Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Front Matter; 2 Executive Summary; 3 Prologue; 4 Introduction; 5 1 The Manufacturing Value Chain in Transition; 6 2 Opportunities for Value Creation Presented by Digital Technologies and Distributed Tools; 7 3 An Ecosystem for Creating Value; 8 4 Creating a Prosperous Path Forward: Recommended Actions; 9 Appendix: The Big Picture

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Complete HVACR Lab Manual is a comprehensive resource that covers the essential knowledge and skills required to be an HVAC technician. Featuring over 250 lab exercises, this lab manual is designed to support the hands-on application and practice needed to confidently approach HVAC/R system issues.Table of ContentsPart 1: SUBJECT AREA EXERCISES. 1. HVAC Core Concepts (HCC). 2. Electrical Core Concepts (ECC). 3. Refrigeration System Components (RSC). 4. Safety and Tools (SFT). 5. Refrigerants. 6. Air (AIR). 7. Electric Motors (MOT). 8. Heat Pump Systems (HPS). 9. Heating (HTG). 10. Mechanical System Troubleshooting (MST). 11. Controls (CON). 12. Domestic Appliances (DOM). 13. Installation and Start-Up (ISU). 14. Building Sciences (BSC). 15. Commercial and Industrial Systems (COM). Part 2: EXERCISE CORRELATIONS. Master Text Reference Guide. Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating and Air-Conditioning Lab Manual Exercise Number Cross Reference. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology Lab Manual and Workbook Exercise Number Cross Reference.

Read more less

Book SynopsisJouaneh's FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHATRONICS, contains mechatronics laboratory exercises designed to give the student hands-on experience with applications of the concepts covered in a mechatronics course. 14 laboratory exercises are included, plus a section that has a list of suggested extended or final projects. The first five laboratory exercises are designed to illustrate basic measurements, electrical circuits, and electronic concepts. Later exercises focus on microcontrollers, timing and event-driven software, system response, sensors, DC and stepper motors, and feedback control.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is intended to address both the quantitative and qualitative issues of programmable controllers for factory automation. It is helpful for both the newcomer to the field and the experienced control engineer requiring a fresh perspective.Table of Contents1. Introduction of Programmable Controllers 2. Logic Concepts 3. Numbering Systems and Coding Techniques 4. The Central Processing Unit 5. The Input/Output System 6. Programming Devices and Alternatives 7. System Configuration 8. Peripheral Equipment 9. Programming Languages and Techniques 10. Installation and Maintenance 11. Applications 12. Communications with Programmable Controllers 13. Future Trends for Programmable Controllers and Their Related Control Systems

Read more less

Book SynopsisA sweeping, global history of the rise of the factory and its effects on society.Trade Review"An insightful history of giant factories... Mr Freeman rolls up his sleeves and delves into the nitty gritty of manufacturing. He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history, on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls, from union battles to worker exploitation and, in the case of Foxconn, suicides." -- The Economist"Freeman has written a superb account... The author’s sympathy, insight and exemplary anecdotes make this a marvellous book." -- The Guardian"... Behemoth is a tour de force, a powerful liberal retelling of the factory narrative at a time of Trump and all he represents, when it badly needs to be retold." -- Times Higher Education"Freeman does an essential service by publicising the continuance of a system whose foundations rest on a banal evil." -- The Spectator"... fascinating book..." -- The New Statesman"... [Freeman] lay[s] out two centuries of factory production all over the world in ways that are accessible, cogent, occasionally riveting and thoroughly new. The history of large factories, as Freeman outlines it, is the history of the modern world and most everything we see, experience and touch." -- International New York Times"Carefully researched and energetically written, Freeman’s book takes in the first factories in Britain and New England, the great mills of late-Victorian Pennsylvania, the rise of Fordism in the 1920s, the world of the industrial Soviet Union and today’s colossal factories in China and Vietnam." -- The Sunday Times"Rich and ambitious... More than an economic history, or a chronicle of architectural feats and labor movements, Behemoth depicts a world in retreat that still looms large in the national imagination." -- Jennifer Szalai - The New York Times"Fascinating... Freeman shows how factories have had an overwhelming influence on the way we work, think, move, play and fight." -- Scott W. Berg - The Washington Post"You may have no detailed knowledge of factories except that they can be converted into cool lofts. In that case, you’ll learn much from historian Joshua Freeman." -- Jonathan Rose - The Wall Street Journal"It is a book of epic scope." -- 5 Star Review - The Telegraph"... superb account... Almost every page contains a memorable fact or an intriguing thought... [Freeman's] sympathy, insight and exemplary anecdotes make this a marvellous book." -- The Guardian"[Joshua Freeman] handles his material 'with the seriousness it deserves' and if it 'can feel a little slow-going at times, that's partly because of the knottiness of the history Freeman lays out, as well as his honourable refusal to resort to simplistic notions of grand progress or portentous doom'." -- The Oldie

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the many concepts of this broad subject. Case studies are provided alongside real-life industrial applications illustrating the techniques and theory. This book will be essential reading for students of chemical engineering on particle technology courses.Trade Review"It is well written and pedagogical.... Appreciable are the efforts to enrich each chapter with examples which help the reader to better understand the argument and to evaluate what he/she has learned. 'Introduction to Particle Technology' is a book surely recommendable." (Materials and Manufacturing Process, Volume 24, Issue 6)Table of ContentsAbout the Contributors. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction. 1. Particle Size Analysis. 2. Single Particles in a Fluid. 3. Multiple Particle Systems. 4. Slurry Transport. 5. Colloids and Fine Particles. 6. Fluid Flow Through a Packed Bed of Particles. 7. Fluidization. 8. Pneumatic Transport and Standpipes. 9. Separation of Particles from a Gas: Gas Cyclones. 10. Storage and Flow of Powders-Hopper Design. 11. Mixing and Segregation. 12. Particle Size Reduction. 13. Size Enlargement. 14. Health Effects of Fine Powders. 15. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Fine Powders. 16. Case Studies. Notation. References. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisCeramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction is the first single-authored guide to the developing area of ceramic membranes. Serving as a single source of reference for academic and industrial researchers, the book starts by documenting established procedures of ceramic membrane preparation and characterization.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Ceramic Membranes and Membrane Processes. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Membrane Processes. 1.2.1 Gas separation. 1.2.2 Pervaporation. 1.2.3 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. 1.2.4 Ultrafiltration and microfiltration. 1.2.5. Dialysis. 1.2.6 Electrodialysis. 1.2.7 Membrane contactor. 1.2.8 Membrane reactors. References. Chapter 2. Preparation of Ceramic Membranes. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Slip casting. 2.3 Tape casting. 2.4 Pressing. 2.5 Extrusion. 2.6 Sol-gel process. 2.7 Dip-coating. 2.8 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD). 2.9 Preparation of hollow fibre ceramic membranes. 2.9.1 Preparation of spinning suspension. 2.9.2 Spinning of ceramic hollow fibre precursors. 2.9.3 Sintering. 2.9.4 Example 1: Preparation of porous Al2O3 hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.5 Example 2: Preparation of TiO2/Al2O3 composite hollow fibre membranes. 2.9.6 Example 3: Preparation of dense perovskite hollow fibre membranes. Appendix 2.1: Surface forces. References. Chapter 3. Characterisation of Ceramic Membranes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Morphology of membrane surfaces and cross sections. 3.3 Porous ceramic membranes. 3.3.1 Gas adsorption/desorption isotherms. 3.3.2 Permporometry. 3.3.3 Mercury porosimetry. 3.3.4 Thermoporometry. 3.3.5 Liquid displacement techniques. (a) Bubble point method. (b) Liquid displacement method. 3.3.6 Permeation method. (a) Liquid permeation. (b) Gas permeation. 3.3.7 Measurements of solute rejection. 3.4 Dense ceramic membranes. 3.4.1 Leakage test. 3.4.2 Permeation measurements. 3.4.3 XRD. 3.4.4 Mechanical strength. Notation. References. Chapter 4. Transport and Separation of Gases in Porous Ceramic Membranes. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance indicators of gas separation membranes. 4.3 Ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.4 Transport Mechanisms. 4.4.1 Knudsen and slip flow. 4.4.2 Viscous flow. 4.4.3 Surface flow. 4.4.4 Capillary condensation. 4.4.5 Configurational or micropore diffusion. 4.4.6 Simultaneous occurrence of different mechanism. 4.5 Modification of porous ceramic membranes for gas separation. 4.6 Resistance model for gas transport in composite membranes. 4.6.1 Effect of support layers. 4.6.2 Effect of non-zeolitic pores. 4.6.3 Effect of coating. 4.7 System design. 4.7.1 Operating Schemes. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c ) Parallel plug flow. 4.7.2 Design equations for membrane processes in gas separation. (a) Perfect mixing. (b) Cross flow. (c) Cocurrent flow. (d) Countercurrent flow. Notation. References. Chapter 5. Ceramic Hollow Fibre Membrane Contactors for Treatment of Gases/Vapours. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General review. 5.3 Operating modes and mass transfer coefficients. 5.3.1 Nonwetted mode. 5.3.2 Wetted mode. 5.3.3 Mass transfer coefficients determined from experiments. 5.4 Mass transfer in hollow fibre contactors. 5.4.1 Mass transfer in hollow fibre lumen. 5.4.2 Mass transfer across membrane. 5.4.3 Mass transfer in shell side of a contactor. 5.4.4 Nonwetted, wetted, and partially wetted conditions in a hollow fibre contactor. 5.5 Effect of chemical reaction. 5.5.1 Instantaneous reaction. 5.5.2 Fast reaction. 5.6 Design equations. Notation. References. Appendix A. Chapter 6. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Separation. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fundamentals of mixed conducting ceramic materials. 6.2.1 Structure of peroviskite-type of materials. 6.2.2 Doping strategies. 6.2.3 Properties of materials. 6.3 Current status in oxygen permeable membranes. 6.3.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. Sr(Co,Fe)O3-d (SCFO). La(Co,Fe)O3-d (LCFO). LaGaO3(LGO). 6.3.2 Non-perovskite-type oxides. 6.3.3 Summary of ceramic oxygen permeable materials. 6.4 Dual phase membranes. 6.5 Oxygen transport. 6.5.1 Transport mechanism. 6.5.2 Transport equations. 6.5.3 Transport analysis. 6.6 Air separation. 6.6.1 Design equations. Cocurrent flow. Countercurrent flow. 6.6.2 Performance analysis. Effect of operating pressures and temperatures. Effect of flow patterns. Effect of feed flow rate. Effect of membrane area. Comparison with experimental data. Production of oxygen using hollow fibre modules. 6.7 Further development-challenges and prospects. Notation. References. Chapter 7. Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Hydrogen Permeation. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Proton and electron (hole) conducting materials and membranes. 7.2.1 Pervoskite-type oxides. 7.2.2 Non-pervoskite-type oxides. 7.3 Dual phase membranes. 7.4 Proton transport. 7.4.1 Transport mechanism. 7.4.2 Transport equations for mixed proton-hole conducting membranes. 7.4.3 Transport analysis. Effect of membrane thickness. Effect of temperature. Effect of partial pressure of oxygen. Comparison with experimental data. 7.5 Applications of proton conducting ceramic membranes. 7.5.1 Hydrogen production. 7.5.2 Dehydrogenation reactions. Notation. References. Chapter 8. Ceramic Membrane Reactors. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Membranes as product separators. 8.2.1 Microporous membrane reactors. 8.2.2 Dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.2.2.1 Experimental investigation of a dense ceramic membrane reactor for methane coupling reaction. 8.3 Membranes as a reactant distributor. 8.3.1 Porous membrane reactors. 8.3.1.1 Techniques in modification of membrane pores. 8.3.1.2 Applications of porous ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.1.3 Analysis of membrane reactors for elimination of DO from water. 8.3.2 Dense ceramic membranes. 8.3.2.1 Configurations of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.2 Applications of the dense ceramic membrane reactors. 8.3.2.3 Experimental investigation of a dense membrane reactor for oxidative methane coupling (OMC). Notation. References.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA pre-startup safety review (PSSR) is the methodical analysis of a facility or operating unit to ensure no hazardous situations occur before operating a facility or plant. This book guides readers to integrate the PSSR throughout the project or turnaround phases of plant operations, with a verification check at the traditional PSSR step.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Figures. Items on the CD Accompanying This Book. Acronyms and abbreviations. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 What are the Benefits of Performing Pre-startup Safety Reviews? 1.2 How PSSR Relates to Other Process Safety Elements. 1.3 An Overview of the Risk-based Approach to PSSR. 1.4 What is the Scope of a PSSR? Process Safety, Environmental, Quality and Personnel Safety Considerations. 1.5 This Guideline’s Audience. 1.6 How to use this Guideline. 1.7 References. 2. What Is a Pre-Startup Safety Review? 2.1 The Basics of Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.1.1 Some Common Steps for Performing PSSR. 2.2 What is a Risk-based Approach to PSSR? 2.3 The Role of Training in Pre-startup Safety Review. 2.3.1 Training Team Leaders and Members. 2.3.2 Training Managers and the Remaining Workforce. 2.4 Scheduling Considerations. 2.4.1 Capital Projects. 2.4.2 Changes to Operating Facilities. 2.4.3 Temporary Changes. 2.4.4 Restarting a Mothballed Process. 2.4.5 Post-turnaround Startup. 2.4.6 Routine Maintenance. 2.4.7 Startup After Emergency Shutdown. 2.5 References. 3. Regulatory Issues. 3.1 An Overview of PSSR Industry Guidelines and Regulations. 3.2 Best Practices for PSSR. 3.3 Environmental Considerations. 3.4 General Safety, Security, and Occupational Health Considerations. 3.5 References. 4. A Risk-Based Approach to Pre-Startup Safety Review. 4.1 Using Risk Analysis Techniques to Select the Level of Detail for a PSSR. 4.1.1 A Case of Complexity Versus Simplicity. 4.1.2 The Term Complexity Includes Novelty. 4.1.3 The Effect of Complexity on PSSR Team Size and Expertise. 4.1.4 The Effect on the Level and Scope of the Review. 4.2 A Decision Guideline for Designing a PSSR. 4.2.1 A Definition of Risk-based PSSR. A Qualitative Approach. 4.2.2 An Example Algorithm. 4.3 Typical Considerations for all Pre-startup Safety Reviews. 4.3.1 Hardware and Software: Equipment, Instrumentation, and Process Control. 4.3.2 Documentation: Process Safety Information, Procedures, and Maintenance Management System Data. 4.3.3 Training: Quality and Verification of Completeness. 4.3.4 Special Items: Specific Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues. 4.4 An Example Risk-based Questionnaire. 4.5 Two Examples of Using a Risk-based Approach to PSSR Design. 4.5.1 A Simple PSSR. 4.5.2 A More Complex PSSR. 4.6 References. 5. The Pre-Startup Safety Review Work Process. 5.1 Defining the PSSR System. 5.1.1 Double Checking Management of Change. 5.1.2 Who Is Responsible for Driving the System? 5.2 PSSR Sub-elements. 5.2.1 Construction and equipment meet the designed specifications. 5.2.2 Safety, operating, maintenance and emergency procedures are in place and adequate. 5.2.3 A PHA has been performed for new facilities. 5.2.4 Training of each employee involved in the process is complete. 5.2.5 General requirements. 5.3 Designing and Implementing an Initial PSSR Program. 5.3.1 Defining a Policy on PSSR. 5.3.2 Defining the PSSR Team. 5.3.3 Designing the Specific PSSR. 5.3.4 Training the Workforce on the PSSR Program. 5.3.5 An Example PSSR Program. 5.4 Preparing to Perform a Pre-statup Safety Review. 5.4.1 Gather the Documentation. 5.4.2 Schedule Meetings as Needed. 5.4.3 Verify the Trigger Event Related Work Is Complete. 5.4.4 Identify and Track the Process Hazard Analysis Action Items. 5.5 Follow Pre-startup Safety Review Action Items. 5.5.1 Which Items Are Critical for Safe Operation? 5.5.2 Consider Past PSSR PSM Compliance Audit Findings. 5.6 Approve the Pre-startup Safety Review Report. 5.6.1 Reference the Documentation: Electronic or Hardcopy. 5.6.2 PSSR Team Approval. 5.6.3 Management Approval. 5.7 References. 6. Methodologies for Compiling and Using A PSSR Checklist. 6.1 Building Your Facility’s Database of Questions. 6.1.1 Beware of Shortcuts. 6.1.2 Considerations for Different Industries. 6.2 Various Approaches: Electronic versus Hardcopy. 6.2.1 Using your Existing Facility Action Item Tracking System. 6.2.2 Basic Electronic PSSR Checklist Tools. 6.2.3 Electronic Change Management Systems with PSSR Tools. 6.3 An Example Electronic Checklist. 6.3.1 Collapse the Checklist for Simple PSSR. 6.3.2 Expand the Checklist for Complex PSSR. 7. Continuous Improvement. 7.1 Diagnosing PSSR System Issues. 7.2 Training and Communication. 7.3 Examine Excesses as well as Deficiencies. 7.4 Why Refine, Improve, Upgrade, or Redesign? 7.4.1 Workforce Reductions. 7.4.2 Company Restructuring. 7.4.3 Acquisitions, Mergers, and Divestiture. 7.4.4 Regulatory Changes. 7.4.5 Changes in Process Risk. 7.5 Upgrading the System. 7.6 Example PSSR Performance and Efficiency Metrics. 7.6.1 PSSR Performance Indicators. 7.6.2 PSSR Efficiency Indicators. 7.7 Audit Frequency. 7.8 Qualification Considerations for PSSR Auditors. 7.9 Sample PSSR Audit Protocols. 7.10 Addressing Audit Results. 7.11 Summary. 7.12 References. Appendix A. PSSR Checklist Examples. Appendix B. Industry References. Appendix C. Regulatory References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers technical background and guidance to prepare any workplace for gas-leak catastrophes Determines when monitoring for catastrophic release is appropriate Breaks down gas monitoring equipment options Guides work safety professionals on the placement of monitoring equipment. Offers case studies for concrete analysis. .Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Purpose. 1.2 Scope. 1.3 Who Will Benefit from this Guideline? 2. Management. 2.1 Management Overview. 2.2 Why Do We Use Gas Detectors? 2.3 What Do We Want to Detect? 2.4 What Actions Do We Expect to Undertake in the Event of a Release? 2.5 How Much Should We Spend on Detection? 3. Determining Where Gas Detection May or May Not be Beneficial. 3.1 Assessing Where Gas Detection may be Beneficial. 3.2 Situations Where Other Technologies May be More Beneficial. 3.3 Situations Where Gas Detection Is Recommended by Consensus. or Mandated By Law. 3.4 Situations Where Toxic Gas Detection May be Beneficial. 3.5 Situations Where Combustible Detection May be Beneficial. 3.6 Example Applications of the Continuous Monitoring System. 3.7 References. 3.8 Glossary. 4. Sensor Technology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Description of Gases and Vapors. 4.3 Available Sensors and How they Work. 4.4 Factors to Consider when Choosing a Sensor. 4.5 Sensor Performance Variables. 4.6 References. 4.7 Glossary. 5. Approaches to Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.1 General Guidance for Detector Placement and Configuration. 5.2 General Guidance for Toxic Gas Detection. 5.3 General Guidance for Flammable Detection. 5.4 Detector Placement for Source Monitoring. 5.5 Detector Placement for Volumetric Monitoring. 5.6 Detector Placement for Enclosure Monitoring. 5.7 Detector Placement for Path of Travel and Target Receptor Monitoring. 5.8 Detector Placement for Perimeter Monitoring. 5.9 Detector Set Points and Monitoring. 6. Overall System Management - Commissioning, Testing, and Maintenance. 6.1 Summary. 6.2 Training. 6.3 Documentation. 6.4 Maintenance. 6.5 Establish a Good Relationship with the Local Authority-Having Jurisdiction (AHJ. 6.6 Change Management.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) guideline provides a paradigm shift for industries that manufacture, consume, or handle chemicals focusing on new ways to design, correct, or improve process safety management practices. The book addresses the essential principles that outline safety, giving a broad overview of the subject.Trade Review"…a very comprehensive and thorough discussion of risk based process safety management systems…an invaluable reference source." (Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, January 2008) "This book is a very well-written, detailed analysis of industrial chemical plant safety. Following its guidelines, I am sure, will result in many fewer accidents in the future." (Journal of Hazardous Material, January 15, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Tables xxix List of Figures xxxi Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Glossary xxxvii Acknowledgments xlvii Preface xlix Executive Summary li 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of These Guidelines 2 1.2 Background 6 1.3 Important Terminology 9 1.4 Management Systems Concepts 10 1.5 Risk Based Process Safety Elements 12 1.6 Relationship Between RBPS Elements and Work Activities 12 1.7 Application of these RBPS Guidelines 14 1.8 Organization of these Guidelines 16 1.9 References 17 2 OVERVIEW OF RISK BASED PROCESS SAFETY 19 2.1 Risk Based Process Safety System Design Strategies 22 2.2 Risk Based Process Safety Design and Improvement Criteria 24 2.3 Using Element Chapters to Design and Improve a Process Safety Management System 32 I COMMIT TO PROCESS SAFETY 37 3 PROCESS SAFETY CULTURE 39 3.1 Element Overview 40 3.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 45 3.3 Possible Work Activities 48 3.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 58 3.5 Element Metrics 62 3.6 Management Review 64 3.7 References 66 4 COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS 67 4 1 Element Overview 67 4.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 69 4.3 Possible Work Activities 74 4.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 81 4.5 Element Metrics 83 4.6 Management Review 84 4.7 References 86 5 PROCESS SAFETY COMPETENCY 89 5.1 Element Overview 90 5.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 93 5.3 Possible W ork Activities 100 5.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 111 5.5 Element Metrics 116 5.6 Management Review 119 5.7 References 121 6 WORKFORCE INVOLVEMENT 123 6.1 Element Overview 123 6.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 128 6.3 Possible Work Activities 131 6.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 136 6.5 Element Metrics 140 6.6 Management Review 142 6.7 References 143 7 STAKEHOLDER OUTREACH 145 7.1 Element Overview 146 7.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 148 7.3 Possible Work Activities 152 7.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 159 7.5 Element Metrics 161 7.6 Management Review 164 7.7 References 165 II UNDERSTAND HAZARDS AND RISK 167 8 PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 169 8.1 Element Overview 170 8.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 173 8.3 Possible Work Activities 186 8.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 196 8.5 Element Metrics 201 8.6 Management Review 204 8.7 References 206 9 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS 209 9.1 Element Overview 209 9.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 213 9.3 Possible Work Activities 221 9.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 229 9.5 Element Metrics 237 9.6 Management Review 240 9.7 References 242 III MANAGE RISK 10 OPERATING PROCEDURES 245 10.1 Element Overview 245 10.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 247 10.3 Possible Work Activities 260 10.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 273 10.5 Element Metrics 279 10.6 Management Review 282 10.7 References 283 11 SAFE WORK PRACTICES 285 11.1 Element Overview 285 11.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 288 11.3 Possible Work Activities 298 11.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 307 11.5 Element Metrics 312 11.6 Management Review 314 11.7 References 316 12 ASSET INTEGRITY AND RELIABILITY 317 12.1 Element Overview 318 12.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 320 12.3 Possible Work Activities 335 12.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 352 12.5 Element Metrics 359 12.6 Management Review 361 12.7 References 363 13 CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT 365 13.1 Element Overview 365 13.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 368 13.3 Possible Work Activities 377 13.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 385 13.5 Element Metrics 390 13.6 Management Review 391 13.7 References 393 14 TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE 395 14.1 Element Overview 395 14.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 398 14.3 Possible Work Activities 406 14.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 414 14.5 Element Metrics 417 14.6 Management Review 420 14.7 References 421 15 MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE 423 15.1 Element Overview 423 15.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 426 15.3 Possible Work Activities 431 15.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 440 15.5 Element Metrics 445 15.6 Management Review 447 15.7 References 448 16 OPERATIONAL READINESS 449 16.1 Element Overview 449 16.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 452 16.3 Possible Work Activities 456 16.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 462 16.5 Element Metrics 464 16.6 Management Review 465 16.7 References 467 17 CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS 469 17.1 Element Overview 469 17.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 471 17.3 Possible Work Activities 484 17.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 498 17.5 Element Metrics 502 17.6 Management Review 506 17.7.References 508 18 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 509 18.1 Element Overview 510 18.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 513 18.3 Possible Work Activities 526 18.4.Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 541 18.5 Element Metrics 543 18.6 Management Review 545 18.7 References 547 IV LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE 549 19 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION 551 19.1 Element Overview 552 19.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 556 19.3Possible Work Activities 563 19.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Efficiency and Effectiveness 575 19.5 Element Metrics 580 19.6 Management Review 582 19.7 References 584 20 MEASUREMENT AND METRICS 585 20.1 Element Overview 585 20.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 588 20.3 Possible Work Activities 590 20.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 594 20.5 Element Metrics 595 20.6 Management Review 597 20.7 References 598 21 AUDITING 599 21.1 Element Overview 599 21.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 602 21.3 Possible Work Activities 615 21.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 622 21.5 Element Metrics 626 21.6 Management Review 628 21.7 References 629 22 MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT 631 22.1 Element Overview 631 22.2 Key Principles and Essential Features 634 22.4 Examples of Ways to Improve Effectiveness 644 22.5 Element Metrics and Indications 646 22.6 Management Review 647 22.7 References 647 23 IMPLEMENTATION 649 23.1 Reasons to Implement a Risk-based Process Safety Management System 650 20.2 First Steps Toward Implementation 651 20.3 Start with RBPS Elements that Provide the Greatest Risk Benefit to Your Facility 653 20.4 Implementation Examples 656 20.5 Other Applications 680 20.6 Conclusions 681 20.7 References 682 24 THE FUTURE 683 Index 689 LIST OF TABLES TABLE S.l. Risk Based Process Safety Elements liv TABLE 1.1. Possible Causes of Process Safety Management Performance Stagnation 2 TABLE 1.2. RBPS Management System Accident Prevention Pillars 3 TABLE 1 3. CCPS Guidelines and Tools for Chemical Process Safety Management 7 TABLE 1.4. North American Industry Process Safety Management Initiatives 7 TABLE 1.5. Partial List of Worldwide Governmental Accident Prevention and Process Safety Management Initiatives 8 TABLE 1.6. Some Factors that Motivated the CCPS RBPS Project 9 TABLE 1.7. Important Issues to Address in a Process Safety Management System 11 TABLE 1.8. Comparison of RBPS Elements to Original CCPS PSM Elements 13 TABLE 1.9. Generic Work Breakdown Structure for the RBPS System 14 TABLE 2.1. Process Safety Accident Prevention Principles and Associated RBPS Elements 24 TABLE 2.2. Examples of How Risk Affects Implementation of RBPS Work Activities 31 TABLE 2 3. Advice on Using these Guidelines to Meet Specific User Needs 33 TABLE 3.1. Culture as a Determinant of Process Risk Control Attitudes and Practices 41 TABLE 4.1. Examples and Sources of Process Safety Related Standards, Codes, Regulations, and Laws 71 TABLE 6.1. UK HSE Workforce Involvement Suggestions 127 TABLE 8.1. Typical Types of Process Knowledge 176 TABLE 9.1. Example Issues that Can Be Addressed at Various Life Cycle Stages 233 TABLE 10.1. Procedure Formats 253 TABLE 11.1. Activities Typically Included in the Scope of the Safe Work Element 290 TABLE 13.1. Safety Program and Performance Information Useful in Evaluating Potential Contractors 372 TABLE 22.1. Example Schedule for Management Reviews 636 TABLE 23.1. RBPS Implementation Options for Upgrading Operating Procedures 659 TABLE 23.2. RBPS Implementation Options for Implementing the Conduct of Operations Element 665 TABLE 23.3. RBPS Implementation Options for Fixing a Deficient MOC System 671 TABLE 23.4. Using RBPS to Develop and Implement a New Process Safety Management System 678 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1. Evolution of Process Safety and Accident/Loss Prevention Strategies 19 FIGURE 9.1. Levels of Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment 211 FIGURE 9.2. Typical Qualitative Risk Analysis Documentation Form 213 FIGURE 9.3. Example Risk Matrix 216 FIGURE 14.1. Training System Tasks 399 FIGURE 19.1. Incident Investigation Flowchart 553 FIGURE 19.2. Incident Investigation Levels of Analysis 555 FIGURE 23.1. A Risk-based Approach to Identifying Which RBPS Elements to Implement 655

Read more less

Book SynopsisModeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining deals with fundamental descriptions of the main conversion processes employed in the petroleum refining industry: catalytic hydrotreating, catalytic reforming, and fluid catalytic cracking.Trade Review"The text can serve as a reference for chemical and process engineers, computational chemists and modelers, catalysis researchers, and professionals in petroleum refining. It can also be used as a textbook either for a full course in reaction engineering or as a supplement in related courses". (Booknews, 1 June 2011Table of ContentsPREFACE. ABOUT THE AUTHOR. 1 Petroleum Refining. 1.1 Properties of Petroleum. 1.2 Assay of Crude Oils. 1.3 Separation Processes. 1.4 Upgrading of Distillates. 1.5 Upgrading of Heavy Feeds. 2 Reactor Modeling in Petroleum Refining Industry. 2.1 Description of Reactors. 2.2 Deviation from an Ideal Flow Pattern. 2.3 Kinetic Modeling Approaches. 2.4 Reactor Modeling. 3. Modeling of Catalytic Hydrotreating. 3.1 The Hydrotreating Process. 3.2 Fundamentals of Hydrotreating. 3.3 Reactor Modeling. 4. Modeling of Catalytic Reforming. 4.1 The Catalytic Reforming Process. 4.2 Fundamentals of Catalytic Reforming. 4.3 Reactor Modeling. 5. Modelling and Simulation of the Fluidised-Bed Catalytic Cracking Converter (Rafael Maya-Yescas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Reaction Mechanism of Catalytic Cracking. 5.3 Simulation to Estimate Kinetic Parameters. 5.4 Simulation to Find Controlling Reaction Steps During Catalytic Cracking. 5.5 Simulation of Steady Operation of the Riser Reactor. 5.6 Simulation to Scale-Up Kinetic Factors. 5.7 Simulation of the Regenerator Reactor. 5.8 Modelling of the Catalyst Stripper. 5.9 Simulation of the Controlled FCC Unit. 5.10 Technological Improvements and Modifications. 5.11 Conclusions. INDEX.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIt is crucial for process safety professionals to be aware of best practices for post merger integration at any level. A compilation of industry best practices from both technical and financial perspectives, this book provides a single reference that addresses acquisitions and merger integration issues related to process safety.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary 1 Why this Guideline? 1 Chapter 1 An Overview of Process Safety 3 Chapter 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 5 Chapter 3 Screening Potential Candidates 7 Chapter 4 The Due Diligence Phase 9 Chapter 5 Developing the Integration Plan 13 Chapter 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 18 Chapter 7 M&A In The Future 22 The Appendices 24 1 An Overview of Process Safety 27 1.0 Courtney's story – continued 27 1.1 Why this Guideline? 28 1.2 Understanding the basics 31 1.3 Hazard versus Risk - Is there a Difference? 32 1.4 Good Injury Rate Does Not Equal Good Process Safety Performance 34 1.5 Understand the Hazards of Chemicals Handled on Site 36 1.6 Don’t forget about the Dust Explosion Hazard 40 1.7 Unique Considerations at Facilities that Handle HHCS 41 1.8 Resources for Process Safety 43 2 The Merger and Acquisition Process 47 2.0 Courtney’s story – continued 47 2.1 Changing World of Corporate Profiles 48 2.2 Overview of the M&A Process 49 2.3 Scalability (big/small; single site verse multiple site deals) 52 2.4 Key Terms and Concepts 53 2.5 Process Safety in the M&A process 57 2.6 Financial Strategists can have high impact on process safety systems 60 3 Screening Potential Candidates 63 3.0 Courtney’s story – continued 63 3.1 Using Public Domain Information for Screening 64 3.2 Using a Checklist to Identify Potential Process Safety Issues 74 4 The Due Diligence Phase 77 4.0 Courtney’s story – continued 77 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 The Divestment Due Diligence 81 4.2.1 The Checklist 82 4.2.2 The Internet and Intranet Searches 82 4.2.3 Pre-site Visit Review 83 4.2.4 The Due Diligence Site Visit and Document Review 84 4.2.5 Vendor Due Diligence Report 87 4.2.6 Valuation 89 4.2.7 Data Room 91 4.2.8 Question and Answer Management 94 4.2.9 Reverse Due Diligence 96 4.2.10 Did the Deal Close? 114 4.3 The Acquisition 4.3.1 The Internet Search and Initial Data Gathering 99 4.3.2 Vendor Due Diligence Report 100 4.3.3 Data Room 100 4.3.4 Due Diligence Valuation for Bid 103 4.3.5 Pre-site Review 104 4.3.6 The Site Visit and Document Review 107 4.3.7 Due Diligence Report and Valuation 110 4.4 Did the Deal Close? 5 Developing the Integration Plan 117 5.0 Courtney’s story – continued 117 5.1 Developing the Integration Plan and Process 118 5.1.1 Step 1- Establishing the Boundaries for the Integration Process (i.e. Establishing the Integration Strategy) 120 5.1.2 Step 2 - Establishing the Expectations for the Process Safety Program 124 5.1.3 Step 3 - The Process Safety Integration Team 127 5.1.4 Step 4 - Assessing the Gap between the Current Approach and Expectations 131 5.1.5 Step 5 - Developing the Action Plan 136 6 Implementing the Integration Plan 6.0 Courtney’s story – continued 153 6.1 A Generic Change Model 154 6.2 The Integration Path Forward 160 6.2.1 Step 1 - Get the 'hearts’ of the newly acquired business leads to accept the Vision and Strategy for the integration process 160 6.2.2 Step 2 - Appointing and chartering Integration Implementation Teams 161 6.3 An Alternate Bottom-Up Approach to Integration 175 6.4 Differences Between Facilities, Business Units 178 6.5 Step 3 - Working Through the Implementation Itself 179 7 M&A in the Future 185 7.0 Courtney’s story – continued 185 The Appendices 193 Appendix A – M&A Process Safety Checklist 193 M&A P.S. Checklist – Commercial Evaluation Phase 194 M&A P.S. Checklist – The M&A Team 201 M&A P.S. Checklist – Data Room Information 203 M&A P.S. Checklist – Planning the Site Visits 217 M&A P.S. - Issues to Be Investigated During the Site Visits 219 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Issues to Be Considered 235 M&A P.S. Checklist - Assessing Major Hazard Risks 241 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Management & Culture 245 M&A P.S. Checklist - Process Safety Staffing Issues 253 M&A P.S. Checklist - Hazard Identification Issues to Evaluate 255 M&A P.S. Checklist – Management of Change Issues to Investigate 257 M&A P.S. Checklist - Mechanical Integrity Issues to Investigate 261 M&A PS Checklist – Process Safety Issues to Examine 265 M&A PS Checklist - Process Safety Procedures to Examine 267 M&A P.S. Checklist – P.S. Audit Issues to Consider 271 Appendix B – An Exemplar Integration Plan & Budget 273 Guidance for Using the Plan and Budget Spreadsheets 275 An Exemplar Integration Plan 279 Exemplar Integration Budget 301 References 309 Index 313

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book discusses the fundamental skills, techniques, and tools of auditing, and the characteristics of a good process safety management system. A variety of approaches are given so the reader can select the best methodology for a given audit. This book updates the original CCPS Auditing Guideline project since the implementation of OSHA PSM regulation, and is accompanied by an online download featuring checklists for both the audit program and the audit itself. This package offers a vital resource for process safety and process development personnel, as well as related professionals like insurers.Table of ContentsAcronyms. Glossary. Acknowledgements. Preface. User’s Guide to the Second Edition. Executive Summary. Introduction. Guidance for Chapter 3-24. Process Safety Management Audit Programs. 1.1 Process Safety Management (PSM) Audits and Programs. 1.2 PSM Audit Program Scope. 1.3 PSM Audit Program Guidance. 1. 4 PSM Audit Frequency and Scheduling. 1.5 PSM Audit Staffing. 1.6 Certification of Auditors. 1.7 PSM Audit Criteria and Protocols. 1.8 Audit Reporting. 1.9 Audit Follow-up. 1.10 Quality Assurance. 1.11 Summary. Conducting Process Safety Management Program Audits. 2.1 Audit Planning. 2.2 On-site Audit Activities. 2.3 Gathering, Recording, and Evaluating Audit Data and Information. 2.4 Post-Audit Activities. 2.5 Summary. PSM Applicability. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 3.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Culture. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 4.3 Posing Questions to Audit Process Safety Culture. 4.4 Audit Protocol. Compliance with Standards. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 5.3 Audit Protocol. Process Safety Competency. 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 6.3 Audit Protocol. Workforce Involvement. 7.1 Overview. 7.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 7.3 Audit Protocol. Stakeholder Outreach. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 8.3 Audit Protocol. Process Knowledge Management. 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 9.3 Audit Protocol. Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis. 10.1 Overview. 10.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 103. Audit Protocol. Operating Procedures. 11.1 Overview. 11.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 11.3 Audit Protocol. Safe Work Practices. 12.1 Overview. 12.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 12.3 Audit Protocol. Asset Integrity and Reliability. 13.1 Overview. 13.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 13.3 Audit Protocol. Contractor Management. 14.1 Overview. 14.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 14.3 Audit Protocol. Training and Performance Assurance. 15.1 Overview. 15.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 15.3 Audit Protocol. Management of Change. 16.1 Overview. 16.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 16.3 Audit Protocol. Operational Readiness. 17.1 Overview. 17.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 17.3 Audit Protocol. Conduct of Operations. 18.1 Overview. 18.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 18.3 Audit Protocol. Emergency Management. 19.1 Overview. 19.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 19.3 Audit Protocol. Incident Investigation. 20.1 Overview. 20.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 20.3 Audit Protocol. Measurement and Metrics. 21.1 Overview. 21.2 Related Criteria. 21.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 21.4 Audit Protocol. Auditing. 22.1 Overview. 22.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 22.3 Audit Protocol. Management Review and Continuous Improvement. 23.1 Overview. 23.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 23.3 Voluntary Consensus PSM Programs. 23.4 Audit Protocol. Risk Management Programs. 24.1 Overview. 24.2 Audit Criteria and Guidance. 24.3 Audit Protocol. Appendices. Appendix A: PSM Audit Protocol. Appendix B: PSM Audit Report Templates. Appendix C: Sample PSM Audit Certifications. Appendix D: PSM Audit Plan Templates. Appendix E: Interview Questions for Nonmanagement Personnel. Appendix F: PSM Audit Planning Questionnaire. Appendix G: Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) Audit Protocol. Appendix H: International PSM Audits. Appendix I: PSM Audit Dilemmas. Appendix J: PSM Audits During Mergers and Acquisitions. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book examines the basic principles for the various approaches used in selecting industrial devices, including: incorporation into commercial measurement devices, suitability within certain process conditions, and advantages/disadvantages relative to competing technologies.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1. Continuous vs. Discrete Measurement. 1.2. Continuous vs. Sampled Measurement. 1.3. In-Line, On-Line, and Off-Line. 1.4. Signals and Resolution. 1.5. Zero, Span, and Range. 1.6. Turndown Ratio and Rangeability. 1.7. Accuracy. 1.8. Repeatability. 1.9. Measurement Uncertainty. 1.10. Measurement Decision Risk. 1.11. Calibration. 1.12. Measurement Device Components. 1.13. Current Loop. 1.14. Power Supply and Wiring. 1.15. Serial Communications. 1.16. Smart Transmitters. 1.17. Environmental Issues. 1.18. Explosive Atmospheres. 1.19. Measurement Device Dynamics. 1.20. Filtering and Smoothing. 2. Temperature. 2.1. Heat and Temperature. 2.2. Temperature Scales. 2.3. Thermowells. 2.4. Bimetallic Thermometers. 2.5. Thermocouples. 2.6. Resistance Temperature Detectors. 2.7. Thermistors. 2.8. Temperature Transmitters. 2.9. Pyrometers. 2.10. Others. 3. Pressure. 3.1. Force and Pressure. 3.2. Measures of Pressure. 3.3. Pressure-Sensing Elements. 3.4. Indicators and Switches. 3.5. Pressure Sensor. 3.6. Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors. 3.7. Capacitance Pressure Sensors. 3.8. Resonant Frequency. 3.9. Installation. 3.10. Differential Pressure. 4. Level and Density. 4.1. Level, Volume, and Weight. 4.2. Pressure Transmitter. 4.3. Differential Pressure Transmitter. 4.4. Capacitance and Radio Frequency. 4.5. Ultrasonic. 4.6. Noncontact Radar. 4.7. Guided Wave Radar. 4.8. Nuclear. 4.9. A Few Others. 4.10. Level Switches. 4.11. Interface. 4.12. Density. 5. Flow. 5.1. Mass Flow, Volumetric Flow, and Velocity. 5.2. Static Pressure and Fluid Velocity. 5.3. Flashing and Cavitation. 5.4. Fluid Dynamics. 5.5. Flow Meter Application Data. 5.6. Orifi ce Meter. 5.7. Head Meters. 5.8. Coriolis Meters. 5.9. Magnetic Flow Meter. 5.10. Vortex-Shedding Meter. 5.11. Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.12. Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter. 5.13. Thermal Flow Meters. 5.14. Turbine Meter. 5.15. Other Flow Meters. 5.16. Flow Switches. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPractical Process Control (loop tuning and troubleshooting). This book differs from others on the market in several respects. First, the presentation is totally in the time domain (the word LaPlace is nowhere to be found). The focus of the book is actually troubleshooting, not tuning. If a controller is tunable, the tuning procedure will be straightforward and uneventful. But if a loop is untunable, difficulties will be experienced, usually early in the tuning effort. The nature of any difficulty provides valuable clues to what is rendering the loop untunable. For example, if reducing the controller gain leads to increased oscillations, one should look for possible interaction with one or more other loops. Tuning difficulties are always symptoms of other problems; effective troubleshooting involves recognizing the clues, identifying the root cause of the problem, and making corrections. Furthermore, most loops are rendered untunable due to some aspect of the steady-state bTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. The Process Industries and Regulatory Control. 1.2. P&I Diagrams. 1.3. Regulatory Control Example. 1.4. Control Loop. 1.5. Example Process. 1.6. Cascade Control. 1.7. Summary. Chapter 2: Gain or Sensitivity. 2.1. Process Design versus Process Control. 2.2. What Do We Mean by “Process Gain” 2.3. Linear versus Nonlinear Processes. 2.4. Operating Lines and Gains from Process Tests. 2.5. Action. 2.6. Impact of Process Nonlinearities on Tuning. 2.7. Scheduled Tuning. 2.8. Heat Transfer Processes. 2.9. Vacuum Processes. 2.10. Summary. Chapter 3: Process Dynamics. 3.1. First-Order Lag and Time Constant. 3.2. Integrating Process. 3.3. Self-Regulated versus Non-Self-Regulated Processes. 3.4. Dead Time. 3.5. Measurement Issues. 3.6. Effect of Dead Time on Loop Performance. 3.7. Mixing. 3.8. Process Models. 3.9. Approximating Time Constants. 3.10. Ultimate Gain and Ultimate Period. 3.11. Damping. 3.12. Simple Performance Measures. 3.13. The Integral Criteria. 3.14. Summary. Chapter 4: Controller Modes and Mode Selection. 4.1. Mode Characteristics. 4.2 Options for Tuning Coefficients. 4.3. Computing the PID Control Equation. 4.4. Mode Combinations. 4.5. Flow Control. 4.6. Level Control. 4.7. Nonlinear Algorithms. 4.8. Level-to-Flow Cascade. 4.9. Summary. Chapter 5: Proportional Mode. 5.1. Control Equation. 5.2. Regulators. 5.3. The Proportional Band. 5.4. Bumpless Transfer. 5.5. Set-Point Changes. 5.6. Disturbance or Load Changes. 5.7. Proportional Control of Simple Models. 5.8. Adjusting the Controller Gain. 5.9. Tuning. 5.10. Summary. Chapter 6: Integral Mode. 6.1. Control Equation. 6.2. Open-Loop Behavior. 6.3. Effect of Reset Time. 6.4. PI Control of Simple Models. 6.5. Tuning. 6.6. Speed of Response. 6.7. Avoiding Sloppy Tuning. 6.8. Suppressing the Proportional Kick. 6.9. Windup Protection. 6.10. Summary. Chapter 7: Derivative Mode. 7.1. Control Equation. 7.2. Incorporating Derivative into the Control Equation. 7.3. PID Control Equations. 7.4. Effect of Derivative Time. 7.5. Getting the Most from Derivative. 7.6. PID Control of Simple Models. 7.7. Tuning. 7.8. Summary. Chapter 8: Tuning Methods. 8.1. What Is a Tuning Method. 8.2. Process Characterizations. 8.3. Ziegler-Nichols Closed Loop Method. 8.4. The Relay Method. 8.5. Open-Loop Methods. 8.6. Graphical Constructions and Nonlinear Regression. 8.7. Ziegler-Nichols Open-Loop Method. 8.8. The Lambda Method. 8.9. IMC Method. 8.10. Integral Criteria Method. 8.11. Summary. Chapter 9: Measurement Devices. 9.1. Steady-State Behavior. 9.2. Very Small Process Gain. 9.3. Temperature Measurements. 9.4. Filtering and Smoothing. 9.5. Summary. Chapter 10: Final Control Elements. 10.1. Valves and Flow Systems. 10.2. Valve Sizing. 10.3. Inherent Valve Characteristics. 10.4. Flow System Dominated by Control Valve. 10.5. Flow System Dominated by Process. 10.6. Valve Nonidealities. 10.7. Valve Positioner. 10.8. On-Off Control. 10.9. Time Proportioning Control. 10.10. Variable Speed Pumping. 10.11. Summary. Chapter 11: Process and Instrumentation Diagrams. 11.1. Developing P&I Diagrams. 11.2. P&I Diagram for a Chlorine Vaporizer. 11.3. Simple PID Control Configuration. 11.4. Temperature-to-Flow Cascade. 11.5. Temperature-to-Flow-Ratio Cascade. 11.6. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Steam. 11.7. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Condensate. 11.8. Liquid Bypass Arrangements. 11.9. Summary. Chapter 12: Loop Interaction. 12.1. Multivariable Processes. 12.2. Off-Gas System. 12.3. Flow and Pressure Control. 12.4. Gains and Sensitivities. 12.5. Effect of Interaction on Loop Performance and Tuning. 12.6. Dynamics. 12.7. Addressing Interaction Problems. 12.8. Summary. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides professionals in the pharmaceutical industries a basic understanding of the key elements of pharmaceutical and biotech manufacturing and design.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 US Regulations for the Pharmaceutical Industries 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The FDA: Formation of a Regulatory Agency 2 1.3 FDA’s Seven Program Centers and Their Responsibility 6 1.3.1 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.2 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 6 1.3.3 Center for Devices and Radiological Health 6 1.3.4 Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 6 1.3.5 Center for Veterinary Medicine 6 1.3.6 Office of Combinational Products 6 1.3.7 Office of Regulatory Affairs 7 1.4 New Drug Development 7 1.4.1 Discovery 7 1.4.2 Investigational New Drug Application 8 1.4.3 Preclinical Studies (Animal) 9 1.4.4 Clinical Studies 10 1.5 Commercializing the New Drug 16 1.5.1 New Drug Application 17 1.6 Harmonization 23 1.6.1 Common Technical Document 23 1.7 Review Process of US NDA 25 1.8 Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs 27 1.8.1 Organization and Personnel 27 1.8.2 Building and Facilities 28 1.8.3 Equipment 28 1.8.4 Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures 29 1.8.5 Production and Process Controls 29 1.8.6 Packaging and Labeling Control 30 1.8.7 Holding and Distribution 31 1.8.8 Laboratory Controls 31 1.8.9 Records and Reports 32 1.8.10 Returned and Salvaged Drug Products 33 1.8.11 Other 33 1.9 Compliance 34 1.9.1 Quality System 35 1.9.2 Facilities and Equipment System 35 1.9.3 Materials System 36 1.9.4 Production System 36 1.9.5 Packaging and Labeling System 36 1.9.6 Laboratory Control System 36 1.10 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 37 1.10.1 Electronic Records 37 1.10.2 Electronic Signatures 38 1.11 Employee Safety 38 1.11.1 Process Safety Information 39 1.11.2 Process Hazard Analysis 40 1.11.3 Operating Procedures 41 1.11.4 Training 41 1.11.5 New Facility Startup 41 1.11.6 Mechanical Integrity 42 1.11.7 Hot Work Permit 42 1.11.8 Management of Change 42 1.11.9 Incident Investigation 43 1.11.10 Emergency Planning and Response 43 1.11.11 Compliance Audits 43 1.12 US EPA 43 1.12.1 Clean Air Act 44 1.12.2 Safe Drinking Water Act 45 1.12.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 46 1.12.4 Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act 47 1.12.5 Clean Water Act 48 1.13 Process Analytical Technology 49 1.13.1 Process Understanding 49 1.13.2 Principles and Tools 50 1.13.3 Strategy for Implementation 51 1.14 Conclusion 51 References 51 Further Reading 52 2 Pharmaceutical Water Systems 53 2.1 Pharmaceutical Water Systems Basics 53 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 58 2.2 Pharmaceutical Water Equipment 77 2.2.1 Centrifugal Pumps 77 2.2.2 Centrifugal Pump Installation Considerations 81 2.3 Thermodynamics Interlude 82 2.4 Heat Transfer for Pharmaceutical Water Production 90 2.5 Evaporation 109 2.6 Ion Exchange Systems 115 2.7 Reverse Osmosis 116 2.7.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis 118 2.7.2 Reverse Osmosis Installation and Operational Costs 121 2.7.3 Reverse Osmosis Design Hint 122 2.8 cGMP Design and Facility Maintenance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Water Systems 122 References 128 Further Reading 129 3 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 131 3.1 Fundamentals of HVAC Electrical Systems 132 3.1.1 Electric Motors 133 3.1.2 Motor Plate and Associated Data 134 3.2 Design Considerations 140 3.2.1 Weather Data 143 3.2.2 Temperature and Humidity 143 3.2.3 Ventilation 147 3.2.4 Air Filtration 149 3.2.5 Internal Loads 150 3.2.6 Air Distribution 150 3.2.7 Room Pressurization 151 3.2.8 Sound and Acoustic Criteria 152 3.2.9 Building Control Systems 158 3.3 Cleanrooms 158 3.3.1 Cleanroom Design Fundamentals 158 3.3.2 Cleanroom Monitoring, Maintenance, and Design Considerations for USP and USP Facilities 169 References 172 Further Reading 172 4 Pressure Vessels, Reactors, and Fermentors 175 4.1 Introduction 175 4.1.1 Pressure Vessels 175 4.1.2 Basics of Pressure Vessel Design and Specifications 178 4.1.3 Pharmaceutical Reactors 188 4.1.4 Kinetics and Reactor Fundamentals 188 4.1.5 Bioreactor Principles 197 4.1.6 Fermentor Principles 209 4.1.7 Heat Transfer Aspects of Fermentors 211 4.1.8 Bioreactor and Fermentor Design, Maintenance, Operating, and cGMP Considerations 214 4.2 Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Discs 219 4.2.1 Safety Relief Devices, Definition of Terms 219 4.2.2 Relief Valve Design and Specifications 223 4.2.3 Requirements and Capacity 223 References 237 Further Reading 238 5 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 239 5.1 Introduction to RAM 239 5.2 The Role of Reliability 240 5.3 The Role of Maintainability 247 5.4 The Preventive Maintenance Program 252 5.4.1 System Replacement Considerations 253 5.5 Human Factors 254 5.6 The Role of Availability 259 5.7 Basic Mathematics for Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability 259 5.8 Series and Parallel Configurations 271 5.9 Spares and Replacement Parts 271 References 276 Further Reading 277 6 Parenteral Operations 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Parenteral Definitions, Regulations, and Guidelines 280 6.2.1 Nomenclature and Definitions 280 6.3 Lyophilization 282 6.3.1 Background 282 6.3.2 Lyophilization Glossary 283 6.3.3 Lyophilizer Design and Operation 284 6.4 Lyophilizer Maintenance Issues 294 6.4.1 Maintenance Systems Analysis 294 References 296 Further Reading 296 7 Tableting Technology 299 7.1 Introduction 299 7.2 The Role of the FDA in the Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, and Holding of Drugs: The Relationship Between Regulations and Pharmaceutical Engineering 300 7.3 Tablet Blending Operations 304 7.3.1 Dry Granulation 305 7.3.2 Wet Granulation 320 7.4 Tableting Operations 322 7.4.1 Tablet Manufacturing 324 7.4.2 Tablet Press Maintenance 329 7.5 Coating 330 7.5.1 Tablet Coating 330 7.5.2 Tablet Coater Maintenance 331 7.6 Capsules 333 7.6.1 Capsule Fundamentals 334 7.6.2 Capsule Materials and Manufacturing 334 References 337 Further Reading 338 8 Corrosion and Passivation in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.1 Corrosion 339 8.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 339 8.2.1 Definition of Corrosion 343 8.2.2 Corrosion Fundamentals 343 8.3 General Corrosion Protection in Pharmaceutical Operations 344 8.3.1 Electrochemical Action 344 8.3.2 Environmental Characteristics and Corrosion 349 8.3.3 Properties of Metals that Influence Corrosion 350 8.3.4 Effects of Fabrication and Assembly on Corrosion 350 8.3.5 Protective Films and Corrosion 352 8.3.6 Corrosion Activity in Solutions 352 8.3.7 Types of Corrosion 354 8.4 Corrosion‐ Resistant Metals and Alloys 365 8.4.1 Iron Alloys 366 8.4.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 367 8.5 Passivation and Rouging 368 8.5.1 Passivation 368 8.5.2 Rouging 369 8.6 General Corrosion Protective Measures 370 8.6.1 General Design Considerations for Corrosion Prevention 370 8.7 Pourbaix Diagrams 374 References 377 Further Reading 378 9 Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 379 9.1 Introduction 379 9.2 Materials Selection and Performance Requirements 379 9.2.1 Introduction of Polymeric Materials for Single Use Systems 380 9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stainless Steels and Polymers for cGMP and Non‐cGMP Pharmaceutical Applications 381 9.4 Disposal of Single Use Components 382 9.5 Performance Considerations for Pharmaceutical Materials of Construction 392 9.5.1 Stainless Steels 392 9.5.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 394 9.5.3 Carbon Steels and Alloy Steels 396 9.5.4 Polymeric Materials: Overview 399 9.5.5 Preventing Pharmaceutical Materials Component Materials Failures 402 9.6 Practical Piping Calculations 403 References 408 Further Reading 409 10 Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1 Introduction to Commissioning and Validation 411 10.1.1 Introduction to Construction Specifications 411 10.2 Commissioning 416 10.2.1 Description of Tasks 419 10.2.2 Commissioning Costs 425 10.3 Validation 425 10.4 Process Validation 459 10.5 Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures 484 10.5.1 Application of Risk Assessment Methods to Outsourcing 491 10.5.2 Validation Costs 492 10.6 Comparison Between Commissioning and Validation 493 References 493 Further Reading 493 11 Topics and Concepts Relating to Pharmaceutical Engineering 495 11.1 Preliminary Concepts 495 11.1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts and Computational Techniques 495 11.2 Introduction to Six Sigma 508 11.2.1 Six Sigma Organization and Background 508 11.2.2 DMAIC: The Basic Six Sigma Acronym 514 11.2.3 Define 514 11.2.4 Measure 516 11.2.5 Analyze 519 11.2.6 Improve 520 11.2.7 Control 523 11.2.8 Lean Six Sigma 524 11.3 Process Analytical Technology 530 11.4 Quality by Design 537 References 540 Further Reading 540 Index 543

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere have been many volumes written that claim to be the most comprehensive compendium or handbook on chemical data. These wieldy volumes are often too big and extraneous to be useful to the practicing engineer.Table of ContentsPreface Author Biographies. List of Tables. 1. Corrosion. 1.1 General Information. 1.2 Types of Corrosion. 1.3 Materials Evaluation and Selection. 1.4 Corrosion Data. 2. Material Properties and Selection. 2.1 General Properties and Selection Criteria. 2.2 Cast Irons. 2.2.1 Gray Cast Iron. 2.2.2 White Cast Iron. 2.2.3 Malleable Cast Iron. 2.2.4 Nodular Cast Iron. 2.2.5 Austenitic Cast Iron. 2.2.6 Abrasion Resistance. 2.2.7 Corrosion Resistance. 2.2.8 Temperature Resistance. 2.2.9 Welding Cast Iron. 2.3 Steels. 2.3.1 Low Carbon Steels (Mild Steel). 2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.3 Heat Resistance. 2.3.4 Low Temperatures. 2.3.5 High-Carbon Steels. 2.3.6 Low-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.7 Mechanical Properties. 2.3.8 Corrosion Resistance. 2.3.9 Oxidation Resistance and Creep Strength. 2.3.10 Low-Temperature Ductility. 2.3.11 High-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12 High-Alloy Steels. 2.3.12.1 Chromium Steels (400 Series), Low-Carbon Ferritic (Type 405). 2.3.12.2 Medium Carbon Martensitic. 2.3.12.3 Medium Carbon Ferrule. 2.3.12.4 Chromium/Nickel Austenitic Steels (300 Series). 2.3.13 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels. 2.4 Materials Properties Data Tables. 3. Property Tables of Various Liquids, Gases, and Fuels. 3.1 General Properties of Hydrocarbons. 3.1.1 General Information. 3.1.2 Isomers. 3.1.3 Alkenes. 3.1.4 Alkynes. 3.1.5 Straight-Chain Hydrocarbon Nomenclature. 3.1.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 3.1.7 Hydrocarbon Derivatives. 3.1.8 Halogenated Hydrocarbons. 3.1.9 Alcohols. 3.1.10 Ethers. 3.1.11 Ketones. 3.1.12 Aldehydes. 3.1.13 Peroxides. 3.1.14 Esters. 3.1.15 Amines. 3.2 Fuel Properties. 3.2.1 Crude Oil. 3.2.2 Gasoline. 3.2.3 Bioethanol and ETBE. 3.2.4 Diesel Oil, Kerosene, Jet A1, and Biodiesel. 3.2.5 Fuel Oil. 3.2.6 Natural Gas, Biogas, LPG and Methane Hydrates. 3.2.7 Hydrogen. 4. General Guidelines on Fire Protection, Evacuation, First Responder, and Emergency Planning. 4.1 Flammability Properties. 4.1.1.1 General Information. 4.1.1.2 Flammability Designation. 4.1.2 Ignition Temperature. 4.1.3 Flammability Limits. 4.1.4 Vapor Density. 4.1.5 Specific Gravity. 4.1.6 Water Solubility. 4.1.7 Responding to Fires. 4.1.8 Firefighting Agents. 4.1.8.1 Water. 4.1.8.2 Foam. 4.1.8.3 Alcohol-Resistant Foams. 4.1.8.4 High Expansion Foams. 4.1.8.5 Other Extinguishing Agents. 4.1.8.6 Carbon Dioxide. 4.1.9 Electrical Fire Prevention. 4.1.10 Firefighting Guidance. 4.1.10.1 Types. 4.1.10.2 Firefighting Agents and Extinguishers. 4.1.10.3 Vehicles. 4.1.10.4 Firefighting Gear. 4.1.11 Specialized Rescue Procedures. 4.1.12 First Responder to Electrical Fire Incidents. 4.1.13 Evacuation Planning. 4.1.13.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities. 4.1.13.2 Preparation & Planning for Emergencies. 4.1.14 Evacuation Procedure. 4.1.15 General. 4.1.16 Template for Emergency Evacuation Plan. 5. Chemical Data. 6. Chemical Safety Data. 7. Recommended Safe Levels of Exposure. 8. Fire and Chemical Reactivity Data.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing is a condensed practical guide that gives the reader a broad introduction to properties of thermoplastics plastics, additives, the major processes (extrusion, injection molding, rotational molding, blow molding, and thermoforming), as well as troubleshooting. The main goal is to provide the plastics processor with an improved understanding of the basics by explaining the science behind the technology. Machine details are minimized as the emphasis is on processing problems and the defects in an effort to focus on basic root causes to problems and how to solve them. The book's framework is troubleshooting in plastics processing because of the importance it has to the eventual production of high quality end products. Each chapter contains both practical and detailed technical information. This basic guide provides state-of-the-art information on: Processing problems and defects during manufacturing <Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Market Trends. 1.2 Importance of Plastics. 1.3 Plastics Processing. 1.4 Fundamental. References. 2. Plastics Materials. 2.1 Properties and Processing. 2.2 Polyethylene. 2.3 Polypropylene (PP). 2.4 Polystyrene. 2.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC). 2.6 Engineering Plastics. 2.7 Advantages. 2.8 Fundamental. References. 3. Plastics Additives. 3.1 Antioxidants. 3.2 Anti-block Agents. 3.3 Antistatic Agent. 3.4 Clarifying Agents. 3.5 Slip Additives. 3.6 Processing Aids. 3.7 Antifogging Agents. 3.8 Antiblocking Agents. 3.9 Heat Stabilizers. 3.10 Lubricants. 3.11 Plasticizers. 3.12 Coupling Agents or Surface Modifiers. 3.13 Release Agents. 3.14 Flame Retardants. 3.15 Pigments. 3.16 Light Stabilizers. 3.17 Impact Modifiers. 3.18 Blowing Agents. 3.19 Nucleating Agents. 3.20 Biocides. 3.21 Fillers. 3.22 Fundamentals. References. 4. Plastics Processing. 4.1 Focus on Plastics Processing. 4.2 Injection Molding. 4.3 Extrusion. 4.4 Blow Molding. 4.5 Thermoforming. 4.6 Rotational Molding. 4.7 Fundamental. References. 5. Troubleshooting – Problems and Solutions. 5.1 Troubleshooting – Requirements. 5.2 Injection Molding – Troubleshooting. 5.3 Troubleshooting – Extrusion. 5.4 Troubleshooting – Blow molding. 5.5 Troubleshooting – Thermoforming. 5.6 Troubleshooting – Rotational molding. References. 6. Future Trends. 6.1 Productivity. 6.2 Automotive Applications. 6.3 Medical Applications. 6.4 Environmental Issues. 6.5 Fundamentals. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis handbook provides a framework for understanding how to characterize plastic manufacturing processes for use in troubleshooting problems. The 21 chapters are authored by well-known and experienced engineers who have specialized knowledge about the processes covered in this practical guide. From the Preface: In every chapter, the process is described and the most common problems are discussed along with the root causes and potential technical solutions. Numerous case studies are provided that illustrate the troubleshooting process. Mark A. Spalding, The Dow Chemical CompanyTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1. The Economics of Troubleshooting Polymer Processing Systems 1 2. Troubleshooting Philosophy 19 3. Statistical Tools for Trouble Shooting a Process 25 4. Single Screw Extrusion 45 5. Troubleshooting the Co-rotating Fully Intermeshing Twin-screw Compounding System 53 6. Troubleshooting for Injection Molding 65 7. Blown Film 85 8. Cast Film Troubleshooting 109 9. Oriented Films – Trouble Shooting and Characterization 129 10. Troubleshooting the Thermoforming Process 163 11. Proper Equipment Processing for Industrial/Technical Blow Molding 213 12. PET Stretch Blow Molding 13. Blow Molding – Problems and Solutions 275 14. Extrusion Coating Troubleshooting 293 15. Adhesive and Thermal Lamination 309 16. Troubleshooting for Retomolding 323 17. Plastics Calendering 355 18. Compression Molding 375 19. Transfer molding 389 20. Pultrusion Process Troubleshooting 399 21. Troubleshooting Static Problems in Plastics Processes 433 References 470 Recommended reading for further study 471 Index 473

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, and their applications in engineered and natural porous media for general applications. This book is an important text for graduate courses in various disciplines involving fluids in porous materials and a useful reference book.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xix Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Synopses of Topics Covered in Various Chapters 3 Chapter 2. Transport Properties of Porous Media 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Permeability of Porous Media Based on the Bundle of Tortuous Leaky-Tube Model 10 2.3 Permeability of Porous Media Undergoing Alteration by Scale Deposition 33 2.4 Temperature Effect of Permeability 44 2.5 Effects of Other Factors on Permeability 54 2.6 Exercises 54 Chapter 3. Macroscopic Transport Equations 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 REV 58 3.3 Volume-Averaging Rules 59 3.4 Mass-Area Averaging Rules 67 3.5 Surface Area Averaging Rules 68 3.6 Applications of Volume and Surface Averaging Rules 68 3.7 Double Decomposition for Turbulent Processes in Porous Media 70 3.8 Tortuosity Effect 73 3.9 Macroscopic Transport Equations by Control Volume Analysis 74 3.10 Generalized Volume-Averaged Transport Equations 76 3.11 Exercises 76 Chapter 4. Scaling and Correlation of Transport in Porous Media 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Dimensional and Inspectional Analysis Methods 81 4.3 Scaling 84 4.4 Exercises 92 Chapter 5. Fluid Motion in Porous Media 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Flow Potential 98 5.3 Modification of Darcy’s Law for Bulk- versus Fluid Volume Average Pressures 99 5.4 Macroscopic Equation of Motion from the Control Volume Approach and Dimensional Analysis 102 5.5 Modification of Darcy’s Law for the Threshold Pressure Gradient 105 5.6 Convenient Formulations of the Forchheimer Equation 108 5.7 Determination of the Parameters if the Forchheimer Equation 111 5.8 Flow Demarcation Criteria 115 5.9 Entropy Generation in Porous Media 117 5.10 Viscous Dissipation on Porous Media 123 5.11 Generalized Darcy’s Law by Control Volume Analysis 124 5.12 Equation of Motion for Non-Newtonian Fluids 134 5.13 Exercises 138 Chapter 6. Gas Transport in Tight Porous Media 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Gas Glow through a Capillary Hydraulic Tube 146 6.3 Relationship between Transports Expressed on Different Bases 147 6.4 The Mean Free Path of Molecules: FHS versus VHS 149 6.5 The Knudsen Number 150 6.6 Flow Regimes and Gas Transport as Isothermal Conditions 152 6.7 Gas Transport at Nonisothermal Conditions 159 6.8 Unified Hagen-Poiseuille-Type Equation fro Apparent Gas Permeability 160 6.9 Single-Component Gas Glow 165 6.10 Multicomponent Gas Flow 166 6.11 Effect of Different Flow Regimes in a Capillary Flow Path and the Extended Klinkenberg Equation 168 6.12 Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Gas Flow through Porous Media 170 6.13 Exercises 174 Chapter 7. Fluid Transport Through Porous Media 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Coupling Single-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations 178 7.3 Cylindrical Leaky-Tank Reservoir Model Including the Non-Darcy Effect 179 7.4 Coupling Two-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations for Immiscible Displacement 186 7.5 Potential Flow Problems in Porous Media 200 7.6 Streamline/Stream Tube Formulation and Front Tracking 205 7.7 Exercises 218 Chapter 8. Parameters of Fluid Transfer in Porous Media 227 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Wettability and Wettability Index 230 8.3 Capillary Pressure 231 8.4 Work of Fluid Displacement 234 8.5 Temperature Effect on Wettability-Related Properties of Porous Media 235 8.6 Direct Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 238 8.7 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 259 8.8 Exercises 276 Chapter 9. Mass, Momentum, and Energy Transport in Porous Media 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 Dispersive Transport of Species in Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Porous Media 282 9.3 General Multiphase Fully Compositional Nonisothermal Mixture Model 288 9.4 Formulation of Source/Sink Terms in Conservation Equations 292 9.5 Isothermal Black Oil Model of a Nonvolatile Oil System 295 9.6 Isothermal Limited Compositional Model of a Volatile Oil System 298 9.7 Flow of Gas and Vaporizing Water Phases in the Near-Wellbore Region 299 9.8 Flow of Condensate and Gas Phase Containing Noncondensable Gas Species in the Near-Wellbore Region 301 9.9 Shape-Averaged Formulations 305 9.10 Conductive Heat Transfer with Phase Change 307 9.11 Simultaneous Phase Transition and Transport in Porous Media Containing Gas Hydrates 328 9.12 Modeling Nonisothermal Hydrocarbon Fluid Flow Considering Expansion/Compression and Joule-Thomson Effects 338 9.13 Exercises 346 Chapter 10. Suspended Particulate Transport in Porous Media 353 10.1 Introduction 353 10.2 Deep-Bed Filtration under Nonisothermal Conditions 355 10.3 Cake Filtration over an Effective Filter 370 10.4 Exercises 379 Chapter 11. Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Transport Units and Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 385 11.3 Models for Transport in Fissured/Fractured Porous Media 388 11.4 Species Transport in Fractured Porous Media 394 11.5 Immiscible Displacement in Naturally Fractured Porous Media 396 11.6 Method of Weighted Sum (Quadrature) Numerical Solutions 410 11.7 Finite Difference Numerical Solution 415 11.8 Exercises 425 References 429 Index 455

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis updated version of one of the most popular and widely used CCPS books provides plant design engineers, facility operators, and safety professionals with key information on selected topics of interest. The book focuses on process safety issues in the design of chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing facilities. It discusses how to select designs that can prevent or mitigate the release of flammable or toxic materials, which could lead to a fire, explosion, or environmental damage. Key areas to be enhanced in the new edition include inherently safer design, specifically concepts for design of inherently safer unit operations and Safety Instrumented Systems and Layer of Protection Analysis. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information, as well as key information on failure modes and potential design solutions.Trade Review“I highly recommend it to process design engineers, project engineers, facility operators, and process safety/loss prevention specialists who will find it very useful." (Process Safety Progress, 1 November 2012) “While detailed engineering designs are outside the scope of the book, the authors provide extensive references to assist designers who wish to go beyond safety philosophy to the specifics of a particular safety system design.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations xv Glossary xxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Foreward xxxv Preface xxxvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Engineering Design for Process Safety Through the Life Cycle of the Facility 2 1.2 Regulatory Review / Impact on Process Safety 5 1.3 Who Will Benefit From These Guidelines? 7 1.4 Organization of this Book 7 1.5 Other CCPS Resources 9 1.6 References 10 2. Foundational Concepts 13 2.1 Understanding the Hazard 14 2.2 Risk-Based Design 21 2.3 Intentional Unsteady State Condition Evaluation 27 2.4 Unintentional Unsteady State Issues 31 2.5 Non-Linearity of the Design Process 33 2.6 References 36 3. Basic Physical Properties / Thermal Stability Data 39 3.1 Basic Physical Properties 39 3.2 Flammability Data 40 3.3 Reactivity / Thermal Stability Data 47 3.4 References 60 4. Analysis Techniques 63 4.1 Hazard Identification 63 4.2 Hazard Analysis Techniques 94 4.3 Risk Assessment 108 4.4 Reliability / Maintainability Analysis 118 4.5 References 119 5. General Design 123 5.1 Safeguarding Strategies 123 5.2 Inherently Safer Design 128 5.3 Basic Process Control Systems 132 5.4 Instrumented Safety Systems 135 5.5 Process Design / Process Chemistry 135 5.6 Plant Siting and Layout 137 5.7 Materials of Construction 140 5.8 Corrosion 143 5.9 Civil / Structural / Support Design 146 5.10 Thermal Insulation 150 5.11 Human Factors in Design 155 5.12 Site Security Issues 158 5.13 References 161 6. Equipment Design 165 6.1 Vessels 167 6.2 Reactors 183 6.3 Mass Transfer Equipment 194 6.4 Heat Transfer Equipment 204 6.5 Dryers 214 6.6 Fluid Transfer Equipment 223 6.7 Solid-Fluid Separators 236 6.8 Solids Handling and Processing Equipment 244 6.9 Fired Equipment 256 6.10 Piping and Piping Components 266 6.11 Material Handling and Warehousing 291 6.12 Utility Systems 305 7. Protection Layers 315 7.1 Ignition Control 316 7.2 Instrumented Safety Systems 325 7.3 Pressure / Vacuum Relief Systems 332 7.4 Equipment Isolation / Blowdown 340 7.5 Effluent Disposal Systems 342 7.6 Emergency Response Alarm Systems 350 7.7 Fire Protection 357 7.8 Deflagration / Detonation Arresters 363 7.9 Explosion Suppression 366 7.10 Specialty Mitigation Systems 369 7.11 Effluent Handling / Post-Release Mitigation / Waste Treatment Issues 372 7.12 References 374 8. Documentation to Support Process Safety 379 8.1 Process Knowledge Management 379 8.2 Engineering Design Package 384 8.3 Operating / Maintenance Procedures 385 8.4 Asset Integrity / Reliability / Predictive Maintenance Data 389 8.5 References 390

Read more less

Book SynopsisProviding in-depth guidance on how to design and rate emergency pressure relief systems, Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems incorporates the current best designs from the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems as well as American Petroleum Institute (API) standards.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv In Memoriam xxvii Files on the Web Accompanying This Book xxix Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Scope 2 1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information 3 1.4 Organization of This Book 5 1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria 7 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis 8 1.5.2 Process Safety Information 9 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems 11 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy 13 2.1 Limitations of the Technology 14 2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy 14 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief 14 2.2.2 Approach to Design 15 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure 17 2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines 19 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents 19 2.3.2 General Provisions 24 2.3.3 Protection by System Design 36 2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation 40 2.4.1 General Terminology 41 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves 41 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices 54 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series) 63 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves & Vents 64 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components 70 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices 71 2.5 Relief System Layout 75 2.5.1 General Code Requirements 75 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves 77 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices 80 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices 80 2.5.5 Devices in Series 81 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel 87 2.5.7 Header Systems 88 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity 88 2.5.9 Material Selection 88 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions 89 2.5.11 Noise 89 2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions 90 2.6.1 Safety Valves 92 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow 95 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices 95 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices 95 2.6.5 Devices in Combination 99 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices 100 2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations 100 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure 101 2.7.2 Design Scenarios 102 2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization 104 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation 105 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties 105 2.8.3 Mixture Properties 106 2.8.4 Phase Behavior 106 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction 108 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics 112 2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel 113 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions 113 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects 114 2.10 Flow of Fluids through Relief Systems 116 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow 116 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow 117 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss 121 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System 121 2.11 Relief System Reliability 122 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability 122 2.11.2 System Reliability 125 Requirements for Relief System Design 131 3.1 Introduction 131 3.1.1 Required Background 132 3.2 Vessel Venting Background 133 3.2.1 General Considerations 133 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters 135 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances 140 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties 148 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output 153 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools 156 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications 156 3.2.8 Limiting Cases 158 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement 160 3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases 171 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel 171 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow 187 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations 190 3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design 190 3.4.1 Executive Summary 190 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects 191 3.4.3 Reaction Basics 192 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification 196 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates 197 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design 222 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis 234 3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 259 3.5.1 Executive Summary 259 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load 260 3.5.3 Analytical Methods 267 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling 279 3.5.5 Closing Comment 282 Methods for Relief System Design 283 4.1 Introduction 283 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design 283 4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing 285 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations 285 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods 298 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing - Discharge Coefficient 310 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing - Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit 314 4.3 Miscellaneous 317 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices - Liquid Flow 317 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices - Gas Flow 318 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices - Two-Phase Flow 320 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices - Associated Piping 320 4.4 Piping 321 4.4.1 Piping - Fundamental Equations 322 4.4.2 Piping - Pipe Friction Factors 322 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow 328 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow 329 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow 333 4.4.6Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow 334 4.4.7 Piping - Separated Two-Phase Flows 346 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup 347 4.4.9 Piping - Temperature Effects 348 4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems 349 4.5.1 Rupture Disks - Nozzle Model 349 4.5.2 Rupture Disks - Pipe Model 349 4.6 Multiple Devices 350 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel 350 4.6.2 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV 351 4.6.3 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV 351 4.7 Worked Example Index 352 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design 355 5.1 Introduction 355 5.2 Reaction Forces 356 5.3 Background 357 5.4 Selection of Design Case 363 5.5 Design Methods 363 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere 363 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6.1 Rupture Disks 368 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves 370 5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping 372 5.7.1 Liquid Relief 373 5.7.2 Gas Relief 376 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow 384 5.8 Pipe Tension 385 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves 386 5.8.2 Rupture Disks 387 5.9 Real Gases 390 5.10 Changes in Pipe Size 390 5.11 Location of Anchors 390 5.12 Exit Geometry 391 5.13 Worked Examples 392 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents 393 6.1 General Strategy 395 6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment 399 6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable 401 6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems 403 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 403 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming 405 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems 406 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability 407 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System 408 6.4.6 Plant Geography 409 6.4.7 Space Availability 409 6.4.8Turndown 409 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation 410 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer 410 6.4.11 Time Availability 411 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs 411 6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling 411 6.5.1Containment 411 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere 415 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators 415 6.5.4 Quench Tanks 423 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers) 429 6.5.6 Flares 432 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems 437 7.1 Design Basis Selection 438 7.2 Total Containment Systems 439 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel 439 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank) 440 7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers 442 7.3.1 Corrosion 443 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture 444 7.3.3 Deposition 444 7.3.4 Vibration 444 7.3.5 Cleaning 445 7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators 445 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations 450 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators 451 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators 460 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features 463 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation 464 7.5 Cyclone Separators 465 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency 467 7.5.2 Design Procedure 469 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure 470 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure 472 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force 475 7.6 Quench Pools 476 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview 477 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations 482 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection 483 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure 484 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance 485 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions 493 7.6.7 Sparger Design 499 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices 509 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems 509 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer 510 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads 510 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design 511 Acronyms and Abbreviations 513 Glossary 517 Nomenclature 529 Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite – Description and Instructions 541 A.1 Scope 541 A.2 Software Functions 543 A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation 543 A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations 544 A.2.3 Physical Properties 545 A.2.4 Piping Isometrics 546 A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs 546 A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 547 Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions 549 B.1 Scope 549 B.1.1 Uncertainties 550 B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options 550 B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow 552 B.2.2 File Operations 552 B.2.3 Help Files 554 B.2.4 Other Operations 555 B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata 556 B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options 556 B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input 560 B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options 562 B.4.1 Running COMFLOW 563 Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS – Description and Instructions 565 C.1 Scope 565 C.2 Software Functions 567 C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs 567 C.2.2 Define Tab 568 C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation 570 C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations 571 C.2.5 Properties Tab 572 C.2.6 VLE Tab 574 C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 576 Appendix D: Venting Requirements 577 D.1 Worked Examples – Emergency Venting 579 D.1.1 External Fire – Vapor Venting 580 D.1.2 Tube Rupture 590 D.1.3 Literature Examples for Non-Reactive Cases 596 D.2 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 597 D.3 Relief Valve Sizing Examples 599 D.3.1 Incompressible Liquid Flow (with Viscosity Correction) 601 D.3.2 Real Gas Flow 603 D.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Flow 607 D.3.4 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Choked Flow 609 D.3.5 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Non-choked Flow 611 D.3.6 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 614 D.3.7 Non-Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 616 D.3.8 Multicomponent Fluid Flow 618 D.3.9 Equilibrium Flow of One-Component Fluid (Low Subcooled Liquid Flow) 621 D.3.10 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid (Highly Subcooled Liquid Flow) 626 D.3.11 Single-Component Vapor Flow with Retrograde Condensation 630 D.4 Piping Flow Examples 634 D.4.1 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow with Conventional Multiple Chokes 635 D.4.2 Real Gas Flow with Multiple Chokes 650 D.4.3 Flow of High Viscosity Liquid 654 D.5 Reaction Forces 658 D.5.1 PRV with Viscous Liquid Flow – Steady Forces 658 D.5.2 PRV with Real Gas Flow – Steady Forces 661 D.5.3 RD with Liquid Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 664 D.5.4 RD with Air Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 667 D.5.5 PRV with Steam Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 670 D.5.6 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 673 D.5.7 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 675 D.5.8 RD with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 678 Appendix E: Worked Examples – Effluent Handling 681 E.1 Phase Separator and Quench Tank Design Examples 681 E.1.1 Example Problem Statement 682 E.1.2 Given Conditions 683 E.1.3 Quench Pool Design 692 E.1.4 Gravity Separator Design 706 E.1.5 Cyclone Separator Design 710 E.1.6 Summary 715 References 717 Index 743

Read more less

Book SynopsisForeword by Professor Menachem Elimelech, Yale University, USA This 3-volume thematic work provides critical assessment of the status and advancements in materials and fabrication of membranes, membrane based processes, and applications critical to industrial applications and research from fundamental and practical levels.Table of ContentsForeword Menachem Elimelech Part I. Membrane Separation and Transport Introduction Eric M.V. Hoek, Volodymyr V. Tarabara, and MaryTheresa M. Pendergast Solution-diffusion processes Arne R.D. Verliefde, Paul Van der Meeren, and Bart Van der Bruggen Inorganic Membrane Filtration, Modeling Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Weihong Xing, Weixing Li, Yiqun Fan, Wanqin Jin, and Nanping Xu Mechanistic Modeling of Transport in Nanofiltration Anthony Szymczyk Mass transport in ion-exchange membranes Yoshinobu Tanaka Gas separation membranes Ho Bum Park Gas Transport in Dense Polymeric Membranes, Molecular Dynamics Simulations Sylvie Neyertz Scaling Jack Gilron Pore blocking models Chia-Chi Ho Cake/Biofilm enhanced concentration polarization Jenia Gutman and Moshe Herzberg Fouling in membrane bioreactors Anusha Kola, Yun Ye, and Vicki Chen Part II. Membrane Materials, Characterization, and Module Design Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective Jane Kucera Track-etching Pavel Apel Micro-engineered membranes Cees. J.M. van Rijn Mixed-matrix membranes Ryan Adams, J.R. Johnson, Chen Zhang, Ryan Lively, Ying Dai, O. Esekhile, Junqiang Liu, and W.J. Koros Thin Films and Membranes with Hierarchical Porosity Dan Li, Jianfeng Yao, and Huanting Wang Surface modification of membranes Yan Fang, Jian Wu, and Zhi-Kang Xu Ion exchange membranes Yaoming Wang and Tongwen Xu Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes Katrien Hendrix and Ivo Vankelecom Liquid membranes, supported and emulsion Gloria Villora Inorganic membranes Shaomin Liu, Xiaoyao Tan, and Kang Li Thin inorganic porous hollow fiber membranes Mieke W.J. Luiten-Olieman, Michiel J.T. Raaijmakers, Arian Nijmeijer, and Nieck E. Benes Interfacial polymerization Benjamin J. Feinberg and Eric M.V. Hoek Thin-Film Ceramic Membranes C. Yacou, D. Wang, J. Motuzas, X. Zhang, S. Smart, and J. C Diniz da Costa Sol-gel-derived silica membranes Masakoto Kanezashi Ionic Liquids in Gas Separation Membranes Jason E. Bara Carbon membranes Ahmad Fauzi Ismail Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Neil B. McKeown and Peter M. Budd Silica Colloidal Nanoporous Membranes Amir Khabibullin and Ilya Zharov Gold Nanotube Membranes Leonora Velleman, Joe G. Shapter, and Dosan Losic Biological and Biomimetic Membranes Manish Kumar, Yue-xiao Shen, and Patrick O. Saboe Stimuli-responsive membranes Kin-Ho Wee and Renbi Bai Constitutional dynameric networks for membranes Mihail Barboiu Photocatalytic ceramic membranes Abolfazl Zakersalehi, Joel Andersen, Hyeok Choi, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou Superhydrophobic Biomimetic Fibrous Membranes Aikifa Raza and Bin Ding Membrane characterization Roy Bernstein, Yair Kaufman, and Viatcheslav Freger Porosity José Ignacio Calvo Díez, Aldo Bottino, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, and Antonio Hernández Membrane integrity monitoring Vitaly Gitis and Gadi Rothenberg Membrane Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy Daniel J. Johnson and Nidal Hilal Microanalysis of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes Orlando Coronell, Marc ter Horst, and Carrie Donley Design and Construction of Commercial Spiral Wound Modules Jon E. Johnson Dynamic crossflow filtration Michel Y. Jaffrin Part III. Membrane Processes Microfiltration Shankar Chellam Ultrafiltration James E. Kilduff Nanofiltration Bart Van der Bruggen Diafiltration Zoltan Kovacs and Peter Czermak Hybrid processes combining sorption and membrane filtration Nalan Kabay and Marek Bryjak Reverse osmosis Lianfa Song, Cui Liu, and Shuang Liang Forward Osmosis Jeffrey McCutcheon Pressure-retarded osmosis Amy Childress Electro-Membrane Processes Ajay K. Singh and Vinod K. Shahi Reverse electrodialysis Odne S. Burheim, Jon G. Pharoah, David Vermaas, B. B. Sales, K. Nijmeijer, and H. V. M. Hamelers Membrane electrolysis Pierre Millet Pervaporation Anne Jonquières CO2 capture Xuezhong He, Qiang Yu, May-Britt Hägg Metallic Membranes for High Temperature Hydrogen Separation Yi Hua Ma, Jacopo Catalano, and Federico Guazzone Natural gas purification Haiqing Lin, Lloyd S. White, Kaaeid Lokhandwala, and Richard W. Baker Oxygen-nitrogen separation Dipak Rana and Takeshi Matsuura Membrane contactors Alessandra Criscuoli Catalytic membrane reactors Sahar Soltani, Muhammad Sahimi, and Theodore Tsotsis Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors Eoin Syron and Eoin Casey Membrane reactors, Applications Angelo Basile, Simona Liguori, and Adolfo Iulianelli Part IV. Membrane Applications Seawater Desalination - Cost and Technology Trends Nikolay Voutchkov Membrane Bioreactors, Applications to Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Stefan Krause and Christoph Thiemig Membranes for Osmotic Power S.T.V. Sim, Rong Wang, M. Tian, and A.G. Fane Organic Solvent Nanofiltration György Székely, Patrizia Marchetti, Maria F. Jimenez-Solomon, and Andrew G. Livingston Gas separation, Applications A. Brunetti, G. Barbieri, and Enrico Drioli Analytical applications of membranes Merlin L. Bruening Conducting Polymer Membranes Krzysztof Maksymiuk and Agata Michalska Application of membranes in biotechnology Raja Ghosh Applications of supported liquid membranes and emulsion liquid membranes Raffaele Molinari and Pietro Argurio Applications of pertraction in biotechnology D.Cascaval, Anca-Irina Galaction, and D. Boldureanu Polymer Membranes for fuel cells R. Wycisk, J. Ballengee and Peter N. Pintauro Polymeric Membranes for Energy Applications Tai-Shung Chung Food Industry Applications Frank Lipnizki Membrane-based treatment of textile industry wastewaters Ismail Koyuncu Membrane-based techniques for nuclear waste processing Anil Kumar Pabby, J.V. Sonawane, and Ana M. Sastre Membrane-based treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewaters Mari Kallioinen, Mika Mänttäri, and Marianne Nystrom Enantioselective Membranes Masakazu Yoshikawa and Akon Higuchi Membranes for Microfluidic Applications Goran T. Vladisavljeviæ, Isao Kobayashi, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima Part V. Membrane Terminology, Societies, Conferences, and Periodicals Membrane Terminology Michael D. Guiver, Eric M.V. Hoek, Victor Nikonenko, Volodymyr V. Tarabara , and Andrew L. Zydney International Membrane Societies Christopher A. Crock and Pejman Ahmadiannamini Membrane Related Conferences, Seminars, Symposia and Workshops Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo Membrane Related Research Periodicals Emily N. Tummons and Miguel Herrera-Robledo

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe use of control systems is necessary for safe and optimal operation of industrial processes in the presence of inevitable disturbances and uncertainties. Plant-wide control (PWC) involves the systems and strategies required to control an entire chemical plant consisting of many interacting unit operations. Over the past 30 years, many tools and methodologies have been developed to accommodate increasingly larger and more complex plants. This book provides a state-of-the-art of techniques for the design and evaluation of PWC systems. Various applications taken from chemical, petrochemical, biofuels and mineral processing industries are used to illustrate the use of these approaches. This book contains 20 chapters organized in the following sections: Overview and Industrial Perspective Tools and Heuristics Methodologies Applications Emerging Topics With contributions from the leading researchers and industrial Trade ReviewReview copy sent 25/04/12: Book NewsTable of ContentsPreface Section I: Overview and Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Plant-Wide Control 2 1.3 Scope and Organization of the Book 4 References 10 2 Industrial Perspective on Plant-Wide Control 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Design Environment 3 2.3 Disturbances and Measurement System Design 6 2.4 Academic Contributions 8 2.5 Conclusions 11 References 12 Section II: Tools and Heuristics 3 Control Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Plant-Wide Control of Industrial Processes 3.1 Introduction 2 3.2 Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF) 4 3.3 Computation Methods for Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF): A Review 7 3.4 Computation of CDOF Using Flowsheet-Oriented Method 14 3.4.1 Computation of Restraining Number for Unit Operations 16 3.5 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Distillation Columns and the Concept of Redundant Process Variables 19 3.6 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Compute CDOF to Complex Integrated Processes 22 3.7 Conclusions 23 References 24 4 Selection of Controlled Variables Using Self-Optimizing Control Method 4.1 Introduction 2 4.2 General Principle 4 4.3 Brute-Force Optimization Approach for CV Selection 8 4.4 Local Methods 11 4.4.1 Minimum Singular Value (MSV) Rule 12 4.4.2 Exact Local Method 14 4.4.3 Optimal Measurement Combination 16 4.4.3.1 Null Space Method 16 4.4.3.2 Explicit Solution 17 4.4.3.3 Toy Example 19 4.5 Branch and Bound Methods 21 4.6 Constraint Handling 23 4.7 Case Study: Forced Circulation Evaporator 26 4.8 Conclusions and Discussion 32 4.9 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 5 Input-Output Pairing Selection for Design of Decentralized Controller 5.1 Introduction 2 5.1.1 State of the Art 3 5.2 Relative Gain Array and Variants 5 Steady-State RGA 6 5.2.2 Niederlinski Index 8 5.2.3 The Dynamic Relative Gain Array 9 5.2.4 The Effective Relative Gain Array 11 5.2.5 The Block Relative Gain 12 5.2.6 Relative Disturbance Gain Array 14 5.3 µ-Interaction Measure 15 5.4 Pairing Analysis Based on the Controllability and Observability 17 5.4.1 The Participation Matrix 17 5.4.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 19 5.4.3 The Dynamic Input-Output Pairing Matrix 19 Input-Output Pairing for Uncertain Multivariable Plants 21 RGA in the Presence of Statistical Uncertainty 22 RGA in the Presence of Norm-Bounded Uncertainties 23 DIOPM and the Effect of Uncertainty 26 Input-Output Pairing for Nonlinear Multivariable Plants 28 5.6.1 Relative Order Matrix 29 5.6.2 The Nonlinear RGA 30 5.7 Conclusions and Discussion 31 References 33 6 Heuristics for Plantwide Control 6.1 Introduction 2 6.2 Basics of Heuristic Plantwide Control 4 6.2.1 Plumbing 5 6.2.2 Recycle 6 6.2.2.1 Effect of Recycle on Time Constants 6 6.2.2.2 Snowball Effects in Liquid Recycle Systems 7 6.2.2.3 Gas Recycle Systems 8 6.2.3 Fresh Feed Introduction 8 6.2.3.1 Ternary Example 9 6.2.3.2 Control Structures 11 6.2.3.3 Ternary Process with Altered Volatilities 12 6.2.4 Energy Management and Integration 12 6.2.5 Controller Tuning 13 6.2.5.1 Flow and Pressure Control 13 6.2.5.2 Level Control 14 6.2.5.3 Composition and Temperature Control 16 6.2.5.4 Interacting Control Loops 17 6.2.6 Throughput Handle 18 6.3 Application to HDA Process 18 6.3.1 Process Description 19 6.3.2 Application of Plantwide Control Heuristics 20 6.3.2.1 Throughput Handle 20 6.3.2.2 Maximum Gas Recycle 20 6.3.2.3 Component Balances (Downs Drill) 20 6.3.2.4 Flow Control in Liquid Recycle Loop 21 6.3.2.5 Product Quality and Constraint Loops 21 6.4 Conclusion 21 7 Throughput Manipulator Location Selection for Economic Plantwide Control 7.1 Introduction 2 7.2 Throughput Manipulation, Inventory Regulation and Plantwide Variability Propagation 3 7.3 Quantitative Case Studies 6 7.3.1 Case Study I: Recycle Process 7 7.3.1.1 Alternative Control Structures 7 7.3.1.2 Quantitative Back-Off Results 8 7.3.1.3 Salient Observations 10 7.3.2 Case Study II: Recycle Process with Side Reaction 11 7.3.2.1 Economically Optimal Process Operation 11 7.3.2.2 Self Optimizing Variables for Unconstrained Degrees of Freedom 14 7.3.2.3 Plantwide Control System Design 15 7.3.2.4 Dynamic Simulation Results 18 7.4 Discussion 19 7.5 Conclusions 23 7.6 Acknowledgments 23 7.7 Supplementary Information 23 References 24 8 Influence of Process Variability Propagation in Plant-Wide Control 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Theoretical Background 5 8.3 Local Unit Operation Control 12 8.3.1 Heat Exchanger 12 8.3.2 Extraction Process 13 8.4 Inventory Control 15 8.4.1 Pressure Control in Gas Headers 15 8.4.2 Parallel Unit Operations 17 8.4.3 Liquid Inventory Control 18 Plant-Wide Control Examples 21 8.5.1 Distillation Column Control 21 8.5.2 Esterification Process 22 8.6 Conclusion 25 References 27 Section III: Methodologies 9 A Review of Plant-Wide Control Methodologies and Applications 9.1 Introduction 1 9.2 Review and Approach-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 3 9.2.1 Heuristics-Based PWC Methods 4 9.2.2 Mathematical-Based PWC Methods 6 9.2.3 Optimization-Based PWC Methods 8 9.2.4 Mixed PWC Methods 9 9.3 Structure-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 12 9.4 Processes Studied in PWC Applications 14 9.5 Comparative Studies on Different Methodologies 16 9.6 Concluding Remarks 18 References 20 10 Integrated Framework of Simulation and Heuristics for Plant-Wide Control System Design 10.1 Introduction 1 10.2 HDA Process: Overview and Simulation 2 10.2.1 Process Description 2 10.2.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Simulation 4 10.3 Integrated Framework Procedure and Application to HDA Plant 5 10.4 Evaluation of the Control System 17 10.5 Conclusions 18 References 20 11 Economic Plantwide Control Introduction 1 Control Layers and Time Scale Separation 3 Plantwide Control Procedure 7 Degrees of Freedom for Operation 9 11.5 Skogestad’s Plantwide Control Procedure 12 Top-Down Part 12 Discussion 29 Conclusion 30 REFERENCES 30 12 Performance Assessment of Plant-Wide Control Systems 12.1 Introduction 2 12.2 Desirable Qualities of a Good Performance Measure 4 12.3 Performance Measure Based on Steady State: Steady-State Operating Cost/Profit 5 12.4 Performance Measures Based on Dynamics 6 12.4.1 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 6 12.4.2 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 7 12.4.3 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 8 12.4.4 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 8 12.4.5 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 10 12.5 Application of the Performance Measures to the HDA Plant Control Structure 11 12.5.1 Steady-State Operating Cost 12 12.5.2 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 12 12.5.3 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 13 12.5.4 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 14 12.5.5 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 15 12.5.6 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 15 12.6 Application of the Performance Measures for Comparing PWC Systems 15 12.7 Discussion and Recommendations 17 12.7.1 Disturbances and Set-Point Changes 17 12.7.2 Performance Measures 19 12.8 Concluding Remarks 21 References 21 Section IV: Applications Studies 13 Design and Control of a Cooled Ammonia Reactor 13.1 Introduction 2 13.2 Cold-Shot Process 4 13.2.1 Process Flowsheet 4 13.2.2 Equipment Sizes, Capital and Energy Costs 6 13.3 Cooled-Reactor Process 7 13.3.1 Process Flowsheet 7 13.3.2 Reaction Kinetics 9 13.3.3 Optimum Economic Design of the Cooled-Reactor Process 10 13.3.3.1 Effect of Pressure 10 13.3.3.2 Effect of Reactor Size 12 13.3.4 Comparison of Cold-Shot and Cooled-Reactor Processes 12 13.4 Control 13 13.5 Conclusion 16 13.6 Acknowledgement 16 References 16 14 Design and Plant-Wide Control of a Biodiesel Plant 14.1 Introduction 1 14.2 Steady-State Plant Design and Simulation 4 14.2.1 Process Design 4 14.2.1.1 Feed and Product Specifications 4 14.2.1.2 Reaction Section 5 14.2.1.3 Separation Section 6 14.2.2 Process Flowsheet and HYSYS Simulation 8 14.3 Optimization of Plant Operation 10 14.4 Application of IFSH to Biodiesel Plant 12 14.5 Validation of the Plant-Wide Control Structure 18 14.6 Conclusions 20 References 20 15 Plant-Wide Control of a Reactive Distillation Process 15.1 Introduction 2 15.2 Design of Ethyl Acetate Reactive-Distillation Process 3 15.2.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Models 3 15.2.2 The Process Flowsheet 4 15.2.3 Comparison of the Process Using Either Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalyst 6 15.3 Control Structure Development of the Two Catalyst Systems 8 15.3.1 Inventory Control Loops 8 15.3.2 Product Quality Control Loops 10 15.3.3 Tuning of the Two Temperature Control Loops 12 Closed-Loop Simulation Results 13 15.3.5 Summary of PWC Aspects 15 15.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 16 Control System Design of a Crystallizer Train for Para-Xylene Recovery 16.1 Introduction 3 16.1 Process 5 16.2 Description 5 16.2.1 Para-Xylene Production Process 5 16.2.2 Para-Xylene Recovery Based on Crystallization Technology 6 16.3 Process Model 8 16.3.1 Crystallizer (Units 1–5) 8 16.3.2 Cyclone Separator (Units 9, 11) 10 16.3.3 Centrifugal Separator (Units 8, 10) 11 16.3.4 Overall Process Model 12 16.4 Control System Design 14 16.4.1 Basic Regulatory Control 14 16.4.2 Steady State Optimal Operation Policy 15 16.4.2.1 Maximization of Para-Xylene Recovery 15 16.4.2.2 Load Distribution 17 16.4.3 Design of Optimizing Controllers 19 16.4.3.1 Multiloop Controller 20 16.4.3.2 Multivariable Controller 20 16.4.3.3 Simulation 21 16.4.4 Incorporation of Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.1 LP Based Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.2 Simulation 24 16.4.5 Justification of MPC Application 25 16.5 Conclusions 26 16.6 5.A Linear Steady State Model and Constraints 27 References 29 17 Modeling and Control of Industrial Off-Gas Systems 17.1 Introduction 3 17.2 Process Description 5 Off-Gas System Model Development 7 17.3.1 Roaster off-Gas Train 8 17.3.2 Furnace Off-Gas Train 12 17.4 Control of Smelter Off-Gas Systems 14 17.4.1 Roaster Off-Gas System 15 17.4.1.1 Degree of Freedom Analysis 15 17.4.1.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 16 17.4.1.3 Optimization 17 17.4.1.4 Production Rate 19 17.4.1.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control 21 17.4.1.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structure 22 17.4.2 Furnace Off-Gas System 22 17.4.2.1 Manipulated Variables and Degree of Freedom Analysis 22 17.4.2.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 23 17.4.2.3 Optimization 24 17.4.2.4 Production Rate 26 17.4.2.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control Layer 27 17.4.2.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structures 28 17.5 Conclusion 28 Notation 29 Subscripts 32 References 33 Section V: Emerging Topics 18 Plant-Wide Control via a Network of Autonomous Controllers 18.1 Introduction 2 18.2 Process and Controller Networks 7 18.2.1 Representation of Process Network 7 18.2.2 Representation of Control Network 10 Plant-Wide Stability Analysis Based on Dissipativity 13 18.4 Controller Network Design 18 18.4.1 Transformation of the Network Topology 18 Plant-Wide Connective Stability 25 18.4.3 Performance Design 27 18.5 Case Study 31 18.5.1 Process Model 32 18.5.2 Distributed Control System Design 34 18.6 Discussions and Conclusion 35 References 40 19 Co-Ordinated, Distributed Plant-Wide Control 19.1 Introduction 2 Co-Ordination Based Plant-Wide Control 8 19.2.1 Price-Driven Co-Ordination 11 19.2.1.1 The Price Decomposition Principle 11 19.2.1.2 Algorithm 12 Price-Driven Co-Ordination Procedure: 14 19.2.1.4 Summary 15 19.2.2 Augmented Price-Driven Method 15 19.2.2.1 The Newton Based Price Update Method as a Negotiation Principle 17 19.2.3 Resource Allocation Co-Ordination 18 19.2.3.1 Resource Allocation Principle 18 19.2.3.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 18 19.2.4 Prediction-Driven Co-Ordination 21 19.2.4.1 Prediction-Driven Principle 21 19.2.4.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 23 19.2.4.3 Prediction Driven Co-Ordination Procedure 23 19.2.5 Economic Interpretation 24 19.3 Case Studies 25 19.3.1 A Pulp Mill Process 25 19.3.1.1 Problem Formulation 25 Plant-Wide Coordination and Performance Comparison 27 19.3.2 A Forced-Circulation Evaporator System 29 19.3.2.1 Problem Formulation 30 Plant-Wide Co-Ordination and Performance 32 19.4 The Future 34 References 38 20 Determination of Plant-Wide Control Loop Configuration and Eco-Efficiency 20.1 Introduction 1 20.2 Relative Gain Array (RGA) and Relative Exergy Gain Array (REA) 4 20.2.1 Relative Gain Array (RGA) 4 20.2.2 Relative Exergy Array (REA) 6 20.2.2.1 Exergy 6 20.2.2.2 Relative Exergy Array 8 20.3 Exergy Calculation Procedure 10 20.4 Case Study 13 20.4.1 Distillation Column 13 20.4.2 Case Study 2 15 20.5 Summary 19 References

Read more less

Book SynopsisOnium ions play a very significant role in chemistry as they are often used as catalysts in reactions. This book covers the different roles of onium ions as catalysts in reactions, as reagents and electrophilic reagents in chemical synthesis, and how they can be prepared.Table of ContentsAzonium Ions. Oxonium Ions. Sulfonium, Selenonium, Telluronium Ions. Phosphonium and Arsonium Ions. Halonium Ions. Carboxonium, Carbosulfonium and Carbazonium Ions. Carbonium Ions. Siliconium Ions. Onium Dications. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive, up-to-date reference to synthetic applications of organosilicon chemistry Organic, organometallic, and polymer chemistry as well as materials science all utilize silicon in various forms, yet there is little cross-fertilization of ideas and applications among the disciplines.Trade Review"...this book provides a good 'state-of-the-art' compilations and evaluation at the turn of the century. This work should be included in any chemistry reference collection." (Choice, Vol. 38, No. 8, April 2001) "This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject...the book can quite rightly claim to be the 'Eaborn' of the 2000s." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, No. 5, November 2000) In recent years there have been several books published that describe the various topical uses of silicon in organic synthesis. All of these books have been useful, but they did not present the broader picture of how the chemistry of the element silicon has had a major impact on many technologies. The author refers to some earlier "classical" books on silicon chemistry, particularly Eaborn's text of the 1960s, that set a very high and comprehensive standard by which to be judged. Without a doubt, Michael Brook has met this standard. This book was a pleasure to read. It is very well written in a relaxed and chatty style that conveys the obvious deep interest and delight the author brings to the subject. There are an impressive number of references to substantiate this scholarly text. One minor point that might (subjectively) make the book even better would be to place Chapter 14 (Electronic Effects of Silyl Group) earlier since it so germane to all of the book. The price is high, but not unreasonably so, and the book can quite rightly claim to be the "Eaborn" of the 2000s. (Phillip Magnus, University of Texas at Austin) "...Brook discusses selected topics regarding synthesis he considers of most use to graduate students and practicing chemists." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 2000) "...this is a completely successful book..." (Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 3rd November 2000)Table of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS OF SILICON REACTIVITY: REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND REACTION MECHANISMS. Organosilanes: Where to Find Them, What to Call Them, How to Detect Them. Atomic and Molecular Properties of Silicon. Silicon-Based Reactive Intermediates. Extracoordination at Silicon. Reaction Mechanisms for Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF NON-CARBON BONDS TO SILICON: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC AND POLYMER CHEMISTRY. Silicon and Transition Metal Chemistry. Hydrosilanes as Reducing Agents. Replacing H with Si: Silicon-Based Reagents. Silicones. Siloxanes Based on T and Q Units. Other Silicon-Containing Polymers. THE FORMATION AND CLEAVAGE OF SILICON-CARBON BONDS: APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. Formation of Si-C Bonds: The Synthesis of Functional Organosilanes. Silicon in a Biological Environment. Silicon in the Organic World: Electronic Effects of Silyl Groups. Rearrangements. Cleavage of Si-C Bonds. Indices of Functional Group Transformations. Subject Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisContains a balanced discussion of homogeneous catalytic reactions that are used in industry, featuring every documented example employed in a current commercial process, or that have a broad application in the organic synthesis laboratory. Incorporates synthesis with chiral catalysts in chapters on hydrogenation, CO chemistry and olefin oxidation. New additions include Tennessee Eastman''s coal-based acetic anhydride plant and IFP''s Dimersol process for dimerizing propylene as well as major changes in the areas on pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, agricultural and electronic chemicals.Table of ContentsTrends in Homogeneous Catalysis in Industry. Isomerization of Olefins. Reactions of Olefins and Dienes--Hydrogenation and HY Additions. Polymerization and Oligomerization of Olefins and Dienes. Reactions of Carbon Monoxide. Oxidation of Olefins and Dienes. Arene Reactions. Reactions of Acetylenes. Carbene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis and Ring-Forming Reactions. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Oxygen. Esterification, Polycondensation, and Related Processes. Homogeneous Catalysis in Halocarbon Chemistry. Appendix. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsThe Pauson-Khand Cycloaddition Reaction for Synthesis ofCyclopentenones (N. Schore). Reduction with Diimide (D. Pasto & R. Taylor). The Pummerer Reaction of Sulfinyl Compounds (O. De Lucchi, etal.). The Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition of Aldehydes to ElectrophilicDouble Bonds (H. Stetter & H. Kuhlmann). Author Index, Volumes 1-40. Chapters and Topic Index, Volumes 1-40.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe latest volume in this series for organic chemists in industry presents critical discussions of widely used organic reactions or particular phases of a reaction. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsDivinylcylopropane--Cycloheptadiene Rearrangement (T. Hudlicky, etal.). Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Organocopper Reagents (BLipshutz & S. Sengupta). Indexes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a revised and expanded edition of a major reference work offering complete coverage of Russian chemical terms, along with their English translations.Table of ContentsNot Obtainable.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA highly practical troubleshooting tool for today's complex processing industry Evolving industrial technology-driven by the need to increase safety while reducing production losses-along with environmental factors and legal concerns has resulted in an increased emphasis on sound troubleshooting techniques and documentation.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Strength of Materials. 2.1 Load Calculations. 2.2 Stress Calculations. 2.2.1 Axial. 2.2.2 Shear. 2.2.3 Bending. 2.2.4 Torsional. 2.2.5 Combined Stresses. 2.2.6 Thermal Stresses. 2.2.7 Transient Temperatures and Stresses. 2.2.8 High Temperature Creep. 2.2.9 Shell Stresses. 2.3 Piping Thermal Forces, Moments, Frequencies. 2.3.1 Piping Failures. 2.4 Allowable and Design Stresses. 2.5 Fatigue Due to Cyclic Loading. 2.6 Elongation and Deflection Calculations. 2.7 Factors of Safety. 2.8 Case History: Agitator Bearing Loading. 2.9 Case History: Shaft Failure. 2.10 Dynamic Loading. 2.10.1 Centrifugal Force. 2.10.2 Inertia's and WR2. 2.10.3 Energy Relationships. 2.11 Case History: Centrifuge Bearing Failures. 2.12 Case History: Bird Impact Force on a Windscreen. 2.13 Case History: Torsional Impact on a Propeller. 2.14 Case History: Start-up Torque on a Motor Coupling. 2.15 Case History: Frictional Clamping Due to Bolting. 2.16 Case History: Failure of a Connecting Rod in a Race Car. 2.17 Bolting. 2.17.1 Holding Capacity. 2.17.2 Limiting Torque. 2.17.3 Bolt Elongation and Relaxation. 2.17.4 Torquing Methods. 2.17.5 Fatigue of Bolts. 2.17.6 Stripping Strength of Threads. 2.17.7 Case History: A Power Head Gasket Leak. 2.18 Ball and Roller Bearing Life Estimates. 2.18.1 Case History: Bearing Life of a Shaft Support. 2.18.2 Coupling Offset and Bearing Life. 2.19 Hydrodynamic Bearings. 2.19.1 Shell and Pad Failures. 2.20 Gears. 2.20.1 Gear Acceptability Calculations. 2.20.2 Case History: Up-Rate Acceptability of a Gear Unit. 2.21 Interference Fits. 2.21.1 Keyless Hydraulically Fitted Hubs. 2.21.2 Case History: Taper Fit Holding Ability. 2.21.3 Case History: The Flying Hydraulically Fitted Hub. 2.22 Strength of Welds. 2.23 Fatigue of Welds. 2.24 Repair of Machinery. 2.24.1 Shafts. 2.24.2 Housing and Cases. 2.24.3 Gearboxes. 2.24.4 Sleeve bearings and Bushing Clearances. 2.24.5 Alignments. 2.24.6 Acceptable Coupling Offset and Angular Misalignment. 2.24.7 Vibration Measurements. 2.25 Interpreting Mechanical Failures. 2.25.1 Failures with Axial, Bending and Torsional Loading. 2.25.2 Gear Teeth Failures. 2.25.3 Spring Failures. 2.25.4 Bolt Failures. 2.25.5 Bearing Failures. 2.25.6 Reading a Bearing. 2.25.7 Large Gearbox Keyway / Shaft Failures. 2.26 Case History: Sizing a Bushing Running Clearance. 2.27 Case History: Galling of a Shaft In A Bushing. 2.28 Case History: Remaining Fatigue Life with Cyclic Stresses. 2.29 A Procedure for Evaluating Gasket Joints. 2.30 Gaskets In High Temperature Service. 2.31 "O" Ring Evaluation. 2.32 Case History: Gasket Won't Pass Hydrotest. 2.33 Case History: Heat Exchanger Leak Due to Temperature. 2.34 Wear of Equipment. 2.35 Case History: Excessive Wear of a Ball Valve. 3. Vibration Analysis. 3.1 Spring /Mass Systems and Resonance. 3.2 Case History: Critical Speed Problem on Steam Turbine. 3.3 Determining Vibration Amplitudes. 3.3.1 Allowable Levels for X or F at Resonance . 3.4 Case History: Vibratory Torque on Gear of a Ship System. 3.5 Torsional Vibration. 3.6 Case History: Torsional Vibration of Motor-Generator-Blower. 3.7 Vibration Diagnosis and Campbell Diagrams. 3.8 Case History: The Effect of a Suddenly Applied Torsional Load. 3.9 Flow Induced Vibrations. 3.10 Case History: Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration. 3.11 Case History: Piping Vibration Failures. 4. Fluid Flow. 4.1 Continuity Equations. 4.2 Bernoulli's Equations. 4.3 Pressure Drop. 4.4 Forces Due to Fluids. 4.5 Case History: A Piping Failure Due to Water Hammer. 4.6 Case History: A Centrifugal Pump System. 4.6.1 System Curves. 4.6.2 Pump Curves. 4.6.3 Net Positive Suction Head NPSH. 4.6.4 Pump Laws. 4.6.5 Series and Parallel Pump Operation. 4.6.6 Blocked In Pump Concern. 4.6.7 Cryogenic Service Concerns. 4.6.8 Pump Control. 4.7 Case History: Wreck of a Centrifugal Pump. 4.8 Case History: Airfoil Aerodynamic Loads. 4.9 Case History: Pressure Loss Through Slots. 4.10 Friction Losses in Piping Systems. 4.11 Case History: Pipe Friction. 5. Heat Transfer. 5.1 Conduction. 5.2 Convection. 5.3 Radiation. 5.4 Heat Sources. 5.5 Case History: Insulation Burn-Out of a Resistor Bank. 5.6 Case History: Embedded Bearing Temperature. 5.7 Types of Heat Exchangers. 5.8 Heat Exchanger Design. 5.9 Case History: Verifying the Size of an Oil Cooler. 5.10 Case History: Temperature Distribution Along a Flare Line. 5.11 Case History: Derivation of a Pipe Temperature Distribution. 6. Compressor Systems and Thermodynamics. 6.1 Ideal Gas Laws. 6.2 Case History: Non - Relieving Explosion Relief Valve. 6.3 The Energy Equation. 6.4 Case History: Air Conditioner Feasibility Study. 6.5 Centrifugal Compressor Operation. 6.6 Compressor Configurations. 6.7 Centrifugal Compressor Head, Flow and Horsepower. 6.8 Compressor Surge. 6.9 Fan Laws. 6.10 Flow - Head Curve Troubleshooting. 6.11 Reciprocating Gas Compressors. 6.12 Component Failures and Prevention. 6.13 Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower Calculations. 6.14 Troubleshooting Reciprocating Compressors Using Gas Calculations. 6.15 Mechanical Seals. 6.16 Flexible Gear, Diaphragm and Disc Pack Couplings. 7. Statistics. 7.1 Average, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation. 7.2 Histograms and Normal Distributions. 7.3 Case History: Power Cylinder Life Comparison. 7.4 Mean Time Between Failures. 7.5 Case History: MTBF for a Gas Engine Compressor. 7.6 Reliability. 7.7 Deterministic and Probabilistic Modeling. 8. Problem Solving and Decision Making. 8.1 The 80-20 Relationship. 8.2 Going Through the Data. 8.3 A Problem Solving Technique. 8.4 Case History: Loss of a Slurry Pump. 8.5 Case History: The Fatigued Motor Shaft. 8.6 Case History: Coupling Failure. 8.7 Case History: Motorcycle Won't Start. 8.8 Case History: Galled Die. 8.9 Seven Causes. 8.10 A Decision Making Technique. 8.11 Case History: Selection of a Barrel Lifter. 9. Materials of Construction. 9.1 Carbon Steel. 9.2 High Strength Low Alloy Steels. 9.3 Martensitic Stainless Steels. 9.4 Austenitic Stainless Steels. 9.5 Monel 400. 9.6 17-4 PH. 9.7 Incoloy 825. 9.8 Inconel 718. 9.9 Structural Steels. 9.10 All Steels Are Not The Same. 9.11 Useful Material Properties. 9.12 Heat Treatments. 9.13 Failure Modes of Shafts, Bolting, Structures and Vessels. 9.14 Fretting Corrosion. 10. Mechanical System Modeling with Case Histories. 10.1 Sizing Up the Problem. 10.2 Case Histories. 10.3 Failures Caused by Excessive Loads:. 10.3.1 Case History: An Agitator Bolt Failure. 10.3.2 Case History: Loosening of Counterweight Bolt. 10.3.3 Case History: Evaluating Internal Thread Strip - Out. 10.3.4 Case History: Analyzing a Spline Failure. 10.3.5 Case History: The Bending of Impeller Blades . 10.3.6 Case History: A Compressor Rod Failure. 10.3.7 Case History: Seal Failure Due to Misalignment of an Agitator Shaft. 10.3.8 Case History: Gear Tooth Pitting Failure. 10.3.9 Case History: Impact Load Effect on a Large Gearbox Bearing. 10.3.10 Case History: A Motor Shaft Failure . 10.3.11 Case History: An In-Flight Aircraft Crankshaft Failure. 10.3.12 Case History: A Pitting Failure Due to a Poorly Distributed Bearing Load. 10.3.13 Case History: Failure of a Pre-loaded Fan Bearings. 10.3.14 Case History: The Separating Loads in an Extruder. 10.3.15 Case History: Containment of an Impeller. 10.4 Failures Caused by Wear:. 10.4.1 Case History: Examining the Wear of Extruder Screws. 10.4.2 Case History: Wear of a Spline Clutch. 10.5 Failures Caused by Thermal Loads:. 10.5.1 Case History: Thermal Distortions Move a 50 Ton Gearbox. 10.5.2 Case History: The Thermally Bowed Shaft. 10.5.3 Case History: A Steam Turbine Diaphragm Failure. 10.5.4 Case History: Screw Compressor Rotor Rub . 10.5.5 Case History: The Hidden Load in a Three Bearing Machine. 10.6 Miscellaneous Failures. 10.6.1 Case History: Crack Growth in a Rotor. 10.6.2 Case History: Structural Failure Due to Misalignment. 10.6.3 Case History: Oil Film Thickness of a Diesel Engine Bearing. 10.6.4 Case History: The Leaking Flange Gasket. 11. Fitness For Service with Case Histories. 11.1 A Little About Corrosion. 11.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11.3 Uniform Corrosion. 11.3.1 Case History: Local Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.4 Pitting Corrosion. 11.4.1 Case History: Pitting Corrosion of a Vessel Wall. 11.5 Brittle Fracture Concerns. 11.5.1 Academic Example: Temperature Effect on a Steel Plate. 11.5.2 Case History: Crack Like Defect in a Vessel Wall. 11.6 Cold Service Evaluations. 11.6.1 Case History: Cold Service Vessel. 11.7 Crack Growth and Fatigue Life. 11.8 Finding Those Cracks. 11.9 Troubleshooting Isn't So Easy. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis CCPS Guideline book outlines current transportation risk analysis software programs and demonstrates several available risk assessment programs for land transport by rail, truck, and pipeline for consequences that may affect the public or the environment. Provides introductory transport risk considerations for process engineers Gives guidance on route selection, equipment factors and materials Describes transportation security risk issues and industry practices to mitigate them Includes loading and unloading checklists for several transport modes Develops specific operating procedures and checklists to reduce human error Discusses considerations for transportation security, including threat and vulnerability assessments and potential countermeasures Summarizes key transportation security regulations, guidelines and industry initiatives. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not inTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Items on the CD. Glossary. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Key Shareholders in the Supply Chain and Risk Management Process. 1.2 Transportation Risk Management. 1.3 Using These Guidelines. 2. Primary Management Systems. 2.1Regulatory Compliance. 2.2 Essential Components of a Transportation Management System. 2.3 XYZ Chemical Example- Primary Management Systems. 3. Risk Assessment Fundamentals. 3.1 Safety Risk Assessment Concepts. 3.2 Risk Definitions. 3.3 Risk Analysis Protocol. 3.4 Identification and Prioritization Activities. 3.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Identification and Prioritization 4. Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 4.1 Qualitative and Semi- Quantitative Risk Assessments. 4.2 Qualitative Risk Analysis. 4.3 Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5. Quantitative Risk Analysis. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 QRA Data Sources. 5.3 Presentation of Quantitative Results. 5.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Quantitative Risk Analysis. 6. Transportation Security Considerations. 6.1 Overview of Transportation Security. 6.2 Transportation Security Concepts. 6.3 Security Prioritization Process. 6.4 Transportation Security Vulnerability Assessment. 6.5 Practical Transportation Security Elements. 6.6 XYZ Chemical Example- Security Analysis. 7. Risk Reduction Strategies. 7.1 Risk Reduction Initiatives. 7.2 Factors Influencing Risk Reduction Options. 7.3 Selection of Risk Reduction Options. 7.4 XYZ Chemical Example- Risk Reduction Strategies. 8. Program Sustainability. 8.1 Ongoing Commitment to Risk Management. 8.2 Continuous Improvement. 8.3 Emerging Safety and Security Trends. 8.4 Evolving Transportation Risk Analysis Practices. 8.5 XYZ Chemical Example- Program Sustainability. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisStudies based on the building block approach technique are used by the author to investigate fundamental questions relevant to the development and commercial production of industrial chemicals.Table of ContentsBACKROUND MATERIAL. Sources, Production Pathways, and Pricing of Industrial OrganicChemicals. ALIPHATIC BUILDING BLOCKS. C1 Building Blocks. C2 Building Blocks. C3 Building Blocks. C4 Building Blocks, Including Isoprene and Cyclopentadiene. C5 and Higher Acyclic Building Blocks. CYCLIC BUILDING BLOCKS. Nonaromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Aromatic Carbocyclic Compounds. Heterocyclic Building Blocks. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSeparation processes are basic to the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, energy, food products and minerals industries.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES. Phase Equilibria. Mass Transfer Principles. Phase Segregation. General Processing Considerations. INDIVIDUAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. Distillation. Absorption and Stripping. Extraction--Organic Chemicals Processing. Extraction--Metals Processing. Leaching--Metals Applications. Leaching--Organic Materials. Crystallization Operations. Adsorption. Ion Exchange. Large-Scale Chromatography. Separation Processes Based on Reversible ChemicalComplexation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Ore Flotation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Waste Treatment. Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis. Recent Advances in Liquid Membrane Technology. Separation of Gaseous Mixtures Using Polymer Membranes. Membrane Processes--Dialysis and Electrodialysis. Selection of a Separation Process. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers an easy-to-read and comprehensive review of some of the most important industrial improvement tools that different manufacturing or industrial executives, operational managers or engineers needs to know, including which tool to use for a particular type of manufacturing situation.Trade Review"...provides information that allows companies to understand the most popular tools and strategies and to relate these to their circumstances and issues, helping them make better decisions and more effective use of the various tools available." --Iron & Steel Technology, March 2007Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Aligning the Organization 3. Innovation 4. Leadership and Teamwork 5. Managing Change 6. Business Level FMEA 7. Lean Manufacturing 8. Kaizen 9. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 10. Six Sigma 11. Supply Chain Management 12. Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)13. Predictive Maintenance/Condition Monitoring14. Root Cause Analysis15. Closing; Appendices

Read more less