Industry and industrial studies Books

Book SynopsisA balanced, thorough examination of the political, social, and cultural aspects of the Bolsheviks' efforts to modernize the Russian peasantry.Trade ReviewJames W. Heinzen’s work fills a significant gap in the extensive historiography of the New Economic Policy (NEP) . . . The book studies the organization and staffing of NKZem RSFSR, offers some memorable portraits of its leading figures, especially its head, Alexander Petrovich Smirnov, and delves into the complexity of policy making in this era and the clash of institutional interests that had a major impact on policy. . . . Heinzen makes a convincing case that Smirnov and the specialists in NKZem RSFSR were one of the major sources of ideas and policies for the ‘Rightists’ within the party leadership. . . . The book is distinguished by its thoroughness, and by its cool and balanced judgment. . . . This study brings out the full complexity of the Bolshevik regime, its dilemmas, and its internal contraditions."" - American Historical Review""James W. Heinzen's fine study of the Commissariat of Agriculture (Narkomzem) focuses on the contradictory processes of Soviet state building in the countryside. Particularly important are Heinzen's insights into the activities of Aleksandr P. Smirnov, a major champion and theorist of the New Economic Policy. Smirnov and the Commissariat have remained relatively obscure to historians of the period who, while concentrating on the party, have underrated the complex relations between state commissariats, the Communist Party, and the population. . . . Heinzen makes effective use of state and party archives to detail the Commissariat's affiliation with the rightt wing of the party, emphasizing both the degree to which the right was entrenched in the state bureaucracy, and, paradoxically, its vulnerability even at the height of NEP. . . . Heinzen's clear, well-documented book makes a substantial contribution to the scholarship on the early Soviet state."" - Slavic Review""This is an extremely valuable and well-researched account of an understudied aspect of Russian post-revolutionary history, skillfully weaving together institutional, economic and political history."" - Revolutionary Russia""No other book has taken so close a look at the arguements about peasant land use that were centered in the commissariat in this period. . . . Highly recommended."" - Choice""In coming to power and surviving a devastating civil war, the Bolsheviks faced the daunting task of working out and implementing ideologically inspired policies to transform the underdeveloped Soviet countryside. . . . Avoiding neat generalizations, Heinzen does justice to the complexity of the period that ended with forced collectivization, a purge of Narkomzem, and the Stalin faction’s consolidation of power."" - Donald J. Raleigh, University of North Carolina""Makes a significant and lasting contribution to our understanding of the history and development of the Russo-Soviet state."" - Don K. Rowney, Bowling Green State University

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Book SynopsisCharles Schwab was known to his employees, business associates, and competitors as a congenial and charismatic person-a 'born salesman.' Yet Schwab was much more than a salesman-he was a captain of industry, a man who streamlined and economized the production of steel and ran the largest steelmaking conglomerate in the world.

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Book SynopsisA profile of the Bolshevik attempt to build a a new state by mobilizing the working class, in effect building society, that in the end resulted in failed institutions and weakened bureaucracy.

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Book SynopsisThis important book focuses on the idea that institutions matter for development, asking what lessons we have learned from past reform efforts, and what role lawyers can play in this field.Trade Review'Law and development is a difficult field. It is at once multi-disciplinary and comparative; historical and policy driven; theoretical and empirical; positive and normative. Here at long last is a book that provides a masterful overview and critical analysis that will make this field accessible to students and teachers alike.' --Katharina Pistor, Columbia Law School, US'What Makes Poor Countries Poor? is an intelligent and helpful manual, which introduces the reader to the manifold literature of law and development. . . It is refreshing to read about prevailing social attitude, day-to-day interactions of the citizenry with the legal system, collective expectations with respect to public servants, or de jure and de facto differences. This book reflects deep understanding of the real issues that matter for development and should be of interest not only to students and scholars interested in the institutions -development link and to practitioners, but to all social scientists that enjoy broad and interdisciplinary views on relevant topics for development.' --Nadia Von jacobi, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities'This book is a very good starting point of condensed information for lawyers and others involved in development of poor countries. It is an umbrella view of the situation and does a good job of giving a taster and overview of the matter.' --Sally Ramage, The Criminal LawyerTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. The Ends and Means of Development 2. The Rule of Law and Development: In Search of the Holy Grail 3. The Property Rights/Contract Rights Development Nexus 4. Political Regimes, Ethnic Conflict and Development 5. Public Administration, Corruption and Development 6. State-owned Enterprises, Privatization and Development 7. International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Development 8. Foreign Aid and Development: The Aid-Institutions Paradox 9. Conclusion: In Search of Knowledge Index

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Book SynopsisPresents more than a century of innovation drivers that have advanced the mineral processing industry. Trends, developments, and improvements are discussed in depth, and likely areas for future innovations are explored. This proceedings from the 2013 symposium features more than 75 subject-matter experts. These authors share their knowledge, experience, and passion for the metallurgical industry.

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Book SynopsisIt is important for coal preparation engineers and practitioners to be aware of advances in technology to improve plant efficiency and productivity in cost-effective ways. This book provides both a domestic and international perspective on these new technologies and includes papers from industry leaders in the US, Australia and South Africa.

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Book SynopsisLarge producers have started to use gas injection for their applications and in the future it is predicted that this trend will increase. This book is the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of this technique, which is rapidly increasing in importance and usage in the natural gas and petroleum industry.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Acid Gas Injection: Past, Present, and Future (John J. Carroll). Section 1: Data and Correlation. 1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements For Acid Gas Mixtures (R. A. Marriott, E. Fitzpatrick, F. Bernard, H. H. Wan, K. L. Lesage, P. M. Davis, and P. D. Clark). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Available Literature Data. 1.3 Equilibration Vessels / Techniques. 1.4 Water Analysis. 1.5 Sampling Issues for Analytic Methods. 1.6 Some Recent Results and Future Directions. 2. The Performance of State of the Art Industrial Thermodynamic Models for the Correlation and Prediction of Acid Gas Solubility in Water (Marco A. Satyro and James van der Lee). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Thermodynamic Modeling. 2.3 Water Content. 2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations. 3. The Research on Experiments and Theories about Hydrates in High-Sulfur Gas Reservoirs (Liu Jianyi, Zhang Guangdong, Ye Chongqing, Zhang Jing and Liu Yanli). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Experimental Tests. 3.3 Thermodynamic Model. 3.4 Experimental Evaluation. 3.5 Conclusions. 4. An Association Model for the Correlation of the Solubility of Elemental Sulfur in Sour Gases (Bian Xiaoqing, Du ZHimin and Chen Jing). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Derivation of an Association Model. 4.3 Calculation and Analysis of Solubility. 4.4 Conclusions. 5. Properties of CO2 Relevant To Sequestration - Density (Sara Anwar and John J. Carroll). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Review and Correlation. 5.3 Density. 6. The Experimental Study of the Effect of the CO2 Content on Natural Gas Properties at Gathering Conditions (Du Jianfen, Hu Yue, Guo Ping, Deng Lei, and Yang Suyun). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Experimental Test Process. 6.3 Experimental Principles and Methods. 6.4 Experimental Conditions. 6.5 Analysis of Experimental Results. 6.6 Conclusions. Section 2: Process Engineering. 7. Dehydration of Acid Gas Prior to Injection (Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, and Peter J. Griffin). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Acid Gas Phase Diagrams. 7.3 Water Content of Acid Gas. 7.4 Water Content of Acid Gas for Different Isotherms. 7.5 Effect of Impurities on Water Content of Acid Gas. 7.6 Acid Gas Dehydration. 7.7 Hydrates of Acid Gas. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Limitations And Challenges Associated With The Disposal Of Mercaptan-Rich Acid Gas Streams By Injection - A Case Study (Felise Man and John J. Carroll). 8.1 Properties of Mercaptans. 8.2 Limitations of Process Simulation Tools and Process Design. 8.3 Case Study. 8.4 Conclusions. 9. Acid Gas: When to Inject and When to Incinerate (Audrey Mascarenhas). 9.1 Incineration Technology. 9.2 Conclusion. 10. Dynamics of Acid Gas Injection Well Operation (R. Mireault, R. Stocker, D. Dunn, and M. Pooladi-Darvish). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Effects of Gas Composition. 10.3 Determining Wellhead Operating Pressure. 10.4 Computing Wellbore Pressure Changes. 10.5 Example 1. 10.6 Example 2. 10.7 Sensitivity Analysis. 10.8 Conclusions. Section 3: CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery. Learnings from CO2 Miscible Floods Provides Design Guidelines for CO2 Sequestration (Jim Louie). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Encana Weyburn and Apache Midale Projects. 11.3 Why CO2for EOR? 11.4 Properties of CO2. 11.5 CO2Dehydration 11.6 Materials Selection 11.6.1 Supply Carbon Dioxide Pipeline 11.6.2 Production Pipelines 11.7 Mercaptans 11.8 Safety Hazards of CO2. 11.9 Capital Costs. 11.10 Summary. 12. Reservoir Simulation of CO2 Injection after Water Flooding in Xinli Oil Field (Fu Yu, Du Zhimin and Guo Xiao). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The Xinli Field. 12.3 CO2Flooding Parameters. 12.4 Numerical Simulations. 12.5 The Numerical Simulation of Xinli District. 12.6 Conclusions. 13. Study on Development Effect of CO2 Huff and Puff Process in Horizontal Well in Normal Heavy Oil Reservoir (Guo Ping, Huang Qin, Li Min, Zhang Wei, Du Jianfen and Zhao Binbin). 13.1 Overview. 13.2 Stimulation Mechanism of CO2Huff and Puff Process. 13.3 Single Well Numerical Simulation of CO2Huff and Puff Process. 13.4 Conclusions. 14. The Study on Mathematic Models of Multi-Phase Porous Flow for CO2 Drive in Ultra-Low Permeability and Its Application (Zhu Weiyao, Ju Yan, Chen Jiecheng and Liu Jinzi). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Mathematical Model of Oil Displacement with CO2Injection in the Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir. 14.3 Experimental Study of Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir CO2Flooding. 14.4 Numerical Simulation. 14.5 Conclusion. 15. Experimental Appraisal and Single-well Simulation for C02 Injection Feasibility in Liaohe Light Oil Blocks (Xiong Yu, Zhang Liehui, Sun Lei and Wu Yi). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Phase Behavior of Formation Crude. 15.3 C02 Injection Experiment and Fluid Properties. 15.4 CO2 Injection Feasibility Analysis and Parameter Optimization of XB-S3. 15.5 Conclusion. 16. Experiment Study about Phase Transition Characteristics of CO2 in Low-permeable Porous Media (Guo Ping, Wang Juan, Fan Jianming and Luo Yuqiong). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Testing System. 16.3 Testing Devices. 16.4 Test Results and Discussions. 16.5 Experiment Phenomenon. 16.6 Conclusions. 17. Mechanism Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Miscible Flooding - Caoshe Oilfield, a Case Study (Tang Yong, Du Zhimin, Sun Lei, Vu Kai, Liu Wei and Chen Zuhua). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Phase Behavior Experiment Simulation of CO2Injection in CS Oilfield. 17.3 Evaluation of CO2 Injection Minimum Miscibility Pressure. 17.4 Mechanism Evaluation of C02 Miscible Flooding by One-dimensional Simulation. 17.5 Miscible Flooding Processes in Profile Model of Injector-producer Well Group. 17.6 Conclusions. 18. Selecting and Performance Evaluating of Surfactant in Carbon Dioxide Foam Flooding in Caoshe Oil Field (Yi Xiangyi, Zhang Shaonan, Lu Yuan, Li Chun, Jiao Lili and Liu Wei). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Geological Characteristics in Taizhou Formation of Caoshe Oil Field. 18.3 Techniques to Improve the Effect of CO2 Flooding. 18.4 Selecting and Evaluating of Surfactant. 18.5 Conclusions. Section 4: Materials and Corrosion. 19. Casing and Tubing Design for Sour Oil & Gas Field (Sun Yongxing, Lin Yuanhua, Wang Zhongsheng, Shi Taihe, You Xiaobo, Zhang Guo, Liu Hongbin, and Zhu Dajiang). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 SSC Testing. 19.3 Casing and Tubing Design in Fracture Mechanics. 19.4 Conclusions. 20. Material Evaluation and Selection of OCTG and Gathering Lines for High Sour Gas Fields in China (Zeng Dezhi, Huang Liming, Gu Tan, Lin Yuanhua, Liu Zhide, Yuan Xi, Zhu Hongjun, Huo Shaoquan, and Xiao Xuelan). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Material Evaluation and Selection of OCTG for High Sour Gas Fields. 20.3 Indoor Corrosion Evaluation. 20.4 Field Corrosion Evaluation in Tian Dong 5-1. 20.5 Material Evaluation and Selection of Gathering Lines for High Sour Gas Fields. 20.6 Indoor Corrosion Evaluation. 20.7 Field Corrosion Evaluation in Tian Dong 5-1. 20.8 Conclusion. Section 5: Reservoir Engineering, Geology, and Geochemistry. 21. Concentration Gradients Associated With Acid Gas Injection (S. J. Talman and E.H. Perkins). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Results. 21.3 Conclusions. 22. A New Comprehensive Mathematical Model of Formation Damage in Fractured Gas Reservoirs with High H2S Content (Fu Dekui, Guo Xiao, Du Zhimin, Fu Yu, Zhang Yong, Deng Shenghui, and Liu Linqing). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Mathematical Model. 22.3 Case Application. 22.4 Conclusions. 23. Evaluation of Formation Damage Due to Sulfur Deposition (Guo Xiao, Du Zhitnin, Yang Xuefeng, Zhang Yong, and Fu Dekui). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Experimental Investigation of Sulfur Deposition. 23.3 Deposited Sulfur of Core Samples. 23.4 Experimental Results. 23.5 Conclusions. 24. Numerical Simulation Studies on Sour Gas Flowing Mechanisms in Gas Reservoirs with High H2S Content (Zhang Yong, Du Zhimin, Guo Xiao, and Yang Xuefeng). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Phase Behavior Characteristics of Highly Sour Gas Systems. 24.3 Sour Gas Flow Numerical Model for Highly Sour Gas Reservoir. 24.4 Conclusions. 25. Why Does Shut-In Well Head Pressure of Sour Gas Well Decrease During Formation Testing? (Guo Xiao, Du Zhimin and Fu Dekui). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Mathematical Model of Heavy Gas Fraction. 25.3 Analysis of Heavy Gas Fraction. 25.4 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Pressure Numeration in Sour Gas Wells. 25.5 Conclusion. 26. Impaction of the Stacking Pattern of Sandstone and Mudstone on the Porosity and Permeability of Sandstone Reservoirs in Different Buried Depths (Zhong Dekang and Zhu Xiaomin). 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Stacking Pattern of Sandstone and Mudstone. 26.3 The Characteristics of Physical Property of Reservoirs in Sandstone-mudstone Interbed. 26.4 The Discussion of Variation Mechanism of Physical Properties of Sandstone - Mudstone Interbed. 26.5 Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisCan green petroleum reverse global warming and bring down high gasoline prices? Written in non-technical language for the layperson, this book investigates and details how the oil and gas industry can go green with new processes and technologies, thus bringing the world''s most important industry closer to environmental and economic sustainability. This book unravels the mysteries of the current energy crisis and argues that solutions to global warming will come only from the development of new technologies. Discussed here are the reasons why petroleum operations, as they are now, are not sustainable; how each practice treads an inherently implosive path; and how each spells irreversible damage to the planet''s ecosystem. Fossil fuel consumption is not the culprit; rather, the practices involved, from exploration to refining and processing, are responsible for the current damage to the environment.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: From the Pharaonic Age to the Information Age: Have We Progressed in Technology Development Skills? Chapter 3: How long has this ‘technological disaster’ been in the making? Delinearized History of Civilization and Technology Development Chapter 4: Is Modern Science Capable of Discerning Between True and False? Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Mass and Energy Balance Chapter 6: A True Sustainability Criterion and Its Implications Chapter 7: What is Truly Green Energy? Chapter 8: Good Light and Bad Light Chapter 9: Do You Believe in Global Warming? Chapter 10: Is the 3R’s mantra sufficient? Chapter 11: Truly Green Refining and Gas Processing Chapter 12: Greening of Flow Operations Chapter 13: The Greening of Enhanced Oil Recovery Chapter 14: Deconstruction of Engineering Myths Prevalent in the Energy Sector Chapter 15: Conclusions References

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Book SynopsisWritten by some of the world s most renowned petroleum andenvironmental engineers, Petrophysics: The Fundamentals of Oiland Gas Revervoirs is the first book to offer the practicingengineer and engineering student these new cutting-edge techniquesfor prediction and forecasting in petroleum engineering andenvironmental management.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xvii Acknowledgement xix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 1 1.2 Reservoir Lithologies 13 2. Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 57 2.1 Petrophysical Parameters 57 2.2 Porosity, Void Ratio, and Density 57 2.3 Permeability 66 2.4 Specific Surface Area 79 2.5 Interrelationship Among Prorosity, Permeability, and Specific Surface Area 86 2.6 Wettability - Capillarity 98 2.7 Elastic Properties 118 2.8 Acoustic Properties 123 2.9 Electrical Resistivity 128 2.10 Radioactivity 137 2.11 Chemistry of Waters in Shales versus those in Sandstones 149 3. Seismic Parameters 151 3.1 Introduction 151 3.2 Elastic Properties 152 3.3 Velocity and Rock Properties 154 3.4 Pore Pressure 159 3.5 Seismic Anisotropy 164 A. Historical Review 183 B. Mechanics of Fluid Flow 279 C. Glossary 303 References 347 Bibliography 349 Subject Index 369

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Book SynopsisMuch of the world s petroleum is located on continental margins, and any further development of these offshore deposits would be impossible without new technologies and new methods contained in this volume.Table of ContentsIntroduction 11 1. Methodological Support of the Zonal Forecasting 15 1.1 Zonal oil and gas potential forecast in an aquatory environment 15 1.2 Study of the proved oil- and gas-accumulation zones 21 2. Some Specifics in Structure, Evolution and Oil and Gas Occurrences of the Continental Margins 25 2.1 The doctrine of continental margins 25 2.2 Continental margin structure and evolution 28 2.3 Oil and gas occurrences of the continental margins 39 3. Zonal Hydrocarbon Accumulations on the Subsurface of the Pacific Group Continental Margins 49 3.1 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones subsurface the island arc margins 50 3.2 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones over the Pacific margins of North and South America 101 4. Zonal Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Subsurface of Atlantic Group Continental Margins 163 4.1 Oil- and gas-accumulation zones at the rift (preceding) stage of continental margin evolution 164 4.2 Early- and syn-oceanic continental margin evolution stage. Oil- and gas-accumulation zones 175 4.3 Transitional (Mediterranean) continental margin evolution state. Oil- and gas-accumulation zones 270 5. General Patterns in Formation and Distribution of Oil- and Gas-Accumulation Zones in Subsurface the Continental Margins 327 5.1 Parameters and general characteristics of oil- and gas-accumulation zones 327 5.2 Specifics of the spatial distribution 342 5.3 Hydrocarbon concentration zones phase specialization 347 5.4 Most important factors in the formation and distribution of oil and gas accumulation zones 356 6. Zonal Oil and Gas Potential Forecast for the Russia’s Offshore Areas. Initial Results 383 6.1 Offshore extension of the Timan-Pechora Province 383 6.2 Kara Sea 398 6.3 NE Sakhalin Shelf (North Sakhalin oil and gas basin) 409 Conclusions 415 Literature 417

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Book SynopsisArticulations of Capital offers an accessible, grounded, yet theoretically-sophisticated account of the geographies of global production networks, value chains, and regional development in post-socialist Eastern and Central Europe.Table of ContentsSeries Editors’ Preface vii List of Figures viii List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgements xii Abbreviations xxi Part One Articulating Capital in Global Production Networks 1 1 Articulations of Capital 3 2 Economic Geography, Conjuncture and the Dynamics of Capital 23 Part Two Working off the Past: Context and Complexity in Apparel Global Production Networks 53 3 Working in the Post‐Socialist Apparel Economy 55 4 Managing Europe’s Golden Bands: Trade Policy and the Regulation of Production Networks (with Robert Begg) 86 5 Transformations, Legacies and Networks: The State and Market Globalizations (with Robert Begg and Milan Bucě k) 104 Part Three Industrial Dynamics, Regionalization and the Conjunctural Economy of Global Production Networks 135 6 Theorizing Transition and the Dynamics of Capital: The Diverse Trajectories of Post‐socialist Firms (withRobert Begg, Milan Buček, Poli Roukova, and Rudolf Pastor) 137 7 Border Reconfigurations and the Frontiers of Capital (with Robert Begg, Milan Buček, and Rudolf Pastor) 162 8 Regionalization and the Palimpsests of Production: Delocalization, Legacies and Firm Differentiation (with Robert Begg and Poli Roukova) 182 9 The Cultural Economies of Post‐Socialism: Ethnicity, Garage Firms and Regional Markets (with Robert Begg and Poli Roukova) 214 Part Four Conclusion 237 10 Conclusion 239 Appendix 1 Firm-level Restructuring in the Slovak Textiles and Clothing Sector, 2004–2013 253 Appendix 2 Key to Figure 9.14 Dimitrovgrad Market, 2011 257 References 260 Index 281

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Book SynopsisArticulations of Capital offers an accessible, grounded, yet theoretically-sophisticated account of the geographies of global production networks, value chains, and regional development in post-socialist Eastern and Central Europe.Table of ContentsSeries Editors’ Preface vii List of Figures viii List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgements xii Abbreviations xxi Part One Articulating Capital in Global Production Networks 1 1 Articulations of Capital 3 2 Economic Geography, Conjuncture and the Dynamics of Capital 23 Part Two Working off the Past: Context and Complexity in Apparel Global Production Networks 53 3 Working in the Post‐Socialist Apparel Economy 55 4 Managing Europe’s Golden Bands: Trade Policy and the Regulation of Production Networks (with Robert Begg) 86 5 Transformations, Legacies and Networks: The State and Market Globalizations (with Robert Begg and Milan Bucě k) 104 Part Three Industrial Dynamics, Regionalization and the Conjunctural Economy of Global Production Networks 135 6 Theorizing Transition and the Dynamics of Capital: The Diverse Trajectories of Post‐socialist Firms (withRobert Begg, Milan Buček, Poli Roukova, and Rudolf Pastor) 137 7 Border Reconfigurations and the Frontiers of Capital (with Robert Begg, Milan Buček, and Rudolf Pastor) 162 8 Regionalization and the Palimpsests of Production: Delocalization, Legacies and Firm Differentiation (with Robert Begg and Poli Roukova) 182 9 The Cultural Economies of Post‐Socialism: Ethnicity, Garage Firms and Regional Markets (with Robert Begg and Poli Roukova) 214 Part Four Conclusion 237 10 Conclusion 239 Appendix 1 Firm-level Restructuring in the Slovak Textiles and Clothing Sector, 2004–2013 253 Appendix 2 Key to Figure 9.14 Dimitrovgrad Market, 2011 257 References 260 Index 281

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Book SynopsisPresents an up-to-date description of current and new hydraulic fracturing processes Details Emerging Technologies such as Fracture Treatment Design, Open Hole Fracturing, Screenless Completions, Sand Control, Fracturing Completions and ProductivityCovers Environmental Impact issues including Geological Disturbance; Chemicals used in Fracturing; General Chemicals; Toxic Chemicals; and Air, Water, Land, and Health impactsProvides many process diagrams as well as tables of feedstocks and their respective productsTable of ContentsPreface vii 1 Definitions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.2.1 Petroleum 5 1.2.2 Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 8 1.2.3 Opportunity Crudes 13 1.2.4 High-Acid Crude Oil 14 1.2.5 Foamy Oil 15 1.2.6 Heavy Oil 15 1.2.7 Extra Heavy Oil 16 1.2.8 Tar Sand Bitumen 16 1.2.9 Natural Gas 17 1.2.10 Shale Gas 19 1.2.11 Coalbed Methane (CBM) 21 1.2.12 Other Sources of Gas 22 1.3 Unconventional Oil 23 References 23 2 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Sedimentary Rocks 30 2.2.1 Types 30 2.2.2 Characteristics 31 2.3 Reservoir Evaluation 32 2.3.1 Structural Types 35 2.3.2 Heterogeneity 36 2.3.3 Porosity and Permeability 37 2.4 Tight Formations 40 2.5 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids 42 2.5.1 Sampling Methods 46 2.5.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC 49 References 51 3 Oil and Gas Production 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Well Completion and Production 57 3.2.1 Well Completion 57 3.2.2 Production Methods 63 3.2.3 Fracturing Methods 73 3.3 Bitumen Recovery From Tar Sand Deposits 77 3.3.1 Mining Methods 78 3.3.2 Nonmining Methods 79 3.4 Sand Control 82 3.4.1 Methods 82 3.4.2 Guidelines for Process Selection 85 References 85 4 Analysis and Properties of Fluids 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Crude Oil 93 4.2.1 Sampling 94 4.2.2 Physical Properties 96 4.2.3 Thermal Properties 102 4.2.4 Fractionation 108 4.2.5 Molecular Weight 110 4.3 Natural Gas 112 4.3.1 Sampling 114 4.3.2 Test Methods 115 References 118 5 Hydraulic Fracturing 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Formation Evaluation 133 5.2.1 Geologic Evaluation 137 5.2.2 Geotechnical Evaluation 137 5.2.3 Formation Integrity 140 5.2.4 Permeability 140 5.2.5 Porosity 141 5.2.6 Saturation 141 5.2.7 Capillary Pressure 141 5.2.8 Logging Analysis 142 5.2.9 Mechanical Properties 143 5.3 The Fracturing Process 143 5.3.1 Equipment 144 5.3.2 Fracture Patterns 148 5.3.3 Well Development 150 5.3.4 Pneumatic Fracturing 151 5.4 Fractures 152 5.4.1 Fracture Geometry 155 5.4.2 Fracture Optimization 157 5.5 Fracture Monitoring 157 5.5.1 Monitoring 158 5.5.2 Aids in Production 160 References 160 6 Fracturing Fluids 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Properties 169 6.3 Types of Fluids 174 6.3.1 Water-Based Fluids 175 6.3.2 Foam-Based Fluids 178 6.3.3 Oil-Based Fluids 178 6.3.4 Acid-Based Fluids 179 6.3.5 Alcohol-Based Fluids 179 6.3.6 Emulsion-Based Fluids 180 6.3.7 Cryogenic Fluids 180 6.4 Additives 181 6.4.1 Fluid-Loss Additives 183 6.4.2 Clay Stabilizers 183 6.4.3 Gel Breakers 184 6.4.4 Bactericides/Biocides 185 6.4.5 pH Control 186 6.4.6 Friction Reducers 186 6.4.7 Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 186 6.4.8 Viscosity Stabilizers 187 6.5 Acidizing 187 6.5.1 Formation Type 188 6.5.2 Formation Permeability 189 6.5.3 Operational Considerations 189 6.5.4 Environmental Management 191 References 191 7 Proppants 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Types 197 7.2.1 Silica Sand 197 7.2.2 Resin-Coated Proppant 198 7.2.3 Manufactured Ceramic Materials 199 7.2.4 Other Types 200 7.3 Properties 200 7.3.1 Downhole Scaling 201 7.3.2 Embedment 202 7.3.3 Flowback 203 7.3.4 Fracture Conductivity 204 7.3.5 Pack Rearrangement 205 7.3.6 Permeability 205 7.3.7 Production and Migration of Fines 206 7.3.8 Shape, Size, and Concentration 207 7.3.9 Stress 208 7.4 Proppant Selection and Transport 209 7.4.1 Selection 210 7.4.2 Transport 212 References 213 8 Environmental Impact 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Geological Disturbance 221 8.3 Chemicals Used in Fracturing 224 8.4 Environmental Effects 227 8.4.1 Air 230 8.4.2 Water 230 8.4.3 Surface Effects 234 8.4.4 Health Effects 239 8.4.5 Seismic Effects 239 8.5 The Future 240 8.5.1 The Process 240 8.5.2 The Environment 241 References 244 Glossary 249 Conversion Factors 283 Index 285

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Book SynopsisElectrokinetics is a term applied to a group of physicochemical phenomena involving the transport of charges, action of charged particles, effects of applied electric potential and fluid transport in various porous media to allow for a desired migration or flow to be achieved. These phenomena include electrokinetics, electroosmosis, ion migration, electrophoresis, streaming potential and electroviscosity. These phenomena are closely related and all contribute to the transport and migration of different ionic species and chemicals in porous media. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of a porous medium and the pore fluid, and the magnitudes of the applied electrical potential all impact the direction and velocity of the fluid flow. Also, an electrical potential is generated upon the forced passage of fluid carrying charged particles through a porous medium. The use of electrokinetics in the field of petroleum and environmental engineering was groundbreaking when George Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to Electrokinetics 1 1.1 Factors Influencing Electrokinetic Phenomena 2 1.2 Zeta Potential and the Electric Double Layer Interaction 3 1.3 Coehn’s Rule 8 1.4 Combined Flow Rate Equation 9 1.5 Dewatering of Soils 11 1.6 Use of Electrokinetics for Stabilization of Week Grounds 13 1.7 Bioelectroremediation 14 1.8 Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) 16 1.9 Improving Acidizing of Carbonates 18 1.10 Economic Feasibility 20 1.11 Releasing Stuck Drillpipe 22 1.12 Summary 23 Bibliography 24 2 Reduction of Contaminants In Soil and Water By Direct Electric Current 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Overview of Direct Electric Current in Subsurface Environmental Mitigation 34 2.3 Electrokinetically-Aided Environmental Mitigation 54 2.4 Transport and Extraction of Crude Oil 83 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 92 References 94 3 Application of Electrokinetics for Enhanced Oil Recovery 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries 105 3.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation 107 3.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery 109 3.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery 110 3.6 DCEOR and Energy Storage 112 3.7 Electro-chemical Basis for DCEOR 115 3.8 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer 119 3.9 DCEOR Field Operations 126 3.10 DCEOR Field Demonstrations 132 3.11 Produced Fluid Changes 138 3.12 Laboratory Measurements 140 3.13 Technology Comparisons 144 3.14 Summary 146 Nomenclature 148 References 149 Websites 155 4 EEOR in Carbonate Reservoirs 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Electrically Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) – EK Assisted WF 158 4.3 SMART (Simultaneous/Sequential Modified Assisted Recovery Techniques) 159 4.4 (SMAR EOR) Electrokinetic-Assisted Nano-Flooding/Surfactant-Flooding 161 4.5 Electrokinetics-Assisted Waterflooding with Low Concentration of HCl 166 4.6 Effect of EEOR and SMART EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs at Reservoir Conditions 168 Conclusions 171 Nomenclature 172 References 173 5 Mathematical Modeling of Electrokinetic Transport and Enhanced Oil Recovery in Porous Geo-Media 177 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Basics of EK Transport Modeling 178 5.3 Fundamental Governing Equations 179 5.4 Mathematical Model and Solution of Ek Transport 188 5.5 EK Mass Transport Models 191 5.6 Coupling of Electrical and Pressure Gradients 194 5.7 Mathematical Modeling of EKEOR 197 5.8 Fundamental Governing Equations for EKEOR Model 197 5.9 Solution Strategy 220 5.10 Numerical Implementation 224 5.11 Summary 229 References 229 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThis is the fifth volume in a series of books focusing on natural gas engineering, focusing on the extraction and disposal of acid gas. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas. There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the extraction and disposal of acid gas, including testing, reservoir simulations, acid gas injection, and natural gas hydrate formations. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing seriesTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Rate-Base Simulations of Absorption Processes; Fata Morgana or Panacea? 1 P.J.G. Huttenhuis and G.F. Versteeg 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Procede Process Simulator (PPS) 2 1.3 Mass Transfer Fundamentals 3 1.4 CO2 Capture Case 8 1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 15 References 16 2 Modelling in Acid Gas Removal Processes 17 Alan E. Mather 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria 18 2.3 Modelling 21 2.3.1 Empirical Models 22 2.3.2 Activity Coefficient Models 22 2.3.3 Two (and more) Solvent Models 23 2.3.4 Single Solvent Models 24 2.3.5 Equation of State Models 24 2.4 Conclusions 25 References 26 3 Thermodynamic Approach of CO2 Capture, Combination of Experimental Study and Modeling 29 Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Thermodynamic Model 31 3.3 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Solutions of Alkanolamines 32 3.4 Conclusion 35 References 36 4 Employing Simulation Software for Optimized Carbon Capture Process 39 Wafa Said-Ibrahim, Irina Rumyantseva, and Manya Garg 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Acid Gas Cleaning – Process and Business Goals 40 4.3 Modeling Gas Treating in Aspen HYSYSR 42 4.3.1 Inbuilt Thermodynamics 43 4.3.2 Rate-Based Distillation in Aspen HYSYS 44 4.4 Conclusion 45 References 46 5 Expectations from Simulation 47 R. Scott Alvis, Nathan A. Hatcher, and Ralph H. Weiland 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Realism 48 5.2.1 Conclusion 1 49 5.2.2 Conclusion 2 50 5.2.3 Conclusion 3 50 5.2.4 Conclusion 4 51 5.3 Reliability of Simulation Data: What’s Data and What’s Not 52 5.3.1 Conclusion 5 54 5.3.2 Conclusion 6 54 5.3.3 Conclusion 7 55 5.3.4 Conclusion 8 55 5.4 Case Studies 56 5.4.1 Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Revamp 56 5.4.2 Treating a Refinery Fuel Gas 58 5.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal in an LNG Unit 60 5.4.4 Tail Gas Treating 65 5.5 Concluding Remarks 67 References 67 6 Calorimetry in Aqueous Solutions of Demixing Amines for Processes in CO2 Capture 69 Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam 6.1 Introduction 70 6.2 Chemicals 72 6.3 Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium 73 6.4 Mixing Enthalpies of {Water-Amine} and {Water-Amine-CO2} 75 6.4.1 Excess Enthalpies 77 6.4.2 Enthalpies of Solution 78 6.5 Acknowledgements 79 References 79 7 Speciation in Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separating Solutions of Aqueous Amines for Carbon Capture Applications by Raman Spectroscopy 81 O. Fandiño, M. Yacyshyn, J.S. Cox, and P.R. Tremaine 7.1 Introduction 81 7.2 Experimental 84 7.2.1 Materials 84 7.2.2 Sample Preparation 84 7.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurements 85 7.2.4 Methodology Validation 86 7.2.5 Laser Selection Optimization 86 7.3 Results and Discussion 87 7.3.1 Ammonium Carbamate System 87 7.3.2 Methylpiperidine Band Identification 88 7.3.3 (N-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 89 7.3.4 (2-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 90 7.3.5 (4-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 91 7.4 Conclusions 91 7.5 Acknowledgements 92 References 93 8 A Simple Model for the Calculation of Electrolyte Mixture Viscosities 95 Marco A. Satyro and Harvey W. Yarranton 8.1 Introduction 95 8.2 The Expanded Fluid Viscosity Model 98 8.3 Results and Discussion 99 8.3.1 EF Model for Salts Neglecting Dissociation 100 8.3.2 EF Model for Ionic Species 102 8.4 Conclusions 104 References 104 9 Phase Equilibria Investigations of Acid Gas Hydrates: Experiments and Modelling 107 Zachary T. Ward, Robert A. Marriott, and Carolyn A. Koh 9.1 Introduction 107 9.2 Experimental Methods 108 9.3 Results and Discussion 110 9.4 Conclusions 112 9.5 Acknowledgements 112 References 112 10 Thermophysical Properties, Hydrate and Phase Behaviour Modelling in Acid Gas-Rich Systems 115 Antonin Chapoy, Rod Burgass, Bahman Tohidi, Martha Hajiw, and Christophe Coquelet 10.1 Introduction 116 10.2 Experimental Setups and Procedures 117 10.2.1 Saturation and Dew Pressure Measurements and Procedures 117 10.2.2 Hydrate Dissociation Measurements and Procedures 119 10.2.3 Water Content Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.4 Viscosity and Density Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.5 Frost Point Measurements and Procedures 120 10.2.6 Materials 121 10.3 Thermodynamic and Viscosity Modelling 122 10.3.1 Fluid and Hydrate Phase Equilibria Model 122 10.4 Results and Discussions 128 10.5 Conclusions 136 10.6 Acknowledgements 136 References 136 11 “Self-Preservation” of Methane Hydrate in Pure Water and (Water + Diesel Oil + Surfactant) Dispersed Systems 141 Xinyang Zeng, Changyu Sun, Guangjin Chen, Fenghe Zhou, and Qidong Ran 11.1 Introduction 142 11.2 Experiments 142 11.2.1 Material 142 11.2.2 Apparatus 143 11.2.3 Experimental Procedure 146 11.3 Results and Discussion 146 11.3.1 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in Low Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 146 11.3.2 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in High Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 148 11.3.3 The Effect of Different Surfactants on Self-Preservation Effect in Different Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 149 11.4 Conclusions 151 11.5 Acknowledgement 151 References 151 12 The Development of Integrated Multiphase Flash Systems 153 Carl Landra, Yau-Kun Li, and Marco A. Satyro 12.1 Introduction 154 12.2 Algorithmic Challenges 155 12.3 Physical-Chemical Challenges 156 12.4 Why Solids? 156 12.5 Equation of State Modifications 157 12.6 Complex Liquid-Liquid Phase Behaviour 160 12.7 Hydrate Calculations 162 12.7 Conclusions and Future Work 165 References 167 13 Reliable PVT Calculations – Can Cubics Do It? 169 Herbert Loria, Glen Hay, Carl Landra, and Marco A. Satyro 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Two Parameter Equations of State 171 13.3 Two Parameter Cubic Equations of State Using Volume Translation 172 13.4 Three Parameter Cubic Equations of State 175 13.5 Four Parameter Cubic Equations of State 177 13.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 177 References 180 14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Predictions of Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures using the CPA, SRK, PR, SAFT, and PC-SAFT Equations of State 183 M. Naveed Khan, Pramod Warrier, Cor J. Peters, and Carolyn A. Koh 14.1 Introduction 184 14.2 Results and Discussion 185 14.3 Conclusions 188 14.4 Acknowledgements 188 References 188 15 Capacity Control Considerations for Acid Gas Injection Systems 191 James Maddocks 15.1 Introduction 191 15.2 Requirement for Capacity Control 192 15.3 Acid Gas Injection Systems 196 15.4 Compressor Design Considerations 197 15.5 Capacity Control in Reciprocating AGI Compressors 199 15.6 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/PD Pump Combinations 213 15.7 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/Centrifugal Pump Combinations 215 15.8 Capacity Control When Using Screw Compressors 215 15.9 Capacity Control When Using Centrifugal Compression 218 15.10 System Stability 219 15.11 Summary 220 Reference 220 16 Review and Testing of Radial Simulations of Plume Expansion and Confirmation of Acid Gas Containment Associated with Acid Gas Injection in an Underpressured Clastic Carbonate Reservoir 221 Alberto A. Gutierrez and James C. Hunter 16.1 Introduction 222 16.2 Site Subsurface Geology 223 16.2.1 General Stratigraphy and Structure 224 16.2.2 Geology Observed in AGI #1 and AGI #2 227 16.3 Well Designs, Drilling and Completions 227 16.3.1 AGI #1 228 16.3.2 AGI #2 231 16.4 Reservoir Testing and Modeling 232 16.4.1 AGI #1 233 16.4.2 Linam AGI #2 233 16.4.3 Comparison of Reservoir between Wells 234 16.4.4 Initial Radial Model and Plume Prediction 234 16.4.5 Confirmation of Plume Migration Model and Integrity of Caprock 236 16.5 Injection History and AGI #1 Responses 236 16.6 Discussion and Conclusions 238 References 241 17 Three-Dimensional Reservoir Simulation of Acid Gas Injection in Complex Geology – Process and Practice 243 Liaqat Ali and Russell E. Bentley 17.1 Introduction 244 17.2 Step by Step Approach to a Reservoir Simulation Study for Acid Gas Injection 245 17.3 Seismic Data and Interpretation 245 17.4 Geological Studies 246 17.5 Petrophysical Studies 246 17.6 Reservoir Engineering Analysis 247 17.7 Static Modeling 247 17.8 Reservoir Simulation 248 17.9 Case History 249 17.10 Injection Interval Structure and Modeling 249 17.11 Petrophysical Modeling and Development of Static Model 250 17.12 Injection Zone Characterization 251 17.13 Reservoir Simulation 253 17.14 Summary and Conclusions 256 References 257 18 Production Forecasting of Fractured Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Discontinuous Micro-Fractures 259 Qi Qian, Weiyao Zhu, and Jia Deng 18.1 Introduction 260 18.2 Multi-Scale Flow in Shale Gas Reservoir 261 18.2.1 Multi-scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 261 18.2.2 Adsorption – Desorption Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 263 18.3 Physical Model and Solution of Fractured Well of Shale Gas Reservoir 264 18.3.1 The Dual Porosity Spherical Model with Micro-Fractures Surface Layer 264 18.3.2 The Establishment and Solvement of Seepage Mathematical Model 266 18.4 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Sensitive Parameters 273 18.5 Conclusions 277 18.6 Acknowledgements 278 References 278 19 Study on the Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Theory of Shale Gas Reservoir 281 Weiyao Zhu, Jia Deng, and Qi Qian 19.1 Introduction 282 19.2 Multi-Scale Flowstate Analyses of the Shale Gas Reservoirs 283 19.3 Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Shale Gas Reservoir 285 19.3.1 Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Nano-Micro Pores 285 19.3.2 Multi-Scale Seepage Model Considering of Diffusion, Slippage 288 19.3.3 Darcy Flow in Micro Fractures and Fractured Fractures 289 19.4 Transient Flow Model of Composite Fracture Network System 291 19.5 Production Forecasting 294 19.6 Conclusions 298 19.7 Acknowledgements 299 References 299 20 CO2 EOR and Sequestration Technologies in PetroChina 301 Yongle Hu, Xuefei Wang, and Mingqiang Hao 20.1 Introduction 302 20.2 Important Progress in Theory and Technology 302 20.2.1 The Miscible Phase Behaviour of Oil-CO2 System 302 20.2.2 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Engineering Technology 304 20.2.3 Separated Layer CO2 Flooding, Wellbore Anti-Corrosion and High Efficiency Lift Technology 306 20.2.4 Long Distance Pipeline Transportation and Injection Technology 306 20.2.5 Produced Fluid Treatment for CO2 Flooding and Cycling Gas Injection Technology 306 20.2.6 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Monitoring, Performance Analysis Technology 307 20.2.7 Potential Evaluation for CO2 Flooding and Storage 308 20.3 Progress of Pilot Area 311 20.3.1 Block Hei59 312 20.3.2 Block Hei79 313 20.4 Conclusions 315 20.5 Acknowledgements 316 References 317 21 Study on the Microscopic Residual Oil of CO2 Flooding for Extra-High Water-Cut Reservois 319 Zengmin Lun, Rui Wang, Chengyuan Lv, Shuxia Zhao, Dongjiang Lang, and Dong Zhang 21.1 Introduction 319 21.2 Overview of CO2 EOR Mechanisms for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 320 21.3 Experimental Microscopic Residual Oil Distribution of CO2 Flooding for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 321 21.3.1 NMR Theory 321 21.3.2 In situ NMR Test for Water Flooding and CO2 Flooding 322 21.4 Displacement Characteristics of CO2 Flooding and Improve Oil Recovery Method for Post CO2 Flooding 325 21.4.1 CO2 Displacement Characteristics for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 325 21.4.2 Improved Oil Recovery for Post CO2 Flooding 326 21.5 Conclusions 327 References 328 22 Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Geological Utilization and Storage in China: A Review 331 Qi Li, Ranran Song, Xuehao Liu, Guizhen Liu, and Yankun Sun 22.1 Introduction 332 22.2 Status of CCUS in China 332 22.3 Monitoring of CCUS 336 22.3.1 Monitoring Technology at Home and Abroad 336 22.3.2 U-tube Sampling System 341 22.3.3 Monitoring Technologies in China’s CCUS Projects 341 22.4 Monitoring Technology of China’s Typical CCUS Projects 343 22.4.1 Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project 343 22.4.2 Shengli CO2-EOR Project 345 22.5 Environmental Governance and Monitoring Trends in China 345 22.6 Conclusion 351 22.7 Acknowledgements 352 References 352 23 Separation of Methane from Biogas by Absorption-Adsorption Hybrid Method 359 Yong Pan, Zhe Zhang, Xiong-Shi Tong, Hai Li, Xiao-Hui Wang, Bei Liu,Chang-Yu Sun, Lan-Ying Yang, and Guang-Jin Chen 23.1 Introduction 359 23.2 Experiments 361 23.2.1 Experimental Apparatus 361 23.2.2 Materials 362 23.2.3 Synthesis and Activation of ZIF-67 363 23.2.4 Gas-Slurry Equilibrium Experiments 363 23.2.5 Data Processing 364 23.2.6 Breakthrough Experiment 366 23.3 Results and Discussions 367 23.3.1 Adsorbent Characterization 367 23.3.2 Ab-Adsorption Isothermal 368 23.3.3 Breakthrough Experiment 370 23.4 Conclusions 374 23.5 Acknowledgements 374 References 374 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis is the sixth volume in a series of books on natural gas engineering, focusing carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and acid gas injection. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on well modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas. There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the CO2 capture and acid gas injection, including testing, reservoir simulations, and natural gas hydrate formations. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant toTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Enthalpies of Carbon Dioxide-Methane and Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen Mixtures: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 1Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Enthalpy 2 1.3 Literature Review 2 1.3.1 Carbon Dioxide-Methane 4 1.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen 4 1.4 Calculations 5 1.4.1 Benedict-Webb-Rubin 6 1.4.2 Lee-Kesler 12 1.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 17 1.4.4 Peng-Robinson 23 1.4.5 AQUAlibrium 28 1.5 Discussion 33 1.6 Conclusion 36 References 37 2 Enthalpies of Hydrogen Sulfide-Methane Mixture: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 39Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Enthalpy 40 2.3 Literature Review 40 2.4 Calculations 41 2.4.1 Lee-Kesler 41 2.4.2 Benedict-Webb-Rubin 43 2.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 43 2.4.4 Redlich-Kwong 47 2.4.5 Peng-Robinson 47 2.4.6 AQUAlibrium 50 2.5 Discussion 50 2.6 Conclusion 52 References 54 3 Phase Behavior and Reaction Thermodynamics Involving Dense-Phase CO2 Impurities 55J.A. Commodore, C.E. Deering and R.A. Marriott 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Experimental 57 3.3 Results and Discussion 58 3.3.1 Phase Behavior Studies of SO2 Dissolved in Dense CO2 Fluid 58 3.3.2 The Densimetric Properties of CS2 and CO2 Mixtures 60 References 61 4 Sulfur Recovery in High Density CO2 Fluid 63S. Lee and R.A. Marriott 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Literature Review 64 4.3 Methodology 65 4.4 Results and Discussion 66 4.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 67 References 68 5 Carbon Capture Performance of Seven Novel Immidazolium and Pyridinium Based Ionic Liquids 71Mohamed Zoubeik, Mohanned Mohamedali and Amr Henni 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Experimental Work 73 5.2.1 Materials 73 5.2.2 Density Measurement 73 5.2.3 Solubility Measurement 73 5.3 Modeling 76 5.3.1 Calculation of Henry’s Law Constants 76 5.3.2 Critical Properties Calculations 76 5.3.3 Peng Robinson EoS 76 5.4 Results and Discussion 77 5.4.1 Density 77 5.4.2 Critical Properties 77 5.4.3 CO2 Solubility 78 5.4.4 The Effect of Changing the Cation 81 5.4.5 The Effect of Changing the Anion 84 5.4.6 Henry’s Law Constant, Enthalpy and Entropy Calculations 85 5.4.7 Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2 Solubility 86 5.5 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 6 Vitrisol a 100% Selective Process for H2S Removal in the Presence of CO2 91W.N. Wermink, N. Ramachandran, and G.F. Versteeg 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Case Definition 94 6.3 “Amine-Treated” Cases by PPS 95 6.3.1 Introduction to PPS 95 6.3.2 Process Description 96 6.3.3 PFD 97 6.3.4 Results 97 6.3.4.1 Case 1 97 6.3.4.2 Case 2 97 6.4 VitrisolƒòƒnProcess Extended with Regeneration of Active Component 99 6.4.1 Technology Description 99 6.4.2 Parameters Determining the Process Boundary Conditions 99 6.4.3 Absorption Section 101 6.4.4 Regeneration Section 102 6.4.5 Sulphur Recovery Section 104 6.4.6 CO2-Absorber 105 6.4.7 PFD 105 6.5 Results 105 6.6 Discussion 110 6.6.1 Comparison of Amine Treating Solutions to Vitrisolƒòƒn110 6.6.2 Enhanced H2S Removal of Barnett Shale Gas (case 2) 112viii Contents 6.7 Conclusions 113 6.8 Notation 115 References 115 Appendix 6-A: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Amine Process 117 Appendix 6-B H&M Balance of Case 2a (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process with Stripper Promoter 119 Appendix 6-C H&M Balance of Case 3 (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process (MEA) 121 Appendix 6-D: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Vitrisolƒnprocess 123 Appendix 6-E H&M Balance of Case 2 (Barnett shale) of the VitrisolƒnProcess 125 7 New Amine Based Solvents for Acid Gas Removal 127Yohann Coulier, Elise El Ahmar, Jean-Yves Coxam, Elise Provost, Didier Dalmazzone, Patrice Paricaud, Christophe Coquelet and Karine Ballerat-Busserolles 7.1 Introduction 128 7.2 Chemicals and Materials 131 7.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 131 7.3.1 LLE in {methylpiperidines – H2O} and {methylpiperidines – H2O – CO2} 131 7.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {Amine – H2O – Glycol} 135 7.3.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Quaternary Systems {CO2 – NMPD – TEG – H2O} 136 7.4 Densities and Heat Capacities of Ternary Systems {NMPD – H2O – Glycol} 137 7.4.1 Densities 137 7.4.2 Specific Heat Capacities 137 7.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {NMPD – TEG – H2O – CO2} 139 7.6 Enthalpies of Solution 140 7.7 Discussion and Conclusion 143 Acknowledgments 143 References 144Contents ix 8 Improved Solvents for CO2 Capture by Molecular Simulation Methodology 147William R. Smith 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 Physical and Chemical Models 149 8.3 Molecular-Level Models and Algorithms for Thermodynamic Property Predictions 150 8.4 Molecular-Level Models and Methodology for MEA–H2O–CO2 153 8.4.1 Extensions to Other Alkanolamine Solvents and Their Mixtures 155 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 9 Strategies for Minimizing Hydrocarbon Contamination in Amine Acid Gas for Reinjection 161Mike Sheilan, Ben Spooner and David Engel 9.1 Introduction 162 9.2 Amine Sweetening Process 162 9.3 Hydrocarbons in Amine 164 9.4 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Acid Gas Reinjection System 166 9.5 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Amine Plant 167 9.6 Minimizing Hydrocarbon Content in Amine Acid Gas 171 9.6.1 Option 1. Optimization of the Amine Plant Operation 171 9.6.2 Option 2. Amine Flash Tanks 176 9.6.3 Option 3. Rich Amine Liquid Coalescers 178 9.6.4 Option 4. Use of Skimming Devices 180 9.6.5 Option 5. Technological Solutions 182 References 183 10 Modeling of Transient Pressure Response for CO2 Flooding Process by Incorporating Convection and Diffusion Driven Mass Transfer 185Jianli Li and Gang Zhao 10.1 Introduction 186 10.2 Model Development 187 10.2.1 Pressure Diffusion 187 10.2.2 Mass Transfer 188 10.2.3 Solutions 190x Contents 10.3 Results and Discussion 191 10.3.1 Flow Regimes 191 10.3.2 Effect of Mass Transfer 192 10.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 195 10.3.3.1 CO2 Bank 195 10.3.3.2 Reservoir Outer Boundary 196 10.4 Conclusions 196 Acknowledgments 197 References 197 11 Well Modeling Aspects of CO2 Sequestration 199Liaqat Ali and Russell E. Bentley 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Delivery Conditions 200 11.3 Reservoir and Completion Data 201 11.4 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) and Injectivity Index 201 11.5 Equation of State (EOS) 202 11.6 Vertical Flow Performance (VFP) Curves 205 11.7 Impact of the Well Deviation on CO2 Injection 208 11.8 Implication of Bottom Hole Temperature (BHT) on Reservoir 209 11.9 Impact of CO2 Phase Change 213 11.10 Injection Rates, Facility Design Constraints and Number of Wells Required 214 11.11 Wellhead Temperature Effect on VFP Curves 214 11.12 Effect of Impurities in CO2 on VFP Curves 216 11.13 Concluding Remarks 217 Conversion Factors 218 References 218 12 Effects of Acid Gas Reinjection on Enhanced Natural Gas Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage: Investigation of the Right Bank of the Amu Darya River 221Qi Li, Xiaying Li, Zhiyong Niu, Dongqin Kuang, Jianli Ma, Xuehao Liu, Yankun Sun and Xiaochun Li 12.1 Introduction 222 12.2 The Amu Darya Right Bank Gas Reservoirs in Turkmenistan 223Contents xi 12.3 Model Development 223 12.3.1 State equation 224 12.3.1.1 Introduction of Traditional PR State Equation 224 12.3.1.2 Modifications for the Vapor-Aqueous System 224 12.3.2 Salinity 225 12.3.3 Diffusion 226 12.3.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients 226 12.3.3.2 The Cross-Phase Diffusion Coefficients 226 12.4 Simulation Model 227 12.4.1 Model Parameters 227 12.4.2 Grid-Sensitive Research of the Model 227 12.4.3 The Development and Exploitation Mode 230 12.5 Results and Discussion 230 12.5.1 Reservoir Pressure 230 12.5.2 Gas Sequestration 232 12.5.3 Production 235 12.5.4 Recovery Ratio and Recovery Percentage 238 12.6 Conclusions 239 12.7 Acknowledgments 240 References 241 Index 245

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Book SynopsisIntroducing a new practical approach within the field of applied mechanics developed to solve beam strength and bending problems using classical beam theory and beam modeling, this outstanding new volume offers the engineer, scientist, or student a revolutionary new approach to subsea pipeline design. Integrating use of the Mathematica program into these models and designs, the engineer can utilize this unique approach to build stronger, more efficient and less costly subsea pipelines, a very important phase of the world''s energy infrastructure. Significant advances have been achieved in implementation of the applied beam theory in various engineering design technologies over the last few decades, and the implementation of this theory also takes an important place within the practical area of re-qualification and reassessment for onshore and offshore pipeline engineering. A general strategy of applying beam theory into the design procedure of subsea pipelines has been develoTable of ContentsList of Figures xiii Abstract xvii Preface xix List of Symbols xxiii Acronyms xxv PART I CLASSICAL BEAM THEORY: PROBLEMSET AND TRADITIONAL METHOD OF SOLUTION 1 Euler's beam approach: Linear theory of Beam Bending 3 1.1 Objective to the part I 3 1.2 Scope for part I 3 1.3 Theory of Euler’s beam: How to utilize general beam theory for solving the problems in question? 4 1.3.1 Short history of beam theory 4 1.3.2 General Euler – Bernoulli method: Traditional approach 5 1.3.3 Loading considerations (from Wikipedia). Symbolic solutions 8 PART II STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS: CLASSICAL APPROACH 2 Beam in classical evaluations 13 2.1 Fixed both edges beam 13 2.1.1 Problem set and traditional method of solution: Unknown reactions 13 2.1.2 The equations of beam equilibrium 15 2.1.3 Differential equation of beam bending 16 2.1.4 The boundary conditions for a beam 16 2.1.5 The solution for forces and moments 17 2.1.6 Visualizations of solutions 17 2.1.7 Well-known results from "black box" program 20 2.2 Fixed beam with a leg in the middle part 20 2.2.1 Problem set 20 2.2.2 Static equations 22 2.2.3 Differential equations for the deflections of the spans 23 2.2.4 Transmission and boundary conditions 24 2.2.5 Reactions 24 2.2.6 Visualizations of the symbolic solutions 24 PART III NEW METHOD OF SYMBOLIC EVALUATIONS IN THE BEAMTHEORY 3 New method for solving beam static equations 33 3.1 Objective 33 3.2 Problem set 34 3.3 Boundary conditions 37 3.4 New practical application for Classical Beam Theory: Uniform load 38 3.4.1 Elementary Problems: Rectangular Load Distributions. Hinge and roller supporters of beam 38 3.5 Statically indeterminate beams 46 3.5.1 Objective 46 3.5.2 Problem b): Rectangular load distribution 47 3.5.3 Problem c): Pointed force 50 3.5.4 Problem d): Moment at the point 57 3.5.5 Problem set: Beam with hinge at the edge 61 3.5.6 Problem set: Beam with weak stiff ness at edge 65 3.6 Statically indeterminate beams with a leg 68 3.6.1 Problem bb): Two spans 68 3.6.2 Exercises 75 3.7 Cantilever Beam: Point Force at the Free Edge 75 3.7.1 Simple cantilever beam 75 3.7.2 Cantilever Beam: Point Force in the middle part of the beam 78 3.8 Point Force in the middle part of the beam: Hinge and Roller 83 3.8.1 Simple beam: Mechanical Problem Set 83 3.8.2 Point Force in the middle part of the beam: Three-point bending 84 3.8.3 Exercise 87 3.8.4 Moment at the edge of beam 91 3.8.5 Fixed beam with the Hinge at the edge of the beam 94 3.9 Multispan beam 101 3.9.1 Symbolic evaluation for multispan beam 101 3.9.2 Example of strength of multispan beam: Symbolic solutions 106 3.9.3 Numerical solutions for a peak like force 111 3.9.4 Numerical and symbolic solutions formultispan beam 115 3.9.5 Fixed edges of multispan beam 121 PART IV BEAMS ON AN ELASTIC BED: APPLICATION OF THE NEWMETHOD 4 Beam installed at the elastic foundation: Rectangular load. Symbolic Evaluations 129 4.1 Beam at elastic bed: Problem set 129 4.2 Finited size beam at the Winkler bed: Fixed edges 130 PART V APPLICATIONS FOR SUBSEA PIPELINES: COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATIONS 5 Fixed beam on elastic bed: Symbolic Solutions for Point Force 141 5.1 Boundary problem: Uncertain constants method 142 5.2 Symbolic solution: Steel Pipeline at seabed 151 5.3 Fixed Pipeline on elastic seabed in Arctic: Iceberg's Dragging Load. Numeric solutions 156 5.3.1 Problem set. Iceberg load 156 5.3.2 Free beam on elastic bed: Narrow rectangular load 156 5.3.3 Free pipeline on elastic bed: Combined loads 164 PART VI INSTALLATION OF THE SUBSEA PIPELINE AT SHALLOWWATER: INSTALLATION MODE IN ARCTIC REGION 6 Linear quadratic control 173 6.1 Objective 173 6.2 Subsea pipeline on elastic seabed in Arctic region: Impact of Iceberg Dragging Force 174 6.3 Strength and stability of the subsea pipeline 178 6.4 Subsea pipeline in current: Subsea Current Dragging Force. Strength and Stability 186 PART VII SUBSEA PIPELINES IN ARCTIC REGION: PERSPECTIVE AND PROJECTS 7 Subsea Pipeline: Installation and Operation Stages 199 7.1 Linear Th eory of Bending of Pipeline 199 7.2 French Method of Installation with Lay Barge: MultiLayers Pipe 206 7.2.1 Theory of bending of multilayers pipe: Timoshenko's beam approximation 206 7.2.2 Subsea Pipeline Installation by S-method 208 7.2.3 Equilibrium of the sagging part of subsea pipeline 208 7.2.4 Symbolic Solutions of the Bending Shape of Subsea Pipeline 211 7.2.5 Bending Shape and Strength of Subsea Pipeline. Case 1 212 7.2.6 Numeric solution for French Installation Project. Case 2 223 7.2.7 Numeric solution for French Lay Barge Project. Case 3 229 PART VIII IMPACT OF ICEBERG ON SUBSEA PIPELINE: INSTALLATION MODE 8 Historical view: Arctic regions 239 8.1 Norway, Barents Sea 239 8.2 Russia: Prirazlomnoye (Off shore) 242 9 Subsea Pipeline in Arctic Region 245 9.1 Problem set 248 9.1.1 Design properties 248 9.1.2 Iceberg load 250 9.1.3 Mechanical model. Symbolic solutions 252 9.2 Strength of the Pipeline under Impact of Iceberg. Numeric solutions 255 Conclusion 267 References 269 Appendix A 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisAddresses materials, technology, and products that could help solve the global environmental crisis once commercialized This multidisciplinary book encompasses state-of-the-art research on the topics of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), and complements existing CCS technique publications with the newest research and reviews. It discusses key challenges involved in the CCS materials design, processing, and modeling and provides in-depth coverage of solvent-based carbon capture, sorbent-based carbon capture, membrane-based carbon capture, novel carbon capture methods, computational modeling, carbon capture materials including metal organic frameworks (MOF), electrochemical capture and conversion, membranes and solvents, and geological sequestration. Materials and Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion and Sequestration offers chapters on: Carbon Capture in Metal-Organic Frameworks; Metal Organic Frameworks Materials for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture; New Progress of Microporous Metal-OrgTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1 CARBON CAPTURE IN METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 1Mehrdad Asgari and Wendy L. Queen 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 The Importance of Carbon Dioxide Capture 1 1.1.2 Conventional Industrial Process of Carbon Capture and Limitations: Liquid Amines 3 1.1.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Synthesis 4 1.1.4 CCS Technologies and MOF Requirements 6 1.1.5 Molecule Specific 10 1.2 Understanding the Adsorption Properties of MOFs 11 1.2.1 Single-Component Isotherms 11 1.2.2 Multicomponent Adsorption 14 1.2.3 Experimental Breakthrough 15 1.2.4 In Situ Characterization 16 1.3 MOFs for Post-combustion Capture 30 1.3.1 Necessary Framework Properties for CO2 Capture 30 1.3.2 Assessing MOFs for CO2/N2 Separations 32 1.3.3 MOFs with Open Metal Coordination Sites (OMCs) 34 1.3.4 MOFs Containing Lewis Basic Sites 37 1.3.5 Stability and Competitive Binding in the Presence of H2O 45 1.4 MOFs for Pre-combustion Capture 48 1.4.1 Advantages of Pre-combustion Capture 48 1.4.2 Necessary Framework Properties for CO2 Capture 49 1.4.3 Potential MOF Candidates for CO2/H2 Separations 50 1.5 MOFs for Oxy-Fuel Combustion Capture 54 1.5.1 Necessary Framework Properties for O2/N2 Separations 54 1.5.2 Biological Inspiration for O2/N2 Separations in MOFs 55 1.5.3 Potential MOF Candidates for O2/N2 Separations 56 1.6 Future Perspectives and Outlook 61 Acknowledgments 63 References 63 2 METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS MATERIALS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE 79Anne M. Marti 2.1 Introduction: The Importance of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies 79 2.1.1 Post-combustion CO2 Capture Technologies 80 2.1.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks: Potential for Post-combustion CCS 82 2.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Sorbents 84 2.2.1 Criteria for Choosing the Best CO2 Sorbent 84 2.2.2 Discussion of Defined Sorbent Criteria 87 2.3 Metal–Organic Framework Membranes for CCS 99 2.3.1 Membrane Performance Defined 99 2.3.2 MOF Membrane Fabrication 102 2.4 Summary 104 References 104 3 NEW PROGRESS OF MICROPOROUS METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS IN CO2 CAPTURE AND SEPARATION 112Zhangjing Zhang, Jin Tao, Shengchang Xiang, Banglin Chen, and Wei Zhou 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 Survey of Typical MOF Adsorbents 116 3.2.1 CO2 Capture and Separation at Low Pressure 116 3.2.2 CO2 Capture and Separation at High Pressure 139 3.2.3 Capture CO2 Directly from Air 140 3.2.4 CO2/CH4 Separation 145 3.2.5 CO2/C2H2 Separation 148 3.2.6 Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 149 3.2.7 Humidity Effect 152 3.3 Zeolite Adsorbents in Comparison with MOFs 158 3.4 MOFs Membrane for CCS 163 3.5 Summary and Outlook 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 167 4 IN SITU DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF SELECTED METAL–ORGANIC FRAMEWORK MATERIALS FOR GUEST CAPTURE/EXCHANGE APPLICATIONS 180Winnie Wong-Ng 4.1 Introduction 180 4.1.1 Background 180 4.1.2 In Situ Diffraction Characterization 181 4.2 Apparatus for In Situ Diffraction Studies 182 4.2.1 Single-Crystal Diffraction Applications 182 4.2.2 Powder Diffraction Applications 185 4.3 In Situ Single-Crystal Diffraction Studies of MOFs 186 4.3.1 Thermally Induced Reversible Single Crystal-to-Single Crystal Transformation 187 4.3.2 Structure Transformation Induced by Presence of Guests 188 4.3.3 Dynamic CO2 Adsorption Behavior 190 4.3.4 Unstable Intermediate Stage During Guest Exchange 190 4.3.5 Mechanism of CO2 Adsorption 192 4.4 Powder Diffraction Studies of MOFs 193 4.4.1 Synchrotron/Neutron Diffraction Studies 193 4.4.2 Laboratory X-ray Diffraction Studies 204 4.5 Conclusion 207 References 207 5 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION 213Peng Zhang, Jingjing Tong, and Kevin Huang 5.1 Introduction 213 5.2 Current Electrochemical Methods for Carbon Capture and Conversion 214 5.2.1 Ambient-Temperature Approach 215 5.2.2 High-Temperature Approach 218 5.3 Development of High-Temperature Permeation Membranes for Electrochemical CO2 Capture and Conversion 224 5.3.1 Development of MECC Membranes 224 5.3.2 Development of MOCC Membranes 235 5.4 Summary and Outlook 255 Acknowledgments 258 References 258 6 ELECTROCHEMICAL VALORIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN MOLTEN SALTS 267Huayi Yin and Dihua Wang 6.1 Introduction 267 6.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Molten Salt Electrolytes 269 6.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Alkali Metal Carbonates 269 6.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Alkaline-Earth Metal Carbonates 275 6.2.3 Thermodynamic Viewpoint of Variables Affecting Electrolytic Products 277 6.2.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Mixed Melts 278 6.3 Electrochemistry of Cathode and Anode 282 6.3.1 Electrochemical Reactions at the Cathode 282 6.3.2 Electrochemical Reaction Pathway of CO2 and CO3 (C or CO?) 285 6.3.3 Electrochemical Reaction at the Anode 287 6.4 Applications of Electrolytic Products 289 6.5 Conclusion and Prospects 289 Acknowledgments 292 References 292 7 MICROSTRUCTURAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CO2 STORAGE USING MULTI-SCALE X-RAY SCATTERING METHODS 296Greeshma Gadikota and Andrew Allen 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 Experimental Investigations of Subsurface CO2 Trapping Mechanisms 298 7.3 Comparison of Material Measurements Techniques for Microstructure Characterization 300 7.4 Usaxs/Saxs Instrumentation 302 7.5 Analyses of Ultrasmall- and Small-Angle Scattering Data 304 7.5.1 Determination of the Volume Fractions, Mean Volumes, and Radius of Gyration Using Guinier Approximation and Scattering Invariant 304 7.5.2 Determination of the Surface Area from the Porod Scattering Regime 305 7.5.3 Shapes and Size Distributions 305 7.5.4 Fractal Morphologies 306 7.6 USAXS/SAXS/WAXS Characterization of CO2 Interactions with Na-Montmorillonite 307 7.6.1 Experimental Methods 307 7.6.2 Results and Discussion 310 7.7 Summary 312 Acknowledgments 313 References 313 8 CONTRIBUTION OF DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY TO MICROPOROUS MATERIALS FOR CARBON CAPTURE 319Eric Cockayne 8.1 Microporous Solids 320 8.2 Overview of DFT 323 8.2.1 Local Density Approximation 324 8.2.2 General Gradient Approximation 325 8.2.3 Meta-GGAs 325 8.2.4 Hybrid Methods 325 8.2.5 DFT+U 326 8.2.6 Van der Waals (Dispersion) Forces 327 8.2.7 Accuracy of DFT 327 8.3 DFT: Applications 328 8.3.1 CO2 Location and Binding Energetics 329 8.3.2 Bandgap 332 8.3.3 Elastic Properties 332 8.3.4 Phonons 333 8.3.5 Thermodynamics 335 8.3.6 NMR 336 8.3.7 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 336 8.3.8 CO2 Diffusion 337 8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 337 References 338 9 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING STUDY OF MNO2 OCTAHEDRAL MOLECULAR SIEVES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE–CAPTURE APPLICATIONS 344I. Williamson, M. Lawson, E. B. Nelson, and L. Li 9.1 Introduction 344 9.2 Atomic Structure Versus Magnetic Ordering 345 9.3 Pore Size and Dimensionality 346 9.4 CO2 Sorption Behavior 347 9.4.1 Experimental Observations 347 9.4.2 DFT Studies 348 9.5 Comparison of Cation Dopant Types 348 9.5.1 Cation Effects on CO2 Sorption in OMS-2 349 9.6 OMS-5 351 9.7 Summary 353 References 354 Index 357

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Book SynopsisConsolidates the many different chemistries being employed to provide environmentally acceptable products through the upstream oil and gas industry This book discusses the development and application of green chemistry in the oil and gas exploration and production industry over the last 25 years bringing together the various chemistries that are utilised for creating suitable environmental products. Written by a highly respected consultant to the oil and gas industry it introduces readers to the principles and development of green chemistry in general, and the regulatory framework specific to the oil and gas sector in the North Sea area and elsewhere in the world. It also explores economic drivers pertaining to the application of green chemistry in the sector. Topics covered in Oilfield Chemistry and its Environmental Impact include polymer chemistry, surfactants and amphiphiles, phosphorus chemistry, inorganic salts, low molecular weight organics, silicon chemistry and green solvTable of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction and History 1 1.1 Demulsifiers 2 1.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 3 1.3 Drilling Fluids and Additives 4 1.4 Cementing 5 1.5 Well Stimulation and Improving Recovery 6 1.6 Water Treatments 8 1.7 Crude Oil Treatments 11 1.8 Other Chemical Products 13 1.9 Oilfield Chemistry 14 References 15 2 Polymer Chemistry 21 2.1 General Organic Polymers: Synthetic Polymers 23 2.2 Natural Polymers and Related Materials 46 2.3 Dendritic Polymers and Other Unclassified Polymers 68 2.4 Plastics, Fibres, Elastomers and Coatings 71 2.5 Polymer Application and Injection 73 2.6 Polymer Degradation and Biodegradation 76 2.7 Polymer Recycling and Reuse 91 2.8 Sustainable Polymers 92 References 93 3 Surfactants and Amphiphiles 111 3.1 How Surfactants Work 114 3.2 Anionic Surfactants 126 3.3 Non]ionic Surfactants 142 3.4 Cationic Surfactants 162 3.5 Amphoteric Surfactants 167 3.6 Polymeric and Other Surfactant Types 172 3.7 Biosurfactants, Natural Surfactants and Some Environmental Considerations 176 3.8 Oilfield Dispersants 179 3.9 Degradation, Biodegradation and Environmental Fate of Surfactants 181 References 190 4 Phosphorus Chemistry 211 4.1 Phosphates 212 4.2 Phosphonates and Phosphonic Acid Derivatives 214 4.3 Polyphosphonates 217 4.4 Phosphino Polymers and Polyphosphinate Derivatives 219 4.5 Phosphoric Esters (Phosphate Esters) 220 4.6 Phosphonium Quaternary Salts and Related Compounds 221 4.7 Phospholipids 223 4.8 Biophosphorus Chemistry and Environmental Considerations 224 References 227 5 Metals, Inorganic Salts and Other Inorganics 233 5.1 Alkali Metal Salts and Related Materials 233 5.2 Aluminium and Its Salts 247 5.3 Barium Salts 251 5.4 Boron and Its Compounds 253 5.5 Calcium and Its Salts 254 5.6 Halogens 258 5.7 Iron and Its Salts 265 5.8 Zinc and Its Salts 268 5.9 Other Metals, Other Inorganics and Related Compounds 270 5.10 Environmental Issues Relating to Metals and Inorganics 288 References 290 6 Low Molecular Weight Organic Chemicals and Related Additives 307 6.1 Organic Acids, Aldehydes and Related Derivatives 308 6.2 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers and Amines 325 6.3 Nitrogen Heterocycles 340 6.4 Sulphur and Oxygen Heterocycles 349 6.5 Other Heterocycles 351 6.6 Natural Products and Biological Molecules 355 6.7 Other Non]classified Products 363 6.8 Environmental Impact of Low Molecular Weight Organic Molecules 366 References 367 7 Silicon Chemistry 385 7.1 Silica 386 7.2 Silicates 389 7.3 Silicones and Silicone Polymers 394 References 400 8 Solvents, Green Solvents and Formulation Practices 405 8.1 How Solvents Work 405 8.2 Oilfield Solvents 407 8.3 The Environmental Impact of Solvents and Green Solvents 422 8.4 Formulation Practices 426 9 The Regulation and Control of the Use and Discharge of Chemicals in the Oilfield 457 9.1 Chemical Regulation in Europe: The OSPAR Treaty 458 9.2 Chemical Regulation in the United States 464 9.3 Chemical Regulation in Canada 467 9.4 Chemical Regulation in Australia 468 9.5 Other National Authorities 469 9.6 Conclusions and Critique 469 9.7 Further Conclusions 481 References 484 10 Sustainability and ‘Green’ Chemistry 489 10.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 489 10.2 Sustainable Development in the Oil and Gas Sector 491 10.3 The Environmental Fate of Chemicals in the Upstream Oil and Gas Sector 504 10.4 Environmental Pollution in the Oil and Gas Sector and Its Control 511 10.5 Life Cycle Management 513 10.6 ‘Green’ Chemistry 515 10.7 The Future of Oilfield Chemicals and Some General Conclusions 522Index 535

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"...an important book which should be purchased by all those involved both with the oil industry and with environmental topics." Edlard R. Adlard, Chromatographia (2019) 82:1423Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix About the Editors xxv Preface xxvii 1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization 1Nimir O. Elbashir 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Natural Gas Chain 2 1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas 4 1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels 9 1.5 Summary 13 Acknowledgment 13 References 13 2 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale GasWells in the Barnett Shales 15Rasha Hasaneen, Andrew Avalos, Nathan Sibley, and Mohammed Shammaa 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Shale Gas Operations 18 2.3 The Barnett Shale 22 2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel 22 2.5 Environmental Remediation ofWater and Seismic Impacts 24 2.6 Theoretical Calculations 28 2.7 Results and Discussion 35 2.8 Opportunities for Future Research 49 References 50 3 ThermodynamicModeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures 57Epaminondas Voutsas, Nefeli Novak, Vasiliki Louli, Georgia Pappa, Eirini Petropoulou, Christos Boukouvalas, Eleni Panteli, and Stathis Skouras 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Thermodynamic Models 61 3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points 64 3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates 70 3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process 75 3.6 Concluding Remarks 81 References 82 4 CO2 Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration 89Ahmed Farid Ibrahim and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din 4.1 Coalbed Characteristics 89 4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior 91 4.3 CoalWettability 95 4.4 CO2 Injectivity 101 4.5 Pilot Field Tests 106 4.6 Conclusions 108 References 108 5 Fluid Flow: Basics 113Paul A. Nelson, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids 116 5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics 121 5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow 126 5.5 Laminar Flow 130 5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow 132 5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook 139 References 142 6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics 143Paul A. Nelson,MoyeWicks III, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Notation 143 6.3 Piping Networks 145 6.4 Meters 152 6.5 Control Valves 159 6.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow 161 References 171 7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream 173Justin C. Slagle 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Upstream 174 7.3 Midstream 183 7.4 Going Further 192 Acknowledgement 196 References 196 8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty 197Emmanuel Ogbe, Ali Elkamel,Michael Fowler, and Ali Almansoori 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Literature Review 199 8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains 200 8.4 Optimization Model 202 8.5 Computation Study 208 8.6 Results and Discussion 209 8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 212 References 213 Appendix 215 8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources 216 8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations 216 8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users 217 8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model 217 8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model 217 9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains 219Ahmad Al-Douri, Debalina Sengupta, andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Methodology 220 9.3 Case Study 221 9.4 Case Study Results 224 9.4.1 Feedstock 224 9.5 Conclusion 232 References 232 10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production 235MozammelMazumder and Qiang Xu 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Methodology Framework 237 10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery 238 10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System 244 10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction 245 10.6 Conclusion 254 Acknowledgements 254 Abbreviations 254 Nomenclature 255 References 256 11 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks 259Saad A. Al-Sobhi,Munawar A. Shaik, Ali Elkamel, and Fatih S. Erenay 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Background and Process Description 260 11.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 265 11.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 274 11.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network 280 11.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network 288 11.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network 296 11.7.1 Case Study 1 297 11.7.2 Case Study 2 298 11.7.3 Case Study 3 298 11.8 Conclusion 300 References 300 12 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries 305Monir Ahammad and M. SamMannan 12.1 Introduction 305 12.2 Incident History 306 12.3 Process Safety Methods 309 12.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability 312 12.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization 315 12.6 Relief System Design 323 12.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion 324 12.8 Fire and Explosion 326 12.9 Effective Mitigation System 329 12.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks 332 12.11 Concluding Remarks 335 Nomenclature 336 References 338 13 ThermodynamicModeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing 341Georgios M. Kontogeorgis and Eirini Karakatsani 13.1 Introduction to the Problem 341 13.2 The Models 343 13.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 1. No Chemicals 348 13.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 2.With Chemicals 360 13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 372 Nomenclature 374 Acknowledgment 376 References 376 14 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas 379Swarom R. Kanitkar and James J. Spivey 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes 381 14.3 Future Perspective 394 References 397 15 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene 403Ecem Özinan andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi 15.1 Introduction 403 15.2 Process Description 404 15.3 Techno-Economic Analysis 406 15.4 Conclusions 406 References 411 16 Fractionation of the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specification Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals 413Mostafa Shahin, Shaik Afzal, and Nimir O. Elbashir 16.1 Introduction 413 16.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications 416 16.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion 420 16.4 MathematicalModels for Properties-Composition Relationship 427 16.5 Summary and Conclusion 434 References 437 17 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System 439Tala Katbeh, Nimir O. Elbashir, and Mahmoud El-Halwagi 17.1 Introduction 439 17.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer) 439 17.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 440 17.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors 441 17.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis 442 17.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading 442 17.2 Approach and Methodology 444 17.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions 445 17.2.2 The Process Design Approach 445 17.3 Results and Discussion 447 17.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First 447 17.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1 450 17.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of theWater First 452 17.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to RecoverWater, Solvent, and Syngas 455 17.4 Conclusion 460 Acknowledgements 461 References 461 18 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology 463Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou, Manolis Vasileiadis, Vasileios K.Michalis, Loukas D. Peristeras, and Ioannis G. Economou 18.1 Introduction 463 18.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation:Modeling Gas Hydrates 467 18.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures 470 18.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing:The GTL Technology 476 18.5 Future Outlook 485 List of Abbreviations 487 Acknowledgements 488 References 488 19 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process 499Kenneth R. Hall, Joel G. Cantrell, and Ben R.Weber, Jr 19.1 Introduction 499 19.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes 500 19.3 The Synfuels Process 501 19.4 Pilot Plant 503 19.5 Location, Location, Location 505 19.6 Biofuels 505 19.7 Conclusion 507 20 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation:Modeling and Control 509Gerald S. Ogumerem, Nikolaos A. Diangelakis, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos 20.1 Introduction 509 20.2 MathematicalModel 513 20.3 Simulation 517 20.4 MultiparametricModel Predictive Control (mpMPC) 519 20.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results 523 20.6 Conclusion 523 References 524 21 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods 527RajibMukherjee, Noof Abdalla, NasrMohamed,Marwan ElWash, Nimir O. Elbashir, and MahmoudM. El-Halwagi 21.1 Introduction 527 21.2 Methodology 529 21.3 Results and Discussions 534 21.4 Conclusions 543 Acknowledgements 543 References 543 Index 545

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Book SynopsisCompiled from a conference on this important subject by three of the most well-known and respected editors in the industry, this volume provides some of the latest technologies related to carbon capture, utilization and, storage (CCUS). Of the 36 billon tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted into Earth''s atmosphere every year, only 40 million tons are able to be captured and stored. This is just a fraction of what needs to be captured, if this technology is going to make any headway in the global march toward reversing, or at least reducing, climate change. CO2 capture and storage has long been touted as one of the leading technologies for reducing global carbon emissions, and, even though it is being used effectively now, it is still an emerging technology that is constantly changing. This volume, a collection of papers presented during the Cutting-Edge Technology for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CETCCUS), held in Clermont-Ferrand, FranTable of ContentsPreface xv Introduction xvii Part I: Carbon Capture and Storage 1 1 Carbon Capture Storage Monitoring (“CCSM”) 3E.D. Rode, L.A. Schaerer, Stephen A. Marinello and G. v. Hantelmann 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 State of the Art Practice 5 1.3 Marmot’s CCSM Technology 6 1.4 Principles of Information Analysis 10 1.5 Operating Method 12 1.6 Instrumentation and Set up 14 Abbreviations 16 References 16 2 Key Technologies of Carbon Dioxide Flooding and Storage in China 19Hao Mingqiang and Hu Yongle 2.1 Background 20 2.2 Key Technologies of Carbon dioxide Flooding and Storage 21 2.2.1 CO2 Miscible Flooding Theory in Continental Sedimentary Reservoirs 21 2.2.2 The Storage Mechanism of CO2 in Reservoirs and Salt Water Layers 22 2.2.3 Reservoir Engineering Technology of CO2 Flooding and Storage 22 2.2.4 High Efficiency Technology of Injection and Production for CO2 Flooding 23 2.2.5 CO2 Long-Distance Pipeline Transportation and Supercritical Injection Technology 23 2.2.6 Fluid Treatment and Circulating Gas Injection Technology of CO2 Flooding 24 2.2.7 Reservoir Monitoring and Dynamic Analysis and Evaluation Technology of CO2 Flooding 24 2.3 Existing Problems and Technical Development Direction 25 2.3.1 The Vital Communal Troubles & Challenges 25 2.3.2 Further Orientation of Technology Development 25 3 Mapping CCUS Technological Trajectories and Business Models: The Case of CO2-Dissolved 27X. Galiègue, A. Laude and N. Béfort 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 CCS and Roadmaps: From Expectations to Reality ... 29 3.3 CCS Project Portfolio: Between Diversity and Replication 30 3.3.1 Demonstration Process: Between Diversity and Replication 30 3.3.2 Diversity of the Current Project Portfolio 32 3.4 Going Beyond EOR: Other Business Models for Storage? 36 3.4.1 The EOR Legacy 36 3.4.2 From EOR to a CCS Wide-Scale Deployment 37 3.5 Coupling CCS and Geothermal Energy: Lessons from the CO2-DISSOLVED Project Study 39 3.5.1 CO2-DISSOLVED Concept 39 3.5.2 Techno-Economic Analysis of CO2-DISSOLVED 41 3.5.3 Business Models and the Replication/Diversity Dilemma 42 3.6 Conclusion 42 Acknowledgements 43 References 43 4 Feasibility of Ex-Situ Dissolution for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 47Yuri Leonenko 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Methods to Accelerate Dissolution 50 4.2.1 In-situ 50 4.2.2 Ex-situ 52 4.3 Discussion and Conclusions 56 Acknowledgments 57 References 57 Part II: EOR 59 5 CO2 Gas Injection as an EOR Technique – Phase Behavior Considerations 61Henrik Sørensen and Jawad Azeem Shaikh 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Features of CO2 62 5.3 Miscible CO2 Drive 63 5.4 Immiscible CO2 Drives and Density Effects 68 5.5 Asphaltene Precipitation Caused by Gas Injection 72 5.6 Gas Revaporization as EOR Technique 75 5.7 Conclusions 76 List of Symbols 76 References 77 Appendix A Reservoir Fluid Compositions and Key Property Data 78 6 Study on Storage Mechanisms in CO2 Flooding for Water-Flooded Abandoned Reservoirs 83Rui Wang, Chengyuan Lv, Yongqiang Tang, Shuxia Zhao, Zengmin Lun and Maolei Cui 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 CO2 Solubility in Coexistence of Crude Oil and Brine 85 6.3 Mineral Dissolution Effect 88 6.4 Relative Permeability Hysteresis 90 6.5 Effect of CO2 Storage Mechanisms on CO2 Flooding 92 6.6 Conclusions 93 References 93 7 The Investigation on the Key Hydrocarbons of Crude Oil Swelling via Supercritical CO2 95Haishui Han, Shi Li, Xinglong Chen, Ke Zhang, Hongwei Yu and Zemin Ji 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Hydrocarbon Selection 97 7.3 Experiment Section 97 7.3.1 Principle 97 7.3.2 Apparatus and Samples 99 7.3.3 Experimental Scheme Design 100 7.3.4 Procedures 100 7.4 Results and Discussion 101 7.4.1 Results and Data Processing 101 7.4.2 Volume Swelling Influenced by the Hydrocarbon Property 103 7.4.3 A New Parameter of Molar Density for Evaluating Hydrocarbon Volume Swelling 104 7.4.4 Advantageous Hydrocarbons 105 7.5 Conclusions 109 Acknowledgments 109 Nomenclature 109 References 110 8 Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Injection in Low-Permeability Heterogeneous Reservoir 113Ze-min Ji, Shi Li and Xing-long Chen 8.1 Introduction 114 8.2 Experimental Device and Samples 114 8.3 Experimental Procedure 115 8.3.1 Experimental Results 117 8.4 Quantitative Analysis of Oil Recovery in Different Scale Pores 118 8.5 Conclusions 120 Acknowledgments 120 References 120 Part III: Data – Experimental and Correlation 123 9 Experimental Measurement of CO2 Solubility in a 1 mol/kgw CaCl2 Solution at Temperature from 323.15 to 423.15 K and Pressure up to 20 MPa 125M. Poulain, H. Messabeb, F. Contamine, P. Cézac, J.P. Serin, J.C. Dupin and H. Martinez 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Literature Review 126 9.3 Experimental Section 127 9.3.1 Chemicals 127 9.3.2 Apparatus 128 9.3.3 Operating Procedure 128 9.3.4 Analysis 129 9.4 Results and Discussion 130 9.5 Conclusion 130 Acknowledgments 132 References 132 10 Determination of Dry-Ice Formation during the Depressurization of a CO2 Re-Injection System 135J.A. Feliu, M. Manzulli and M.A. Alós 10.1 Introduction 136 10.2 Thermodynamics 137 10.3 Case Study 139 10.3.1 System Description 139 10.3.2 Objectives 141 10.3.3 Scenarios 141 10.3.4 Simulation Runs Conclusions 145 10.4 Conclusions 146 11 Phase Equilibrium Properties Aspects of CO2 and Acid Gases Transportation 147A. Chapoy, and C. Coquelet 11.1 Introduction 148 11.1.1 State of the Art and Phase Diagrams 150 11.2 Experimental Work and Description of Experimental Setup 151 11.3 Models and Correlation Useful for the Determination of Equilibrium Properties 157 11.4 Presentation of Some Results 159 11.5 Conclusion 165 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 12 Thermodynamic Aspects for Acid Gas Removal from Natural Gas 169Tianyuan Wang, Elise El Ahmar and Christophe Coquelet 12.1 Introduction 169 12.2 Thermodynamic Models 171 12.3 Results and Discussion 173 12.3.1 Hydrocarbons and Mercaptans Solubilities in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solution 173 12.3.2 Acid Gases (CO2/H2S) Solubilities in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solution 174 12.3.3 Multi-component Systems Containing CO2-H2S-Alkanolamine-Water-Methane-Mercaptan 177 12.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 178 Acknowledgements 179 References 179 13 Speed of Sound Measurements for a CO2 Rich Mixture 181P. Ahmadi and A. Chapoy 13.1 Experimental Section 182 13.1.1 Material 182 13.1.2 Experimental Setup 182 13.2 Results and Discussion 183 13.3 Conclusion 184 References 185 14 Mutual Solubility of Water and Natural Gas with Different CO2 Content 187H.M. Tu, P. Guo, J.F. Du, Shao-fei Wang, Ya-ling Zhang, Yan-kui Jiao and Zhou-hua Wang 14.1 Introduction 188 14.2 Experimental 190 14.2.1 Materials 190 14.2.2 Experimental Apparatus 190 14.2.3 Experimental Procedures 192 14.3 Thermodynamic Model 193 14.3.1 The Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State 193 14.3.2 Parameterization of the Model 195 14.4 Results and Discussion 196 14.4.1 Phase Behavior of CO2-Water 196 14.4.2 The Mutual Solubility of Water-Natural Gas 198 14.5 Conclusion 207 Acknowledgement 211 References 211 15 Effect of SO2 Traces on Metal Mobilization in CCS 215A. Martínez-Torrents, S. Meca, F. Clarens, M. Gonzalez-Riu and M. Rovira 15.1 Introduction 215 15.2 Experimental 216 15.2.1 Sample Preparation 216 15.2.1.1 Sandstone 216 15.2.1.2 Brine 217 15.2.2 Experimental Set-up 217 15.2.3 Experimental Methodology 217 15.3 Results and Discussion 219 15.3.1 Major Components 219 15.3.2 Trace Metals 222 15.3.2.1 Strontium 224 15.3.2.2 Manganese 225 15.3.2.3 Copper 226 15.3.2.4 Zinc 226 15.3.2.5 Vanadium 227 15.3.2.6 Lead 227 15.3.3 Metal Mobilization 228 15.4 Conclusions 230 Acknowledgements 231 References 232 16 Experiments and Modeling for CO2 Capture Processes Understanding 235Yohann Coulier, William Ravisy, J-M. Andanson, Jean-Yves Coxam and Karine Ballerat-Busserolles 16.1 Introduction 236 16.2 Chemicals and Materials 240 16.3 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 241 16.3.1 Experimental VLE of Pure Amine 241 16.3.2 Experimental VLE of {Amine – H2O} System 243 16.3.3 Modeling VLE 243 16.4 Speciation at Equilibrium 245 16.4.1 Equilibrium Measurements 1H and 13C NMR 246 16.4.2 Modeling of Species Concentration 249 Acknowledgment 252 References 252 Part IV: Molecular Simulation 255 17 Kinetic Monte Carlo Molecular Simulation of Chemical Reaction Equilibria 257Braden D. Kelly and William R. Smith References 261 18 Molecular Simulation Study on the Diffusion Mechanism of Fluid in Nanopores of Illite in Shale Gas Reservoir 263P. Guo, M.H. Zhang and H.M. Tu 18.1 Introduction 264 18.2 Models and Simulation Details 265 18.2.1 Models and Simulation Parameters 265 18.2.2 Data Processing and Computing Methods 266 18.3 Results and Discussion 268 18.3.1 Variation Law of Self Diffusion Coefficient 268 18.3.2 Density Distribution 270 18.3.3 Radial Distribution Function 271 18.4 Conclusions 273 Acknowledgements 274 References 275 19 Molecular Simulation of Reactive Absorption of CO2 in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solutions 277Weikai Qi and William R. Smith References 279 Part V: Processes 281 20 CO2 Capture from Natural Gas in LNG Production. Comparison of Low-Temperature Purification Processes and Conventional Amine Scrubbing 283Laura A. Pellegrini, Giorgia De Guido, Gabriele Lodi and Saeid Mokhatab 20.1 Introduction 284 20.2 Description of Process Solutions 286 20.2.1 The Ryan-Holmes Process 288 20.2.2 The Dual Pressure Low-Temperature Distillation Process 290 20.2.3 The Chemical Absorption Process 292 20.3 Methods 295 20.4 Results and Discussion 298 20.5 Conclusions 303 Nomenclature 304 Abbreviations 304 Symbols 305 Subscripts 305 Superscripts 306 Greek Symbols 306 References 306 21 CO2 Capture Using Deep Eutectic Solvent and Amine (MEA) Solution 309Mohammed-Ridha Mahi, Ilham Mokbel, Latifa Négadi and Jacques Jose 21.1 Experimental Section 309 21.2 Results and Discussion 310 21.2.1 Validation of the Experimental Method 310 21.2.2 Solubility of CO2 in the Solvent DES/MEA 311 21.2.3 Solubility of CO2 – Comparison Between DES + MEA and DES Solvent 313 21.2.4 Solubility of CO2 – Comparison Between (DES + MEA) and (H2O + MEA) Solvent 313 21.5 Conclusion 315 References 315 22 The Impact of Thermodynamic Model Accuracy on Sizing and Operating CCS Purification and Compression Units 317S. Lasala, R. Privat and J.-N. Jaubert 22.1 Introduction 318 22.2 Thermodynamic Systems in CCUS Technologies 319 22.2.1 Compositional Characteristics of CO2 Captured Flows 319 22.2.2 Post-Combustion 320 22.2.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion 321 22.2.4 Pre-Combustion 324 22.3 Operating Conditions of Purification and Compression Units 329 22.4 Quality Specifications of CO2 Capture Flows 332 22.5 Cubic Equations of State for CCUS Fluids 334 22.6 Influence of EoS Accuracy on Purification and Compression Processes 340 22.7 Purification by Liquefaction 340 22.8 Purification by Stripping 347 22.9 Compression 351 22.10 Conclusions 354 Nomenclature and Acronyms 355 References 357 Index 361

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisA GUIDE TO THE DESIGN, OPERATION, CONTROL, TROUBLESHOOTING, OPTIMIZATION AS WELL AS THE RECENT ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES Efficient Petrochemical Processes: Technology, Design and Operationis a guide to the tools and methods for energy optimization and process design. Written by a panel of experts on the topic, the book highlights the application of these methods on petrochemical technology such as the aromatics process unit. The authors describe practical approaches and tools that focus on improving industrial energy efficiency, reducing capital investment, and optimizing yields through better design, operation, and optimization. The text is divided into sections that cover the range of essential topics: petrochemical technology description; process design considerations; reaction and separation design; process integration; process system optimization; types of revamps; equipment assessment; common operating issues; and troubleshootTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxi Part I Market, Design and Technology Overview 1 1 Overview of This Book 3 1.1 Why Petrochemical Products are Important for the Economy 3 1.2 Overall Petrochemical Configurations 8 1.3 Context of Process Designs and Operation for Petrochemical Production 11 1.4 Who is This Book Written For? 11 2 Market and Technology Overview 13 2.1 Overview of Aromatic Petrochemicals 13 2.2 Introduction and Market Information 13 2.3 Technologies in Aromatics Synthesis 21 2.4 Alternative Feeds for Aromatics 27 2.5 Technologies in Aromatic Transformation 28 2.6 Technologies in Aromatic Separations 35 2.7 Separations by Molecular Weight 39 2.8 Separations by Isomer Type: para‐Xylene 39 2.9 Separations by Isomer Type: meta‐Xylene 44 2.10 Separations by Isomer Type: ortho‐Xylene and Ethylbenzene 45 2.11 Other Related Aromatics Technologies 46 2.12 Integrated Refining and Petrochemicals 57 References 61 3 Aromatics Process Description 63 3.1 Overall Aromatics Flow Scheme 63 3.2 Adsorptive Separations for para‐Xylene 64 3.3 Technologies for Treating Feeds for Aromatics Production 68 3.4 para‐Xylene Purification and Recovery by Crystallization 68 3.5 Transalkylation Processes 71 3.6 Xylene Isomerization 72 3.7 Adsorptive Separation of Pure meta‐Xylene 76 3.8 para‐Selective Catalytic Technologies for para‐Xylene 78 References 81 Part II Process Design 83 4 Aromatics Process Unit Design 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Aromatics Fractionation 85 4.3 Aromatics Extraction 88 4.4 Transalkylation 96 4.5 Xylene Isomerization 101 4.6 para‐Xylene Separation 105 4.7 Process Design Considerations: Design Margin Philosophy 106 4.8 Process Design Considerations: Operational Flexibility 108 4.9 Process Design Considerations: Fractionation Optimization 109 4.10 Safety Considerations 110 4.10.1 Reducing Exposure to Hazardous Materials 110 4.10.2 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) 110 4.10.3 Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study 110 Further Reading 111 5 Aromatics Process Revamp Design 113 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Stages of Revamp Assessment and Types of Revamp Studies 113 5.3 Revamp Project Approach 115 5.4 Revamp Study Methodology and Strategies 116 5.5 Setting the Design Basis for Revamp Projects 118 5.6 Process Design for Revamp Projects 121 5.7 Revamp Impact on Utilities 123 5.8 Equipment Evaluation for Revamps 124 5.9 Economic Evaluation 147 5.10 Example Revamp Cases 152 Further Reading 154 Part III Process Equipment Assessment 155 6 Distillation Column Assessment 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Define a Base Case 157 6.3 Calculations for Missing and Incomplete Data 159 6.4 Building Process Simulation 161 6.5 Heat and Material Balance Assessment 162 6.6 Tower Efficiency Assessment 164 6.7 Operating Profile Assessment 166 6.8 Tower Rating Assessment 168 6.9 Guidelines for Existing Columns 169 Nomenclature 170 Greek Letters 170 References 170 7 Heat Exchanger Assessment 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Basic Calculations 171 7.3 Understand Performance Criterion: U‐Values 173 7.4 Understand Fouling 176 7.5 Understand Pressure Drop 178 7.6 Effects of Velocity on Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Fouling 178 7.7 Improving Heat Exchanger Performance 185 7.A TEMA Types of Heat Exchangers 186 References 188 8 Fired Heater Assessment 189 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Fired Heater Design for High Reliability 189 8.3 Fired Heater Operation for High Reliability 194 8.4 Efficient Fired Heater Operation 197 8.5 Fired Heater Revamp 201 References 202 9 Compressor Assessment 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Types of Compressors 203 9.3 Impeller Configurations 205 9.4 Type of Blades 207 9.5 How a Compressor Works 207 9.6 Fundamentals of Centrifugal Compressors 208 9.7 Performance Curves 209 9.8 Partial Load Control 210 9.9 Inlet Throttle Valve 212 9.10 Process Context for a Centrifugal Compressor 212 9.11 Compressor Selection 213 References 213 10 Pump Assessment 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Understanding Pump Head 215 10.3 Define Pump Head: Bernoulli Equation 216 10.4 Calculate Pump Head 218 10.5 Total Head Calculation Examples 219 10.6 Pump System Characteristics: System Curve 221 10.7 Pump Characteristics: Pump Curve 222 10.8 Best Efficiency Point (BEP) 224 10.9 Pump Curves for Different Pump Arrangement 225 10.10 NPSH 226 10.11 Spillback 229 10.12 Reliability Operating Envelope (ROE) 230 10.13 Pump Control 230 10.14 Pump Selection and Sizing 231 Nomenclature 233 Greek Letters 233 References 233 Part IV Energy and Process Integration 235 11 Process Integration for Higher Efficiency and Low Cost 237 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Definition of Process Integration 237 11.3 Composite Curves and Heat Integration 238 11.4 Grand Composite Curves (GCC) 244 11.5 Appropriate Placement Principle for Process Changes 244 11.6 Systematic Approach for Process Integration 249 11.7 Applications of the Process Integration Methodology 251 References 261 12 Energy Benchmarking 263 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 Definition of Energy Intensity for a Process 263 12.3 The Concept of Fuel Equivalent (FE) for Steam and Power 264 12.4 Calculate Energy Intensity for a Process 265 12.5 Fuel Equivalent for Steam and Power 267 12.6 Energy Performance Index (EPI) Method for Energy Benchmarking 271 12.7 Concluding Remarks 272 References 273 13 Key Indicators and Targets 275 13.1 Introduction 275 13.2 Key Indicators Represent Operation Opportunities 275 13.3 Defining Key Indicators 277 13.4 Set Up Targets for Key Indicators 280 13.5 Economic Evaluation for Key Indicators 283 13.6 Application 1: Implementing Key Indicators into an “Energy Dashboard” 285 13.7 Application 2: Implementing Key Indicators to Controllers 287 13.8 It is Worth the Effort 287 References 288 14 Distillation System Optimization 289 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Tower Optimization Basics 289 14.3 Energy Optimization for Distillation System 293 14.4 Overall Process Optimization 296 14.5 Concluding Remarks 302 References 302 15 Fractionation and Separation Theory and Practices 303 15.1 Introduction 303 15.2 Separation Technology Overview 303 15.3 Distillation Basics 305 15.4 Advanced Distillation Topics 311 15.5 Adsorption 316 15.6 Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) 317 15.7 Crystallization 320 15.8 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 320 15.9 Extractive Distillation 321 15.10 Membranes 322 15.11 Selecting a Separation Method 323 References 324 16 Reaction Engineering Overview 325 16.1 Introduction 325 16.2 Reaction Basics 325 16.3 Reaction Kinetic Modeling Basics 326 16.4 Rate Equation Based on Surface Kinetics 328 16.5 Limitations in Catalytic Reaction 330 16.6 Reactor Types 333 16.7 Reactor Design 335 16.8 Hybrid Reaction and Separation 340 16.9 Catalyst Deactivation Root Causes and Modeling 341 References 343 Part V Operational Guidelines and Troubleshooting 345 17 Common Operating Issues 347 17.1 Introduction 347 17.2 Start‐up Considerations 348 17.3 Methyl Group and Phenyl Ring Losses 349 17.4 Limiting Aromatics Losses 350 17.5 Fouling 356 17.6 Aromatics Extraction Unit Solvent Degradation 360 17.7 Selective Adsorption of para‐Xylene by Simulated Moving Bed 363 17.8 Common Issues with Sampling and Laboratory Analysis 371 17.9 Measures of Operating Efficiency in Aromatics Complex Process Units 374 17.10 The Future of Plant Troubleshooting and Optimization 377 References 377 18 Troubleshooting Case Studies 379 18.1 Introduction 379 18.2 Transalkylation Unit: Low Catalyst Activity During Normal Operation 379 18.3 Xylene Isomerization Unit: Low Catalyst Activity Following Start‐up 381 18.4 para‐Xylene Selective Adsorption Unit: Low Recovery After Turnaround 384 18.5 Aromatics Extraction Unit: Low Extract Purity/Recovery 385 18.6 Aromatics Complex: Low para‐Xylene Production 386 18.7 Closing Remarks 388 Reference 389 Index 391

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Book SynopsisThis is the seventh volume in the series, Advances in Natural Gas Engineering, focusing on carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration, acid gas injection, and enhanced oil recovery, the three sisters of natural gas engineering. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters detailing the most cutting-edge techniques in acid gas injection, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer in the industry. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in naturTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Acid Gas Injection: Engineering Steady State in a Dynamic World 1Jim Maddocks 2 A History of AGIS 23Ying (Alice) Wu 3 Acid Gas Injection: Days of Future Passed 29John J Carroll 4 Calorimetric and Densimetric Data to Help the Simulation of the Impact of Annex Gases Co-Injected with CO2During Its Geological Storage 39F De los Mozos, K Ballerat-Busserolles, B Liborio, N Nénot, J-Y Coxam and Y Coulier 5 Densities and Phase Behavior Involving Dense-Phase Propane Impurities 55JA Commodore, CE Deering and RA Marriott 6 Phase Equilibrium Computation for Acid Gas Mixtures Containing H2 S Using the CPA Equation of State 63Hanmin Tu, Ping Guo, Na Jia and Zhouhua Wang 7 High Pressure H2 S Oxidation in CO2 91S Lee and RA Marriott 8 Water Content of Carbon Dioxide – A Review 97Eugene Grynia1 and Bogdan Ambro¿ek 9 Molecular Simulation of pK Values and CO2 Reactive Absorption Prediction 185Javad Noroozi and William R Smith 10 A Dynamic Simulation to Aid Design of Shell’s CCS Quest Project’s Multi-Stage Compressor Shutdown System 193William Acevedo, Chris Arthur and James van der Lee 11 Benefits of Diaphragm Pumps for the Compression of Acid Gas 219Anke-Dorothee Wöhr, Cornelia Beddies and Rüdiger Bullert 12 Dynamic Solubility of Acid Gases in a Deep Brine Aquifer 235Liaqat Ali1 and Russell E Bentley 13 Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project of Japan, CO2 Injection in Progress 255Yoshihiro Sawada, Jiro Tanaka, Chiyoko Suzuki, Daiji Tanase and Yutaka Tanaka 14 The Development Features and Cost Analysis of CCUS Industry in China 277Mingqiang Hao, Yongle Hu, Shiyu Wang and Lina Song 15 Study on Reasonable Soaking Duration of CO2 Huff-and-Puff in Tight Oil Reservoirs 295Yong Qin 16 Potential Evaluation Method of Carbon Dioxide Flooding and Sequestration 311Yongle Hu, Mingqiang Hao, Chao Wang, Xinwei Liao and Lina Song 17 Emergency Response Planning for Acid Gas Injection Wells 333Ray Mireault Index 347

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Book SynopsisGet up to date on 2019 healthcare law and newly relevant issues The Law of Tax-Exempt Healthcare Organizations 2019 Supplement provides complete and comprehensive practitioner updates and analysis in a single volume. Tackling complex legal issues with plain-English explanations and the appropriate citations, this guide is a must-have resource for organizations and their advisors. The companion website provides extensive appendices for further reference, as well as helpful downloadable tables that facilitate a more efficient approach to practice. Healthcare law is a complex field, and keeping up with the frequent changes to federal law is itself a full time job. This book eliminates the need for extended research time by collecting all of the newest and relevant guidelines into one place. Get up to date on the latest IRS forms, guidance, and procedures Interpret complex legal issues correctly and appropriately Reference relevTable of ContentsPreface ix About the Authors xi Book Citations xv 1 Tax-Exempt Healthcare Organizations: An Overview 1 1.2 Defining Tax-Exempt Organizations 1 1.5 Charitable Healthcare Organizations 1 1.8 Promotion of Health 2 1.10 ABLE Programs 2 3 Public Charities and Private Foundations (New) 5 3.3 Commerciality Doctrine 5 4 Private Inurement, Private Benefit, and Excess Benefit Transactions 9 4.4 Private Inurement—Scope and Types 9 4.6 Essence of Private Benefit 10 4.9 Excess Benefit Transactions 12 5 Public Charities and Private Foundations 13 5.1 Public Institutions 13 5.6 Recognition of Change in Public Charity Status 13 7 Lobbying and Political Activities 15 7.1 Legislative Activities Limitation 15 7.4 Political Activities Limitation 16 7.5 Business Expense Deduction Rules and Political Activities 18 7.7 Public Policy Advocacy Activities 19 7.8 Political Activities of Social Welfare Organizations 19 8 Hospitals 21 8.3 Public Hospitals 21 9 Managed Care Organizations 23 9.3 Commercial-Type Insurance Providers 23 9.5 Recent Developments 23 13 Other Provider and Supplier Organizations 27 13.3 Qualified Nonprofit Health Insurance Issuers 27 13.5 Accountable Care Organizations 28 16 For-Profit Subsidiaries 33 16.3 Attribution of Subsidiary’s Activities to Exempt Parent 33 17 Exempt and Nonexempt Cooperatives 35 17.1 Cooperative Hospital Service Organizations 35 18 Business Leagues 37 18.1 Business Leagues in General 37 18.2 Healthcare Trade Associations 38 19 Other Health-Related Organizations 39 19.4 Hospital Management Services Organizations 39 19.5 Regional Health Information Organizations 40 20 Healthcare Provider Reorganizations 41 20.1 Some Basics about Reorganizations 41 21 Mergers and Conversions 43 21.4 Conversion from Nonexempt to Exempt Status 43 22 Partnerships and Joint Ventures (New) 45 22.9 Whole-Hospital Joint Ventures 45 24 Tax Treatment of Unrelated Business Activities 47 24.2 Definition of Trade or Business 47 24.3 Definition of Regularly Carried On 49 24.5 Application of Substantially Related Test to Healthcare Organizations 50 24.11 Pharmacy, Medical Supplies, and Service Sales 51 24.12 Laboratory Testing Services 51 24.13 Medical Research 52 24.18 Other Exceptions to Unrelated Income Taxation 53 24.20 Revenue from Controlled Organizations 55 24.21 Unrelated Debt-Financed Income 55 24.23 Computation of Unrelated Business Taxable Income 55 25 Physician Recruitment and Retention 61 25.5 Specific Recruitment and Retention Techniques 61 26 Charity Care 63 26.6 Definitional and Reporting Issues 63 26.9 Charity Care and National Health Reform 64 26.10 Additional Statutory Requirements for Hospitals 64 26.12 Provider Taxes (New) 82 27 Worker Classification and Employment Taxes 85 27.7 Medical Residents and the Student Exception 85 28 Compensation and Employee Benefits 87 28.3 Executive Compensation 87 28.5 Overview of Employee Benefits Law 87 28.6 Deferred Compensation in General 88 28.7 Excessive Executive Compensation (New) 91 30 Tax-Exempt Bond Financing 95 30.3 Disqualification of Tax-Exempt Bonds 95 31 Fundraising Regulation 105 31.2 Federal Law Regulation 105 33 Governance 107 33.4A IRS Ruling Policy 107 34 Exemption and Public Charity Recognition Processes 111 34.1 Exemption Recognition Process 111 34.5 Public Charity Status 121 34.6 Group Exemption 121 34.7A Notice Requirements for Social Welfare Organizations (New) 122 34.8 Procedure Where Determination Is Adverse 123 34.9 Constitutional Law Aspects of Process 125 35 Maintenance of Tax-Exempt Status and Avoidance of Penalties 127 35.1 Material Changes 127 35.2A Modification of Tax Exemption (New) 129 35.4 Redesigned Annual Information Return 129 35.5 Disclosure Requirements 130 35.6 IRS Disclosure to State Officials 131 36 IRS Audits of Healthcare Organizations 133 36.2 Audit Procedures 133 Cumulative Table of Cases 139 Cumulative Table of IRS Revenue Rulings 149 Cumulative Table of IRS Revenue Procedures 153 Cumulative Table of IRS Private Letter Rulings 155 Cumulative Table of IRS Technical Advice Memoranda 161 Table of Chief Counsel Advice Memoranda 163 Cumulative Table of IRS General Counsel Memoranda 165 Table of Tax Reform Legislation 167 Cumulative Index 173

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Book SynopsisHydraulic fracturing (or fracking) has been a source of both achievement and controversy for years, and it continues to be a hot-button issue all over the world. It has made the United States an energy exporting country once again and kept the price of gasoline low, for consumers and companies. On the other hand, it has been potentially a dangerous and destructive practice that has led to environmental problems and health issues. It is a deeply important subject for the petroleum engineer to explore as much as possible. This collection of papers is the first in the series, Sustainable Energy Engineering, tackling this very complex process of hydraulic fracturing and its environmental and economic ramifications. Born out of the journal by the same name, formerly published by Scrivener Publishing, most of the articles in this volume have been updated, and there are some new additions, as well, to keep the engineer abreast of any updates and new methods in the industry. TTable of ContentsForeword xiii Part 1: Introduction 1 1 Hydraulic Fracturing, An Overview 3 Fred Aminzadeh 1.1 What is Hydraulic Fracturing? 4 1.2 Why Hydraulic Fracturing is Important 5 1.3 Fracture Characterization 8 1.4 Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing 11 1.5 Environmental Aspects of Hydraulic Fracturing 14 1.6 Induced Seismicity 18 1.7 Case Study: Fracturing Induced Seismicity in California 23 1.8 Assessment of Global Oil and Gas Resources Amenable for Extraction via Hydraulic Fracturing 27 1.9 Economics of HF 27 1.10 Conclusions 28 Acknowledgement 30 References 30 Part 2: General Concepts 35 2 Evolution of Stress Transfer Mechanisms During Mechanical Interaction Between Hydraulic Fractures and Natural Fractures 37 Birendra Jha 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Physical Model 39 2.3 Mathematical Formulation 40 2.4 Numerical Model 43 2.5 Simulation Results 44 2.6 Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing on Natural Fractures 46 2.7 Conclusion 49 References 50 3 Primer on Hydraulic Fracturing Concerning Initiatives on Energy Sustainability 53 Michael Holloway and Oliver Rudd 3.1 Hydraulic Fracturing 54 3.1.1 Environmental Impact – Reality vs. Myth 54 3.1.2 The Tower of Babel and How it Could be the Cause of Much of the Fracking Debate 55 3.1.3 Frac Fluids and Composition 57 3.1.4 Uses and Needs for Frac Fluids 57 3.1.5 Common Fracturing Additives 58 3.1.6 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives 60 3.1.6.1 Proppants 61 3.1.6.2 Silica Sand 63 3.1.6.3 Resin Coated Proppant 65 3.1.6.4 Manufactured Ceramics Proppants 65 3.2 Additional Types 66 3.3 Other Most Common Objections to Drilling Operations 66 3.3.1 Noise 67 3.4 Changes in Landscape and Beauty of Surroundings 68 3.5 Increased Traffic 69 3.6 Chemicals and Products on Locations 70 3.6.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 72 3.6.1.1 Contents of an MSDS 73 3.6.1.2 Product Identification 73 3.6.1.3 Hazardous Ingredients of Mixtures 74 3.6.1.4 Physical Data 74 3.6.1.5 Fire & Explosion Hazard Data 75 3.6.1.6 Health Hazard Data 76 3.6.1.7 Reactivity Data 76 3.6.1.8 Personal Protection Information 77 3.7 Conclusion 77 Bibliography 78 4 A Graph Theoretic Approach for Spatial Analysis of Induced Fracture Networks 79 Deborah Glosser and Jennifer R. Bauer 4.1 Background and Rationale 80 4.2 Graph-Based Spatial Analysis 83 4.2.1 Acquire Geologic Data and Define Regional Bounding Lithology 84 4.2.2 Details of the Topological Algorithm 85 4.2.2.1 Data Acquisition, Conditioning and Quanta 85 4.2.2.2 Details of the k-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm 86 4.2.3 The Value of the Topological Approach Algorithm 86 4.3 Real World Applications of the Algorithm 87 4.3.1 Bradford Field: Contrasting the Graph-Based Approaches; k Sensitivity 87 4.3.1.1 Data Sources 88 4.3.1.2 Results 88 4.3.2 Armstrong PA: Testing the Algorithms Against a Known Leakage Scenario 88 4.3.2.1 Data Sources 90 4.3.2.2 Results 90 4.4 Discussion 91 4.4.1 Uses for Industry and Regulators 93 4.5 Conclusions 93 Acknowledgements 94 References 94 Part 3: Optimum Design Parameters 99 5 Fracture Spacing Design for Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Completions for Improved Productivity 101 D. Maity, J. Ciezobka and I. Salehi 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Method 103 5.2.1 Impact of Natural Fractures 104 5.2.2 Workflow 107 5.2.3 Model Fine-Tuning 108 5.2.4 Need for Artificial Intelligence 109 5.3 Data 110 5.4 Results 114 5.4.1 Applicability Considerations 120 5.5 Concluding Remarks 121 Acknowledgement 122 References 122 6 Clustering-Based Optimal Perforation Design Using Well Logs 125 Andrei S. Popa, Steve Cassidy and Sinisha Jikich 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 Objective and Motivation 127 6.3 Technology 128 6.4 Clustering Analysis 129 6.4.1 C-Means (FCM) Algorithm 130 6.5 Methodology and Analysis 131 6.5.1 Available Data 131 6.6 Applying the FCM Algorithm 134 6.7 Results and Discussion 136 6.8 Conclusions 139 Acknowledgements 139 References 139 7 Horizontal Well Spacing and Hydraulic Fracturing Design Optimization: A Case Study on Utica-Point Pleasant Shale Play 141 Alireza Shahkarami and Guochang Wang 7.1 Introduction 142 7.2 Methodology 143 7.2.1 The Base Reservoir Simulation Model 143 7.3 Optimization Scenarios 147 7.4 Results and Discussion 148 7.4.1 Base Reservoir Model – A Single Well Case 148 7.4.2 Multi-Lateral Depletion – Finding the Optimum Number of Wells 148 7.4.3 Completion Parameters 151 7.4.4 Second Economic Scenario, Reducing the Cost of Completion 153 7.5 Conclusion 154 Acknowledgments 156 Part 4: Fracture Reservoir Characterization 159 Ahmed Ouenes Introduction 159 References 161 8 Geomechanical Modeling of Fault Systems Using the Material Point Method – Application to the Estimation of Induced Seismicity Potential to Bolster Hydraulic Fracturing Social License 163 Nicholas M. Umholtz and Ahmed Ouenes 8.1 Introduction 164 8.2 The Social License to Operate (SLO) 165 8.3 Regional Faults in Oklahoma, USA and Alberta, Canada used as Input in Geomechanical Modeling 166 8.4 Modeling Earthquake Potential using Numerical Material Models 168 8.5 A New Workflow for Estimating Induced Seismicity Potential and its Application to Oklahoma and Alberta 173 8.6 The Benefits of a Large Scale Predictive Model and Future Research 178 8.7 Conflict of Interest 179 Acknowledgements 179 References 179 9 Correlating Pressure with Microseismic to Understand Fluid-Reservoir Interactions During Hydraulic Fracturing 181 Debotyam Maity 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Method 182 9.2.1 Pressure Data Analysis 182 9.2.2 Microseismic Data Analysis 186 9.3 Data 187 9.4 Results 188 9.4.1 Pitfalls in Analysis 196 9.5 Conclusions 196 9.6 Acknowledgements 197 References 197 10 Multigrid Fracture Stimulated Reservoir Volume Mapping Coupled with a Novel Mathematical Optimization Approach to Shale Reservoir Well and Fracture Design 199 Ahmed Alzahabi, Noah Berlow, M.Y. Soliman and Ghazi AlQahtani 10.1 Introduction 200 10.2 Problem Definition and Modeling 203 10.2.1 Geometric Interpretation 203 10.2.1.1 Fracture Geometry 203 10.2.2 The Developed Model Flow Chart 204 10.2.3 Well and Fracture Design Vector Components 204 10.3 Development of a New Mathematical Model 204 10.3.1 Methodology 207 10.3.2 Objective Function 207 10.3.3 Assumptions and Constraints Considered in the Mathematical Model 207 10.3.3.1 Sets 208 10.3.3.2 Variables 208 10.3.3.3 Decision Variables 208 10.3.3.4 Extended Sets 208 10.3.3.5 Constant Parameters 209 10.3.3.6 Constraints 209 10.3.4 Stimulated Reservoir Volume Representation 210 10.3.5 Optimization Procedure 211 10.4 Model Building 212 10.4.1 Simulation Model of Well Pad and SRV’s Evaluation 214 10.5 Results and Discussions 216 10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 216 References 218 Appendix A: Abbreviations 220 Appendix B: Definition of the Fracturability Index Used in the Well Placement Process 220 Appendix C: Geometric Interpretation of Parameters Used in Building the Model 221 11 A Semi-Analytical Model for Predicting Productivity of Refractured Oil Wells with Uniformly Distributed Radial Fractures 227 Xiao Cai, Boyun Guo and Gao li 11.1 Introduction 228 11.2 Mathematical Model 229 11.3 Model Verification 231 11.4 Sensitivity Analysis 231 11.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 Appendix A: Derivation of Inflow Equation for Wells with Radial Fractures under Pseudo-Steady State Flow Conditions 235 Part 5: Environmental Issues of Hydraulic Fracturing 243 Introduction 243 References 245 12 The Role of Human Factors Considerations and Safety Culture in the Safety of Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) 247 Jamie Heinecke, Nima Jabbari and Najmedin Meshkati 12.1 Introduction 248 12.2 Benefits of Hydraulic Fracturing 250 12.3 Common Criticisms 250 12.4 Different Steps of Hydraulic Fracturing and Proposed Human Factors Considerations 252 12.5 Hydraulic Fracturing Process: Drilling 254 12.6 Hydraulic Fracturing Process: Fluid Injection 257 12.7 Fracking Fluid 258 12.8 Wastewater 258 12.9 Human Factors and Safety Culture Considerations 259 12.9.1 Human Factors 259 12.9.1.1 Microergonomics 260 12.9.1.2 Macroergonomics 260 12.9.2 Safety Culture 261 12.10 Examples of Recent Incidents 263 12.11 Conclusion and Recommendations 265 Acknowledgment 266 References 266 13 Flowback of Fracturing Fluids with Upgraded Visualization of Hydraulic Fractures and Its Implications on Overall Well Performance 271 Khush Desai and Fred Aminzadeh 13.1 Introduction 272 13.2 Assumptions 272 13.3 Upgraded Visualization of Hydraulic Fracturing 273 13.3.1 Concept 273 13.3.2 Results 274 13.4 Reasons for Partial Flowback 275 13.4.1 Fracture Modelling 275 13.4.2 Depth of Penetration 276 13.4.3 Closing of Fractures 277 13.4.4 Chemical Interaction of Fracturing Fluids 277 13.5 Impact of Parameters under Control 278 13.6 Loss in Incremental Oil Production 279 13.7 Conclusions 280 13.8 Limitations 281 References 281 Appendix A 282 14 Assessing the Groundwater Contamination Potential from a Well in a Hydraulic Fracturing Operation 285 Nima Jabbari, Fred Aminzadeh and Felipe P. J. de Barros 14.1 Introduction 286 14.2 Risk Pathways to the Shallow Groundwater 288 14.3 Problem Statement 289 14.4 Mathematical Formulation 290 14.5 Hypothetical Case Description and the Numerical Method 291 14.6 Results and Discussion 294 14.7 Conclusion 297 References 298 Index 303

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Book SynopsisThis is the eighth volume in the series, Advances in Natural Gas Engineering, focusing on gas injection into geological formations and other related topics, very important areas of natural gas engineering. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters detailing the most cutting-edge techniques in acid gas injection, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more. Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field. Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer in the industry. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today.Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Modifying Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide When Contemplating Subsurface Injection of Sulfur 1Mitchell J. Stashick, Gabriel O. Sofekun and Robert A. Marriott 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Experimental 3 1.2.1 Materials 3 1.2.2 Rheometer 4 1.3 Results and Discussion 5 1.4 Conclusions 7 References 8 2 Experimental Determination of CO2 Solubility in Brines At High Temperatures and High Pressures and Induced Corrosion of Materials in Geothermal Equipment 9Marie Poulain, Jean-Charles Dupin, Hervé Martinez and Pierre Cézac 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Experimental Section 11 2.2.1 Chemicals 11 2.2.2 Test Solutions 11 2.2.3 Metals 11 2.2.4 CO2 Solubility Measurements 12 2.2.5 Material Corrosion Study 13 2.3 Results and Discussion 15 2.3.1 CO2 Solubility Measurements 15 2.3.2 Material Corrosion Study 16 2.4 Conclusion 19 2.5 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 3 Experimental Study of the Liquid Vapour Equilibrium of the System Water-CO2-O2-NOx Under Pressure at 298 K 21Esther Neyrolles, Georgio Bassil, François Contamine, Pierre Cézac and Philippe Arpentinier 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Literature Review 23 3.2.1 Carbon Dioxide and Water System 23 3.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides and Water System 24 3.2.3 Nitric Oxide Henry Constant at 298 K 25 3.3 Experimental Section 26 3.3.1 Chemicals 26 3.3.2 Apparatus 26 3.3.3 Operating Procedure 27 3.3.4 Experimental Analysis 29 3.3.4.1 Aqueous Analysis 29 3.3.4.2 Gas Phase Analysis 30 3.3.5 Estimation of the Concentrations of All the Species in the Aqueous Phase 31 3.3.6 Uncertainties 32 3.4 Results and Discussion 33 3.4.1 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide 33 3.4.2 Nitrogen Oxides Repartition in the Aqueous Phase 35 3.4.3 Nitric Oxide Henry Constant at 298 K 37 3.5 Conclusion 38 3.6 Acknowledgments 38 References 38 4 The Use of IR Spectroscopy to Follow the Absorption of CO2 in Amine Media – Evaluation of the Speciation with Time 41E. Brugere, J-M. Andanson and K. Ballerat-Busserolles 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Materials and Methods 44 4.2.1 Chemicals 44 4.2.2 Sample Preparation 44 4.3 Experimental Device 44 4.4 Results and Discussion 46 4.4.1 Kinetic of Absorption 46 4.4.2 Calibration of Speciation 46 4.4.2.1 Sample Preparation 46 4.4.2.2 Spectra and Results 48 4.4.2.3 Physisorption 49 4.4.2.4 Full Curve Speciation 51 4.5 Conclusion 52 4.6 Acknowledgments 53 References 53 5 Solubility of Methane, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide in Mixtures of Dimethyl Ethers of Polyethylene Glycol 55Alan E. Mather and Kurt A. G. Schmidt 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Experimental 56 5.3 Equation of State Development 57 5.4 EoS Model Results 62 5.5 Krichevsky-Ilinskaya Equation 67 5.6 Conclusions 70 5.7 Nomenclature 71 References 72 6 Water Content of Hydrogen Sulfide – A Review 77Eugene Grynia and Bogdan Ambrożek 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Literature Review 78 6.2.1 Wright and Maass (1932) 79 6.2.2 Selleck et al. (1951, 1952) 82 6.2.3 Kozintseva (1964) 84 6.2.4 Clarke and Glew (1971) 88 6.2.5 Lee and Mather (1977) 89 6.2.6 Gillespie and Wilson (1982) 92 6.2.7 Carroll and Mather (1989) 94 6.2.8 Suleimenov and Krupp (1994) 96 6.2.9 Chapoy et al. (2005) 97 6.2.10 Marriott et al. (2012) 100 6.3 Discussion of the Results 102 6.4 Conclusions 108 References 112 7 Acid Gas Injection at SemCAMS Kaybob Amalgamated (KA) Gas Plant Operational Design Considerations 115Rinat Yarmukhametov, James R. Maddocks and Jason Lui 7.1 Project Drivers 116 7.2 Process Design Basis 117 7.2.1 Acid Gas Inlet Design Conditions 117 7.2.2 Acid Gas Compositions 117 7.2.3 Acid Gas Compressor Discharge 118 7.2.3.1 Acid Gas Conditions 118 7.2.3.2 Acid Gas Composition 118 7.3 Acid Gas Compression Description 120 7.4 AGI System Capacity Control 120 7.5 Project Execution 123 7.6 Risk Assessment Strategy 125 7.7 Utilities & Tie-Ins 126 7.8 Relief System Design 127 7.8.1 KA Gas Plant Flare System 127 7.8.2 AGI System Flare System 128 7.8.3 Evaluation of Existing Plant Blowdowns Concurrent with the AGI Compressors Blowdown 128 7.8.4 Inherently Safer Design (ISD) Strategies in Pressure Relief System Design for AGI Systems 129 7.8.5 MDMT Evaluation 131 7.8.6 Drain Management 132 7.9 Discussion 133 7.10 Start-Up 133 7.11 Conclusions 135 8 Reciprocating Compressors in Acid Gas Service 137Dan Hannon 8.1 Introduction 138 8.2 Reactivity 138 8.3 Safety 138 8.4 Design 139 8.5 Materials 140 8.6 Condensate/Dewpoint 141 8.7 Compressor Selection 142 8.8 Conclusion 144 9 Case Study: Wellbore Thermodynamic Analysis of Erhao Acid Gas Injection Project 145Zhu Zhu and Shouxi Wang 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Erhao Station Process and Injection Basic Data 147 9.3 Acid Gas Injection Well and Reservoir 148 9.3.1 Injection Well 148 9.3.1.1 Basic Data 149 9.3.1.2 Characteristics 149 9.3.2 Injection Reservoir 150 9.4 Thermodynamic Analysis and Injection Pressure 151 9.4.1 Comprehensive Model 151 9.4.2 Initial Acid Gas 152 9.4.3 Compressed and Dehydrated Acid Gas 155 9.4.4 Comparison of Different Acid Gas Composition 158 9.4.5 Comparison of Different Wellhead Temperature 158 9.5 Conclusion 159 References 159 10 Selecting CO2 Sinks CCUS Deployment in South Mid-West Kansas 161Eugene Holubnyak, Martin Dubois and Jennifer Hollenbach 10.1 Introduction 161 10.2 Process for Determining Potential Phase II Sites 165 10.2.1 Geologic Setting 165 10.3 Oil Production History and CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Potential in the Region 170 10.4 Estimating CO2 Storage Volume—Building the Static Model 171 10.4.1 Workflow for Building 3-D Static Model 171 10.4.2 Well Data 172 10.4.3 Petrophysics 173 10.4.4 Three-Dimensional Static Model 174 10.5 Estimating CO2 Storage Volume—Running the Dynamic Model 175 10.5.1 Initial Reservoir Conditions and Simulation Constraints 176 10.5.2 Simulation Results 177 10.6 Summary/Discussion 179 References 180 11 Salt Precipitation at an Active CO2 Injection Site 183Stephen Talman, Alireza Rangriz Shokri, Rick Chalaturnyk and Erik Nickel 11.1 Introduction 184 11.2 Laboratory and Field Data 186 11.2.1 Data Sources 186 11.2.2 Chemical Composition of Formation Water 186 11.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Recovered Salt Samples 187 11.2.4 Downhole Video Analysis and Image Sizing 188 11.2.4.1 Material Fixed to the Wellbore 188 11.2.4.2 Lowest Reaches of the Well 190 11.2.4.3 Dislodged Materials 191 11.3 Implication and Interpretation 193 11.4 Conclusions and Remarks 196 11.5 Acknowledgments 198 References 198 12 The Development Features and Cost Analysis of CCUS Industry in China 201Hao Mingqiang, Hu Yongle, Wang Shiyu and Song Lina 12.1 Introduction 202 12.2 Characteristics of CCUS Project 202 12.2.1 Distribution and Characteristics of CCUS Project 202 12.2.2 Types and Scales of CCUS Emission Sources 202 12.2.3 Emission Scales and Composition of CO2 Emission Enterprises in China 204 12.2.4 Distributions of CO2 Sources in China 204 12.2.5 Characteristic Comparison Between Projects in China and Abroad 205 12.3 Industry Patterns & Driving Modes 209 12.3.1 CCUS Industry Patterns at Home and Aboard 209 12.3.2 Driving Modes of CCUS Industry 210 12.4 Composition & Factors of CO2 Source Cost 213 12.5 Conclusions 215 References 216 13 CO2 Movement Monitoring and Verification in a Fractured Mississippian Carbonate Reservoir during EOR at Wellington Field in South Kansas 217Yevhen Holubnyak, Eric Mackay, Oleg Ishkov and Willard Watney 13.1 Introduction 218 13.2 Wellington Field Faults and Fractures 219 13.3 EOR Field Operations and Production/Injection History 220 13.4 Geochemical Monitoring Survey Setup 221 13.5 Geochemical Monitoring Survey Observations 222 13.6 Conclusions 225 13.7 Acknowledgements 225 13.8 Disclaimer 225 References 226 14 Simulation Study On Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery 227Maojie Chai and Zhangxin Chen 14.1 Introduction 227 14.2 Phase Behavior Study 229 14.3 Simulation Study 230 14.3.1 Fluid Sample Properties 230 14.3.2 Phase Behavior Simulation 230 14.3.3 Lab Scale Core Flooding Simulation 235 14.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Uncertain Parameters 240 14.3.5 Updated Relative Permeability Through History Match 241 14.4 Conclusions 243 References 243 15 Blowout Recovery for Acid Gas Injection Wells 245Ray Mireault 15.1 Introduction 246 15.2 Methodology 247 15.3 Wellbore Behaviour 247 15.4 Acid Gas Flammability and Toxicity 249 15.5 Escape Plume Behaviour 250 15.6 Blowout Recovery Operations 252 15.6.1 Initial Reconnaissance 253 15.6.2 Heavy Equipment for AG Recovery Operations 253 15.7 Recommendations for Further Investigation 254 15.7.1 Acid Gas Escape Cloud Modelling 254 15.7.2 Personnel Training 255 15.7.3 Development of Recovery Equipment and Procedures 256 15.8 Acknowledgments 256 References 257 16 The Comprehensive Considerations of Leak Detection Solutions for Acid Gas Injection Pipelines 259Shouxi Wang, John Carroll, Fan Ye, Lirong Yao, Jianqiang Teng and Haifeng Qiu 16.1 Introduction 260 16.2 Flowing and Layout Features, Leak Detection Strategies of the Acid Gas Pipelines 260 16.3 The Behavior of the Acid Gas Flows with Leakages 261 16.3.1 Leak Experiments on Liquid Pipeline 261 16.3.2 Leak Experiments on Gas Pipeline 262 16.3.3 Summary of Leak Responses 265 16.4 Specification, Measurement Requirements and Features of the Available Pipeline Leak Detection Methods 267 16.4.1 Mass Balance (MB) 267 16.4.2 Pressure Point Analysis (PPA) 268 16.4.3 Real-Time Model (RTM) 269 16.4.4 Data Requirements of the CPM Leak Detection Methods 270 16.4.5 Matrix Features of the Pipeline LDS 271 16.5 Evaluation of the Erhaolian AGI LDS System 271 16.5.1 Erhaolian AGI System 271 16.5.2 Measurement Responses to Different Leak Size and Location 271 16.5.3 The Performances of CPM Leak Detection Methods 278 16.6 Conclusion 281 16.7 Acknowledgments 281 References 282 17 Injection of Non-Condensable Gas in SAGD Using Modified Well Configurations - A Simulation Study 283Yushuo Zhang and Brij Maini 17.1 Introduction 284 17.1.1 Background 284 17.1.2 Project Objectives 284 17.2 Relevant Field History 285 17.2.1 Depositional History 285 17.3 Reservoir Characterization 285 17.3.1 Geology Overview 285 17.3.1.1 Core Analysis 285 17.3.1.2 Log Analysis 285 17.3.1.3 Shale Volume Calculations 286 17.3.1.4 Porosity Calculations 286 17.3.1.5 Water and Oil Saturation 286 17.3.2 Permeability Data 287 17.3.3 PVT Data 287 17.3.4 Reservoir Values 288 17.4 Analytical Production Forecast 288 17.4.1 Butler Model 288 17.4.2 Reservoir Performance with NCG Co-Injection 291 17.5 Reservoir Simulation 291 17.5.1 Geological Model 291 17.5.2 Reservoir Property 292 17.5.3 Well Location 292 17.5.4 Initial Reservoir Simulation Inputs 293 17.5.5 Relative Permeability Data 293 17.5.6 Well Operational Parameters 294 17.5.7 History Match 295 17.5.7.1 Flowing Boundary Condition 295 17.5.7.2 Final History Match Results 295 17.5.8 SAGD Production Forecasts 297 17.5.8.1 Base Case HZ Well Production with Steam Only (Flowing Boundary) 298 17.5.8.2 Forecast Results: Production Rate 299 17.5.8.3 Forecast Results: Steam-to-Oil Ratio 299 17.5.9 Modified Well Simulation Forecast 299 17.5.9.1 Modified Well Configuration with Non-Flowing Boundary 299 17.5.9.2 Perforating Below Top Water Zone 299 17.5.9.3 Forecast Results: Production Rate 302 17.5.9.4 Forecast Results: Steam-to-Oil Ratio 302 17.5.9.5 Steam Chamber Development without NCG 303 17.5.9.6 Steam Chamber Development with NCG 304 17.5.9.7 Simulation Sensitivity Analysis in Non-Flowing Boundary 304 17.5.9.8 Summary of Simulation Results 306 17.6 Conclusion 306 References 308 18 The Study on the Gas Override Phenomenon in Condensate Gas Reservoir 311Kun Huang, Weiyao Zhu, Qitao Zhang, Jing Xia and Kai Luo 18.1 Introduction 311 18.2 Experimental 312 18.2.1 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Tests 312 18.2.2 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Tests Design 313 18.3 Results and Discussion 313 18.3.1 Phase Behavior During the Injection Process 313 18.3.2 The Effect of Mass Transfer on the Phase Behavior 315 18.3.3 Composition of the Mixture in the Cylinder 317 18.4 Conclusions 319 References 319 19 Study on Characteristics of Water-Gas Flow in Tight Gas Reservoir with High Water Saturation 321Qitao Zhang, Weiyao Zhu, Wenchao Liu, Yunqing Shi and Jin Yan 19.1 Introduction 322 19.2 Experiments 322 19.2.1 Materials 322 19.2.2 Experimental Procedure 323 19.2.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 324 19.3 Numerical Simulation for Tight Gas Reservoir with Low Gas Saturation 327 19.3.1 Model Description 327 19.3.2 Model Validation 328 19.3.3 Effect of Threshold Pressure Gradient 329 19.4 Conclusions 331 References 331 20 The Description and Modeling of Gas Override in Condensate Gas Reservoir 333Weiyao Zhu, Kun Huang, Yan Sun and Qitao Zhang 20.1 Introduction 333 20.2 Mathematical Formulation 335 20.2.1 Numerical Scheme 337 20.3 Results and Discussion 337 20.3.1 The Development and Assessment of Gas Override 337 20.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis 339 20.3.2.1 The Influence of Density Difference on Gas Override 340 20.4 Conclusions 341 References 342 21 Research on the Movable Water in the Pores of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs 343Guodong Zou, Weiyao Zhu, Wenchao Liu, Yunqing Shi and Jin Yan 21.1 Introduction 343 21.2 Experimental 344 21.2.1 Experimental Equipment 344 21.2.2 Experimental Procedure 345 21.3 Results and Discussion 346 21.3.1 Change of the Saturated Water 346 21.3.2 Test of the Movable Water 348 21.4 Conclusion 349 References 350 22 Probabilistic Petroleum Portfolio Options Evaluation Model (POEM) 351Darryl Burns 22.1 Project Economic Evaluation Tool (PEET) 351 22.2 Portfolio Options Evaluation Tool (POET) 352 22.3 Program Calculation Procedures 352 22.3.1 General Cash Flow Calculation and Profitability Indicators 352 22.3.1.1 General Cash Flow Calculation 352 22.4 General Calculation Steps 353 Index 361

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE This reference brings together the latest industrial updates and research advances in regional tectonics and geomechanics. Each chapter is based upon an in-depth case study from a particular region, highlighting core concepts and themes as well as regional variations. Key topics discussed in the book are: Drilling solutions from the Kutch offshore basin Geophysical studies from a gas field in Bangladesh Exploring Himalayan terrain in India Tectonics and exploration of the Persian Gulf basin Unconventional gas reservoirs in the Bohemian Massif This book is an invaluable industry resource for professionals and academics working in and studying the fields of petroleum geoscience and tectonics.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Introduction to "Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration, Characterization, and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs" 1Soumyajit Mukherjee, Swagato Dasgupta, Chandan Majumdar, Subhadip Mandal, and Troyee Dasgupta 1 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Petroleum Reservoir Characterization 6Soumi Chaki, Aurobinda Routray, and William K. Mohanty 2 Petrophysical Predictions Using Regression and Advanced Machine Learning Algorithm 21Shubham Singh and Abhijeet Bhardwaj 3 A Modified Guided Filter to Denoise Seismic Attributes 50Soumi Chaki, S.L. Happy, Aurobinda Routray, and William K. Mohanty 4 Geomechanics: A Basic Requirement for Wells at Every Operational Stage 66Chandreyi Chatterjee, Chandan Majumdar, Lenin Mora Guerrero, and Juan Carlos Rabanal Chavez 5 In Situ Stresses from Log Measurements 89Kuppili Meenakshi Sundaram 6 3D Inversion of Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Electromagnetic Logging-While-Drilling Data 101Nigel Clegg and Karol Riofrio Rodriguez 7 Solving the Puzzle: Seven Effective Habits of Geosteering Team Members 115Bronwyn Djefel 8 Driving Technology for Geosteering Decisions: Halliburton Geosteering 123Bronwyn Djefel and Nigel Clegg 9 Rock Strength Estimation from Petrophysical Logs Through Core Data Calibration in Low Porosity and Low Permeability Carbonate Rocks 137Sankhajit Saha and Vikram Vishal 10 Review on Organic Porosity in Shale Reservoirs 151Deependra Pratap Singh, Bodhisatwa Hazra, Vivek Singh, and Pradeep K. Singh 11 Experimental Understanding of Pore Structure and Wettability of the Unconventional Reservoir 172Md Golam Kibria and Qinhong Hu 12 Analysis of Pore Characteristics of Select Indian Shale Samples and Assessment of Pore Connectivity by Conformance Correction of Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Results 198Tuli Bakshi, Venkata Yasaswy Turlapati, Vikram Vishal, B.K Prusty, and Khanindra Pathak 13 Geochemical Modeling of Diagenetic Reactions in the Eocene Sediment-Gravity-Flow Deposit Reservoirs Influenced by Salt Tectonics: The Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil 212Marcos Antonio Klunk, Sudipta Dasgupta, Mohuli Das, Renzo D’souza, Soyane Juceli Siqueira Xavier, and Paulo Roberto Wander 14 Stratigraphic Boundary Detection Using UDWT and Edge-Detection on Well Log Data 219Somali Roy, Biplab Kumar Mukherjee, and Sudipta Dasgupta 15 Source Rock Geochemistry for Shale Characterization 233Devleena Mani, Nihar Ranjan Kar, and M.S. Kalpana 16 A GIS-Based Approach to Explore the Possibility of N--S Gondwana Rift in the South-Eastern Part of India 254Subhobroto Mazumder, Ravi Prakash, and D.S. Mitra 17 The Upper Assam Basin, Its Evolution, and Modification: A Review 280Devojit Bezbaruah, Tapos Kumar Goswami, and Ranjan Kumar Sarmah 18 Basement Tectonics in the Assam Shelf and Its Implications in Hydrocarbon Exploration -- A Remote-Sensing and GIS-Based Perspective 300Subhobroto Mazumder, Blecy Tep, D.S. Mitra, and K.K.S. Pangtey 19 Taphonomy, Petrophysics, and the Relationship of Dense Shell-Accumulation with Reservoir Quality 341Rodrigo Scalise Horodyski, Guilherme Furlan Chinelatto, Hugo Schmidt-Neto, Eduardo Guareschi, and Sudipta Dasgupta 20 Tectonic Evolution of Jaisalmer Basin (Rajasthan, India) 374Rajesh Pandey 21 Improving Insights Into Petrophysics using Geophysical Data for the Habiganj Structure, Surma Basin, Bangladesh 394Kamruzzaman, Delwar Hossain, Mizanur Rahman Sarker, Mahmuda Khatun, and Md. Upal Shahriar 22 Assessment of Efficacy of "b" Value as a Seismic Precursor for Select Major Seismic Events 413Deepali Gadkari and Soumyajit Mukherjee Acknowledgments 428 References 428 Web References 434

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Book SynopsisAs a follow-up to the Handbook of Gasification Technology, also from Wiley-Scrivener, Synthesis Gas goes into more depth on how the products from this important technology can reduce our global carbon footprint and lead the United States, and other countries, toward energy independence. The environmental benefits are very high, and, along with carbon capture and renewable fuels, synthesis gas (or syngas) is a huge step toward environmental sustainability. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1: Production 1 1 Energy Sources and Energy Supply 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Typical Energy Sources 8 1.2.1 Natural Gas and Natural Gas Hydrates 9 1.2.2 The Crude Oil Family 10 1.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen 12 1.3 Other Energy Sources 15 1.3.1 Coal 16 1.3.2 Oil Shale 19 1.3.3 Biomass 21 1.3.4 Solid Waste 25 1.4 Energy Supply 28 1.4.1 Economic Factors 28 1.4.2 Geopolitical Factors 29 1.4.3 Physical Factors 29 1.4.4 Technological Factors 30 1.5 Energy Independence 31 References 36 2 Production of Synthesis Gas 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Synthesis Gas Generation 44 2.3 Feedstocks 46 2.3.1 Natural Gas 46 2.3.2 Crude Oil Resid, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen 47 2.3.3 Refinery Coke 50 2.3.4 Coal 50 2.3.5 Biomass 52 2.3.6 Solid Waste 56 2.3.7 Black Liquor 59 2.3.8 Mixed Feedstocks 61 2.3.8.1 Biomass and Coal 62 2.3.8.2 Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste 62 2.4 Influence of Feedstock Quality 63 2.5 Gasification Processes 65 2.5.1 Feedstock Pretreatment 66 2.5.2 Feedstock Devolatilization 67 2.5.3 Char Gasification 68 2.5.4 General Chemistry 68 2.5.5 Stage-by-Stage Chemistry 72 2.5.5.1 Primary Gasification 72 2.5.5.2 Secondary Gasification 74 2.5.5.3 Water Gas Shift Reaction 76 2.5.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification 77 2.5.5.5 Hydrogasification 78 2.5.5.6 Methanation 79 2.5.5.7 Catalytic Gasification 80 2.5.6 Physical Effects 80 2.6 Products 82 2.6.1 Gaseous Products 83 2.6.1.1 Low Btu Gas 84 2.6.1.2 Medium Btu Gas 85 2.6.1.3 High Btu Gas 86 2.6.1.4 Synthesis Gas 86 2.6.2 Liquid Products 87 2.6.3 Tar 88 References 89 3 Gasifier Types and Gasification Chemistry 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.2 Gasifier Types 96 3.2.1 Fixed-Bed Gasifier 102 3.2.2 Fluid-Bed Gasifier 105 3.2.3 Entrained-Bed Gasifier 108 3.2.4 Molten Salt Gasifier 109 3.2.5 Plasma Gasifier 111 3.2.6 Other Types 113 3.2.7 Gasifier Selection 113 3.3 General Chemistry 115 3.3.1 Devolatilization 118 3.3.2 Products 118 3.4 Process Options 119 3.4.1 Effects of Process Parameters 120 3.4.2 Effect of Heat Release 121 3.4.3 Other Effects 121 References 122 4 Gasification of Coal 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Coal Types and Properties 128 4.3 Gas Products 130 4.3.1 Coal Devolatilization 131 4.3.2 Char Gasification 131 4.3.3 Gasification Chemistry 132 4.3.4 Other Process Options 133 4.3.4.1 Hydrogasification 133 4.3.4.2 Catalytic Gasification 134 4.3.4.3 Plasma Gasification 134 4.3.5 Process Optimization 135 4.4 Product Quality 136 4.4.1 Low Btu Gas 136 4.4.2 Medium Btu Gas 138 4.4.3 High Btu Gas 138 4.4.4 Methane 139 4.4.5 Hydrogen 139 4.4.6 Other Gases 140 4.5 Chemicals Production 140 4.5.1 Coal Tar Chemicals 140 4.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals 143 4.5.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts 143 4.5.2.2 Product Distribution 144 4.6 Advantages and Limitations 145 References 145 5 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Heavy Feedstocks 152 5.2.1 Crude Oil Residua 153 5.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil 155 5.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil 155 5.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 155 5.2.5 Other Feedstocks 156 5.2.5.1 Crude Oil Coke 157 5.2.5.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms 158 5.3 Synthesis Gas Production 159 5.3.1 Partial Oxidation Technology 160 5.3.1.1 Shell Gasification Process 162 5.3.1.2 Texaco Process 162 5.3.1.3 Phillips Process 163 5.3.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation 163 5.4 Products 164 5.4.1 Gas Purification and Quality 165 5.4.2 Process Optimization 166 5.5 Advantages and Limitations 166 5.5.1 Other Uses of Residua 167 5.5.2 Gasification in the Future Refinery 167 References 169 6 Gasification of Biomass 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Gasification Chemistry 177 6.2.1 General Aspects 178 6.2.2 Reactions 181 6.2.2.1 Water Gas Shift Reaction 184 6.2.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Gasification 185 6.2.2.3 Hydrogasification 186 6.2.2.4 Methanation 186 6.3 Gasification Processes 187 6.3.1 Gasifiers 188 6.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 192 6.3.3 Feedstocks 193 6.3.3.1 Biomass 193 6.3.3.2 Gasification of Biomass with Coal 194 6.3.3.3 Gasification of Biomass with Other Feedstocks 198 6.4 Gas Production and Products 199 6.4.1 Gas Production 199 6.4.2 Gaseous Products 201 6.4.2.1 Synthesis Gas 201 6.4.2.2 Low-Btu Gas 203 6.4.2.3 Medium-Btu Gas 203 6.4.2.4 High-Btu Gas 204 6.4.3 Liquid Products 205 6.4.4 Solid Products 205 6.5 The Future 206 References 210 7 Gasification of Waste 217 7.1 Introduction 217 7.2 Waste Types 219 7.2.1 Solid Waste 220 7.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 221 7.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste 221 7.2.4 Bio-Solids 222 7.2.5 Biomedical Waste 223 7.2.6 Sewage Sludge 223 7.3 Feedstock Properties 224 7.4 Fuel Production 224 7.4.1 Preprocessing 225 7.4.2 Process Design 227 7.5 Process Products 228 7.5.1 Synthesis Gas 228 7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide 228 7.5.3 Tar 229 7.5.4 Particulate Matter 231 7.5.5 Halogens/Acid Gases 231 7.5.6 Heavy Metals 232 7.5.7 Alkalis 233 7.5.8 Slag 233 7.6 Advantages and Limitations 234 References 235 8 Reforming Processes 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen 242 8.2.1 Hydrotreating 243 8.2.2 Hydrocracking 244 8.3 Feedstocks 245 8.4 Process Chemistry 246 8.5 Commercial Processes 248 8.5.1 Autothermal Reforming 249 8.5.2 Combined Reforming 249 8.5.3 Dry Reforming 250 8.5.4 Steam-Methane Reforming 251 8.5.5 Steam-Naphtha Reforming 253 8.6 Catalysts 254 8.6.1 Reforming Catalysts 254 8.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts 256 8.6.3 Methanation Catalysts 256 8.7 Hydrogen Purification 257 8.7.1 Wet Scrubbing 257 8.7.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption Units 257 8.7.3 Membrane Systems 258 8.7.4 Cryogenic Separation 258 8.8 Hydrogen Management 259 References 260 9 Gas Conditioning and Cleaning 263 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Gas Streams 265 9.3 Synthesis Gas Cleaning 270 9.3.1 Composition 270 9.3.2 Process Types 272 9.4 Water Removal 274 9.4.1 Absorption 275 9.4.2 Adsorption 276 9.4.3 Cryogenics 278 9.5 Acid Gas Removal 278 9.5.1 Adsorption 279 9.5.2 Absorption 280 9.5.3 Chemisorption 281 9.5.4 Other Processes 285 9.6 Removal of Condensable Hydrocarbons 289 9.6.1 Extraction 291 9.6.2 Absorption 292 9.6.3 Fractionation 292 9.6.4 Enrichment 293 9.7 Tar Removal 294 9.7.1 Physical Methods 294 9.7.2 Thermal Methods 296 9.8 Other Contaminant Removal 296 9.8.1 Nitrogen Removal 296 9.8.2 Ammonia Removal 298 9.8.3 Particulate Matter Removal 298 9.8.4 Siloxane Removal 298 9.8.5 Alkali Metal Salt Removal 299 9.8.6 Biological Methods 299 9.8.6.1 Biofiltration 300 9.8.6.2 Bioscrubbing 302 9.8.6.3 Bio-Oxidation 303 9.9 Tail Gas Cleaning 303 9.9.1 Claus Process 304 9.9.2 SCOT Process 305 References 306 Part 2: Fuels and Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 311 10 The Fischer-Tropsch Process 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 History and Development of the Process 317 10.3 Synthesis Gas 320 10.4 Production of Synthesis Gas 323 10.4.1 Feedstocks 323 10.4.2 Product Distribution 326 10.5 Process Parameters 327 10.6 Reactors and Catalysts 330 10.6.1 Reactors 330 10.6.2 Catalysts 332 10.7 Products and Product Quality 336 10.7.1 Products 336 10.7.2 Product Quality 337 10.8 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry 339 10.8.1 Chemical Principles 340 10.8.2 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Products 344 References 346 11 Synthesis Gas in the Refinery 349 11.1 Introduction 349 11.2 Processes and Feedstocks 350 11.2.1 Gasification of Residua 353 11.2.2 Gasification of Residua with Coal 354 11.2.3 Gasification of Residua with Biomass 354 11.2.4 Gasification of Residua with Waste 356 11.3 Synthetic Fuel Production 358 11.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 359 11.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 360 11.3.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 362 11.3.3.1 Gasoline Production 363 11.3.3.2 Diesel Production 365 11.4 Sabatier-Senderens Process 366 11.4.1 Methanol Production 367 11.4.2 Dimethyl Ether Production 368 11.5 The Future 369 References 373 12 Hydrogen Production 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Processes 381 12.2.1 Feedstocks 382 12.2.2 Commercial Processes 383 12.2.2.1 Hydrocarbon Gasification 384 12.2.2.2 Hypro Process 385 12.2.2.3 Hydrogen from Pyrolysis Processes 386 12.2.2.4 Hydrogen from Refinery Gas 387 12.2.2.5 Other Options 387 12.2.3 Process Chemistry 388 12.3 Hydrogen Purification 390 12.3.1 Wet Scrubbing 391 12.3.2 Pressure-Swing Adsorption 391 12.3.3 Membrane Systems 392 12.3.4 Cryogenic Separation 393 12.4 Hydrogen Management 394 References 395 13 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 399 13.1 Introduction 399 13.2 Historical Aspects and Overview 410 13.3 The Petrochemical Industry 412 13.4 Petrochemicals 417 13.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals 417 13.4.2 Products and End Use 418 13.4.3 Production of Petrochemicals 419 13.4.4 Gaseous Fuels and Chemicals 425 13.4.4.1 Ammonia 425 13.4.4.2 Hydrogen 427 13.4.4.3 Synthetic Natural Gas 427 13.4.5 Liquid Fuels and Chemicals 428 13.4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 428 13.4.5.2 Methanol 428 13.4.5.3 Dimethyl Ether 429 13.4.5.4 Methanol-to-Gasoline and Olefins 429 13.4.5.5 Other Processes 429 13.5 The Future 430 References 437 14 Technology Integration 439 14.1 Introduction 439 14.2 Applications and Products 440 14.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers 441 14.2.2 Substitute Natural Gas 441 14.2.3 Hydrogen for Crude Oil Refining 442 14.2.4 Transportation Fuels 443 14.2.5 Transportation Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen 445 14.2.6 Power Generation 445 14.2.7 Waste-to-Energy Gasification 446 14.2.8 Biomass Gasification 447 14.3 Environmental Benefits 449 14.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 450 14.3.2 Air Emissions 450 14.3.3 Solids Generation 450 14.3.4 Water Use 450 14.4 A Process for Now and the Future 451 14.4.1 The Process 451 14.4.2 Refinery of the Future 453 14.4.3 Economic Aspects 454 14.4.4 Market Outlook 455 14.5 Conclusions 455 References 457 Coversion Factors 459 Glossary 463 About the Author 489 Index 491

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Book SynopsisComprehensive resource summarizing current approaches to generating hydrogen from water and reducing CO2 into various hydrocarbons Green Energy Harvesting: Materials for Hydrogen Generation and Carbon Dioxide Reduction provides an in-depth treatment of the subject by exploring the fundamentals required for the selection of the materials, their synthesis methods, and possible ways to modify them for higher efficiency and enhanced stability. The prospects of adopting these sustainable solutions at a commercial level are summarized. Special emphasis is given to the figure-of-merits for currently developed systems for hydrogen generation and CO2 reduction and to an assessment of available materials in terms of efficacy and efficiency. Green Energy Harvesting also includes information on: Renewable energy in general, including the role of renewable hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels, and possible renewable energy sources A fundamental Table of ContentsRenewable energy: Introduction, Current Status and Future Prospects Hydrogen and Hydrocarbons as Fuel Possible ways for H2 Generation Fundamental Understanding and Figure of Merits for H2 Production and CO2 Reduction Single Atom Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials Metal-Organic Framework Based Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical Hydrogen Generation 2D-Materials for CO2 Reduction and H2 Generation Hybrid Materials for CO2 Reduction and H2 Generation Possible Ways for CO2 Reduction Into Hydrocarbons Mxenes Hybrid for H2 Generation and CO2 Reduction Transition Metal Oxides, Phosphides, Sulphides and Selenides for H2 Generation Device Development and Deployment Status for H2 Production and CO2 Utilization

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Book SynopsisThe latest edition of the gold standard in the economics and financing of health care In the newly revised Sixth Edition of Health Economics and Financing, an expert team of authors delivers an authoritative discussion of key topics in the economic and finance issues relevant to health care. From cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses to the economic considerations driving the choices of physicians, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies, the book explores the influence of financial considerations both public and private that remain front-of-mind for modern health care decision makers.Table of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxiii About the Authors xxv Foreword xxvii 1 Choices: Money, Medicine, and Health 1 2 Demand and Supply 20 3 Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 40 4 Financing Medical Care: Health Insurance Contracts: Managed Care 63 5 Physicians 98 6 Medical Education, Organization, and Business Practices 116 7 Hospitals 136 8 Management and Regulation of Hospital Costs 151 9 Long-Term Care 170 10 Pharmaceuticals 188 11 Financing and Ownership of Health Care Providers 207 12 History, Demography, and the Growth of Modern Medicine 229 13 Macroeconomics of Medical Care 254 14 The Role of Government and Public Goods 279 15 International Comparisons of Health and Health Expenditures 308 16 Value for Money in the Future of Health Care 325 Glossary G-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisMultiphase Transport of Hydrocarbons in Pipes An introduction to multiphase flows in the oil and gas industry The term multiphase flow' refers to the concurrent flow of oil and/or gas, alongside other substances or materials such as production water, chemical inhibitors, and solids (e.g. sand). This is a critical topic in the oil and gas industry, where the presence of multiple flow phases in pipelines affects deliverability, generates serious complications in predicting flow performance for system design and operation, and requires specific risk mitigation actions and continuous maintenance. Chemical and Mechanical Engineers interested in working in this industry will benefit from understanding the basic theories and practices required to model and operate multiphase flows through pipelines, wells, and other components of the production system. Multiphase Transport of Hydrocarbons in Pipes meets this need with a comprehensive overview of five decades of research into multiphase flow.

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Book SynopsisIn Strategic Coupling, Henry Wai-chung Yeung examines economic development and state-firm relations in East Asia, focusing in particular on South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. As a result of the massive changes of the last twenty-five years, new explanations must be found for the economic success and industrial transformation in the region. State-assisted startups and incubator firms in East Asia have become major players in the manufacture of products with a global reach: Taiwan''s Hon Hai Precision has assembled more than 500 million iPhones, for instance, and South Korea's Samsung provides the iPhone's semiconductor chips and retina displays.Drawing on extensive interviews with top executives and senior government officials, Yeung argues that since the late 1980s, many East Asian firms have outgrown their home states, and are no longer dependent on state support; as a result the developmental state has lost much of its capacity to steer and direct industrialization. We canTrade ReviewHenry Wai-chung Yeung's Strategic Coupling is timely to fill up the vacuum on East Asian develomentalism literature in the wake of globalization challenges since the 1990s. This much-needed exploration on the trajectory of post-developmentalism in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, offers an empirically rich and theoretical cohesive account of three successful cases in coping with industrial transformation in the age of globalization. * International Relations of the Asia-Pacific *Examines East Asian industrial transformation and strategic coupling in national global articulations, how East Asian firms have survived and competed since the 1900s without direct financial support from their domestic states, and the nature of state presence in the changing reconfiguration of state-firm relations. * Journal of Economic Literature *An excellent overview of the developmental state literature and more recent empirical analyses that raise questions about this model both historically and in the last couple of decades.... Yeung's analysis brings together incisive and carefully documented explanations at the firm and industry level using these organizational concepts with a broader understanding of national economic policy, a combination not typically found in research on East Asian economic development.... Very suitable for courses in international business, organizational sociology, and economics that focus on firm strategies, organizational and industry change, the evolution of the world economy, and technology industries. * H-Diplo *One of the many great merits of this book is that it brings together a rich amalgam of theory and empirical evidence to bear on the concept of the developmental state.... Through a rich empirical analysis the author illustrates the three distinct strategic coupling processes engaged by East Asian firms in the global electronics, semiconductor, shipbuilding, automobile and service industries since the early 1990s—namely, strategic partnerships, industrial marketspecialization and (re)positioning as global lead firms.... Yeung is a worthy heir to the likes of [Robert] Wade because he can legitimately claim to have made some original contributions of his own by addressing the debilitating state-centricity of the original thesis.... Magnificent. * Regional Studies *An interesting study that augments the state-centric perspective of the developmental state model with a more nuanced view that highlights firm-level agency and the strategic potential of embedding into global value chains. * Pacific Affairs *Table of Contents1. East Asian Development in the New Global Economy 2. Transformation of State- Firm Relations in the 1980s and the 1990s 3. Strategic Coupling: East Asian Firms in Global Production Networks 4. Strategic Partnership in Global Electronics 5. Industrial Specialization and Market Leadership in Marine Engineering and Semiconductors 6. Emergence of East Asian Lead Firms 7. Beyond the Developmental State: A New Global Political Economy of Industrial Transformation

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Book SynopsisIn Strategic Coupling, Henry Wai-chung Yeung examines economic development and state-firm relations in East Asia, focusing in particular on South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. As a result of the massive changes of the last twenty-five years, new explanations must be found for the economic success and industrial transformation in the region. State-assisted startups and incubator firms in East Asia have become major players in the manufacture of products with a global reach: Taiwan''s Hon Hai Precision has assembled more than 500 million iPhones, for instance, and South Korea's Samsung provides the iPhone's semiconductor chips and retina displays.Drawing on extensive interviews with top executives and senior government officials, Yeung argues that since the late 1980s, many East Asian firms have outgrown their home states, and are no longer dependent on state support; as a result the developmental state has lost much of its capacity to steer and direct industrialization. We canTrade ReviewHenry Wai-chung Yeung's Strategic Coupling is timely to fill up the vacuum on East Asian develomentalism literature in the wake of globalization challenges since the 1990s. This much-needed exploration on the trajectory of post-developmentalism in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, offers an empirically rich and theoretical cohesive account of three successful cases in coping with industrial transformation in the age of globalization. * International Relations of the Asia-Pacific *Examines East Asian industrial transformation and strategic coupling in national global articulations, how East Asian firms have survived and competed since the 1900s without direct financial support from their domestic states, and the nature of state presence in the changing reconfiguration of state-firm relations. * Journal of Economic Literature *An excellent overview of the developmental state literature and more recent empirical analyses that raise questions about this model both historically and in the last couple of decades.... Yeung's analysis brings together incisive and carefully documented explanations at the firm and industry level using these organizational concepts with a broader understanding of national economic policy, a combination not typically found in research on East Asian economic development.... Very suitable for courses in international business, organizational sociology, and economics that focus on firm strategies, organizational and industry change, the evolution of the world economy, and technology industries. * H-Diplo *One of the many great merits of this book is that it brings together a rich amalgam of theory and empirical evidence to bear on the concept of the developmental state.... Through a rich empirical analysis the author illustrates the three distinct strategic coupling processes engaged by East Asian firms in the global electronics, semiconductor, shipbuilding, automobile and service industries since the early 1990s—namely, strategic partnerships, industrial marketspecialization and (re)positioning as global lead firms.... Yeung is a worthy heir to the likes of [Robert] Wade because he can legitimately claim to have made some original contributions of his own by addressing the debilitating state-centricity of the original thesis.... Magnificent. * Regional Studies *An interesting study that augments the state-centric perspective of the developmental state model with a more nuanced view that highlights firm-level agency and the strategic potential of embedding into global value chains. * Pacific Affairs *Table of Contents1. East Asian Development in the New Global Economy 2. Transformation of State- Firm Relations in the 1980s and the 1990s 3. Strategic Coupling: East Asian Firms in Global Production Networks 4. Strategic Partnership in Global Electronics 5. Industrial Specialization and Market Leadership in Marine Engineering and Semiconductors 6. Emergence of East Asian Lead Firms 7. Beyond the Developmental State: A New Global Political Economy of Industrial Transformation

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Book SynopsisFounded in 1921 as a separate Wharton department, the Industrial Research Unit has a long record of publication and research in the labor market, productivity, union relations, and business report fields. Major Industrial Research Unit studies as published as research projects are completed. This volume is Study no. 41. The development of effective case and illustrative teaching materials for a modern graduate curriculum in business requires constant search for new problems, techniques, methods and applications. The carpeting-resilient flooring controversy appeared to be an excellent case for classroom use, particularly in courses on business policy and industrial engineering. Further professional interest was involved because the collection of such data would involve developing output performance standards for an important class of indirect labor activities. After defining the necessary maintenance operations and appearance levels, cost information was developed separately for four types of floor areas: unobstructed areas, obstructed areas, individual offices, and areas subject to high risk of spillage under heavy, medium, and light traffic conditions. Total costs were divided into installed costs, maintenance labor costs, cost capital equipment, and expendable supplies. Utilizing the amortized annual cost method, comparisons were made between the two floor covering materials in each of the four types of areas at various appearance levels. If annual dollar cost is the criterion, the summary conclusion is that under all conditions investigated, the total annual cost for resilient flooring is less than that for carpeting. Annual maintenance costs were found to be approximately equal, so an analyst can obtain a close approximation of the actual total annual cost difference by merely dividing initial installed cost by estimated service life for both materials.

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Book SynopsisAlong with increased complexities in work and life in general in the twenty-first century come new and dangerous risks to workers, customers, and the general public. Drawing on decades of experience as a researcher and consultant for a range of organizations and individuals in high-risk domains, the author of this book presents a powerful theory of open communication and teamwork. This unites a range of communication practices and principles that have proven to combat risk and complexity in organizations.The book initially focuses on NASA, an organization that experiences and engages with high complexity and risk daily. As a participant-observer in the Apollo program, the author witnessed pioneering communication practices that, for example, empowered engineers with “automatic responsibility” for any technical problem they perceived. It was partly the failure to follow such protocols that resulted in the catastrophes experienced in the Challenger and Columbia tragedies, as the author shows.Using the lessons learned from the space program, the book then explores complexity and risk in medicine, aviation, the fighting of forest fires, and homelessness, again consistently finding communication practices that worked and did not work. Based on detailed research conducted over several decades, the book presents a unified theory linked to generally applicable communication practices. Case studies include the results of an international experiment of surgery conducted in ten countries that produced a highly significant reduction of deaths and infections in Africa, India, and other parts of the world, to the creation of innovative communication practices that significantly reduced risks in the US aviation industry.

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Book SynopsisCases in Strategic Management is designed to provide students with the best means for developing their decision-making skills. It contains 25 comprehensive, up-to-date cases featuring a wide range of organizations that are undergoing, or have undergone, strategic change. All the cases feature actual organizations, ranging in size from small businesses to Fortune "Global 500" industry giants. The emphasis of this casebook is on strategic decisions, particularly those involving quality issues and global competition. It may be used with the companion text, Strategic Management by Michael J. Stahl and David W. Grigsby, or with other texts or books of readings.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction: Preparing and Presenting Effective Case Analyses. 1. Harley-Davidson, Inc. (Sexton Adams and Adelaide Griffin). 2. The Swatch in 1993 (Arieh A. Ullman). 3. Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: RU 486 (Jan Willem Boi and David Rosenthal). 4. The Rise and Fall of Yugo America, Inc. (Carolyn Silliman and Jeffrey S. Harrison). 5. GM Allison Japan Ltd (Richard T. Dailey). 6. Kenhar Products, Inc. (Kenneth F. Harling). 7. Calox machinery Corporation (Lester A. Neidell). 8. American Airlines International Strategy (Steve Bogner and Lester A. Neidell). 9. Korean Air: Challenges and Opportunities in the Growth (Chung Young-Chul). 10. The Metamorphosis of Whirlpool Corporation (Arieh A. Ullman). 11. Cosmetic and Activism: Anita Roddick and The Body Shop (David W. Grigsby, Alison M. Flynn, and Tanya Craig). 12. IKEA (Canada) Ltd (Paul W. Beamish and Peter Killing). 13. Toys ‘R’ Us, 1993 (Caron H. St John). 14. Wal-Mart, 1992 (Walter E. Greene). 15. Cadbury Schweppes plc (Franz Lohrke, James Combs, and Gary J. Castrogiovanni). 16. Kentucky Fried Chicken in China (Allen J. Morrison and Paul Beamish). 17. Labatt Breweries of Europe (with industry note: Italy and Its Beer Industry) (Arthur Sharplin). 18. Dibrell Brothers, Inc. (David W. Grigsby and Lester A. Hudson). 19. Liz Claiborne, Inc., 1994 (David W. Grisby, Linda O. Smith and Jane Crews). 20. Nike, Inc. (David W. Grisby, Susan Gaertner, and Karen Roach). 21. Lee Jing Textile Company Ltd (Sue Greenfield and Shun-Ching Horng). 22. Amtrak: Is This Any way to Run a Railroad (David W. Grigsby, Steven Horshbarger, and Jeffrey West). 23. UNICRESA and the Credit Card Industry in Portugal (David W. Grigsby and Vitor F. C. Gonçalves). 24. Transvit of Novgorod, Russia (Joseph Wolfe). Index

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Book SynopsisAlfred W. Lawson (1869-1954) was a professional baseball player, inventor of the airliner, leader of a movement in the 1930s calling for the abolition of banks and interest, and founder of a utopian community, the so-called Des Moines University of Lawsonomy. This unusual institution, constantly embroiled in controversy in the 1940s and early 1950s, was dedicated not only to teaching Lawson's novel religious and scientific ideas but also to initiating a reform of human nature. Throughout this multifaceted and colorful biography Henry gives special attention to Lawson's development as a utopian thinker and reformer, providing a thorough treatment of the poignant saga of the controversial and doomed community in 'Des Moines'. Every phase of Lawson's incredible career is linked to main currents of American life and culture, resulting in an entertaining and sympathetic account that reveals how the self-styled Magic Man of Baseball, Columbus of the Air, Wizard of Reason, and First Knowledgian, for all his claimed and actual uniqueness, was nonetheless a product clearly ""Made in America.

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