Laser physics Books

Book SynopsisThis book offers a bird’s-eye view of the recent development trends in photovoltaics – a big business field that is rapidly growing and well on its way to maturity. The book describes current efforts to develop highly efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices based on crystalline silicon, III–V compounds, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskite photovoltaic cells along with innovative, cost-competitive glass/ flexible tubular glass concentrator modules and systems, highlighting recent attempts to develop highly efficient, low-cost, flexible photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and perovskite thin films. This second edition presents, for the first time, the possible applications of perovskite modules together with Augsburger Tubular photovoltaics.Table of ContentsPreface.- Milestones of Solar Conversion and Photovoltaics.- PV as a Major Contribution of the 100% Renewably Powered World.- Advanced Solar Grade Silicon Material.- Commercial High Efficient Silicon Solar Cells.- Silicon Nitride and Aluminum Oxide: Two Multifunctional Dielectric Layers are Boosting Present and Future Silicon Solar Cells.- PERC Solar Cells - Monofacial and Bifacial.- Industrial PERC Solar Cells.- III-V SolarCells and Concentrator Arrays.- CIGS Thin Film Photovoltaic – Approaches and Challenges.- Perovskite PV: Rigid and Flexible High Efficient Low Cost Cells and Modules.- Augsburger Tubular PV.- Fluorescent Solar Energy Concentrators: Principle and Present State of Development.

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Book SynopsisPhotonics is the discipline of electrons and photons working in tandem to create new physics, new devices and new applications. This textbook employs a pedagogical approach that facilitates access to the fundamentals of quantum photonics. Beginning with a review of the quantum properties of photons and electrons, the book then introduces the concept of their non-locality at the quantum level. It presents a determination of electronic band structure using the pseudopotential method, enabling the student to directly compute the band structures of most group IV, group III-V, and group II-VI semiconductors. The book devotes further in-depth discussion of second quantization of the electromagnetic field that describes spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons, quantum entanglement and introduces the topic of quantum cascade lasers, showing how electrons and photons interact in a quantum environment to create a practical photonic device.This extended second edition includes a detailed description of the link between quantum photon states and the macroscopic electric field. It describes the particle qualities of quantum electrons via their unique operator algebra and distinguishable behavior from photons, and employs these fundamentals to describe the quantum point contact, which is the quantum analogue of a transistor and the basic building block of all nanoscopic circuits, such as electron interferometers.Pearsall’s Quantum Photonics is supported by numerous numerical calculations that can be repeated by the reader, and every chapter features a reference list of state-of-the art research and a set of exercises. This textbook is an essential part of any graduate-level course dealing with the theory of nanophotonic devices or computational physics of solid-state quantum devices based on nanoscopic structures.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Electrons.- Photons.- Free Electron Behaviour in Semiconductor Heterostructures.- Electronic Energy Levels in Crystalline Semiconductors.- The Harmonic Oscillator and Quantization of Electromagnetic Fields.- Entanglement and Non-locality of Quantum Photonics.- Lasers.- Quantum Cascade Lasers - a Concerto for Quantum Photonics.- Nonlinear Optics: Second-Harmonic Generation and Parametric Oscillation.- Coherent States – From Single Photons to Beams of Light.- Quantum Fermions.- Single Electron Building Blocks for Quantum Electron Circuits.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents a comprehensive introduction to ultrafast laser physics with a keen awareness of the needs of graduate students. It is self-contained and ready to use for both ultrafast laser courses and background for experimental investigation in the lab. The book starts with an advanced introduction to linear and nonlinear pulse propagation, details Q-switching and modelocking and goes into detail while explaining ultrashort pulse generation and measurement. Finally, the characterization of the laser signals is illustrated, and a broad range of applications presented. A multitude of worked examples and problems with solutions help to deepen the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsLinear pulse propagation in dispersive media.- linear pulse propagation.- dispersion compensation.- nonlinear pulse propagation.- relaxation oscillations in lasers.- Q-switching.- active modelocking.- passive modelocking: generation of ultrashort laser pulses.- pulse duration measurements.- noise characterization of pulsed laser signals.- applications of short-pulse lasers.- appendices.- index.

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Book SynopsisDas Buch beschäftigt sich mit den Grundlagen des Lasereinsatzes zum Veredeln von Metalloberflächen und liefert ein tiefes Verständnis der Zusammenhänge. Die Beiarbeitungsvorgänge in der festen und flüssigen Phase sowie das Rapid Prototyping werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert. Zur Wärmeleitung sind Diagramme enthalten, die ein schnelles Abschätzen ermöglichen und komplizierte Rechnungen überflüssig machen. Die erforderlichen Anlagen und Systemtechnik werden erläutert. Das Buch orientiert sich am Einsatz von Hochleistungs-CO2- und Nd:YAG-Lasern.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Prinzip der Oberflächenbehandlung durch Laserstrahlung.- 2.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 2.2 Laserstrahlquellen.- 2.3 Bearbeitungsanlagen.- 3 Allgemeine Grundlagen.- 3.1 Strahlausbreitung und Strahlformung.- 3.1.1 Strahlausbreitung.- 3.1.2 Strahlfokussierung.- 3.1.3 Strahlformungsoptiken.- 3.2 Strahlungsabsorption.- 3.2.1 Absorption an Metalloberflächen.- 3.2.2 Absorption an Deckschichten.- 3.3 Wärmeleitung.- 3.3.1 Verschiedene Wärmequellen.- 3.3.2 Diagramme zur Wärmeleitung.- 4 Bearbeitung in der festen Phase.- 4.1 Umwandlungshärten.- 4.1.1 Das Verf ahrensprinzip.- 4.1.2 Umwandlungskinetik von Eisenwerkstoffen.- 4.1.3 Eigenspannungen.- 4.1.4 Beispiele zum Umwandlungshärten.- 4.2 Rekristallisieren.- 4.2.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.2.2 Anwendungsbeispiel.- 4.3 Umformen mit Laserstrahlung.- 4.3.1 DIN-Einordnung.- 4.3.2 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.3.2.1 Umformung ohne elastische Vorspannung.- 4.3.3.2 Umformung mit elastischer Vorspannung.- 4.3.3 Prozeßführung beim Umformen mit Laserstrahlung.- 4.3.4 Ergebnisse des Umformprozesses.- 4.3.4.1 Oberflächenqualität.- 4.4 Behandlung von Elektroblech.- 4.4.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.4.2 Anwendungsbeispiel.- 5 Berbeitung in der flüssigen Phase.- 5.1 Umschmelzen.- 5.1.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.1.2 Schmelzbewegung.- 5.1.3 Schutzgase.- 5.1.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.2 Legieren.- 5.2.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.2.2 Materialzufuhr.- 5.2.3 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.3 Dispergieren.- 5.3.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.3.2 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.4 Beschichten.- 5.4.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.4.2 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 6 Rapid-Prototyping.- 6.1 Prototypen aus nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen.- 6.1.1 Stereolithographie (SL).- 6.1.2 Selektives Lasersintern (SLS).- 6.1.3 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM).- 6.1.4 Nicht lasergestützte RP-Verfahren.- 6.1.4.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM).- 6.1.4.2 Solid Ground Curing (SGC).- 6.2 Prototypen aus metallischen Werkstoffen-Rapid Metal Prototyping.- 6.2.1 Konventionelle Verfahren.- 6.2.2 Abform- und Folgeprozesse.- 6.2.3 Direkte Erzeugung metallischer Prototypen.- 6.2.3.1 Selektives Lasersintern (SLS).- 6.2.3.2 Laserstrahlgenerieren (LG).- 6.2.3.3 Weitere Verfahren.- 6.3 Umwandlung von 3D-CAD-Daten in Maschinendatensätze.- 6.3.1 Generierung von 3D-CAD-Daten.- 6.3.2 Datenaufbereitung.- 6.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Anhang A Stereolithographie.- Anhang B Laserstrahlgenerieren.- Nomenklatur.- Sachwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThe optical filter is resonator based. The required passband shape of ring resonator-filters can be custom designed by the use of configurations of various ring coupled resonators. This book describes the current state-of-the-art on these devices. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the simulation, fabrication and characterization of ring resonators for use as example filters, lasers, sensors.Table of ContentsRing Resonators: Theory and Modeling.- Materials, Fabrication, and Characterization Methods.- Building Blocks of Ring Resonator Devices.- Devices.- Whispering Gallery Mode Devices.- Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the state-of-the-art of Terahertz spectroscopy. It is a modern source for a beginners and researcher interested in THz spectroscopy. The basics and physical background of THz spectroscopy and technology are explained, and important applications are described. The book presents the highlights of scientific research in the field of THz science and provides an excellent overview of the field and future directions of research. Over the last decade the field of terahertz spectroscopy has developed into one of the most rapidly growing fields of spectroscopy with large impact across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Due to substantial advances in femtosecond laser technology, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has established itself as the dominant spectroscopic technique for experimental scientists interested in measurements in this frequency range. In solids and liquids terahertz radiation is at resonance with both phonon modes and hydrogen bonding modes which makes it an ideal tool to study the interaction between molecules in a unique way, thus opening a wealth of opportunities for research in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and pharmaceuticals. This book provides an easy access to scientists, engineers and students alike who want to understand the theory and applications of modern terahertz spectroscopy.Table of ContentsTransmission, reflection, refraction and scattering of Terahertz radiation.- Optical constants and dispersion relations in THz spectroscopy.- Scattering effects.- Converging Terahertz beam vs. plane wave.- Signal Processing – Wavelet Transform.- Signal Processing – Fractional Fourier transformation and spectrogram in signal processing of Terahertz pulses.- Terahertz Spectroscopy.- Crystalline and non-crystalline solids.- Liquids and Biomolecules.- Ellipsometry and active polarization control of Terahertz waves.- ATR sensing at terahertz frequencies.- Pump-probe spectroscopy.- Liquid crystals.- Waveguide spectroscopy.- Condensed matter physics.- Assignment of vibrational modes in crystalline materials.- On-chip pulsed Terahertz spectroscopy.- Nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy.- Terahertz Imaging.- Far-field / Near-field.- Biomedical Imaging.- Pharmaceutical imaging.- Terahertz tomography.- Security.- Artists’ materials characterization.- Interesting Physics at Terahertz Frequencies.- Plasmonic structures.

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Book SynopsisFemtosecond laser micromachining of transparent material is a powerful and versatile technology. In fact, it can be applied to several materials. It is a maskless technology that allows rapid device prototyping, has intrinsic three-dimensional capabilities and can produce both photonic and microfluidic devices. For these reasons it is ideally suited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities. The book is mainly focused on micromachining of transparent materials which, due to the nonlinear absorption mechanism of ultrashort pulses, allows unique three-dimensional capabilities and can be exploited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities.This book presents an overview of the state of the art of this rapidly emerging topic with contributions from leading experts in the field, ranging from principles of nonlinear material modification to fabrication techniques and applications to photonics and optofluidics.Table of ContentsPart I: Introductory concepts and characterization 1 Fundamentals of femtosecond Laser micromachining in transparent materials 2 -Ultrafast imaging of plasma dynamics and material response during micromachining 3 -Spectroscopic characterization of waveguides 4 -Optimizing Laser-induced refractive index changes in bulk optical materials via spatio-temporal beam shaping 5 -Controlling the cross-section of ultrafast Laser inscribed waveguides 6 –Anisotropy of femtosecond Laser writing Part II: Waveguides and optical devices in glass 7 –Passive optical waveguide devices in glass 8 - Femtosecond Laser inscription of fibre gratings 9 –3-D Bragg grating waveguide devices 10 –Active photonic devices Part III: Waveguides and optical devices in other transparent materials 11 -Waveguides in crystalline materials 12 -Refractive index structures in polymers Part IV: Microsystems and applications 13 –Discrete optics in waveguide arrays 14 –Optofluidics for biosensing 15 –Microstructuring of Photosensitive glass 16 -Microsystems and sensors 17 -Ultrashort Laser joining and welding

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Book SynopsisIn order to analyze the light of cosmic objects, particularly at extremely great distances, spectroscopy is the workhorse of astronomy. In the era of very large telescopes, long-term investigations are mainly performed with small professional instruments. Today they can be done using self-designed spectrographs and highly efficient CCD cameras, without the need for large financial investments.This book explains the basic principles of spectroscopy, including the fundamental optical constraints and all mathematical aspects needed to understand the working principles in detail. It covers the complete theoretical and practical design of standard and Echelle spectrographs. Readers are guided through all necessary calculations, enabling them to engage in spectrograph design. The book also examines data acquisition with CCD cameras and fiber optics, as well as the constraints of specific data reduction and possible sources of error. In closing it briefly highlights some main aspects of the research on massive stars and spectropolarimetry as an extension of spectroscopy. The book offers a comprehensive introduction to spectroscopy for students of physics and astronomy, as well as a valuable resource for amateur astronomers interested in learning the principles of spectroscopy and spectrograph design.Trade Review“It is a comprehensive volume that includes all the fundamental optics concerned with the components of spectrographs and their construction. … this is a text that will readily find a place on my bookshelf. It is a volume to which I expect to refer frequently, particularly in my efforts to develop spectrographs for future space missions.” (Martin Barstow, The Observatory, Vol. 135 (1249), December, 2015)Table of ContentsPrologue.- Fundamentals of standard spectroscopy.- The construction of a grating spectrograph.- Fundamentals of Echelle spectroscopy.- The construction of an Echelle spectrograph.- Other designs.- Practical examples.- Image Slicer.- CCD.- Fiber optics.- Data reduction.- Measurement errors and statistics.- Practical Observations.- The next step – Polarization.- Epilogue.- Acknowledgements.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisLight emitting diodes (LEDs) are already used in traffic signals, signage lighting, and automotive applications. However, its ultimate goal is to replace traditional illumination through LED lamps since LED lighting significantly reduces energy consumption and cuts down on carbon-dioxide emission. Despite dramatic advances in LED technologies (e.g., growth, doping and processing technologies), however, there remain critical issues for further improvements yet to be achieved for the realization of solid-state lighting. This book aims to provide the readers with some contemporary LED issues, which have not been comprehensively discussed in the published books and, on which the performance of LEDs is seriously dependent. For example, most importantly, there must be a breakthrough in the growth of high-quality nitride semiconductor epitaxial layers with a low density of dislocations, in particular, in the growth of Al-rich and and In-rich GaN-based semiconductors. The materials quality is directly dependent on the substrates used, such as sapphire, Si, etc. In addition, efficiency droop, growth on different orientations and polarization are also important. Chip processing and packaging technologies are key issues. This book presents a comprehensive review of contemporary LED issues. Given the interest and importance of future research in nitride semiconducting materials and solid state lighting applications, the contents are very timely. The book is composed of chapters written by leading researchers in III-nitride semiconducting materials and device technology. This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers working on LEDs for lighting applications. Postgraduate researchers working on LEDs will also benefit from the issues this book provides.Table of Contents1: Introduction Part A. Progress and prospect of growth of wide-band-gap III-nitrides; Hiroshi Amano. 2: Introduction Part B. Ultra-efficient solid-state lighting: likely characteristics, economic benefits, technological approaches; Jeff Y. Tsao, et al. 3: Epitaxy Part A. LEDs Based on Heteroepitaxial GaN on Si Substrates; Takashi Egawa and Osamu Oda. 4: Epitaxy Part B. Epitaxial Growth of GaN on Patterned Sapphire Substrates; Kazuyuki Tadatomo.5: Growth and optical properties of GaN-based non- and semipolar LEDs; Michael Kneissl et al.6: Active region Part A. Internal Quantum Efficiency in Light Emitting Diodes; Elison Matioli and Claude Weisbuch. 7: Active region Part B. Internal Quantum Efficiency; Jong-In Shim.8: Electrical properties, reliability issues, and ESD robustness of InGaN-based LEDs; Matteo Meneghini, et al. 9: Light extraction efficiency Part A. Ray Tracing for Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE) Modeling in Nitride LEDs; C. Lalau Keraly, et al. 10: Light extraction efficiency Part B. Light Extraction of High Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes; Ja-Yeon Kim, et al.11: Packaging. Phosphors and white LED packaging; Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki.12: High voltage LED; Wen-Yung Yeh, et al.13: Color Quality of White LEDs; Yoshi Ohno.14: Emerging System Level Applications for LED Technology; Robert F. Karlicek, Jr.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes important recent developments in fiber optic sensor technology and examines established and emerging applications in a broad range of fields and markets, including power engineering, chemical engineering, bioengineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental monitoring. Particular attention is devoted to niche applications where fiber optic sensors are or soon will be able to compete with conventional approaches. Beyond novel methods for the sensing of traditional parameters such as strain, temperature, and pressure, a variety of new ideas and concepts are proposed and explored. The significance of the advent of extended infrared sensors is discussed, and individual chapters focus on sensing at THz frequencies and optical sensing based on photonic crystal structures. Another important topic is the resonances generated when using thin films in conjunction with optical fibers, and the enormous potential of sensors based on lossy mode resonances, surface plasmon resonances, and long-range surface exciton polaritons. Detailed attention is also paid to fiber Bragg grating sensors and multimode interference sensors. Each chapter is written by an acknowledged expert in the subject under discussion.Table of ContentsFiber optic sensors based on nano-films.- Lossy Mode Resonances based sensors.- Surface Plasmon Resonances based fiber optic sensors.- Plastic optical fiber biosensors.- Vapor based deposition techniques for optical fiber sensing.- Fiber optic sensors in biomedical applications.- Optical hyperspectral sensors.- Fiber optic sensors for radiation dosimetry.- Fiber optic gas sensors.- Structural health monitoring fiber optic sensors.- Distributed temperature sensors.- Respiratory diseases fiber optic based sensors.- Optical sensing based on photonic crystal structures.- Long Period grating based sensors.- Magnetic field fiber optic sensors.- Sensing at THz frecuencies.- Multimode Interference Fiber Sensors.- Fiber optics sensors based on multicore structures.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers key theoretical and practical aspects of optics, photonics and lasers. It addresses optical instrumentation and metrology, photonic and optoelectronic materials and devices, nanophotonics, organic and bio-photonics and high-field phenomena. Researchers, engineers, students and practitioners interested in any of these fields will find a wealth of new methods, technologies, advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques, as well as general surveys outlining future directions. Table of ContentsSection 1.- Optics: Optical Instrumentation and Metrology, techniques and materials and devices.- Section 2.- Photonics: Photonics for Energy, Photonic and Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Communications and Switching Photonics, Organic and Bio-Photonics Photodetectors, Sensors and Imaging, Nonlinear Optics, Fiber Optics devices and Nanophotonics.- Section 3.- Lasers: Plasma Technology; High intensity Lasers and high Field Phenomena.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to a new technology for enabling high-performance spectroscopy and laser sources Resonance Enhancement in Laser-Produced Plasmasoffers a guide to the most recent findings in the newly emerged field of resonance-enhanced high-order harmonic generation using the laser pulses propagating through the narrow and extended laser-produced plasma plumes. The authora noted expert in the fieldpresents an introduction and the theory that underpin the roles of resonances in harmonic generation. The book also contains a review of the most advanced methods of plasma harmonics generation at the conditions of coincidence of some harmonics, autoionizing states, and some ionic transitions possessing strong oscillator strengths. Comprehensive in scope, this text clearly demonstrates the importance of resonance-enhanced nonlinear optical effects leading to formation of efficient sources of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation that can be practically apTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 High-Order Harmonic Studies of the Role of Resonances on the Temporal and Efficiency Characteristics of Converted Coherent Pulses: Different Approaches 1 1.1 Resonance Harmonic Generation in Gases:Theory and Experiment 1 1.2 Role of Resonances in Plasma Harmonic Experiments: Intensity and Temporal Characterization of Harmonics 9 References 13 2 Different Theoretical Approaches in Plasma HHG Studies at Resonance Conditions 17 2.1 Comparative Analysis of the High-Order Harmonic Generation in the Laser Ablation Plasmas Prepared on the Surfaces of Complex and Atomic Targets 18 2.2 Nonperturbative HHG in Indium Plasma: Theory of Resonant Recombination 22 2.2.1 Principles ofTheory 22 2.2.2 Discussion 24 2.2.3 Important Consequences 27 2.3 Simulation of Resonant High-Order Harmonic Generation in Three-Dimensional Fullerenelike System by Means of Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree–Fock Approach 29 2.3.1 Basics of the Nonlinear Optical Studies of Fullerenes 29 2.3.2 Simulations and Discussion 32 2.4 Endohedral Fullerenes: AWay to Control Resonant HHG 35 2.4.1 Theoretical Approach and Details of Computation 37 2.4.2 Results of Simulations and Discussion 39 References 43 3 Comparison of Resonance Harmonics: Experiment and Theory 47 3.1 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Two-Color Pump Resonance-Induced Enhancement of Odd and Even Harmonics from a Tin Plasma 47 3.1.1 Experimental Studies 48 3.1.2 Theoretical Approach 52 3.2 Comparative Studies of Resonance Enhancement of Harmonic Radiation in Indium Plasma Using Multicycle and Few-Cycle Pulses 58 3.2.1 Introduction 58 3.2.2 Indium Emission Spectra in the Cases of 40 and 3.5 fs Driving Pulses 60 3.2.3 Testing the Indium Emission Spectra Obtained Using 3.5 fs Pulses 64 3.2.4 Theoretical Consideration of the Microscopic Response 67 3.2.5 Experimental Studies of Harmonic Yield on the CEP of Laser Pulse 70 3.2.6 Discussion 73 3.3 Indium Plasma in the Single- and Two-Color Near-Infrared Fields:Enhancement of Tunable Harmonics 76 3.3.1 Description of Problem 76 3.3.2 Experimental Arrangements for HHG in Indium Plasma Using Tunable NIR Pulses 77 3.3.3 Experimental Studies of the Resonance Enhancement of NIR-Induced Harmonics in the Indium Plasma 80 3.3.4 Theory of the Process 86 3.3.5 Discussion and Comparison ofTheory and Experiment 91 3.4 Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Laser-Produced Zn II and Zn III Containing Plasmas Using Tunable Near-Infrared Pulses 95 3.4.1 Single- and Two-Color Pumps of Zinc Plasma 95 3.4.2 Modification of Harmonic Spectra at Excitation of Neutrals and Doubly Charged Ions of Zn 97 3.4.3 Peculiarities of HHG in Zinc Plasma Using Tunable Pulses 100 3.5 Application of Tunable NIR Radiation for Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Tin, Antimony, and Chromium Plasmas 105 3.5.1 Experimental Results 105 3.5.2 Theoretical Analysis of Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Spectra from Sn, Sb, and Cr Plasmas 113 3.5.3 Discussion 118 3.6 Model of Resonant High Harmonic Generation in Multi-Electron Systems 120 3.6.1 Theory 121 3.6.2 Calculations 127 3.6.3 Experiment 131 References 134 4 Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Metal-Ablated Plasmas: Early Studies 139 4.1 Indium Plasma: Ideal Source for Strong Single Enhanced Harmonic 139 4.1.1 Strong Resonance Enhancement of Single Harmonic Generated in Extreme Ultraviolet Range 139 4.1.2 Chirp-Induced Enhancement of Harmonic Generation from Indium-Containing Plasmas 143 4.1.2.1 Preparation of the Optimal Plasmas 145 4.1.2.2 Optimization of High Harmonic Generation 148 4.1.2.3 Chirp Control 150 4.1.2.4 Discussion 152 4.2 Harmonic Generation from Different Metal Plasmas 158 4.2.1 Chromium Plasma: Sample for Enhancement and Suppression of Harmonics 158 4.2.2 Studies of Resonance-Induced Single Harmonic Enhancement in Manganese, Tin, Antimony, and Chromium Plasmas 161 4.2.2.1 Manganese Plasma 162 4.2.2.2 Chromium Plasma 164 4.2.2.3 Antimony Plasma 167 4.2.2.4 Tin Plasma 169 4.2.2.5 Discussion of Harmonic Enhancement 170 4.2.3 Enhancement of High Harmonics from Plasmas Using Two-Color Pump and Chirp Variation of 1 kHz Ti:Sapphire Laser Pulses 172 4.2.3.1 Advances in Using High Pulse Repetition Source for HHG in Plasmas 172 4.2.3.2 Comparison of Plasmas Allowing Generation of Featureless and Resonance-Enhanced HHG Spectra 173 4.2.3.3 Discussion 179 4.3 Peculiarities of Resonant and Nonresonant Harmonics Generating in Laser-Produced Plasmas 181 4.3.1 Spatial Coherence Measurements of Nonresonant and Resonant High-Order Harmonics Generated in Different Plasmas 181 4.3.1.1 Introduction 181 4.3.1.2 Measurements of the Spatial Coherence of Harmonics 182 4.3.2 Demonstration of the 101st Harmonic Generation from Laser-Produced Manganese Plasma 188 4.3.2.1 Low Cutoffs from Plasma Harmonics 188 4.3.2.2 Experimental Arrangements and Initial Research 189 4.3.2.3 Analysis of Cutoff Extension 193 4.3.3 Isolated Subfemtosecond XUV Pulse Generation in Mn Plasma Ablation 198 4.3.3.1 Application of a Few-Cycle Pulses for Harmonic Generation in Plasmas: Experiments with Manganese Plasma 198 4.3.3.2 Theoretical Calculations and Discussion 202 References 207 5 Resonance Processes in Ablated Semiconductors 213 5.1 High-Order Harmonic Generation During Propagation of Femtosecond PulsesThrough the Laser-Produced Plasmas of Semiconductors 215 5.1.1 Optimization of HHG 215 5.1.2 Resonance-Induced Enhancement of Harmonics 217 5.1.3 Two-Color Pump 219 5.1.4 Quasi-Phase-Matching 221 5.1.5 Properties of Semiconductor Plasmas 224 5.1.6 Harmonic Cutoffs 225 5.2 27th Harmonic Enhancement by Controlling the Chirp of the Driving Laser Pulse During High-Order Harmonic Generation in GaAs and Te Plasmas 226 5.2.1 Optimization of HHG in GaAs Plasma 227 5.2.2 Variation of the Chirp of Femtosecond Pulses 230 5.2.3 Observation of Single-Harmonic Enhancement Due to Quasi-Resonance with the Tellurium Ion Transition at 29.44 nm 233 5.3 Resonance Enhanced Twenty-First Harmonic Generation in the Laser-Ablation Antimony Plume at 37.67 nm 236 References 239 6 Resonance Processes at Different Conditions of Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasmas 241 6.1 Application of Picosecond Pulses for HHG 241 6.1.1 High-Order Harmonic Generation of Picosecond Laser Radiation in Carbon-Containing Plasmas 242 6.1.1.1 Experimental Arrangements and Results 242 6.1.1.2 Discussion 250 6.1.2 Resonance Enhancement of the 11th Harmonic of 1064 nm Picosecond Radiation Generating in the Lead Plasma 252 6.1.2.1 Analysis of Resonantly Enhanced 11th Harmonic 253 6.1.2.2 Variation of Resonance Enhancement by Insertion of Gases 258 6.2 Size-Related Resonance Processes Influencing Harmonic Generation in Plasmas 261 6.2.1 Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Generation in Nanoparticle-Containing Plasmas 261 6.2.1.1 Experimental Arrangements 262 6.2.1.2 In2O3 Nanoparticles 264 6.2.1.3 Mn2O3 Nanoparticles 267 6.2.1.4 Sn Nanoparticles 269 6.2.1.5 Discussion 270 6.2.2 High-Order Harmonic Generation from Fullerenes 271 References 276 7 Comparison of the Resonance-, Nanoparticle-, and Quasi-Phase-Matching-Induced Processes Leading to the Growth of High-Order Harmonic Yield 281 7.1 Introduction 281 7.2 Quasi-Phase-Matched High-Order Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasmas 283 7.2.1 Experimental Arrangements 284 7.2.2 Experimental Observations of QPM 286 7.2.3 Modeling HHG in Plasma Plumes 290 7.2.4 Discussion and Comparison of Theory and Experiment 296 7.2.4.1 Scenario 1 297 7.2.4.2 Scenario 2 297 7.3 Influence of a Few-Atomic Silver Molecules on the High-Order Harmonic Generation in the Laser-Produced Plasmas 299 7.3.1 Introduction 299 7.3.2 Experimental Setup 300 7.3.3 Harmonic Generation and Morphology of Ablated Materials 301 7.3.4 Discussion 306 7.4 Controlling Single Harmonic Enhancement in Laser-Produced Plasmas 310 7.4.1 On the Method of Harmonic Enhancement 310 7.4.2 Experimental Conditions for Observation of the Control of Harmonic Enhancement 311 7.4.3 Featureless and Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Distributions 312 7.4.4 Comparison of Plasma and Harmonic Spectra in the LPPs Allowing Generation of Resonantly Enhanced Harmonics 316 7.4.4.1 Zinc Plasma 317 7.4.4.2 Antimony Plasma 319 7.4.4.3 Cadmium Plasma 320 7.4.4.4 Indium Plasma 320 7.4.4.5 Manganese Plasma 321 7.4.5 Basics of AlternativeModel of Enhancement 322 7.5 Comparison of Micro- and Macroprocesses during the High-Order Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasma 322 7.5.1 Basic Principles of Comparison 322 7.5.2 Results of Comparative Experiments 324 7.5.3 Discussion of Comparative Experiments 333 References 335 Summary 339 Index 347

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Book SynopsisThis cross-disciplinary title features contributions by key-note specialists from Europe, Israel and the United States. It deals with the rapidly growing area of microwave photonics, and includes an extended study of the interactions between optical signals and microwave and millimetre-wave electrical signals for broadband applications. Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. General introduction. 1: Microwave photonics components. 1. Introduction. 2. Fast lasers sources. 2.1. Fast lasers sources; F. Deborgies. 2.2. Tunable/selectable sources; F. Brillouet. 2.3. Transverse mode, patterns and polarization behavior in VCSELs; J.G. McInerney. 2.4. Mode locked microchip lasers for the generation of low noise millimeter wave carriers; P.R. Herczfeld. 3. Semiconductors optical amplifiers; J.C. Simon. 4. Fast Modulators. 4.1. Fast modulators; M. Varasi. 4.2. Electroabsorption modulators and photo-oscillators for conversion of optics to millimeterwaves; C. Minot. 5. High speed photodetection. 5.1. Microwave optical interaction devices; D. Jager. 5.2. The GaAs MESFET as an optical detector; A. Madjar, et al. 5.3. HBT phototransistors as an optic/millimetre-wave converter. Part I: The device 100; C. Gonzalez. 5.4. HBT phototransistor as an optical millimeter wave converter. Part II: Simulation; C. Rumelhard, et al. 6. References. 2: Electronics for optics: integrated circuits. 1. Introduction. 2. Electronics for optics: introduction to MMICs; I. Darwazeh. 3. High speed ICs for optoelectronic modules; R. Lefevre. 4. High efficiency optical transmitter and receiver modules using integrated MMIC impedance matching and low noise 50.0 amplifier; M. Schaller, et al. 5. References. 3: Modeling methods for optoelectronics. 1. Introduction. 2. Foundations for integrated optics modeling; I. Montrosset, G. Perrone. 3. Tools for microwave-optic co-simulation; D. Breuer, et al. 4. The TLM method - Application to the microwaves and optics; F. Ndagijimana, et al. 5. References. 4 : Microwave - photonics systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Microwave optical links. 2.1. Analog optical links: models, measures and limits of performances; C.H. Cox, III. 2.2. Optoelectronic and optical devices for applications to microwave systems; P. Richin, D. Mongardien. 3. Telecommunication systems. 3.1. Microwave and millimeter-wave photonics for telecommunications; D. Wake. 3.2. Fibre supported MM-wave systems; P. Lane. 3.3. Optics and microwaves in telecommunications networks, today and in the future; M. Joindot. 4. Wireless systems; J.F. Cadiou, et al. 4.2. Broadband access networks: the opportunities of wireless; G. Kalbe. 5. Antenna - Beam fonning. 5.1. Planar antenna technology for microwave-optical interactions; Y. Qian, et al. 5.2. Antenna applications of RF photonics; J.J. Lee. 5.3. Microwave/photonic feed networks for phased array antenna systems; R.A. Sparks. 5.4. Photonics and phased array antennas; J. Chazelas, D. Dolfi. 6. Phase noise degradation in nonlinear fiber optic links distribution networks for communication satellites; A.S. Daryoush. 7. References. 5: All optical processing of microwave functions. 1. Introduction. 2. Photonic base microwave functions. 2.1. Microwave

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Book SynopsisThis fifth edition of Principles of Lasers includes corrections to the previous edition as well as being the first available as an ebook. Its mission remains to provide a broad, unified description of laser behavior, physics, technology, and applications.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of earlier editions:“Certainly, the student who is led into the laser field by this text is lucky. The text is excellent and filled with appropriate illustrations. The questions are also helpful as they highlight the important topics. All important types of lasers are considered and for each type the proper background is developed. For many years, this book has been the standard against which other textbooks in this field were measured, mostly unfavourably. This edition will certainly retain its top place.” (Optics & Laser Technology, 31, 1999)“Professor Svelto is himself a longtime laser pioneer and his text shows the breadth of his broad acquaintance with all aspects of the field … Anyone mastering the contents of this book will be well prepared to understand advanced treatises and research papers in laser science and technology.” (Arthur L. Schawlow, 1981 Nobel Laureate in Physics)“Already well established as a self-contained introduction to the physics and technology of lasers … Professor Svelto’s book, in this lucid translation by David Hanna, can be strongly recommended for self-study or teaching at the final-year undergraduate or first-year post-graduate levels.” (Physics Bulletin)“A thorough understanding of this book in conjunction with one of the existing volumes on laser safety will go a long way in providing the health physicist with the understanding he needs … Highly recommended.” (Health Physics)“Introduces laser science and technology with the accessibility appropriate for the nonspecialist and the enthusiasm of the pioneer.” (Laser Focus)“A very good introduction to laser theory and practice … aimed at upper-level undergraduate students. It is logically organized and easy to read … Most of the basic mathematical framework needed to understand this evolving field is presented. Every chapter contains a good set of problems, answers to some of which are given in the back.” (Sci-Tech News)From the reviews of the fifth edition:“The aim of the book is stated as ‘to provide a broad and unified description of laser behaviour at the simplest level which is compatible with a correct physical understanding’. … The index is comprehensive and helpful. The book is well-structured and illustrated with numerous black-and-white figures. … The overall quality of the making, the print and the paper is good. The book can be recommended without constraint especially to advanced undergraduate students who look for a broad overview of modern laser physics and technology.” (Manuel Vogel, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 53 (2) March-April, 2012)Table of ContentsIntroductory Concepts.- Interaction of Radiation with Atoms and Ions.- Energy Levels, Radiative, and Nonradiative Transitions in Molecules and Semiconductors.- Ray and Wave Propagation Through Optical Media.- Passive Optical Resonators.- Pumping Processes.- Continuous Wave Laser Behavior.- Transient Laser Behavior.- Solid-State, Dye, and Semiconductor Lasers.- Gas, Chemical, Free Electron, and X-Ray Lasers.- Properties of Laser Beams.- Laser Beam Transformation: Propagation, Amplification, Frequency Conversion, Pulse Compression, and Pulse Expansion.- Appendixes: Semiclassic Treatment of the Interaction of Radiation and Matter.- Line Shape Calculation for Collision Broadening.- Simplified Treatment of Amplified Spontaneous Emission.- Calculating Radiative Transition Rates of Molecular Transitions.- Space-Dependent Rate Equations.- Mode-Locking Theory: Homogeneous Line.- Propagation of a Laser Through a Dispersive Medium or a Gain Medium.- Higher Order Coherence.- Physical Constants and Useful Conversion Factors.- Answers to Selected Problems.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals of THz communications, spanning the whole range of applications, propagation and channel models, RF transceiver technology, antennas, baseband techniques, and networking interfaces. The requested data rate in wireless communications will soon reach from 100 Gbit/s up to 1 Tbps necessitating systems with ultra-high bandwidths of several 10s of GHz which are available only above 200 GHz. In the last decade, research at these frequency bands has made significant progress, enabling mature experimental demonstrations of so-called THz communications, which are thus expected to play a vital role in future wireless networks. In addition to chapters by leading experts on the theory, modeling, and implementation of THz communication technology, the book also features the latest experimental results and addresses standardization and regulatory aspects. This book will be of interest to both academic researchers and engineers in the telecommunications industry. Trade Review“Since THz science is multidisciplinary field based on photonics and electronics, this book is addressed to a large audience as an updated account for TBs wireless communications.” (Mircea Dragoman, optica-opn.org, May 5, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to THz Communications Part IPropagation and Channel Modelling 1: Channel Measurement Techniques (33pages)Chapter 2 Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) Chapter 3 Measurements with Modulated Signals Chapter 4 Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Chapter 5 Correlation based Channel Sounding Part IIPropagation and Channel Modelling 2: Basic Propagation PhenomenaChapter 6 Free Space Loss and Atmospheric Effects Chapter 7 Reflection, Scattering and Transmission (incl. material parameters) Chapter 8 Diffraction and Blockage Chapter 9 Interference and Noise Part IIIPropagation and Channel Modelling 3: Modelling and Measurements in Complex Environments Chapter 10 Indoor Environments Chapter 11 Intra-Device and Close-Proximity Chapter 12 Backhaul/Fronthaul Outdoor links Chapter 13 Smart Rail Mobility Chapter 14 Data Centers Chapter 15 Vehicular Environments Chapter 16 Stochastic Channel Models Part IVAntenna Concepts and RealizationChapter 17 High-Gain Antennas Chapter 18 Antenna Arrays for beam forming Chapter 19 Algorithms for Multiple Antennas Part VTransceiver Technologies 1: Silicon-based ElectronicsChapter 20 SiGe HBT Chapter 21 Si-CMOS Part VITransceiver Technologies 2: III-V based Electronics (36 pages)Chapter 22 III-V HBT Chapter 23 III-V HEMT Chapter 24 Resonat Tunelling Diode Chapter 25 Plasma-wave device Part VIITransceiver Technologies 3: PhotonicsChapter 26 Photonics-based transmitters and receivers Part VIIITransceiver Technologies 4: Vacuum Electronic DevicesChapter 27 Vacuum Electronic Devices Part IXBaseband Processing and Networking Interface Chapter 28 Highspeed A/D and D/A Chapter 29 Modulation Formats Chapter 30 Forward Error Correction at ultra-high data rates Chapter 31 MAC and Networking Part X (82 pages)Demonstrators and Experiments Chapter 32 Real100GChapter 33 TERAPAN - A 300 GHz Fixed Wireless Link Based on InGaAs Transmit-Receive MMICs Chapter 34 ThoR Chapter 35 TERRANOVA Chapter 36 Ultrawave Chapter 38 Terapod Chapter 39 iBrOW Chapter 40 120-GHz-band project Chapter 41 300-GHz-band InP IC project Chapter 42 300-GHz-band Si-CMOS project Chapter 43 Fully Electronic Generation and Detection of THz Picosecond Pulses and Their Applications Chapter 44 RTD transceiver project Chapter 45 Photonics-aided 300-500 GHz wireless communications beyond 300 GHz Chapter 46 Ultrabroadband Networking Systems testbed at Northeastern University Chapter 47 Photonics-based project at IEMN Chapter 48 Opto-electronic generation of high-speed T-wave signals and their reception with a Kramers-Kronig receiver Chapter 49 300-GHz-band photonics-based link at ETRI Chapter 50 Brown University text bed Chapter 51 Activity at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Part XIStandardisation and Regulation Chapter 52 IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 Chapter 53 Spectrum for THz Communications Chapter 54 Outlook on Standardisation and Regulation

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Book SynopsisComprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis new edition features numerous updates and additions. Especially 4 new chapters on Fiber Optics, Integrated Optics, Frequency Combs and Interferometry reflect the changes since the first edition.In addition, major complete updates for the chapters: Optical Materials and Their Properties, Optical Detectors, Nanooptics, and Optics far Beyond the Diffraction Limit. Features Contains over 1000 two-color illustrations. Includes over 120 comprehensive tables with properties of optical materials and light sources. Emphasizes physical concepts over extensive mathematical derivations. Chapters with summaries, detailed indexDelivers a wealth of up-to-date references.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:"Frank Träger has assembled a veritable who’s who of laser researchers … . In short, go out and buy this book; it is an excellent desk reference for researchers and research students. Undergraduates will find much to interest them, especially those contemplating entering the field. My only problem is where to hide my copy before my students think it should be on their shelf!" (Barry Luther-Davies, Australian Physics, Vol. 44 (4), 2007)"This weighty work is intended to offer comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the wide fields of optics and lasers. … Overall text is clear, well written and accompanied by appropriate tables and diagrams. … The book’s content emphasis is very much on material suitable for the optical practitioner. … a worthy addition to stock for any library supporting physics at a university or specialist level." (Gareth J. Johnson, Reference Reviews, Vol. 22 (2), 2008)“I recommend this modern, comprehensive handbook to students, educators, engineers and scientists. The chapters are clearly written and include sophisticated illustrations that augment the text. The tables of data are also exemplary. The authors strike a good balance between the theory and implementation. The reader will appreciate the explanations of both the detailed mathematics and the physical aspects of the concepts. Each chapter contains pertinent references and an index.” (Barry R. Masters, Optics & Photonics News, November, 2012)Table of ContentsForeword by T.W. HänschPart A Basic Principles and MaterialsChap. 1 Properties of LightChap. 2 Geometrical OpticsChap. 3 Wave OpticsChap. 4 Nonlinear Optics, Frequency Conversion and AttophysicsChap. 5 Optical Materials and Their PropertiesChap. 6 Thin FilmsPart B Fabrication and Properties of Optical ComponentsChap. 7 Optical Design and Design SoftwareChap. 8 Advanced Optical ComponentsChap. 9 Optical DetectorsPart C Coherent and Incoherent Light SourcesChap. 10 Incoherent Light SourcesChap. 11 Lasers and Coherent Light SourcesChap. 12 Short and Ultrashort Laser PulsesPart D Selected Applications and Special FieldsChap. 13 Optical and Spectroscopic TechniquesChap. 14 Fiber OpticsChap. 15 Integrated OpticsChap. 16 InterferometryChap. 17 Frequency CombsChap. 18 Quantum OpticsChap. 19 NanoopticsChap. 20 Optics far Beyond the Diffraction LimitChap. 21 Terahertz Photonics and ApplicationsChap. 22 X-Ray OpticsChap. 23 Atmospheric OpticsChap. 24 Holography and Optical Data StorageChap. 25 Laser SafetyAcknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index

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Book Synopsis​Dieses Buch begleitet Entscheider in allen Phasen der Beschaffung von Lasermaschinen. Es bietet entsprechendes Fachwissen für den Prozess von der Entscheidung bis zum Kauf einer Laser-Bearbeitungsanlage. Neben den Grundlagen der Lasertechnik betrifft das auch die Themenfelder Lasersicherheit, Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, Software sowie die Möglichkeiten einer Automatisierung des Bearbeitungsprozesses.Alle drei Autoren haben jahrelange Berufserfahrung im Bereich des Laser-Maschinenbaus sowie des industriellen Einsatzes der Laser-Oberflächenbearbeitung. Wegen ihres unterschiedlichen fachlichen Hintergrunds werden jedoch alle in der industriellen Praxis wichtigen Aspekte rund um die Thematik abgedeckt.Table of ContentsEntwicklungsgeschichte LASER.- Physikalische Grundlagen.- Das Geheimnis vom Laserstrahl.- Lasersicherheit.- Was jeder Anwender über Lasersicherheit wissen muss.- Arten der Oberflächenbearbeitung mit Laser.- Maschinenformen.- Die fünf „wichtigsten Dinge“ bei der Beschaffung.

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Book SynopsisSolid state field-effect devices such as organic and inorganic-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been expected to promote advances in display and sensor electronics. The operational stabilities of such TFTs are thus important, strongly depending on the nature and density of charge traps present at the channel/dielectric interface or in the thin-film channel itself. This book contains how to characterize these traps, starting from the device physics of field-effect transistor (FET). Unlike conventional analysis techniques which are away from well-resolving spectral results, newly-introduced photo-excited charge-collection spectroscopy (PECCS) utilizes the photo-induced threshold voltage response from any type of working transistor devices with organic-, inorganic-, and even nano-channels, directly probing on the traps. So, our technique PECCS has been discussed through more than ten refereed-journal papers in the fields of device electronics, applied physics, applied chemistry, nano-devices and materials science, finally finding a need to be summarized with several chapters in a short book. Device physics and instrumentations of PECCS are well addressed respectively, in the first and second chapters, for the next chapters addressing real applications to organic, oxide, and nanostructured FETs. This book would provide benefits since its contents are not only educational and basic principle-supportive but also applicable and in-house operational.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Device Stability and Photo-Excited Charge-Collection Spectroscopy. 1.1. Thin-film transistor architectures for photon probe measurements. 1.2. Device physics and equations for thin-film transistors.1.3. Stability issues: Hysteresis by Gate Voltage Sweep.1.4. Stability issues: Bias-Temperature-Stress. 1.5. Stability issues: Photostability.1.6. Stability issues: Back Channel Current.1.7. Importance of dielectric/channel interface trap states.1.8. Previous Interface Trap measurements.1.9. Photo-Excited Charge-Collection Spectroscopy (PECCS).1.10. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 2. Instrumentations for PECCS.2.1. Introduction of PECCS measurements system.2.2. Optical System for PECCS measurement.2.3. Electrical measurement.2.4. Data processing and analysis for DOS profile.Reference.Chapter 3. PECCS measurements in Organic FETs.3.1. PECCS on small molecule-based p-channel FETs. 3.2. PECCS on small molecule-based n-channel FETs.3.3. PECCS on polymer-based FETs.3.4. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 4. PECCS measurements in Oxide FETs.4.1. PECCS on ZnO based n-channel FETs.4.2. PECCS on amorphous InGaZnO based n-channel FETs.4.3. PECCS by Current-Voltage vs. Capacitance-Voltage method on amorphous Si and amorphous InGaZnOTFTs.4.4. PECCS to observe interface- and bulk-originated trap densities in amorphous InGaZnOTFTs.4.5. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 5. PECCS measurements in Nanostructure FETs.5.1. PECCS on ZnO nanowire-based n-channel FETs.5.2. PECCS measurements for the thickness-modulated bandgap of MoS2 nanosheets.5.3. Chapter summary.ReferenceChapter 6. Summary and limiting factors of PECCS.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic description and analysis of laser heat-mode lithography, addressing the basic principles, lithography system, manipulation of feature size, grayscale lithography, resist thin films, and pattern transfer, while also presenting typical experimental results and applications. It introduces laser heat-mode lithography, where the resist thin films are essentially an opto-thermal response to the laser beam with changeable wavelength and are not sensitive to laser wavelength. Laser heat-mode lithography techniques greatly simplify production procedures because they require neither a particular light source nor a particular environment; further, there are no pre-baking and post-baking steps required for organic photoresists. The pattern feature size can be either larger or smaller than the laser spot by adjusting the writing strategy. The lithographic feature size can also be arbitrarily tuned from nanoscale to micrometer without changing the laser spot size. Lastly, the line edge roughness can be controlled at a very low value because the etching process is a process of breaking bonds among atoms. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for all advanced undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the fields of nanofabrication, lithography techniques and systems, phase change materials, etc.Table of ContentsCurrent status of lithography.- Principles of laser heat-mode lithography and thermal diffusion.- Laser heat-mode maskless lithography system.- Manipulation of thermal diffusion channels.- Laser heat-mode nanolithography on phase-change thin films.- Direct laser heat-mode nanopatterning on metallo-organic compound thin films.- Laser heat-mode patterning of transparent thin films.- Laser heat-mode grayscale image lithography.- Patterns transfer processes and applications.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe first book on the topic, and written by the founder of the technique, this comprehensive resource provides a detailed overview of sum-frequency spectroscopy, its fundamental principles, and the wide range of applications for surfaces, interfaces, and bulk. Beginning with an overview of the historical context, and introductions to the basic theory of nonlinear optics and surface sum-frequency generation, topics covered include discussion of different experimental arrangements adopted by researchers, notes on proper data analysis, an up-to-date survey commenting on the wide range of successful applications of the tool, and a valuable insight into current unsolved problems and potential areas to be explored in the future. With the addition of chapter appendices that offer the opportunity for more in-depth theoretical discussion, this is an essential resource that integrates all aspects of the subject and is ideal for anyone using, or interested in using, sum-frequency spectroscopy.Trade Review'This work is a powerful adjunct to [Shen's] definitive The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (1984) … The writing is Spartan in its simplicity yet elegant in its clarity, and suggestive of Shen's abiding interest in teaching and research. Wisely, the author uses appendixes at the end of most chapters to isolate extended proofs and theoretical analysis. Also, there is a useful selection of frequently asked questions about SF spectroscopy. This monograph further burnishes the already outstanding reputation of the 'Molecular Science' series editors and Cambridge University Press.' L. W. Fine, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Historical perspective; 2. Basics of nonlinear optics; 3. Basic theory for surface sum-frequency generation; 4. Experimental considerations; 5. Characterization of bulk materials; 6. Molecular adsorbates at interfaces; 7. Structures and properties of solid surfaces; 8. Interfacial liquid structures; 9. Interfaces of polymers and organic materials; 10. Biomolecules and biological interfaces; 11. Sum-frequency chiral spectroscopy; 12. Miscellaneous topics.

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