Materials science Books
Nova Science Publishers Inc Titanium Alloys: Preparation, Properties &
Book SynopsisTitanium alloys are metallic materials which contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness (even at extreme temperatures), light weight, extraordinary corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme temperatures. However, the high cost of both raw materials and processing limit their use to military applications, aircraft, spacecraft, medical devices, connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some premium sports equipment and consumer electronics. This book reviews the recent work on the synthesis of multiphase composites in titanium base alloys to develop high strength and light weight materials with metastable phases. In vitro and in vivo experiments reporting biological performance of Ti-based materials modified by light are also reviewed. Other chapters focus on ultrasonic machining of titanium and its alloys, biomedical applications of laser induced surface modification of titanium alloys, fatigue studies of biomedical titanium alloys, bioactive titanium surfaces, and titanium-base nano-ultrafine eutectic and composites.
£278.99
Apple Academic Press Inc. Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Characteristics
Book SynopsisUnderstanding chemical and solid materials and their properties and behavior is fundamental to chemical and engineering design. With some of the world’s leading experts describing their most recent research, this book describes the procedures for material selection and design to ensure that the most suitable materials for a given application are identified from the full range of materials, chemicals, and section shapes available. Several case studies have been developed to further illustrate procedures and to add to the practical implementation of the text. Table of ContentsSimulation of Penetration of Steel Projectile with Ogive Nose into the Sandwich Target with Foam, Polystyrene and Poly Rubber Core Is Using Autodyne Software. Simulation of Penetration of Tungsten Projectile into the Composite Ceramics-Metal Target Using Autodyn Software. Chemical Modification of Syndiotacic 1,2-Polybutadiene. Specifics of Selective Wetting of Some Metal Substrates and Their Oxides. Technical Notes in Applied Quantum Chemistry. New Insights in Nanoporous Membrane Science. Structure and Ozone Resistance of Vulcanized Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubbers with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Blends. Morphology and Physical-Mechanical Parameters of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) – Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends. Prospective Production Ways of New Heat-Resisting Materials Based on Polyimides. Protective Properties of Modified Epoxy Coatings. Modification of Polyamide- 6 by N, N'- Bis – Maleamidoacid12. Efficient Synthesis of a Bisspiro-3,1-Benzoxazin-4,1’-Cyclopentanes. Polyconjugated Linear and Cardo Oligomers Based on Aromatic Diamines and Their Thermal Properties. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Polyhalogen-Containing Cyclopropanes. GNrH Analogues as Modulator of LH & FSH: Exploring Clinical Importance.
£118.75
Royal Society of Chemistry A Practical Guide to Quasi-elastic Neutron
Book SynopsisThe technique of Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) is a powerful experimental tool for extracting temporal and spatial information at the nanoscale from both soft and hard condensed matter systems. However, while seemingly simple, the method is beset with sensitivities that, if ill considered, can hinder data interpretation and possibly publication. By highlighting key theoretical and data evaluation aspects of the technique, this specialised ‘primer style’ training resource encourages research success by guiding new researchers through a typical QENS experiment; from planning and sample preparation considerations to data reduction and subsequent analysis. Research examples are referenced throughout to illustrate the concepts addressed, with the book being written in such a way that it remains accessible to chemists, biologists, physicists, and materials scientists.Table of ContentsIf You Read Nothing Else...; What is QUENS?; Which Spectrometer Should I Choose?; Facility Access; The Measurement; Data Reduction; Elastic and Inelastic Fixed Window Scans; S(Q,ω) and I(Q,t); And Finally
£42.75
Business Science Reference Applications and Techniques for Experimental
Book SynopsisThe design of mechanical components for various engineering applications requires the understanding of stress distribution in the materials. The need of determining the nature of stress distribution on the components can be achieved with experimental techniques.Applications and Techniques for Experimental Stress Analysis is a timely research publication that examines how experimental stress analysis supports the development and validation of analytical and numerical models, the progress of phenomenological concepts, the measurement and control of system parameters under working conditions, and identification of sources of failure or malfunction. Highlighting a range of topics such as deformation, strain measurement, and element analysis, this book is essential for mechanical engineers, civil engineers, designers, aerospace engineers, researchers, industry professionals, academicians, and students.
£214.40
Royal Society of Chemistry Electrolytes, Interfaces and Interphases:
Book SynopsisElectrolytes are indispensable components in electrochemistry and the fast-growing electrochemical energy storage markets. Research in electrolytes has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, accompanied by their applications in the most popular electrochemical cell ever invented, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In myriads of LIBs, electrolytes and their interphases determine how high the voltage of a battery is, how many times it can be charged/discharged, or how rapid the energy stored therein could be released. The conquest of further technical challenges around safety, life and cost-effectiveness of lithium-based or beyond-lithium batteries requires in-depth understanding of electrolytes and interphases. This will be the authoritative textbook for those entering the field. Chapters will establish the fundamental principles for the field, before moving onto important knowledge acquired in recent years. There will be special emphasis on linking these fundamentals to real-world problems encountered in devices, especially lithium-ion batteries. The book will be suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in electrochemical energy storage, electrochemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as researchers new to the subject.Table of ContentsWhat is an Electrolyte?;Modern Electrolytes;In Bulk Electrolytes: Ionics;Quantification of Ion–Ion Interaction: Debye-Hückel Theory;Ion Transport in Electrolytes; When Electrolyte Meets Electrodes: Interface;Linking Ionics with Electrodics;When Electrode Operates Beyond Electrolyte Stability Limits: Interphase;Electrochemical Devices;Lithium-metal, Lithium-ion and Other Batteries;Phase Diagrams of Liquid Electrolytes;Ion Solvation;Static Stability of Electrolytes;Ion Transport;Interfaces;Interphases;New Concepts and Tools;Outlook
£85.50
Royal Society of Chemistry Discrete Element Modelling of Particulate Media
Book SynopsisDiscrete Element Methods (DEM) is a numerical technique for analysing the mechanics and physics of particulate systems. Originated in the late seventies for analysing geotechnical problems, it has seen significant development and is now employed extensively across disciplines. Produced in celebration of the 70th Birthday of Colin Thornton, this book contains a selection of papers concerning advances in discrete element modelling which were presented at the International Symposium on Discrete Element Modelling of Particulate Media held at Birmingham, UK on 28-30th March, 2012. The book showcases the wide application of discrete element modelling in gas-solid fluidisation, particulate flows, liquid-solid systems and quasi-static behaviour. It also reports the recent advancement in coupled DEM with computational fluid dynamics, Lattice Boltzmann Methods for multiphase systems and the novel application of DEM in contact electrification and fracture of granular systems. Aimed at research communities dealing with this technique in the powder handling and formulation industries, this will be a welcomed addition to the literature in this area.Table of ContentsTwo-Phase Systems; Cohesive Systems; Granular Flows; Quasi-Static Deformation; Subject Index
£113.95
Royal Society of Chemistry Biological and Biomimetic Adhesives: Challenges
Book SynopsisDue to their impressive performance biological adhesives have inspired the development of superior industrial adhesives. Biological adhesives often provide elegant solutions to engineering and biomedical requirements and are expected to inspire future technological innovations for adhesives for use in hostile conditions. Containing a selection of papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Biological and Biomimetic Adhesives, this book will showcase the latest advances in the chemical and structural characterisation of adhesives, the mechanical testing of adhesives and theory, fabrication and applications of biomimetic adhesives. Following the work of COST Action TD0909, the aim is to gain greater understanding of the mode of action of biological adhesives to allow successful development of improved synthetic counterparts. Appealing to a wide range of researchers in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering, the title provides the background and drive to improve scientific and technological progress in this important area.Table of ContentsBioadhesive Characterisation; Modelling of Biomimetic Systems; Targeting Specific Applications; Surface Modification for Optimal Bonding/Debonding; Conference outlook
£132.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Real-Time Quantum Dynamics of Electron–Phonon Systems
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£80.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Interplay of Quantum and Statistical Fluctuations in Critical Quantum Matter
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£80.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Nantgarw and Swansea Porcelains: An Analytical Perspective
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£85.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Biobanks in Low- and Middle-Income Countries:
Book SynopsisThis book introduces the fundamentals of biobanking and guides through the practical planning thereof, with a special focus on the situation in low- and middle-income countries. On the example of the setup of a Ukrainian biobank the book discusses the main steps and aspects of successful biorepository implementation and management. Topics covered include collection, storage and shipping of samples, establishment of an IT system, development of a sustainability plan, and project and risk management. Furthermore, the importance of the formation of international biobanking societies such as the Ukraine Association of Biobanks is highlighted, and their main objectives and tasks are discussed.The book addresses life science and business professionals as well as national authorities who are interested in biobanking in general and in setting up a biobank in particular. Table of Contents1. Introduction1.1. Literature Review1.1.1. Definition of biobanks1.1.2. Problems and the destitution for principle1.2 Scientific relevance of biobanks. Examples of biobanks1.2.1. Types of biobanks1.3. Ethical and legal principles1.4. Biobank management model and sustainability plan 1.4.1. SWOT analysis1.4.2. The mission1.5. Concepts specific for developing countries2. Methods2.1. Questionnaire: Survey development and content, participant selection2.2. Interviews: market analysis2.3. Team meetings: Development and implementation3. Results and summary of findings3.1. Step I: Ethics and law in the Ukraine Biobank3.1.1. Ethical regulations3.1.2. Access Policy3.2. Step II: Collection and Management of Samples3.2.1. Clarification of Conditions of Shipment of Samples3.2.2. Clinical Collection3.3. Step III: Risk Management and Biobanking3.4. Step IV: Quality Management and Quality Control. Quality Control Samples and SOP`s3.4.1. Quality Control Samples and SOP3.5. Step V: Governance and Stakeholder analysis3.6. Biobanking IT system3.6.1. Data base structure3.6.2. Web application3.7. Ukraine Biobank management model and sustainability plan3.7.1. Ukraine Biobank management model3.7.2. Sustainability plan and Project management3.8. Established Biobank in Ukraine Association3.9. Development and Progress of Ukraine’s Biobank Network3.10. The way to standardization3.11. Sample Access Policy3.12. Science and Innovation of Ukraine Association of Biobank4. Discussion5. Conclusion 6. List of figures7. References8. Internet Sources
£41.24
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Hydrometallurgy: Fundamentals and Applications
Book SynopsisThis revised, new edition retains its class-tested coverage of how metals behave in water while updating and expanding information about metals processing methods. The book further retains its emphasis on predicting and engineering the way metals are extracted from ore sources, separated from unwanted entities, recovered as metals, and purified using water based processing. The transformation of minerals to metals requires hydrometallurgical processing for nearly all of the nonferrous metals we use. This book elucidates the associated fundamentals and processing applications as well as related tools to assess processes and performance. The new edition further includes additional photographs, updated drawings, supplementary data, updated descriptive information, and new detail on rare earth elements processing as well as recycling and byproduct recovery of metals.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chemical Fundamentals of Hydrometallurgy.- Speciation and Phase Diagrams.- Rate Processes.- Metal Extraction.- Separation of Dissolved Metals.- Metal Recovery Processes.- Metal Utilization.- Environmental Issues.- Process Design Principles.- General Economics for Hydrometallurgical Processes.- General Statistics for Hydrometallurgical Applications.- Appendix A: Atomic Weights.- Appendix B: Miscellaneous Constants.- Appendix C: Conversion Factors.- Appendix D: Free Energy Data.- Appendix E: Laboratory Calculations.- Appendix F: Selected Ionic Species Data.- Appendix G: Standard Half-Cell Potentials.- Appendix H: General Terminology.- Appendix I: Common Sieve Sizes.- Appendix J: Metals and Minerals
£34.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Smelter Grade Alumina from Bauxite: History, Best
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive review of the production of smelter grade alumina from bauxite ores. It emphasizes the best practices applied in the industry today but seen in a historical context with a view to future challenges and developments. The control of alumina quality is discussed in detail including the effects that alumina quality have on the aluminum smelter process with respect to environmental performance, current efficiency, and metal purity. The discussion of alumina quality will be relevant to people on the smelter side, as this is the interface between refinery and smelter. Emphasis is placed on the major steps of the Bayer Process including: digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination, and management of water, energy, and bauxite residue. This book is a valuable resource for active, seasoned practitioners and for new engineers entering the industry.Table of Contents1. Introduction: Primary Aluminium - Alumina - Bauxite (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Property Driven Applicationsii. Supply-Demand Balance and Forecastiii. Cost Drivers and Pricingiv. Environmental Footprints and Challenges2. Bauxite Mineralogy, Classification and Beneficiation (Hydro/RTA?)i. Bauxite Resourcesii. Mineralogy and Chemistryiii. Classification from Bayer Process Perspectiveiv. Beneficiation Options3. Bayer Process Design and Physical Chemistry (Steve Healy)i. Bayer Process Design Overviewii. Liquor Properties - Physio Chemical Dataiii. Lime (CaO) Chemistry4. Bauxite Processing - Crushing/Grinding, De-silication and Digestion (CSIRO?)i. Crushing & Grindingii. Silica Chemistry, Desilication Kinetics and Reactor Designiii. Digestion Chemistry, Breakpoint and Kineticsa. Maximum Extractable Alumina (MEA) and Breakpointb. Digestion Modelsc. Degradation of Organicsiv. Digestion Conditions, Bauxite Mineralogy and Yielda. Effect of Lime additionb. Impact of impuritiesv. Applied Digestion Technology and Heat Consumptiona. Autoclavesb. Tube Digesterc. Double Digestionvi. Digester Mass and Heat Balancesa. Theoretical Heat of Digestionb. Boiling Point Elevationc. Steam Requirements5. De-sanding - Floculation / Sedimentation - Liquor Filtration (Tim Laros)i. De-Sanding Equipmentii. Flocculation and Sedimentation Principlesiii. Mud Rheology, Rake Drives and Mud Pumpingiv. Decantation and Clarification Technologyv. Rise Rate and Tank Designvi. Pregnant/Green Liquor Filtration Options and Trends6. Bauxite Residue: Washing - Dewatering (Tim Laros) and Disposal (Paul McGlade)i. Mud Washing - Recovery of Soda and Aluminaii. Dewatering Options: Filtration and Centrifuginga. Filtration Theory and Applicationsb. Filtration Pressure and Equipment Optionsc. Centrifuge Theory and Applicationsiii. Mud Cake Disposal Options and Principlea. Wet Disposal w/wo Neutralizationb. Dry Stacking w/wo Mud Farmingc. Dry Disposal 7. Hydrate Precipitation (Dennis R. Audet) , Classification and Filtration (Manfred Bach)i. Hydrate Crystallization Fundamentalsa. Nucleation, Agglomeration, Breakage and Growthb. Crystallization Mechanism and Kineticsc. Heat of Crystallizationd. Control of Residual Sodae. Impact of Organics and other impurities on Yieldii. Precipitation Flow Sheets and Particle Morphologya. Retention Time and Temperature Profile impact on Yieldb. Modelling of Precipitation Flow sheetiii. Precipitator Tank Design Optionsa. Agitation and Mixingb. Hydrodynamic Effects on Yieldiv. Classification Options and Mass Balance Controla. Hydro Clonesb. Fine Seed Thickenerv. Seed and Product Hydrate Filtration Optionsa. Seed Preparationb. Washing Efficiency and Flow sheets8. Liquor Purification and Impurity Control (Steve Healy)i. Organics removalii. Removal of Inorganic impuritiesa. Ironb. Phosphorc. Other…9. Water Balance, Evaporation, Heat Exchange and Co-Generation (Daniel Thomas)i. Refinery Water Balanceii. Bayer Process Heat Balancea. Heat Transfer b. Inter-department heat exchangeiii. Evaporationiv. Co-Generation of Steam and Power10. Alumina Production by Calcination (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Calcination Chemistry, Phase Changes and Combustiona. Chemistry, Degree of Calcination and Stoichiometryb. Crystalline and X-Ray Amorphous Phasesc. Fuels and Combustion Products - Acid dew Pointii. Drying and Calcination Theorya. Gas-Solid Heat Transfer and Drying/Calcinationb. Heat Conductionc. Alpha Phase Formation and Kineticsiii. Heat of Calcinationa. Standard Heats of Reactionb. Calcination Heat in Practiceiv. Calcination Furnace/Reactor Design and Operating Conditionsa. Rotary Kilnb. Fluid Flash (FF) and Gas Suspension Calciner (GSC)c. Fluidization and the Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB)d. Gas Suspension Calciner Reaction Modelv. Gas-Solid Separation in Cyclonesvi. Air Pollution Control and Dust Managementa. Gas Emissions and Carbon Foot Printb. Particulate Dust Emissions and Management Optionsc. Electrostatic Precipitator or Bag House vii. Refractory Selection and Surface Heat Lossesviii. Calcination Flow Sheet Optionsa. Heat Recovery Optionsb. Hydrate By-Pass and Alumina Qualityc. Heat Balance and Specific Heat Consumptiond. Specific Power Consumptionix. Particle Breakdown and Strength During Calcinationa. Particle Breakdown Defined and Observedb. Attrition Index Defined and Observedc. Impact from Precipitation and Calcination11. Alumina Quality, HF Removal, Dissolution and Aluminium Purity (Stephen Lindsay)i. Chemical Composition of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Loss of Ignition (LOI) and Degree of Calcinationb. Phase Composition and Alpha Alumina Contentc. Chemical Composition and Gibbsite ii. Physical Properties of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Particle Size Distribution, Dustiness and Attrition Indexb. Angle of Repose and Flow abilityc. Bulk Density and Heat Conductivity d. Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Distributioniii. Efficient HF Removal and Dry-Scrubber Efficiency (Margaret Hyland)a. Sources of HF from Smeltingb. Pore Size Distribution and accessible Specific Surface Area Primary Alumina Secondary Aluminac. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide?iv. Alumina Dissolution and Current Efficiency (Pascal Lavoie)a. Theoretical Analysis of Dissolution Processb. Dissolution Rate under Laboratory Conditions Effect of Particle Size Distribution: Sandy vs Floury Effect of Phase Composition: Gamma vs Alphac. Impact of Calcination Technologyd. Impact of Alumina Feeder Design and Operation v. Impurities impact on Aluminium Production, Purity and Propertiesa. Soda and CaOb. Silica and Ironc. Phosphor and Berylliumd. Vanadium and Sulfur12. Alumina Storage and Handling Options13. Health, Safety and Plant Management (Carlos Suarez)14. Process Control, Simulation and Operator Training (NN?)15. Process Economics and Plant Design (Peter-Hans Ter Weer)
£126.40
Springer International Publishing AG Nano Emulsions in Enhanced Oil Recovery
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£42.74
Springer International Publishing AG Polypropylene MeltBlown Fiber Mats and Their Composites
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£125.99
Springer International Publishing AG Essentials of Dynamics and Vibrations
Book SynopsisThis updated second edition brings the complex mathematics of three-dimensional dynamics to life with real-time simulations, making the equations easier to grasp.
£67.49
£107.10
Springer International Publishing AG Materials for Construction and Civil Engineering:
Book SynopsisThis expansive volume presents the essential topics related to construction materials composition and their practical application in structures and civil installations. The book's diverse slate of expert authors assemble invaluable case examples and performance data on the most important groups of materials used in construction, highlighting aspects such as nomenclature, the properties, the manufacturing processes, the selection criteria, the products/applications, the life cycle and recyclability, and the normalization. Civil Engineering Materials: Science, Processing, and Design is ideal for practicing architects; civil, construction, and structural engineers, and serves as a comprehensive reference for students of these disciplines.This book also:· Provides a substantial and detailed overview of traditional materials used in structures and civil infrastructure· Discusses properties of natural and synthetic materials in construction and materials' manufacturing processes· Addresses topics important to professionals working with structural materials, such as corrosion, nanomaterials, materials life cycle, not often covered outside of journal literature · Diverse author team presents expect perspective from civil engineering, construction, and architecture · Features a detailed glossary of terms and over 400 illustrations Table of ContentsHydraulic Binders.- Renders.- Gypsum Plasters.- Concrete.- Bituminous Materials.- Steel.- Ceramics.- Glasses.- Ornamental Stones.- Polymers.- Wood.- Cork.- Nano.- Corrosion.- Structural Adhesives.- Organic Coatings.- Environmental Impact.- Certification.- Aggregates.
£161.99
Springer International Publishing AG Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes: Greenhouse
Book SynopsisThis book describes improvements in the iron and steel making process in the past few decades. It also presents new and improved solutions to producing high quality products with low greenhouse emissions. In addition, it examines legislative regulations regarding greenhouse emissions all around the world and how to control these dangerous emissions in iron and steel making plants. Table of ContentsPart I Sintering Plants Operations.- 1 Sinter Plant Operations: Raw Materials.- 2 Predictions of PCDD/F, SOx, NOx and Particulates in the Iron Ore Sintering Process of Integrated Steelworks.- 3 Dangerous emissions reduction in sintering plants.- 4 Pollutants Emission and Control for Sintering Flue Gas.- 5 Sinter Plant Operations: Hazardous emissions.- Part II Blast Furnace Operations.- 6 Recent Trends in Ironmaking Blast Furnace Technology to Mitigate CO2 Emissions Top Charging Materials.- 7 Dangerous emissions in blast furnace operations.- 8 Mathematical Simulation of Blast Furnace Operation.- 9 CO2 emissions reduction in Blast Furnaces.- 10 Recent Trends in Ironmaking Blast Furnace Technology to Mitigate CO2 Emissions Recent Trends in Ironmaking Blast Furnace Technology to Mitigate CO2 Emissions.- 11 Low CO2 emission by improving CO utilization ratio in China’s blast furnaces.- Part III Electric Arc Steelmaking.- 12 Dioxins emissions control in Electric Arc Furnaces for Steel Production.- 13 Emission of high toxicity airborne pollutants from electric arc furnaces during steel Production.- 14 Use of Sustainable Inorganic Binders in the Treatment of Bag-House Dust.- 15 Dangerous Emissions during Steelmaking in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs).- 16 Electric Arc Furnace.- Part IV Greenhouse emissions.- 17 Waste Materials recycling in Steelmaking operations.- 18 Pollution Air Control in Sinter Plants.- 19 Risk Assessment and Control of Emissions from Iron and Steelmaking.- 20 CO2 Emission in China’s Iron and Steel Industry.- 21 Recent progress and future trends of CO2 breakthrough iron and steelmaking technologies for CO2 mitigation.- 22 Manganese emissions from steelmaking.- 23 Potential of best available and radically new technologies for cutting carbon dioxide emissions in ironmaking.- 24 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Ironmaking Processes.
£170.99
Springer International Publishing AG Submicron Porous Materials
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£116.99
Springer International Publishing AG Prestressed Concrete: Building, Design, and
Book SynopsisThis textbook imparts a firm understanding of the behavior of prestressed concrete and how it relates to design based on the 2014 ACI Building Code. It presents the fundamental behavior of prestressed concrete and then adapts this to the design of structures. The book focuses on prestressed concrete members including slabs, beams, and axially loaded members and provides computational examples to support current design practice along with practical information related to details and construction with prestressed concrete. It illustrates concepts and calculations with Mathcad and EXCEL worksheets. Written with both lucid instructional presentation as well as comprehensive, rigorous detail, the book is ideal for both students in graduate-level courses as well as practicing engineers. Table of ContentsBasic Concepts.- Prestressed Concrete Applications.- Materials.- Partial loss of Prestress.- Flexural Basics of Analysis and Design.- Flexure - Design.- Shear and Torsion.- Camber and Deflections.- Continuous Slabs and Beams.- Composite Beams.- Two-way Slabs.- Axially Loaded Members.- Spliced Girders.- Strut-and-Tie method.- Connections and Anchoring to Concrete.- Comprehensive Problems.
£75.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials
Book SynopsisA concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to solid state physics Solid state physics is the foundation of many of today's technologies including LEDs, MOSFET transistors, solar cells, lasers, digital cameras, data storage and processing. Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials engineers. The text links the fundamentals of solid state physics to modern materials, such as graphene, photonic and metamaterials, superconducting magnets, high-temperature superconductors and topological insulators. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented. The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including propagation of electron and acoustic waves in crystals, electrical conductivity in metals and semiconductors, light interaction with metals, semiconductors and dielectrics, thermoelectricity, cooperative phenomena in electron systems, ferroelectricity as a cooperative phenomenon, and more. This important book: Provides a big picture view of solid state physics Contains examples of basic concepts and applications Offers a highly accessible text that fosters real understanding Presents a wealth of helpful worked examples Written for students of materials science, engineering, chemistry and physics, Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers is an important guide to help foster an understanding of solid state physics.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii 1 General Impact of Translational Symmetry in Crystals on Solid State Physics 1 1.1 Crystal Symmetry in Real Space 3 1.2 Symmetry and Physical Properties in Crystals 9 1.3 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media and Construction of Reciprocal Lattice 13 1.A Symmetry Constraints on Rotation Axes 18 1.B Twinning in Crystals 20 2 Electron Waves in Crystals 23 2.1 Electron Behavior in a Periodic Potential and Energy Gap Formation 23 2.2 The Brillouin Zone 28 2.3 Band Structure 31 2.4 Graphene 35 2.5 Fermi Surface 40 2.A Cyclotron Resonance and Related Phenomena 43 3 Elastic Wave Propagation in Periodic Media, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Crystals 51 3.1 Linear Chain of the Periodically Positioned Atoms 51 3.2 Phonons and Heat Capacity 56 3.3 Thermal Vibrations of Atoms in Crystals 59 3.4 Crystal Melting 60 3.5 X-ray and Neutron Interaction with Phonons 61 3.5.1 Debye–Waller Factor 65 3.6 Lattice Anharmonicity 67 3.7 Velocities of Bulk AcousticWaves 69 3.8 Surface AcousticWaves 72 3.A Bose’s Derivation of the Planck Distribution Function 73 4 Electrical Conductivity in Metals 75 4.1 Classical Drude Theory 76 4.2 Quantum–Mechanical Approach 77 4.3 Phonon Contribution to Electrical Resistivity 80 4.4 Defects’ Contributions to Metal Resistivity 82 4.A Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function 84 5 Electron Contribution to Thermal Properties of Crystals 87 5.1 Electronic Specific Heat 87 5.2 Electronic Heat Conductivity and theWiedemann–Franz Law 92 5.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena 94 5.4 Thermoelectric Materials 98 6 Electrical Conductivity in Semiconductors 105 6.1 Intrinsic (Undoped) Semiconductors 105 6.2 Extrinsic (Doped) Semiconductors 110 6.3 p–n Junction 111 6.4 Semiconductor Transistors 117 6.A Estimation of Exciton’s Radius and Binding Energy 120 7 Work Function and Related Phenomena 123 7.1 Work Function of Metals 123 7.2 Photoelectric Effect 126 7.2.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (APRES) 126 7.3 Thermionic Emission 128 7.4 Metal-Semiconductor Junction 131 7.A Image Charge Method 133 7.B A Free Electron Cannot Absorb a Photon 134 8 Light Interaction with Metals and Dielectrics 135 8.1 Skin Effect in Metals 137 8.2 Light Reflection from a Metal 138 8.3 Plasma Frequency 140 8.4 Introduction to Metamaterials 141 8.5 Structural Colors 148 8.A Acoustic Metamaterials 150 9 Light Interaction with Semiconductors 155 9.1 Solar Cells 155 9.1.1 The Grätzel Cell 159 9.1.2 Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 161 9.2 Solid State Radiation Detectors 162 9.2.1 Infrared Detectors 164 9.3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 167 9.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 168 9.5 Semiconductor Lasers 170 9.6 Photonic Materials 173 10 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Superconductivity 177 10.1 Phonon-Mediated Cooper Pairing Mechanism 178 10.2 Direct Measurements of the Superconductor Energy Gap 182 10.3 Josephson Effect 184 10.4 Meissner Effect 185 10.5 SQUID 188 10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 189 10.A Fourier Transform of the Coulomb Potential 192 10.B The Josephson Effect Theory 193 10.C Derivation of the CriticalMagnetic Field in Type I Superconductors 195 11 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Ferromagnetism 197 11.1 Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 198 11.2 The Ising Model 204 11.3 Magnetic Structures 205 11.4 Magnetic Domains 207 11.5 Magnetic Materials 210 11.6 Giant Magnetoresistance 211 11.A The Elementary Magnetic Moment of an Electron Produced by its Orbital Movement 214 11.B Pauli Paramagnetism 214 11.C Magnetic DomainWalls 216 12 Ferroelectricity as a Cooperative Phenomenon 219 12.1 The Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transition 223 12.2 Ferroelectric Domains 227 12.3 The Piezoelectric Effect and Its Application in Ferroelectric Devices 230 12.4 Other Application Fields of Ferroelectrics 233 13 Other Examples of Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems 237 13.1 The Mott Metal–Insulator Transition 237 13.2 Classical and Quantum Hall Effects 241 13.3 Topological Insulators 247 13.A Electron Energies and Orbit Radii in the Simplified Bohr Model of a Hydrogen-like Atom 250 Further Reading 253 List of Prominent Scientists Mentioned in the Book 255 Index 265
£45.60
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization II
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£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Molecular Dynamics of Glass-Forming Systems: Effects of Pressure
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£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG An Introduction to Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Surface Reactions
Book SynopsisKinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations still represent a quite new area of research, with a rapidly growing number of publications. Broadly speaking, kMC can be applied to any system describable as a set of minima of a potential-energy surface, the evolution of which will then be regarded as hops from one minimum to a neighboring one. The hops in kMC are modeled as stochastic processes and the algorithms use random numbers to determine at which times the hops occur and to which neighboring minimum they go. Sometimes this approach is also called dynamic MC or Stochastic Simulation Algorithm, in particular when it is applied to solving macroscopic rate equations. This book has two objectives. First, it is a primer on the kMC method (predominantly using the lattice-gas model) and thus much of the book will also be useful for applications other than to surface reactions. Second, it is intended to teach the reader what can be learned from kMC simulations of surface reaction kinetics. With these goals in mind, the present text is conceived as a self-contained introduction for students and non-specialist researchers alike who are interested in entering the field and learning about the topic from scratch.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book is a good introduction to the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation of surface reactions. … the basic ideas of the kMC method are presented very clearly and understandably for non-specialists. Using simple models and many practical examples makes the book useful not only for specialists but also for those just getting started with the kinetic Monte Carlo method.” (Stefan K. Stefanov, Mathematical Reviews, February, 2013)“The author uses the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) method to examine surface reactions. … The author formulates two goals of this book. The first one is to show that the kMC method can also be applied to phenomena other than surface reactions. Secondly, the reader is informed of what kind of surface-reaction kinetics could be examined with the help of kMC simulations. The book will be of interest to students and newcomers in the field of surface reactions.” (A. V. Fedorov, zbMATH, Vol. 1272, 2013)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Stochastic Model for the Description of Surface Reaction Systems.- Kinetic Monte Carlo Algorithms.- How to Get Kinetic Parameters.- Modeling Surface Reactions I.- Modeling Surface Reactions II.- Examples.- New Developments.- Glossary.- Index.
£47.49
Springer Spektrum Enantioselective Electrochemical CH Activation
Book SynopsisGENERAL INTRODUCTION.- OBJECTIVES.- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.- CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK.- EXPERIMENTAL.
£85.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress: Volume 7: Vehicle Design and Testing (I)
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£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress: Volume 6: Vehicle Electronics
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£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Self-Lubricating Composites
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£98.99
River Publishers Memristors From Materials to Devices
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£77.89
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Hybrid Organic Inorganic Perovskites: Physical
Book SynopsisThis four-volume handbook gives a state-of-the-art overview of hybrid organic inorganic perovskites, both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D), from synthesis and characterization and simulation to optoelectronic devices (such as solar cells and light emitting diodes), spintronics devices and catalysis application. The editors, coming from academia and national laboratory, are known for their didactic skills as well as their technical expertise. Coordinating the efforts of 30 expert authors in 21 chapters, they construct the story of hybrid perovskite structural and optical properties, electronic and spintronic response, laser action, and catalysis from varied viewpoints: materials science, chemical engineering, and energy engineering. The four volumes are arranged according to the focus material properties. Volume 1 is focused on the material physical properties including structure, deposition characteristic and the structure of the electronic bands and excitons of these compounds. Volume 2 covers the hybrid perovskite optical properties including the ultrafast optical response, photoluminescence and laser action. Volume 3 contains the spin response of these compounds including application such as spin valves, photogalvanic effect, and magnetic response of light emitting diodes and solar cell devices. Finally, and highly relevant to tomorrow's energy challenges, volume 4 is focused on the physics and device properties of the most relevant applications of the hybrid perovskites, namely photovoltaic solar cells. The text contains many high-quality colorful illustrations and examples, as well as thousands of up-to-date references to peer-reviewed articles, reports and websites for further reading. This comprehensive and well-written handbook is a must-have reference for universities, research groups and companies working with the hybrid organic inorganic perovskites.
£729.00
Springer Verlag, Singapore ICSCEA 2019: Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering and Architecture
Book SynopsisThis book presents papers from the International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering and Architecture 2019, which was held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from 24–26 October 2019. The conference brought together international experts from both academia and industry to share their knowledge and experiences, and to facilitate collaboration and improve cooperation in the field. The book highlights the latest advances in sustainable architecture and civil engineering, covering topics such as offshore structures, structural engineering, construction materials, and architecture.Table of ContentsFloating Solutions for Challenges Facing Humanity.- Decadal Morphological Recovery of Estuaries and Coasts after The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami.- Formal Techniques for Emergent Architectural Designs.- Research and Development of New Spaces on the Sea for Industrial and Recreational Applications.- Analytical Methods for Dynamic Interaction between Strip Foundations and Poroelastic Soils.- Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in Goto Islands, Nagasaki, Japan Optimization of Steel Panel Damper Design for Seismic Moment Frames.- Tensile Behavior of Ultra-High-Ductile Fiber-Reinforced Cementless Composites.- Experimental Study on the Response of Ultra - High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Contact Blast Loading.- Performance Analysis of a Combination between D-wall and Secant Pile Wall in Upgrading the Depth of Basement by Plaxis 2D: A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City.
£125.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore The Plaston Concept: Plastic Deformation in
Book SynopsisThis open access book presents the novel concept of plaston, which accounts for the high ductility or large plastic deformation of emerging high-performance structural materials, including bulk nanostructured metals, hetero-nanostructured materials, metallic glasses, intermetallics, and ceramics.The book describes simulation results of the collective atomic motion associated with plaston, by computational tools such as first-principle methods with predictive performance and large-scale atom-dynamics calculations. Multi-scale analyses with state-of-the art analytical tools nano/micro pillar deformation and nano-indentation experiments are also described. Finally, through collaborative efforts of experimental and computational work, examples of rational design and development of new structural materials are given, based on accurate understanding of deformation and fracture phenomena.This publication provides a valuable contribution to the field of structural materials research.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction.- 1. Plaston induced plasticity in bulk nanostructured metals.- Part II. Simulation of plaston and plaston induced phenomena.- 2. Nucleation of plaston at surface and interface of metallic materials.- 3. Atomistic study of plaston in nanostructured metals.- 4. First principles calculations of collective motion of atoms in metals.- 5. Machine learning interatomic potentials with controlled accuracy.- 6. First principles calculations of dislocation cores in HCP metals.- Part III. Experimental analyses of plaston.- 7. STEM observation of plaston in alumina.- 8. Micro-pillar deformation experiments of brittle intermetallics in steel.- 9. Nano-indentation study of steels.- 10. Synchrotron x-ray study on plaston in metals.- 11. Improvement of fatigue lifetime by controlling plaston at crack tip.- Part IV. Design and development of high performance structural materials.- 12. Development of bulk nanostructured steels.- 13. Design and development of high Mn steels.- 14. Design and development novel magnesium alloys.
£40.49
Springer Verlag, Singapore The Plaston Concept: Plastic Deformation in
Book SynopsisThis open access book presents the novel concept of plaston, which accounts for the high ductility or large plastic deformation of emerging high-performance structural materials, including bulk nanostructured metals, hetero-nanostructured materials, metallic glasses, intermetallics, and ceramics.The book describes simulation results of the collective atomic motion associated with plaston, by computational tools such as first-principle methods with predictive performance and large-scale atom-dynamics calculations. Multi-scale analyses with state-of-the art analytical tools nano/micro pillar deformation and nano-indentation experiments are also described. Finally, through collaborative efforts of experimental and computational work, examples of rational design and development of new structural materials are given, based on accurate understanding of deformation and fracture phenomena.This publication provides a valuable contribution to the field of structural materials research.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction.- 1. Plaston induced plasticity in bulk nanostructured metals.- Part II. Simulation of plaston and plaston induced phenomena.- 2. Nucleation of plaston at surface and interface of metallic materials.- 3. Atomistic study of plaston in nanostructured metals.- 4. First principles calculations of collective motion of atoms in metals.- 5. Machine learning interatomic potentials with controlled accuracy.- 6. First principles calculations of dislocation cores in HCP metals.- Part III. Experimental analyses of plaston.- 7. STEM observation of plaston in alumina.- 8. Micro-pillar deformation experiments of brittle intermetallics in steel.- 9. Nano-indentation study of steels.- 10. Synchrotron x-ray study on plaston in metals.- 11. Improvement of fatigue lifetime by controlling plaston at crack tip.- Part IV. Design and development of high performance structural materials.- 12. Development of bulk nanostructured steels.- 13. Design and development of high Mn steels.- 14. Design and development novel magnesium alloys.
£33.24
Springer Verlag, Singapore Tailored Functional Materials: Select Proceedings of MMETFP 2021
Book SynopsisThis book presents the select proceedings of the International Symposium entitled “Materials of the Millennium: Emerging Trends and Future Prospects” (MMETFP 2021). It discusses the synthesis, tailoring, and characterization of different materials for functional applications in various sectors which include but not limited to energy, environment, biomedical/ health care, construction, transportation etc. Topics covered in this book are synthesis and characterization of polymers, ceramics, composites, biomaterials, carbon-based nanostructures as well as materials for green environment, structural materials, modeling and simulation of materials. The book also covers the topic of emerging trends in nanostructured materials, thin films, and devices. The book is useful for students, researchers, and professionals working in the various areas of materials science and engineering.Table of ContentsFluorescent Probes for Cellular-organelle Specific Detection of Cysteine.- Corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas industry- A critical review.- Impact of hydrogen embrittlement in pipeline structures- A critical review.- Progresses in Infrared Stealth Composites.- Microstructure And Mechanical Behaviour Of Reinforced Aluminium Based Surface Composites Synthesized By Friction Stir Processing Route: A Review.- 3D Thermal Spike Simulation: Swift Heavy Ion irradiation of embedded a-SiC nano-zone inside 4H-SiC.- Synthesis of Nanoparticles via Pulsed High Power Laser in Liquid.- Overview on Medicinal Impacts of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives.- Comprehensive Highlights on Biological Impacts of Imidazoline Derivatives.- Overview on Diverse Biological Activities of Benzisoxazole Derivatives.
£116.99
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Quantum Dot Sensors: Technology and Commercial
Book SynopsisConsisting of six chapters, written by experts in their field, this book charts the progress made in the use of quantum dots as the signaling component in optical sensors since their discovery in the early 1980s. In particular, it focuses on CdS-, CdSe-, and CdTe-type QDs due to their emission in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The book begins by detailing the range of methods currently used for the preparation and passivation of core/core–shell quantum dots and follows with a discussion on their electrochemical properties and potential toxicity. The book culminates by focusing on how electron and energy transfer mechanisms can be utilized to generate a range of quantum dot-based probes. This is the first text of its kind dedicated to quantum dot-based sensors and will appeal to those readers who have an interest in working with these versatile nanoparticles.Trade Review"This book provides very interesting insights into quantum dots technology, discussing, with adequate detail, the distinct synthetic approaches and functionalisation strategies, the importance of surface passivation and modification to guaranteeing suitable stability, biocompatibility, and reactivity, and the effect of the size, shape, and composition of quantum dots on their unique photochemical properties. … The chapters are attractively organised, and all reviewed topics are meticulously referenced. Although accessible for beginners, this book could also be very useful for experienced researchers, because it clearly emphasises crucial aspects of the material presented and avoids redundant description."—Prof. João L. M. Santos, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2013"This book provides very interesting insights into quantum dots technology, discussing, with adequate detail, the distinct synthetic approaches and functionalisation strategies, the importance of surface passivation and modification to guaranteeing suitable stability, biocompatibility, and reactivity, and the effect of the size, shape, and composition of quantum dots on their unique photochemical properties. … The chapters are attractively organised, and all reviewed topics are meticulously referenced. Although accessible for beginners, this book could also be very useful for experienced researchers, because it clearly emphasises crucial aspects of the material presented and avoids redundant description."—Prof. João L. M. Santos, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2013Table of ContentsQuantum Dot Synthesis MethodsBiocompatible CdSe–ZnS Core–Shell Quantum Dots Electrochemical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum DotsQuantum Dot Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Toxicity in Bacteria: Mechanisms and Experimental PitfallsElectron Transfer Quenching for Biosensing with Quantum DotsQuantum Dot Probes Based on Energy Transfer Mechanisms
£97.75
Jenny Stanford Publishing The Physics of Liquid Water
Book SynopsisUnraveling the mystery of the negative thermal expansion of liquid water has been a challenge for scientists for centuries. Various theories have been proposed so far, but none has been able to solve this mystery. Since the thermodynamic properties of matter are determined by the interaction between particles, the mystery can be solved fundamentally if the thermodynamic physical quantities using the laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are determined, the experimental results are reproduced, and the phenomena in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles are elucidated. In this sense, this book has fundamentally unraveled this mystery. In addition, it discusses the mysteries of isothermal compressibility, structural diversity, as well as liquefaction and boiling points of water in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles. It carefully explains the analysis and calculation methods so that they can be easily understood by the readers. Table of Contents1. Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids 2. Strange Temperature Change of Water Density 3. Fundamental Clarification of Thermodynamic Phenomena in Water 4. Variety of Shapes of Water-Molecule Interactions 5. Ornstein-Zernike Equation 6. Calculation Procedure of SCOZA 7. Pressure and Chemical Potential 8. Thermodynamic Properties of Subcritical Fluids
£98.60
Springer Green Hybrid Composite in Engineering and NonEngineering Applications
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£125.99
Cambridge University Press Integrated Circuit Fabrication
Book SynopsisMaster fundamental technologies for modern semiconductor integrated circuits with this definitive textbook, for students from a range of STEM backgrounds, with a focus on big-picture thinking and industry-grade simulation. Includes over 450 full-color figures and over 280 homework problems, with solutions and lecture slides for instructors.Trade Review'Covering the latest advances in chip manufacturing, this is a timely and valuable contribution by two of the leading researchers in the field.' Sanjay Banerjee, The University of Texas at Austin'Comprehensive and timely. This new edition retains the characteristic balance between fundamental aspects, fabrication details, and simulation specifics. Its historical particulars are both thrilling and stimulating.' Shi-Li Zhang, Uppsala University'A timely and resourceful edition that addresses semiconductor talent development in the coming years. More than 100 of my undergraduate and graduate students have found this text an enriching resource for expanding their understanding about semiconductor processes.' Muhammad Hussain, Purdue UniversityTable of Contents1. Historical Perspective, Moore's Law and Future Technology Prospects; 2. Modern CMOS Technology; 3. Semiconductor Materials = Crystal Growth, Wafer Preparation and Material Properties; 4. Semiconductor Manufacturing – Clean Rooms, Wafer Cleaning, Gettering and Chip Yield; 5. Lithography; 6. Semiconductor/Insulator Interfaces; 7. Doping in Semiconductors; 8. Ion Implantation; 9. Etching Technologies and Chemical-Mechanical Polishing; 10. Deposition Technologies; 11. Backend (Interconnect) Processing Technologies.
£61.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Steel Corrosion and Degradation of its Mechanical Properties
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£104.50
Pearson Education Limited Engineering Mechanics Dynamics Study Pack SI
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContents 12 Kinematics of a Particle 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion 12.3 Rectilinear Kinematics: Erratic Motion 12.4 General Curvilinear Motion 12.5 Curvilinear Motion: Rectangular Components 12.6 Motion of a Projectile 12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components 12.8 Curvilinear Motion: Cylindrical Components 12.9 Absolute Dependent Motion Analysis of Two Particles 12.10 Relative-Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes 13 Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration 13.1 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 13.2 The Equation of Motion 13.3 Equation of Motion for a System of Particles 13.4 Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates 13.5 Equations of Motion: Normal and Tangential Coordinates 13.6 Equations of Motion: Cylindrical Coordinates *13.7 Central-Force Motion and Space Mechanics 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy 14.1 The Work of a Force 14.2 Principle of Work and Energy 14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles 14.4 Power and Efficiency 14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 14.6 Conservation of Energy 15 Kinetics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum 15.1 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum 15.2 Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum for a System of Particles 15.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System of Particles 15.4 Impact 15.5 Angular Momentum 15.6 Relation Between Moment of a Force and Angular Momentum 15.7 Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum 15.8 Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream *15.9 Propulsion with Variable Mass 16 Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body 16.1 Planar Rigid-Body Motion 16.2 Translation 16.3 Rotation about a Fixed Axis 16.4 Absolute Motion Analysis 16.5 Relative-Motion Analysis: Velocity 16.6 Instantaneous Center of Zero Velocity 16.7 Relative-Motion Analysis: Acceleration 16.8 Relative-Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes 17 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Force and Acceleration 17.1 Mass Moment of Inertia 17.2 Planar Kinetic Equations of Motion 17.3 Equations of Motion: Translation 17.4 Equations of Motion: Rotation about a Fixed Axis 17.5 Equations of Motion: General Plane Motion 18 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Work and Energy 18.1 Kinetic Energy 18.2 The Work of a Force 18.3 The Work of a Couple Moment 18.4 Principle of Work and Energy 18.5 Conservation of Energy 19 Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Impulse and Momentum 19.1 Linear and Angular Momentum 19.2 Principle of Impulse and Momentum 19.3 Conservation of Momentum *19.4 Eccentric Impact 20 Three-Dimensional Kinematics of a Rigid Body 20.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point *20.2 The Time Derivative of a Vector Measured from Either a Fixed or Translating-Rotating System 20.3 General Motion *20.4 Relative-Motion Analysis Using Translating and Rotating Axes 21 Three-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body *21.1 Moments and Products of Inertia 21.2 Angular Momentum 21.3 Kinetic Energy *21.4 Equations of Motion *21.5 Gyroscopic Motion 21.6 Torque-Free Motion 22 Vibrations *22.1 Undamped Free Vibration *22.2 Energy Methods *22.3 Undamped Forced Vibration *22.4 Viscous Damped Free Vibration *22.5 Viscous Damped Forced Vibration *22.6 Electrical Circuit Analogs A Mathematical Expressions B Vector Analysis C The Chain Rule Fundamental Problem
£19.76
Taylor & Francis Ltd Fundamentals of Ceramics
Book SynopsisFundamentals of Ceramics presents readers with an exceptionally clear and comprehensive introduction to ceramic science. This Second Edition updates problems and adds more worked examples, as well as adding new chapter sections on Computational Materials Science and Case Studies. The Computational Materials Science sections describe how today density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations can shed valuable light on properties, especially ones that are not easy to measure or visualize otherwise such as surface energies, elastic constants, point defect energies, phonon modes, etc. The Case Studies sections focus more on applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells, optical fibers, alumina forming materials, ultra-strong and thin glasses, glass-ceramics, strong and tough ceramics, fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, thermal barrier coatings, the space shuttle tiles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, two-dimensional solids, field-assisted and microwavTable of ContentsCONTENTSSeries Preface xiPreface to the Second Edition xiiiPreface to First Edition xvAuthor xix1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition of Ceramics 21.3 Elementary Crystallography 31.4 Ceramic Microstructures 61.5 Traditional versus Advanced Ceramics 61.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics 71.7 Applications 71.8 The Future 9Additional Reading 112 Bonding in Ceramics 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Structure of Atoms 142.3 Ionic versus Covalent Bonding 232.4 Ionic Bonding 232.5 Ionically Bonded Solids 282.6 Covalent Bond Formation 342.7 Covalently Bonded Solids 372.8 Band Theory of Solids 372.9 Summary 49Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons 50Additional Reading 52Other References 533 Structure of Ceramics 553.1 Introduction 553.2 Ceramic Structures 573.3 Binary Ionic Compounds 623.4 Composite Crystal Structures 673.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics 703.6 Structure of Layered Ceramics 703.7 Structure of Silicates 713.8 Lattice Parameters and Density 773.9 Summary 85Appendix 3A 86Additional Reading 92Other References 924 Effect of Chemical Forces on PhysicalProperties 934.1 Introduction 934.2 Melting Points 944.3 Thermal Expansion 994.4 Young’s Modulus and the Strength ofPerfect Solids 1004.5 Surface Energy 1064.6 Frequencies of Atomic Vibrations 1084.7 Summary 113Additional Reading 116Multimedia References and Databases 1165 Thermodynamic and KineticConsiderations 1175.1 Introduction 1175.2 Free Energy 1185.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass ActionExpression 1295.4 Chemical Stability Domains 1305.5 Electrochemical Potentials 1335.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers andDebye Lengths 1345.7 Gibbs–Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides 1355.8 Kinetic Considerations 1385.9 Summary 142Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27) 142Additional Reading 145Thermodynamic Data 1456 Defects in Ceramics 1476.1 Introduction 1476.2 Point Defects 1486.3 Linear Defects 1766.4 Planar Defects 1786.5 Summary 184Additional Reading 1877 Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity 1897.1 Introduction 1897.2 Diffusion 1907.3 Electrical Conductivity 2067.4 Ambipolar Diffusion 2247.5 Relationships between Self-, Tracer,Chemical, Ambipolar and Defect DiffusionCoefficients 2367.6 Summary 243Appendix 7A: Relationship between Fick’s FirstLaw and Eq. (7.30) 245Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States 246Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79) 248Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92) 248Additional Reading 255Other References 2558 Phase Equilibria 2578.1 Introduction 2578.2 Phase Rule 2588.3 One-Component Systems 2598.4 Binary Systems 2628.5 Ternary Systems 2708.6 Free-Energy Composition and TemperatureDiagrams 2718.7 Summary 276Additional Reading 277Phase Diagram Information 2789 Formation, Structure and Properties ofGlasses 2799.1 Introduction 2799.2 Glass Formation 2809.3 Glass Structure 2939.4 Glass Properties 2959.5 Summary 309Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7) 310Additional Reading 313Other References 31410 Sintering and Grain Growth 31510.1 Introduction 31510.2 Solid-State Sintering 31710.3 Solid-State Sintering Kinetics 32710.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering 34910.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing 35510.6 Summary 359Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs–Thompson Equation 360Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature 361Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20) 362Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22) 363Additional Reading 367Other References 36811 Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture 36911.1 Introduction 36911.2 Fracture Toughness 37311.3 Atomistic Aspects of Fracture 38311.4 Strength of Ceramics 38511.5 Toughening Mechanisms 39211.6 Designing with Ceramics 39911.7 Summary 408Additional Reading 41312 Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth andFatigue 41512.1 Introduction 41512.2 Creep 41612.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 43012.4 Fatigue of Ceramics 43612.5 Lifetime Predictions 43912.6 Summary 450Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24) 451Additional Reading 45613 Thermal Properties 45913.1 Introduction 45913.2 Thermal Stresses 46013.3 Thermal Shock 46413.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics 46913.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass 47213.6 Thermal Conductivity 47313.7 Summary 479Additional Reading 482Other Resources 48214 Linear Dielectric Properties 48314.1 Introduction 48314.2 Basic Theory 48414.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of LinearDielectrics 48914.4 Polarization Mechanisms 49414.5 Dielectric Loss 51314.6 Dielectric Breakdown 51414.7 Capacitors and Insulators 51514.8 Summary 520Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field 521Additional Reading 52715 Magnetic and Nonlinear DielectricProperties 52915.1 Introduction 52915.2 Basic Theory 53015.3 Microscopic Theory 53615.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, andFerrimagnetism 54015.5 Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis Curves 54815.6 Magnetic Ceramics and Their Applications 55215.7 Piezo- and Ferroelectric Ceramics 55915.8 Summary 572Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic QuantumNumber 573Additional Reading 57616 Optical Properties 57716.1 Introduction 57716.2 Basic Principles 57916.3 Absorption and Transmission 59016.4 Scattering and Opacity 59616.6 Summary 605Appendix 16A: Coherence 606Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in DerivingEq. (16.24) 606Additional Reading 610Index 611
£43.69
John Wiley & Sons Inc Turbomachinery Rotordynamics
Book SynopsisImparts the theory and analysis regarding the dynamics of rotating machinery in order to design such rotating devices as turbines, jet engines, pumps and power-transmission shafts. Takes into account the forces acting upon machine structures, bearings and related components. Provides numerical techniques for analyzing and understanding rotor systems with examples of actual designs. Features an excellent treatment of numerical methods available to obtain computer solutions for authentic design problems.Table of ContentsStructural-Dynamic Models and Eigenanalysis for Undamped FlexibleRotors. Rotordynamic Introduction to Hydrodynamic Bearings and Squeeze-FilmDampers. Rotordynamic Models for Liquid Annular Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Annular Gas Seals. Rotordynamic Models for Turbines and Pump Impellers. Developing and Analyzing a System Rotordynamics Model. Example Rotor Analysis. Appendices. Index.
£164.66
Oxford University Press Ionic Transport Processes In Electrochemistry And Membrane Science
Book SynopsisModelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated to the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, coupling them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book, the transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e. on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are thoroughly discussed.The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented in detail so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises, some of them more demanding than others.Trade Review`The main topic covered by this book, ionic transport, is of technological importance in relation to the current interest in membrane technology, for instance for developments in fuel cells. The complexity of these problems requires a fundamental approach and understanding of the basic processes taking place. [...] The book is of very high quality and the inclusion of problem sets is a definite plus.' David Schiffrin, University of Liverpool`The book fills a very definite and well sensed gap in the existing literature, and it has all potential qualification to become a standard study and teaching tool and source of reference for the researchers in the classical electrochemistry and membranology as well as in the rapidly developing neighbour areas of bio- and nano-technology and microfluidics. It should also be of interest to biophysicists with interests in electro- and neurophysiology.' Isaak Rubinstein, Ben Gurion University, IsraelTable of Contents1. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes ; 2. Transport equations ; 3. Transport at electrodes ; 4. Transport in membranes ; 5. Transport through liquid membranes
£54.15
Pearson Education Limited Engineering Mechanics Dynamics SI Edition
Book Synopsis
£78.08
Taylor & Francis Inc ThermoHydroMechanical Wood Processing
Book SynopsisDescribing the history and state-of-the-art of the thermo-hydrous manipulation of wood, this book provides either a desk reference or a field manual of wood science. It examines the polymeric components of wood and its multilevel hierarchical structure that confer its unique general-purpose character and faculty for transformation. Exceeding all other material in its capacity to deform under controlled conditions and for a proscribed outcome, wood, under thermo-hydrous conditions, permits a multitude of industrial processes. Discussing the processes at work and the industrial applications, this book is a must for all interested in the manipulation of wood.Table of ContentsGeneralities and Fundamental LawsClosed Systems and General Thermodynamic Relations Balances of Extensive Entities Open Systems in Steady-State Operation Thermodynamic Properties of Matter Mixture of Ideal or Perfect Gases Mixtures of a Gas with a Condensable SubstanceThermodynamic Processes and DiagramsSimple Examples of Application of the First and Second Laws Energy and Exergy Analyses (Thermomechanical Processes) CombustionExamples of Applications From ChaptersThermodynamic Cycles Applications: Examples from ChaptersLinear Thermodynamics of Irreversible Phenomena
£121.60
Hanser Publications Robust Process Development and Scientific
Book SynopsisThe book introduces the reader to the concepts of Scientific Molding and Scientific Processing for Injection Molding, geared towards developing a robust, repeatable, and reproducible (3Rs) molding process.The effects of polymer morphology, thermal transitions, drying, and rheology on the injection molding process are explained in detail. The development of a robust molding process is broken down into two sections and is described as the Cosmetic Process and the Dimensional Process. Scientific molding procedures to establish a 3R process are provided.The concept of Design of Experiments (DOEs) for and in injection molding is explained, providing an insight into the cosmetic and dimensional process windows. A plan to release qualified molds into production with troubleshooting tips is also provided. Topics that impact a robust process such as the use of regrind, mold cooling, and venting are also described.Readers will be able to utilize the knowledge gained from the book in their day-to-day operations immediately.The second edition includes a completely new chapter on Quality Concepts, as well as much additional material throughout the book, covering fountain flow, factors affecting post mold shrinkage, and factor selections for DOEs. There are also further explanations on several topics, such as in-mold rheology curves, cavity imbalances, intensification ratios, gate seal studies, holding time optimization of hot runner molds, valve gated molds, and parts with large gates. A troubleshooting guide for common molded defects is also provided.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.
£130.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechanical Vibrations
Book SynopsisMechanical Vibrations: Theory and Application to Structural Dynamics, Third Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition of the popular textbook. It presents the theory of vibrations in the context of structural analysis and covers applications in mechanical and aerospace engineering. Key features include: A systematic approach to dynamic reduction and substructuring, based on duality between mechanical and admittance concepts An introduction to experimental modal analysis and identification methods An improved, more physical presentation of wave propagation phenomena A comprehensive presentation of current practice for solving large eigenproblems, focusing on the efficient linear solution of large, sparse and possibly singular systems A deeply revised description of time integration schemes, providing framework for the rigorous accuracy/stability analysis of now widely used algorithms such as HHT and GeneralizTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Introduction 1 Suggested Bibliography 7 1 Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems 13 1.1 Principle of Virtual Work for a Particle 14 1.1.1 Nonconstrained Particle 14 1.1.2 Constrained Particle 15 1.2 Extension to a System of Particles 17 1.2.1 Virtual Work Principle for N Particles 17 1.2.2 The Kinematic Constraints 18 1.2.3 Concept of Generalized Displacements 20 1.3 Hamilton’s Principle for Conservative Systems and Lagrange Equations 23 1.3.1 Structure of Kinetic Energy and Classification of Inertia Forces 27 1.3.2 Energy Conservation in a System with Scleronomic Constraints 29 1.3.3 Classification of Generalized Forces 32 1.4 Lagrange Equations in the General Case 36 1.5 Lagrange Equations for Impulsive Loading 39 1.5.1 Impulsive Loading of a Mass Particle 39 1.5.2 Impulsive Loading for a System of Particles 42 1.6 Dynamics of Constrained Systems 44 1.7 Exercises 46 1.7.1 Solved Exercises 46 1.7.2 Selected Exercises 53 References 54 2 Undamped Vibrations of n-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 57 2.1 Linear Vibrations about an Equilibrium Configuration 59 2.1.1 Vibrations about a Stable Equilibrium Position 59 2.1.2 Free Vibrations about an Equilibrium Configuration Corresponding to Steady Motion 63 2.1.3 Vibrations about a Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 66 2.2 Normal Modes of Vibration 67 2.2.1 Systems with a Stable Equilibrium Configuration 68 2.2.2 Systems with a Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 69 2.3 Orthogonality of Vibration Eigenmodes 70 2.3.1 Orthogonality of Elastic Modes with Distinct Frequencies 70 2.3.2 Degeneracy Theorem and Generalized Orthogonality Relationships 72 2.3.3 Orthogonality Relationships Including Rigid-body Modes 75 2.4 Vector and Matrix Spectral Expansions Using Eigenmodes 76 2.5 Free Vibrations Induced by Nonzero Initial Conditions 77 2.5.1 Systems with a Stable Equilibrium Position 77 2.5.2 Systems with Neutrally Stable Equilibrium Position 82 2.6 Response to Applied Forces: Forced Harmonic Response 83 2.6.1 Harmonic Response, Impedance and Admittance Matrices 84 2.6.2 Mode Superposition and Spectral Expansion of the Admittance Matrix 84 2.6.3 Statically Exact Expansion of the Admittance Matrix 88 2.6.4 Pseudo-resonance and Resonance 89 2.6.5 Normal Excitation Modes 90 2.7 Response to Applied Forces: Response in the Time Domain 91 2.7.1 Mode Superposition and Normal Equations 91 2.7.2 Impulse Response and Time Integration of the Normal Equations 92 2.7.3 Step Response and Time Integration of the Normal Equations 94 2.7.4 Direct Integration of the Transient Response 95 2.8 Modal Approximations of Dynamic Responses 95 2.8.1 Response Truncation and Mode Displacement Method 96 2.8.2 Mode Acceleration Method 97 2.8.3 Mode Acceleration and Model Reduction on Selected Coordinates 98 2.9 Response to Support Motion 101 2.9.1 Motion Imposed to a Subset of Degrees of Freedom 101 2.9.2 Transformation to Normal Coordinates 103 2.9.3 Mechanical Impedance on Supports and Its Statically Exact Expansion 105 2.9.4 System Submitted to Global Support Acceleration 108 2.9.5 Effective Modal Masses 109 2.9.6 Method of Additional Masses 110 2.10 Variational Methods for Eigenvalue Characterization 111 2.10.1 Rayleigh Quotient 111 2.10.2 Principle of Best Approximation to a Given Eigenvalue 112 2.10.3 Recurrent Variational Procedure for Eigenvalue Analysis 113 2.10.4 Eigensolutions of Constrained Systems: General Comparison Principle or Monotonicity Principle 114 2.10.5 Courant’s Minimax Principle to Evaluate Eigenvalues Independently of Each Other 116 2.10.6 Rayleigh’s Theorem on Constraints (Eigenvalue Bracketing) 117 2.11 Conservative Rotating Systems 119 2.11.1 Energy Conservation in the Absence of External Force 119 2.11.2 Properties of the Eigensolutions of the Conservative Rotating System 119 2.11.3 State-Space Form of Equations of Motion 121 2.11.4 Eigenvalue Problem in Symmetrical Form 123 2.11.5 Orthogonality Relationships 126 2.11.6 Response to Nonzero Initial Conditions 128 2.11.7 Response to External Excitation 130 2.12 Exercises 130 2.12.1 Solved Exercises 130 2.12.2 Selected Exercises 143 References 148 3 Damped Vibrations of n-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 149 3.1 Damped Oscillations in Terms of Normal Eigensolutions of the Undamped System 151 3.1.1 Normal Equations for a Damped System 152 3.1.2 Modal Damping Assumption for Lightly Damped Structures 153 3.1.3 Constructing the Damping Matrix through Modal Expansion 158 3.2 Forced Harmonic Response 160 3.2.1 The Case of Light Viscous Damping 160 3.2.2 Hysteretic Damping 162 3.2.3 Force Appropriation Testing 164 3.2.4 The Characteristic Phase Lag Theory 170 3.3 State-Space Formulation of Damped Systems 174 3.3.1 Eigenvalue Problem and Solution of the Homogeneous Case 175 3.3.2 General Solution for the Nonhomogeneous Case 178 3.3.3 Harmonic Response 179 3.4 Experimental Methods of Modal Identification 180 3.4.1 The Least-Squares Complex Exponential Method 182 3.4.2 Discrete Fourier Transform 187 3.4.3 The Rational Fraction Polynomial Method 190 3.4.4 Estimating the Modes of the Associated Undamped System 195 3.4.5 Example: Experimental Modal Analysis of a Bellmouth 196 3.5 Exercises 199 3.5.1 Solved Exercises 199 3.6 Proposed Exercises 207 References 208 4 Continuous Systems 211 4.1 Kinematic Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of Continuous Systems: Hamilton’s Principle 213 4.1.1 Definitions 213 4.1.2 Strain Evaluation: Green’s Measure 214 4.1.3 Stress–Strain Relationships 219 4.1.4 Displacement Variational Principle 221 4.1.5 Derivation of Equations of Motion 221 4.1.6 The Linear Case and Nonlinear Effects 223 4.2 Free Vibrations of Linear Continuous Systems and Response to External Excitation 231 4.2.1 Eigenvalue Problem 231 4.2.2 Orthogonality of Eigensolutions 233 4.2.3 Response to External Excitation: Mode Superposition (Homogeneous Spatial Boundary Conditions) 234 4.2.4 Response to External Excitation: Mode Superposition (Nonhomogeneous Spatial Boundary Conditions) 237 4.2.5 Reciprocity Principle for Harmonic Motion 241 4.3 One-Dimensional Continuous Systems 243 4.3.1 The Bar in Extension 244 4.3.2 Transverse Vibrations of a Taut String 258 4.3.3 Transverse Vibration of Beams with No Shear Deflection 263 4.3.4 Transverse Vibration of Beams Including Shear Deflection 277 4.3.5 Travelling Waves in Beams 285 4.4 Bending Vibrations of Thin Plates 290 4.4.1 Kinematic Assumptions 290 4.4.2 Strain Expressions 291 4.4.3 Stress–Strain Relationships 292 4.4.4 Definition of Curvatures 293 4.4.5 Moment–Curvature Relationships 293 4.4.6 Frame Transformation for Bending Moments 295 4.4.7 Computation of Strain Energy 295 4.4.8 Expression of Hamilton’s Principle 296 4.4.9 Plate Equations of Motion Derived from Hamilton’s Principle 298 4.4.10 Influence of In-Plane Initial Stresses on Plate Vibration 303 4.4.11 Free Vibrations of the Rectangular Plate 305 4.4.12 Vibrations of Circular Plates 308 4.4.13 An Application of Plate Vibration: The Ultrasonic Wave Motor 311 4.5 Wave Propagation in a Homogeneous Elastic Medium 315 4.5.1 The Navier Equations in Linear Dynamic Analysis 316 4.5.2 Plane Elastic Waves 318 4.5.3 Surface Waves 320 4.6 Solved Exercises 327 4.7 Proposed Exercises 328 References 333 5 Approximation of Continuous Systems by Displacement Methods 335 5.1 The Rayleigh–Ritz Method 339 5.1.1 Choice of Approximation Functions 339 5.1.2 Discretization of the Displacement Variational Principle 340 5.1.3 Computation of Eigensolutions by the Rayleigh–Ritz Method 342 5.1.4 Computation of the Response to External Loading by the Rayleigh–Ritz Method 345 5.1.5 The Case of Prestressed Structures 345 5.2 Applications of the Rayleigh–Ritz Method to Continuous Systems 346 5.2.1 The Clamped–Free Uniform Bar 347 5.2.2 The Clamped–Free Uniform Beam 350 5.2.3 The Uniform Rectangular Plate 357 5.3 The Finite Element Method 362 5.3.1 The Bar in Extension 364 5.3.2 Truss Frames 371 5.3.3 Beams in Bending without Shear Deflection 376 5.3.4 Three-Dimensional Beam Element without Shear Deflection 386 5.3.5 Beams in Bending with Shear Deformation 392 5.4 Exercises 399 5.4.1 Solved Exercises 399 5.4.2 Selected Exercises 406 References 412 6 Solution Methods for the Eigenvalue Problem 415 6.1 General considerations 419 6.1.1 Classification of Solution Methods 420 6.1.2 Criteria for Selecting the Solution Method 420 6.1.3 Accuracy of Eigensolutions and Stopping Criteria 423 6.2 Dynamical and Symmetric Iteration Matrices 425 6.3 Computing the Determinant: Sturm Sequences 426 6.4 Matrix Transformation Methods 430 6.4.1 Reduction to a Diagonal Form: Jacobi’s Method 430 6.4.2 Reduction to a Tridiagonal Form: Householder’s Method 434 6.5 Iteration on Eigenvectors: The Power Algorithm 436 6.5.1 Computing the Fundamental Eigensolution 437 6.5.2 Determining Higher Modes: Orthogonal Deflation 441 6.5.3 Inverse Iteration Form of the Power Method 443 6.6 Solution Methods for a Linear Set of Equations 444 6.6.1 Nonsingular Linear Systems 445 6.6.2 Singular Systems: Nullspace, Solutions and Generalized Inverse 453 6.6.3 Singular Matrix and Nullspace 453 6.6.4 Solution of Singular Systems 454 6.6.5 A Family of Generalized Inverses 456 6.6.6 Solution by Generalized Inverses and Finding the Nullspace N 457 6.6.7 Taking into Account Linear Constraints 459 6.7 Practical Aspects of Inverse Iteration Methods 460 6.7.1 Inverse Iteration in Presence of Rigid Body Modes 460 6.7.2 Spectral Shifting 463 6.8 Subspace Construction Methods 464 6.8.1 The Subspace Iteration Method 464 6.8.2 The Lanczos Method 468 6.9 Dynamic Reduction and Substructuring 479 6.9.1 Static Condensation (Guyan–Irons Reduction) 481 6.9.2 Craig and Bampton’s Substructuring Method 484 6.9.3 McNeal’s Hybrid Synthesis Method 487 6.9.4 Rubin’s Substructuring Method 488 6.10 Error Bounds to Eigenvalues 488 6.10.1 Rayleigh and Schwarz Quotients 489 6.10.2 Eigenvalue Bracketing 491 6.10.3 Temple–Kato Bounds 492 6.11 Sensitivity of Eigensolutions, Model Updating and Dynamic Optimization 498 6.11.1 Sensitivity of the Structural Model to Physical Parameters 501 6.11.2 Sensitivity of Eigenfrequencies 502 6.11.3 Sensitivity of Free Vibration Modes 502 6.11.4 Modal Representation of Eigenmode Sensitivity 504 6.12 Exercises 504 6.12.1 Solved Exercises 504 6.12.2 Selected Exercises 505 References 508 7 Direct Time-Integration Methods 511 7.1 Linear Multistep Integration Methods 513 7.1.1 Development of Linear Multistep Integration Formulas 514 7.1.2 One-Step Methods 515 7.1.3 Two-Step Second-Order Methods 516 7.1.4 Several-Step Methods 517 7.1.5 Numerical Observation of Stability and Accuracy Properties of Simple Time Integration Formulas 517 7.1.6 Stability Analysis of Multistep Methods 518 7.2 One-Step Formulas for Second-Order Systems: Newmark’s Family 522 7.2.1 The Newmark Method 522 7.2.2 Consistency of Newmark’s Method 525 7.2.3 First-Order Form of Newmark’s Operator – Amplification Matrix 525 7.2.4 Matrix Norm and Spectral Radius 527 7.2.5 Stability of an Integration Method – Spectral Stability 528 7.2.6 Spectral Stability of the Newmark Method 530 7.2.7 Oscillatory Behaviour of the Newmark Response 533 7.2.8 Measures of Accuracy: Numerical Dissipation and Dispersion 535 7.3 Equilibrium Averaging Methods 539 7.3.1 Amplification Matrix 540 7.3.2 Finite Difference Form of the Time-Marching Formula 541 7.3.3 Accuracy Analysis of Equilibrium Averaging Methods 542 7.3.4 Stability Domain of Equilibrium Averaging Methods 543 7.3.5 Oscillatory Behaviour of the Solution 544 7.3.6 Particular Forms of Equilibrium Averaging 544 7.4 Energy Conservation 550 7.4.1 Application: The Clamped-Free Bar Excited by an end Force 552 7.5 Explicit Time Integration Using the Central Difference Algorithm 556 7.5.1 Algorithm in Terms of Velocities 556 7.5.2 Application Example: The Clamped-Free Bar Excited by an End Load 559 7.5.3 Restitution of the Exact Solution by the Central Difference Method 561 7.6 The Nonlinear Case 564 7.6.1 The Explicit Case 564 7.6.2 The Implicit Case 565 7.6.3 Time Step Size Control 571 7.7 Exercises 573 References 575 Index 577
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