Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisTextile Dyes and Pigments The book covers the best possible innovation and advancement in dyes and pigments for application in textile materials. Green chemistry can be applied across the life cycle of a chemical-intensive product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. Innovations to green approaches are required either by developing a whole new set of eco-friendly dyes and pigments or by developing and designing unique dyeing methods. Textile Dyes and Pigments: A Green Chemistry Approach is a response to the many industries currently using conventional textile dyeing and pigmentation methods that are looking for sustainable green chemical options. It describes the various organic and inorganic color pigments and recent developments in vat, reactive, disperse, acid, and azo dyes and their importance in the field of green chemistry. It also covers the various challenges, opportunities, approaches, techniques, marketing, and alternatTable of ContentsPreface xxiii 1 Introduction to Advancement in Textile Dyes and Pigments 1 Pintu Pandit, Kunal Singha and Subhankar Maity 2 Reactive Dye and Its Advancements 17 Sankar Roy Maulik, Ahana Bhattacharya, Partha Pratim Roy and Kausik Maiti 3 Gravimetric Analysis, Kinetic Study and Optimization of Salt and Alkali in Reactive Dyeing 45 Anjum Ahmad, S.R. Shukla, Pintu Pandit and Saptarshi Maiti 4 Applications of Chromic Dyes: Examples of Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) and Dyes 75 Kunal Singha, Pintu Pandit, Subhankar Maity and Saptarshi Maiti 5 Vat Dye and Its Evolution in Dyeing 87 Sankar Roy Maulik, Deepasree Chakraborty, Manisha Mohanty and Chaitali Debnath 6 Advancement in Indigo Dyeing 107 Sankar Roy Maulik and Pintu Pandit 7 Advancement in Denim Dyeing 123 Sukumar Roy and Syamal Maiti 8 Ecofriendly Single-Bath Acid Dyeing and Multifunctional Finishing of Silk Fabric Using Coconut Shell Extract 137 Pintu Pandit and M. D. Teli 9 Growths and Advancement of Disperse Dyes in Recent Years 161 Laimayum Jogeeta Devi, Oinam Roselyn Devi and Pintu Pandit 10 Decolorization of C.I. Disperse Orange-25 Dye From Aqueous Solution by Using Modified Biopolymer: Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics 177 Tejasvi Potdar, Vikrant Gorade and Ravindra D. Kale 11 Ecofriendly Coloration of Polyester by Dispersant-Free Disperse Dyes 197 Chet Ram Meena 12 Advances in the Thiazole Backbone—Classification, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Azo Dyes 225 Zahir Ali Siddiqui, Babita Chaudhary, Srishti Tewari, Nagaiyan Sekar and Sandeep More 13 Simultaneous Azoic Dyeing and Multifunctional Finishing of Cotton Fabric 249 Pintu Pandit, M.D. Teli and Pravin P. Chavan 14 Functional Aspects of Natural Dyes 267 Seiko Jose, Sabu Thomas, Anuradha Sankaran and Kumari Medha 15 Sustainable Application of Flavonoid-Based Natural Colorants 295 Mahwish Salman, Shahid Adeel, Fatima Batool, Muhammad Usama, Atya Hassan, Meral Ozomay and Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad 16 Natural Dyes—A Way Forward 323 Akankshya Panda, Saptarshi Maiti, Pallavi Madiwale and Ravindra Adivarekar 17 Rejuvenation of Natural Dyes From Medicinal-Based Plants 345 Shahid Adeel, Noman Habib, Aqsa Kanwal, Zeeshan Ali Shah, Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad, Fatima Batool and Muhammad Abdul Qayyum 18 Recent Advances in Developing Ecofriendly Cost-Effective Textile Processing 365 Shahid Adeel, Tanvir Ahmad, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Sultan, Nimra Amin and Atya Hassan 19 Coloration with Natural Dyes of North-Eastern Region of India 377 Ritwik Chakraborty, Th. Basanta Singh, Palash Paul and Arup Kumar Haloi 20 Aspects of Mordants and Metal Complex Dyes 393 Pranjul Vajpeyee, Sakshi Singh, Subhankar Maity, Pintu Pandit and Kunal Singha 21 Challenges in Developing Sustainable Dyes and Pigments 411 Yogesh Gaikwad 22 Evolutions in Green Chemistry and Sustainable Economy 421 Ashok Athalye 23 Progress in Innovative Green Chemistry and Circular Economy in Textiles 443 Subhankar Maity, Pintu Pandit, Kunal Singha and Saurav Kar 24 Critical Review on the Role of Nanomaterials in Textile Wastewater Treatment 457 Shanmugasundaram O. Lakshmanan Index 469

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, the use of microbes to remove pollutants from contaminated air streams has become a widely accepted and efficient alternative to the classical physical and chemical treatment technologies. This book focuses on biotechnological alternatives, looking at both the optimization of bioreactors and the development of cleaner biofuels. It is the first reference work to give a broad overview of bioprocesses for the mitigation of air pollution. Essential reading for researchers and students in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, and industrial and governmental researchers.Trade Review"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." (Choice, 1 February 2014) "This book is an excellent compilation of engineering and scientific data pertaining to biological systems for both pollution control and energy production, providing real-world scientific information and scholarly research." (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 August 2013) "I highly recommend the landmark and all encompassing book Air Pollution Prevention and Control: Bioreactors and Bioenergy edited by Christian Kennes and Maria C. Veiga, to any students, faculty, researchers, in environmental engineering, biotechnology, and applied microbiology, business leaders in industries facing air pollution challenges, and government policy makers seeking alternative concepts for air pollution control. This book provides the most proven and widely accepted biotechnological solutions to any air pollutant based problems." (Blog Business World, 10 June 2013)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xvii I Fundamentals and Microbiological Aspects 1 1 Introduction to Air Pollution 3 Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Types and sources of air pollutants 3 1.2.1 Particulate matter 5 1.2.2 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 6 1.2.3 Sulphur oxides 7 1.2.4 Nitrogen oxides 7 1.2.5 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 9 1.2.6 Odours 10 1.2.7 Ozone 11 1.2.8 Calculating concentrations of gaseous pollutants 11 1.3 Air pollution control technologies 11 1.3.1 Particulate matter 11 1.3.2 Volatile organic and inorganic compounds 12 1.3.3 Environmentally friendly bioenergy 17 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Volatile Pollutants 19 Christian Kennes, Haris N. Abubackar and María C. Veiga 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Biodegradation of volatile compounds 20 2.2.1 Inorganic compounds 20 2.2.2 Organic compounds 21 2.3 Mass balance calculations 24 2.4 Bioconversion of volatile compounds 25 2.4.1 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 25 2.4.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 26 2.5 Conclusions 27 References 27 3 Identification and Characterization of Microbial Communities in Bioreactors 31 Luc Malhautier, Léa Cabrol, Sandrine Bayle and Jean-Louis Fanlo 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Molecular techniques to characterize the microbial communities in bioreactors 32 3.2.1 Quantification of the community members 32 3.2.2 Assessment of microbial community diversity and structure 34 3.2.3 Determination of the microbial community composition 39 3.2.4 Techniques linking microbial identity to ecological function 40 3.2.5 Microarray techniques 41 3.2.6 Synthesis 42 3.3 The link of microbial community structure with ecological function in engineered ecosystems 42 3.3.1 Introduction 42 3.3.2 Temporal and spatial dynamics of the microbial community structure under stationary conditions in bioreactors 43 3.3.3 Impact of environmental disturbances on the microbial community structure within bioreactors 45 3.4 Conclusions 47 References 47 II Bioreactors for Air Pollution Control 57 4 Biofilters 59 Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Historical perspective of biofilters 59 4.3 Process fundamentals 60 4.4 Operation parameters of biofilters 62 4.4.1 Empty-bed residence time (EBRT) 62 4.4.2 Volumetric loading rate (VLR) 63 4.4.3 Mass loading rate (MLR) 63 4.4.4 Elimination capacity (EC) 63 4.4.5 Removal efficiency (RE) 63 4.4.6 CO2 production rate (PCO2) 63 4.5 Design considerations 64 4.5.1 Reactor sizing 64 4.5.2 Irrigation system 66 4.5.3 Leachate collection and disposal 66 4.6 Start-up of biofilters 68 4.7 Parameters affecting biofilter performance 70 4.7.1 Inlet concentrations and pollutant load 70 4.7.2 Composition of waste gas and interaction patterns 71 4.7.3 Biomass support medium 72 4.7.4 Temperature 75 4.7.5 pH 78 4.7.6 Oxygen availability 79 4.7.7 Nutrient availability 80 4.7.8 Moisture content and relative humidity 81 4.7.9 Polluted gas flow direction 83 4.7.10 Carbon dioxide generation rates 83 4.7.11 Pressure drop 85 4.8 Role of microorganisms and fungal growth in biofilters 87 4.9 Dynamic loading pattern and starvation conditions in biofilters 89 4.10 On-line monitoring and control (intelligent) systems for biofilters 93 4.10.1 On-line flame ionization detector (FID) and photo-ionization detector (PID) analysers 93 4.10.2 On-line proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) 94 4.10.3 Intelligent moisture control systems 94 4.10.4 Differential neural network (DNN) sensor 95 4.11 Mathematical expressions for biofilters 95 4.12 Artificial neural network-based models 97 4.12.1 Back error propagation (BEP) algorithm 97 4.12.2 Important considerations during neural network modelling 99 4.12.3 Neural network model development for biofilters and specific examples 103 4.13 Fuzzy logic-based models 105 4.14 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system-based models for biofilters 108 4.15 Conclusions 111 References 111 5 Biotrickling Filters 121 Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Main characteristics of BTFs 122 5.2.1 General aspects 122 5.2.2 Packing material 123 5.2.3 Biomass and biofilm 126 5.2.4 Trickling phase 126 5.2.5 Gas EBRT 128 5.2.6 Liquid and gas velocities 129 5.3 Pressure drop and clogging 130 5.3.1 Excess biomass accumulation 130 5.3.2 Accumulation of solid chemicals 133 5.4 Full-scale applications and scaling up 134 5.5 Conclusions 135 References 135 6 Bioscrubbers 139 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 General approach of bioscrubbers 140 6.3 Operating conditions 141 6.3.1 Absorption column 142 6.3.2 Biodegradation step – activated sludge reactor 143 6.4 Removing families of pollutants 143 6.4.1 Volatile organic compound (VOC) removal 144 6.4.2 Odor control 146 6.4.3 Sulfur compounds degradation 146 6.5 Treatment of by-products generated by bioscrubbers 148 6.6 Conclusions and trends 148 References 149 7 Membrane Bioreactors 155 Raquel Lebrero, Raúl Muñoz, Amit Kumar and Herman Van Langenhove 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Membrane basics 156 7.2.1 Types of membranes 156 7.2.2 Membrane materials 159 7.2.3 Membrane characterization parameters 159 7.2.4 Mass transport through the membrane 160 7.3 Reactor configurations 163 7.3.1 Flat-sheet membranes 164 7.3.2 Tubular configuration membranes 165 7.3.3 Membrane-based bioreactors 166 7.4 Microbiology 166 7.5 Performance of membrane bioreactors 168 7.5.1 Membrane-based bioreactors 168 7.5.2 Bioreactor operation: Influence of the operating parameters 169 7.6 Membrane bioreactor modeling 170 7.7 Applications of membrane bioreactors in biological waste-gas treatment 172 7.7.1 Comparison with other technologies 172 7.8 New Applications: CO2 – NOX Sequestration 173 7.8.1 NOX Removal 173 7.8.2 CO2 sequestration 176 7.9 Future needs 177 References 178 8 Two-Phase Partitioning Bioreactors 185 Hala Fam and Andrew J. Daugulis 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Features of the sequestering phase – selection criteria 186 8.3 Liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) 187 8.3.1 Performance 187 8.3.2 Mass transfer 189 8.3.3 Modeling and design elements 194 8.3.4 Limitations and research opportunities 196 8.4 Solids as the partitioning phase 197 8.4.1 Rationale 197 8.4.2 Performance 197 8.4.3 Mass transfer 198 8.4.4 Modeling and design elements 199 8.4.5 Limitations and research opportunities 200 References 200 9 Rotating Biological Contactors 207 R. Ravi, K. Sarayu, S. Sandhya and T. Swaminathan 9.1 Introduction 207 9.1.1 Limitations of conventional gas-phase bioreactors 208 9.2 The rotating biological contactor 209 9.2.1 Modified RBCs for waste-gas treatment 210 9.3 Studies on removal of dichloromethane in modified RBCs 213 9.3.1 Comparison of different bioreactors (biofilters, biotrickling filters, and modified RBCs) 215 9.3.2 Studies on removal of benzene and xylene in modified RBCs 216 9.3.3 Microbiological studies of biofilms 217 References 219 10 Innovative Bioreactors and Two-Stage Systems 221 Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Innovative bioreactor configurations 222 10.2.1 Planted biofilter 222 10.2.2 Rotatory-switching biofilter 223 10.2.3 Tubular biofilter 224 10.2.4 Fluidized-bed bioreactor 225 10.2.5 Airlift and bubble column bioreactors 227 10.2.6 Monolith bioreactor 229 10.2.7 Foam emulsion bioreactor 231 10.2.8 Fibrous bed bioreactor 233 10.2.9 Horizontal-flow biofilm reactor 234 10.3 Two-stage systems for waste gas treatment 235 10.3.1 Adsorption pre-treatment plus bioreactor 235 10.3.2 Bioreactor plus adsorption polishing 237 10.3.3 UV photocatalytic reactor plus bioreactor 237 10.3.4 Bioreactor plus bioreactor 240 10.4 Conclusions 242 References 243 III Bioprocesses for Specific Applications 247 11 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Gas Streams 249 Albert Janssen, Pim L.F. van den Bosch, Robert C. van Leerdam, and Marco de Graaff 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Toxicity of VOSCs to animals and humans 250 11.3 Biological formation of VOSCs 251 11.4 VOSC-producing and VOSC-emitting industries 252 11.4.1 VOSCs produced from biological processes 252 11.4.2 Chemical processes and industrial applications 252 11.4.3 Oil and gas 253 11.5 Microbial degradation of VOSCs 253 11.5.1 Aerobic degradation 253 11.5.2 Anaerobic degradation 254 11.5.3 Degradation via sulfate reduction 255 11.5.4 Anaerobic degradation of higher thiols 255 11.5.5 Inhibition of microorganisms 256 11.6 Treatment technologies for gas streams containing volatile sulfur compounds 256 11.6.1 Biofilters 256 11.6.2 Bioscrubbers 258 11.7 Operating experience from biological gas treatment systems 261 11.7.1 THIOPAQ process for H2S removal 266 11.8 Future developments 266 References 266 12 Bioprocesses for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 275 Yaomin Jin, Lin Guo, Osvaldo D. Frutos, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 NOx and N2O emissions at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 276 12.2.1 Nitrification 276 12.2.2 Denitrification 276 12.2.3 Parameters that affect the formation of nitrogen oxides 277 12.3 Recent developments in bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides 279 12.3.1 NOx removal 279 12.3.2 N2 O removal 285 12.4 Challenges in NOx treatment technologies 287 12.5 Conclusions 288 References 288 13 Biogas Upgrading 293 M. Estefanía López, Eldon R. Rene, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Biotechnologies for biogas desulphurization 294 13.2.1 Environmental aspects 294 13.2.2 The natural sulphur cycle and sulphur-oxidizing bacteria 294 13.2.3 Bioreactor configurations for hydrogen sulphide removal at laboratory scale 295 13.2.4 Case studies of biogas desulphurization in full-scale systems 302 13.3 Removal of mercaptans 306 13.4 Removal of ammonia and nitrogen compounds 307 13.5 Removal of carbon dioxide 308 13.6 Removal of siloxanes 309 13.7 Comparison between biological and non-biological methods 311 13.8 Conclusions 311 References 315 IV Environmentally-friendly Bioenergy 319 14 Biogas 321 Marta Ben, Christian Kennes and María C. Veiga 14.1 Introduction 321 14.2 Anaerobic digestion 321 14.2.1 A brief history 321 14.2.2 Overview of the anaerobic digestion process 323 14.3 Substrates 328 14.3.1 Agricultural and farming wastes 328 14.3.2 Industrial wastes 329 14.3.3 Urban wastes 333 14.3.4 Sewage sludge 333 14.4 Biogas 334 14.4.1 Biogas composition 334 14.4.2 Substrate influence on biogas composition 335 14.5 Bioreactors 335 14.5.1 Batch reactors 337 14.5.2 Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) 337 14.5.3 Continuously stirred tank reactor with solids recycle (CSTR/SR) 337 14.5.4 Plug-flow reactor 337 14.5.5 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 337 14.5.6 Attached film digester 338 14.5.7 Two-phase digester 338 14.6 Environmental impact of biogas 338 14.7 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Biohydrogen 345 Bikram K. Nayak, Soumya Pandit and Debabrata Das 15.1 Introduction 345 15.1.1 Current status of hydrogen production and present use of hydrogen 346 15.1.2 Biohydrogen from biomass: present status 346 15.2 Environmental impacts of biohydrogen production 346 15.2.1 Air pollution due to conventional hydrocarbon-based fuel combustion 346 15.2.2 Biohydrogen, a zero-carbon fuel as a potential alternative 348 15.3 Properties and production of hydrogen 348 15.3.1 Properties of zero-carbon fuel 348 15.3.2 Biohydrogen production processes 350 15.4 Potential applications of hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel 363 15.4.1 Transport sector 363 15.4.2 Fuel cells 366 15.5 Policies and economics of hydrogen production 371 15.5.1 Economics of biohydrogen production 372 15.6 Issues and barriers 373 15.7 Future prospects 374 15.8 Conclusion 375 Acknowledgements 375 References 375 16 Catalytic Biodiesel Production 383 Zhenzhong Wen, Xinhai Yu, Shan-Tung Tu and Jinyue Yan 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 Trends in biodiesel production 384 16.2.1 Reactors 384 16.2.2 Catalysts 389 16.3 Challenges for biodiesel production at industrial scale 393 16.3.1 Economic analysis 393 16.3.2 Ecological considerations 393 16.4 Recommendations 394 16.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 17 Microalgal Biodiesel 399 Hugo Pereira, Helena M. Amaro, Nadpi G. Katkam, Luísa Barreira, A. Catarina Guedes, João Varela and F. Xavier Malcata 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Wild versus modified microalgae 402 17.3 Lipid extraction and purification 404 17.3.1 Mechanical methods 405 17.3.2 Chemical methods 406 17.4 Lipid transesterification 407 17.4.1 Acid-catalyzed transesterification 408 17.4.2 Base-catalyzed transesterification 408 17.4.3 Heterogeneous acid/base-catalyzed transesterification 410 17.4.4 Lipase-catalyzed transesterification 410 17.4.5 Ionic liquid-catalyzed reactions 411 17.5 Economic considerations 412 17.5.1 Competition between microalgal biodiesel and biofuels 412 17.5.2 Main challenges to biodiesel production from microalgae 413 17.5.3 Economics of biodiesel production 414 17.6 Environmental considerations 415 17.6.1 Uptake of carbon dioxide 416 17.6.2 Upgrade of wastewaters 416 17.6.3 Management of microalgal biomass 417 17.7 Final considerations 418 17.7.1 Current state 418 17.7.2 Future perspectives 418 Acknowledgements 420 References 420 18 Bioethanol 431 Johan W. van Groenestijn, Haris N. Abubackar, María C. Veiga and Christian Kennes 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 Fermentation of lignocellulosic saccharides to ethanol 432 18.2.1 Raw materials 432 18.2.2 Pretreatment 434 18.2.3 Production of inhibitors 439 18.2.4 Hydrolysis 439 18.2.5 Fermentation 440 18.3 Syngas conversion to ethanol – biological route 441 18.3.1 Sources of carbon monoxide 441 18.3.2 The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway involved in the bioconversion of carbon monoxide 445 18.3.3 Parameters affecting the bioconversion of carbon monoxide to ethanol 446 18.4 Demonstration projects 450 18.5 Comparison of conventional fuels and bioethanol (corn, cellulosic, syngas) on air pollution 451 18.6 Key problems and future research needs 455 18.7 Conclusions 456 Acknowledgements 456 References 456 V Case Studies 465 19 Biotrickling Filtration of Waste Gases from the Viscose Industry 467 Andreas Willers, Christian Dressler and Christian Kennes 19.1 The waste-gas situation in the viscose industry 467 19.1.1 The viscose process 467 19.1.2 Overview of emission points 468 19.1.3 Technical solutions to treat the emissions 469 19.1.4 Potential to use biotrickling filters in the viscose industry 470 19.2 Biological CS2 and H2 S oxidation 471 19.3 Case study of biological waste-gas treatment in the casing industry 472 19.3.1 Products from viscose 472 19.3.2 Process flowsheet of fibre-reinforced cellulose casing (FRCC) 473 19.3.3 Alternatives for biotrickling filter configurations 473 19.3.4 Characteristics of the CaseTech plant 475 19.3.5 Description of the BioGat installation 475 19.3.6 Performance of the BioGat process 475 19.4 Conclusions 484 References 484 20 Biotrickling Filters for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Air in the Coating Sector 485 Carlos Lafita, F. Javier Álvarez-Hornos, Carmen Gabaldón, Vicente Martínez-Soria and Josep-Manuel Penya-Roja 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Case study 1: VOC removal in a furniture facility 486 20.2.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 486 20.2.2 Design and operation of the system 487 20.2.3 Performance data 488 20.2.4 Economic aspects 490 20.3 Case study 2: VOC removal in a plastic coating facility 491 20.3.1 Characterization of the waste-gas sources 492 20.3.2 Design and operation of the system 492 20.3.3 Performance data 493 20.3.4 Economic aspects 495 Acknowledgements 496 References 496 21 Industrial Bioscrubbers for the Food and Waste Industries 497 Pierre Le Cloirec and Philippe Humeau 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Food industry emissions 498 21.2.1 Identification and quantification of waste-gas emissions 498 21.2.2 Choice of the technology 498 21.2.3 Design and operating conditions 500 21.2.4 Performance of the system 503 21.3 Bioscrubbing treatment of gaseous emissions from waste composting 503 21.3.1 Waste-gas emissions: nature, concentrations, and flow 503 21.3.2 Choice of the gas treatment process 504 21.3.3 Design and operating conditions 505 21.3.4 Gas collection system 507 21.3.5 Gas treatment system 508 21.3.6 Performance of the overall system 509 21.4 Conclusions and perspectives 510 References 510 22 Desulfurization of biogas in biotrickling filters 513 David Gabriel, Marc A. Deshusses and Xavier Gamisans 22.1 Introduction 513 22.2 Microbiology and stoichiometry of sulfide oxidation 514 22.2.1 Microbiology of sulfide oxidation 514 22.2.2 Stoichiometry of sulfide biological oxidation 515 22.3 Case study background and description of biotrickling filter 517 22.3.1 Site description 517 22.3.2 Biotrickling filter design 517 22.4 Operational aspects of the full-scale biotrickling filter 519 22.4.1 Start-up and biotrickling filter performance 519 22.4.2 Facing operational and design challenges 520 22.5 Economic aspects of desulfurizing biotrickling filters 522 References 522 23 Full-Scale Biogas Upgrading 525 Jort Langerak, Robert Lems and Erwin H.M. Dirkse 23.1 Introduction 525 23.2 Case 1: Zalaegerszeg, PWS system with car fuelling station 526 23.2.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zalaegerszeg 526 23.2.2 Plant configuration at Zalaegerszeg 526 23.3 Case 2: Zwolle, PWS system with gas grid injection 529 23.3.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Zwolle 531 23.3.2 Plant configuration at Zwolle 531 23.4 Case 3: Wijster, PWS system with gas grid injection 534 23.4.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Wijster 534 23.4.2 Plant configuration at Wijster 534 23.5 Case 4: Poundbury, MS system with gas grid injection 536 23.5.1 Biogas composition and biomethane requirements at Poundbury 537 23.5.2 Plant configuration at Poundbury 537 23.6 Configuration overview and evaluation 539 23.7 Capital and operational expenses 540 23.7.1 Zalaegerszeg 540 23.7.2 Zwolle 541 23.7.3 Wijster 541 23.7.4 Poundbury 541 23.7.5 Overview table of capital and operating expenses 541 23.8 Conclusions 542 References 543 Index 545

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Book SynopsisOil and Gas Well Cementing for Engineers Practical approach covering the chemistry, processes, and modeling in the field of cementing engineering Oil and Gas Well Cementing for Engineers is a comprehensive and reader-friendly book that delves into the chemistry, processes, and modeling involved in cementing engineering in the oil and gas industry. The book brings together traditional cementing technologies and the latest advancements, providing a practical approach for both students and field specialists. It then proceeds to cover the entire cementing process, including the initial phase of Portland cement production and practical calculations needed during complex cementing operations. In a rapidly evolving industry, where the number of well workover and bottom-hole zone stimulation operations is on the rise, understanding cementing systems and cementing technology is crucial for field operation efficiency. This book fills the knowledge gap often left by educational institutions that Table of ContentsForeword xiii Introduction xv 1 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Well Cementing 1 1.1 Oil Well, Its Elements, and Construction 1 1.2 Objectives of Well Cementing 5 1.3 Primary Cementing 9 1.3.1 Single-Stage Cementing with Two Plugs 10 1.3.2 Two-Stage (Two-Cycle) Cementing 11 1.3.3 Basket Cementing 12 1.3.4 Liner Cementing 13 1.3.5 Reverse Cementing 14 1.3.6 Cementing Plugs 14 1.4 History of Oil Well Cementing Technology Development 16 2 Composition and Classification of Portland Cement 19 2.1 Chemical Composition 19 2.2 Portland Cement Manufacturing 22 2.3 API (American Petroleum Institute) Classification of Portland Cement 24 2.4 GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) Classification of Portland Cement 29 3 Cement Additives 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Accelerators 32 3.3 Retarders 36 3.3.1 Lignosulfonates 37 3.3.2 Hydroxycarboxylic Acid 38 3.3.3 Saccharide Compounds 38 3.3.4 Cellulose Derivatives 38 3.3.5 Organophosphonates 39 3.3.6 Inorganic Compounds 39 3.4 Extenders 39 3.4.1 Clays 40 3.4.2 Sodium Silicate 43 3.4.3 Pozzolans 43 3.4.3.1 Diatomaceous Earth (Kieselgur) 44 3.4.3.2 Fly Ash 44 3.4.3.3 Lightweight Cementing Slurries 45 3.4.3.4 Silica (Silicon Dioxide, Quartz) 45 3.4.4 Lightweight Particles 46 3.4.4.1 Expanded Perlite 46 3.4.4.2 Gilsonite (Asphaltum) 46 3.4.4.3 Powdered Carbon 47 3.4.4.4 Microspheres 47 3.4.5 Gas Based Extenders 48 3.4.5.1 Nitrogen 48 3.5 Weighting Agents 48 3.5.1 Ilmenite (Iron Titanium Oxide) 49 3.5.2 Hematite 49 3.5.3 Hausmannite 49 3.5.4 Barite 50 3.6 Dispersants 50 3.7 Fluid Loss Agents 53 3.7.1 Particulate Materials 54 3.7.2 Water Soluble Polymers 54 3.8 Lost Circulation Prevention Agents 55 3.9 Special Cement Additives 55 3.9.1 Antifoaming Agents (Defoamers) 55 3.9.2 Strengthening Agents 56 3.9.3 Radioactive Tracers 56 3.9.4 Mud Decontamination 57 4 Special Cement Systems 59 4.1 Thixotropic Cement 59 4.2 Expansive Cement 61 4.3 Freeze-Protected Cement 62 4.4 Salt-Cement Systems 63 4.5 Latex-Cement Systems 64 4.6 Corrosion-Resistant Cement 65 4.7 BFS Systems 66 4.8 Engineered Particle-Size Distribution Cements 67 4.9 Low-Density Cements 69 4.9.1 Foamed Cement 69 4.10 Flexible Cement 70 4.11 Microfine Cements 71 4.12 Acid-Soluble Cements 72 4.13 Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics 72 4.14 Special Cement Systems 73 4.14.1 Nonaqueous Cement Systems 73 4.14.2 Storable Cement Slurries 73 5 Cementing Equipment 75 5.1 Surface Equipment 75 5.2 Casing Types 84 5.2.1 Conductor Casing 86 5.2.2 Surface Casing 86 5.2.3 Intermediate Casing 86 5.2.4 Production Casing 86 5.2.5 Liner 87 5.3 Technical Characteristics of Casing 88 5.3.1 Steel Grades 88 5.3.2 Strength Characteristics of Casing 91 5.3.3 Weight Per Unit Length of Tube 94 5.3.4 Connection Types of Casing 95 5.4 Casing Hardware 96 5.4.1 Casing Shoe 96 5.4.2 Check Valve 99 5.4.3 Centralizer 100 5.4.4 Turbulator and Scratcher 102 5.4.5 Cementing Plugs 103 5.4.6 Cementing Head 104 5.4.7 Screening Devices and Cement Baskets 105 5.5 Remedial Cementing Equipment 106 5.5.1 Cased – Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 106 5.5.1.1 Packers for Squeeze Cementing Operations in Cased Wells 106 5.5.1.2 Wellbore Tools for Tubing Pressure Testing and Pressure Equalization in the String and Annulus 108 5.5.2 Open Hole Remedial Cementing Equipment 108 6 Primary Cementing 109 6.1 Planning 109 6.1.1 Depth and Design of the Well 109 6.1.2 Reservoir Conditions 113 6.1.2.1 Pressure 113 6.1.2.2 Temperature 113 6.1.3 Drilling Mud Parameters 114 6.2 Slurry Selection 114 6.2.1 Density 114 6.2.2 Compressive Strength and Mechanical Properties 115 6.2.3 Formation Temperature 115 6.2.4 Cement Slurry Additives 116 6.2.5 Cement Slurry Design 116 6.3 Theoretical Basis of Mud Displacement 117 6.3.1 Preparing the Well for Running Casing 118 6.3.2 Theoretical Basis for Assessing Circulation and Displacement Efficiency 118 6.3.3 Conditioning the Drilling Mud 120 6.3.4 Drilling Mud Displacement 122 6.4 Methods of Well Cementing 124 6.4.1 Cementing Through Drill Pipes 125 6.4.2 Cementing Through Small Diameter (Macaroni) Tubing 126 6.4.3 Single-Stage Cementing 127 6.5 Multistage Cementing 128 6.5.1 Standard Two-Stage Cementing 128 6.5.2 Continuous Two-Stage Cementing 131 6.5.3 Three-Stage Cementing 132 6.6 Liner Cementing 133 6.7 Critical Factors in Cementing Operations 138 6.7.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 138 6.7.2 Displacement of Cement Slurry 138 6.7.3 Well Temperature 139 6.7.4 Well Pressure 139 7 Remedial Cementing 143 7.1 Plug Cementing 144 7.1.1 Plug Cementing Techniques 144 7.1.1.1 The Balance Method 145 7.1.1.2 Cement Plug Installation Using a Dump Bailer 145 7.1.1.3 Cement Plug Installation Using the Two Plugs Method 146 7.1.1.4 Cement Plug Installation with the Use of Coiled Tubing 146 7.1.2 Plug Cementing Equipment 147 7.1.2.1 Bridge Plug 147 7.1.2.2 Tailpipe or Stinger 148 7.1.2.3 Diverter 148 7.1.2.4 Mechanical Separators 148 7.1.3 Slurry Design 148 7.1.4 Plug Cementing Evaluation 149 7.2 Squeeze Cementing 149 7.2.1 Squeeze Cementing Technologies 152 7.2.1.1 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to Squeezing Pressure 152 7.2.1.2 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies Depending on the Method of Injection of Cement Slurry 153 7.2.1.3 Classification of Squeeze Cementing Technologies According to the Method of Operation 154 7.2.2 Slurry Design 155 7.2.2.1 Fluid Loss 156 7.2.2.2 Rheology 157 7.2.2.3 Thickening Time 157 7.2.3 Design and Execution of Squeeze Cementing Operations 157 7.2.3.1 Determination of the Cement Slurry Volume 157 7.2.3.2 Spacer, Washer, and Displacing Fluids 158 7.2.3.3 Determination of Well Injectivity 159 7.2.3.4 Main Procedures for Squeeze Cementing Operations 159 7.2.4 Analysis and Evaluation of the Squeeze Cementing Job 160 8 Cement Job Evaluation 163 8.1 Hydraulic Testing 164 8.1.1 Pressure Test 164 8.1.2 Inflow Test 167 8.2 Temperature Log 167 8.3 Radioactive Logging 169 8.3.1 Pulsed Neutron Logging 170 8.3.1.1 Oxygen-Activated Neutron Gamma Method 171 8.4 Acoustic Logging 171 8.5 Types of Logging Tools 176 8.5.1 Cement Bond Log (CBL) 176 8.5.2 Radial Acoustic Cement Meter 177 8.5.3 Multiple Pad Sonic Tool 177 8.5.4 Ultrasonic Tool 177 9 Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of Well Cements 179 9.1 Preparation of Cement Slurry 180 9.2 Test Methods of Cement Slurries 181 9.2.1 Density 181 9.2.2 Thickening Time 182 9.2.3 Fluid Loss 186 9.2.4 Free Water 187 9.2.5 Sedimentation Test 188 9.2.6 Rheological Measurements 188 9.2.6.1 Flow Types 188 9.2.6.2 Laminar Flow 189 9.2.6.3 Turbulent Flow 190 9.2.6.4 Basic Rheological Concepts 190 9.2.6.5 Rheological Models 191 9.2.6.6 Newtonian Fluids 192 9.2.6.7 Non-Newtonian Fluids 192 9.2.6.8 Power-Law Model 193 9.2.6.9 The Bingham Model 193 9.2.6.10 Herschel–Bulkley Model 194 9.2.7 Static Gel Strength (SGS) 196 9.2.8 Flowability of Cement Slurries 197 9.3 Test Methods of Cement Stone 199 9.3.1 Mechanical Strength of Cement 199 9.3.2 Destructive Test (Compressive Strength) 199 9.3.2.1 Non-destructive Test (Ultrasonic Measurement) 200 9.3.3 Expansion and Shrinkage 200 9.3.4 Gas Migration 202 9.3.5 Cement Stone Permeability 202 9.3.6 Thermophysical Properties of Cement 202 9.3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity 203 9.3.6.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 203 9.4 Laboratory Evaluation of Spacers and Washers 204 9.4.1 Compatibility of the Buffer/Washer Fluid with the Drilling Fluid and Cement Slurry 204 9.4.2 Efficiency of Wellbore Cleaning with Washer Fluid 204 9.5 Chemical Analysis of Mix Water 205 10 Typical Calculations for Well Cementing 207 10.1 Slurry Preparation Calculations 207 10.1.1 Specific Gravity of Cement Slurry 208 10.1.2 The Concept of Absolute and Bulk Volumes 208 10.1.3 Additive Concentration Calculation 209 10.1.4 Density and Yield of the Slurry 210 10.1.5 Special Additives 212 10.1.5.1 Sodium Salt 212 10.1.5.2 Fly Ash 214 10.1.5.3 Bentonite 216 10.1.5.4 Weighting Agents 218 10.2 Primary Cementing Calculation 218 10.2.1 Volume of Cement Slurry 221 10.2.2 Volume of Displacing Fluid 221 10.2.3 Pressure to Place the Cement Plug on the Stop Collar 222 10.2.4 Buoyancy 223 10.3 Remedial Cementing Calculations 225 10.3.1 Plug Cementing Calculations 225 10.3.2 Squeeze Cementing 229 Annex. Conversion Tables 237 Recommended Literature 245 Index 247

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Book Synopsis* A concise, and accessible overview of the chemistry and technology of surfactants, allowing the reader to acquire, rapidly and economically, a sophisticated working knowledge of surfactants.Trade Review"This book is designed to give practical help to those involved with the use of surface active agents (or surfactants). It is intended particularly for new graduate and post-graduate chemists and chemical engineers at the beginning of their industrial careers and for those who, in later life, become involved with surfactants for the first time. The book is a straightforward and practical survey of the chemistry of surfactants and their uses." CAB Abstracts "Every lab needs a book on surfactants and this is a very good one. It is well edited with a uniformity of presentation, well illustrated with excellent tables and diagrams, and well referenced. With a hard cover, robustly bound, and reasonably priced, it is good value." Surface Coatings Australia, December 2006Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Glossary. 1 What Are Surfactants?. 1.1 History and Applications of Surfactants. 1.2Market Overview: Importance in Different Industries. 2 The Basic Theory. 2.1 The Molecular Structure of Surfactants. 2.2 Surface Activity. 2.3 Self Assembled Surfactant Aggregates. 2.4 Adsorption of Surfactants at Surfaces. 3 Applied Theory. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Detergency. 3.3 Phase Behaviour of Surfactants. 3.4 Emulsions. 3.5 Foaming and Defoaming. 3.6 Rheology of Surfactant Solutions. 4 Anionic Surfactants. 4.1 Sulphonates. 4.2 Sulphates. 4.3 Phosphate Esters. 4.4 Carboxylates. 5 Nonionic Surfactants. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General Alkoxylation Reactions. 5.3 Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates. 5.4 Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates. 5.5 Poloxyethylene Esters of Fatty Acids. 5.6 Methyl Ester Ethoxylates. 5.7 Polyalkylene Oxide Block Copolymers. 5.8 Amine Ethoxylaates. 5.9 Fatty Alkanolamides. 5.10 Amine Oxides. 5.11 Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols and Fatty Acids. 5.12 Glycol Esters. 5.13 Glycerol Esters. 5.14 Polyglycerol Esters. 5.15 Anhydrohexitol Esters. 5.16 Polyalkylene Polyol Esters. 5.17 Alkyl Polyglucosides. 5.18 Gemini Surfactants. 6 Other Types of Surfactants. 6.1 Cationic Surfactants. 6.2 Amphoteric Surfactants. 6.3 Silicone Surfactants. 6.4 Polymerisable Surfactants. 6.5 Fluorinated Surfactants. 7 Relevant European Legislation. 7.1 Biodegradability. 7.2 Classification and Labelling of Surfactants. 7.3 European Union New Chemicals Strategy. 7.4 Biocidal Products Directive. 8 Relevant Legislation, Australia, Japan and USA. 8.1 Australia. 8.2 Japan. 8.3 USA. 9 Surfactant Manufacturers. Index

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Book SynopsisCovers the advances that have enabled improved understanding of microemulsions as well as their applications in a range of industrial and research settings Written by a first class team of contributors Definitive point of reference for anyone using, or considering using microemulsions in the course of their work. .Trade Review"A good overview of the area is presented. This book would be of interest to postgraduates and industry researchers in areas including healthcare, detergents, and fine-chemical production, and points the way to future research directions for this topic." (Angewandte Chemie, June 2009)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Some Thoughts about Microemulsions. Björn Lindman. 1. Phase Behaviour, Interfacial Tension and Microstructure of Microemulsions. Thomas Sottmann and Cosima Stubenrauch. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Phase behaviour. 1.3 Interfacial tension. 1.4 Microstructure. 1.5 Conclusion. 2. Scattering Techniques to Study the Microstructure of Microemulsions. Thomas Hellweg . 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Scattering from droplet microemulsions. 2.3 Scattering from bicontinuous microemulsions. 2.4 Summary. 2.5 Appendix. 3. Formulation of Microemulsions. Jean-Louis Salager, Raquel Ant´on, Ana Forgiarini and Laura M´arquez . 3.1 Basic concepts. 3.2 Representation of formulation effects. 3.3 Physico-chemical formulation yardsticks. 3.4 Quality of formulation. 3.5 Formulations for special purposes. 3.6 Final comment. 4. Effects of Polymers on the Properties of Microemulsions. Jürgen Allgaier and Henrich Frielinghaus . 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Amphiphilic polymers. 4.3 Non-amphiphilic polymers. 5. Reactions in Organised Surfactant Systems. Reinhard Schom¨acker and Krister Holmberg . 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Motivation for surfactant systems as reaction media. 5.3 Selected reactions. 5.4 Engineering aspects. 5.5 Conclusion. 6. Microemulsions as Templates for Nanomaterials. Satya P. Moulik, Animesh K. Rakshit and Ign´ac Capek . 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Preparation of nanocompounds. 6.3 Metal and metal/polymer nanoparticles. 6.4 Outlook. 7. Non-Aqueous Microemulsions. Feng Gao and Carlos C. Co . 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Self-assembly in polymer blends. 7.3 Self-assembly in room temperature ionic liquids. 7.4 Self-assembly in supercritical CO2. 7.5 Self-assembly in non-aqueous polar solvents. 7.6 Self-assembly in sugar glasses. 7.7 Conclusions. 8. Microemulsions in Cosmetics and Detergents. Wolfgang von Rybinski, Matthias Hloucha and Ingeg¨ard Johansson . 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Microemulsions in cosmetics. 8.3 Microemulsions in detergency. 9. Microemulsions: Pharmaceutical Applications. Vandana B. Patravale and Abhijit A. Date . 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Microemulsions. 9.3 Applications in transdermal and dermal delivery. 9.4 Applications in oral drug delivery. 9.5 Applications in parenteral drug delivery. 9.6 Applications in ocular drug delivery. 9.7 Mucosal drug delivery. 9.8 Microemulsions as templates for the synthesis of pharmaceutical nanocarriers. 9.9 Application in pharmaceutical analysis. 9.10 Future perspectives. 10. Microemulsions in Large-Scale Applications. Franz-Hubert Haegel, Juan Carlos Lopez, Jean-Louis Salager and Sandra Engelskirchen . 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Soil decontamination. 10.3 Microemulsions in enhanced oil recovery. 10.4 Degreasing of leather. 11. Future Challenges. Cosima Stubenrauch and Reinhard Strey . 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Bicontinuous microemulsions as templates. 11.3 Nanofoams. 11.4 Clean combustion of microemulsions. 11.5 Solubilisation of triglycerides. Index

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Book SynopsisProviding an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, non-linear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations of yield, e.g. Bowden, Young, and Argon. The book begins by focusing on the structure of polymers, including their chemical composition and physical structure. It goes on to discuss the mechanical properties and behaviour of polymers, the statistical molecular theories of the rubber-like state and describes aspects of linear viscoelastic behaviour, its measurement, and experimental studies. Later chapters cover composites and experimental behaviour, relaxation transitions, stress and yielding. The book concludes with a discussion of breaking phenomena.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Structure of Polymers 1 1.1 Chemical Composition 1 1.1.1 Polymerisation 1 1.1.2 Cross-Linking and Chain-Branching 3 1.1.3 Average Molecular Mass and Molecular Mass Distribution 4 1.1.4 Chemical and Steric Isomerism and Stereoregularity 5 1.1.5 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 7 1.1.6 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 8 1.2 Physical Structure 9 1.2.1 Rotational Isomerism 9 1.2.2 Orientation and Crystallinity 10 References 16 Further Reading 17 2 The Mechanical Properties of Polymers: General Considerations 19 2.1 Objectives 19 2.2 The Different Types of Mechanical Behaviour 19 2.3 The Elastic Solid and the Behaviour of Polymers 21 2.4 Stress and Strain 22 2.4.1 The State of Stress 22 2.4.2 The State of Strain 23 2.5 The Generalised Hooke’s Law 26 References 29 3 The Behaviour in the Rubber-Like State: Finite Strain Elasticity 31 3.1 The Generalised Definition of Strain 31 3.1.1 The Cauchy–Green Strain Measure 32 3.1.2 Principal Strains 34 3.1.3 Transformation of Strain 36 3.1.4 Examples of Elementary Strain Fields 38 3.1.5 Relationship of Engineering Strains to General Strains 41 3.1.6 Logarithmic Strain 42 3.2 The Stress Tensor 43 3.3 The Stress–Strain Relationships 44 3.4 The Use of a Strain Energy Function 47 3.4.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 47 3.4.2 The Form of the Strain Energy Function 51 3.4.3 The Strain Invariants 51 3.4.4 Application of the Invariant Approach 52 3.4.5 Application of the Principal Stretch Approach 54 References 58 4 Rubber-Like Elasticity 61 4.1 General Features of Rubber-Like Behaviour 61 4.2 The Thermodynamics of Deformation 62 4.2.1 The Thermoelastic Inversion Effect 64 4.3 The Statistical Theory 65 4.3.1 Simplifying Assumptions 65 4.3.2 Average Length of a Molecule between Cross-Links 66 4.3.3 The Entropy of a Single Chain 67 4.3.4 The Elasticity of a Molecular Network 69 4.4 Modifications of Simple Molecular Theory 72 4.4.1 The Phantom Network Model 73 4.4.2 The Constrained Junction Model 73 4.4.3 The Slip Link Model 73 4.4.4 The Inverse Langevin Approximation 75 4.4.5 The Conformational Exhaustion Model 79 4.4.6 The Effect of Strain-Induced Crystallisation 80 4.5 The Internal Energy Contribution to Rubber Elasticity 80 4.6 Conclusions 83 References 83 Further Reading 85 5 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 87 5.1 Viscoelasticity as a Phenomenon 87 5.1.1 Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 88 5.1.2 Creep 89 5.1.3 Stress Relaxation 91 5.2 Mathematical Representation of Linear Viscoelasticity 92 5.2.1 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle 93 5.2.2 The Stress Relaxation Modulus 96 5.2.3 The Formal Relationship between Creep and Stress Relaxation 96 5.2.4 Mechanical Models, Relaxation and Retardation Time Spectra 97 5.2.5 The Kelvin or Voigt Model 98 5.2.6 The Maxwell Model 99 5.2.7 The Standard Linear Solid 100 5.2.8 Relaxation Time Spectra and Retardation Time Spectra 101 5.3 Dynamical Mechanical Measurements: The Complex Modulus and Complex Compliance 103 5.3.1 Experimental Patterns for G 1 , G 2 and so on as a Function of Frequency 105 5.4 The Relationships between the Complex Moduli and the Stress Relaxation Modulus 109 5.4.1 Formal Representations of the Stress Relaxation Modulus and the Complex Modulus 111 5.4.2 Formal Representations of the Creep Compliance and the Complex Compliance 113 5.4.3 The Formal Structure of Linear Viscoelasticity 113 5.5 The Relaxation Strength 114 References 116 Further Reading 117 6 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour 119 6.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation 119 6.1.1 Creep Conditioning 119 6.1.2 Specimen Characterisation 120 6.1.3 Experimental Precautions 120 6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Measurements 123 6.2.1 The Torsion Pendulum 124 6.2.2 Forced Vibration Methods 126 6.2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) 126 6.3 Wave-Propagation Methods 127 6.3.1 The Kilohertz Frequency Range 128 6.3.2 The Megahertz Frequency Range: Ultrasonic Methods 129 6.3.3 The Hypersonic Frequency Range: Brillouin Spectroscopy 131 References 131 Further Reading 133 7 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time–Temperature Equivalence 135 7.1 General Introduction 135 7.1.1 Amorphous Polymers 135 7.1.2 Temperature Dependence of Viscoelastic Behaviour 138 7.1.3 Crystallinity and Inclusions 138 7.2 Time–Temperature Equivalence and Superposition 140 7.3 Transition State Theories 143 7.3.1 The Site Model Theory 145 7.4 The Time–Temperature Equivalence of the Glass Transition Viscoelastic Behaviour in Amorphous Polymers and the Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF) Equation 147 7.4.1 The Williams, Landel and Ferry Equation, the Free Volume Theory and Other Related Theories 153 7.4.2 The Free Volume Theory of Cohen and Turnbull 154 7.4.3 The Statistical Thermodynamic Theory of Adam and Gibbs 154 7.4.4 An Objection to Free Volume Theories 155 7.5 Normal Mode Theories Based on Motion of Isolated Flexible Chains 156 7.6 The Dynamics of Highly Entangled Polymers 160 References 163 8 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.1 The Description of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour 167 8.2 Mechanical Anisotropy in Polymers 168 8.2.1 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Fibre Symmetry 168 8.2.2 The Elastic Constants for Specimens Possessing Orthorhombic Symmetry 170 8.3 Measurement of Elastic Constants 171 8.3.1 Measurements on Films or Sheets 171 8.3.2 Measurements on Fibres and Monofilaments 181 8.4 Experimental Studies of Mechanical Anisotropy in Oriented Polymers 185 8.4.1 Sheets of Low-Density Polyethylene 186 8.4.2 Filaments Tested at Room Temperature 186 8.5 Interpretation of Mechanical Anisotropy: General Considerations 192 8.5.1 Theoretical Calculation of Elastic Constants 192 8.5.2 Orientation and Morphology 197 8.6 Experimental Studies of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour and Their Interpretation 198 8.6.1 The Aggregate Model and Mechanical Anisotropy 198 8.6.2 Correlation of the Elastic Constants of an Oriented Polymer with Those of an Isotropic Polymer: The Aggregate Model 198 8.6.3 The Development of Mechanical Anisotropy with Molecular Orientation 201 8.6.4 The Sonic Velocity 206 8.6.5 Amorphous Polymers 208 8.6.6 Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Sheet with Orthorhombic Symmetry 209 8.7 The Aggregate Model for Chain-Extended Polyethylene and Liquid Crystalline Polymers 212 8.8 Auxetic Materials: Negative Poisson’s Ratio 216 References 220 9 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale 227 9.1 Composites: A General Introduction 227 9.2 Mechanical Anisotropy of Polymer Composites 228 9.2.1 Mechanical Anisotropy of Lamellar Structures 228 9.2.2 Elastic Constants of Highly Aligned Fibre Composites 230 9.2.3 Mechanical Anisotropy and Strength of Uniaxially Aligned Fibre Composites 233 9.3 Short Fibre Composites 233 9.3.1 The Influence of Fibre Length: Shear Lag Theory 234 9.3.2 Debonding and Pull-Out 236 9.3.3 Partially Oriented Fibre Composites 236 9.4 Nanocomposites 238 9.5 Takayanagi Models for Semi-Crystalline Polymers 241 9.5.1 The Simple Takayanagi Model 242 9.5.2 Takayanagi Models for Dispersed Phases 242 9.5.3 Modelling Polymers with a Single-Crystal Texture 245 9.6 Ultra-High-Modulus Polyethylene 250 9.6.1 The Crystalline Fibril Model 250 9.6.2 The Crystalline Bridge Model 252 9.7 Conclusions 255 References 256 Further Reading 259 10 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation 261 10.1 Amorphous Polymers: An Introduction 261 10.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition in Amorphous Polymers 263 10.2.1 Effect of Chemical Structure 263 10.2.2 Effect of Molecular Mass and Cross-Linking 265 10.2.3 Blends, Grafts and Copolymers 266 10.2.4 Effects of Plasticisers 267 10.3 Relaxation Transitions in Crystalline Polymers 269 10.3.1 General Introduction 269 10.3.2 Relaxation in Low-Crystallinity Polymers 270 10.3.3 Relaxation Processes in Polyethylene 272 10.3.4 Relaxation Processes in Liquid Crystalline Polymers 278 10.4 Conclusions 282 References 282 11 Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour 285 11.1 The Engineering Approach 286 11.1.1 Isochronous Stress–Strain Curves 286 11.1.2 Power Laws 287 11.2 The Rheological Approach 289 11.2.1 Historical Introduction to Non-linear Viscoelasticity Theory 289 11.2.2 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Differential Models 294 11.2.3 Adaptations of Linear Theory – Integral Models 299 11.2.4 More Complicated Single-Integral Representations 303 11.2.5 Comparison of Single-Integral Models 306 11.3 Creep and Stress Relaxation as Thermally Activated Processes 306 11.3.1 The Eyring Equation 307 11.3.2 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Creep 308 11.3.3 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Stress Relaxation 310 11.3.4 Applications of the Eyring Equation to Yield 312 11.4 Multi-axial Deformation: Three-Dimensional Non-linear Viscoelasticity 313 References 315 Further Reading 318 12 Yielding and Instability in Polymers 319 12.1 Discussion of the Load–Elongation Curves in Tensile Testing 320 12.1.1 Necking and the Ultimate Stress 321 12.1.2 Necking and Cold-Drawing: A Phenomenological Discussion 323 12.1.3 Use of the Considère Construction 325 12.1.4 Definition of Yield Stress 326 12.2 Ideal Plastic Behaviour 327 12.2.1 The Yield Criterion: General Considerations 327 12.2.2 The Tresca Yield Criterion 327 12.2.3 The Coulomb Yield Criterion 328 12.2.4 The von Mises Yield Criterion 329 12.2.5 Geometrical Representations of the Tresca, von Mises and Coulomb Yield Criteria 331 12.2.6 Combined Stress States 331 12.2.7 Yield Criteria for Anisotropic Materials 333 12.2.8 The Plastic Potential 334 12.3 Historical Development of Understanding of the Yield Process 335 12.3.1 Adiabatic Heating 336 12.3.2 The Isothermal Yield Process: The Nature of the Load Drop 337 12.4 Experimental Evidence for Yield Criteria in Polymers 338 12.4.1 Application of Coulomb Yield Criterion to Yield Behaviour 339 12.4.2 Direct Evidence for the Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on Yield Behaviour 339 12.5 The Molecular Interpretations of Yield 342 12.5.1 Yield as an Activated Rate Process 343 12.5.2 Yield Considered to Relate to the Movement of Dislocations or Disclinations 351 12.6 Cold-Drawing, Strain Hardening and the True Stress–Strain Curve 359 12.6.1 General Considerations 359 12.6.2 Cold-Drawing and the Natural Draw Ratio 359 12.6.3 The Concept of the True Stress–True Strain Curve and the Network Draw Ratio 361 12.6.4 Strain Hardening and Strain Rate Sensitivity 363 12.6.5 Process Flow Stress Paths 364 12.6.6 Neck Profiles 365 12.6.7 Crystalline Polymers 366 12.7 Shear Bands 366 12.8 Physical Considerations behind Viscoplastic Modelling 369 12.8.1 The Bauschinger Effect 370 12.9 Shape Memory Polymers 371 References 372 Further Reading 378 13 Breaking Phenomena 379 13.1 Definition of Tough and Brittle Behaviour in Polymers 379 13.2 Principles of Brittle Fracture of Polymers 380 13.2.1 Griffith Fracture Theory 380 13.2.2 The Irwin Model 381 13.2.3 The Strain Energy Release Rate 382 13.3 Controlled Fracture in Brittle Polymers 385 13.4 Crazing in Glassy Polymers 386 13.5 The Structure and Formation of Crazes 391 13.5.1 The Structure of Crazes 392 13.5.2 Craze Initiation and Growth 395 13.5.3 Crazing in the Presence of Fluids and Gases: Environmental Crazing 397 13.6 Controlled Fracture in Tough Polymers 400 13.6.1 The J-Integral 401 13.6.2 Essential Work of Fracture 404 13.6.3 Crack Opening Displacement 407 13.7 The Molecular Approach 413 13.8 Factors Influencing Brittle–Ductile Behaviour: Brittle–Ductile Transitions 414 13.8.1 The Ludwig–Davidenkov–Orowan Hypothesis 414 13.8.2 Notch Sensitivity and Vincent’s σ B –σ Y Diagram 416 13.8.3 A Theory of Brittle–Ductile Transitions Consistent with Fracture Mechanics: Fracture Transitions 419 13.9 The Impact Strength of Polymers 422 13.9.1 Flexed-Beam Impact 422 13.9.2 Falling-Weight Impact 426 13.9.3 Toughened Polymers: High-Impact Polyblends 427 13.9.4 Crazing and Stress Whitening 429 13.9.5 Dilatation Bands 429 13.10 The Tensile Strength and Tearing of Polymers in the Rubbery State 430 13.10.1 The Tearing of Rubbers: Extension of Griffith Theory 430 13.10.2 Molecular Theories of the Tensile Strength of Rubbers 431 13.11 Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature 432 13.12 Fatigue in Polymers 434 References 439 Further Reading 447 Index 449

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Book SynopsisEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.Table of ContentsEnergy: An overview.- Solid fuels.- Crude oil.- Liquid fuels.- Alternate fuels.- Gaseous fuels.- Nuclear energy.- Lubrication and lubricants.- Electrochemistry, batteries and fuel cells.- Corrosion.- Polymers and plastics.- Adhesives and adhesion.- Paint and coatings.- Explosives.- Water.- Carbon-based polymers, activate carbons.- Cement, ceramics, and composites.- Semiconductors and nanotechnology.- Epoilogue.

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Book SynopsisThis coffee-table book uses color photographs and captions to tell the story of the first one hundred years of the Purdue University School of Chemical Engineering. Formed four years after a chemical engineering curriculum was established at the University, the School grew rapidly in size and reputation. It was a leader in encouraging women and minority students to become engineers, and it produced many substantial scientific contributions. The School continues to provide expertise and solutions to the grand challenge problems that the world faces today, whether in energy, nanotechnology, biotechnology, health care, or advanced materials. Among its thirty faculty members, five are members of the National Academy of Engineering.Table of Contents Acknowledgements and Sponsors Centennial Planning Committee Introduction Chapter 1. The Founding of ChE and the Peffer Years Chapter 2. The Bray and Shreve Years Chapter 3. ChE in Transition Chapter 4. Rebirth as a Modern Program Chapter 5. Building for the Future and the Current State of ChE Chapter 6. Student Awards Chapter 7. Alumni Awards Chapter 8. Faculty and Staff About the Authors

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed to provide a background in polymer rheology to both engineering students and practicing engineers. It is written at an intermediate level with sufficient technical information and practical examples to enable the reader to understand the interesting and complex rheological behavior of polymers, to make the right decisions regarding rheological testing methods, and to troubleshoot rheology related problems encountered in polymer processing. The organization of the book and the practical examples throughout make it an ideal textbook and reference source. Processors and raw material suppliers will find the information within particularly valuable. Rheology is a rapidly growing and industrially important field, playing a significant role not only in polymer processing, but also in food processing, coating and printing, and many other manufacturing processes.

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Book SynopsisImprovement of injection molding processes remains a topic of great interest in both industry and research institutions. This book introduces the analysis of the molding process from a systems technology point of view.It is divided into four parts: the first part provides general background to introduce the injection molding process, the second covers the control of the process, the third is on the monitoring technology, and the fourth is concerned with the optimization of the process. Most the results within are from real engineering implementations and experimental tests.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.

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Book SynopsisThis Annals volume includes scholarly summaries of scientific achievement by winners and finalists candidates of the 2011 Prix Galien USA awards for achievement in pharmaceutical science. Contributions by GlaxoSmithKline, Amgen, Pfizer, and Janssen Biotech present advances in biotechnology and pharmaceutical agents that combat a range of diseases. NOTE: Annals volume are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New york Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Sciences receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisApplication of heat to clay transforms it into a ceramic, and thus the history and technical features of structures supplying that heat - kilns - are of considerable importance. The 14 chapters in this volume discuss ancient and historic kilns from the viewpoint of their excavation, their operational principles, and their contributions to an understanding of ceramic production within ancient economies.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview by P.M. Rice. Operational Principles of Ceramic Kilns (W.D. Kingery). Inferring Firing Procedures from Sherds: Early Greek Kilns (K.D. Vitelli). Pottery Firing Structures (Kilns) of the Indus Civilization During the Third Millennium B.C. (H.M.-L. Miller). The Jingdezhen Egg-Shaped Kiln (J.Q. Hu and H.T. Li). Technology and Organization of Anasazi Trench Kilns (E. Blinman and C. Swink). The Variability and Evolution of Prehispanic Kilns on the Peruvian Coast (I. Shimada). Ceramic Firing in Ancient and Modern Oaxaca (G.M. Feinman and A. Balkansky Prehispanic Kilns at Matacapan, Veracruz, Mexico by C.A. Pool). The Fires Without and the Fires Within: Evidence for Ceramic Production Facilities at the Late Classic Site of La Sierra, Naco Valley, Northwestern Honduras, and in its Environs (P.A. Urban, E.C. Wells and M.T. Ausec). Brick and Tile Making in Spanish California with Related Old and New World Examples (J.G. Costello). An Integrative Review and Examination of Glass Furnace Technology in Renaissance Italy (W.P. McCray). Unusual Old Kilns (O.J. Whittemore) Concluding Comments (P.M. Rice).

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Book SynopsisDiscusses recent technological applications and advances in sol-gel processing of various ceramics, gels and glasses. Also features historical aspects from the initial discovery of the development of sol-gel processing for ceramics 50 years ago.Table of ContentsHISTORICAL ASPECTS OF SOL-GEL PROCESSING. The Sol-Gel Process in Ceramic Science: Early History of Discovery and Subsequent Development (R. Roy). History of Sol-Gel Technology in Japan (S. Sakka). Sol-Gel Derived Nanoparticles and Processing Routes to Ceramics and Composites (H. Schmidt, C. Kropf, T. Schiestel, H. Schirra, S. Sepeur and C. Lesniak). Sol-Gel Process for Optical Fiber Manufacture (J. MacChesney, D.W. Johnson Jr., S. Bhandarkar, M. Bohrer, J.W. Fleming, E.M. Monberg and D.J. Trevor). Historical Development of Abrasive Grain (D.D. Erickson, T.E. Wood and W.P. Wood). ELECTROCERAMIC FILMS BY SOL-GEL PROCESS. Low-Temperature Processing of Sol-Gel Derived Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 Thin Films (Y.J. Song, S. Tirumala and S.B. Desu). Triol Sol-Gel Route for Preparing PZT Thin Films (S.J. Milne, R. Kurchania, J.D. Kennedy, M. Naksata, S. Arscott, D. Kaewchinda, N. Sriprang and R.E. Miles). Phase Transformations and Orientation Development in MMAP Derived PZT (40/60) Thin Films (P.P. Phulé and Y. Liu). Preparation of PZT Thin Films on Hastelloy Substrate Using Sol-Gel Processing (W. Yu, B.A. Chin and Z. Chen). Synthesis and Characterization of Wet-Chemically Derived Strontium Bismuth Tantalate (SBT) Thin Films (J.T. Dawley, R. Radspinner, B.J.J. Zelinski, D.B. Hilliard, K.A. Jackson, G. Teowee, D.R. Uhlmann, P.Y. Chu, B.M. Melnick and R.E. Jones Jr.). The Role of Process Variables on Microstructural Development in Sol-Gel Derived SBN Thin Films (A.Y. Oral and M.L. Mecartney). POROUS MATERIALS THROUGH SOL-GEL PROCESSING. Monolithic HPLC Column via Sol-Gel Route (K. Nakanishi, H. Minakuchi, N. Ishizuka, N. Soga and N. Tanaka). Transplantation Therapies (E.J.A. Pope). Ultralight Ceramic Foams (G.S. Grader, Y. de Hazan and G.E. Shter). Fabrication and Characterization of Sol-Gel Monoliths with Large Mesopores (K.W. Powers and L.L. Hench). Structure of Sono-Aerogels Prepared by a Nonaqueous Method (L. Esquivias, A. González-Pecci, J. Rodríguez-Ortega, C. Barrera-Solano and N. de la Rosa-Fox). BASIC AND APPLIED SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES. The Pentacoordinate Species in Fluoride Catalysis of Silica Gels (K.W. Powers and L.L. Hench) The Sol-Gel Processing of Hydrolysates Derived from Carboxylic Acid-Modified Titanium Isopropoxide (P.A. Venz, J.L. Woolfrey, J.R. Bartlett, D.J. Cassidy and R.L. Frost). Synthesis of Magnesia Powders from an Alkoxide Precursor (M. Menon, J.L. Warren and J.W. Bullard). Sol-Gel Synthesis, Sintering and Electrical Properties of NaSiCON Having New Compositions, Na3Zr2-(x/4)Si2-xP1+xO12 (E. Traversa, L. Montanaro, H. Aono and Y. Sadaoka) Patterning of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Films Using Chemically Modified Metal Alkoxide (N. Yamada, I. Yoshinaga and S. Katayama). Tailoring of the Nano/Microstructure of Heterogeneous Ceramics (Sol-Gel Routes by P. Colomban). Microstructural Evolution on Sintering in Y2O3-Doped ZrO2 System (N. de la Rosa-Fox, M. Piñero, A. Santos, C. Jímenez-Solís, C. Barrera-Solano, L. Esquivias and E. Hoinkis).

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains ten invited presentations on the topic of sulfate attack caused by external sulfate sources. The discussions concentrate on chemical and physical mechanistic aspects of the applicable sulfate-to-paste reactions and on the interrelationships between the internal (e.g., paste composition, pore solution, concrete matrix permeability) and external (e.g., composition of aggressive medium, temperataure and humidity, curing practices) variables.Table of ContentsDiscussion of Presented Papers. Sulfate Attack: An Overview (J.P. Skalny and J. Pierce). Sulfate Attack in Concrete: Urgent Needs for Renewal in Concrete Research (G.M. Idorn). The Role of Ettringite in External Sulfate Attack (P.W. Brown and H.F.W. Taylor). Reactions Between Cement Paste Components and Sulfate Ions (F.P. Glasser). Microstructural Alterations Associated with Sulfate Attack in Permeable Concretes (Sidney Diamond and R.J. Lee). The U-Phase: Formulation and Stability (Micheline Moranville and Guanshu Li). W/C Ratio, Porpsity, and Sulfate Attack: A Review (Nataliya Hearn and Francis Young). A Note on the History of Type V Cement Development (Eugene D. Hill Jr.). Modeling Microstructural Alterations of Concrete Subjected to External Sulfate Attack (J. Marchand, É. Samson and Y. Maltais) Diffusivity-Porosity Relation for Cement Paste (E.J. Garboczi and D.P. Bentz). Damage Assessment and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subject to Sulfate Attack (J.W. Ju, L.S. Weng, S. Mindess, and A.J. Boyd). Influence of Calcium Hydroxide Dissolution on the Engineering Properties of Cement-Based Materials (J. Marchand, J.J. Beaudoin, and M. Pigeon). Sulfate Attack in a Marine Environment (P.K. Mehta). Sulfate Attack in a Marine Environment (M.D.A. Thomas, R.F. Bleszynski, and C.E. Scott). Field Studies of Sulfate Attack on Concrete (John Figg). Long-Term Test of Concrete Resistance against Sulfate Attack (B. Lagerblad). Standards for Evaluating the Susceptibility of Cement-Based Materials to External Sulfate Attack (J.R. Clifton, G. Frohnsdorff, and C. Ferraris). Are Sulfate Resistance Standards Adequate? (R.D. Hooten).

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Book SynopsisFunctionally Graded Materials (FGM) has served as a unifying theme for interdisciplinary research for more than a decade. The biannual International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials has provided a forum for research on materials with spatial variation in microstructures or chemistries and have brought together a small, but richly interactive, community of FGM researchers from university, industry, and government labs all around the world. This new volume brings to readers current advancements and information on the topic of Functionally Graded Materials. More than 150 researchers from 20 different countries came together in Estes Park, Colorado for FGM 2000 to bring this information to the rest of the research world. FGM continues to be a vigorous topic stimulating new materials research, and this proceedings will keep you informed of all the latest developments in this area. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials, Estes Park, Colorado, USA, September 10-14, 2000; Ceramics Transactions, Volume 114.Table of ContentsFunctional Materials. Fabrication of Ceramic/Epoxy Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacings (Stereolithography by S. Kirihara, Y. Miyamoto and I. Kajiyama). Optical Characterizations of a 42-Layer SiO2-ZrO2 System Multilayer Film with Stepwise Graded Refractive Index Profiles (X. Wang, L. Chen, T. Hirai and Y. Someno). Launch into Space with FGM (A. Kumakawa, M. Niino, S. Moriya and A. Moro). Interdependence of Coupled Functional Properties in a Thermoelectric FeSi2-Based FGM (E. Müller, K. Schackenberg, H. Ernst, H.T. Kaibe, L. Rauscher, C. Reinhard and W.A. Kaysser). Fermi Level Pinning over a Wide Temperature Range in Functionally Graded IV-VI Semiconductors (Z. Dashevsky, S. Shusterman and M.P. Dariel). Dopant Diffusion Process in Thermoelectric Material Pb Te (Y. Shinohara, Y. Imai, Y. Isoda and H.T. Kaibe) Functionally Graded Bismuth Antimony Telluride Crystals for Low-Temperature Peltier Coolers Grown by Zone Melting (M. Ueltzen, W. Heiliger, W. Seifert and P. Reinshaus). Biomedical Applications. Fabrication of Bioactive FGM from Ti and Hydroxyapatite (M. Omori, A. Okubo, T. Hirai, R. Miyao and F. Watari). Functionally Graded Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Materials for Bone Replacement (W. Pompe, M. Gelinsky, I. Hofinger and B. Knepper-Nicolai). Gradient Tissue Reaction Induced by Functionally Graded Implant (F. Watari, A. Yokoyama, H. Matsuno, R. Miyao, M. Uo, Y. Tamura, T. Kawasaki, M. Omori and T. Hirai). Characterization and Optimized Design of HA-Ti/Ti/HA-Ti Symmetrical Functionally Graded Biomaterial (C. Chu, S. Wang, P. Lin, Z.D. Yin and J. Zhu). Tensile Behavior of a Functionally Graded Braided Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Material (Q. Wang, Z. Huang and S. Ramakrishna). Functionally Graded Materials of Biodegradable Polyesters and Bonelike Calcium Phosphates for Bone Replacement by C. Schiller, M. Siedler, F. Peters and M. Epple Tribological Coatings. Damage Tolerant Tribological Coatings Based on Thermal Sprayed FGMs (L. Prchlik, A. Vaidya and S. Sampath). Internal Stress Distribution in Functionally Graded Diamond/Silicon Nitride Coatings (M. Kamiya, R. Sasai, S.S. Lee, H. Itoh and K. Tanaka). Microstructure and Properties of Graded Metal-Carbide Claddings (C. Theiler, T. Seefeld and G. Sepold). Role of Imperfections and Intrinsic Stresses on the Thermomechanical and Tribological Properties of Thermal Sprayed Metal-Ceramic FGMs (L. Prchlik, J. Matejicek, A. Vaidya and S. Sampath). Oxidation Resistance of Carbon/Carbon Composites Coated with a Si-MoSi2 by the Slurry Dipping Process (J.H. Jeon, Y.D. Hahn, H.T. Fang and Z.D. Yin). Processing and Characterization of Graded Aluminum Components with High Hardness and Improved Wear Behavior Using Plasma Transferred ARC Welding (PTA) Processes (U. Dilthey, B. Balachov and L. Kabatnik). Cracking Behavior of Graded Chromium Nitride Coatings on Brass for Wear Resistant Applications (S. Krishnamurthy and I.E. Reimanis). Thermoreactive Electrospark Surface Strengthening (TRESS) (E.A. Levashov, E.K. Kharlamov, S. Hosomi, M. Ohyanagi and M. Koizumi). Thermal Barrier Coatings. Cracking Behavior of NiCrAlY/YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings under Four-Point Bend Loads (A. Kucuk, C.G. Dambra, C.C. Berndt, U. Senturk and R.S. Lima). Development of Functionally-Graded, NZP-Based Thermal Barrier Coatings (R. Nageswaran and S. Sampath). EB-PVD Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings with Graded Al2O3-PYSZ Interlayers (T. Krell, U. Schulz, M. Peters and W.A. Kaysser). Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings: Cracking Due to Laser Irradiation and Determining of Interface Toughness (H. Balke, H.-A. Bahr, A.S. Semenov, I. Hofinger, C. Häusler, G. Kirchhoff and H.-J. Weiss). Thermal Shock of Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings (K. Kokini, J. DeJonge, S. Rangaraj and B. Beardsley). Thermomechanical Modelling of Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings (N. Nomura, M. Gasik, A. Kawasaki and R. Watanabe). Powder Processing. Peculiarities of Functionally Graded Targets Formation in the SHS-Wave for PVD Processes with an Operating Layer in the Systems Ti-Si-B, Ti-Si-C (E.A. Levashov, B.R. Senatulin, H.E. Grigoryan, A.S. Rogachev and J.J. Moore). Synthesis and Densification of Ceramic FGMs in One Step (E.M. Carrillo-Heian, J.C. Gibeling, Z.A. Munir and G.H. Paulino). Functionally Graded Hardmetals and Cermets (W. Lengauer, J. Garcia, V. Uckar, K. Dreyer, D. Kassel and H.-W. Daub). Graded Materials of Diamond Dispersed Cemented Carbide Fabricated by Induction Field-Activated Combustion Synthesis (M. Ohyanagi, I. Shimazoe, T. Hiwatshi, T. Tsujikami, M. Koizumi, E. Levashov and Z.A. Munir). Processing and Characterization of Functionally Graded Ti-B Based Composites for Armor Applications (M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri and S.B. Bhaduri). Microwave Assisted Processing of Functionally Graded Composites in the Ti-B Binary System (M. Cirakoglu, S. Bhaduri and S.B. Bhaduri). Development of Automatic FGM Manufacturing Systems (the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)Method by M. Tokita). Design and Fabrication of SiC/C FGM (W. Cao, A. Wu, J.T. Li and C.C. Ge). Fabrication of PSZ-Al2O3 Functionally Graded Disks and Plates (H. Kobayashi). FGM Research in LSCPM of China (C.C. Ge, W.P. Shen, J.T. Li, W.B. Cao, Z.T. Zhou, G.Y. Xu, Y.H. Ling and A.H. Wu). Fabrication of Ti-Sc System FGM with Density Gradient (C.J. Deng, H. Tao, L.M. Zhang and R.Z. Yuan). Processing of Silicon Nitride-Tungsten Prototypes (G. He, D.A. Hirschfeld, J. Cesarano III and J.N. Stuecker). Fabrication of a SiC/Cu Functionally Gradient Material (Graded Sintering by Y. Ling, C.C. Ge, J.T. Li and C. Huo). Sintering of FGM Hardmetals in Different Conditions: Simulation and Experimental Results (M. Gasik and B. Zhang). Fabrication of Al2O3/TiC/Ni Graded Materials by Pulsed-Electric Current Sintering (Y. Ren, J. Lin, Y. Miyamoto, G. Qiao and Z. Jin). FGM Fabrication by Surface Thermal Treatments of TiC-Ni3Al Composites (T.N. Tiegs, M.L. Santella, C.A. Blue and P.A. Menchhofer). Formation and Control of Ti-Mo FGM with Continuous Transitional Composition (Z.M. Yang, L.M. Zhang, F. Tian, L.D. Chen and T. Hirai). Preparation of W-Mo-Ti Graded Density Flier-Plate Materials (Q. Shen, L.M. Zhang, H.P. Xiong, L.P. Chen and T. Hirai). Sintering Behavior of Wet Chemically Derived Zinc Oxide Varistor (K. Sugawara, T. Sugawara and T. Ogasawara). Infiltration Processing. Processing of Porosity Graded Silicon Carbide Evaporator Tubes by Pressure Filtration (R.H. Oberacker, M. Dröschel and M.J. Hoffmann). Role of Elaboration Parameters on the Porosity Fraction of Alumina Graded Preforms (G. Kapelski and A. Varloteaux). Two-Phase TiC + TiB2 Graded Ceramic Preforms (Y. Seidman, N. Frumin, N. Frage and M.P. Dariel). Graded Boron Carbide-Aluminum Cermets (N. Frage, L. Levin and M.P. Dariel). Graded Multilayer Boron Carbide-Aluminum Composites (F. Zhang, K.P. Trumble and K.J. Bowman). Transformation Stability and Mechanical Properties of Infiltrated Functionally Graded Mullite/Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal/Alumina Composites (Z. Zhao, C. Liu and D.O. Northwood). Deposition and Casting. Conformal Encapsulation of Fine Boron Nitride Particles with Oxide Nanolayers (J.R. Wank, A.W. Weimer, J.D. Ferguson and S.M. George). Continuously Graded Metal-Ceramic Geometries Using Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) (W.E. Windes, A.W. Erickson and J. Zimmerman). Electrophoretic Deposition of Functionally Graded Hardmetals (S. Put, J. Vleugels and O. Van der Biest). Influence of Centrifugal Casting Parameters on the Structure and Properties of Al-Si/SiCp FGMs (L.A. Rocha, A.E. Dias, D.F. Soares, C.M. Sá and A.C. Ferro). Microstructure in NiA/Steel Joint Produced by a Reactive Casting Method (K. Matsuura, M. Kudoh, H. Kinoshita and H. Takahashi). Fabrication of Zirconia-Nickel Functionally Graded Material by Dip-Coating (J. Zhu, M. Li, Z. Yin and J.-H. Jeon). Particle Size Distributions in in situ Al-Al3Ni FGMs Fabricated by Centrifugal in situ Method (K. Matsuda, Y. Watanabe and Y. Fukui). Properties Modeling. Boundary Integral Analysis for Functionally Graded Materials (L.J. Gray, T. Kaplan, J.D. Richardson and G.H. Paulino). Computational Micromechanics of Functionally Graded Materials (P.-C. Zhai, Q.-J. Zhang, R.-Z. Yuan and S.-I. Moriya). Determination of FGM Properties by Inverse Analysis (T. Nakamura and S. Sampath). Using Adjoint Equations to Optimize Compositionally Graded Interlayers (D. Boussaa and H.D. Bui). FEM Simulation of the Behavior of Graded Materials with Macroscopic Composition Gradient during Deformation Processes (S. Raβbach and W. Lehnert). Finite Element Analysis in Design of a Graded Coating System for Glass Forming Dies and Tools (D. Zhong, G.G.W. Mustoe, J.J. Moore, S. Thiel and J. Disam). Modelling of Alumina/Copper Functionally Graded Material (M. Gasik, M. Friman and M. Kambe). Properties Characterization. Investigations of the Residual Stress State in Microwave Sintered Functionally Graded Materials (D. Dantz, C. Genzel, W. Reimers and T. Buslaps). Spatially Resolved Thermal Diffusivity Measurements for Functionally Graded Materials (H. Becker, T.Tschudi and A. Neubrand). Tribological Characterization of Al-Si/SiCp Composites: MMCs vs. FGMs (J.R. Gomes, A.S. Miranda, D.F. Soares, A.E. Dias, L.A. Rocha, S.J. Crnkovic and R.F. Silva). Ultrasonic Characterization of the Elastic Properties of Ceramic-Metal Graded Composites (R. Marks, E. Zaretsky, N. Frage, O. Tevet, Y. Greenberg and M.P. Dariel). Applications of Phase Shifted Moire Interferometry (E.D. Steffler). Distribution of Macro- and Micro-stresses in W-Cu FGMs (J. Schreiber, A. Neubrand, T. Wieder, M. Stalder and N. Shamsutdinov). Functionally Graded MoSi2-Al2O3 Tubes for Temperature Sensor Applications (M.I. Peters, R.U. Vaidya, R.G. Castro, J.J. Petrovic, K.J. Hollis and D.E. Gallegos). A Novel Method of Joining Ceramic-Metal Systems to Reduce Thermally Induced Stresses by K. Khene, C.S. Trueman, N.D. Tinsley, M.R. Lacey and J. Huddleston High Thermal Conductivity Lossy Dielectrics Using a Multilayer Approach (B. Mikijelj, J.O. Kiggans, T.N. Tiegs, P.A. Menchhofer, H. Wang and H.T. Lin). Design and Fabrication of S-Type B4C-SiC/C Functionally Graded Materials (W.P. Shen, B.-Z. Wu, J.-T. Li and C.-C. Ge). Thermal Shock Test on Alumina/Nickel FGM Plate (H. Awaji, H. Takenaka, Y. Abe, S. Honda and T. Nishikawa). Impact Damage in Monolithic and Functionally Graded Alumina (P. Shah, K. Jakus and J.E. Ritter). Recent Development in the Computational Micro-Mechanics, Thermal Damage Model and Impact Response of Functionally Graded Materials (Q.-J. Zhang, P.-C. Zhai, L.-S. Liu, R.-Z. Yuan, S.-I. Moriya and M. Niino). Generating Quasi-Isentropic Compression Waves via Layered Flier-Plate Materials (L.M. Zhang, C.B. Wang, Q. Shen, J.G. Li and J.S. Hua). Anisotropy of Wear Resistance in Al-Al3 Ti FGMs Fabricated by a Centrifugal Method (Y. Watanabe, H. Eryu and Y. Fukui). Fabrication and Thermomechanical Properties of MoSi2-Mo Functionally Graded Materials (J.H. Jeon, Y.D. Hahn and Z.-D. Harbin). Microstructure Effects of PSZ/Ni FGM upon Materials Properties and Thermal Stress Conditions (S. Moriya, M. Niino, P.C. Zhai and Q.J. Zhang). Quasi-Isentropic Compression Characteristics of W-Mo-Ti Graded Density Flier-Plate Materials (Q. Shen, J.G. Li, C.B. Wang, L.M. Zhang and H. Tan). Thermal Cycling Behavior of Cu/Al2O3 Functionally Graded Material (A. Neubrand, A. Kawasaki and Y.Y. Yang) Fracture Mechanics Modeling. Fracture Mechanics of Viscoelastic Functionally Graded Materials (G.H. Paulino and Z.-H. Jin). Stress Intensity Factors for a Crack Arbitrarily Oriented in a Functionally Graded Layer (S. El-Borgi, L. Hidri and F. Erdogan) Gradient Elasticity Theory for Mode I Cracks in Functionally Graded Materials (Y.-S. Chan, A.C. Fannjiang and G.H. Paulino). Crack and Contact Problems in Functionally Graded Materials (F. Erdogan and S. Dag). Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of Cracked Functionally Graded Materials (Z.-H. Jin and G.H. Paulino). Thermomechanical Stress Intensity Factors for a Partially Insulated Crack in a Functionally Graded Medium (S. El-Borgi, H. Hila, F. Erdogan and H. Smaoui). Torsional Problems of Triangular Bar with Fuctionally Graded Structure (S. Amada and Y. Terauchi). Fracture Characterization. Fracture in Notched Parts with a Microstructural Gradient (F. Bohner and J.K. Gregory). Weight Function Analysis of R-Curve Behavior in Gradient Alumina-Zirconia Composites (R.J. Moon, M. Hoffman, J. Hilden, W.T. Blanton, K.J. Bowman, K.P. Trumble and J. Rödel). Fracture Toughness and R-Curve Behavior of Al2O3/Al FGMs (T.-J. Chung, A. Neubrand, J. Rödel and T. Fett). Fracture in Ductile/Brittle Graded Composites (J. Chapa, K. Rozenburg, I.E. Reimanis and E.D. Steffler).

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Book SynopsisOne of the key technologies needed to understand and develop the mechanical and electrical properties of ceramics is the field of grain boundary engineering. This book covers new developments in this important field and addresses topics from grain boundary phenomena to grain boundary quantum structures, including the development of new techniques such as multifunctional electronmicroscopes, various kinds of spectroscopic analysis, and first principles calculations. Proceedings of the Japan Fine Ceramics Center Workshop, March 15-17, 2000, in Nagoya, Japan; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 118.Table of ContentsGeneral, Theory, and Simulation. Grain Boundaries in Metals: Current Understanding and Some Future Directions (A.P. Sutton). Recent Progresses in the Electronic Structure Theory of Complex Ceramics (W.Y. Ching, S.D. Mo, L. Ouyang and Y.N. Xu) Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics of Ceramics Nanocrystals Using Parallel PC Cluster (K. Tsuruta, H. Totsuji and C. Totsuji). First-Principles Study of Ceramic Interfaces: SiC Grain Boundaries and SiC/Metal Interfaces (M. Kohyama and J. Hoekstra). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surfaces and Grain Boundaries in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (C.A.J. Fisher and H. Matsubara). Atomistic Computer Simulations of Amorphous Silicon Nitride Based Ceramics (K. Matsunaga and H. Matsubara). Ab Initio Calculations of 3C-SiC(111)/Ti Polar Interfaces (S. Tanaka and M. Kohyama). Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Fracture Toughness of Silicon Nitride Single Crystal (N. Hirosaki, S. Ogata and H. Kitagawa). Variable-Charge Molecular Dynamics of Aggregation of TiO2 Nanocrystals (S. Ogata, H. Iyetomi, K. Tsuruta, F. Shimojo, R.K. Kalia, A. Nakano and P. Vashista). Diffusion and Transformation. Anisotropic Grain Boundary Properties for Modeling Grain Growth Phenomena (D.J. Srolovitz and M. Upmanyu). Computational Modeling of Ceramic Microstructure by MC and MD Methods (H. Matsubara, H. Nomura, A. Honda and K. Matsunaga). Rheology of Grain Boundary Network Systems (Y. Enomoto and T. Mitsuda). Microstructural Development in α-Al2O3 (M. Ruhle, R.M. Cannon, M. Gulgun, R. Voitovych and E. Bischotf). Grain Boundary Faceting Transition and Abnormal Grain Growth in Oxides (D.Y. Yoon and C.W. Park). Effects of Different Additives on Densification and α - β Phase Transformation in Si3N4 Ceramics (J. Yang, T. Ohji, Z. Deng and K. Niihara). Precise Shape Function for Interparticle Necks Formed during Solid-State Sintering (Y. Tagami). Diffusional Relaxation around 9R Cu Martensite Particles in an Fe Matrix (R. Monzen). Isothermal T-to-M Transformation Nucleated at Grain Boundaries in Zirconia-Yttria Ceramics (H. Tsubakino, N. Matsuura and Y. Kuroda). Interface Characterization of α - β Phase Transformation in Si3N4 (Transmission Electron Microscopy by T. Saito, Y. Iwamoto, Y. Ukyo and Y. Ikuhara). AEM Study of Interface Structures Related to Cubic-to-Tetragonal Phase Transition in Zirconia Ceramics (N. Shibata, J. Katamura, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma). Electronic Ceramics. Possible Center for Polar Cluster in Lead Magnesium Niobate Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (J. Zhu, S. Miao, H. Sin, X.W. Zhang and Z. Cheng). Segregation of BaZrO3 in Melt Textured Yba2Cu3O7-x (F. Dogan, J.D. Reding and J. Awano). Microstructure Control in BaTiO3 Sinters by a Small Amount of Dopants (T. Yamamoto, Y. Ikuhara, K. Hayashi and T. Sakuma). Grain Boundaries in Strontium Titanate (F. Ernst, O. Kienzle and M. Ruhle). Electronic Structure Calculation of Symmetric Tilt Boundaries in ZnO (F. Oba, I. Tanaka, S.R. Nishitani and H. Adachi). Atomic and Electronic Structure Analysis of Coincidence Boundaries in B-SiC (K. Tanaka and M. Kohyama). Evaluation of Optically Active Cr Ion in the Cr:Al2O3 Ceramics by SNOM (H. Murotani, M. Wakaki, Y. Narita and S. Teruyama). Electronic Conduction through a Grain Boundary in BaTiO3 Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistors (K. Hayashi, T. Yamamoto, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma). Interference of Electron Waves and its Application of Visualize Electromagnetic Microfields (T. Hirayama, K. Miyashita and T. Saito). Electron Transport across Boundaries in Nb-Doped SrTiO3 Bicrystals (T. Yamamoto, Y. Ikuhara, K. Hayashi and T. Sakuma) Structural Ceramics. High-Temperature Properties and Grain Boundary Structure in Silicon Nitride Based Ceramics (M. Mitomo, T. Nishimura and Y. Kitami). The Influence of Grain Boundaries and Interphase Boundaries on the Creep Response of Silicon Nitride (D.S. Wilkinson). An Approach to Grain Boundary Design Using Ceramic Bicrystals (Y. Ikuhara, T. Watanabe, H. Yoshida, T. Yamamoto and T. Sakuma). Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Oxide Eutectic Composites at High Temperatures (Y. Waku, S. Sakata, A. Mitani and K. Shimizu). Micromechanics of Viscous Slip along Ceramic Grain Boundaries (G. Pezzotti). Superplasticity and Microstructural Evolution of Yba2Cu3O7-x/25vol % Ag Composites (J.M. Albuquerque, M.P. Harmer and Y.T. Chou). Role of Grain Boundary Segregation on High-Temperature Creep Resistance in Polycrystalline Al2O3 (H. Yoshida, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma). Anisotropic Thermal Conduction Mechanism of β-Si3N4 Grains and Ceramics (K. Watari, B.C. Li, L. Pottier, D. Fournier and M. Toriyama). Dislocations in Al2O3-20wt%ZrO2(3Y) Ceramics (S.D. De La Torre, H. Kume, Y. Nishikawa, S. Inamura, A. Kakitsuji, H. Miyamoto, L. Gao, K. Miyamoto, J.D. Rios, H. Tsuda and K. Morii). Enhanced Fracture Resistance of Highly Anisotropicized Porous Silicon Nitride (Y. Inagaki, Y. Shigegaki, N. Kondo, Y. Suzuki, T. Miyajima and T. Ohji). Processing and Grain Boundary Structure of 3Y-TZP/BaFe12O19 and 3Y-TZP/NaAl11O17 Composites (Y. Suzuki, M. Awano, N. Kondo and T. Ohji). Atomic Structures and Properties of Systematic [0001] Tilt Grain Boundaries in Alumina (T. Watanabe, H. Yoshida, T. Yamamoto, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma). Crystalline Orientation Analysis around Stable Cracks in MgO (Y. Takigawa and Y. Tasutomi). Visco-elastic Analysis of Internal Friction on Engineering Ceramics (S. Sakaguchi). TEM Studies of Reaction-Bonded Si3N4/SiC Composites (K. Kaneko and N. Kondo). Intergranular Film. The Effects of Intergranular Films on the Mechanical Behavior of Self-Reinforced Ceramics (P.F. Becher, G.S. Painter and H.T. Lin). Glass in and on Ceramic Oxides (C.B. Carter, N. Ravishankar and S. Yanina). Stabilization of Surface Films in Ceramics (Y.M. Chiang and J. Luo). Adsorption and Wetting Mechanisms at Ceramic Grain Boundaries (R.M. Cannon). Intergranular Glassy Films in Si3N4-SiO2 Ceramics: Morphology, Chemistry, Atomic Structure and Energetics (I. Tanaka). Molecular Dynamics Study of Intergranular Glassy Film in High-Purity Si3N4SiO2 Ceramics (M. Yoshiya, K. Tatsumi, I. Tanaka and I. Adachi). Microstructural Aspects of Superplastic Deformation in a Fine-Grained Silicon Nitride Doped with a Silica-Containing Additive (R.J. Xie, M. Mitomo and G.D. Zhan). TEM Characterization of Grain Boundaries in Superplastic Silicon Nitride Ceramics (G.D. Zhan, M. Mitomo, R.J. Xie, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma). Hereto Interface and Others. Preparation and Structure of Epitaxial CeO2/YSZ/Si Buffer Layer (N. Wakiya, M. Yoshida, T. Yamada, T. Kiguchi, K. Shinozaki and N. Mizutani). Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide by an Electrochemical Method Using Proton and Oxide-Ion Conducting Ceramics (T. Kobayashi, K. Abe and Y. Ukyo). Surface Decomposition Mechanisms on SIC (0001) and (000-1) Faces (M. Kusunoki, T. Suzuki, T. Hirayama and N. Shibata). Selective Reaction of Titanium with Carbon and Nitride in Zr-Ti-O Oxides (J. Li and Y. Huang). Observation of Magnetic Interfaces by Electron Holography (T. Hirayama). Past, Present, and Future of Grain Boundary Engineering (T. Watanabe). Characteristics of Silicon Carbide Thin Films Prepared by Using Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Deposition Method (Y. Suda, H. Kawasaki, K. Doi and S. Hiraishi). Effects of Crystallographic Orientation of Silver Substrate on Crystallinity of YBCO (Y123) Film (Y. Yasutomi and Y. Takigawa). Interfacial Structures of YbBazCu3O7 Superconducting Films Deposited on SrTiO3(001) Substrates by the Dipping-Pyrolysis Process (J. Shibata and T. Hirayama). Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies of AIN Films Formed on Off-Oriented R-Plane of Sapphire Substrates by MOCVD (J. Shibata, T. Shibata, Y. Nakamura, K. Asai and H. Sakai). Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films Self-Organized by Surface Decomposition of SiC (T. Suzuki, M. Kusunoki, T. Hirayama and N. Shibata). Structure of FCC-Ti/6H-SiC Interface Grown by Electron Beam Evaporation (Y. Sugawara and N. Shibata). Microstructures of the AIN/TiN/MgO (001) Interfaces (X.L. Ma, Y. Ikuhara and N. Shibata). Effect of Sintering Atmospheres on Creep Behavior of Dense Al2O3 Ceramics (S. Kitaoka, Y. Takegawa and H. Matsubara). Solitons in the Vicinity of a Martensitic Phase Transition (V.V. Kiseliev).

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Book SynopsisThis volume will provide interdisciplinary treatment, with a strong materials community, for technical exchange on optoelecronic materials, device application, and system development. Proceedings of the symposium at the 103rd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, held April 22-25, 2001 in Indianapolis, Indiana; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 126.Table of ContentsPreface vii Inorganic Phosphor, Display, and Solid State Lighting Materials Luminescence of Long-Time Ordered GaP:N 3Sergei L Pyshkin Radioluminescent Glass Battery 13M.M. Sychov, K.E. Bower, A.G. Kavetsky, and V.M. Andreev Synthesis of Nano-Sized Europium Doped Yttrium Oxide 23Burtrand I. Lee,Thomas S. Copeland, Amanda K. Elrod, and Jason Qi Unusual Long-Wavelength Excitation and Emission in Eu(ll) and Ce(lll) Doped M-Si-AI-O-N Glasses 31D. de Graaf, R. Metselaar, H.T Hintzen, and G. de With Gas-Phase Modification of the Direct Current Electrophosphor 37V.D. Kupriyanov, N.A. Stepanova, B.M. Sinelnikov, M.M. Sychov, and V.G. Korsakov Novel Synthesis of Amorphous and Semiconducting Optoelectronics Local Structure and Raman Vibrational Spectra of Doped Tellurite Glasses 45H.M. Moawad, J.Toulouse, H.Jain, O. Latmovic, and A.R. Kortan Effects of Starting Compositions on the Phase Equilibrium in Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zn2Si04:Mn2+ 59Chulsoo Yoon and Shinhoo Kang FeSixO Films Prepared by Co-Sputtering 67Takasni Ehara, Masafumi Saito, Shuichi Naito, and Yoshihiro Kokubun Structure-Property Relationships in As-S-Se Glasses for Waveguide Applications Probed by Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy 79Clara Rivera, Alfons Schulte, and Kathleen Richardson Study of Structural Changes in Glassy As2Se3 by EXAFS under in situ Laser Irradiation 87Gang Chen, Himanshu Jain, Syed Khalid, Jun Li, David A. Drabold, and Stephen R. Elliott Electro-Optic and Ferroic Materials in Optoelectronic Applications Investigations on High Response Speed and High Induced Strain of Photostrictive Doped PLZT Ceramics 97Patcharin Poosanaas-Burke, BhanuVetayanugul, Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong, Sutin Kuharuangrong, and Kenji Uchino Single Crystal Electro-Optic Fiber in Optical Wavelength Shift 107Shilpi Bhargava and Ruyan Guo Fabrication of Photonic Bandgap Structures by Fused Deposition of Multimaterials 115M.E. Pilleux,Y Chen,Y Lu, E. Niver, M. Allahverdi, E.K. Akdogan, and A. Safari Two-Dimensional Modeling of Gaussian Beam Propagation through an Anisotropie Medium 127Wook Lee and Ruyan Guo Index 159

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Book SynopsisWith information on the subject of dielectric materials, this volume brings important updates to electronic device engineers and researchers in the area of ferroelectric materials. Topics include materials, processes, properties, and electronic devices based on these materials and systems. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 103rd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 22-25, 2001, in Indiana; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 131.Table of ContentsPoisson's Ratios in High-Coupling Ferroelectric Ceramics (A. Ballato). Determination of Binder Decomposition Kinetics for PVB-BaTiO3-Pt Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (S.J. Lombardo and R.V. Shende). Characterization of the Sol-Gel Derived PZT Thick Films on Metal Substrates (J. Cheng, W. Zhu, N.Li, L.E. Cross and Z. Meng). A Study on Hot-Pressed 0.3PAN-0.7PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics (Y. Xu, D. Shi, S. Li, P. Wang and S. Tian). Rare-Earth Metal Doping Effects on the Piezoelectric Properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-Pb(Mn,Sb)O3 Ceramics (Y. Gao, K. Uchino and D. Viehland). Studies on Dielectric Behavior of Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 Processed through Novel Techniques (R.V. Mangalaraja, S. Ananthakumar, P. Manohar and F.D. Gnanam). High Breakdown Strength and High Dielectric Constant Capacitors in the Strontium Zirconate and Strontium Titanate Solid Solution System (S.J. Lombardo, R.V. Shende and D.S. Krueger). Preparation and Characterization of Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 Ceramic Fibers through Sol-Gel Processing (M. Toyoda and K. Shirono). Current Topics in the Field of Materials Technology of BME-MLCCs (T. Nomura and Y. Nakano). Formation of Titanium Dioxide Micropattern by Direct Synthesis from Aqueous Solution and Transcription of Resist Pattern (N. Ozawa, H. Yabe and T. Yao). Study of Surface Donor-Acceptor Active Centers Distributions during Ceramics Ball Milling (M.M. Sychov, O.A. Cheremisina, V.G. Korsakov, S.V. Mjakin, V.V. Popov, N.V. Zakharova and L.B. Svatovskaya). Modeling of Nonlinear Phenomena during Deformation of Interparticle Necks by Diffusion-Controlled Creep (A. Maximenko, O. VanDerBiest and E.A. Olevsky). Manufacture and Characterization of Low-Temperature Sintered CO2Z Ceramics (S. Wang, L. Li, Z. Gui, S. Su and J. Zhou). Fabrication and Cofiring Behaviors of Low-Sintering Monolithic Piezoelectric Transformers (L. Li, R. Zuo and Z. Gui). Functionally Gradient Relaxor Dielectric Composites with X7R Characteristics (Z. Gui, R. Zuo, C. Ji and L. Li). Dielectric, Peizoelectric, and Ferroelectric Properties of PMN-PNN-PZT Quarternary System (X. Guo, J. Cheng, Z. Meng and H. Chen). Optimization of Ferrite Powder Processing by Characterization of Slurry Properties (J. Wrba and R. Lucke). Manufacturing of Advanced Dielectric Coatings by Thermal Spraying (A. Killinger). Electrical Properties of Barium Titanate Thick Films (C.R. Foschini, B.D. Stojanovic, J.A. Varela, V.B. Pavlovic, V.M. Pavlovic and V. Pejovic). Microwave Dielectric Properties of Al2O3-MgO-REOx (RE: Rare Earth) Systems and their Application to New LTCC (H. Kagata and H. Katsumura). An Ultrasonic Motor for Catheter Applications (S. Cagatay, B. Koc and K. Uchino). Grain Size Dependence of High-Power Piezoelectric Characteristics in a Soft PZT (C. Sakaki and K. Uchino). High Power Piezoelectrics of (1-x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 Single Crystals (S. Priya, U. Belegundu, A. Carazo and K. Uchino). Residual Stress in High-Capacitance BME-MLCCS (Y. Nakano, D. Iwanaga, T. Hibi, M. Miyauchi and T. Nomura). Processing of Pb-Ba-Zr-Ti-Based Dielectrics for High-Power Capacitor Applications (R.J. Rayne, T.J. Jessen, B.A. Bender, M. Kahn and M.T. Chase). Additive Interactions in Aqueous BaTiO3 Suspension (C.-C. Li and J.-H. Jean). Aqueous Tape Casting of Surface-Modified Cordierite Glass-Ceramics Powders (S. Mei, J.M.F. Ferreira, J. Yang and R. Martins). Embedding a Passive Material Layer in Low-Temperature Cofired Packing (E.R. Twiname, G.L. Messing and C.A. Randall). Recent Topics in Ferrite Materials for Multilayer Chip Components (A. Nakano, H. Ichikawa, I. Nakahata, M. Endo and T. Nomura). Lead-Free Multilayer Dielectric System for Telecommunications (R.L. Wahlers, S.J. Stein, C.Y.D. Huang, M.R. Heinz and A.H. Feingold). Microwave Dielectric Characterization of Ferroelectric Ceramics with Sleeve Resonator Techniques (R.G. Geyer, P. Kabos and J. Baker-Jarvis). Field Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Barium Strontium Titanate Single Crystals (D. Garcia, R. Guo and A.S. Bhalla). Electric Field Dependence of Dielectric Behavior of (Sr1-xPbx)TiO3 (Y. Somiya, R. Guo, A.S. Bhalla and L.E. Cross). Lattice Dynamics and Dielectric Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films for Frequency Agile Devices (X.X. Xi, A.A. Sirenko, I.A. Akimov, A.M. Clark and J.-H. Hao).

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Book SynopsisComposed from two symposia conducted at the 2001 Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, this new volume details the advances in the state of knowledge in nuclear and waste materials science and technology. Highlighted are areas of rapid change such as in the application, development, and testing of ceramics and glasses in the nuclear and waste industries. As companies begin to focus on ¿green ceramics¿ and the manufacturing of environmentally friendly products, the development of innovative processing approaches and novel environmental treatment technologies soon follows. These are being developed to address more stringent regulations and to obtain an improved scientific understanding of the industrial processes and treatment technologies. This seventh volume in the series addresses current nuclear and environmental problems and provides solutions for them. It is an excellent resource for researchers and scientists involved in the ceramic and nuclear industries. roceedings of the symposium held at the 103rd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 22-25, 2001, in Indiana; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 132.Table of ContentsRecycling of Ceramic Byproducts. Refractory Recycling-Concept to Reality (J.P. Bennett and K.S. Kwong). Recycling of Aluminum Dross to Sialon-Based Ceramics by Nitriding Combustion (S. Kanehira and Y. Miyamoto). Recycling of the Waste Waters into Porcelainized Stoneware Ceramic Tiles: Effect on the Rheological, Thermal, and Aesthetical Properties (F. Andreola, L. Barbieri, I. Lancellotti, and T. Manfredini). Mineral Processing Techniques for Recycling Investment-Casting Shell (C.L. Dahlin, D.N. Nilsen, D.C. Dahlin, A.H. Hunt and W.K. Collins). Environmental Treatment Technology and Policy. Exposure to Crystalline Silica in the Italian Ceramic Tile Industry: Present State and Future Prospects (G. Timeellini and C. Palmonari). Managing Potential Ceramic Fiber Health Concerns Through Technology and Product Stewardship (B.K. Zoitos and J.E. Cason). Characterization of Defense Nuclear Waste Using Hazardous Waste Guidance. Status of the Evolving Process at Hanford (M. Lerchen, G.K. Patello, D. Blumenkranz, K. Wiemers, L. Huffman and J. Yokel). The European Ceramic Tile Industry and the New Approach to Environmental Protection (C. Palmonari and G. Timellini). Vitrification and Process Technologies. West Valley Demonstration Project: Vitrification Campaign Summary (R.A. Palmer and S.M. Barnes). Waste Glass Processing Requirements of the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (G. Mellinger, L. Holton and N. Brown). Influence of Glass Property Restrictions on Hanford HLW Glass Volume (D.-S. Kim and J.D. Vienna). Vitrification and Testing of Hanford Pretreated HLW Sludge Mixed with Flowsheet Quantities of Secondary Wastes (G.L. Smith, H.D. Smith, M.J. Schweiger and R.J. Bates). Vitrification and Testing of Hanford Pretreated Low Activity Waste (G.L. Smith, H.D. Smith, M.J. Schweiger and G.F. Piepel). Corrosion of Ni-Cr Alloys in Molten Salts and Hanford LAW Waste Glass (I. Vidensky, H. Gan and I.L. Pegg). Technology Roadmapping Focuses Vitrification at the INEEL (J. McCray, C. Musick, A. Olson and K. Perry). Glass Formulation for Direct Vitrification of INEEL Calcine HLW by J.V. Crum, J.D. Vienna, D.K. Peeler and I.A. Reamer The Cold Crucible Melter: High-Performance Waste Vitrification (A. Jouan, R. Boen, R.D. Quang, T. Flament and G. Mehlman). Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Nuclear Waste Glass Melts-An Overview by P.P. Woskov, J.S. Machuzak, P. Thomas, S.K. Sundaram and W.E. Daniel Jr. Cold Cap Monitoring using Millimeter Wave Technology (S.K. Sundaram, P.P. Woskov, J.S. Machuzak and W.E. Daniel Jr.). Furnace System Development for the Plutonium Immobilization Program (A.D. Cozzi, K.C. Neikirk, D.T. Herman, J.C. Marra, T. Pruett and J. Harden). Plutonium Immobilization Project Phase 2 Cold Pour Test (M.E. Smith and E.L. Hamilton). Real-Time Determination of the Redox State of Glasses-Direct Potentiometry vs. Chemical Analysis (D.D. Siemer and J.A. McCray). Crystallization in Nuclear Waste Forms. Crystallization in High-Level Waste Glasses (P. Hrma). Effect of Crystallization on High-Level Waste Glass Corrosion (B.J. Riley, P. Hrma, J. Rosario and J.D. Vienna). The Effect of Glass Composition on Crystallinity and Durability for INEEL Run 78 Calcine Waste Simulant (J.V. Crum, J.D. Vienna, D.K. Peeler, I.A. Reamer and D.J. Pittman). Chemical Durability and Characterization. Long-Term Corrosion Tests with Hanford Glasses (W.L. Ebert, M.A. Lewis and N.L. Dietz). Dissolution Kinetics of High-Level Waste Glasses and Performance of Glass in a Repository Environment (Y.-M. Pan, V. Jain and O. Pensado). Analysis of Layer Structures Formed During Vapor Hydration Testing of High-Sodium Waste Glasses (A.C. Buechele, F. Lofaj, C. Mooers and I.L. Pegg). Kinetics of Alteration in Vapor Phase Hydration Tests on High Sodium Waste Glass (X. Lu, F. Perez-Cardenas, H. Gan, A.C. Buechele and I.L. Pegg). TCLP Leaching Prediction from the 'THERMOTM' Model for Borosilicate Glasses (J.B. Pickett and C.M. Jantzen). Effect of Glass Composition on the Leaching Behavior of HLW Glasses Under TCLP Conditions (H. Gan and I.L. Pegg). Chemical and Physical Characterization of the First West Valley Demonstration Project High-Level Waste Feed Batch (R.A. Palmer, H. Smith, G. Smith, M. Smith, R. Russell and G. Patello). Alternative and Innovative Waste Forms. Aqueous Based Polymeric Materials for Waste Form Applications (L. Liang, H. Smith, R. Russell, G. Smith and B.J.J. Zelinski). Performance of Hydroceramic Concretes on Radwaste Leach Tests (D.D. Siemer). Cerium as a Surrogate in the Plutonium Immobilized Form (J.C. Marra, A.D. Cozzi, R.A. Pierce, J.M. Pareizs, A.R. Jurgensen and D.M. Missimer). Release of Uranium and Plutonium from the EBR-II Ceramic Waste Form (L.R. Morss and W.L. Ebert). Monitoring Consistency of the Ceramic Waste Form (M.A. Lewis and W.L. Ebert). Impurity Effects in Titanate Ceramices for Advanced PUREX Reprocessing (E.R. Maddrell). An Investigation of Sintering Distortion in Full-Size Pyrochlore Rich Titanate Wasteform Pellets Due to Rapid Heating to 1350°C in Air (P.A. Walls, J. Ferenczy, S. Moricca, P. Bendeich and T. Eddowes).

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Book SynopsisGlass continues to be a material of great scientific and technological interest; however, the economic pressures on the glass industry, the emphasis on global markets, and the worldwide attention to energy and environmental conservation continue to increase. Forty-seven papers offer new solutions to the challenges of glass manufacturing, particularly as they pertain to melting and forming. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass, July 27-31, 2003, Rochester, New York; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 141.Table of ContentsAdvances in the Glass Melting Process. Analysis of Advanced and Fast Fining Processes for Glass Melts (R.G.C. Beerkens). The Glass Melting Process - Treated as a Cyclic Process of an Imperfect Heat Exchanger (R. Conradt). Electromagnetic Induction Heating in Molten Glass at 60 Hz with No Susceptors (E. Carrillo, M.A. Barrón and J. González). Full Oxy Conversion of a Float Furnace Equipped with Separated Jets ALGLASS FC Burners: From 0D Model to 3D Characterization (Y. Joumani, R. Tsiava, C. Imbernon and B. Leroux). A Method for Making Arsenic Oxide in Cullet More Active as a Fining Agent (M. Kawaguchi, T. Narita, J. Naka, H. Yamazaki and S. Yamamoto). Redox and Foaming Behavior of E-Glass Melts (A.J. Faber, O.S. Verheijen and J.M. Simon). Comparison of Measured and Calculated Gas Release by Fining Agents (D. Koepsel, O. Claussen and W. Rausch). Bubble Continuum Model (A. Bensberg and C. Breitbach). Selective Batching for Improved Commercial Glass Melting (U. Kim, W.M. Carty and C.W. Sinton). Observation and Analysis of Dissolution Kinetics, Supported by Microscopy (A.-K. Glüsing and R. Conradt). Characterization of Glass Melts/Glass Melt Properties. Inert Gas Solubility in Glasses and Melts of Commercial Compositions (C.C. Tournour, J.E. Shelby and M.G. Mesko). Water Diffusion and Solubility in Glasses and Melts of Float, Container, and Other Commercial Compositions (J.E. Shelby, P.B. McGinnis, D.B. Rapp and M.G. Mesko). The Effects of Vanadium Additions on the Surface Tension of Soda Lime Silicate Melts (D.R. Wing, A.G. Clare and L.E. Jones). Modeling of Glass Making Processes for Improved Efficiency: High Temperature Glass Melt Property Database for Modeling (T. Vascott, A.K. Varshneya, T.P. Seward, R. Karuppannan, J.M. Jones and D. Oksoy). Materials for Glassmaking. Analytical Models for High-Temperature Corrosion of Silica Refractories in Glass-Melting Furnaces (M.D. Allendorf, R.H. Nilson, K.E. Spear, B. Bugeat, M.U. Ghani, O. Marin, P.M. Walsh, A. Gupta, H.E. Wolfe and G.A. Pecoraro). How the Properties of Glass Melts Influence the Dissolution of Refractory Materials (G.A. Pecoraro). Evaluation of Crown Refractories Under Oxyfuel Environment (M. Velez, M. Karakus, X. Liang, W.L. Headrick, R.E. Moore, J.G. Hemrick and J.M. Almanza). Kinetics and Mechanisms of Niobium Corrosion in Molten Glasses (R. Podor, N. David, C. Rapin and P. Berthod). Glass Tank Reinforcements (W. Simader and H. Walser). Glass Composition Dependence of Metal Corrosion by Molten Glasses (R. Podor, N. David, C. Rapin, P. Berthod and P. Steinmetz). Corrosion of Superalloys in Molten Glass - Electrochemical Characterization of the Passive State (J. Di Martino, C. Rapin, P. Berthod, R. Podor and P. Steinmetz). Electrochemical Study of Cobalt-Base Superalloy Corrosion by a Molten Glass: Influence of Alloy Microstructure and Chemical Composition of the Glass (P. Berthod, S. Michon, J. Di Martino, C. Rapin, R. Podor and P. Steinmetz). Glass-Silicide Coverings (A.G. Hambardzumyan, G.A. Kraveckiy and V.V. Radionova). Advances in Glass Forming. Mechanical Strength Increase During the Forming Process of Glass (H. Hessenkemper). Optimization of the Heat Transfer During Forming of Glass (A. Kropp and S. Follis). Effect of Mold to Glass Heat Transfer on Glass Container Forming (M.R. Hyre). Investigations on Sticking Temperature and Wear of Mold Materials and Coatings (D. Rieser, P. Manns, G. Spieâ and G. Kleer). Basic Considerations and Technical Aspects Concerning Glass Conditioning (H. Hessenkemper). Polyvalent Elements and Redox Behavior. Redox-Dependent Glass Properties and Their Control Under Industrial Conditions (H. Müller-Simon). Using Additives for Color Control in Copper-Containing Glasses (H.D. Schreiber, M.E. Stokes and A.M. Swink). Decolorization of Amber Glass (D.B. Rapp, M.A. Dorsey, M.M. Ashton-Patton and J.E. Shelby). Redox Couples in Glass - A Series of New Data (S. Michon, A. Littner, J. Di Martino and B. Gaillard-Allemand). Electrochemical Study in Molten Glasses of the Multivalent Systems of Nickel (B. Gaillard-Allemand, A. Littner, R. Podor, C. Rapin, A. Vernière and M. Vilasi). Effects of Composition and Forming on Structure and Properties. Effect of Water in the Melting Atmosphere on the Transformation Temperature of Commercial Glasses (E.M. Birtch and J.E. Shelby). Dependence Between the Color of Titanium Crystal Glasses and the Optical Basicity (M. Seufert and A. Lenhart). Study of the Kinetics of Phase Separation in 3.25 Na2O - 3.25 Li2O/Na2O - 33.5 B2O3 - 60 SiO2 Glasses by Skeletonization (A. Fluegel, I.M. Spinelli and W.C. LaCourse). Properties of Soda-Lime Silica Glasses (J.E. Shelby, M.G. Mesko, D.L. Edson and H. Shulman). Viscosity of Commercial Glasses in the Softening Range (A. Fluegel, A.K. Varshneya, T.P. Seward and D.A. Earl). Emissions, Recycling and Other Environmental Issues. Boron Chemistry in Flue Gases From Borosilicate Glass Furnaces (J. Simon). Computer Modeling and Process Control. Computer Modeling of Glass Furnace Flow and Heat Transfer (S.-L. Chang, B. Golchert and C.Q. Zhou). Sensor Development for the Glass Industry (M. Velez, M. Karakus, W.L. Headrick, B. Varghese, R. Zoughi, R.E. Moore, S. Keyvan, H. Fan, R.A. Rossow, D.G. Robertson and J.M. Almanza). Advanced Operation Support System for Redox Control (O.S. Verheijen and O.M.G.C. Op de Camp). Glass Furnace Simulator - Advanced Melter Operation and Training Tool (M. Trochta, M. Muysenberg, E. Muysenberg and P. Viktorin). Comparison of Physical and Mathematical Models of Stirring in Forehearth (J. Brada, J. Kucera and T. Krobot). Mathematical Modeling of Batch Melting in a Glass Furnace (P. Schill and M. Trochta). Secondary Processing. Glass Shapes Our Future (J. Vitkala). Spontaneous Cracking of Thermally Toughened Safety Glass: Actual State of Discussion in Research and Practice (A.M. Kasper).

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on recent scientific and technological developments in silicon-based (i.e., silicon nitride, SiAlONs, silicon carbide, silicon oxynitride) structural ceramics. Authors from academia and industry assess the current state of the art in slilicon-based structual ceramics. Industrial case studies are advocated to highlight the development and application of these materials in real engineering environments. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 104th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 28-May1, 2002 in Missouri; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 142.Table of ContentsNovel Synthesis and Processing. Colloidal Processing of Silicon Nitride (Eric Laarz, Anders Meurk, and Lennart Bergström). Viscoelastic Properties of Concentrated Silicon Nitride Slurries (Xue-Jian Liu, Mei-Fang Luo, Xi-Peng Pu, Li-Ping Huang, and Hong-Chen Gu). Si3N4 Powders Applied for Water-based DCT (Ola Lyckfeldt and Kent Rundgren). Synthesis of Si2N2O Ceramics from Desert Sand (M. Radwan, Y. Miyamoto, H. Kiyono, and S. Shimada). Fabrication and Evaluation of Porous Ca-a SiAlON Ceramics b(unichi Tatami, Takayuki Ohta, Cheng Zhang, Mikinori Hotta, Katsutoshi Komeya, Takeshi Meguro, Mamoru Omori and Toshio Hirai). Microstructures: Development and Characterization. High Resolution Imaging and Microanalysis of Silicon-Based Ceramics (Lena K. L. Falk). Grain-Boundary Relaxation Process in Silicon-Based Ceramics Studied (Mechanical Spectroscopy by Giuseppe Pezzotti and Ken'ichi Ota). High Temperature Stiffness and Damping to Qualitatively Assess the Amount of Glassy Pocket Phase in Silicon Carbide and Nitrides (Gert Roebben and Omer Van Der Biest). High-Temperature Deformation of Silicon Nitride and its Composites (G. A. Swift, E. Üstündag, B. Clausen M. A. M. Bourke H. T. Lin, and C. W. Li). Improved Properties. SiAlON Ceramics: Processing, Microstructure and Properties (Stefan Holzer, Bernd Huchler, Alwin Nagel, and Michael J. Hoffmann). Fracture Behavior of Porous Si3N4 Ceramics with Random and Aligned Microstructure (Jian-Feng Yang, Naoki Kondo and Tatsuki Ohji ). Liquid Phase Sintering of SiC with AlN and Rare-Earth Oxide Additives (M. Balog, P.ajgalík and Z. Lenèé, J. Keèké, and J.-L. Huang). Effect of Additives on Microstructural Development and Mechanical Properties of Liquid-Phase-Sintered Silicon Carbide During Annealing (You Zhou, Kiyoshi Hirao, Yukihiko Yamauchi, and Shuzo Kanzaki). Corrosion of Silicon Nitride Materials in Acidic and Basic Solutions and under Hydrothermal conditions (M. Herrmann, J. Schilm, and G. Michael). Applications. Development of High-Temperature Heat Exchangers Using SiC Microchannels (Merrill A Wilson, Raymond Cutler, Marc Flinders, Matt Quist, Darin Ray, Darryl Butt, KY. Kim, and E. L. Pabit). Characterization of Ceramic Components Exposed in Industrial Gas Turbines (M. K. Ferber and H. T. Lin). Gelcasting SiAlON Radomes (Mark A. Janney, Donald M. Kupp, Kevin W. Kirby , and Claudia A. Walls). Effect of Long-Term Oil Immersion Test on Mechanical Reliability of Candidate Silicon Nitride Ceramics for Diesel Engine Applications (H.T. Lin, T.P. Kirkland, A.A. Wereszzczak, and M.J. Andr).

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Book SynopsisThis transactions volume contains 33 papers from the CREST International Symposium on SiC/SiC Composite Materials Research and Development and Its Application to Advanced Energy Systems held May 20-22, 2002 in Kyoto, Japan. Chapters include Processing for SiC/SiC Composites; Processing for SiC/SiC Composite Constituent; Characterization of Thermomechanical Performance; and Joining Technologies for Advanced Energy Applications. 373 pages.Table of ContentsPreface ix Processing for SiC/SiC Composites Overview of CREST-ACE Program for SiC/SiC Ceramic Composites and Their Energy System Applications 3A. Kohyama and Y. Katoh Processing of SiC/SiC Fibrous Composites According to CVI-Techniques 19R. Naslam, F. Langlais, R. Paulen and G.Vignoles Research on the High Performance Silicon Carbide Ceramics and Silicon Carbide Based Composites 39D.L Jiang Optimization and Characterization of Chemical Vapor Infiltrated SiC/SiC Composites 55T. Hinoki, L.L. Snead, T.Taguchi, N. Igawa, W.Yang, T. Nozawa, Y Katoh, and A. Kohyama Optimizing the Fabrication Process for Excellent Mechanical Properties in Stoichiometric SiC Fiber/FCVI SiC Matrix Composites 69T. Taguchi, N. Igawa, S.Jitsukawa, T. Nozawa, Y. Katoh, A. Kohyama, L.L. Snead, and J.C. McLaughlin A Novel Processing Technique of Silicon Carbide-Based Ceramic Composites for High Temperature Applications 77Y. Katoh, S.M. Dong, and A Kohyama Facile Fabrication of SiC Matrix Composites Using Novel Preceramic Polymers 87L. Macdonald Process Design for SiC/SiC Composite with Polymeric Precursor 97M. Kotani, Y. Katoh, and A. Kohyama Matrix Filling Behavior of SiC/SiC Composite by Whiskering and the CVI Process 105J.Y. Park, H.S. Hwang, W.J. Kim, J.H. Son, and D.J. Choi Development of SiC/SiC Composites by the Melt Infiltration Process 115S.R. Lee, Y. Katoh, and A. Kohyama Processing for SiC/SiC Composite Constituent Mechanical,Thermochemical, and Microstructural Characterization of AHPCS-Derived SiC 125L.V. Interrante, L. Macdonald, and W. Sherwood Polysilane-Based Precursors for SiC/SiC Composites 141M. Narisawa, K. Okamura, T. Iseki, K. Oka, and T. Dohmaru Present Status and Future Trends on the Development and Application of Continuous SiC Fibers 153H. Ichikawa Properties of BN Coating on SiC Fiber by the Continuous CVD Process 165M. Suzuki, Y. Tanaka, Y. Inoue, N. Miyamoto, M. Sato, and K. Goda SiC Ceramic Fibers Synthesized from Polycarbosilane-Polymethylsilane Polymer Blends 173M. Narisawa, M. Nishioka, K. Okamura, K. Oka, and T. Dohmaru Effect of Residual Silicon Phase on Reaction-Sintered Silicon Carbide 181S. Suyama,Y Itoh, A. Kohyama, and Y. Katoh Characterization of Thermomechanical Performance Development of Test Standards for Continuous Fiber Ceramic Composites in the United States 191E. Lara-Curzio Evaluation of Lifetime Performance of Hi-Nicalon Fiber-Reinforced Melt-Infiltrated SiC Ceramic Composites 207H-T. Lin and M. Singh Shear Lag-Monte Carlo Simulation of Tensile Behavior of Unidirectional Ceramic Matrix Composites 221S. Ochiai, H. Okuda, H. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, M. Hojo, K. Schulte, and B. Fiedler A New Standard Test Method for the Tensile Evaluation of Ceramic Fibers 233E. Lara-Curzio Tensile Strength of Chemical Vapor Infiltrated Advanced SiC Fiber Composites at Elevated Temperatures 245T. Nozawa, K. Hironaka, Y. Katoh, A. Kohyama, T. Taguchi, S. Jitsukawa, and L.L. Snead Thermomechanical Properties of Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced SIALON-Based Composites Fabricated by Reactive Melt Infiltration 253S. Kitaoka, N. Kawashima, Y. Sugahara, Y. Sugita, Y. Kagiya, and T. Banno Fracture Resistance Evaluation of Ceramic Matrix Composites 263J.S. Park, Y. Katoh, A. Kohyama, and H.K.Yoon Effects of Interlayers on Interfacial Shear Strength and Flexural Properties of Tyranno-SA Fiber-Reinforced CVI-SiC/SiC Composites 273W, Yang, H. Araki, T. Noda, Q. Hu, H. Suzuki, Y. Katoh, and A. Kohyama Flexural Properties of Several SiC Fiber-Reinforced CVI-SiC Matrix Composites 281H. Araki.T Noda, W.Yang, Q. Hu, H. Suzuki, and A. Kohyama A Finite-Element Analysis of the Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity of SiC/SiC Composites 289R.Yamada, N. Igawa, and T. Taguchi Microstructure Evolution in Highly Crystalline SiC Fiber Under Applied Stress Environments 301T. Shibayama, Y. Yoshida, Y. Yano, and H.Takahashi Joining Technologies and Advanced Energy Applications High Temperature Brazing for SiC and SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites 311B. Riccardi, C.A. Nannetti, J. Woltersdorf, E. Pippel, and T. Petnsor Joining SiC-Based Ceramics and Composites with Preceramic Polymers 323R. Colombo, A. Donato, B. Riccardi, J. Woltersdorf, E. Pippel, R. Silberglitt, G. Danko, C. Lewinsohn, and R. Jones Modeling of Fracture Strength of SiC/SiC Composite Joints by Using Interface Elements 335H. Serizawa, H. Murakawa, and C.A. Lewinsohn Dual-Beam Irradiation Effects in Silicon Carbide 343H. Kishimoto,Y Katoh, K.H. Park, S. Kondo, and A. Kohyama Silicon Carbide as Plasma Facing or Blanket Material 353T. Hino, T. Jinushi, Y. Yamauchi, M. Hashiba, Y. Hirohata, Y. Katoh, and A. Kohyama Evaluation of Induced Activity of SiC Composites in Fusion Neutron Irradiation Environment 363T. Noda, M. Fujita, H.Araki, W.Yang, H. Suzuki, Q. Hu, and A. Kohyama Index 375

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings are designed to provide a forum that integrates research in characterization and modeling to advance the science of ceramic/composite sintering. Densification, shape deformation, and microstructure evolution during sintering is addressed.Table of ContentsCharacterizing and Modeling Sintering (densification, shape deformation and microstructure). Characterizing Materials' Constitutive Behavior During Sintering. Engineering Ceramic Processes and Microstructures. Microstructure and Properties.

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings investigates the relationship between features at the atomic level including oxygen vacancies, stacking faults and site order/disorder, grain boundaries, film-substrate interactions, buffer-superconductor interactions, thermodynamic, transport, and other macroscopic properties. This proceedings will also cover fundamental material properties studies, new growth methods, device and materials integration research, and developments in designing and growing new materials, all involving epitaxial superconducting thin films.Table of ContentsLong Length Processing of YBCO Coated Conductors. Biaxially Textured Templates (RABiTS, IBAD, ISD). New Developments in Buffer Layer Technology. In-situ Diagnostics and Reel-to-Reel Characterizations. Crystal Chemistry and Non-YBCO Materials. Bulk Processing and Flux Pinning. Applications of Bulk and Tape Conductors.

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings focuses on both the scientific and technological aspects of fuel cells and high energy density batteries including solid oxide; proton exchange membrane; and direct methanol fuel cells; lithium-ion batteries; oxide-ion electrolytes; proton conductors; mixed ionic-electronic conductors; electrocatalysts; new materials development; and other related solid state and electrochemical aspects including supercapacitors and oxygen separation membranes.Table of ContentsSOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS. Characterization of Sr-Doped Neodymium Cobalt Oxide Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (K.T. Lee and A. Manthiram). Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity Studies of (La,Sr)(Cr,Mn,Co)O3 (S. Ozcan and R. Koc). Interface Reactivity Between Yttria Stabilized Zirconia and Strontium-Lanthanum Manganites (M. Backhaus-Ricoult, M. Badding, J. Brown, M. Carson, E. Sanford and Y. Thibault). Elastic Properties, Biaxial Strength and Fracture Toughness of Nickel-Based Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, B. Armstrong and C. Walls). Effect of Hydrogen Reduction on the Microstructure and Elastic Properties of Ni-Based Anodes for SOFCs (M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, B. Armstrong, P. Tortorelli and L. Walker). Electrical and Microstructural Investigation of YSZ and TZP Doped with NiO (C.L. Silva, F.R. Costa, M.R. Morelli and D.P.F. de Souza). Chemical Synthesis of LSGM Powders for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Electrolyte (C. Oncel and M. Ali Gulgun). Long-term Thermal Cycling of Phlogopite Mica-Based Compressive Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Y.-S. Chou and J.W. Stevenson). Alternative Methods of Sealing Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (K.S. Weil, C.A. Coyle, J.S. Hardy, J.Y. Kim and G.-G. Xia). Infiltrated Phlogopite Micas with Superior Thermal Cycle Stability as Compressive Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (Y.-S. Chou and J.W. Stevenson). LITHIUM ION BATTERIES. Manganese Oxide Cathodes for Transportation Applications (A. Manthiram and Y. Shin). HRTEM Imaging and EELS Spectroscopy of Lithiation Process in FEFX:C Nanocomposites (F. Cosandey, J.F. Al-Sharab, F. Badway and G.G. Amatucci). Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (J.P. Maranchi, P.N. Kumta and A.F. Hepp). Chemically Derived Nano-encapsulated Tin-Carbon Composite Anodes for Li-ion Batteries (I.-S. Kim, P.N. Kumta and G.E. Blomgren).

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Book SynopsisCeramic matrix composites are likely candidates for high-temperature structural applications in industries such as aerospace, utilities, and transportation. This volume includes papers on advances in basic science and technology of ceramic matrix composites and how these advances can be used to address technological issues faced by industry.Table of ContentsOxide, Non-Oxide, Geopolymer, Carbon-Carbon, and Glass-Ceramic Composites. Fiber, Whisker, Particulate and Nano Composites. Processing, Characterization and Test Methods, Including NDE. Composite Interfaces and Fiber Architecture. Mechanical Properties at Room and Elevated Temperatures. Environmental Effects and Protective Coatings. Micromechanical Modeling and Design. Geopolymers.

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings capture advances in the state of knowledge in nuclear and waste materials science and technology. In addition, the proceedings addresses the environmental issues associated with ceramic processing. Included are the status of environmental issues and their solutions, both current and proposed.Table of ContentsPreface viii Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Forms and Fuels—Processing and Technology Vitrification Testing and Demonstration for the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant 3 J.M. Perez, Jr., S.M. Barnes, E.V. Morrey, S. Kelly, Jr., and L Petkus Bubbling as a Means to Enhance Joule Heated Ceramic Melter Production Rates for Vitrifying Radioactive Wastes 21 B.W. Bowan, II, R. Meigs, and E.C. Smith High Level Waste Processing Experience with Increased Waste Loadings 31 C.M. Jantzen, A.D. Cozzi, and N.E. Bibler DWPF Glass Air-Lift Pump Life Cycle Testing and Plant Implementation 51 M.E. Smith, A.B. Barnes, D.F. Bickford, K.J. Imrich, D.C. Iverson, and H.N. Guerrero Corrosion Resistance of Metal Electrodes in an Iron Phosphate Melt 59 C.W. Kim, D. Zhu, and D.E. Day Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) of Organic and Nitrate Containing Salt Supernate 69 C.M. Jantzen Steam Reformation of Sodium Bearing Waste: Pros & Cons 81 D.D. Siemer ANSTO's Waste Form Research and Development Capabilities 91 E.R. Vance, B.D. Begg, R.A. Day, S. Moricca, D.S. Perera, M.W.A. Stewart, M.L. Carter, P.J. McGlinn, and K.L. Smith Stabilization of Arsenic-Bearing Iron Hydroxide Solid Wastes in Polymeric Matrices 99 F. Rengifo, B. Garbo, A. Quach, W.P. Ela, A.E. Sez, C. Franks, B.J.J. Zelinski, D.P. Birnie, III, H. Smith, and G. Smith Effect of Thermal Treatment Conditions on Microstructure and Composition of High Temperature Reactor Fuel Kernel 109 F. Charollais, A. Duhart, P. Felines, P. Guillermier, and C. Perrais Glass Waste Forms—Modelling, Properties, and Testing Predicting Phase Equilibria of Spinel-Forming Constituents in Waste Glass Systems 121 T.M. Besmann, N.S. Kulkarni, K.E. Spear, and J.D. Vienna Liquidus Temperature and One Percent Crystal Content Models for Initial Hanford HLW Glasses 133 J.D. Vienna, T.B. Edwards, J.V. Crum, D.S. Kim, and D.K. Peeler Dependency of Sulfate Solubility on Melt Composition and Melt Polymerization 141 C.M. Jantzen, M.E. Smith, and D.K. Peeler Evaluation of Glass from The DWPF Melter 153 A.D. Cozzi and N.E. Bibler Redox Activity of Rhenium in Silicate Glasses 163 H.D. Schreiber, C.W. Schreiber, and A.M. Swink Analysis of Defense Waste Processing Facility Products with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 171 F.-Y. Yueh, H. Zheng, J.P. Singh, and W.G Ramsey The Structural Chemistry of Molybdenum in Model High Level Nuclear Waste Glasses, Investigated by MO K-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 179 N.C. Hyatt, R.J. Short, R.J. Hand, W.E. Lee, F. Livens, J.M. Charnock, and R.L. Bilsborrow Ceramic Waste Forms—Formulation and Testing Alpha Decay Damage in Ceramic Waste Forms—Microstructural Aspect 191 J.-F. Jue, T.P. O'Holleran, S.M. Frank, and S.G. Johnson Charge Compensation in Ca(La)Ti03 Solid Solutions 199 E.R.Vance, B.D. Begg, J.V. Hanna, V. Luca, J.H. Hadley, and F.H. Hsu Hollandite Ceramics: Effect of Composition on Melting Temperature 207 M.L. Carter, E.R. Vance, D.J. Cassidy, H. Li, and D.R.G Mitchell Chemical Durability of Iron-Substituted Hollandite Ceramics for Cesium Immobilization 217 F. Bart, G Leturcq, and H. Rabiller Titanate Ceramics for Immobilization of U-Rich Wastes 225 E.R. Vance, M.L. Carter, S. Moricca, and T.L. Eddowes Waste Form Development for the Solidification of PDCF/MOX Liquid Waste Streams 233 A.D. Cozzi and C.A. Langton Solidification of Sodium Bearing Waste Using Hydroceramic and Portland Cement Binders 243 Y. Bao and M.W. Grutzeck Grout Formulations For Closing Hanford High-Level Waste Tanks—Bench-Scale Study 253 T.H. Loner, D.H. Miller, J.R. Harbour, C.A. Langton, and W.L. Mhyre Chemical Solution Deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 Thin Films 261 M.D. Losego and J.-P. Maria Author Index 269 Keyword Index 270

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Book SynopsisThe number of ceramic materials with a perovskite type structure is large and of considerable technological importance due to their rich crystal chemistry and structure-property relationships. Applications include multilayer capacitators, piezoelectric transducers, PTC thermistors, electrooptical modulators, optical switches, dielectric resonators, thick film resistors, electronic sensors, electrorestrictive actuators, magnetic bubble memory devices, laser host materials, ferromagnetic materials, refractory electrodes, second harmonic generators, batteries, ceramic electrodes, thermoelectric devices, and high temperature superconductors. This volume contains papers on the research and development of new perovskite materials for various applications including doping of existing perovskite materials as well as processing for improved properties.Table of ContentsPreface vii Novel Applications of Perovskite Materials Bismuth-Based Perovskite Structure Solid Solutions with Ferroelectric Morphotropic Phase Boundaries for Piezoelectric Applications 3 L.E. Cross and J.Cheng The Wagon Wheel Transducer as a Vector Sensor and a Directional Projector 17 A.-C. Hladky-Hennion, J.K. Cochran, Jr., R. Meyer, D.C. Markley, and R.E. Newnham Effect of Cathode Materials on the Performance of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Module 39 F. Dogan, T. Suzuki, P. Jasinski, and H.U. Anderson Perovskite Type Buffers for YBCO Coated Conductors 49 M.P. Paranthaman, T. Aytug, H.Y. Zhai, A.A. Gapud, P.M. Martin, K.J. Leonard, A. Goyal, and D.K. Christen Polarization Dynamics Over Broad Time and Field Domains in Modified Ferroelectrics 59 C. Jullian, J. Li, and D. Viehland Ba(ZrxTi1-x)O3:MgO Composites for Field and Frequency Tunable Applications 67 G Y. Li, E. Alberta, Z. Yu, R. Guo, and A.S. Bhalla Processing, Texture and Grain Boundaries in Perovskites Microstructural Aspects of Inclined Substrate Deposition Templates for Coated Conductors 79 D.J. Miller, S. Trasobares, R. Koritala, B. Ma, K. Uprety, and U. Balachandran Twins in Superconducting Melt-textured Grown Y-Ba-Cu-O as Related to Critical Current Densities 87 S.-W. Chan and L. Mei Characterization of Lanthanum Chromite Powders Obtained by Combustion Reaction 93 A. Franco, Jr. and C.GV. Neto The Effect of Processing Conditions on the Dielectric Properties of Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate Ceramics 101 B.A. Bender and M.-J. Pan An Investigation of Electric Field-Induced Microcracking and Toughening in Piezoelectric Crystals 111 Z. Xu and Y. Zhang Crystal Chemical and Physical Related Issues, Synthesis and Crystal Growth Homogeneity Region and Crystal Structure of Sr and Mg Containing LaGaO3 at Temperatures between 1100°C and 1500°C in Air 121 P. Majewski, M. Rozumek, and F. Aldinger Phase Equilibria of the Lead-Magnesium-Titanate and Lead-Niobium-Titanate Systems at 1000°C and 1 atm 139 R. Mangham and W.T. Petusky Ferroelectric Behavior in the Aurivillius Phase Bi3Ti1.5W0.5O9 151 N. C. Hyatt and K. S. Knight Electric Field-Induced Intersections of 90° Domain Walls in Tetragonal Ferroelectric Crystals 161 X. Tan and J.-K. Shang Structural Transformations in Bismuth Titanates 171 S. Mallick, K.J. Bowman, E.B. Slamovich, A.H. King and J.L. Jones Dielectric Property of Oxynitride Perovskites Containing Ta5+ 179 Y.-I. Kim and P. M. Woodward High Energy Density Ferroelectric Glass-Ceramics 187 M.-J. Pan, M. Lanagan, B.A. Bender, and C.-T. Cheng Incongruent Vaporization of AgNbO3 195 L.P. Cook, W. Wong-Ng, and Z. Yang Author Index 207 Keyword Index 208

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Book SynopsisIn a relatively short time, the field of nanostructured materials has expanded from a novel area of research to a technology with a significant and rapidly growing commercial sector. This proceedings contains papers on the following topics: Synthesis and Processing of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Assemblies; Fabrication and Properties of Nanocomposites; Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials; and Industrial Development and Applications of Nanomaterials. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 148.Table of ContentsPreface. SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSTRUCTURED ASSEMBLIES. Structural and Optical Properties of CdSe Nanoparticles Prepared by Mechanical and Chemical Alloying (G.L. Tan, U. Hommerich, D. Temple and G. Loutts). Nano-Sized Silicon Nitride Powder Synthesis via Ammonolysis of SiO Vapor (P. Vongpayabal and S. Kimura). Ambient Condition Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 (X. Wang, B.I. Lee, M.Z. Hu, E.A. Payzant and D.A. Blom). Ferroelectric Lithography of Multicomponent Nanostructure (X. Lei, S. Kalinin, Z. Hu and D.A. Bonnell). Influence of Additives on the Formation of Thin ZnO Films on Self-Assembled Monolayers (R.C. Hoffmann, J. Bill and F. Aldinger). Fabrication of Metallic Nanocrystal Arrays for Nanoscale Nonlinear Optics (A.B. Hmelo, M.D. McMahon, R. Lopez, R.H. Magruder, R.A. Weller, F.R. Haglund Jr. and L.C. Feldman). FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES. Carbon Nanotubes-Ceramic Composites (E. Flahaut, S. Rul, F. Lefèvre-Schlick, Ch. Laurent and A. Peigney). Plasma Reaction Synthesis of Alumina-Aluminum Oxynitride Nanocomposite Powders (S. Balasubramanian, R.K. Sadangi, V. Shukla, B.H. Kear and D.E. Niesz). Nanophase Decomposition in Plasma Sprayed ZrO2(Y2O3)/Al2O3 Coatings (F. Liu, F. Cosandey, X. Zhou and B.H. Kear). Raman Image of the SiC Fibers Nanostructure (M. Havel and P. Colomban). Structure of Nanocrystalline BN and BN/C Coatings on SiC (L. Chen, H. Ye, Y. Gogotsi and M.J. McNallan). Preparation of Iron Oxide and Iron Oxide/Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles via Water-in-Oil Microemulsion (X. Bao, M. Lin, H.Z. Koh and Q. Zhang). CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS. Synthesis of Si-Based Nanowires (K. Saulig-Wenger, D. Cornu, P. Miele, F. Chassagneux, S. Parola and T. Epicier). Characterization of Nanometer-Scale Columnar and Low-Density Boundary Network Structures in Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films (E. Iwamura). Properties of Transparent Conducting Coatings (TCO) Made by Chemical Nanotechnology Process (M.A. Aegerter, N. Al-Dahoudi and A. Solieman). Microstructure of N-Implanted Ti Thin Films Prepared by Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition (S. Muraishi and T. Aizawa). Novel Nanotechnology of Usable Superconductor Ceramics (A.E. Rokhvarger and L.A. Chigirinsky). INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS. Ceramic Nanoparticle Technologies for Ceramics and Composites (H. Schmidt, F. Tabellion, K.-P. Schmitt and P.-W. Oliveira). The Commercialization of Nanomaterials (E.G. Ludwig). Panel Discussion: Commercialization of Nanomaterials (S.W. Lu). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains a collection of 40 papers from two symposia: Advanced Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices and High Strain Piezoelectric Materials, Devices and Applications. Topics include fundamental and historical perspectives of dielectric materials; relaxor materials and devices; high strain piezoelectric devices; advanced aspects of powder preparation, characterization, and properties; thin films; materials for low and high frequency applications; processing-structure-property-relationships; and future applications. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, 2003, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 150.Table of ContentsDESIGN AND PREPARATION OF MATERIALS. The Role of Crystal Chemistry in the Design of Dielectric Materials (W.B. White). Computer Simulation of P-E Curves on Non-Linear Dielectrics (T. Tsurumi, S.-M. Nam, Y. Kubota, H. Kakemoto, S. Wada and Y.-K. Choi). The Effect of Processing Conditions on the Porosity and Electrical Properties of IBLC Materials (S.J. Lombardo, R.V. Shende and D.S. Krueger). Optimizing the Performance of Telescoping Actuators through Rapid Prototyping and Finite Element Modeling (M.-J. Pan, A. Leung, C.C.M. Wu, B.A. Bender and R.J. Rayne). A Probability Approach to Percolation (D.C. Maybury and R.A. Gerhardt). Effects of the Gallium Modifications on BiFeO3-PbTiO3 Crystalline Solutions (J. Cheng, N. Li and L.E. Cross). Characterization of Hydroxyl Content of Hydrothermal Barium Titanate Films (S. Patil, N. Shah, F.D. Blum and M.N. Rahaman). Dispersion and Ultra-Fine Grinding of Oxide Powders in an Aqueous Slurry with a Controlled Viscosity (D. Houivet and J.-M. Haussonne). Production of Soda Feldspar-TiO2 Ozonizer by Direct Extrusion (E. Rocha, M. Rodríguez, R. Hernández, A. Altamirano and J. Hernández-Avila). Characterization of BaTiO3 Powders by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (Y. Fujikawa, F. Yamane, T. Nomura and Y. Kitano). Growth by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Ferroelectric Property of Natural-Superlattice-Structured Ferroelectric Thin Films by Bi4Ti3O12-SrBi4Ti4O15 and Bi3TiNbO9Bi4Ti3O12 (M. Okuyama, A. Shibuya and M. Noda). Seeded Growth of Strontium-Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate (I. Dutta and R.N. Singh). Characterization of High Curie Temperature Piezocrystals in Doped Pb(Yb1/2Na1/2TiO3-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics made by Reactive Templated Grain Growth Method (T. Kimura, E. Fukuchi, T. Takahashi and T. Tani). Factors Determining Crystallographic Texture in Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics Made by Reactive Templated Grain Growth Method (T. Kimura, E. Fukuchi, T. Takahashi and T. Tani). Mid-Permittivity Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Based on CaTiO3-REAlO3 (RE=La, Nd, Sm) Perovskite Solid Solutions (B. Jancar, D. Suvorov and M. Valant). MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. Microstructural Evolution of Bulk Composite Ferroelectrics and its Effect on the Microwave Properties (J. Synowczynski, S.G. Hirsch, B.L. Gersten and R. Geyer). Effect of Nb Content on the Structure and Electrical Properties of Nb-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics (V.M. Mitic, Lj.M. Zivkovic, V.V. Paunovic and B. Jordovic). Dielectric Properties of NM-Sized Barium Titanate Crystallites with Various Particle Sizes (S. Wada, H. Yasuno, T. Hoshina, S.-M. Nam, H. Kakemoto and T. Tsurumi). Structural Evolution, Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Modified BiFeO3-PbTiO3 Piezoelectrics (J. Cheng, R. Eitel, N. Li and L.E. Cross). Microwave Properties of Acceptor-Doped Barium Strontium Titanate Thin Films for Tunable Electronic Devices (R.G. Geyer and M.W. Cole). Temperature and Stoichiometry Effect on Microstructural and Ferroelectric Properties of Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Solution Deposition (C.R. Foschini, J.F. Li, C.T.A. Suchicital, D. Viehland, B.D. Stojanovic and J.A. Varela). Piezoelectric Properties of Nb and V Substituted Bi4Ti3O12 Ferroelectric Ceramics (H. Nagata, Y. Fujita, H. Enosawa and T. Takenaka). Orientation Dependence of Resistivity in Anisotropic Ceramic Composites (D.S. Mebane and R.A. Gerhardt). Electrical Properties of Al2O3-CeO2 Composites (R. Ou, R.A. Gerhardt, D. Semler-Rosenthal and R.A. McCauley). Finite Element Analysis of Current Density Patterns in Conductor-Insulator Composites (A. Trimurty Jue and R.A. Gerhardt). The Effect of Lead Stoichiometry on the Dielectric Performance of Niobium Modified PZT 95/5 Ceramics (P. Yang, J.A. Voigt, S.J. Lockwood, M.A. Rodriguez, G.R. Burns and C.S. Watson). Dielectric Tunability of Microwave Sintered BST:MgO Composites (S. Agrawal, H. Manuspiya, R. Guo, D. Agrawal and A.S. Bhalla). ELECTRONIC DEVICES: DESIGN AND PROPERTIES. Effect of Rheological Parameters of Conductor Pastes on Thick Film Fine Line Screen Printing (S.-H. Hung, K.-F. Fuh and T.-W. Chen). The Application of Neural Network on Design of Experiment for Fine Line Screen Printing Process (K.-C. Chiu and J.-T. Lin). Upper Frequency Limits of Piezoelectric Resonators (A. Ballato). Recent Developments in Low-Fired Piezoelectric Ceramic Multilayer Transformer (L. Li, X. Chu and Z. Gui). Microwave Cofiring of Base Metal Electrode Multilayer Capacitors (Y. Fang, D. Agrawal, M. Lanagan, T. Shrout, C. Randall, M. Randall and A. Henderson). The Inner Electrode Structure of Optimization of High Voltage MLCCS (Z. Gui, Y. Wang and L. Li). Face-Loaded Piezoceramic Plate Transducers (A. Ballato). High Strain PNN-PT-PZ Piezoceramics and Applications to Multilayer Actuators (K. Niwa, M. Kondo, M. Hida and K. Kurihara). Gelatin-Modified Surfaces in Selected Electronic Components (S. Pejovnik, M. Bele, M. Gaberscek, R. Dominko, J. Drofenik and J. Jamnik). Multimode Underwater Transducers (R.E. Newnham, D.C. Markley, R.J. Meyer Jr., W.J. Hughes, A.-C. Hladky-Hennion and J.K. Cochran Jr.). Pre-Stressed Circular Actuators (K. Mossi and R.G. Bryant). Radial Field Diaphragm Piezoelectric Pumps (R.G. Bryant, D.L. Chattin, R.A. Thomas Jr. and L.M. Pietruszka). High Performance Pre-Stressed Piezoelectric Bender Actuator for Digital Valves (G. Waterfield).

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Book SynopsisIn today's world of increasingly stringent environmental regulations, it is critical to identify and adequately address environmental issues in the ceramic industry to ensure success. In addition, ceramics and glasses play a critical role in the nuclear industry. Nuclear fuels and waste forms for low-level and high-level radioactive, mixed, and hazardous wastes are primarily either ceramic of glass. Effective and responsible environmental stewardship is becoming increasingly more important in the world. These proceedings detail the results of the ongoing effort in these areas. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 155.Table of ContentsCeramics For Waste or Nuclear Applications. Uranium Valences in Perovskite CaTiO3 (E.R. Vance, M.L. Carter, Z. Zhang, K.S. Finnie, S.J. Thomson, B.D. Begg). Iron-Substituted Barium Hollandite Ceramics for Cesium Immobilization (F. Bart, G. Leturcq, H. Rabiller). Hollandite-Rich Titanate Ceramics Prepared by Melting in Air (M.L. Carter, E.R. Vance, H. Li). Hyperfine Interaction Study of Short Range Order in Zircon (H. Jaeger, K. Pletzke, J.M. Hanchar). Scale-Up of Lithium Aluminate Pellet Manufacturing with a Flowable Powder (G. Hollenberg, L. Bagaassen, R. Kurosky, D. Tonn, W. Carty). Melter Processing and Process Monitoring. Laboratory Measurement of Glass Melting Rate (D.F. Bickford). Analysis of Feed Melting Processes (J. Matyas, P. Hrma, D.-S. Kim). Electron Equivalents Redox Model for High Level Waste Vitrification (C.M. Jantzen, D.C. Koopman, C.C. Herman, J.B. Pickett, J.R. Zamecnik). Sulfate Retention during Waste Glass Melting (P. Hrma, J.D. Vienna, W.C. Buchmiller, J.S. Ricklefs). The Characterization and Dissolution of High Level Waste Calcine in Alkali Borosilicate Glass (S. Morgan, P.B. Rose, R.J. Hand, N.C. Hyatt, W.E. Lee, C.R. Scales). Summary of Results from 786-A Minimelter Run with Marcobatch 3 (Sludge Batch 2) Baseline Feed Using Frit 320 (M.E. Smith, D.H. Miller). Numerical Models of Waste Glass Melters Part I-Lumped Parameter Analysis of DWPF (H.N. Guerrero, D.F. Bickford). Numerical Models of Waste Glass Melters Part II-Computational Modeling of DWPF (H.N. Guerrero, D.F. Bickford, H. Naseri-Neshat). Tailored Electrical Driving as a Means of Controlling Heat Distribution and Convection Patterns in Joule-Heated Waste Glass Melters (J.A. Fort, D.L. Lessor). Effects of Poly(Acrylic Acid) on the Rheological Properties of Aqueous Melter Feed Slurries for Nuclear Waste Vitrification (H. Zhao, I.S. Muller, I.L. Pegg). Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Monitoring of Refractory Walls (B. Varghese, R. Zoughi, C. DeConink, M. Velez, R. Moore). Combustion Control Experimentations at a Pilot Scale Glass Furnace (S. Keyvan, R.A. Rossow, M. Velez, W.L. Headrick, R.E. Moore, C. Romero). Waste Vitrification Programs. Completion of the Vitrification Campaign at the West Valley Demonstration Project (R.A. Palmer, H.M. Houston, A.J. Misercola). Review of the French Vitrification Program (R. Do Quang, P. Mougnard, C. Ladirat, A. Prodhomme). Examination of DWPF Melter Materials After 8 Years of Service (D.C. Iverson, K.J. Imrich, D.F. Bickford, J.T. Gee, C.F. Jenkins, F.M. Heckendorn). Testing to Demonstrate Regulatory Compliance of Glass Waste Forms for Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes at the Hanford Site (D.B. Blumenkranz, S. Kelly, D.J. Swanberg, C.A. Musick). Cold Crucible Induction-Heated Melter Test Results with Surrogate DOE High-Level Wastes (C.C. Herman, D.F. Bickford, D.K. Peeler, R. Goles, J.D. Vienna, A. Aloy, S. Stafanovsky, D. Gombert, J. Richardson). Crucible-Scale Vitrification Studies with Hanford Tank AZ-102 High Sulfate-Containing Low Activity Waste (C.L. Crawford, R.F. Schumacher, D.M. Ferrara, N.E. Bibler). Glass Formulation and Property Models. Preliminary Glass Development and Testing for In-Container Vitrification of Hanford Low-Activity Waste (J.D. Vienna, D.-S. Kim, M.J. Schweiger, P. Hrma, J. Matyás, J.V. Crum, D.E. Smith). Evaluation of Melt Rate through Higher Waste Loading (T.H. Lorier, P.S. McGrier). Spinel Crystallization in HLW Glass Melts: Cation Exchange Systematics and the Role of Rh2O3 in Spinel Formation (S. Annamalai, H. Gan, M. Chaudhuri, W.K. Kot, I.L. Pegg). Composition Effects on the Vapor Hydration of Waste Glasses (A.C. Buechele, F. Lofaj, I.S. Muller, C.T.F. Mooers, I.L. Pegg). Glass Composition-TCLP Response Model for Waste Glasses (D.-S. Kim, J.D. Vienna). Alternate Waste Forms and Processes. Iron Phosphate Glass for Immobilization of Hanford LAW (C.W. Kim, D. Zhu, D.E. Day, D.-S. Kim, J.D. Vienna, D.K. Peeler, T.E. Day, T. Neidt). Characterization and Performance of Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) Product as a Final Waste Form (C.M. Jantzen). Microstructure of Emulsion-Based Polymeric Waste Forms for Encapsulating Low-Level, Radioactive and Toxic Metal Wastes (R. Evans, A. Quach, G. Xia, B.J. Zelinski, W.P. Ela, D.P. Birnie III, A.E. Sáez, H.D. Smith, G.L. Smith). Leach Resistance of Encapsulated Salts in Polymeric Waste Forms Fabricated Using an Aqueous-Based Route (A. Quach, G. Xia, R. Evans, A.E. Sáez, B.J. Zelinski, H. Smith, G. Smith, D.P. Birnie III, W.P. Ela). Thermal Processing Optimization for Simulated Hanford Waste Glass (AZ 101) (A. Giordana, W.G. Ramsey, T.F. Meaker, B. Kauffman, M. McCarthy, K. Guilbeau, J.D. Smith, F.S. Miller, T. Sanders, E.W. Bohannan, J. Powell, M. Reich, J. Jordan, L. Ventre, R.E. Barletta, A.A. Ramsey, G. Maise, B. Manowitz, M. Steinberg, F. Salzano). Aging Behavior of a Sodalite Based Ceramic Waste Form (J.F. Jue, S.M. Frank, T.P. OHolleran, T.L. Barber, S.G. Johnson, K.M. Goff, W. Sinkler). Process for Selective Removal and Concentration of Actinides and Heavy Metals from Water by B.P. Kiran, A.W. Apblett).

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Book SynopsisIndentation techniques have become widely used in the characterization of brittle solids due to their simplicity, cost effectiveness, rapidness, and maybe most importantly, the indenter itself can be used as a mechanical microprobe in thin films, interfaces, grain boundaries, and nanocomposites. The papers in these proceedings cover measurement techniques, reliability of, and problems associated with this testing method. Also included is the application of nano-indentation technique, as a new frontier in brittle solids characterization, e.g., thin film and nano-composite materials. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 156.Table of ContentsIndentation Techniques in Ceramic Materials Characterization. Accuracy of Empirical Formulae to Measure the Toughness of Transformation-Toughened Ceramics - How Accurate Do You Need Your KIC? (A.G. Solomah). Vickers Indentation: A Powerful Tool for the Analysis of Fatigue Behavior on Glasses (V.M. Sglavo and M. Bertoldi). Nano-Indentation as a Complimentary Method to XRD and RCA for Calculating Residual Stress in Thin Films (W.D. Nothwang, C. Hubbard, E. Ngo and M.W. Cole). Strength Degradation from Contact Fatigue in Dental Crown Composites (D.Y. Lee, S.-J. Lee, I.-S. Park, D.-J. Kim and B.-Y. Kim). Application of Focused Ion Beam Miller in Indentation Fracture Characterization (R.J. Moon, Z.-H. Xie, M. Hoffman, P.R. Munroe and Y.-B. Cheng). Local T/M Phase Amount Determination in the Vicinity of Indentations and Scratches in Zirconia (M.T. Dorn and K.G. Nickel). Investigation of the Creep Behavior of a Ceramic-based Composite Using Nanoindentation Testing of the Creeping Constituent (R. Goodall, A. Kahl, T.W. Clyne and J.A. Fernie). An Experimental Assessment of Using Crack-Opening Displacements to Determine Indentation Toughness from Vickers Indents (J.J. Kruzic and R.O. Ritchie). Combined Nanoindentation Technique and Acoustic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Float Glass Surface (O. Goodman and B. Derby). Microindentation of Thermal Barrier Coatings Using High-Temperature Displacement Sensitive Indenter (C.-H. Kim, A.H. Heuer and B.D. Kernan). Residual Stress Bend Effect Due to Diamond-Tip Scribing of an Al2O3-TiC Composite Ceramic (B.W. Austin, T. Randall and R.O. Scattergood). Ductile Grinding of Brittle Materials (R.O. Scattergood). Nano-Compression of Carbon Micro-Balloons with a Flat-Ended Cylindrical Indenter (G. Gouadec, K. Carlisle, K.K. Chawla, M.C. Koopman, G.M. Gladysz and M. Lewis). Open Forum: Vickers Indentation Technique - Problems and Solutions (A.G. Solomah).

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Book SynopsisThe focus of this collection is on recent research and development related to a variety of sensor technologies as well as the latest advances concerning the synthesis and characterization of dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials.Table of ContentsEMERGING SENSOR TECHNOLOGY BASED ON ELECTROCERAMICS. Zirconia-Based Gas Sensors Using Oxide Sensing Electrode for Monitoring NOx in Car Exhaust (N. Miura, J. Wang, M. Nakatou, P. Elumalai, S. Zhuiykov, D. Terada, T. Ono). Interfacial Processes of Ion Conducting Ceramic Materials for Advanced Chemical Sensors (W. Weppner). Metal-Oxide Based Toxic Gas Sensors (D.D. Lee, N.J. Choi). Thermally Stable Mesoporous SnO2 and TiO2 Powders for Semi-Conductor Gas Sensor Application (Y. Shimizu, M. Egashira). DC Electrical-Biased, All-Oxide NOX Sensing Elements for Use at 873 K (D. West, F. Montgomery, T. Armstrong). Photo-Deactivated Room Temperature Hydrogen Gas Sensitivity of Nanocrystalline Doped-Tin Oxide Sensor (S. Shukla, R. Agrawal, J. Duarte, H. Cho, S. Seal, L. Ludwig). PTCR-CO Ceramics as Chemical Sensors (Z.-G. Zhou, Z.-L. Tang, Z.-T. Zhang). Full Range Dynamic Study of Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors (D.Y. Wang, E. Detwiler). ADVANCED DIELECTRIC, PIEZOELECTRIC AND FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS. Advanced Dielectric Materials Phenomena. Dielectric Properties of nm-Sized Barium Titanate Fine Particles and Their Size Dependence (S. Wada, T. Hoshina, H. Yasuno, M. Ohishi, H. Kakemoto, T. Tsurumi, M. Yashima). The Effect of Starting Powders on the Giant Dielectric Properties of the Perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12 by B. Bender, M.-J. Pan Dielectric and Microstructural Properties of Ba(Ti1-XZrX)O3 Thin Films on Copper Substrates (J.F. Ihlefeld, J.-P. Maria, W. Borland). Effect of A-Site Substitutions on the Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Bismuth Sodium Titanate-Based Ceramics Exhibiting Morphotropic Phase Boundary (R. Vintila, G. Mendoza-Suarez, J.A. Kozinski, R.A.L. Drew). High Q (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Interdigitated Capacitors Fabricated on Low Cost Polycrystalline Alumina Substrates with Copper Metallization (D. Ghosh, B. Laughlin, J. Nath, A.I. Kingon, M.B. Steer, J.-P. Maria). Microwave Dielectric Materials. Ionic Distribution and Microwave Dielectric Properties for Tungstenbronze-Type Like Ba6-3XR8+2XTi18O54 ( R = Sm, Nd and La ) Solid Solutions (H. Ohsato, M. Suzuki, K. Kakimoto). Crystal Structure Analysis of Homologous Compounds ALa4Ti4O15 (A=Ba, Sr and Ca) and Their Microwave Dielectric Properties (Y. Tohdo, K. Kakimoto, H. Ohsato, T. Okawa, H. Okabe). Effects of Ionic Radii and Polarizability on the Microwave Dielectric Properties of Forsterite Solid Solutions (T. Sugiyama, H. Ohsato, T. Tsunooka, K. Kakimoto). Microwave Characterization of Calcium Fluoride in the Temperature Range 15-300K (M.V. Jacob, J. Mazierska, J. Krupka). High-Quality 2 Inch La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 Crystals for Oscillators and Resonators (C.F. Klemenz, J. Luo, D. Shah). Growth of LaAlO3 Single Crystal by Floating Zone Method and its Microwave Properties (S. Suzuki, H. Ohsato, K.-I. Kakimoto, T. Shimada, K. Sasaki, H. Saka). General Topics in Electronic Ceramics. Effects of Niobium Addition on Microstructural and Electrical Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Solid Solution (PZT 95/5) (P. Yang, J.A. Voigt, M.A. Rodriguez, R.H. Moore, G.R. Burns). Enhanced Density and Piezoelectric Anisotropy in High Tc PbNb2O6 Based Ferroelectric Ceramics (D. Garcia, M. Venet, A. Vendramini, J.A. Eiras, F. Guerrero). Electrical Properties of Quaternary Pyrochlore Ruthenates for Thick-Film Resistors (K. Yokoyama, K. Kakimoto, H. Ohsato, J. Kinoshita, Y. Maeda). Measurement of Complex Permittivity of Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic at Cryogenic Temperatures (M.V. Jacob, J. Mazierska, M. Bialkowski).

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Book SynopsisThe use of ceramics in biological environments and biomedical applications is of increasing importance, as is the understanding of how biology works with minerals to develop strong materials. Specific information about biomimetics, and processing, performance and interactions of materials for biomedical applications is presented in this collection.Table of ContentsPROCESSING OF BIOMATERIALS. Preparation and Bioactive Characteristics of Porous Borate Glass Substrates (M.N. Rahaman, W. Liang, D.E. Day, N.W. Marion, G.C. Reilly, J.J. Mao). Processing of Thermally Sprayed Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) Coatings on Bioresorbable Polymer Implants (M. Baccalaro, R. Gadow, A. Killinger, K. v. Niessen). Synthesis and Sintering Studies of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Powders Doped with Magnesium and Zinc (H. Bhatt, S.J. Kalita). Sequence Specific Morphological Control Over the Formation of Germanium Oxide During Peptide Mediated Synthesis (M.B. Dickerson, Y. Cai, K.H. Sandhage, R.R. Naik, M.O. Stone). Synthesis of Nano-Size Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Powders by Mechanical Alloying (S.J. Hong, H. Bhatt, C. Suryanarayana, S.J. Kalita). Dry High Speed Milling as a New Machining Technology of Ceramics for Biomedical and Other Applications (A. Georgiadis, E. Sergeev). BIOMATERIALS, PERFORMANCE AND TESTING. Nanoceramics Intercalated with Gd-DTPA for Potential Imaging of Systems In Vivo (S.-Y. Kwak, W.M. Kriven, R.B. Clarkson, B.J. Tucker, R.L. Belford). Nanophase Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium for Improved Osteoblast Functions (M. Sato, M.A. Sambito, A. Aslani, N.M. Kalkhoran, E.B. Slamovich, T.J. Webster). A Comparative Evaluation of Orthopaedic Cements in Human Whole Blood (N. Axén, N.-O. Ahnfelt, T. Persson, L. Hermansson, J. Sanchez, R. Larsson). Self-Setting Orthopedic Cement Compositions Based on CaHPOX4 Additions to Calcium Sulphate by J.N. Swaintek, C.J. Han, A.C. Tas, S.B. Bhaduri Adhesive Strength of the Apatite Layer Formed on TiO2 Nanoparticles/High Density Polyethylene Composites (M. Hashimoto, H. Takadama, M. Mizuno, T. Kokubo). Effect of Reinforcements on Properties of Self-Setting Calcium Phosphate Cement (N.C. Bhorkar, W.M. Kriven). The Bioactivity of PDMS-CaO-SiO2 Based Hybrid Materials Prepared by the Addition of Transition Metal Alkoxides (M. Fukushima, E. Yasuda, H. Kita, M. Shimizu, Y. Hoshikawa, Y. Tanabe). In Vitro Comparison of the Apatite Inducing Ability of Three Different SBF Solutions on Tiz6A14V (S. Jalota, A.C. Tas, S.B. Bhaduri). In Situ and Long Term Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate Cement Behavior in Animal Experiment (M. Mukaida, M. Neo, T. Nakamura, Y. Mizuta, Y. Ikeda, M. Mizuno). Resorption Rate Tunable Bioceramic: Si&Zn-Modified Tricacium Phosphate (X. Wei, M. Akinc). DENTAL CERAMICS. Microleakage of a Dental Restorative Material Based on Biominerals (H. Engqvist, E. Abrahamsson, J. Lööf, L. Hermansson). A Comparative Study of the Microstructure-Property Relationship in Human Adult and Baby Teeth (I.M. Low, N. Duraman, J. Fulton, N. Tezuka, I.J. Davies).

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Book SynopsisThis conference proceeding includes 18 papers.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements x Advanced Feeder Control Using Fast Simulation Models 1Oscar Verheijen, Olaf Op den Camp, Ruud Beerkens, Ton Back, and Leo Huisman Application of IR-Sensors in Container Glass Forming Process 11Joop Dalstra Transmitted and Reflected Distortion of Float and Laminated Glass 25Ulrich Pingel and Peter Ackroyd Inspection: Going Beyond Just Finding Defects 37Christian von Ah Quality and Glass Production Improvements Through Statistical Process Control at Fevisa in Mexico 45Jesus A. Ponce de Leon and Juan Rafael Silva-Garcia Application of Microwaves in Glass Conditioning 63Peter Vilk The Development of the Emhart Glass 340 Forehearth 71John McMinn New Developments in Stirrer Technology 81Duncan R. Coupland and Paul Williams Spinel Refractories and Glass Melting 91Chris Windle Getting Fired Up with Synthetic Silicates 107John Hockman Tall Crown Glass Furnace Technology for Oxy-Fuel Firing 113H. Kobayashi, K. T. Wu, G. B. Tuson, and F. Dumoulin A Designer's Insight Into All-Electric Melting 131Carl W. Hibscher, Peter R. H. Davies, Michael P. Davies, and Douglas H. Davis Lessons Learned in Developing the Glass Furnace Model 145Brian Golchert The SORG@ VSM@ All-Electric Melter for 180TIDay Container Glass Design, Installation and First Experience 155Matthias Lindig and Jan De Wind The US. Glass Industry-Moving in New Directions 163Michael Greenman Joining Organic Materials with Inorganic Glass-Future Composite? 171John T. Brown Challenges to the US Glass Industry: Will the US Manufacture Glass in 2020? 181Warren W. Woll

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Book SynopsisSince the beginning of the nanotechnology era, research and development in this field has experienced an explosive growth in academia and industry. Topics covered in this book include synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, nanoscale phenomena in electronic ceramics, nanostructured bioceramics, industrial development and application, and much more.Table of ContentsNanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology. Multi-Scale Agglomerates Synthesis by Homogeneous Precipitation (M.K. Mekki Berrada, F. Gruy, T. Kuntzsch, M.Cournil). Characterization and Properties of Calcium Silicate Hydrates Nanocomposites (S.C. Mojumdar, L. Raki). Grain Growth Of Sol-Gel Derived Tin Oxide Nanoparticles And The Effects Of Platinum Doping (Y. Tang, M.R. DeGuire). Nanotechnology for Neutralization of Terrorist Explosives (A.W. Apblett, B.P. Kiran, S. Malka, N.F. Materer, A. Piquette). Chemical-Solution Deposition Of Hafnia Films On Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers: Part I - Film Characterization (M.Z. Hu, A.C. DeBaillie, Y. Wei, G.E. Jellison). Chemical-Solution Deposition Of Hafnia Films On Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers: Part II - Precipitation Behavior In Bulk Solutions (M.Z. Hu, A.C. DeBaillie, Y. Wei, G.E. Jellison). Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Nano-Sized Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (YAG) Powders (J. He, A. Bell). Growth of Tube-like B-N Compounds by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) (L. Guo, R.N. Singh, H.J. Kleebe). Incorporation of Nano Materials in Random Hole Optical Fibers (N.J. Manjooran, G.R. Pickrell). High Shear Casting of Nanoparticulate TiO2 (N. Venugopal, R.A. Haber, S.M. Augustine, R.D. Skala). Preparation Of ZrO2 Nanoparticles And Nanostructured Coatings Via Modified Emulsion Precipitation (J. Shi, H. Verweij). Dye Sensitised Solar Cells: A Comparative Study Using Different Nanocrystalline-Titania (C.S. Karthikeyan, M. Thelakkatb, M. Willert-Poradaa). Synthesis and Densification Studies of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Ceramics (S. Qiu, S.J. Kalita). Molecular Routes to One Dimensional Nanostructures (S. Mathur, H. Shen). Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Nanowires from a Mixture of CaCO3 and Si Powders (M. Bechelany, D. Cornu, F. Chassagneux, S. Bernard, F. Cauwet, L. Mollet, P. Miele). Preliminary Results of Activated Sintering Mechanism and Grain Boundary Prewetting/Premelting in Nickel-Doped Tungsten (V.K. Gupta, D.H. Yoon, J. Luo, H.M. Meyer III). Nanostructured Biomaterials. Increased Osteoblast Functions on Nanophase Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium (M. Sato, M.A. Sambityo, A. Aslani, N.M. Kalkhoran, E.B. Slamovich, T.J. Webster). Complementary Fungus-Derived Micro-Porosity in Nano Materials (N.J. Manjooran, G.R. Pickrell). Formation of Apatite Coatings on Chemically Bonded Ceramics (L. Hermansson, H. Engqvist). Development of Aqueous Sol-Gel Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured SiO2-BaO Powder for use in Dental Composite Resins (N.N. Ghosh). Interaction of DNA with Nano-structured Beta-Gallia-Rutile Surfaces (N. Empie, D. Edwards). Chemically Bonded Nano-Size Bioceramics Based on Ca-Aluminates (H. Engqvist, L. Hermansson). Biologically Derived Nano and Micro Porous Materials (G.R. Pickrell, N.J. Manjooran). Nanoindentation and Scanning Probe Microscopy. Investigations of Ceramics and Ferroelectric Materials by Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy (W. Arnold). Separation of Lattice Structural Effects and Electronic Contributions to Physical Properties with Nanotechnology (S. Li, Y.Y. Tay, C.Q. Sun). Coupling of Magnetic Order, Ferroelectricity, and Lattice Strain in Multiferroic Rare Earth Manganites (B. Lorenz, C.R. dela Cruz, F. Yen, Y.Q. Wang, Y.Y. Sun, C.W. Chu).

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings includes papers presented at the Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites symposium. Topics include powders, films, coatings, fibers, composites, and functionally graded materials; sol-gel, polymer precursor, and soft chemistry techniques; novel processing and microstructure-property relationships; reaction forming, combustion synthesis, and CVD; oxidation of metals and mechanical alloying; electrophoresis and plasma processing; and mechanism and kinetics of processes.Table of ContentsNovel Processing and Microstructure-Property Relationships. Effect of Aluminon Aqueous Solution Chemistry on the Homogeneity of Compacts by Colloidal Filtration of α-Al2O3 Dispersions (K. Shqau, M.L. Mottern, D. Yu and H. Verweij). HfC Structural Foams Synthesizing from Polymer Precursors (H. Fan, N.K. Ravala, H.C. Wikle III and B.A. Chin). Adhesion-Non Adhesion Behavior of Non-Polar Solvent Based SiC Slurries for Electro-Photographic Solid Freeform Fabrication Applications (N.J. Manjooran, G.R. Pickrell and W.M. Sigmund). Advanced Robot Assisted Process for the Series Production of Optimized Oxide Ceramic Coatings on Texile Surfaces (R. Gadow, K. von Niessen and A. Candel). Electrophoresis. Engineering the Composition Profile in Functionally Graded Materials Processed by Electrophoretic Deposition (G. Anné, J. Vleugels and O. Van der Biest). Fabrication of Colored Glasses by Incorporation of a Secondary Nanosized Phase into a Silica Green Body by Means of Reactive Electrophoretic Deposition (REPD) (J. Zeiner and R. Clasen). Mechanisms and Kinetics of Processes. Microstructural Evolution and Creep Properties of Plasma Sprayed Nanocomposite Zirconia-Alumina Materials (A. Petersson, H. Keshavan and W.R. Cannon). Densification of Single-Grain vs. Multi-Grain Zirconia Powders (C. Auechalitanukul and W.R. Cannon). Measurement of the Internal Pressure in Green Multilayer Ceramic Bodies During Binder Removal (Z.C. Feng, S.W. Ha, S.J. Lombardo, J.W. Yun, D.S. Krueger and P.J. Scheuer). Reaction Forming. Infiltration and Reaction-Formation Mechanism and Microstructural Evolution of Biomorphic SiC Fabricated by Si-Melt Infiltration (F.M. Varela-Feria, J. Ramírez-Rico, J. Martínez-Fernández, A.R. de Arellano-López and M. Singh). Chemical Reactivity: In Search of Better Processing of HfB2/SiC UHTC Composites (Y.D. Blum, S. Young and D. Hui). Low Cost Preparation of High Quality Aluminum Nitride Powders and Whiskers (H. Wang and D.O. Northwood). In-Situ and Porous Composites. In-Situ Synthesis and Characterization of SiC-Al2O3 Composites (L.N. Satapathy, P.D. Ramesh, D. Agrawal and R. Roy). A New Family of Uniformly Porous Composites with 3-D Network Structure (UPC-3D): Progress and Perspective (Y. Suzuki, P.E.D. Morgan and S. Yoshikawa).

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings CD-ROM is the most up-to-date collection of papers on advanced ceramics and composites that can be found anywhere. A total of 248 papers cover topics such as Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites, Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Ceramic-Metal Systems, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Advances in Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials, Advances in Bioceramics and Biocomposites, Advancies in Ceramic Armor and more.Table of ContentsIncludes papers on Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites, Advanced Ceramic Coatings and Ceramic-Metal Systems, Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Advances in Dielectric, Peizoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials, Advances in Bioceramics and Biocomposites, Advances in Ceramic Armor; and more.

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Book SynopsisOver 40 papers are included in this volume from six symposia held during the 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites. Topics include ceramics and environmental applications, characterization tools for materials in extreme environments, functional nanomaterials, biomimetrics, carbon/carbon and ceramic composite materials in friction, multifunctional materials systems and reliability.Table of ContentsCERAMICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS. Characterization of MnO-Doped Lanthanum Hexaluminate (LaMnAl11O19) in Terms of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by Addition of Hydrocarbon Reductant (HC-SCR) (M. Stranzenbach, B. Saruhan). High Porosity Cordierite Filter Development for NOx/PM Reduction (I. Melscoet-Chauvel, C. Remy, T. Tao). Thermal Stability of Cordierite Supported V2O5-WO3-TiO2 SCR Catalyst for Diesel NOx Reduction (Y. Xie, C. Remy, I. Melscoet-Chauvel, T. Tao). A New Family of Uniformly Porous Composites with 3-D Network Structure (UPC-3D): A Porous Al2O3/LaPO4 In Situ Composite (Y. Suzuki, P.E.D. Morgan, S. Yoshikawa). Novel, Alkali-Bonded, Ceramic Filtration Membranes (S. Mallicoat, P. Sarin, W.M. Kriven). Controlling Microstructural Anisotropy During Forming (S.M. Nycz, R.A. Haber). Characterization of LZSA Glass Ceramics Filters Obtained by the Replication Method (C. Silveira, E. Sousa, E. Moraes, A.P.N. Oliveira, D. Hotza, T. Fey, P. Greil). Fracture Behavior and Microstructure of the Porous Alumina Tube (C.-H. Chen, S. Honda, H. Awaji). Tensile Testing of SiC-Based Hot Gas Filters at 600¡ãC Water Vapor (P. Pastila, A.-P. Nikkilä, T. Mäntylä, E. Lara-Curzio). Quasi-Ductile Behavior of Diesel Particulate Filter Axial Strength Test Bars with Ridges (G.M. Crosbie, R.L. Allor). MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL SYSTEMS BASED ON CERAMICS. Multifunctional Electroceramic Composite Processing by Electrophoretic Depositon (G. Falk, M. Bender, R. Clasen). Transparent Alumina Ceramics with Sub-Microstructure by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition (A. Braun, M. Wolff, G. Falk, R. Clasen). Functional Nanoceramic Coatings on Microstructured Surfaces via Electrophoretic Deposition (H. von Both, A. Pfrengle, J. Hauβelt). High Damping in Piezoelectric Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (B. Poquette, J. Schultz, T. Asare, S. Kampe, A. Aning). CARBON/CARBON AND CERAMIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN FRICTION. Preparation Of Large-Scale Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Matrix Composites (C-C) By Thermal Gradient Chemical Vapor Infiltration (TGCVI) (J. Lee, J.H. Park). Frictional Performance and Local Properties of C/C Composites (S. Ozcan, M. Krkoska, P. Filip). Humidity and Frictional Performance of C/C Composites (M. Krkoska, P. Filip). Study of 'Adsorption/Desorption' Phenomena on Friction Debris of Aircraft Brakes (K. Peszynska-Bialczyk, M. Krkoska, A. Pawliczek, P. Filip, K. Anderson). Friction and Wear of Carbon Brake Materials (J.A. Tanner, M. Travis). Processing and Friction Properties of 3D-C/C-SiC Model Composites with a Multilayered C-Sic Matrix Engineered at the Nanometer Scale (A. Fillion, R. Naslain, R. Pailler, X. Bourrat, C. Robin-Brosse, M. Brendlé). Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Boron Carbide Friction Materials (R.J. Shinavski, K.-C. Wang, P. Filip, T. Policandriotes). Thermal Shock Impact on C/C and Si Melt Infiltrated C/C Materials (SiMI) (D.E. Wittmer, P. Filip). RELIABILITY OF CERAMIC AND COMPOSITE COMPONENTS. Post Engine Test Characterization of Self Sealing Ceramic Matrix Composites for Nozzle Seals in Gas Turbine Engines (E. Bouillon, C. Louchet, P. Spriet, G. Ojard, D. Feindel, C. Logan, K. Rogers, T. Arnold). Dimension Stability Analysis of NITE SiC/SiC Composite Using Ion Bombardments for the Investigation of Reliability as Fusion Materials (H. Kishimoto, T. Hinoki, K. Ozawa, K.-H. Park, S. Kondo, A. Kohyama). Fracture Strength Simulation of SiC Microtensile Specimens ¿ Accounting for Stochastic Variables (N.N. Nemeth, G.M. Beheim, O.M. Jadaan, W.N. Sharpe, G.D. Quinn, L.J. Evans, M.A. Trapp). Design and Reliability of Ceramics: Do Modelers, Designers, and Fractographers See the Same World? (G.D. Quinn). The Effects of Incorporating System Level Variability into the Reliability Analysis for Ceramic Components (R. Carter, O. Jadaan). Finite-Element-Based Electronic Structure Calculation in Metal/Ceramic Interface Problems (Y. Shiihara, O. Kuwazuru, N. Yoshikawa). 3D FEM Simulation of MLCC Thermal Shock (Y.H. Moon, H.J. Youn). Analysis of Firing and Fabrication Stresses and Failure in Ceramic-Lined Cannon Tubes (J.H. Underwood, M.E. Todaro, M.D. Witherell, A.P. Parker). CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS FOR MATERIALS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS. On the Comparison of Additive-Free HfB2-SiC Ceramics Sintered by Reactive Hot-Pressing and Spark Plasma Sintering (F. Monteverde, A. Bellosi). Dynamic Analyses of the Thermal Stability of Aluminum Titanate by Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction (I.M. Low, D. Lawrence, A. Jones, R.I. Smith). Characterizing the Chemical Stability of High Temperature Materials for Application in Extreme Environments (E. Opila). Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Phase Stability of Ti3SiC2 (I.M. Low, Z. Oo, B.H. OConnor, K.E. Prince). Mechanical Behavior Characterization of a Thin Ceramic Substrate at Elevated Temperature Using a Stereo-Imaging Technique (S. Widjaja, K.L. Geisinger, S.C. Pollard). FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIAL SYSTEMS BASED ON CERAMICS. Synthesis and Characterization of Cubic Silicon Carbide (â-SiC) and Trigonal Silicon Nitride (á-Si3N4) Nanowires (K. Saulig-Wenger, M. Bechelany, D. Cornu, S. Bernard, F. Chassagneux, P. Miele, T. Epicier). High Energy Milling Behavior of Alpha Silicon Carbide (M. Aparecida Pinheiro dos Santos, C. Albano da.Costa Neto). Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes for Engineering Applications (J. Hurst, D. Hull, D. Gorican). Comparison of Electromagnetic Shielding in GFR-Nano Composites (W.-K. Jung, S.-H. Ahn, M.-S. Won). Densification Behavior of Zirconia Ceramics Sintered Using High-Frequency Microwaves (M. Wolff, G. Falk, R. Clasen, G. Link, S. Takayama, M. Thumm). Manufacturing of Doped Glasses Using Reactive Electrophoretic Deposition (REPD) (D. Jung, J. Tabellion, R. Clasen). Shaping of Bulk Glasses and Ceramics with Nanosized Particles (J. Tabellion, R. Clasen).

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains papers presented at the Electronics in Extreme Environments, International Fuel Cells and Related Systems, and Advanced Dielectrics for Wireless Communications symposia.Table of ContentsPreface vii Electronic Ceramics for Extreme Environments Extreme Environment Potential of Diamond Derived Devices 3R.S.Takalkar, P. Hamari, J.L. Davidson, W.P. Rang, P.Taylor, and Y.M.Wong Dielectric Powder/Polymer Composites for High Energy Density Capacitors 17Lynell J. Gilbert.Thomas P. Schuman, and Fatih Dogan Barium Strontium Titanate Glass Ceramics for High Energy Density Capacitors 27E.P. Gorzkowski, M.-J. Pan, B. Bender, and C.C.M. Wu Improved Electronics Reliability using Thin Film Smart Materials for Mitigating Harsh Vibrational Environment 35W.D. Nothwang,M.W. Cole, J.D. Demaree, J.K. Hirvonen, S.G. Hirsch, C. Hubbard, and E. Ngo Aluminum Nitride Dielectrics for High Energy Density Capacitors 45Kevin R. Bray, Richard L.C. Wu, Sandra Fries-Carr, and Joseph Weimer High Temperature Piezoelectric La2Ti207 57Ali Sayir, Serene C. Farmer, and Fred Dynys Thermophysical Properties of Perovskite Type Alkaline Earth Hafnates 69Takuji Maekawa, Ken Kurosaki, Hiroaki Muta, Masayoshi Uno, Shinsuke Yamanaka.Tetsushi Matsuda.and Shin-ichi Kobayashi Thermophysical Properties of Sintered SrY204 and the Related Compounds Applicable to Thermal Barrier Coating Materials 77Takanori Tanaka, Ken Kurosaki.Takuji Maekawa, Hiroaki Muta, Masayoshi Uno, and Shinsuke Yamanaka Electrical Properties of Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Thin Films 85R. Ramamurti, R.N. Singh, and P.B. Kosel Dielectric Properties of Suspensions Containing BaTi03 Particles 93Abhishek A. Manohar and Fatih Dogan Enhancement of Crystal Growth in Melt Texturing Ca-Doped Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductors 103Oratai Jongprateep and Fatih Dogan Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of a Vickers Indent on Soft PZT 109Jacob L. Jones and Mark HoffmanR-Curve and Stress-Strain Behavior of Hard and Soft PZT Ceramics 115Jacob L. Jones, Mark Hoffman, and William F. Shelley II Fuel Cells and Related Systems Fabrication of SOFC Electrodes by Impregnation Methods 123Yingyi Huang, John M. Vohs, and Raymond J. Gorte Investigation of Nd06Sr04CO[ My038(M = Fe and Mn) as Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 131K.T. Lee and A. Manthiram Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Improved Cathode/Electrolyte Interface 139D. Montinaro, S. Modena, S. Ceschini, M. Bertoldi.T. Zandonella, A.Tomasi, and V. M. Sglavo Long-Term Effects in Ag-CuO Brazes under Dual Reducing/Oxidizing Gas Conditions 149K. S. Weil, J. Y. Kim, and J. S. Hardy Self Healing Glass Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 157Shailendra Parihar and Raj N Singh Novel Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of High-Surface-Area Pt-Ru Catalysts as Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 165Moni Kanchan Datta, Jin Yong Kim, and Prashant N. Kumta Grain Boundary Segregation and Conductivity in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia 173Monika Backhaus-Ricoult, Michael Badding, and Yves Thibault Other Electronic Ceramic Applications Electrically Conductive Mechanisms for Al203-C-TiCN Ceramics 195Hiroto Unno, Jun Sugawara, and Toshio Mukai Dielectric Properties of High-K LTCC Materials 207Jean-Pierre Ganne, Michel Pate, Olivier Durand, and Claude Grattepai Monolithic Integration of Nonlinear Ba^Sr^TiOj Thin Films with Affordable Silicon Substrates for Frequency Agile Microwave Device Applications 215M.W. Cole,W.D. Nothwang, and R.G. Geyer Index 227

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Book SynopsisUpdated for the first time since 1996, the 2013 Petrochemicals Chart includes new technologies, an easy-to-use design, and expanded end-use application.The 2013 Petrochemicals Chart allows for quick and simple identification of the sequence of petrochemicals from oil, gas, and coal to base chemicals, derivatives, and end-uses.

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Book SynopsisThis is a concise yet detailed guide to the fundamental terms, materials, and techniques used to create textiles. Textiles have been made and used by every culture throughout history. However diverse - whether an Egyptian mummy wrapping, a Turkish carpet, Italian velvet, American quilt, or a Scottish kilt - all textiles have basic elements in common. They are made of fibres, constructed into forms, and patterned and coloured in ways that follow certain principles. "Looking at Textiles" serves as a guide to the fundamentals of the materials and techniques used to create textiles. The selected technical terms explain what textiles are, how they are made, and what they are made of, and include definitions of terms relating to fibres, dyes, looms and weaving, and patterning processes. The many illustrations, including macro- and micro-scale photographs of a range of ancient and historic museum textiles, demonstrate the features described in the text.

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Book SynopsisASM Handbook, Volume 5B: Protective Organic Coatings is a wholly new volume in the esteemed ASM Handbook series that fills a publication gap identified by Volume Editor Kenneth B. Tator and ASM International. Volume 5B addresses a need for comprehensive information on the part of industrial coating users, specifiers, and contractors. Industry respected authors and reviewers make this latest entry to ASM's Handbook series the authoritative source for industrial coating information worldwide.

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