 System Submitted to Global Support Acceleration 108 2.9.5 Effective Modal Masses 109 2.9.6 Method of Additional Masses 110 2.10 Variational Methods for Eigenvalue Characterization 111 2.10.1 Rayleigh Quotient 111 2.10.2 Principle of Best Approximation to a Given Eigenvalue 112 2.10.3 Recurrent Variational Procedure for Eigenvalue Analysis 113 2.10.4 Eigensolutions of Constrained Systems: General Comparison Principle or Monotonicity Principle 114 2.10.5 Courant’s Minimax Principle to Evaluate Eigenvalues Independently of Each Other 116 2.10.6 Rayleigh’s Theorem on Constraints (Eigenvalue Bracketing) 117 2.11 Conservative Rotating Systems 119 2.11.1 Energy Conservation in the Absence of External Force 119 2.11.2 Properties of the Eigensolutions of the Conservative Rotating System 119 2.11.3 State-Space Form of Equations of Motion 121 2.11.4 Eigenvalue Problem in Symmetrical Form 123 2.11.5 Orthogonality Relationships 126 2.11.6 Response to Nonzero Initial Conditions 128 2.11.7 Response to External Excitation 130 2.12 Exercises 130 2.12.1 Solved Exercises 130 2.12.2 Selected Exercises 143 References 148 3 Damped Vibrations of n-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 149 3.1 Damped Oscillations in Terms of Normal Eigensolutions of the Undamped System 151 3.1.1 Normal Equations for a Damped System 152 3.1.2 Modal Damping Assumption for Lightly Damped Structures 153 3.1.3 Constructing the Damping Matrix through Modal Expansion 158 3.2 Forced Harmonic Response 160 3.2.1 The Case of Light Viscous Damping 160 3.2.2 Hysteretic Damping 162 3.2.3 Force Appropriation Testing 164 3.2.4 The Characteristic Phase Lag Theory 170 3.3 State-Space Formulation of Damped Systems 174 3.3.1 Eigenvalue Problem and Solution of the Homogeneous Case 175 3.3.2 General Solution for the Nonhomogeneous Case 178 3.3.3 Harmonic Response 179 3.4 Experimental Methods of Modal Identification 180 3.4.1 The Least-Squares Complex Exponential Method 182 3.4.2 Discrete Fourier Transform 187 3.4.3 The Rational Fraction Polynomial Method 190 3.4.4 Estimating the Modes of the Associated Undamped System 195 3.4.5 Example: Experimental Modal Analysis of a Bellmouth 196 3.5 Exercises 199 3.5.1 Solved Exercises 199 3.6 Proposed Exercises 207 References 208 4 Continuous Systems 211 4.1 Kinematic Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of Continuous Systems: Hamilton’s Principle 213 4.1.1 Definitions 213 4.1.2 Strain Evaluation: Green’s Measure 214 4.1.3 Stress–Strain Relationships 219 4.1.4 Displacement Variational Principle 221 4.1.5 Derivation of Equations of Motion 221 4.1.6 The Linear Case and Nonlinear Effects 223 4.2 Free Vibrations of Linear Continuous Systems and Response to External Excitation 231 4.2.1 Eigenvalue Problem 231 4.2.2 Orthogonality of Eigensolutions 233 4.2.3 Response to External Excitation: Mode Superposition (Homogeneous Spatial Boundary Conditions) 234 4.2.4 Response to External Excitation: Mode Superposition (Nonhomogeneous Spatial Boundary Conditions) 237 4.2.5 Reciprocity Principle for Harmonic Motion 241 4.3 One-Dimensional Continuous Systems 243 4.3.1 The Bar in Extension 244 4.3.2 Transverse Vibrations of a Taut String 258 4.3.3 Transverse Vibration of Beams with No Shear Deflection 263 4.3.4 Transverse Vibration of Beams Including Shear Deflection 277 4.3.5 Travelling Waves in Beams 285 4.4 Bending Vibrations of Thin Plates 290 4.4.1 Kinematic Assumptions 290 4.4.2 Strain Expressions 291 4.4.3 Stress–Strain Relationships 292 4.4.4 Definition of Curvatures 293 4.4.5 Moment–Curvature Relationships 293 4.4.6 Frame Transformation for Bending Moments 295 4.4.7 Computation of Strain Energy 295 4.4.8 Expression of Hamilton’s Principle 296 4.4.9 Plate Equations of Motion Derived from Hamilton’s Principle 298 4.4.10 Influence of In-Plane Initial Stresses on Plate Vibration 303 4.4.11 Free Vibrations of the Rectangular Plate 305 4.4.12 Vibrations of Circular Plates 308 4.4.13 An Application of Plate Vibration: The Ultrasonic Wave Motor 311 4.5 Wave Propagation in a Homogeneous Elastic Medium 315 4.5.1 The Navier Equations in Linear Dynamic Analysis 316 4.5.2 Plane Elastic Waves 318 4.5.3 Surface Waves 320 4.6 Solved Exercises 327 4.7 Proposed Exercises 328 References 333 5 Approximation of Continuous Systems by Displacement Methods 335 5.1 The Rayleigh–Ritz Method 339 5.1.1 Choice of Approximation Functions 339 5.1.2 Discretization of the Displacement Variational Principle 340 5.1.3 Computation of Eigensolutions by the Rayleigh–Ritz Method 342 5.1.4 Computation of the Response to External Loading by the Rayleigh–Ritz Method 345 5.1.5 The Case of Prestressed Structures 345 5.2 Applications of the Rayleigh–Ritz Method to Continuous Systems 346 5.2.1 The Clamped–Free Uniform Bar 347 5.2.2 The Clamped–Free Uniform Beam 350 5.2.3 The Uniform Rectangular Plate 357 5.3 The Finite Element Method 362 5.3.1 The Bar in Extension 364 5.3.2 Truss Frames 371 5.3.3 Beams in Bending without Shear Deflection 376 5.3.4 Three-Dimensional Beam Element without Shear Deflection 386 5.3.5 Beams in Bending with Shear Deformation 392 5.4 Exercises 399 5.4.1 Solved Exercises 399 5.4.2 Selected Exercises 406 References 412 6 Solution Methods for the Eigenvalue Problem 415 6.1 General considerations 419 6.1.1 Classification of Solution Methods 420 6.1.2 Criteria for Selecting the Solution Method 420 6.1.3 Accuracy of Eigensolutions and Stopping Criteria 423 6.2 Dynamical and Symmetric Iteration Matrices 425 6.3 Computing the Determinant: Sturm Sequences 426 6.4 Matrix Transformation Methods 430 6.4.1 Reduction to a Diagonal Form: Jacobi’s Method 430 6.4.2 Reduction to a Tridiagonal Form: Householder’s Method 434 6.5 Iteration on Eigenvectors: The Power Algorithm 436 6.5.1 Computing the Fundamental Eigensolution 437 6.5.2 Determining Higher Modes: Orthogonal Deflation 441 6.5.3 Inverse Iteration Form of the Power Method 443 6.6 Solution Methods for a Linear Set of Equations 444 6.6.1 Nonsingular Linear Systems 445 6.6.2 Singular Systems: Nullspace, Solutions and Generalized Inverse 453 6.6.3 Singular Matrix and Nullspace 453 6.6.4 Solution of Singular Systems 454 6.6.5 A Family of Generalized Inverses 456 6.6.6 Solution by Generalized Inverses and Finding the Nullspace N 457 6.6.7 Taking into Account Linear Constraints 459 6.7 Practical Aspects of Inverse Iteration Methods 460 6.7.1 Inverse Iteration in Presence of Rigid Body Modes 460 6.7.2 Spectral Shifting 463 6.8 Subspace Construction Methods 464 6.8.1 The Subspace Iteration Method 464 6.8.2 The Lanczos Method 468 6.9 Dynamic Reduction and Substructuring 479 6.9.1 Static Condensation (Guyan–Irons Reduction) 481 6.9.2 Craig and Bampton’s Substructuring Method 484 6.9.3 McNeal’s Hybrid Synthesis Method 487 6.9.4 Rubin’s Substructuring Method 488 6.10 Error Bounds to Eigenvalues 488 6.10.1 Rayleigh and Schwarz Quotients 489 6.10.2 Eigenvalue Bracketing 491 6.10.3 Temple–Kato Bounds 492 6.11 Sensitivity of Eigensolutions, Model Updating and Dynamic Optimization 498 6.11.1 Sensitivity of the Structural Model to Physical Parameters 501 6.11.2 Sensitivity of Eigenfrequencies 502 6.11.3 Sensitivity of Free Vibration Modes 502 6.11.4 Modal Representation of Eigenmode Sensitivity 504 6.12 Exercises 504 6.12.1 Solved Exercises 504 6.12.2 Selected Exercises 505 References 508 7 Direct Time-Integration Methods 511 7.1 Linear Multistep Integration Methods 513 7.1.1 Development of Linear Multistep Integration Formulas 514 7.1.2 One-Step Methods 515 7.1.3 Two-Step Second-Order Methods 516 7.1.4 Several-Step Methods 517 7.1.5 Numerical Observation of Stability and Accuracy Properties of Simple Time Integration Formulas 517 7.1.6 Stability Analysis of Multistep Methods 518 7.2 One-Step Formulas for Second-Order Systems: Newmark’s Family 522 7.2.1 The Newmark Method 522 7.2.2 Consistency of Newmark’s Method 525 7.2.3 First-Order Form of Newmark’s Operator – Amplification Matrix 525 7.2.4 Matrix Norm and Spectral Radius 527 7.2.5 Stability of an Integration Method – Spectral Stability 528 7.2.6 Spectral Stability of the Newmark Method 530 7.2.7 Oscillatory Behaviour of the Newmark Response 533 7.2.8 Measures of Accuracy: Numerical Dissipation and Dispersion 535 7.3 Equilibrium Averaging Methods 539 7.3.1 Amplification Matrix 540 7.3.2 Finite Difference Form of the Time-Marching Formula 541 7.3.3 Accuracy Analysis of Equilibrium Averaging Methods 542 7.3.4 Stability Domain of Equilibrium Averaging Methods 543 7.3.5 Oscillatory Behaviour of the Solution 544 7.3.6 Particular Forms of Equilibrium Averaging 544 7.4 Energy Conservation 550 7.4.1 Application: The Clamped-Free Bar Excited by an end Force 552 7.5 Explicit Time Integration Using the Central Difference Algorithm 556 7.5.1 Algorithm in Terms of Velocities 556 7.5.2 Application Example: The Clamped-Free Bar Excited by an End Load 559 7.5.3 Restitution of the Exact Solution by the Central Difference Method 561 7.6 The Nonlinear Case 564 7.6.1 The Explicit Case 564 7.6.2 The Implicit Case 565 7.6.3 Time Step Size Control 571 7.7 Exercises 573 References 575 Index 577

Read more less

Book SynopsisHandbook based on various investigations aims to improve quality and efficiency of industrial power engineering, constructions, and fluid/gas-moving devices. Includes author's research findings.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis valuable handbook details the various monolithic refractories currently in use, and pays particular attention to their chemical and physical behaviors during manufacturing, installation, and the duty cycle. It addresses, from the practitioner's point of view, the critical aspects of reactions involved with the refractory body as it approaches the used temperature with the processing environment. To ensure optimum performance, it describes the application, installation, and design of refractory components. The handbook includes suitable tables and figures, and provides an historical perspective on the evolution of the refractory industry. Practicing ceramic engineers, scientists, raw material suppliers, and research and development personnel in the refractory manufacturing industry will find this book invaluable. Also suitable as a reference for courses in ceramic engineering specializing in refractories.Table of ContentsRaw Materials. Castable Refractories. Pumpable Castables. Plastic Refractories. Ramming Mixes. Gunning Mixes. Mortars. Coatings. Dry Vibratables. Wear Mechanisms. Manufacturing. Application Designs. Evaluation and Tests. Lining. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDislocations are defects in the crystal structure of important engineering materials, such as metals, ceramics and semi-conductors, that strongly influence the properties of these materials. This title uses minimal mathematics to present theory and applications of dislocations.Trade Review"The authors have taken an already exemplary textbook and ensured that it is both up-to-date and manageable. The carefully chosen bibliography sections at the end of every chapter are invaluable. There is no alternative book on dislocation theory that covers the ground of this volume and there does not need to be." --Materials World Magazine, October 2012 "This book fits a very much needed slot as it is written at a level that is much easier to understand than the classic old texts on dislocations...and is, for that reason, ideal for both undergraduates and beginning or interdisciplinary graduate students." --Kevin J. Hemker, Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University "One of the most striking advantages of the book is the concise and lucid text...There are many books dealing with dislocations but only one up-to-date introduction. It is warmly recommended to teachers and students in solid state sciences" --Crystallization Technology "As we grow older, we tend to grow fatter but wiser. This is certainly the case of the 4th edition of 'Introduction to Dislocations'...the book is excellent value and there is no excuse why every student of metallurgy should not be familiar with its contents, and every researcher have it readily to hand." --Steel TimesTable of Contents1. Defects in Crystals 2. Observation of Dislocations 3. Movement of Dislocations 4. Elastic Properties of Dislocations 5. Dislocations in Face-centered Cubic Metals 6. Dislocations in Other Crystal Structures 7. Jogs and the Intersection of Dislocations 8. Origin and Multiplication of Dislocations 9. Dislocation Arrays and Crystal Boundaries 10. Strength of Crystalline Solids

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction: materials-history and character 2. Family trees: organising materials and processes 3. Strategic thinking: matching material to design 4. Elastic stiffness, and weight: atomic bonding and packing 5. Stiffness-limited design 6. Beyond elasticity: plasticity, yielding and ductility 7. Strength-limited design 8. Fracture and fracture toughness 9. Cyclic loading and fatigue failure 10. Fracture- and fatigue-limited design 11. Friction and wear 12. Materials and heat 13. Diffusion and creep: materials at high temperatures 14. Durability: oxidation, corrosion, degradation 15. Electrical materials: conductors, insulators, and dielectrics 16. Magnetic materials 17. Materials for optical devices 18. Manufacturing processes and design 19. Processing, microstructure and properties 20. Materials, environment, and sustainability Guided Learning Unit 1: Simple ideas of crystallography Guided Learning Unit 2: Phase diagrams and phase transformations Appendix A: Data for engineering materials Appendix B: Corrosion tables Appendix C: Material properties and length scales

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis fascinating series brings some tricky science topics right down to the basics, setting curious kids up for a lifetime of learning about the forces at work all around us.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe manufacturing processes of composite materials are numerous and often complex. Continuous research into the subject area has made it hugely relevant with new advances enriching our understanding and helping us overcome design and manufacturing challenges. Advances in Composites Manufacturing and Process Design provides comprehensive coverage of all processing techniques in the field with a strong emphasis on recent advances, modeling and simulation of the design process. Part One reviews the advances in composite manufacturing processes and includes detailed coverage of braiding, knitting, weaving, fibre placement, draping, machining and drilling, and 3D composite processes. There are also highly informative chapters on thermoplastic and ceramic composite manufacturing processes, and repairing composites. The mechanical behaviour of reinforcements and the numerical simulation of composite manufacturing processes are examined in Part Two. Chapters examine the properties and behaviour of textile reinforcements and resins. The final chapters of the book investigate finite element analysis of composite forming, numerical simulation of flow processes, pultrusion processes and modeling of chemical vapour infiltration processes.Table of ContentsPreface Part One: Advances in composite manufacturing processes 1 Braiding processes for composites manufacture 2 Knitting processes for composites manufacture 3 Weaving processes for composites manufacture 4 Fibre placement processes for composites manufacture 5 Draping processes for composites manufacture 6 Thermoplastic composites manufacturing by thermoforming 7 Three-dimensional composite manufacturing processes 8 Chemical vapour deposition/infiltration processes for ceramic composites 9 Machining and drilling processes in composites manufacture: damage and material integrity 10 Repairing composites Part Two: Mechanical behaviour of reinforcements and numerical simulation of processes in composites manufacturing 11 Mechanical properties of textile reinforcements for composites 12 Mechanical behaviour of non crimp fabric (NCF) preforms in composite materials manufacturing 13 Epoxy/amine reactive systems for composites materials and their thermo-mechanical properties 14 Finite element analysis of composite forming at macroscopic and mesoscopic scale 15 Numerical simulation of flow processes in composites manufacturing 16 Pultrusion processes for composite manufacture 17 Modeling of chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) processes

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow will we meet rising energy demands? What are our options? Are there viable long-term solutions for the future? Learn the fundamental physical, chemical and materials science at the heart of renewable/non-renewable energy sources, future transportation systems, energy efficiency and energy storage. Whether you are a student taking an energy course or a newcomer to the field, this textbook will help you understand critical relationships between the environment, energy and sustainability. Leading experts provide comprehensive coverage of each topic, bringing together diverse subject matter by integrating theory with engaging insights. Each chapter includes helpful features to aid understanding, including a historical overview to provide context, suggested further reading and questions for discussion. Every subject is beautifully illustrated and brought to life with full color images and color-coded sections for easy browsing, making this a complete educational package. Fundamentals ofTrade Review'This book represents one of the most integrated texts on the topics of materials for energy and environmental sustainability. Written by leading experts, it represents the most comprehensive review of the state of the art for students, educators, scientists, economists, and policy makers interested in understanding the options provided by advanced materials for solving the global energy problems. [This] book helps integrate the diverse disciplines that will be needed to solve the very complex challenges.' JOM (Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society)'[This book] is a good example of simplicity, completeness and scientific rigor … [It] should be considered as a textbook in courses dedicated to renewable energies, as well as being a very good starting point as a complete and updated reference source for anyone involved in this field.' A. Terrasi, Università di Catania, Italy'Devotes … attention to the assessment of the many fundamental basic materials challenges that still exist … This text does an excellent job mapping out the many pathways that are currently under exploration.' ScienceTable of ContentsList of contributors; Preface; Acknowledgments; Part I. Energy and the Environment: The Global Landscape: 1. A primer on climate change; 2. The global energy landscape and energy security; 3. Sustainability and energy conversions; 4. Energy cost of materials: materials for thin-film photovoltaics as an example; 5. Economics of materials; 6. Global energy flows; 7. Global materials flows; 8. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration; Part II. Nonrenewable Energy Sources: 9. Petroleum and natural gas; 10. Advancing coal conversion technologies: materials challenges; 11. Oil shale and tar sands; 12. Unconventional energy sources: gas hydrates; 13. Nuclear energy: current and future schemes; 14. Nuclear non-proliferation; 15. Nuclear-waste management and disposal; 16. Material requirements for controlled nuclear fusion; Part III. Renewable Energy Sources: 17. Solar energy overview; 18. Direct solar energy conversion with photovoltaic devices; 19. Future concepts for photovoltaic energy conversion; 20. Concentrating and multijunction photovoltaics; 21. Concentrating solar thermal power; 22. Solar-thermoelectrics: direct solar thermal energy conversion; 23. Off-grid solar in the developing world; 24. Principles of photosynthesis; 25. Biofuels and biomaterials from microbes; 26. Biofuels from cellulosic biomass via aqueous processing; 27. Artificial photosynthesis for solar energy conversion; 28. Engineering natural photosynthesis; 29. Geothermal and ocean energy; 30. Wind energy; Part IV. Transportation: 31. Transportation: motor vehicles; 32. Transportation: aviation; 33. Transportation: shipping; 34. Transportation: fully autonomous vehicles; Part V. Energy Efficiency: 35. Lighting; 36. Energy efficient buildings; 37. Insulation science; 38. Industrial energy efficiency: a case study; 39. Green processing: catalysis; 40. Materials availability and recycling; 41. Life-cycle assessment; Part VI. Energy Storage, High-Penetration Renewables and Grid Stabilization: 42. Toward the smart grid: the US as a case study; 43. Consequences of high-penetration renewables; 44. Electrochemical energy storage: batteries and capacitors; 45. Mechanical energy storage: pumped hydro, CAES, flywheels; 46. Fuel cells; 47. Solar fuels; 48. Solar thermal routes to fuel; 49. Photoelectrochemistry and hybrid solar conversion; Summary; Appendix A. Thermodynamics; Appendix B. Electrochemistry; Appendix C. Units; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLearn to assess electromigration reliability and design more resilient chips in this comprehensive and practical resource. Beginning with fundamental physics and building to advanced methodologies, this book enables the reader to develop highly reliable on-chip wiring stacks and power grids. Through a detailed review on the role of microstructure, interfaces and processing on electromigration reliability, as well as characterisation, testing and analysis, the book follows the development of on-chip interconnects from microscale to nanoscale. Practical modeling methodologies for statistical analysis, from simple 1D approximation to complex 3D description, can be used for step-by-step development of reliable on-chip wiring stacks and industrial-grade power/ground grids. This is an ideal resource for materials scientists and reliability and chip design engineers.Table of Contents1. Introduction to electromigration; 2. Fundamentals of electromigration; 3. Thermal stress characteristics and stress induced void formation in aluminium and copper interconnects; 4. Stress evolution and damage formation in confined metal lines under electric stressing; 5. Electromigration in Cu interconnect structures; 6. Scaling effects on microstructure and resistivity of Cu and Co nanointerconnects; Analysis of electromigration induced stress evolution and voiding in Cu damascene lines with microstructure; 8. Massive scale statistical studies for electromigration; 9. Assessment of electromigration damage in large on-chip power grids. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMagnetism in carbon nanostructures is a rapidly expanding field of current materials science. This comprehensive survey of the subject provides an in-depth understanding of both the fundamental nature of the topic, as well as its groundbreaking nanotechnological applications, of interest to anyone studying or working in the field.Trade Review'The aim of this book is to bring together the work of physicists, chemists, and materials scientists in a single, self-contained volume. This overview of current magnetic carbon nanostructure research is aimed primarily toward graduate students and researchers; ideally, readers will have an advanced undergraduate understanding of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Taking into account the varied backgrounds of his readers, however, Hagelberg first presents separate introductions to magnetism and carbon nanostructures. The remaining four sections, the book's core material, present intrinsic magnetism, magnetic transport phenomena, and composite materials. The author no doubt had to make some difficult decisions to keep the text to a reasonable length. Any concerns readers may have about scope, however, are ameliorated by a set of thorough appendixes and a website of additional material; the author has posted additional sections that provide deeper, more detailed content.' E. Kincanon, Choice'Hagelberg's interesting volume summarises and explains the progress that has been made in developing and understanding the magnetism found in carbon-containing materials. More than that, Hagelberg puts these new developments into context, carefully explaining the underlying physical principles … This is a thorough and clearly written account of a fast-moving field.' Stephen J. Blundell, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Magnetic carbon nanostructures; Part I. Theories and Methods: 2. Basic notions of magnetism; 3. The tools: computational and experimental techniques; Part II. Carbon and its Nanoscale Allotropes: 4. Graphene; 5. Carbon nanotubes; 6. Fullerenes; Part III. Spin Effects in Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes: 7. Magnetic textures at edges and defect sites; 8. Spin-orbit coupling in carbon nanostructures; Part IV. Transport Phenomena: 9. Elements of spintronics; 10. Spin transport in carbon nanostructures; 11. Magnetotransport; Part V. Composite Materials: 12. Impurities; 13. Networks of carbon clusters; 14. Medical applications; Afterword; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook integrates classic principles of flow through porous media with recently developed stochastic analyses to provide new insight on subsurface hydrology. Importantly, each of the authors has extensive experience in both academia and the world of applied groundwater hydrology. The book not only presents theories but also emphasizes their underlying assumptions, limitations, and the potential pitfalls that may occur as a result of blind application of the theories as ''cookie-cutter'' solutions. The book has been developed for advanced-level courses on groundwater fluid flow, hydraulics, and hydrogeology, in either civil and environmental engineering or geoscience departments. It is also a valuable reference text for researchers and professionals in civil and environmental engineering, geology, soil science, environmental science, and petroleum and mining engineering.Trade Review'The text overall is well-organized, and the content is well-presented for a short, specialized textbook, with organized prose that makes liberal use of section headings and typesetting to highlight key concepts. Color line-drawings, plots, and a few pictures add to the appeal of the text as well, visually conveying difficult concepts such as spatial correlation and cross-correlation fields. Each chapter is nicely summarized through a key list of take-home points, and ends with a short set of exercises that test conceptual and quantitative understanding … The content of the book assumes only a basic background in fluid mechanics or hydrogeology, and thus can serve as a relatively self-contained reference on pumping-test models … Chapter 9, in particular, sets this book apart from classical pumping-test analyses through its presentation of the stochastic modeling approach and discussion of hydraulic tomography.' Michael Cardiff, GroundwaterTable of Contents1. Fluid statics and dynamics; 2. Darcy's law for saturated porous media; 3. Darcy's law for saturated unporous media; 4. Stochastic conceptualization of heterogeneity; 5. Governing equations for flow through heterogeneous conceptual models; 6. Equivalent homogeneous media conceptual models; 7. Flow toward a well due to pumping, part 1; 8. Flow toward a well due to pumping, part 2; 9. Stochastic approaches.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten by a pioneer in the field, this text provides a complete introduction to X-ray microscopy, providing all of the technical background required to use, understand and even develop X-ray microscopes. Starting from the basics of X-ray physics and focusing optics, it goes on to cover imaging theory, tomography, chemical and elemental analysis, lensless imaging, computational methods, instrumentation, radiation damage, and cryomicroscopy, and includes a survey of recent scientific applications. Designed as a ''one-stop'' text, it provides a unified notation, and shows how computational methods in different areas are linked with one another. Including numerous derivations, and illustrated with dozens of examples throughout, this is an essential text for academics and practitioners across engineering, the physical sciences and the life sciences who use X-ray microscopy to analyze their specimens, as well as those taking courses in X-ray microscopy.Trade Review'This magnificent treatise, beautifully printed (in Singapore) by Cambridge University Press, covers the subject methodically in twelve chapters … The tone is relaxed but rigorous, there is no sacrifice of exactitude to readability, though readability is certainly a priority …' P.W. Hawkes, Ultramicroscopy'This text provides an in-depth examination of X-ray microscopy … Though the title suggests the volume focuses on a narrow topic, the fact that almost half the book covers broader physics and microscopy topics makes it potentially relevant to a much wider audience. Readers with the necessary background can take advantage of the mathematical explanations behind the physics. All readers can enjoy the limericks that conclude each chapter.' T. P. Owen Jr., ChoiceTable of Contents1. X-ray microscopes: a short introduction; 2. A bit of history; 3. X-ray physics; 4. Imaging Physics; 5. X-ray focusing optics; 6. X-ray microscope systems; 7. X-ray microscope instrumentation; 8. X-ray tomography; 9. X-ray spectromicroscopy; 10. Coherent imaging; 11. Radiation damage and cryo microscopy; 12. Applications, and future prospects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first book on the topic, with each chapter written by pioneers in the field, this essential resource details the fundamental theory, applications, and future developments of liquid cell electron microscopy. This book describes the techniques that have been developed to image liquids in both transmission and scanning electron microscopes, including general strategies for examining liquids, closed and open cell electron microscopy, experimental design, resolution, and electron beam effects. A wealth of practical guidance is provided, and applications are described in areas such as electrochemistry, corrosion and batteries, nanocrystal growth, biomineralization, biomaterials and biological processes, beam-induced processing, and fluid physics. The book also looks ahead to the future development of the technique, discussing technical advances that will enable higher resolution, analytical microscopy, and even holography of liquid samples. This is essential reading for researchers and pTable of ContentsPart I. Technique: 1. Past, present and future electron microscopy of liquid specimens Niels de Jonge and Frances M. Ross; 2. Encapsulated liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy Eric Jensen and Kristian Mølhave; 3. Imaging liquid processes using open cells in the TEM, SEM, and beyond Chongmin Wang; 4. Membrane based environmental cells for SEM in liquids Andrei Kolmakov; 5. Observations in liquids using an inverted SEM Chikara Sato and Mitsuo Suga; 6. Temperature control in liquid cells for TEM Shen J. Dillon and Xin Chen; 7. Electron beam effects in liquid cell TEM and STEM Nicholas M. Schneider; 8. Resolution in liquid cell experiments Niels de Jonge, Nigel Browning, James E. Evans, See Wee Chee and Frances M. Ross; Part II. Applications: 9. Nanostructure growth, interactions and assembly in the liquid phase Hong-Gang Liao, Kai-Yang Niu and Haimei Zheng; 10. Quantifying electrochemical processes using liquid cell TEM Frances M. Ross; 11. Application of electrochemical liquid cells for electrical energy storage and conversion studies Raymond R. Unocic and Karren L. More; 12. Applications of liquid cell TEM in corrosion science See Wee Chee and M. Grace Burke; 13. Nanoscale water imaged by liquid cell TEM Utkur Mirsaidov and Paul Matsudaira; 14. Nanoscale deposition and etching of materials using focused electron beams and liquid reactants Eugenii U. Donev, Matthew Bresin and J. Todd Hastings; 15. Liquid cell TEM for studying environmental and biological mineral systems Michael H. Nielsen and James J. De Yoreo; 16. Liquid STEM for studying biological function in whole cells Diana B. Peckys and Niels de Jonge; 17. Visualizing macromolecules in liquid at the nanoscale Andrew C. Demmert, Madeline J. Dukes, Elliot Pohlmann, Kaya Patel, A. Cameron Varano, Zhi Sheng, Sarah M. McDonald, Michael Spillman, Utkur Mirsaidov, Paul Matsudaira and Deborah F. Kelly; 18. Application of liquid cell microscopy to study function of muscle proteins Haruo Sugi, Shigeru Chaen, Tsuyoshi Akimoto, Masaru Tanokura, Takuya Miyakawa and Hiroki Minoda; Part III. Prospects: 19. High resolution imaging in the graphene liquid cell Jungwon Park, Vivekananda P. Adiga, Alex Zettl and A. Paul Alivisatos; 20. Analytical electron microscopy during in situ liquid cell studies Megan E. Holtz, David A. Muller and Nestor J. Zaluzec; 21. Spherical and chromatic aberration correction for atomic-resolution liquid cell electron microscopy Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and Lothar Houben; 22. The potential for imaging dynamic processes in liquids with high temporal resolution Nigel D. Browning and James E. Evans; 23. Future prospects for biomolecular, biomimetic and biomaterials research enabled by new liquid cell electron microscopy techniques Taylor Woehl and Tanya Prozorov.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn overview of the optical effects in solids, addressing the physics of various materials and their response to electromagnetic radiation. The discussion includes metals, semiconductors, superconductors, and insulators. The book begins by introducing the dielectric function into Maxwell''s macroscopic equations and finding their plane-wave solution. The physics governing the dielectric function of various materials is then covered, both classically and using basic quantum mechanics. Advanced topics covered include interacting electrons, the anomalous skin effect, anisotropy, magneto-optics, and inhomogeneous materials. Each subject begins with a connection to the basic physics of the particular solid, after which the measurable optical quantities are derived. It allows the reader to connect measurements (reflectance, optical conductivity and dielectric function) with the underlying physics of solids. Methods of analysing experimental data are addressed, making this an ideal resource foTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. Maxwell's equations and plane waves in matter; 3. The complex dielectric function and refractive index; 4. Classical theories for the dielectric function; 5. Phonons; 6. A look at real solids; 7. Transmission and reflection; 8. Free-electron metals; 9. Optical excitations: quantum mechanics; 10. Kramers–Kronig relations and sum rules; 11. Superconductors; 12. Semiconductors and insulators; 13. Strongly interacting solids; 14. Nonlocal effects; 15. Anisotropic crystals; 16. Magneto-optics; 17. Inhomogeneous materials; Appendices; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisGet to grips with the fundamental optical and optoelectronic properties of nanostructures. This comprehensive guide makes a wide variety of modern topics accessible, and includes up-to-date material on the optical properties of monolayer crystals, plasmonics, nanophotonics, UV quantum well lasers, and wide bandgap materials and heterostructures. The unified, multidisciplinary approach makes it ideal for those in disciplines spanning nanoscience, physics, materials science, and optical, electrical and mechanical engineering. Building on work first presented in Quantum Heterostructures (Cambridge, 1999), this volume draws on years of research and teaching experience. Rigorous coverage of basic principles makes it an excellent resource for senior undergraduates, and detailed mathematical derivations illuminate concepts for graduate students, researchers and professional engineers. The examples with solutions included in the text and end-of-chapter problems allows the students to use this Table of Contents1. Some trends in optoelectronics; 2. Materials for optoelectronic applications; 3. Electrons in quantum structures; 4. Light-semiconductor materials interaction; 5. Optics of quantum structures; 6. Electro-optics and nonlinear optics; 7. Light emitting devices based on interband phototransitions in quantum structure; 8. Devices based on intraband phototransitions in quantum structures and silicon optoelectronics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMaster the conceptual, theoretical and practical aspects of kinematics with this exhaustive text, which provides a rigorous analysis and description of general motion in mechanical systems, with numerous examples from spinning tops to wheel ground-vehicles. Over 400 figures illustrate the main ideas and provide a geometrical interpretation and a deeper understanding of concepts, and exercises and problems throughout the text provide additional hands-on practice. Ideal for students taking courses on rigid body kinematics, and an invaluable reference for researchers.Trade Review'The Rigid Body Kinematics book by Batlle and Barjau presents the concepts of kinematics for points, rigid bodies and multibody systems with a depth and thoroughness which is not common in textbooks nowadays. This is a very good text for readers who look for a very solid foundation on their understanding of kinematics. The language is accessible and the quiz questions included are a good and quick way for the reader to test their understanding of each chapter.' Alba Pérez Gracia, Polytechnic University of Catalonia'Rigid Body Kinematics provides a clear and comprehensive account of the kinematics of rigid bodies in three-dimensional space, built from the ground up. It doesn't cut corners nor shies away from difficult topics: if you need a thorough understanding of how to analyze the movement of mechanical systems, this is your book. Its content has been honed by decades of continuous improvement. It was foundational for those of us lucky enough to be exposed to it by Professors Batlle and Barjau, providing many pleasant aha! moments when it made many previously disjoint ideas fit into a beautiful coherent whole.' Juan Reyero, Thestarmaps.com'I've been following the authors' teaching practices and materials since I started teaching mechanics to future engineers more than 30 years ago. This is a nicely updated English translation of the authors' teaching materials developed along an entire life devoted to the teaching of mechanics of particles and rigid bodies. With a rigorous but clear style, the book tenderly covers all the relevant kinematics concepts required for engineers at different levels, paving the ground for an advanced dynamics course. Plenty of inspiring examples and exercises, it uses a clear and explicit notation and language. I found this style inspiring in my multibody dynamics teaching practice. Definitely, my first choice as a teaching reference book.' Javier Ros, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)'Rigid Body Kinematics is … very original in the way in which its relevant principles are presented. An essential textbook for engineering students. The originality of the [book] is in the applications it makes of the fundamental principles of Classical Mechanics to practical cases. It is beautifully illustrated with realistic schemes, [and with] clear and easily understandable text…' Maria Rosario Isabel Lopez Hermoso, University of Barcelona'This book can serve as an excellent standard text at the advanced undergraduate level … Highly recommended.' M. O. Farooq, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Space and time; 2. Particle kinematics; 3. Rigid body kinematics; 4. Introduction to mechanical systems kinematics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society's 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi HIGH-RATE REAL-TIME CHARACTERIZATION The Influence of Temperature and Confinement Pressure on the Dynamic Response of Damaged Borosilicate Glass 3 Xu Nie and Weinong W. Chen The Strain-Rate Dependence of the Hardness of AIN Doped SiC 11 N. Ur-rehman, P. Brown, and L. J. Vandeperre Static and Dynamic Indentation Response of Ion-Armor Glass 21 Phillip Jannotti and Ghatu Subhash, and Arun Varshneya MANUFACTURING Transparent Armor for the New Standard in Battlefield Performance 29 Kathie Leighton, John Carberry, Wiktor Serafin, Terranee Avery, and Douglas Templeton Characterization of Residual Stresses in SiC Based Ceramic Tiles 43 Brian Munn, Keyu Li, James Zheng, and Karl Masters MICROSTRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR ENHANCED ARMOR CERAMICS Microstructural Design for Si-B4C-Diamond System 61 P. G. Karandikar and S. Wong Fabrication of High Volume Fraction SiCp/AI Metal Matrix Composites 71 Ryan McCuiston, Sukunthakan Ngernbamrung, Kannigar Dateraksa, Kuljira Sujirote, Jessada Wannasin, and Trinnamet Sungkapun Densification and Microstructural Properties of Boron-Carbide in Spark Plasma Sintering 81 M. F. Toksoy and R. A. Haber Modeling Heat Transfer During Sublimation Growth of Silicon Carbide Single Crystals by Physical Vapor Transport 91 J. B. Allen, C. F. Cornwell, N. J. Lee, C. P. Marsh, J. F. Peters, and C. R. Welch Development of Nano Zirconia Toughened Alumina for Ceramic Armor Applications 103 S. Huang, J. Binner, B. Vaidhyanathan, P. Brown, C. Hampson and C. Spacie Microstructure Property Relationship in Cermic Armor Materials 115 Douglas M. Slusark and R.A. Haber NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION Ultrasonic Nondestructive Characterization and its Correlation to Alumina Microstructure 129 S. Bottiglieri and R. A. Haber Low Velocity Impact Damage Characterization of Transparent Materials 139 Raymond E. Brennan and William H. Green Comparison of Penetration Damage in Novel Mg Specimens via Computed Tomography 151 William H. Green and Kyu C. Cho Application of a Miniaturized Portable Microwave Interference Scanning System for Nondestructive Testing of Composite Ceramic Armor 163 K. F. Schmidt, Jr., J. R. Little, Jr., W. A. Ellingson, Lisa Prokurat Franks, Thomas J. Meitzler, and W. Green Statistical Quantification and Sensitivity Prediction of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Data in Composite Ceramic Armor 173 J. S. Steckenrider, T.J. Meitzler, Lisa Prokurat Franks, and W. A. Ellingson Ultrasonic Nondestructive Characterization of Oil-Based Clay 185 V. DeLucca and R. A. Haber

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One discusses advantages for optical applications with transparent polycrystalline ceramic materials. Chapter Two reviews K0.5Na0.5NbO3-based lead-free transparent ceramics. Chapter Three describes the operation principles and requirements for photodetector (PD) devices, followed by the latest developments in materials and device architectures. Chapter Four studies applications of infrared thermography to the analysis of steel welded junctions. Chapter Five discusses Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS) as a method that uses liquid feedstock. Chapter Six reviews the recent studies on the structural, electronic, optical and mechanical properties of silicene-derivative structures. In Chapter Seven, the correlations between experimental and theoretical results have been established in order to gain complete insight into structural features which enable modeling and synthesis of novel APD molecules with potential usage in various industries. Chapter Eight considers the analytical capabilities of two methods for studying the composition of gold-bearing samples.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One discusses the properties of functionally graded material produced with additive manufacturing technology. Chapter Two reviews synthetic smectite materials as catalyst precursors and solid base catalysts. Chapter Three reviews current literature on metallic bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) focusing on the development of protective coatings for imparting both corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity to these components. Chapter Four examines layered hydrolyzed EVA films. Chapter Five focuses on the synthesis and characterization of polyphenylenes and their derivatives as well as their applications in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Chapter Six discusses the characterization of thermal conductivity and tool-part thermal resistance in composite processing. Chapter Seven examines the effect of biodeterioration on mechanical properties of hemp natural fiber reinforced composite. Chapter Eight provides a comparative study on the effective properties of equivalent fiber.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One examines chiral metamaterials. Chapter Two discusses chitosan-based planar optical waveguides for relative humidity measurements. Chapter Three investigates the ultrafast magnon dynamics in antiferromagnetic 3d-transition-metal monoxides NiO and MnO using optical pump-probe spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Chapter Four analyzes luminescent Zn/Cd-based metalorganic frameworks and their applications. Chapter Five focuses on the development and characterization of textile-based strain sensors for healthcare applications. Chapter Six examines the electronic properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and its monomer using the Semi-Empirical Zerner Modified Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (ZINDO) method of INDO/1 as a parameterization. Chapter Seven investigates the adhesion of the Legionella Pneumophila bacteria to the surfaces of plumbing materials. Chapter Eight discusses the mechanical behavior of borophene structures using molecular mechanics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides readers with the latest developments in materials science research. Chapter One reviews the advances achieved over the last three years by exploiting photo-induced polymerization processes for the obtainment of functional (and often nanostructured) coatings. Chapter Two analyzes superalloy machining. Chapter Three examines a mechanistic exposure of welded Ni-Mo-Cr-Fe alloys in coal gasification syngas plants for morphological and microstructural examination and corrosion mechanism study. Chapter Four discusses atomistic investigations of ion migration in electroactive polymers. Chapter Five focuses on the property and electron shift kinetics of glassy carbon electrodes, and explores biosensor technology that bred diverse trends in detecting heavy metal ions with the adoption of glassy carbon electrode. Chapter Six provides a review of studies regarding antioxidant reaction mechanisms and their electroanalytical applications in glassy carbon electrodes. Chapter Seven investigates the effect of A-site and B-site isovalent doping in Bismuth Titanate ceramics on its dielectric and ferroelectric properties. Chapter Eight concludes with the current progress in the synthesis and luminescence properties of doped Bismuth complex oxides.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a practical and intermediate level handbook written to describe acoustic emission technique, focusing on the results obtained from different kinds of materials through an engineering point of view. Internal structural modifications of materials such as dislocation motion, plastic deformation, grain boundary sliding or crack propagation are connected to the production of acoustic waves. The possibility of detecting these low amplitude waves, which are known as acoustic emissions, in order to prevent failure represents an interesting and very promising approach that has been applied in several engineering fields. The possibility to monitor the whole history of materials without scanning and accessing from one side only is a great advantage connected with this method, especially if compared or even combined with other traditional techniques. Focus on Acoustic Emission Research offers the reader the information needed to understand the basic principle of the acoustic emission phenomenon and to provide updated information about results obtained for different kinds of materials and large-sized structures. Each chapter, written by invited experts, follows a focused and practical arrangement with subsections describing the measurement principle, the experimental procedures, the results and references. The reader of the book will benefit by the significant hands-on experience that each author transfers into their respective chapter. The volume illustrated provides, in fact, a practical approach to acoustic emission that makes this volume attractive to industrial experts, academic researchers and students.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAs the inorganic constituents of skeletons, dentine and the enamel of teeth in all vertebrates, as well as antlers of male deer, calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4) appear to be the key materials to sustain all life on Earth. Therefore, biologically relevant CaPO4 possess all the necessary features of the biomaterials, such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, bioresorbability, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and appear to be non-toxic, non-inflammatory and non-immunogenic. In this book, the author presents current state-of-the-art applications on three popular types of CaPO4: nano-scaled (nano-dimensional), multiphasic (polyphasic) and amorphous CaPO4. Topics discussed include the preparation, structure, composition, properties and biomedical applications of these types of CaPO4 combined with the specific information for each type. Namely, occurrence in the calcified tissue of mammals is discussed for both nano-scaled and amorphous types of CaPO4; both known and potential formulations, as well as their stability are discussed for multiphasic CaPO4, while both the morphology and the available knowledge on amorphous-to-crystalline transformations are discussed for amorphous CaPO4.

Read more less

Book SynopsisClassical fracture mechanics that emerged during the 1920s has gained popularity via LEFM from the 1940s to the 1960s. The principles of classical fracture mechanics evolved from experimental observation of the behaviour of glass that contains pre-existing cracks and is largely supported by physical reasoning. Chapter One presents a robust analysis of problems encountered in the field of pipeline networks and boiler components as a result of structural imperfection. Chapter Two deals with an analytical model of cracking, which is induced by thermal stresses in a porous multi-particle-matrix system. This system consists of spherical pores and isotropic spherical particles, which are both periodically distributed in an isotropic infinite matrix. Chapter Three reports on an analytical model of cracking in a multi-particle matrix system with isotropic whiskers, which are periodically distributed in an isotropic infinite matrix.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 32 provides an overview on graphene oxide and discusses its role as a starting material building block in the fabrication of either graphene oxide or graphene (reduced graphene oxide) based nanocomposites. Characterization of such nanocomposites by various techniques and their uses in electrode surface modifications for electrochemical sensing applications are discussed in detail. The authors discuss Tribolab, a materials tribology experiment that was flown on board the International Space Station from February 2008 to September 2009. The main objective of the experiment was the study of the behaviour of new solid lubricants (specifically, molybdenum disulphide MoS2 alloyed with tungsten carbide) under real space conditions. The authors discuss facsimiles, a reprint of an out-of-print book that represents an identical reproduction of the original, aiming to establish which non-invasive methods give the instructions for preparing the proper facsimile. Later, an innovative, rapid sol-gel method for producing bioglass and bioceramic nanopowder is developed to produce pure amorphous bioglasses from a quaternary system containing sodium. This is 200 times quicker in comparison to conventional aqueous sol-gel bioglass preparation, and 100 times quicker than standard sol-gel bioceramic methods. Arylboronic acids are also explored for their applications in organic synthesis, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, biology, medicine and material engineering. They can form different supramolecular systems via both covalent as well as hydrogen bonds.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFollowing the discovery of the oxide superconductors in 1986 by Bednorz and Müller, a number of new superconducting compounds was found exhibiting superconductivity above the liquid nitrogen temperature including rare-earth oxides and bismuth oxides, enabling cheaper cooling methods to be applied. The new class of superconducting materials featuring high critical temperatures (Tc above 77 K) and high second critical magnetic fields gave a new impetus to the research and development in superconductivity. Governments of many countries worldwide have encouraged scientists, engineers and industry to develop high temperature superconducting materials for practical use. Environmentally benign scenarios of high speed transport systems, energy saving by utilizing DC cables, medical equipment (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems), a new class of magnetic drug delivery system (MDDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and non-contact rotating machinery are expected. Nowadays, there is already a variety of high-Tc superconducting products available on the market, like single domain, batch processed bulks with diameters up to 140 mm, hundreds of kilometers of the first generation silver-sheathed Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 wires and tapes, and several kilometers of the second generation Y-123 tapes (''coated conductors'') for winding coils of superconducting super-magnets or for constructing high-Tc super-cables for high energy transfer. The authors hope that, especially for young researchers, new upcoming engineers and students of superconductivity theory extension, the collected know-how in technology of superconducting thin films, wires, and bulks, and the new opportunities available for practical applications by the unique features of high-Tc materials will be very useful. The volume is designed to cover the recent achievements in occurrence, synthesis and application of high-Tc superconductors. The volume consists of a total of seventeen chapters, each of them defining in-depth the chapter subject and surveying recent developments in the field. The main objective of this volume is to summarize the recent advances in material science of high-Tc superconductors, including their properties, processing, and applications. New and challenging issues appear in this book, like superconducting large grain bulk RE-123, flux pinning, nanowire network fabrics and their applications, and a quantitative analysis on the normal-state Nernst coefficient. Furthermore, the book also covers recent developments on a variety of materials and the progress made, especially concerning the magnetic characterization of bulk C-doped MgB2, silver added bulk FeSe, and (BiPb)SrCaCuO systems, respectively. To show a full picture of the currently ongoing research efforts, the book covers large scale applications of bulk materials, including magnetic bearings, superconducting electric motors and their design layouts, hybrid-type superconducting magnetic bearings for rotating machinery, compact magnetic field generators, refrigerators, and recent developments in the application of superconducting super-magnets in the medical field. The authors would like to take this opportunity to express their sincere gratitude to all of the chapter contributors for their great endeavor in completing this book in time. They also wish to acknowledge Carra Feagaiga from NOVA Science Publisher for offering invaluable advice at every stage of editing this book. We would also like to extend our thanks to President Prof. M. Murakami-sensei, SIT for his constant support and encouragements. The team of authors and the editors sincerely hope that the presented ideas and information in this book will be helpful for interested readers, scientists, young researchers, bachelor and master students, and will encourage further development in the field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first-principle approach is designed for the interpretation of the experimental observations and prediction of properties for new nanomaterials. The understanding of physical phenomena requires a description at the atomic scale where size and geometric organization play important roles. The major challenge is to model systems as close as possible to those developed in the laboratory. The complexity both in terms of the geometric structure and chemical composition that comprise the modeling of such systems requires an entire panel of approaches ranging from semi-empirical methods to ab initio methods. At the atomic scale, the elementary bricks of the buildings are atoms. The cohesion and dynamics of these buildings are the result of interactions between these atoms. Two major classes of modeling techniques for these buildings can be distinguished: Electronic structure calculations and molecular simulation methods. Molecular simulation methods are limited in their application since they cannot be used to model properties that depend on the electronic structure. As part of the electronic structure calculations, the building is described by the notion of wave function. One of the fundamental tasks of quantum physics is to solve a differential equation according to the electronic, nuclear and spin coordinates via the Schrödinger equation. The resolution of this equation in analytical form is impossible, except in the case of hydrogenites. Different numerical resolution methods have been developed based on a series of simplifications and successive approximation techniques. Once solved, this equation gives the total energy of the system, the associated wave function, and the energies of the electronic states. These methods are applied at a temperature of zero and at a fixed pressure. There are several families of methods: Semi-empirical methods, Hartree-Fock (HF) methods and density functional (DFT) methods. From the dependence of the total energy on the volume of the mesh, we can deduce the equilibrium crystalline parameters, the modulus of rigidity or the enthalpy of formation. Finally and above all, they allow, through studies of electronic structure, to identify the phenomena that govern the substitutions. In other words, thanks to the fundamental laws of quantum physics, it is possible to compute macroscopic properties from microscopic information. The interface between the first-principle and experimental design could provide a way to answer a lot of problems and open questions on the physical properties of nanomaterials. The purpose of this book is to propose some ideas to answer the most important question in the design of nanomaterials (OD,1D and 2D) for nanotechnology application, namely, nanomaterials for spintronic application, nanomaterials for solar energy technologies application, magnetic refrigeration applications, switchable materials application and nanomedicine applications. Additionally, the author will discuss the correlation between the first-principle and experimental design to see how the properties of the yet-to-be-synthesized nanomaterials can be predicted. Based on experimental and on first-principle calculations design, the author will discuss structural, optical and magnetic properties of new nanomaterials. New physical properties will be discussed in nanomaterials recently observed, and this creates new opportunities for development and construction of a new nanomaterial for nanotechnology applications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIt is well known that after the discovery of fullerenes (1985) and carbon nanotubes (1991) so many scientific and engineering groups in the world have started to use these structures in order to modify the basic properties of the organic and inorganic materials. The main advantage to improve the materials properties have been shown when the fullerenes or carbon nanotubes have been incorporated into the body of the conjugated organic materials or into the inorganic materials lattice. However, the change in material properties when structuring their surface has been shown in less detail. In the current book, namely the surface modification of the different types of the materials are shown. The promising nano-objects used for this aim the carbon nanotubes are proposed. The basic features of these nano-objects are regarded to their branched surface, high conductivity, strong hardness of their CC bonds, little value of the refractive index as well as their complicated and unique mechanisms of charge carrier moving. Different types of the optical materials such as metals (Al, Sc, etc.), semiconductors (ZnSe, ZnS, etc.), optical crystals (LiF, KBr, etc.), ITO layer, and polymer matrix surface are treated by the laser oriented deposition technique under the condition to vertically deposit the nano-objects mentioned above in order to change the refractivity, spectral, mechanical characteristics and wetting phenomena of the materials. Analytical and quantum chemical calculations support the experimental results. The book can extend the materials database and can be useful for the education process as well as for the practical application.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPiezoelectricity is the generation of electrical charge in response to mechanical stress and vice versa. In this compilation, bismuth-based ceramics having chemical formula 0.96[{Bi0.5 (Na0.84K0.16)0.5}1-xLix(Ti1-yNby)O3]0.04SrTiO3 (BNKLiTNST) with x=y = 00.030 were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction method, and a stack-type multilayer actuator was fabricated by using optimal composition. The effect of Li and Nb co-substitution on structure and electrical properties of BNKTST ceramics was explored. The extracellular matrix is composed of various types of proteins and carbohydrates, and the compositions are different according to tissue type and developmental and pathological states. The authors compare the advantages and disadvantages between tissues/organs-derived decellularized matrices and cultured cell-derived decellularized matrices. In addition, recent studies on understanding extracellular matrix roles with cultured cell-derived decellularized matrices are introduced. The aim of the following work is to perform a detailed investigation of the evolution of dislocation substructure during hot deformation of austenite within a dynamic recovery regime using transmission electron microscopy. A 22Cr-19Ni-3Mo (wt.%) model austenitic stainless steel was used as an experimental material and the deformation was performed in torsion at 900 C at a strain rate of 0.7 s-1 to several strain levels. Carbon-based materials have gained tremendous attention owing to their widespread application in catalytic, electrochemical, and energy storage systems. Among them, carbon aerogels are a new type of nanomaterial: a porous carbon material with a three-dimensional (3D) network. The authors present various types of carbon aerogels and synthetic strategies to fabricate them. The applications of carbon aerogels such as catalysis, energy storage, hydrogen storage and oil cleanup are comprehensively discussed. The well-documented health benefits of tannic acid, along with its low cost has attracted significant interests from researchers. As such, this compilation also discusses the complexation between tannic acid and proteins leading to fabrication of biodegradable protein-tannic acid multilayers. The section further explains the different fabrication and characterization techniques, the factors behind the formation of soluble and insoluble complexes, the multilayers physicochemical properties. Next, the authors present a research review, regarding the study of stress concentration in fiber reinforced polymer composites, made by different authors. These materials, composed of a matrix and fibers, have a mechanical behavior that depends on the mechanical characteristics of each of them and the orientation of the fibers, variables that are considered in this review, which are evident in the stress concentration due to geometric discontinuities, which can be located in different ways. Later, one chapter discusses the synthesis and thermal diffusivity/conductivity of dysprosium zirconate, cerate and hafnate as a new type of material with pyrochlore/fluorite lattices to replace conventional yttria stabilized zirconia ZrO2 × Y2O3 in thermal barrier coatings systems for aircraft gas turbines. The necessity to develop new material solutions for thermal barrier coatings systems is related to the increased outlet temperature in gas turbines. The temperature and dislocations distributed in Liquid-Phase-Pulse-Impact Diffusion Welding welded joints of aluminum matrix composite SiCp & Al2O3p/AlMg1SiCu is also investigated. Results show that the area between the solid phase and liquid phase increases with welding temperature increment; the internal stress at interface of SiCp/AlMg1SiCu releases to improve the strength of welded joints attractively, and more. Finally, a generalized phenomenological model is developed which describes the process of fragmentation of polycrystalline structure of metals/alloys during severe plastic deformation. This model has been generalized to achieve the stated goal. The grain boundaries and dislocations that are responsible for the formation of the fine-grained structure and the limit of the plastic are considered as the main structural defects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 34 begins with a review of results on the modelling of the plasma-assisted growth of vertically aligned carbon nanostructures (VACNs). Growth of carbon nanofibers, single-walled carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures are considered, as well as studies that use the mechanistic models based on mass balance equations for species. Next, data on the application of Rayleigh and Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering (RMBS) spectroscopy to controlling the elastic, elasto-optic, optical parameters of inorganic glasses, crystals, and glass-crystalline materials is reviewed. The possibilities of using RMBS spectroscopy for research and development of materials for optical and electro-optical fiber drawing, as well as glasses doped with rare earth ions and quantum dots, are considered. The authors go on to propose that the purification of graphene from heavy metals can be performed by bombardment with noble gas clusters. The method of molecular dynamics is used to study the removal of copper, lead, and mercury from graphene by irradiating the target using a beam of Ar13 or Xe13 clusters with energies of 530 eV at angles of incidence 0, 45, 60, and 90. As an indispensable component of future flexible electronics, flexible resistive switching memories have recently garnered great interest globally. As such, a comprehensive review on the recent progress in this field is presented with a particular emphasis on materials and devices. A short discussion on the current challenges and future prospects of flexible resistive switching memories is also provided. Following this, the authors aim to present a comprehensive examination of the different catalysts used in hydroisomerization reactions, focusing: the acid support, mainly zeolites, the precious metals that offer the hydrogenating sites and the methodologies used to produce effective bifunctional catalysts. The catalysts used in industrial refining processes as well as new research trends are surveyed. A fast, efficient and versatile route for the synthesis of 4,4-diaminotriarylmethanes using Sr(DS)2 as a Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalyst (LASCs) in the presence of N,N-dimethyl aniline and aryl aldehydes is reported in closing. LASCs not only act as a Lewis acid to activate substrate molecules, but also serve as a surfactant to form stable colloidal dispersion systems with organic substrates.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNumerical Simulation of the Heat Conductivity of Randomly Inhomogeneous Two-Dimensional Composite Materials consists of six sections. The introduction and second section present a wide variety of theoretical and empirical models for heat transport in two-component composites and their governing scientific principles. In particular, the methods of homogenization and the representative volume element are examined. The third section is devoted to the numerical methods in heat conduction processes in composites. In this section, the choice of the finite difference method and the Monte Carlo method for numerical experiments on the study of heat transfer in two-component composites was confirmed. The fourth section describes the computational model for two-component composite material with different values of the matrix and filler thermal conductivity. The study assumes a random placement of inclusions in the composite matrix with the following parameters: The concentration and size of inclusions, and the minimum distance between the inclusions. The fifth section deals with the distribution statistics of the effective heat conductivity. General forms of the effective thermal conductivity distributions and their transformation have been obtained when the parameters of the inclusions placement have been changed. Moreover, the influence of the placement heat-insulating inclusions on the parameters of the effective thermal conductivity distributions has also been discussed. The Monte Carlo simulation has been used to obtain the statistics of the effective anisotropy of the thermal conductivity distributions and its relationship to the effective thermal conductivity distributions statistics. The local heat fluxes statistics and pattern maps of local heat fluxes through a randomly inhomogeneous material with a heat-conducting matrix and heat-insulating inclusions have been analyzed in the sixth section. Numerical experiments reveal the influence of the number and extent of induced heat-conducting channels on the effective thermal conductivity of the material. Special attention has been paid to an area with a shortage of induced heat-conducting channels, or the so-called dark matrix. Multimodal distributions of the local heat flux density, as well as the binding of two distribution modes to heat-insulating inclusions and induced thermal conductive channels have been described. The third mode of distribution was tied to a dark matrix on the heat-insulating inclusions map. This section also presents the statistical distributions of angles between the direction of local heat fluxes and the temperature macro gradient as well as the transformation of the character of distribution when changing the parameters of placement for inclusions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 35 opens with an examination of the effect of bismaleimides based on the Diels-Alder reaction mechanism on high performance aerospace carbon fibre reinforced plastics. More precisely, the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional bismaleimide modified composites and their healing capabilities were measured under mode I and mode II fracture loading conditions. Following this, polyacrylonitrile nanofibers are first obtained from polyacrylonitrile in dimethylformamide by electrospinning. Then, the carbon nanofibers are obtained by calcination of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. Additionally, the capacity of these materials to promote oxygen reduction reaction is evaluated. As new sorbents are developed for purifying gases or liquids via physisorption and/or chemisorption processes, the objective is typically to increase the specific surface area to maximize the available binding sites for capturing various species of interest. One drawback to making a sorbent more porous is that it often leads to a product that is fragile or friable and can be damaged, thus imposing process limitations. Thus, the authors propose an alternative approach for improving the mechanical integrity of the sorbent by binding it within a porous matrix that passively holds the sorbent in place. Next, evidence that the nanopillared graphene surface can induce strong dewettability is been reported by molecular dynamics simulations. The retracting and detaching behaviors of the liquid film can be effectively controlled by tuning the geometric parameters of the liquid film or nanopillar as well as the temperature. This compilation also includes a study which aims to present the advantages of using a thermodynamic analysis for the production of high purity hydrogen by the ethanol steam reforming combined with CO2 absorption (ESR-CO2-ABS). For this purpose, a thermodynamic analysis is used to find optimal reaction conditions for the ESR-CO2-ABS system. Thermodynamic analysis of the ESR-CO2-ABS system was performed using CaO, CaOMgO, Na2ZrO3, Li2ZrO3 and Li4SiO4 as CO2 absorbents to determine optimal operating conditions to generate high production and concentration of hydrogen in the product gas. In conclusion, the authors discuss how recently, research emphasis has been directed towards integrating multiple functions into polymer materials. Among these new advancements in materials science are functional polymers with structural designs for versatile applications. Piperazine is an interesting heterocyclic diamine which possess excellent medicinal and chelating property. Polymers and surfactants based on piperazine and surfactants have shown good hydrophilic, chelating anti-bacterial and anti-helminthic properties.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the preliminary study included in Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 36, a novel fiberglass catalyst with highly dispersed 1-2 nm Pd clusters confined in the bulk of fiberglass at a depth of 10 nm was proposed. In spite of extremely low palladium content, this catalyst showed high performance in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Basic research of physicochemical properties of the silicate glass as well as the Pd/FG catalyst revealed that mass transfer of reagents in the bulk of glass does not limit the reaction rate, and the glass has a capability to absorb a large amount of polar or readily polarizable molecules like acetylene but not ethylene. In another study, vaporized materials (such as liquid vapors) were ejected through a nozzle into a vacuum, and liquid clusters with various cluster sizes were formed by adiabatic expansion. The vacuum has an important role in cluster formation, and the fundamental properties of the vacuum and clusters are described in terms of an existence in emptiness. Next, the following operations are discussed: mechanical cutting (with punching dies, guillotines, waterjets and laser beams), clamping, welding, riveting, and the coating of sheet surfaces with insulating layers. A practical laboratory stand for the examination of finished cores used in induction motors, designed by one of the authors at the Wrocław Branch of the Electrotechnical Institute, is presented. The authors deal with the issue of lead-free solders at high application temperatures, with the aim to study the effect of lanthanides addition on the properties of solders for high application temperatures. The Bi-based solders Bi11Ag2La, Bi2La, Bi2Y were designed and fabricated as innovative soldering alloys. The study of effect of lanthanides in the soldering process was especially oriented toward soldering Al2O3 and ZrO2 ceramic materials. Some examples of errors that can occur in soldering ae listed, while several selected defects are reviewed: non-wettability of the solder pads, dewetting, wrong solder mask design, warpage, head-in-pillow, cracks in the joints, pad cratering, black pad, solder beading, tombstoning, dendrites, voids, flux spattering from the solder paste, popcorning and whiskers. In closing, the authors discuss the development of processing technology for producing electrical steels with increased silicon content, which is considered one of the novel achievements in contemporary materials science dealing with magnetic materials. Commercially available steels produced by JFE Steel Corporation are analyzed.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 37 begins by discussing the main properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements used for orthopaedic surgery. In particular, emphasis is given to the fillers used to modify the solid phase of acrylic formulations, and this strategy is related to changes in their mechanical, biological, and clinical properties. Following this, the authors describe studies on the radiopaque agents of bone cements from 1960 to today. This research is divided into several time frames: 1960-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2018. An outlook for the future studies is also provided. A recent literature analysis in the field of spray pyrolysis production methods is presented, including the respective equipment requirements and the versatility of the materials. Examples of the application of ultrasonic spray nebulizers, laser and plasma atomizers are also provided. Next, a facile spray pyrolysis from a precursor solution with an ammonium additive is introduced to prepare porous nanostructured vanadium pentoxides. The correlation between porous structures and electrochemical properties of the PN-V2O5 electrodes was systematically investigated on rechargeable lithium batteries. Furthermore, some challenges are presented on the design of porous materials produced by spray pyrolysis for the application of lithium sulfur batteries. The authors discuss research on non-contact and non-destructive systems that excite surface acoustic waves using pulsed lasers and detect surface acoustic waves using laser Doppler detectors to observe the changes in the physical properties of the substrate surface. The concluding study focuses on the availability of modified epoxidized palm oil as pressure sensitive adhesives in medical applications. Epoxidized palm oil has been modified to two modifications of acrylation and maleination. Thus, there are requirements need to be met for pressure sensitive adhesive formulation before the curing process.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe goal of the first chapter is to express the main achievements in use of the Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) and pseudo JTE (PJTE) in search of materials with enhanced or novel properties, are presented as a part of what is known as materials science. The hallmark of this entire chapter is the commitment to identify situations in which waves are produced and provide a systematic classification of such convective instabilities together with a description of related features based on advanced numerical simulations. The quality and mechanical or electrical properties of the resulting solids and crystals are adversely affected by thermogravitational convection as it can induce defects in their atomic or molecular structure (this is the case, e.g., of typical crystal-growth techniques such as the horizontal Bridgman (HB), the Floating zone (FZ) or the Czochralski (CZ) methods). This present chapter aims to present a focused review of landmark (past) and very recent contributions on the nature, structure and hierarchy of instabilities of this type of convection. This chapter is devoted to the investigation of the thermo-kinetics features of overcooled austenite transformation in three grades of 0.75-0.77 wt.% C complex-alloyed (Mn-Si, Mn-Si-Cr-Mo) steel intended for rail applications. Magnetometric and thermal analyses were used to build Time-Temperature-Transformation and Continuous-Cooling-Transformation diagrams presenting the kinetics of austenite transformation in studied steels.

Read more less

Book SynopsisChapter one of Advances in Materials Science Research. Volume 38, critically scrutinizes various recycling techniques implemented in the current scenario for the polyvinyl chloride based products. The second chapter focuses on the nanocomposite of an important type of thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride. Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant research interest as polymer reinforcement. polyvinyl chloride/nanocarbon nanocomposites possess excellent electrical conductivity, thermal stability, glass transition temperature, strength, toughness, modulus, and other physical properties. The authors of the following chapter highlight the essence of the flux growth method including fundamental aspects for crystal growth in solutions, choice of flux growth, and environmental applications to ion exchangers. Next, an eigenvalue-based technique for the characterization of a class of coaxial-line-to-waveguide adaptors that are used for material characterization is presented. The goal of the penultimate section is to investigate of magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous semiconductors. Thermoelectric and magneto-thermoelectric effects in porous materials possess very interesting improved properties compared to the bulk counterparts. In the closing chapter, the authors review different ways to induce and modulate porosity in non-cordierite honeycomb-type materials, based both in our own experience and that from other authors reviewing literature to date

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe developed original principles and approaches for advanced materials and composites (ferro-piezoelectrics, nanostructures, functional materials and polymeric structures etc.) defines the main achievements and directions of modern natural and technical sciences, technologies, techniques and industry. Direct improvement of the materials and devices characteristics are based on numerous chemical, physical and mechanical studies, modern numerical approaches and methods of mathematical modeling and physical experiment. These PHENMA 2018 proceedings are devoted to development and solution of different actual problems into framework of the above-mentioned scientific directions. The proposed book presents interesting original results in theoretical, computational and experimental methods, which allow manufacturing nano-materials and composites (for example, ferro-piezoelectrical and environmentally-friendly), and other materials in different scale levels with before given and improved properties. The materials could be obtained due to reprocessing natural materials, wasters, fruits and plants. These proceedings also discuss results of mathematical modeling and experimental studies of advanced devices (piezoelectric transducers, energy-harvesters, different sensors, medical devices etc.). The presented studies are based on the new generation nano-materials, ferro-piezoelectrics and other structure-sensitive materials with special properties. The book treats promising modern nano- and microstructure techniques for manufacture of different novel materials (for example, nanostructures) and devices, which are very important for educational purposes and industry, unification and development of various expertises, designs and analyzes. The book presents new results of internationally recognized scientific teams in different areas of materials science, condensed matter physics, physical and mechanical theory and experiment, processing techniques and engineering of advanced materials and composites, numerical methods and numerous applications. These results are devoted to R&D of advanced piezo-ferroelectrics, nanostructures, other promising materials and composites with specific properties, based on the developed processing techniques and modern approaches of chemistry, physics, mechanics and materials science, and also wide spectrum of applications including industry and marketing. The book presents a wide spectrum of results, obtained on the base of original mathematical models, physical experiments, computer modeling, and nano- and piezoelectric applications. This collection presents 50 selected reports of the 2018 International Conference on "Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (PHENMA 2018, August 9-11, 2018, Busan, South Korea), http://phenma2018.math.sfedu.ru. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers, investigating and developing a new generation of nano-materials and nano-composites, piezo-ferroelectrics, other advanced materials with structure-sensitive properties, and also different devices, manufactured on their base and used in numerous applications in various areas of science, technique and technology. The book presents new research methods and scientific results in the condensed matter physics, materials science, physical and mechanical experiment, processing techniques and engineering of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics and other advanced materials and composites, numerical methods, and also different applications and developed devices.

Read more less

Book SynopsisZinc oxide (ZnO) is an n-type semiconductor with versatile applications such as optical devices in ultraviolet region, piezoelectric transducers, transparent electrode for solar cells and gas sensors. This book "ZnO Thin Films: Properties, Performance and Applications" gives a deep insight in the intriguing science of zinc oxide thin films. It is devoted to cover the most recent advances and reviews the state of the art of ZnO thin films applications involving energy harvesting, microelectronics, magnetic devices, photocatalysis, photovoltaics, optics, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, electrochemistry, temperature sensing. It serves as a fundamental information source on the techniques and methodologies involved in zinc oxide thin films growth, characterization, post-deposition plasma treatments and device processing. This book will be invaluable to the experts to consolidate their knowledge and provide insight and inspiration to beginners wishing to learn about zinc oxide thin films.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn Volume 39 the origin and fundamentals of the electrodeposition technique are introduced, and the characteristics of the nucleation process are described. Additionally, a procedure to analyze the nucleation process in electrodeposition is explained. The authors go on to address the role electropolymerization plays in electrochemical systems in the context of interplay between kinetics and energetics. Next, spherulitic textures of poly[tetrafluoroethylene-co-(perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether)] (PFA) are examined in detail using polarized optical microscopy. The PFA consists of random comonomer units among the tetrafluoroethylene units which crystallize as spherulites composed of lamellae, although polytetrafluoroethylene usually forms extended-chain crystals because of the rigid nature of 13/6 helices. The effect of gluconates as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic medium is investigated, as well as the adsorption characteristic of gluconates. Lastly, attempts are made to study the correlation between the corrosion of two classes of mild steels, as well as their corrosion inhibition, versus the chemical compositions of two classes of mild steels suitable for galvanizing.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLayer-by-layer self-assembly is the most widely used strategy for the production of functional surfaces with tailored structures and chemical, biological, optical and electrical properties. Layer-by-layer approaches allow for the loading of bioactive molecules for tissue scaffolds, cardiovascular devices, implants, wound healing dressing, bone grafts, biosensors, drug delivery, and release systems. Layer-By-Layer Deposition: Development and Applications also examines the physico-chemical bases underlying the fabrication of materials by the layer-by-layer method. Understanding the forces involved in the control of the assembly process is essential for the fabrication of materials with controlled properties, and structures. Following this, the main principles and latest strategies of functionalized films, diamond core-shell structures, and graphene/graphene oxide nanocomposites by layer-by-layer self-assembly technology are extensively reviewed in detail, and these composites have been applied in the fields of biology, catalysis, and dye degradation. The authors study the layer-by-layer growth of quasiperiodic structures that are mathematical models of quasicrystals. This study is based on the concept of model sets proposed by Moody and generalizing the well-known "cut-and-project" method. This compilation also reviews the current state of the art uses of the layer-by-layer strategy for providing natural and synthetic textile materials with flame retardant properties, reviewing and discussing the current advances. The penultimate study focuses on how nisin peptides can be entrapped and released, creating an antibacterial food-contacting textile membrane. Biocatalytic membranes can be fabricated using entrapped enzymes. Lastly, the different issues of multilayer emulsions with flaxseed and chia seed oil as omega-3 sources will be discussed, including their formation, composition, stability, characterization, and application.Table of ContentsPreface; Biomedical Applications of Layer-By-Layer Self Assembly; Physico-Chemical Foundations of Polyelectrolytes LbL Assembly; Self-Assembled Nanocomposites via Layer-By-Layer Strategy toward Photodynamic Therapy, Adsorption, and Catalytic Applications; Mathematical Model of Layer-By-Layer Growth of Packings, Tilings and Graphs; Layer-By-Layer: An Effective Surface Engineered Strategy for Flame Retardant Textiles; Layer-By-Layer Deposition on Fibrous Textile Structures Using Padding Technique: Some Applications; Application of Layer-By-Layer Technique on Emulsions as Delivery Systems of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Vegetable Oils; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBoron carbide is a superhard and lightweight ceramic material. As a result of these characteristics, it used as a protective component in bulletproof vests, tank armour and also has many other industrial applications (e.g., tooling, abrasives). Research on boron carbide remains active given a long-standing challenge to understand its complex failure behavior in extreme environments owing to its unique microstructure and mechanical properties, where many current efforts are underway to improve its behavior through microstructure alteration via additives that form secondary phases, chemical doping, and altering the chemical composition of the boron-to-carbon ratio in the crystal structure. This book covers some of the key challenges involving boron carbide that are currently being studied by many materials scientists and ceramists. The authors who are active in this research field have prepared the chapters for this book and specific topics covered highlight the state-of-the art research in structure, processing, properties and applications. The organization of the book is designed to provide an easy understanding for students and professionals interested in advanced material for novel applications.Table of ContentsPrefaceAtomic Structure of Boron CarbideStructure and Bonding in Electron-Precise Boron Carbides: To Disorder or Not to Disorder!Boron Carbide Nanostructures: Structural, Mechanical and Thermal PropertiesDynamic Fracture and Fragmentation of Boron CarbideMechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanism in Nanocrystalline Boron CarbideSliding Wear Properties of Boron Carbide CeramicsHigh Temperature Wear Behavior of Aluminum-Boron Carbide-Graphite CompositesIndex.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvances in Materials Science Research. Volume 40 first summarizes the recently published literature regarding modern applications of lignocellulosic materials. Lignocellulosic materials were conventionally treated as wastes for disposal, but are gaining recognition for their role in the supply of renewable resources. The authors discuss in detail the material attributes of pullulan and their correlation with the quality attributes of finished formulation, including: assay, dissolution, related substances and content uniformity. Additionally, this compilation presents the development of a dip-coating instrument and its applications in the thin film deposition of colloidal nanocrystals. The instrument was based on an Arduino microcontroller, a stepper motor and a mechanical structure using a belt and pulley connection from motor to substrate holder. Silicone oil emulsions stabilized by various emulsifiers, such as surfactants, polymers, and solid particles (with and without pre-adsorbed surfactants or polymers) are also reviewed. Emulsion stability, interfacial properties, and rheological properties as a function of the emulsifier concentration in the complete emulsification of silicone oil are discussed. Next, the wet-chemical method was used to prepare various ZnO coated carbon nanotube nanocomposites, ZnO coated carbon black, ZnO coated graphene oxide, and ZnO nanoparticles in higher pH mediums. This approach was used to detect and quantify the xanthine in real samples. The concluding chapter highlights the results of studies on structure transformations in amorphous Fe-based alloys induced by laser irradiation, the kinetics and mechanisms of structure phase transitions, and the irradiation influence on magnetic and mechanical properties of the alloy.Table of ContentsPrefaceModern Applications of Lignocellulosic BiomaterialsPullulan: A Versatile Polymer for Casting Orodispersible FilmDevelopment of a Dip-Coating Instrument Based on an Arduino Microcontroller for Deposition of Cerium-Doped Titanium Dioxide Semiconductor Thin FilmsSilicone Oil EmulsionsXanthine Sensor with ZnO-Conjugated Carbon MaterialsEffect of Laser Irradiation on the Structure of IRON-Based Amorphous AlloysIndex.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this compilation, after considering solid-liquid transition, techniques required to obtain phase change materials are discussed. Various material combinations based on chemical and physical methods are also discussed, which are adopted to form solid-solid phase change. Following this, a non-parity-time-symmetric three-layer structure is introduced, consisting of a gain medium layer sandwiched between two phase-change medium layers for switching the direction of reflectionless light propagation. The concluding chapter discusses the effectiveness of phase change materials in building roofs for the reduction of energy consumption and the improvement of indoor comfort conditions.Table of ContentsPreface; Organic Phase Change Materials: Synthesis, Processing and Applications; Compact Reconfigurable Optical Devices Using Phase-Change Materials; A Review on the Thermal Behavior of Phase Change Materials Integrated in Building Roofs; Index.

Read more less