Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books

Book SynopsisBook & CD. The United States has been the leading producer of manufactured goods for more than 100 years, and the manufacturing sector is once again adding jobs and opening new factories at its fastest rate in two decades. The United States has long thrived as a result of its ability to manufacture goods and sell them to global markets. Manufacturing drives knowledge production and innovation in the United States by supporting two‐thirds of private sector research and development and by employing the vast majority of U.S. scientists, engineers, and technicians to invent and produce new products. Yet, in the 2000''s, manufacturing faced major employment declines as factories were shuttered. U.S. strengths in manufacturing innovation and technologies that have sustained American leadership in manufacturing are under threat from new and growing competition abroad. This book discusses the efforts and recommendations for accelerating advanced manufacturing in America.

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Book SynopsisThe use of additive manufacturing has increased significantly in previous years. Additive manufacturing is used by multiple industry subsectors, including motor vehicles, aerospace, machinery, electronics, and medical products. Currently, however, additive manufactured products represent less than one percent of all manufactured products in the U.S. As the costs of additive manufacturing systems decrease, this technology may change the way that consumers interact with producers. Additive manufacturing technology opens up new opportunities for the economy and society. It can facilitate the customized production of strong light-weight products and it allows designs that were not possible with previous manufacturing techniques. This book provides aggregate manufacturing industry data and industry subsector data to develop a quantitative depiction of the U.S. additive manufacturing industry.

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Book SynopsisAdditive manufacturing has the potential to fundamentally change the production and distribution of goods. Unlike conventional or subtractive manufacturing processes, such as drilling, which create a part by cutting away material, additive manufacturing builds a part using a layer-by-layer process. Additive manufacturing has been used as a design and prototyping tool, but the focus of additive manufacturing is now shifting to the direct production of functional parts -- parts that accomplish one or more functions, such as medical implants or aircraft engine parts -- that are ready for distribution and sale. This book discusses the use of additive manufacturing to directly produce functional parts, including its opportunities, key challenges, and key considerations for any policy actions that could affect its future use. This book explores the development and application of additive manufacturing as well as initiatives in the United States and other countries to advance it. It also examines the technology''s effect on firm and industry production activities, as well as the potential implications for U.S. manufacturing competitiveness focused in three industries.

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Book SynopsisSupply Chain Management (SCM) has been widely researched in numerous application domains in manufacturing and service industries during the last decades. There are several attempts made by researchers and practitioners to appropriately define SCM and its applications. This book is comprised of twelve chapters. Chapter One develops a mathematical model in a four layer supply chain including supplier, manufacturer, distributor and customers using the product life cycle factors to obtain the optimal number of products and the fulfilment of an activity in product life cycle. Chapter Two presents a recent and exhaustive review on important integrated supply chain management problems and the current research on integration between different supply chain management functions. Chapter Three illustrates a comprehensive multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology for the selection of a third party logistics service provider. Chapter Four explains the capabilities of Google Spreadsheet as a tool, using its tool inventory distribution management, risk pooling and transhipment at retailer levels for integrated operation of the supply chain. Chapter Five describes the agent-based modelling approach to simulate the interaction and negotiation behaviour of palm oil supply chain (POSC) actors, which attempt to obtain highest added-value, but must consider overall supply chain profitability and sustainability. Chapter Six intends to signify the performance measurement practices in the industries and also presents the need of supply chain performance measurement in textile industry with a case study. In Chapter Seven, a generic method has been developed in order to assist and assess complex supply chain network design and analysis considering different types of uncertainty factors. Chapter Eight proposes a mathematical model to determine the optimal location for a warehouse. Several factors like locations of distributors, nature of demand etc. have been considered to formulate the optimisation model, which has been solved using differential evolution. Chapter Nine is a study of sport-related location and layout strategies as they relate to the location of a firm (i.e.: intermediate variables/functions, superior firm performance). Chapter Ten illustrates the various approaches to implement the green principles by different researchers. The main objective of the green supply chain management (GSCM) approach is to eliminate/ minimise the impact of the GHG emissions into the environment throughout the supply chain process. Chapter Eleven focuses on increasing the supply chain value by looking into the colour, image and typography of water product in influencing customers intention to purchase. Finally, Chapter Twelve aims to investigate scenarios for the new setting of the Center of Sterilized Material (CSMs) health system of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To build and evaluate scenarios for the CSMs, an exploratory methodology based on gravity centre approach for location of storage facilities and distribution of materials was adopted.

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Book SynopsisThe Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program is a national network of centers established by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act. The programs objectives are to enhance productivity and technological performance and to strengthen the global competitiveness of target manufacturing firms, namely small and medium-sized U.S.-based firms. Under this program, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) partners with 60 nonfederal organizations called MEP centers. The centers, located in 50 states and Puerto Rico, help target firms develop new customers and expand capacity, among other things. NIST awards federal funding to centers under annually renewed cooperative agreements, subject to the centers providing matching funds and receiving a positive performance evaluation. This book describes, over the past 5 years, how NIST spent federal MEP program funds and examines the basis for NISTs cooperative agreement award spending.

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Book SynopsisExtend the life span of tubular heat exchangers with this bounty of inspection checklists and cost-containment tips. Featuring coverage of the two inspection codes used worldwide, plus techniques of plugging, ferruling, and sleeving, this guide helps you clean exchangers ... make shell-side repairs and alterations ... maintain tubesheets, bonnets, channels, and covers ... handle tube leaks ... increase reboiler capacity and repair reboiler shells ... conduct feedwater heater autopsies to prevent repetition of past design and operation errors ... and much more.

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Book SynopsisFrom agricultural soils to the clouds and fogs which influence our weather; from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals; from the food we eat to the structure of biological cells - most of the materials around us are made up of colloids. Colloidal systems are also important in the paper, paint and ink industries, either in the final products or at crucial stages in their manufacture. This book provides an introduction to the area of science which seeks to understand those processes which govern the behaviour of these systems.The emphasis is on providing a sound basic understanding on which later, more advanced study can be built. The book offers a gentle introduction to the author''s two-volume reference book Foundations of Colloid Science, which can be used to take the specialist reader into the latest research literature.Trade Review'the material included represents a selection of core topics that is covered to varying depths ... As an introduction to the subject area it will be a useful book for the serious reader who is seeking quantitative approach to the principles of colloid science.' Times Higher Education Supplement'Intended for a senior undergraduate course or for the many workers in science and industry for whom colloid science is important, but not central, to their concerns. Serves as an introduction to the author's comprehensive, two-volume work, Foundations of Colloid Science.' SciTech Book News, June 1994'will be useful to practising chemists for whom a more detailed knowledge of colloid chemistry would be advantageous' Aslib Book Guide, vol. 59, no. 4, April 1994Robert Hunter's new book will provide a useful and relatively painless initiation for those entering the field of colloid science, and is a handy reference work for the more experienced. It is remarkable value for money and should find its way into the personal libraries of novices and experts alike. * J. Gregory, Polymer International, Vol. 35, No. 1, Sept '94 *This new 'little Hunter' is a teaching text in the classical sense. The text is easy to read, sensibly illustrated and introduces many practical examples. * J Klingler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem 99 no 3 591-2. *A succesful book, both in terms of its content and its didactics, which can be recommended to everyone who wants to start in the field of colloids. * J Klingler, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem 99 no 3 591-2. *Table of Contents1. Characterization of colloidal dispersions ; 2. Microscopic colloidal behaviour ; 3. Determination of particle size ; 4. Flow behaviour ; 5. Thermodynamics of surfaces ; 6. Adsorption at interfaces ; 7. Electrically charged interfaces ; 8. Measuring surface charge and potential ; 9. Particle interaction and coagulation ; 10. Applications of colloid and surface science ; Index

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Book SynopsisUpdating the Industrial Wood Energy Handbook by a team from Georgia Tech, this book explains characteristics of renewable fuels, especially biomass and wood, and the cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of handling, storing and burning these fuels.Trade Review"Covering everything from the theory (such as energy content and physical properties of different fuels) to the practical (e.g. boiler, hopper and filter design), … this is a very useful guide." (Enagri, November 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Alternate Fuels. CHAPTER 2 Fuel Properties and Combustion Theory. CHAPTER 3 Liquid Fuels from Biomass. CHAPTER 4 Biomass Combustion Equipment—Steam, Hot Oil, and Hot Gas. CHAPTER 5 Biomass Fuel Storage and Handling. CHAPTER 6 Cogeneration and Power Generation. CHAPTER 7 Emissions and Control. CHAPTER 8 Environment and Safety: Rules, Regulations, and Safe Practice. CHAPTER 9 Biomass Fuel Supply and Purchasing. CHAPTER 10 Fuel-Switching Feasibility Study Methodology. CHAPTER 11 Economic Analysis of Biomass Combustion Systems. CHAPTER 12 Biomass Fuel Processing Routes and Economics. CHAPTER 13 Biomass Fuel Processing Network. CHAPTER 14 Example Feasibility Study: Nonforest Products Facility. APPENDIX 1 Equipment Manufacturers/Vendors Listing. APPENDIX 2 State Forestry Commission Offices. APPENDIX 3 Glossary. INDEX.

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Book Synopsis“Lean” manufacturing allows manufacturers to reduce waste and maximize profits by adopting a philosophy of operation that considers value from the perspective of the customer. Lean Manufacturing That Works provides insights into this remarkable strategy and shows how to put it to work immediately in your own operations.

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Book SynopsisAlmost all the major accident investigations - Texas City, Piper Alpha, the Phillips 66 explosion, Feyzin, Mexico City - show human error as the principal cause, either in design, operations, maintenance, or the management of safety. This book provides practical advice that can substantially reduce human error at various levels.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables. Preface. Glossary and Acronyms. 1. Introduction: The Role of Human Error in Chemical Process Safety. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Role of Human Error in System Accidents. 1.3 Why Is Human Error Neglected in the CPI? 1.4 Benefits of Improved Human Performance. 1.5 The Traditional and System-induced Error Approach. 1.6 A Demand-Resource Mismatch View of Error. 1.7 A Case Study Illustrating the System-Induced Error Approach. 1.8 From Theory to Practice. 1.9 Appendix Case Studies. 2. Understanding Human Performance and Error. 2.1 Purpose of the Chapter. 2.2 Concepts of Human Error. 2.3 An Overview of the Four Perspective on Human Error. 2.4 The Traditional Safety Engineering Approach to Accidents and Human Error. 2.5 The Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Approach (HF/E). 2.6 The Cognitive Engineering Perspective. 2.7 The Sociotechnical Perspective. 2.8 Summary. 2.9 Appendix 2A. Process Plant Example of the Stepladder Model. 2.10 Appendix 2B. Flowcharts for Using the Rasmussen Sequential Model for Incident Analysis (Petersen, 1985). 2.11 Appendix 2C. Case Study Illustrating the Use of the Sequential Model. 3. Factors Affecting Human Performance in the Chemical Industry. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Applications of Performance-Influencing Factors. 3.3 A Classification Structure for Performance-Influencing Factors. 3.4 Operating Environment. 3.5 Task Characteristics. 3.6 Operator Characteristics. 3.7 Organizational and Social Factors. 3.8 Interaction of Performance-Influencing Factors. 3.9 Variability of Human Performance during Normal and Emergency Situations. 3.10 Summary. 4. Analytical Methods for Predicting and Reducing Human Error. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Data Acquisition Techniques. 4.3 Task Analysis. 4.4 Human Error Analysis Techniques. 4.5 Ergonomics Checklists. 4.6 Summary. 5. Qualitative and Quantitative Prediction of Human Error in Risk Assessment. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Role of Human Reliability in Risk Assessment. 5.3 System for Predictive Error Analysis and Reduction (SPEAR). 5.4 Critical Task Identification and Screening Analysis. 5.5 Qualitative Human Error Analysis. 5.6 Representation. 5.7 Quantification. 5.8 Summary. 5.9 Appendix 5A. Influence Diagram Calculations. 6. Data Collection and Incident Analysis Methods. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 An Overview of Data Collection Systems. 6.3 Types of Data Collection Systems. 6.4 Organizational and Cultural Aspects of Data Collection. 6.5 Types of Data Collected. 6.6 Methods of Data Collection, Storage, and Retrieval. 6.7 Data Interpretation. 6.8 Root Cause Analysis Techniques. 6.9 Implementing and Monitoring the Effectiveness of Error Reduction Measures. 6.10 Setting Up a Data Collection System in a Chemical Plant. 6.11 Summary. 7. Case Studies. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Case Study 1: Incident Analysis of Hydrocarbon Leak from Pipe. 7.3 Case Study 2: Incident Investigation: Mischarging of Solvent in a Batch Plant. 7.4 Case Study 3: Design of Standard Operating Procedures for Task in Case Study 2. 7.5 Case Study 4: Design of Visual Display Units for Computer-Controlled Plant. 7.6 Case Study 5: Audit of Offshore Emergency Blowdown Operations. 8. Implementing an Integrated Error and Process Safety Management System at the Plant. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Managing Human Error by Design. 8.3 Setting Up an Error Management System in an Existing Plant. 8.4 Summary. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisFollowing an introduction, which offers examples of how proper documentation might have prevented explosions and serious incidents, the 21 sections in this book present aims, goals, and methodology in various areas of documentation. It contains examples of needed forms, lists of relevant industry organizations, sources for software, and more.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. Glossary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Process Safety Management Activities of the Center for Chemical Process Safety. 1.2 Benefits of Process Safety Management. 1.3 Description of Documentation. 1.4 Organizational and Individual Responsibilities. 1.5 Regulatory Considerations. 1.6 How to Use This Book. 1.7 Summary. 1.8 References. 2. Process Safety Documentation Overview. 2.1 Introduction. 2.1.1 Examples of Incidents Associated with Inadequate Documentation. 2.2 Goals and Benefits of Documentation. 2.3 Technological Changes. 2.4 Summary. 2.5 References. 3. Accountability. 3.1 Overview. 3.1.1 Introduction and Definition. 3.1.2 goals and Benefits. 3.2 Description of Documentation. 3.2.1 Statement of Values and Policies. 3.2.2 More Detailed Documentation. 3.2.3 Responsibility and Accountability. 3.2.4 Measurement. 3.3 Records Management. 3.3.1 Policies and Practices. 3.3.2 Records Revision and Retention. 3.4 Auditing. 3.5 References. 4. Records Management. 4.1 Overview. 4.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 4.2 Description of Records Management. 4.2.1 Manual Systems. 4.2.2 Computerized Document Management Systems. 4.2.3 Combination Systems. 4.2.4 System Selection. 4.3 Description of Documentation. 4.3.1 Documentation of Records Management Accountability and Responsibility. 4.3.2 Description of Specific Types of Records. 4.4 Records Management. 4.4.1 Where Maintained. 4.4.2 Document Control. 4.4.3 Choice of Media. 4.4.4 Files. 4.4.5 Document Management Systems. 4.4.6 Fire Protection. 4.4.7 Environmental Damage Control. 4.4.8 Security. 4.4.9 Reproduction. 4.4.10 Destruction. Appendix 4A. Records Management Resources. 5. Process Knowledge. 5.1 Overview. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 5.2 Description of Process Knowledge. 5.2.1 Objectives. 5.2.2 Sources and nature of Process Knowledge. 5.3 Process Knowledge Documentation. 5.3.1 Process Knowledge Program Documentation. 5.3.2 Records from Implementing the Process Knowledge Element. 5.4 Records Management. 5.5 Auditing. 5.6 Examples. 5.6.1 Inadequate Investigation and Documentation of Chemicals Prior to Process Application. 5.6.2 Lack of Documentation of Process Information for Operations Personnel. 5.7 Reference. Appendix 5A. Example of Process Knowledge File Index. 6. Process Hazard Analysis. 6.1 Overview. 6.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 6.2 Description of Process Hazard Analysis. 6.2.1 Objectives. 6.2.2 Method 1: Safety Review. 6.2.3 Method 2: Checklist Analysis (CL). 6.2.4 Method 3: Relative Ranking Analysis. 6.2.5 Method 4: Preliminary Hazard Analysis. 6.2.6 Method 5: What-If Analysis (WI). 6.2.7 Method 6: What-If/Checklist Analysis (WICL). 6.2.8 Method 7: Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP). 6.2.9 Method 8: Failure Models and Effects Analysis (FMEA). 6.2.10 Method 9: Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). 6.2.11 Method 10: Event Tree Analysis (ETA). 6.2.12 Method 11: Cause-Consequence Analysis (OCA). 6.2.13 Method 12: Human Factors Analysis (HFA). 6.3 Process Hazard Analysis Documentation. 6.3.1 PHA Program Documentation. 6.3.2 Documentation of PHA Results. 6.3.3 Resolution of PHA Recommendations. 6.4 Records Management. 6.4.1 Records Management Program. 6.4.2 Media and Methods. 6.4.3 Responsibility and Accountability. 6.4.4 Distribution, Access, and Retention. 6.5 Auditing. 6.6 Examples. 6.6.1 Runaway Reaction in a Polymerization Reactor. 7. Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis. 7.1 Overview. 7.1.1 Introduction. 7.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 7.2 Description of CPQRA. 7.2.1 Objectives. 7.2.2 Performance of CPQRA. 7.3 CPQRA Documentation. 7.3.1 CPQRA Program Documentation. 7.3.2 Documentation of CPQRA Recommendations. 7.3.3 Resolution of CPQRA Recommendations. 7.4 Records Management. 7.5 Auditing. 7.6 References. Appendix 7A. Graphical Presentation of CPQRA Results. Appendix 7B. Documentation of Supporting Data. Appendix 7C. Other Aspects of CPQRA Documentation. 8. Process Equipment Integrity. 8.1 Overview. 8.1.1 Introduction. 8.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 8.2 Description of Process Equipment Integrity. 8.2.1 Objectives. 8.2.2 Process Equipment Integrity as Part of Process Safety Management. 8.3 Process Equipment Integrity Documentation. 8.3.1 Process Equipment Integrity Program Documentation. 8.3.2 Records from Implementing Process Equipment Integrity Element. 8.4 Records Management. 8.4.1 Who and When. 8.4.2 Where Maintained. 8.4.3 Updating Documentation to Reflect Equipment Changes. 8.5 Auditing. 8.6 Examples. 8.6.1 Inadequate Documentation of Equipment Integrity Requirements and Management of Change Procedures. 8.6.2 Inadequate Documentation of System States. 8.6.3 Similar or Identical Inadequate Equipment Integrity Documentation. 8.7 References. Appendix 8A. Example of Documentation Requirements for Mechanical Equipment. Appendix 8B. Example of Documentation Requirements for Electrical Equipment. Appendix 8C. Example of Documentation Requirements for Instrumentation Equipment. Appendix 8D. Example of Documentation Requirements for Safety Systems Equipment. 9. Human Factors. 9.1 Overview. 9.1.1 Introduction. 9.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 9.2 Description of Human Factors. 9.2.1 Objectives. 9.2.2 Human Factors in the Life Cycle of a Process Facility. 9.2.3 Performance of Human Factors Analysis (HFA). 9.3 Human Factors Documentation. 9.3.1 Human Factors Program Documentation. 9.3.2 Documentation of HFA Results. 9.3.3 Resolution of HFA Recommendations. 9.4 Records Management. 9.5 Auditing. 9.6 Examples. 9.6.1 Type of Human Error. 9.6.2 Examples of Incidents. 9.7 References. Appendix 9A. Typical Technical Documentation of HFA. 10. Management of Change. 10.1 Overview. 10.1.1 Introduction. 10.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 10.2 Description of Management of Change. 10.2.1 Objectives. 10.2.2 Management of Change as Part of Process Safety management. 10.3 Management of Change Documentation. 10.3.1 MOC Program Documentation. 10.2.2 Records from Implementing the MOC Element. 10.4 Records management. 10.4.1 Records Management Program. 10.4.2 Media and Methods. 10.4.3 Responsibility and Accountability. 10.4.4 Records Retention and Purge Schedules. 10.5 Auditing. 10.6 Examples. 10.6.1 Mislabeled Electrical Equipment/Inadequate Management of Change. 10.6.2 Change to Operating Procedure. 10.7 References. 11. Operating Procedures. 11.1 Overview. 11.1.1 Introduction. 11.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 11.2 Description of Operating Procedures. 11.2.1 Objectives of Operating Procedures and Why They Are Required. 11.2.2 Key Elements and Preparation of Operating Procedures. 11.3 Operating Procedures Documentation. 11.3.1 Operating Procedures Program Documentation. 11.3.2 Records from Implementing the Operating Procedures Element. 11.4 Records Management. 11.4.1 Records Management Program. 11.4.2 Where Are Records Maintained? 11.4.3 What Media Should Be Used? 11.4.4 Retention/Purge Schedule for Records. 11.4.5 Access Control. 11.4.6 Revision Control. 11.5 Auditing. 11.6 Examples. 11.6.1 Temporary Operating Procedures. 11.6.2 Abnormal Operations. 11.6.3 Divided Responsibilities. 11.6.4 Precise Requirements. 11.7 References. 12. Training. 12.1 Overview. 12.1.1 Introduction. 12.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 12.2 Training Program Design. 12.2.1 Types of Training Methods. 12.2.2 Initial Training. 12.2.3 Refresher Training. 12.2.4 Training Evaluation. 12.2.5 Training Module Guidelines. 12.3 Training Documentation. 12.3.1 Training Program Documentation. 12.3.2 Records from Implementing the Training Element. 12.4 Records Management. 12.4.1 Records management Program. 12.4.2 Media and Methods. 12.4.3 Responsibilities and Accountability. 12.4.4 Records Retrieval and Access Controls. 12.4.5 Records Retention and Purge Schedule. 12.5 Auditing. 12.6 References. Appendix 12A. Training Topics. Appendix 12B. OSHA Regulations. 13. Emergency Response. 13.1 Overview. 13.1.1 Introduction. 13.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 13.2 Description of Emergency Response. 13.2.1 Objectives. 13.2.2 Planning for Emergency Response. 13.3 Emergency Response Documentation. 13.3.1 Emergency Response Program Documentation. 13.3.2 Records from Implementing an Emergency Response Program. 13.4 Records Management. 13.4.1 Where Are Records Maintained? 13.4.2 Where Media Should Be Used? 13.5 Auditing. 13.6 Examples. 13.6.1 Lack of Preparedness. 13.6.2 Effective Evacuation Planning. 13.7 References. Appendix 13A. NRT-1 Hazardous Material Planning Elements. 14. Auditing. 14.1 Overview. 14.1.1 Introduction. 14.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 14.2 Description of Auditing. 14.2.1 Objectives. 14.2.2 Types of Audits. 14.2.3 Audit Methodology References. 14.3 Audit Documentation. 14.3.1 Audit Program Documentation. 14.3.2 Records from Implementing the Auditing Element. 14.3.3 Resolution of Audit Recommendations. 14.4 Records Management. 14.4.1 Storage Locations. 14.4.2 Media and Methods. 14.4.3 Records Retention and Purge Schedules. 14.5 References. 15. Incident Investigation. 15.1 Overview. 15.1.1 Introduction. 15.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 15.2 Description of Incident Investigation. 15.2.1 Objectives. 15.2.2 Conducting Incident Investigations. 15.3 Incident Investigation Documentation. 15.3.1 Incident Investigation Program Documentation. 15.3.2 Documentation of Incident Investigation Results. 15.3.3 Resolution of Incident Report Recommendations. 15.4 Records Management. 15.4.1 Responsibilities and Accountability. 15.4.2 Records Control. 15.5 Auditing. 15.6 Examples. 15.6.1 Inadequate Follow-Up to Incident Investigation Cause Fire. 15.6.2 Proper Follow-Up Prevent Recurrent Equipment Damage. 15.7 References. 16. Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 16.1 Overview. 16.1.1 Introduction. 16.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 16.2 Description of Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 16.2.1 Objectives. 16.2.2 Differentiation among Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 16.2.3 Sources of Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 16.3 Documentation of Standards, Codes and Regulations. 16.3.1 Program Documentation for Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 16.3.2 Records from Implementing the Standards, Codes, and Regulations Elements. 16.4 Records Management. 16.4.1 Where Are Records Maintained? 16.4.2 Records Procurement. 16.4.3 Media and Methods. 16.4.4 Records Retention and Purge Procedures. 16.5 Auditing. 16.6 References. Appendix 16A. 17. Contractor Issues. 17.1 Overview. 17.1.1 Introduction. 17.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 17.2 Description of Contractor PSM Programs. 17.2.1 Objectives. 17.2.2 Owner Responsibilities. 17.2.3 Contractor Responsibilities. 17.3 Description of Documentation. 17.3.1 Owner’s Program Documentation. 17.3.2 Contractor’s Program Documentation. 17.3.3 Records from Addressing Contractor Issues. 17.4 Records Management. 17.4.1 Where Are Records Maintained? 17.4.2 Retention/Purge Schedule. 17.4.3 Access controls. 17.5 Auditing. 17.5.1 Auditing by the Contractor. 17.5.2 Auditing by the Owner. 17.6 Examples. 17.7 References. 18. Permit-to-Work Systems. 18.1 Overview. 18.1.1 Introduction. 18.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 18.2 Description of Permit-to-Work Systems. 18.2.1 Objectives. 18.2.2 Implementing Permit-to-Work Systems. 18.3 Permit-to-Work Systems Documentation. 18.3.1 Permit-to-Work Systems Program Documentation. 18.3.2 Records from Implementing a Permit-to-Work System. 18.4 Records Management. 18.4.1 Records Management Program. 18.4.2 Where Are Records Maintained? 18.4.3 What Media Should Be Used? 18.4.4 Retention/Purge Schedule for Records. 18.4.5 Revision Controls for Permit System. 18.5 Auditing. 18.6 Examples. 18.6.1 Inadequate Implementation of Permit-to-Work System. 18.6.2 Inadequate Documentation. 18.6.3 Application of Permit-to-Work System Not Comprehensive. 18.6.4 Ambiguous Information Entered on Work Permit. 18.7 References. Appendix 18A. Typical Rules and Responsibilities for Permit-to-Work Systems. Appendix 18B. Hot-Work Permit. Appendix 18C. General Permit-to-Work. Appendix 18D. Lockout/Tagout Permit. Appendix 18E. Pipeline Breaking Permit. Appendix 18F. Confined Space Entry Permit. Appendix 18G. Other Permit Systems. 19. Control Software Documentation. 19.1 Overview. 19.1.1 Introduction. 19.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 19.2 Control Software Documentation. 19.2.1 Objectives. 19.2.2 Control Software Applications. 19.2.3 Software Life Cycle. 19.2.4 Software Life Cycle Stages. 19.3 Documentation of Control Software. 19.3.1 Control Software Documentation Program. 19.3.2 Definition Stage Records. 19.3.3 Design Stage Records. 19.3.4 Implementation Stage Records. 19.3.5 Testing Stage Records. 19.3.6 Installation and Checkout Stage Records. 19.3.7 Operations and Maintenance Stage Records. 19.4 Records Management. 19.4.1 Record Storage Locations. 19.4.2 Media. 19.4.3 Management of Change. 19.4.4 Configuration Management. 19.4.5 Replication, Storage, and Access Control. 19.4.6 Records Retention and Purge Schedules. 19.5 Auditing. 19.6 Examples. 19.6.1 Improper Integration and Documentation of Software. 19.6.2 Inadequate Test and Documentation of Control Software. 19.7 References. Appendix 19A. Quality Control of Software Documentation. 20. Document Life Cycle. 20.1 Overview. 20.1.1 Introduction. 20.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 20.2 Description of Documentation. 20.2.1 What Is a Document? 20.2.2 Overall Document Flow. 20.2.3 Company Generated Documents. 20.2.4 External Documents. 20.2.5 Working Documents. 20.2.6 Reference Documents. 20.2.7 Archival Documents or Records. 20.2.8 Quantities of Documents. 20.3 Description of Document Life Cycle. 20.1 Detailed Example. 20.5 References. 21. Emerging Technologies, Research, and Development. 21.1 Overview. 21.1.1 Introduction. 21.1.2 Goals and Benefits. 21.1.3 Impact of Regulatory Technologies. 21.2 Description of Emerging Technologies. 21.2.1 Electronic Information Management. 21.2.2 New Information Management Tools. 21.2.3 Type of Emerging Technologies. 21.3 Emerging Technologies Applied to Documentation. 21.4 Implementation of Emerging Technologies. 21.4.1 Consideration on the Use of Emerging Technologies. 21.4.2 General Issues for Implementation. 21.4.3 Implementation for Specific Elements of PSM. 21.5 Vision for the Future. 21.6 References.

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