Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThe Instrument and Automation Engineersâ Handbook (IAEH) is the #1 process automation handbook in the world. Volume two of the Fifth Edition, Analysis and Analyzers, describes the measurement of such analytical properties as composition.Analysis and Analyzers is an invaluable resource that describes the availability, features, capabilities, and selection of analyzers used for determining the quality and compositions of liquid, gas, and solid products in many processing industries. It is the first time that a separate volume is devoted to analyzers in the IAEH. This is because, by converting the handbook into an international one, the coverage of analyzeTrade ReviewPraise for the Previous Editions"The editor of this masterpiece, Béla Lipták, is a longtime engineering consultant, a teacher at Yale, and a fellow of the ISA. He is clearly devoted to producing a useful reference. … The book is replete with simple explicatory figures and diagrams; well-organized summaries with information on the costs, suppliers, ranges, and inaccuracies of the instruments covered; and practical tips on related subjects such as good instrument maintenance practices. … Comprehensive, practical, and well-organized, this book is highly recommended for academic libraries and engineering company libraries. It can best serve as a teaching aid for students or as a reference manual for both new and experienced practicing engineers." —E-Streams"Those [contributors] eventually selected are without doubt among the best. … Whether used as a textbook by inexperienced engineers or as a quick reference book for the experienced engineer, this book is set to continue to be the main reference to the instrument engineer for the next decade." —Alan Reese, Control & Instrumentation "I have seen nothing with the scope of this handbook." —Roy V. Hughson, Chemical Engineering "In our smaller universe of process control, Béla Lipták is a towering presence." —Terrence K. McMahon, ControlTable of ContentsAnalytical Measurement. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe health-related effects of asbestos have long been mired in controversy, with industry and plaintiff attorneys playing a significant role. This comprehensive book provides a balanced and extensive evidence-based critical analysis of the literature concerning asbestos-related diseases, from a scientific and historical perspective. The book presents a carefully referenced review of the medical literature on the health effects of asbestos, and reflects the extensive experience of the author in evaluating patients with asbestos-related disorders.Trade Review"What Dr. Smith outlines as an evidence-based approach is likely as relevant to other key toxic materials as it is to asbestos. His first chapter, devoted to reading and finding truth in the medical scientific literature, is instructive in many fields. An understanding of the health effects of asbestos has remained as refractory as the mineral itself. I'll return to these pages many times, as much to understand how we have proceeded, as to review the specific health-related effects of asbestos." - J. Thomas Pierce, MBBS PhD (Navy Environmental Health Center)Table of ContentsHow to Critically Read and Find Truth in the Medical Scientific Literature. Limitations of Epidemiologic Exposure Studies on the Health. Clinical Toxicology of Asbestos. History of Asbestos Commercial Use and Discovery of Adverse Health Effects: Asbestosis. What Is Asbestosis and What Is Not: Radiology and Pathology Correlates the Association of Lung Cancer and Asbestosis. The Effect of Smoking and Lung Cancer. Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease. Disability and Impairment in Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diffuse Pleural Disease. The Evolution of Workers’ Compensation and Employer Responsibility. Does Asbestos Cause Additional Malignancies Other than Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma? Asbestos Exposure and Mesothelioma. The Many Causes of Mesothelioma. Other Causes of Mesothelioma Not Related to Asbestiform Mineral Fibers. Mesothelioma and Asbestos Fiber Type. Chrysotile and Mesothelioma. The Tremolite Hypothesis. Mesothelioma Latency and Risk Risk Modeling. Household and Neighborhood Exposure to Asbestos. What Did Asbestos Pipe insulation Manufacturers and the U.S. Navy Understand About the Risk to Manufacturing Employees and End Users? The intervention of Government to Provide Safety Standards NIOSH/ACGIH Standards. Is there a Safe Or Risk-Free Level of Asbestos Exposure? How Do We Define Risk?

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Book SynopsisPolymeric foams are sturdy yet lightweight materials with applications across a variety of industries, from packaging to aerospace. As demand for these materials increase, so does innovation in the development of new processes and products. This book captures the most dynamic advances in processes, technologies, and products related to the polymeric foam market. It describes the latest business trends including new microcellular commercialization, sustainable foam products, and nanofoams. It also discusses novel processes, new and environmentally friendly blowing agents, and the development and usage of various types of foams, including bead and polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyetherimide microcellular, and nanocellular. The book also covers flame-retardant foams, rigid foam composites, and foam sandwich composites and details applications in structural engineering, electronics, and insulation. Authored by leading experts in the field, this book minimizes the gap between research aTrade Review"…not only informative, but thought-provoking. A ‘must-have’ reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products." — Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA"…contains a comprehensive literature selection and very scientific descriptions for current approaches in foaming. Furthermore, the most recent developments in foam technology like foam extrusion and bead foaming of Polylactide (PLA) as well as nanocellular foams are part of the book. In general, the selection of topics is very meaningful and scientifically and technically highly relevant."—Volker Altstädt, University of Bayreuth, Germany"…features a comprehensive introduction…on state-of-the-art developments related to polymer foams and some emerging technologies as well as a future outlook, followed by product developments and material-specific foams and simulation….A "must-have" reference to stay abreast of what is happening and emerging for polymeric foams and products."—Lih-Sheng (Tom) Turng, University of Wisconsin-MadisonTable of ContentsIntroduction. Microcellular Polypropylene Foam. Preparation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Foams Using Supercritical CO2 as Blowing Agent. Formation Mechanism and Tuning for Bimodal Cell Structure in Foams by Synergistic Effect of Temperature Rising and Depressurization with Supercritical CO2. Extrusion Foaming of Polylactide. Innovative PLA Bead Foam Technology. Nanocellular Foams. Rigid Structural Foam and Foam-Cored Sandwich Composites. Microcellular Polyimide Foams: Fabrication and Characterization. Recent Innovations in Thermoplastic Foams. Advanced CAE Technology for Microcellular Injection Molding.

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews advances in important and practically relevant homogeneous catalytic transformations, such as single-site olefin polymerizations and chemo- and stereo-selective oxidations. Close attention is paid to the experimental investigation of the active sites of catalytic oxidation systems and their mechanisms. Major subjects include the applications of NMR and EPR spectroscopic techniques and data obtained by other physical methods. The book addresses a broad readership and focus on widespread techniques available in labs with NMR and EPR spectrometers.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Basic principles of EPR and NMR spectroscopy. The main parameters characterizing EPR spectra. The main parameters characterizing NMR spectra. Applications of EPR spectroscopy. What we learn from the EPR spectra of organic radicals. What we learn from the EPR spectra of transition metal catalysts. What we learn from the NMR spectra of transition metal catalysts.

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Book SynopsisCovering fabrication, characterization, and applications nanofiltration (NF) membranes, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of NF membrane technology over the past decade. It uniquely covers a variety of fabrication techniques, comparing the procedures of each technique to produce polymeric membranes of different morphologies. The book also discusses advances in the materials used in thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane fabrication and their influences on properties with respect to structural and separation characteristics. A comprehensive review on NF characterization methods and techniques is provided, assessing physical and chemical properties and separation characteristics and stability. Technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of NF membranes are also reviewed and the possible approaches to overcome the challenges are provided. The book concludes with relevant case studies on the use of NF membranes in industrial implementation of Trade Review"…readers can easily have an overview of the latest development of nanofiltration membranes." — Takeshi Matsuura, University of Ottawa, Canada"This book is an excellent source of information for someone who wants to know more about nanofiltration membranes. …the publication of this book is timely and should be a good reference book for many scientists and engineers. Each chapter is well explained and discussed, with an extensive list of references. Important figures and tables are provided, which make it easier for readers to understand the important principles and concepts of NF. Overall I found that this reference book is simple enough to understand, but also contains important information necessary to understand NF membranes. I would definitely suggest this book for those who wants to know more about NF." —Abdul Wahab Mohammad, National University of MalaysiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Synthesis of Nanofiltration Membrane. Advanced Materials in Nanofiltration Membrane. Technical Challenges and Approaches in Fabricating Nanofiltration Membrane. Characterization of Nanofiltration Membrane. Applications

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Book SynopsisThe global warming problem is becoming critical year by year, causing climate disaster all over the world, where it has been believed that the CO2 gas emitted from the factories and the burning of fossil fuels may be one of the reasons of global warming. Moreover, the global stock of fossil fuels is limited, and may run out soon within several tens of years. Although wind, geo-thermal, and tide energies have been considered as clean energy sources, those depend on the land or sea locations and subject to the climate change. Biofuel and biochemical production from renewable bio-resources has thus been paid recent attention from environmental protection and energy production points of view, where the current chemical and energy producing plants can be also utilized with slight modification. The so-called 1st generation biofuels have been produced from corn starch and sugarcane in particular in USA and Brazil. However, this causes the problem of the Table of ContentsBackground. Pretreatment of biomass. Transport of nutrients and carbon catabolite repression for the selective carbon sources. Catabolite regulation of the main metabolism. Metabolic regulation in response to growth environment. Metabolic engineering for the production of a variety of biofuels and biochemical. Biofuel and biochemical production by photosynthetic organisms. Systems biology approach and modeling. References. Appendix A.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of ionic liquid based separation techniques. The glimpse of thermodynamic predictive models along with global optimization techniques will help readers understand the separation techniques at molecular and macroscopic levels. Experimental and characterization techniques are coupled with model based predictions so as to provide multicomponent data for the scientific community. The models will focus more on the a-priori based predictions which gives higher emphasis on hydrogen-bonded systems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique will also eventually help the readers to apply optimization technique to an extraction process. The overriding goal of this work is to provide pathways for leading engineers and researchers toward a clear understanding and firm grasp of the phase equilibria of Ionic Liquid systems.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Liquid-liquid Equilibria: Experiments and Predictions by Gibb’s free energy models3. COSMO-SAC: A predictive model for calculating thermodynamic properties on a-priori basis4. Application of COSMO-SAC in complex phase behavior: Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Equilibria5. Modification in COSMO-SAC6. Particle Swarm Optimization and application to LLE7. Cuckoo Search Optimization and application to LLE

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental science combined with computer technology. One click on a mouse and information flows into your PC from up to 10,000 miles away. When you receive this information you can ferret through the data and use it in any number of computer programs. The result: solutions to plant design problems that affect the health and well being of people around the globe. What does that mean to you, the environmental professional, scientist, or engineer? Computer Simulated Plant Design for Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention builds on the concepts introduced in Stan Bumble's Computer Generated Physical Properties, the first volume of the Computer Modeling for Environmental Management series. Bumble discusses using computer simulation programs to solve problems in plant design before they occur. He covers design issues for stationary and non-stationary sources of pollution, global warming, troposcopic ozone, and stratospheric ozone. With Computer Simulated Plant Design for Waste Minimization/Pollution Prevention you will understand how to use computer technology to design plants that generate little or no pollution. Even better, you can use the information generated by computer simulation for technical data in proposals, presentations and as the basis for making policy decisions.Table of ContentsPollution Prevention and Waste Minimization. Mathematical Methods. Computer Programs for Pollution Prevention and/or Waste Minimization. Computer Programs for the Best Raw Materials and Products of Clean Processes. Pathways to Prevention. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisNew analytical methods have provided further insight into the structure, surface characteristics, and chemistries of increasingly small particles. However, current literature offers information on only a limited number of powders being investigated. Written by renowned scientists in the field, Powders and Fibers: Interfacial Science and Applications examines the most appropriate characterization methods for analyzing powders and fibers. Using these techniques, the authors explore the formation and roles of various multiphase interfaces. They consider the potential for enhancing performance and highlight related applications, particularly for powders and fibers.The book details characteristics such as morphology, surface energetics, surface ionization, and electrokinetics for solid-gas, solid-rubber, solid-solid, solid-liquid, and biological interfaces. Areas of multidisciplinary interest also include the adsorption of biomolecules and biocompatibility of powders and fibers, nanoparticles and nanocomposites, biochips, and other biomedical applications, the measurement and significance of wettability, recent rheological data on mixes, and computer simulations used for visualizing complex solid surfaces. As interest in the behavior and applications of powders and fibers steadily increases, Powders and Fibers: Interfacial Science and Applications offers a diverse approach that bridges fundamental aspects of interfacial science with applications of powders and fibers that is useful for newcomers as well as practitioners in related fields.Table of ContentsMorphology. Surface Area, Texture. Surface Energetics. Surface Chemistry. Surface Ionization. Computer Simulation. Health Hazards.

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Book SynopsisRheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites provides comprehensive coverage of fundamental principles and equations that govern the rheology for particulate dispersions and two-phase solid composites. The rheological properties of suspensions, emulsions, bubbly liquids (foams) and other dispersions appear alongside those of solid composite materials for the first time in this unique, single source.The first section introduces applications, definitions, and important concepts such as fluid/solid/interfacial mechanics, bulk stress in dispersed systems, and dipole strength of particles. Subsequent chapters systematically consider the rheology for a wide variety of dispersions, including systems of: Rigid spherical and nonspherical particles (porous, nonporous, neutral, electrically charged, and magnetic particles) Nonrigid particles (deformable solid particles, droplets, bubbles, capsules, and core–shell particles)The final sections address the elastic properties of particle- and fiber-reinforced solid composite materials. They also discuss dynamic viscoelastic behavior of particulate dispersions and composites. From process design to novel materials development, Rheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites illustrates the need for understanding rheological behavior throughout numerous commercial and industrial applications. This book is a versatile resource for students and scientists from a broad range of disciplines involved in the application, research, and development of dispersed systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Rheology of dispersions of rigid particles. Rheology of dispersions of nonrigid particles. Rheology of composites. Linear viscoelasticity of particulate dispersions and composites. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisNew synthetic techniques allow chemists to modify polymer microstructures more precisely than ever, making it possible to design materials that meet increasingly demanding performance requirements. Written and edited by experts in the field, Stereoselective Polymerization with Single-Site Catalysts reviews how the relative stereochemistry of polymer chains affects polymer properties and presents the latest strategies for developing tactic polymers using single-site catalysis.This unified volume explains the mechanistic basics of tactic polymerizations, beginning with an extensive survey of the most important classes of metallocene and post-metallocene catalysts used to make polypropylenes. It also focuses on tactic stereoblock and ethylene/propylene copolymers and catalyst active site models, followed by chapters discussing the structure of more stereochemically complex polymers and polymerizations that proceed via non-vinyl-addition mechanisms. Individual chapters thoroughly describe tactic polymerizations of α-olefins, styrene, dienes, acetylenes, lactides, epoxides, acrylates, and cyclic monomers, as well as cyclopolymerizations and ditactic structures, olefin/CO polymers, and metathesis polyalkenamers. An ideal reference and supplementary text, Stereoselective Polymerization with Single-Site Catalysts enables both new and experienced chemists to better understand tactic polymers and select appropriate catalyst systems for their preparation.Trade Review"… covers both fundamental aspects as well as recent advances in stereoselective polymerization using SSC. The scope of the book is formidable …Most of the 25 review chapters are well written by experts who provide authoritative overviews of each area and extensive references to the primary literature. The introductory material and references (with titles) included in each chapter will be especially valuable to nonexpert readers. …a reference volume valuable to both experts in the field and beginners or students wishing to learn the fundamentals of stereoselective SSC and polymerization systems. … an excellent collection of reviews on the stereoselective polymerization with SSC as a whole, not just on the polymerization of olefins. I highly recommend it for both institutional libraries and individual researchers interested in this field."—Eugene Y.-X. Chen, Colorado State University, in Journal of the American Chemical SocietyTable of ContentsPreface. Polypropylene: catalysts and mechanism. Polypropylene: applications of tacticity. Other monoolefin monomers. Diene monomers and olefin-containing polymers. Functional and non-olefinic monomers. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis new volume reviews recent academic and technological developments behind new engineered modified nanotextile materials. The developments in textiles using nanotechnology give ordinary materials improved properties, such as better water resistance, enhanced moisture and odor reduction, increased strength and elasticity, and resistance to bacteria, among other improvements. The research reported in this book presents state-of-the-art technology in modern materials with an emphasis on the rapidly growing technologies in textile engineering. Several innovative applications for different materials are described in considerable detail with emphasis on the experimental data that supports these new applications. From nano-fibers to chemical materials, creative modifications concerning new nanocomposites are described that could one day become commonplace. The book covers a host of topics in this area, including the design of new textile products, moisture and heat transfer in clothing, developments in electrospinning, new applications, nanotextile and tissue engineering from a biological perspective, and more. The book is intended for researchers and those interested in future developments in mechanical and physicochemical characteristics of modified nanotextile materials and polymer blends. The book will also be a useful tool for students and researchers, providing helpful insights into new evolving research areas in nanostructured polymer blends and composites in textiles.Table of ContentsPreface. Engineering Nanotextiles: Design of Textile Products. Modern Applications of Nanotechnology in Textiles. Nanofiber Membranes: A Practical Guide. Nanotextile and Tissue Engineering from a Biological Perspective. Heat and Moisture Transfer in Clothing System. Electrospinning of nanofibers and Porosity. Synthesize of Nanocomposites: New Achievements. Updates on Polymerization Techniques. Updates on Particulate-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites. The Reinforcement of Particulate-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites. A Study on Electrospun Nanofiber Mats. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating new volume provides a comprehensive yet concise overview of the chemical aspects of some of the major innovations and changes that occurred during the 20th century, relating chemical structures and properties to real-life applications. Developed for a course taught by the author for several years at UVA, the author covers the important and consequential developments in chemistry and explains their everyday, real-life applications. These include such topics as consumer products, fossil fuel use, polymers, agriculture, food production, nutrition, explosives, and drugs. The section Molecular Biology and Its Applications includes examples of the application of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Trade Review"Professor Richard Sundberg, who is well known as an author of both a widely used advanced organic chemistry text and two indole chemistry monographs, has now published The Chemical Century for the educated general public. With minimal chemical jargon and few organic chemical structures, Sundberg has woven a fascinating story of chemistry over the past 150 years. From early chemical dyes and explosives, to the structures of DNA and proteins, and to today’s medicines and pesticides, Sundberg covers an array of ubiquitous chemical topics that are regularly featured in news media and on the Internet. Importantly, his book goes far in dissipating ‘chemophobia’—the irrational fear of chemicals that has plagued the general public for decades.The Chemical Century should be on the reading list of anyone interested in learning about chemicals, both good and evil."—Dr. Gordon W. Gribble, The Dartmouth Professor of Chemistry, Hanover, New Hampshire"Professor Sundberg is well known as an educator and as co-author of the two-volume, multi-edition Advanced Organic Chemistry, a mainstay in chemistry graduate education for 40 years. He now has turned his pedagogical talents to the history of mankind from the 1800s until today through the lens of the contributions of chemistry. Readers need little chemical knowledge in order to inhale a sense of chemical research, product development, and commercialization in the 20thcentury. Sundberg nimbly weaves the themes of power (such as in the form of explosives and fuels), the manufacture of everyday things, food, drug discovery, biotechnology, and molecular biology into a story that we, our parents, and our grandparents have experienced firsthand—mankind’s advances during the past 100 years."—Jeffrey I. Seeman, Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond​"This masterful book relates the impact of chemical discovery and invention on the broad scope of twentieth-century history: upheaval in war, government and society; human and ecological health; industry and commerce; the rise and fall of nations and the quality of everyday human life. Chemical structures and equations provide depth for chemists and serve as illustrations for the more casual reader. The book’s organization and the table of contents make it easy to select particular topics of interest. The Chemical Century is a unique and valuable work: both a clearly written history of the science and a history of the century from a chemical point of view. Derived from classroom lectures at the University of Virginia, this book illustrates Dr. Sundberg’s love of teaching and his never-ending search for causation. Discovery leads to invention. Invention enables discovery as we progressed through the Chemical Century." — Peter Bukowick, Chief Operating Officer (retired), Alliant TechsystemsTable of ContentsPOWER FROM MOLECULES. Explosives and Propellants: Power to Breach Mountains, Wage War, and Visit the Moon. Hydrocarbons as Fuels and Petrochemicals: Shaping the Past; Dominating the Present; Complicating the Future. MAKING THINGS WE USE. The Chemical Industry: An Overview. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Persistence, Toxicity, and Problems. Polymers: Making New Materials. Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning Up and Looking Good. Silicones: From Contact Lenses to Pavement Sealants. CHEMISTRY AND FOOD. Chemistry and Agriculture: Helping Feed the World. Chemistry, Food and the Modern Diet: What’s in Food Besides Food ?. Vitamins and Nutrition. MOLECULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ILLNESS. Drug Discovery, Development, and Distribution. Antibiotics: The Battle with the Microbes. Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, and Anesthetic Drugs: Dealing with Pain, Inflammation, and Fever. Antihypertensive Drugs: Controlling Blood Pressure. Steroids: Arthritis, Fertility, Heart Attacks, and Home Run Records. Diabetes and Anti-Diabetic Therapy: Control of Glucose. Drugs For Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions. Anti-Malarial and Other Anti-Parasitic Drugs. Response to the AIDS Pandemic. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS. DNA Structure, Sequencing, Synthesis, and Modification: Making Biology Molecular. Applications of Biotechnology: Biology Doing Chemistry.

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Book SynopsisThis new book presents the authors’ biomedical studies of natural degradable biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates [PHAs]) and discusses the demand for medical-grade materials and modern trends, focusing on the present status and future potential of PHAs. The authors present and summarize their most important results and findings obtained during the last few years in experimental studies and clinical trials of PHAs at the Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science. Table of ContentsRequirements for Biomaterials: The Position and Potential of Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Creation and Use of Environmentally Friendly Materials as an Important Part of Critical Technologies of the 21st Century. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Natural Degradable Biopolymers. Microcarriers of PHAs for Cell Technology and Drug Delivery. Potentials of Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Materials for Constructing Cell Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering. Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates as a Basis for Drug Delivery Systems. Implants and Cell Grafts of PHAs for Tissue Regeneration. Potentials of Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Repair of Skin Defects. Potential of PHAs for Bone Defect Repair. Perspectives for Using PHAs in Abdominal Surgery. A Study of Mesh Implants Coated with a Biocompatible PHA Layer. A Study of PHAs as Materials for Designing Fully Resorbable Biliary Stents.

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Book SynopsisThis new book brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel developments in the application of informatics tools for applied chemistry and computer science. It presents a modern approach to modeling and calculation and also looks at experimental design in applied chemistry and chemical engineering. The volume discusses the developments of advanced chemical products and respective tools to characterize and predict the chemical material properties and behavior.Providing numerous comparisons of different methods with one another and with different experiments, not only does this book summarize the classical theories, but it also exhibits their engineering applications in response to the current key issues. Recent trends in several areas of chemistry and chemical engineering science, which have important application to practice, are discussed.Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques provides valuable information for chemical engineers and researchers as well as for graduate students. It demonstrates the progress and promise for developing chemical materials that seem capable of moving this field from laboratory-scale prototypes to actual industrial applications. Volume 2 will focus principles and methodologies in applied chemistry and chemical engineering.Table of ContentsDigraphs, Graphs and Thermodynamic Equations. Usefulness and Limits of Predictive Relationships. Computational Model for By-Product of Wastewater Treatment. Complex Calculation of a Critical Path of Motion of a Corpuscle Taking into Account a Regime and Design of the Apparatus. The Modern Approach to Modelling and Calculation of Efficiency of Process of a Gas Cleaning. Numerical Modelling and Visualization of Traffic of Dispersion Particles in the Apparatus. Computing the Augmented Eccentric Connectivity Indices of Nanostar Dendrimer D3[N]. Hydraulic Model Calibration Process. Quantum-Chemical Calculations of the Molecules 1- Methylbicycleo[4,1,0] Heptane 2,4-Spiroheptane by PM3 Method. District Meter Area (DMA) of Water Distribution System. Metal Control on Structure and Function of Ni(Fe) Dioxygenases Included in methionine Salvage Oathway. Role of Tyr-fragment and Macrostructures in Mechanism of Catalysis on Model Systems. The Silica-Polymer Composites of the System of HEMA-TEOS: The Synthesis, Thermo Mechanical Properties and the Features of the Kinetic of the Process. Photo Responsive Materials Containing Azomoieties: A Facile Approach in Molecular Imprinting. Green Nanotechnology: An Approach towards Environment Safety. A Note on Preparation of Nanofilter from carbon Nanotubes. Control of Fluidic Jet Repulsion in Electro Spinning Process. Modification of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin with Collagen Biopolymers. A Research Note on Polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Initiated with Vanadyl Ionic Complex.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers many important aspects of applied chemistry and chemical engineering, focusing on three main aspects: principles, methodology and evaluation methods. It presents a selection of chapters on recent developments of theoretical, mathematical, and computational conceptions, as well as chapters on modeling and simulation of specific research themes covering applied chemistry and chemical engineering. This book attempts to bridge the gap between classical analysis and modern applications.Covering a selection of topics within the field of applied chemistry and chemical engineering, the book is divided into several parts: polymer chemistry and technology bioorganic and biological chemistry nanoscale technology selected topics This book is the second of the two-volume series Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. The first volume is Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques.Table of ContentsPolymer-Graphene Nanocomposites: A Smart Material for Next Generation Applications. Modification of Waste Polystyrene Food Containers and Study on Its Efficiency as Oil Spill Cleanup. Technical Note on Surface Modification of Silica by Epoxy Resin. Photosensitive Copolymers of Para-(2-Carboxy) Cyclopropyl Styrene with 2,3-Dimethylbutadiene-1,3. Polymeric Materials and Their Use in Agriculture. Electro-Conductive Polymer Materials on the Basis of Oligo-4-Aminophenol. Modification and Application Possibilities of Bio-Composites Based on Thermoplastic Collagen. Synthesis of Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene with Cobalt Alkylxhanthogenate + Trialkylaluminum Catalytic Dithiosystems. Vinylcyclopropanes in the Addition and Polymerization Reactions: A Detailed Review. Hyaluronan: Biological Function and Medical Applications. Protective Effects of Catalase Indicate Hydrogen Peroxide Involvement in Hyaluronan Degradation Initiated by Cu (II) Ions Plus Ascorbate in situ. Protein Structure Prediction. The Condensation Reactions of 1-Chloro-2, 3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-Acetyl-ɑ-D-Gluco (Galacto) Pyranose with Heterocyclic Amines. 3d Simulation of Electrospun Nanofiber Jet. Some Aspects of Cubic B-Spline Approximation Method for 3d Simulation of Electrospun Nanofiber Jet. Synthesis of 1.4-Cis Polybutadiene by the Heterogenized Dithiosystem on Base of Nanosize Montmorillonite. Research of Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Sampling of an Optimum Design of the Bubble-Vortex Apparatus. Emission of Clusters During N+, O+, N2+, O2+, Ar+ Ions Bombardment of C, Nacl, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ti, GaAs Surfaces. Advanced Oxidation Processes, Membrane Separation Processes and Environmental Engineering Techniques: A Vision for the Future and a Critical Overview. Fructose and Its Impact on the Diffusion of Electrolytes in Aqueous Systems. Cheminformatics: The Promising Future: Managing Change of Approach Through ICT Emerging Technology. Application of Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization in Designing Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering Systems and Its Wide Technological Vision: A Critical Overview and A Broad Scientific Perspective. Intensification of Efficiency of Process of a Gas Cleaning in Apparatuses "Rotoklon".

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding mathematical modeling is fundamental in chemical engineering. This book reviews, introduces, and develops the mathematical models that are most frequently encountered in sophisticated chemical engineering domains. The volume provides a collection of models illustrating the power and richness of the mathematical sciences in supplying insight into the operation of important real-world systems. It fills a gap within modeling texts, focusing on applications across a broad range of disciplines. The first part of the book discusses the general components of the modeling process and highlights the potential of modeling in the production of nanofibers. These chapters discuss the general components of the modeling process and the evolutionary nature of successful model building in the electrospinning process. Electrospinning is the most versatile technique for the preparation of continuous nanofibers obtained from numerous materials. This section of book summarizes the state-of-the art in electrospinning as well as updates on theoretical aspects and applications.Part 2 of the book presents a selection of special topics on issues in applied chemistry and chemical engineering, including nanocomposite coating processes by electrocodeposition method, entropic factors conformational interactions, and the application of artificial neural network and meta-heuristic algorithms.This volume covers a wide range of topics in mathematical modeling, computational science, and applied mathematics. It presents a wealth of new results in the development of modeling theories and methods, advancing diverse areas of applications and promoting interdisciplinary interactions between mathematicians, scientists, engineers and representatives from other disciplines.Table of ContentsAn Overview on Electrospun Nanofibers: Influences of Various Parameters and Applications. Updates on Electrospinning Process Models (Part I). Updates on Electrospinning Process Models (Part II). Conductive Viscous Jet and Electrohydrodynamics: Update on Models. Macroscopic Models for Electrospinning. Update on One-Dimensional Models of Steady, Inviscid, Annular Liquid Jets. The Electrically Forced Jet and Instabilities. Update on Deformation of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Conducting Drops in the Electric Field. Update on Behaviour of Electrospun Fluid Jet Simulation Using Microscopic Model. Update on Controlling Instability of Electrospun Nanofibers (Part I). Update on Controlling Instability of Electrospun Nanofibers (Part II). Update on Thermo-Electro-Hydrodynamic Model for Electrospinning Process. Update on Numerical Analysis and Numerical Methods for Solving Equations. The Multilevel Modeling of the Nanocomposite Coating Processes by Electrocodeposition Method. Local Anaesthetics Classification: Artificial Intelligence Information Entropy. Entropic Factors Conformational Interactions. Application of Artificial Neural Network and Meta-Heuristic Algorithm in Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.

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Book SynopsisDue to increasing demand for potable and irrigation water, new scientific research is being conducted to deal with wastewater from a variety of sources. Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes presents a selection of research related to applications of chemical processes for wastewater treatment, separation techniques, and modeling and simulation of chemical processes.Among the many topics are: degradation of herbicide removal of anionic dye efficient sun-light driven photocatalysis removal of copper and iron using green activated carbon defluoridation of drinking water removal of calcium and magnesium from wastewater using ion exchange resins degradation of vegetable oil refinery wastewater novel separation techniques, including microwave-assisted extraction and more The volume presents selected examples in wastewater treatment, highlighting some recent examples of processes such as photocatalytic degradation, emulsion liquid membrane, novel photocatalyst for degradation of various pollutants, and adsorption of heavy metals. The book goes on to explore some novel separation techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, anhydrous ethanol through molecular sieve dehydration, batch extraction from leaves of Syzygium cumini (known as jambul, jambolan, jamblang or jamun), and reactive extraction. These novel separation techniques have proved be advantageous over conventional methods.The volume also looks at modeling and simulation of chemical processes, including chapters on flow characteristics of novel solid-liquid multistage circulating fluidized bed, mathematical modeling and simulation of gasketed plate heat exchangers, optimization of the adsorption capacity of prepared activated carbon, and modeling of ethanol/water separation by pervaporation, along with topics on simulation using CHEMCAD software. The diverse chapters share and encourage new ideas, methods, and applications in ongoing advances in this growing area of chemical engineering and technology. It will be a valuable resource for researchers and faculty and industrialists as well as for students. Trade Review "This edited book, Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes, by Dr. Bhanvase, Dr. Ugwekar, and Dr. Mankar, brings out important information on various aspects of water treatment technologies. With the increase in global population, water has now been a primary focus for geopolitics in water-starved nations. It is important, therefore, to preserve, recycle, and reuse water. The book provides insights into the importance of water and various methods of water treatment. . . . In the initial sections of the book, details on various techniques for water treatment have been provided. Subsequently, the book deals with novel separation processes and modeling and simulation of various chemical processes involved in water treatment technologies. I strongly feel that the book provides a complete package for researchers and practicing engineers working in the field of water treatment technologies."—Dr. Jitendra Sangwai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India"This edited book, Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes, by Dr. Bhanvase, Dr. Ugwekar, and Dr. Mankar, brings out important information on various aspects of water treatment technologies. With the increase in global population, water has now been a primary focus for geopolitics in water-starved nations. It is important, therefore, to preserve, recycle, and reuse water. The book provides insights into the importance of water and various methods of water treatment. . . . In the initial sections of the book, details on various techniques for water treatment have been provided. Subsequently, the book deals with novel separation processes and modeling and simulation of various chemical processes involved in water treatment technologies. I strongly feel that the book provides a complete package for researchers and practicing engineers working in the field of water treatment technologies."—Dr. Jitendra Sangwai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, IndiaTable of ContentsPhotocatalytic Degradation of Herbicide by Using Aeroxide®P-90 Tio2 Photocatalyst and Photo-Fenton Process in the Presence of Artificial and Solar Radiation. Studies on Removal of Anionic Dye Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane. Zinc Oxide Microarchitectures with Exposed Crystal Face for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. Sonochemical Synthesis of Mg-Doped for Efficient Sun-Light Driven Photocatalysis. Intensified Removal of Cu2+ and Fe2+ Using Green Activated Carbon Derived from Lantana camara Stem and Soya Hull and Its Comparison with Commercial Activated Carbon. Defluoridation of Drinking Water Using Fe-Al Mixed Metal Hydroxides. Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Using Sweetlime and Orange Peel Powder. Investigation on Elimination of Cr (Vi) from Waste Water by Powdered Shell of Peas as Adsorbent. Removal of Calcium and Magnesium from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Resins. Degradation of Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Process Intensification Technique. Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Coralene Dark Red 2B. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carvone from Carum Carvi. Kinetic Model for Extraction of Betulic Acid by Batch Extraction from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun). Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid. Flow Characteristics of Novel Solid-Liquid Multistage Circulating Fluidized Bed. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger. Optimization of Adsorption Capacity of Prepared Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology. Modeling of Ethanol/Water Separation by Pervaporation Membrane Process. Modeling and Simulation of Crystallizer Using Copper Oxide Based Nanofluids. Sensitivity Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using CHEMCAD. Extractive Distillation Simulation for the Separation of Methylcyclohexane and Toluene Mixture with Phenol as an Extractor Using CHEMCAD. An Experimental Review of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Fruits and Vegetables. Novel Technology for Essential Fatty Acids: An Experimental Review.

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Book SynopsisApplied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments provides a detailed yet easy-to-follow treatment of various techniques useful for characterizing the structure and properties of engineering materials. This timely volume provides an overview of new methods and presents experimental research in applied chemistry using modern approaches. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications and then goes on to demonstrate the advantage and disadvantages of each physical technique. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments.The book is broken into several subsections: Polymer Chemistry and Technology Computational Approaches Clinical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Special Topics This volume presents research and reviews and information on implementing and sustaining interdisciplinary studies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.Table of ContentsSynthesis of Unsaturated Biodegradable Poly(Ester Amide) S and Study of Their Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Experimental Design and Properties of Foams: Azodicarbon Amide and Zinc Oxide. Thermal and Tribochemical Processes in Polyphenyleneoxide in the Process of Friction. Compatibility and Thermal Properties of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Natural Rubber-Graft-Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blends. Thermal Properties and Intermolecular Interaction of Binary Polymer Blends of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(N-Butyl Methacrylate). Cross-Linking of Epoxy-Isocyanate Mixtures in the Presence of Hydroxyl-Acrylic Oligomer. The Superposing Significant Interaction Rules (SSIR) Method. The Vision of Application of Multiobjective Optimization and Genetic Algorithm in Modeling and Simulation of the Riser Reactor of a Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit: A Critical Review. A Theoretical Study of Bimetallic CuAun (N=1-7) Nanoalloy Clusters Invoking Conceptual DFT-Based Descriptors. Biochemistry Apps as Enabler of Compound and DNA Computasional: Next-Generation Computing Technology. Adsorbents for DNA Separations. Adsorption of DNA on Silica, Alumina and Hydroxylapatite. Thermal Behaviour of Sodium Salt of Calf Thymus DNA. Environmental Engineering, Membrane Technology and Novel Separation Processes: A Broad Scientific Perspective and a Critical Overview. A Comparative Study on Electro-Centrifuge Spinning and Electrospinning Process as Two Different Nanofiber Creation Techniques. Results of Testing of Helio-Drying Apparatus with Polycarbonate Covering. Dependence of Morphology on Optical and Electrical Properties of Metal Oxide Nanostructures. Mechanism of Ni(Fe)ARD Action in Methionine Salvage Pathway, in Biosynthesis of Ethylene, and Role of Tyr-Fragment as Regulatory Factor.

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Book SynopsisThis volume, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and Applied Science, is designed to fulfill the requirements of scientists and engineers who wish to be able to carry out experimental research in chemistry and applied science using modern methods. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method, as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments. This book traces the progress made in this field and its sub-fields and also highlight some of the key theories and their applications and will be a valuable resource for chemical engineers in Materials Science and others.Table of ContentsAdsorption of Malachite Green to Silica Hydrogel. Fullerenes in the Air Oxidation Environment. Water Vapor Adsorption by Zeolites. Degradation and Stabilization Issues of Polyethylene in Open Air Applications. Theoretical Calculations on Aza-Scorpiand Systems. Global Water Crisis, Groundwater Remediation and Futuristic Vision of Environmental Engineering Techniques: A Far-Reaching Review. Whey Protein Based Edible Films: Progress and Prospects. Guar Gum as a Promising Hydrocolloid: Properties and Industry Overview. Bio-Functional Peptides: Biologically Activities, Production, and Applications. Bioproducts Obtained from the Bioprocessing of the Banana Peel Waste: An Overview. Current Trends in the Biotechnological Production Fructooligosaccharides. The RSM-CI Emerging Technology for Enabling Biochemical Process: Ethanol Production from Palm Plantation Biomass Waste in Indonesia. Assessment of Quercetin Isolated from Enicostemma littorale Against Few Cancer Targets: An in silico Approach.

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Book SynopsisThis new volume, Physical Chemistry for Engineering and Applied Sciences: Theoretical and Methodological Implications, introduces readers to some of the latest research applications of physical chemistry. The compilation of this volume was motived by the tremendous increase of useful research work in the field of physical chemistry and related subjects in recent years, and the need for communication between physical chemists, physicists, and biophysicists. This volume reflects the huge breadth and diversity in research and the applications in physical chemistry and physical chemistry techniques, providing case studies that are tailored to particular research interests. It examines the industrial processes for emerging materials, determines practical use under a wide range of conditions, and establishes what is needed to produce a new generation of materials.The chapter authors, affiliated with prestigious scientific institutions from around the world, share their research on new and innovative applications in physical chemistry. The chapters in the volume are divided into several areas, covering developments in physical chemistry of modern materials polymer science and engineering nanoscience and nanotechnology Table of ContentsAn Investigation of Kinetic and Equilibrium Behavior of Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Silica Hydrogel. Advancements in Boric Acid Production from Boron Minerals. Dual Role Played by Ionic Liquids to Modulate the Interfacial and Micellar Properties of the Single Chain Cationic Surfactants in Aqueous Solution. The Modeling Possibilities for Organic Reactivity: Polaric and Steric Effects. An Insight into Nearly Ideal Behavior of Ionic Liquid Mixtures. Unsaturated Bond-Containing Heterochain Polymers for Biomedical Use. Features of Lanthanum Extraction by an Intergel System Based on Polyacrylic Acid and Poly-2-Methyl-5-Vinylpyridine Hydrogels. A Study on the Influence of Γ-Al2o3 on Polyvinyl Chloride-Poly (Butyl Methacrylate) Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes. Global Water Crisis: The Vast Innovations and the Vision for the Future. The Vision of Water Purification and Innovative Technologies: A Brief Review. Foodborne Viruses: Role of One’s Health in Food Safety: "Food Safety Is Everybody's Business". Nanomaterials: New Insights in Cancer Treatment. Nanotechnology in Cosmetics: How Safe Is It?. A Density Functional Study of Ag Doped Cu Nanoalloy Clusters. Design, Development and Optical Properties of Functional Active Methacrylate Polymer/ZnO Nanocomposites. Superconductors, Superconductivity, BCS Theory and Entagled Photons for Quantum Computing. Cuprate-Based High-Temperature Superconductor. Basics of Carbohydrates.

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Book SynopsisThis informative volume discusses recent advancements in the research and development in synthesis, characterization, processing, morphology, structure, and properties of advanced polymeric materials. With contributions from leading international researchers and professors in academic, government and industrial institutions, Advanced Polymeric Materials for Sustainability and Innovations has a special focus on eco-friendly polymers, polymer composites, nanocomposites, and blends and materials for traditional and renewable energy.In this book the relationship between processing-morphology-property applications of polymeric materials is well established. Recent advances in the synthesis of new functional monomers has shown strong potential in generating better property polymers from renewable resources. Fundamental advances in the field of nanocomposite blends and nanostructured polymeric materials in automotive, civil, biomedical and packaging/coating applications are the highlights of this book. Table of ContentsStill Looking for the Magic Spot: Dispersing Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles into Nanostructured Block Copolymers. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Polymeric Composites. Role of Equine Ordure in Enhancing Physical and Mechanical Properties of Natural Bio-Active Composites. Preparation and Characterization of Polybenzoxazine/Plasticized PVC-Based-Fumed Silica Composites. Investigation on the Thermal Characteristics of Dry Bonding System for Tire Applications. Novel Bioactive Strontium Containing (Tetra Methacrylate Resin) Composites for Medical Applications. Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite: Thermal Analysis. Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Unidirectional Jute Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite. A Comparative Study of Metachromasy Induced in Acridine Orange by Anionic Polyelectrolytes. Reclamation of Natural Rubber (NR) Waste. Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites with Reinforced Fly Ash and Silicon Carbide. Ion Conducting Polymers. Effect of Modified Calcium Carbonate Filler on Properties of PP/LDH Composites. Different Fabrication Techniques of Aerogels and Its Applications. Role of Nanodispersoids on Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of Smart Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings. Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Jute Polypropylene Composites.

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Book SynopsisThis volume, Engineering Technology and Industrial Chemistry with Applications, brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel developments in the application of new tools for chemical and materials engineers. It provides a collection of innovative chapters on new scientific and industrial research from chemists and chemical engineers at several prestigious institutions. It looks at recent significant research and reports on new methodologies and important applications in the fields of chemical engineering as well as provides coverage of chemical databases, bringing together theory and practical applications.Highlighting theoretical foundations, real-world cases, and future directions, this authoritative reference source will be a valuable addition for researchers, practitioners, professionals, and students of chemistry material and chemical engineering.Table of ContentsPetroleum Engineering, Petrochemicals, Environmental and Energy Sustainability: A Vision for the Future. Modeling, Simulation, Optimization, and Control of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit in a Petroleum Refinery: A Far-Reaching and Comprehensive Review. Modeling and Simulation of the Electrospinning Process by Solving the Governing Equations of Electrified Jet and Using Fenics. An Experimental Investigation on the Electrospinning Process to Produce PAN Nanofibers. Nano Zinc Borates as Polyvinyl Chloride Thermal Stabilizers. Nanofiber Production Capability of Electro-Centrifuge Technique. Quantum Chemical Evaluation of Carbonate Ion Effects on the Anticancer Activity of Pt(Ii) and Pd(Ii) Complexes. Triple Systems, Based on Nickel Compounds, as Effective Hydrocarbons Oxidation Catalysts and Models of Ni-ARD Dioxygenase. Antioxidative Activity of Hyaluronan: Evaluation and Mechanism. Preparation of Two Quercetin Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antioxidative Activity. Peroxocomplexes of Some Transition Metal Ions with d0 Electronic Configurations: Structural and Reactivity Considerations. Physicochemical and Gelling Properties of -Glucan from a Low Quality Oat Variety. Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Films Prepared Via Solution Casting Method. Gum Arabic: A Remarkable Biopolymer for Food and Biomedical Applications. Nuclear Fusion and the American Nuclear Cover-Up in Spain: Palomares Disaster (1966). Hyaluronic Acid Transport Properties and Its Medical Applications in Voice Disorders.

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Book SynopsisThis new resource focuses on many recent advances in recycling and reuse of materials, outlining basic tools and novel approaches. It covers such important issues as e-waste recycling, bio-mass recycling, vermitechnology, recovery of metals, polymer recycling, environmental remediation, waste management, recycling of nanostructured materials, and more. Also included is coverage of new research in the use of laser spectroscopy, pyrolysis, and recycled biomaterials for biomedical applications.Table of ContentsRecycling of Materials and Reduction of Waste. Chemical Recycling of Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Importance of Reusing and Recycling Electronic Wastes. Products from Clothing Waste. Recycling Solid Waste by Co-Processing. Feedstock Recycling of Automobile Shredder Residue. Modification and Reuse of Polyvinyl Chloride Using Polyaniline and Conducting Fillers. Recyclability of EPDM Rubber by Chemical Modification. Wetting Studies as Enablers for Recycling and Reuse of Microfluidic Devices. Proposal for Recycling Organic and Inorganic Materials in an Ecological Park. Removal of Mercury (II) Using Immobilized Papain: Experiment, Modeling, and Optimization. Studies on Effect of Coconut Pith on Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Recycled Polypropylene/Reclaimed Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber Composites. Calcium Lactate as a Promising Coagulant for the Pre-Treatment of Lignin Containing Wastewater. Preparation and Characterization of Wood-Plastic Composite by Plastic Waste and Saw Dust. Recycling of PVC Waste by Fabrication of NBR-PVC Blend.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is based on different aspects of chemical technology that are associated with research and the development of theories for chemical engineers, helping to bridge the gap between classical analysis and modern, real-life applications. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the authors present the current state-of-the-art technology in key materials with an emphasis on the rapidly growing technologies.Table of ContentsUnsaturated Biodegradable Poly(Ester Amide) Composed of Fumaric Acid, L-Leucine, and 1,6-Hexanediol. The Use of Animals Models of Inflammation and Pain in Biomedical Research. Revealing Energy Landscapes of Atomic Clusters by Applying Adaptive Bio-Inspired Algorithms. Antioxidative Activity of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Withania somnifera. ZnO Nanostructure/Polymer Dielectric Films for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications . Computing Modeling of Filling Processes of Nanopores into Templates Aluminum Oxide by Atoms of Various Materials. Calculation of Thermal Conductivity Coefficient of Homogeneous Nanosystems. Nanomaterials, Molecular Ion Magnets, Ultrastrong, Spin–Orbit Couplings in Quantum Materials. Experimental Studies of Fire Extinguishing Micro and Nano Aerosols. Fast Qualitative Inspection of Designed Experiments by Means of the Superposing Significant Interaction Rules (SSIR) Method. Optimum Selection of System of a Gas Cleaning with an Economic Efficiency Estimation. Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications in Different Areas of Engineering and Science. Dehydration Kinetics of Zinc Borates (2ZnO·3B2O3·3H2O and 4ZnO∙B2O3∙H2O) by Thermal Analysis. Catalytic Cracking and Petroleum Refining: Scientific Validation and a Vision for the Future. Dielectric Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals.

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Book SynopsisSlurry bubble column reactors are intensively used as a multiphase reactor in the chemical, biochemical, and petrochemical industries for carrying out reactions and mass transfer operations in which a gas, made up of one or several reactive components, comes into contact or reacts with a liquid. This volume describes the hydrodynamics of three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow in a downflow slurry bubble column. The efficiency of the downflow gas interacting system is characterized by the self-entrainment of secondary gas. The book covers the gas entrainment phenomena, gas holdup characteristics, pressure drop, gasliquid mixing characteristics, bubble size distribution, interfacial phenomena, and the mass transfer phenomena in the downflow slurry system.This volume will be useful in chemical and biochemical industries and in industrial research and development sectors, as well as in advanced education courses in this area. The book will be helpful for further understanding the multiphase behavior in gas interacting multiphase systems for research and development. The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics discussed will be useful in the design and installation of the modified slurry bubble column in industry for specific applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Gas Distribution. Gas Holdup Characteristics. Frictional Pressure Drop. Bubble Size Distribution. Dispersion Phenomena. Mass Transfer Phenomena in Downflow Gas Interacting Slurry Reactor (DGISR)

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Book SynopsisThe science of chemistry is so broad that it is normally broken into fields or branches of specialization. The manufacture of drugs and dyes is one of the most practical industrial applications of chemistry. This collection presents the reader with a broad spectrum of chapters on drugs and dyes, thereby demonstrating key developments in this rapidly changing field. It examines dyes in chemical interaction and production of drugs for pharmaceutical use as well as in forensic work and in the production of materials.Table of ContentsSolvent Effect on the Spectral Properties of Neutral Red. The Degradation of Organic Dyes by Corona Discharge. UV-Vis Spectrophotometrical and Analytical Methodology for the Determination of Singlet Oxygen in New Antibacterials Drugs. The Application of Resonance Light Scattering Technique for the Determination of Tinidazole in Drugs. Enhanced Trace-Fiber Color Discrimination by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Quantitative and Qualitative Tool for the Analysis of Dyes Extracted from Sub-millimeter Nylon Fibers. The pKa Distribution of Drugs: Application to Drug Discovery. Determination of µmol-1 Level of Iron (III) in Natural Waters and Total Iron in Drugs by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry. Design and Synthesis of a Noncentrosymmetric Dipyrromethene Dye. The Function of TiO2 with Respect to Sensitizer Stability in Nanocrystalline Dye Solar Cells. Chromatographic and Spectral Analysis of Two Main Extractable Compounds Present in Aqueous Extracts of Laminated Aluminum Foil Used for Protecting LDPE-Filled Drug Vials. The Cold Contact Method as a Simple Drug Interaction Detection System. NMR and Molecular Modelling Studies on the Interaction of Fluconazole with -Cyclodextrin. Spectrophotometric Determination of Etodolac in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Lead Optimization in Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics/Case study: The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Protease Inhibitor SCH 503034. Pressure-Tuning Raman Spectra of Diiodine Thioamide Compounds: Models for Antithyroid Drug Activity. Uncertainty Analysis of Drug Concentration in Pharmaceutical Mixtures. Characterization of Thermally Stable Dye-Doped Polyimide Based Electrooptic Materials. Sol-Gel-Derived Silicafilms with Tailored Microstructures for Applications Requiring Organic Dyes. Synthesis and Analysis of Nickel Dithiolene Dyes in a Nematic Liquid Crystal Host. Synthesis of a Photoresponsive Polymer and Its Incorporation into an Organic Superlattice. An Efficient Drug Delivery Vehicle for Botulism Countermeasure. Estimation of Synthetic Accessibility Score of Drug-Like Molecules Based on Molecular Complexity and Fragment Contributions. Rational Mutagenesis to Support Structure-Based Drug Design: MAPKAP Kinase 2 as a Case Study. Nanotechnology Approaches to Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier and Drug Delivery to the CNS. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a dedicated lecturer and leading membrane scientist, who has worked both in academia and industry, this advanced textbook provides an impressive overview of all aspects of membranes and their applications. Together with numerous industrial case studies, practical examples and questions, the book provides an excellent and comprehensive introduction to the topic. Advanced students as well as process and chemical engineers working in industry will profit from this resource. A significant feature of the book is the treatment of more recently developed membranes and their applications in energy conversion, biomedical components, controlled release devices and environmental engineering with an indication of the present and future commercial impact.The solutions to the questions in the book can be found underhttp://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/books/ISBN3-537-32451-8/From the Contents:* Introduction* Fundamentals* Membrane Preparation and Characterization* Principles of Membrane Separation Processes* Membrane Modules and Concentration Polarization* Membrane Process Design and OperationTrade Review“The synopsis for the book states that it is aimed at 'advanced students as well as process and chemical engineers working in industry'. I would fully support this view and wholeheartedly recommend the book to such practitioners and similarly interested readers. It is a worthy addition to anyone's bookshelf.” (Chemistry World, 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Membrane Science and Technology 1 1.2 History of Membrane Science and Technology 4 1.3 Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Processes 7 1.4 The Membrane-Based Industry: Its Structure and Markets 9 1.5 Future Developments in Membrane Science and Technology 12 1.5.1 Biological Membranes 14 1.6 Summary 16 Recommended Reading 16 References 17 2 Fundamentals 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Definition of Terms 19 2.2.1 The Membrane and Its Function 19 2.2.2 Membrane Materials and Membrane Structures 21 2.2.2.1 Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes 22 2.2.2.2 Porous Membranes 23 2.2.2.3 Homogeneous Dense Membranes 23 2.2.2.4 Ion-Exchange Membranes 24 2.2.2.5 Liquid Membranes 24 2.2.2.6 Fixed Carrier Membranes 24 2.2.2.7 Other Membranes 25 2.2.2.8 Membrane Geometries 25 2.2.3 Mass Transport in Membranes 27 2.2.4 Membrane Separation Properties 31 2.2.5 Definition of Various Membrane Processes 33 2.2.5.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 34 2.2.5.2 Activity and Concentration Gradient Driven Membrane Processes 35 2.2.5.3 Electrical Potential and Electrochemical Potential Driven Processes 36 2.3 Fundamentals of Mass Transport in Membranes and Membrane Processes 37 2.3.1 Basic Thermodynamic Relationships with Relevance to Membrane Processes 37 2.3.2 Basic Electrochemical Relationships with Relevance to Membrane Processes 42 2.3.2.1 Electron and Ion Conductivity and Ohm’s Law 42 2.3.2.2 Ion Conductivity, Ion Mobility, and Drift Speed 43 2.3.2.3 Coulomb’s Law and the Electric Field Effect on Ions in Solution 45 2.3.2.4 The Electric Field Effect in Electrolyte Solutions and the Debye-Hückel Theory 46 2.3.2.5 Electrical Dipoles and Intermolecular Forces 48 2.3.3 Chemical and Electrochemical Equilibrium in Membrane Systems 49 2.3.3.1 Water Dissociation Equilibrium and the pH- and pK Values of Acids and Bases 49 2.3.3.2 Osmotic Equilibrium, Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Reverse Osmosis 51 2.3.3.3 The Electrochemical Equilibrium and the Donnan Potential between a Membrane and a Solution 54 2.3.3.4 The Donnan Exclusion of the Co-ions 55 2.3.4 Fluxes and Driving Forces in Membrane Processes 57 2.3.4.1 Viscous Flow through Porous Membranes 58 2.3.4.2 Diffusion in Liquids and Dense Membranes 59 2.3.4.3 Diffusion in Solid or Dense Materials 63 2.3.4.4 Ion Flux and Electrical Current 65 2.3.4.5 Diffusion of Ions in an Electrolyte Solution 66 2.3.4.6 Ion Mobility and Ion Radius in Aqueous Solutions 67 2.3.4.7 Migration of Ions and the Electrical Current 68 2.3.4.8 The Transport Number and the Permselectivity of Ion-exchange Membranes 69 2.3.4.9 Interdependence of Fluxes and Driving Forces 70 2.3.4.10 Gas Flux through Porous Membranes, the Knudsen and Surface Diffusion and Molecular Sieving 71 2.3.4.11 Surface Diffusion and Capillary Condensation of Gases 73 2.4 Mathematical Description of Mass Transport in Membranes 74 2.4.1 Mass Transport Described by the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes 75 2.4.2 Mass Transport Described by the Stefan–Maxwell Equations 77 2.4.3 Membrane Mass Transport Models 79 2.4.3.1 The Solution–Diffusion Model 79 2.4.3.2 The Pore Flow Model and the Membrane Cut-off 84 References 87 3 Membrane Preparation and Characterization 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Membrane Materials 89 3.2.1 Polymeric Membrane Materials 90 3.2.1.1 The Physical State of a Polymer 90 3.2.1.2 Crystallinity and Glass Transition Temperature 92 3.2.1.3 The Glass Transition Temperature and the Free Volume 93 3.2.1.4 Molecular Weight of a Polymer Chain 94 3.2.1.5 Macroscopic Structures of Polymers 95 3.2.1.6 Polymer Chain Interaction and Its Effect on Physical Properties 97 3.2.1.7 The Chemical Structure of the Polymer and Its Effect on Polymer Properties 98 3.2.2 Inorganic Membrane Materials 100 3.2.2.1 Metal Membranes 100 3.2.2.2 Glass Membranes 101 3.2.2.3 Carbon Membranes 101 3.2.2.4 Metal Oxide Membranes 102 3.2.3 Liquid Membrane Materials 103 3.3 Preparation of Membranes 104 3.3.1 Preparation of Symmetric Porous Membranes 104 3.3.1.1 Isotropic Membranes Made by Sintering of Powders, Stretching of Films, and Template Leaching 106 3.3.1.2 Membranes Made by Pressing and Sintering of Polymer Powders 106 3.3.1.3 Membranes Made by Stretching a Polymer Film of Partial Crystallinity 107 3.3.1.4 Membranes Made by Track-Etching 108 3.3.1.5 Membranes Made by Micro-Lithography and Etching Techniques 109 3.3.1.6 Glass Membranes Made by Template Leaching 112 3.3.1.7 Porous Graphite Membranes Made by Pyrolyzing Polymer Structures 112 3.3.1.8 Symmetric Porous Polymer Membranes Made by Phase Inversion Techniques 112 3.3.2 Preparation of Asymmetric Membranes 114 3.3.2.1 Preparation of Integral Asymmetric Membranes 115 3.3.3 Practical Membrane Preparation by Phase Inversion 117 3.3.3.1 Temperature-Induced Membrane Preparation 117 3.3.3.2 Diffusion-Induced Membrane Preparation 118 3.3.4 Phenomenological Description of the Phase Separation Process 124 3.3.4.1 Temperature-Induced Phase Separation Process 125 3.3.4.2 Thermodynamics of a Temperature-Induced Phase Separation of a Two-Component Mixture 126 3.3.4.3 The Diffusion-Induced Phase Separation Process 133 3.3.4.4 Structures of Asymmetric Membranes Obtained by Phase Inversion 136 3.3.4.5 Identification of Various Process Parameters in the Preparation of Phase Inversion Membranes 136 3.3.4.6 General Observation Concerning the Structure of Phase Inversion Membranes 137 3.3.4.7 The Selection of a Polymer/Solvent/Precipitant System for the Preparation of Membranes 144 3.3.4.8 Membrane Pre- and Post-Precipitation Treatment 148 3.3.5 Preparation of Composite Membranes 149 3.3.5.1 Techniques Used for the Preparation of Polymeric Composite Membranes 151 3.3.6 Preparation of Inorganic Membranes 155 3.3.6.1 Suspension Coating and the Sol–Gel Process 157 3.3.6.2 Perovskite Membranes 158 3.3.6.3 Zeolite Membranes 159 3.3.6.4 Porous Carbon Membranes 160 3.3.6.5 Porous Glass Membranes 161 3.3.7 Preparation of Homogeneous Solid Membranes 161 3.3.7.1 Preparation of Liquid Membranes 162 3.3.7.2 Preparation of Ion-Exchange Membranes 164 3.4 Membrane Characterization 170 3.4.1 Characterization of Porous Membranes 171 3.4.1.1 Techniques using Microscopy 172 3.4.1.2 Determination of Micro- and Ultrafiltration Membrane Fluxes 173 3.4.1.3 Membrane Retention and Molecular Weight Cut-Off 175 3.4.1.4 The Bacterial Challenge Test 178 3.4.2 Membrane Pore Size Determination 178 3.4.2.1 Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Displacement 179 3.4.2.2 The Bubble Point Method and Gas Liquid Porosimetry 180 3.4.2.3 Liquid/Liquid Displacement 182 3.4.2.4 Permporometry 185 3.4.2.5 Thermoporometry 188 3.4.3 Characterization of Dense Membranes 189 3.4.3.1 Determination of Diffusivity in Dense Membranes 190 3.4.3.2 Long-Term Stability of Membranes 193 3.4.4 Determination of Electrochemical Properties of Membranes 193 3.4.4.1 Hydraulic Permeability of Ion-Exchange Membranes 194 3.4.4.2 The Fixed Charge Density of Ion-Exchange Membranes 194 3.4.4.3 Determination of the Electrical Resistance of Ion-Exchange Membranes 195 3.4.4.4 Membrane Resistance Measurements by Impedance Spectroscopy 198 3.4.4.5 Permselectivity of Ion-Exchange Membranes 203 3.4.4.6 Membrane Permeation Selectivity for Different Counter-ions 206 3.4.4.7 Water Transport in Ion-Exchange Membranes 207 3.4.4.8 Characterization of Special Property Ion-Exchange Membranes 209 3.4.4.9 The Mechanical Properties of Membranes 209 References 210 4 Principles of Membrane Separation Processes 213 4.1 Introduction 213 4.2 The Principle of Membrane Filtration Processes 214 4.2.1 The Principle of Microfiltration 216 4.2.2 The Principle of Ultrafiltration 219 4.2.3 The Principle of Nanofiltration 223 4.2.4 The Principle of Reverse Osmosis 229 4.2.4.1 The Reverse Osmosis Mass Transport Described by the Solution–Diffusion Model 230 4.2.4.2 Reverse Osmosis Transport Described by the Phenomenological Equations 234 4.2.4.3 The Water and Salt Distribution in a Polymer Matrix and the Cluster Function 239 4.3 The Principle of Gas and Vapor Separation 239 4.3.1 Gas Separation by Knudsen Diffusion 240 4.3.2 Gas Separation by Surface Diffusion and Molecular Sieving 241 4.3.3 Gas Transport in a Dense Polymer Matrix 243 4.3.4 The Principle of Pervaporation 254 4.3.4.1 Material Selection for the Preparation of Pervaporation Membranes 259 4.4 The Principle of Dialysis 261 4.4.1 Mass Transport of Components Carrying No Electrical Charges in Dialysis 262 4.4.2 Dialysis Mass Transport of Electrolytes in a Membrane without Fixed Ions 264 4.4.3 Dialysis of Electrolytes with Ion-Exchange Membranes 266 4.5 The Principle of Electromembrane Processes 268 4.5.1 Electrodialysis and Related Processes 269 4.5.1.1 Mass Transport in Electrodialysis 270 4.5.1.2 Electrical Current and Ion Fluxes in Electrodialysis 272 4.5.1.3 The Transport Number and Membrane Permselectivity 274 4.5.1.4 Membrane Counter-Ion Permselectivity 275 4.5.1.5 Water Transport in Electrodialysis 276 4.5.1.6 Current Efficiency in Electrodialysis 276 4.5.1.7 Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes 278 4.5.1.8 Continuous Electrodeionization 280 4.5.1.9 Capacitive Deionization 281 4.5.1.10 Energy Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis 282 4.5.2 Electrochemical Synthesis with Ion-Exchange Membranes 283 4.5.3 Ion-Exchange Membranes in Energy Storage and Conversion 287 4.6 The Principle of Membrane Contactors 292 4.6.1 Membrane Contactors Separating a Hydrophobic from a Hydrophilic Phase 294 4.6.2 Membrane Contactors Used to Separate Two Immiscible Liquid Phases 295 4.6.3 Membrane Contactors Separating a Liquid from a Gas Phase 298 4.6.4 Membrane Distillation 300 4.6.5 Osmotic Distillation 305 4.6.6 Supported Liquid Membranes and Facilitated Transport 306 4.6.7 Counter-Current Coupled Facilitated Transport 308 4.7 Membrane Reactors 311 4.7.1 Membrane Emulsifier 314 4.8 Membrane-Based Controlled Release of Active Agents 314 References 320 5 Membrane Modules and Concentration Polarization 323 5.1 Introduction 323 5.2 Membrane Modules 324 5.2.1 Membrane Holding Devices in Laboratory and Small-Scale Applications 324 5.2.1.1 The Stirred Batch Cell 325 5.2.1.2 The Sealed Membrane Point-of-Use Filter 326 5.2.1.3 The Plate-and-Frame Membrane Module 326 5.2.2 Industrial-Type Membrane Modules for Large Capacity Applications 328 5.2.2.1 The Pleated Filter Membrane Cartridge 328 5.2.2.2 The Spiral-Wound Module 329 5.2.2.3 The Tubular Membrane Module 331 5.2.2.4 The Capillary Membrane Module 333 5.2.2.5 The Hollow Fiber Membrane Module 335 5.2.3 Other Membrane Modules 336 5.2.3.1 Membrane Modules Used in Electrodialysis and in Dialysis 336 5.3 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling 340 5.3.1 Concentration Polarization in Filtration Processes 342 5.3.1.1 Concentration Polarization without Solute Precipitation 343 5.3.1.2 Concentration Polarization in Turbulent Flow Described by the Film Model 343 5.3.1.3 Concentration Polarization in Laminar Flow Membrane Devices 348 5.3.1.4 Rigorous Analysis of Concentration Polarization 352 5.3.1.5 Membrane Flux Decline due to Concentration Polarization without Solute Precipitation 353 5.3.1.6 Concentration Polarization with Solute Precipitation at the Membrane Surface 354 5.3.2 Concentration Polarization in Other Membrane Separation Processes 362 5.3.2.1 Concentration Polarization in Dialysis and Electrodialysis 363 5.3.2.2 Concentration Polarization in Electrodialysis 366 5.3.2.3 Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation 371 5.3.2.4 Concentration Polarization in Pervaporation 373 5.3.3 Membrane Fouling and Its Causes and Consequences 373 5.3.3.1 Prevention of Membrane Fouling 375 References 378 6 Membrane Process Design and Operation 381 6.1 Introduction 381 6.2 Membrane Filtration Processes 381 6.2.1 Recovery Rate, Membrane Rejection, Retentate, and Filtrate Concentrations 382 6.2.1.1 Solute Losses in Membrane Filtration Processes 386 6.2.1.2 Operation Modes in Filtration Processes 387 6.2.1.3 Reverse Osmosis Process Design 388 6.2.1.4 Stages and Cascades in Membrane Filtration 392 6.2.1.5 Ultra- and Microfiltration Process Design 395 6.2.1.6 Ultrafiltration Process Design 401 6.2.1.7 Diafiltration 403 6.2.2 Costs of Membrane Filtration Processes 406 6.2.2.1 Energy Requirements in Filtration Processes 406 6.2.2.2 Investment- and Maintenance-Related Costs in Filtration Processes 411 6.3 Gas Separation 412 6.3.1 Gas Separation Process Design and Operation 413 6.3.1.1 Staging in Gas Separation and the Reflux Cascade 419 6.3.2 Energy Consumption and Cost of Gas Separation 421 6.4 Pervaporation 422 6.4.1 Pervaporation Modes of Operation 424 6.4.1.1 Staging and Cascades in Pervaporation 425 6.4.2 Pervaporation Energy Consumption and Process Costs 428 6.5 Dialysis 428 6.5.1 Dialysis Process and System Design 430 6.5.1.1 Dialyzer Membrane Module Constructions 431 6.5.2 Process Costs in Dialysis 435 6.6 Electrodialysis and Related Processes 436 6.6.1 Process Design in Conventional Electrodialysis 436 6.6.1.1 Operation of the Electrodialysis Stacks in a Desalination Plant 441 6.6.2 Process Costs in Electrodialysis 442 References 444 Appendix A 447 Questions and Exercises 447 Appendix B 457 Index 465

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Book SynopsisRevised and updated, this highly acclaimed work, now in its fourth edition, remains the most comprehensive source of information available on organic pigments. It provides up-to-date information on synthesis, reaction mechanism, physical and chemical properties, test methods, and applications of all the industrially produced organic pigments available on the world market. This fourth edition now includes new chapters on the latest applications and three-dimensional X-ray analysis, while the chapters on legislation, ecology, and toxicology have been rewritten to reflect recent developments. Sets the international standard for information on the synthesis, reaction mechanisms, properties, relevant test methods, and applications of organic pigments Contains all industrially produced pigments of the world market, even those which can no longer be found in producers’ catalogs are described Standardized methods allow test results to be compared throughout the book The reader is given useful hints as to which pigment is best for a given application Clearly structured and concise text with up-to-date references to the pertinent literature Ecological and toxicological properties of organic pigments are outlined Appendix offers invaluable flow diagrams on the manufacture of numerous pigments, a table of all described pigments with information about their C.I. and CAS registration, and an in-depth subject index Trade Reviewx"...eignet sich das Buch zur Einfuhrung in die Thematik, aber auch erfahrene Anwender und Entwickler werden es als wertvolles Nachschlagewerk zu schatzen wissen... Der "Herbst/Hunger" ist auch in der dritten Auflage seinem Genre zwischen Lehrbuch und Nachschlagewerk treu geblieben. Es gibt kein vergleichbares Buch, das einem die physikalischen Grundlagen, die Chemie und die Anwendungseigenschaften organischer Buntpigmente so umfassend, kompakt und eingangig erschlie?t." Peter Erk, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen Angewandte Chemie 2004-116/34Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Preface to the Third Edition xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii 1 General 1 1.1 Definition: Pigments and Dyes 1 1.1.1 Organic and Inorganic Pigments 2 1.2 Historical 3 1.3 Classification of Organic Pigments 4 1.3.1 Hydrazone Pigments (Formerly Called Azo Pigments) (Chapter 2) 4 1.3.1.1 Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments (Formerly Called Monoazo Yellow and Orange Pigments) (Section 2.3) 5 1.3.1.2 Dihydrazone Pigments (Formerly Called Disazo Pigments) (Section 2.4) 5 1.3.1.3 β-Naphthol Pigments (Section 2.5) 5 1.3.1.4 Naphthol AS Pigments (Section 2.6) 5 1.3.1.5 Hydrazone Pigment Lakes (Formerly Called Azo Pigment Lakes) (Section 2.7) 6 1.3.1.6 Benzimidazolone Pigments (Section 2.8) 6 1.3.1.7 Dihydrazone Condensation Pigments (Formerly Called Disazo Condensation Pigments) (Section 2.9) 7 1.3.2 Polycyclic Pigments (Chapter 3) 7 1.3.2.1 Phthalocyanine Pigments (Section 3.1) 7 1.3.2.2 Quinacridone Pigments (Section 3.2) 7 1.3.2.3 Perylene and Perinone Pigments (Section 3.4) 8 1.3.2.4 Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Pigments (Section 3.5) 8 1.3.2.5 Thioindigo Pigments (Section 3.6) 8 1.3.2.6 Pigments Derived from Anthraquinone (Section 3.7) 8 1.3.2.7 Dioxazine Pigments (Section 3.8) 9 1.3.2.8 Quinophthalone Pigments (Section 3.9) 9 1.3.2.9 Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments 9 1.3.3 Miscellaneous Pigments (Chapter 4) 10 1.3.3.1 Triarylcarbonium Pigments (Section 4.1) 10 1.3.3.2 Metal Complex Pigments (Section 4.2) 10 1.4 Relationship between Chemical Structure and Pigment Properties 10 1.4.1 Hue 11 1.4.2 Tinctorial Strength 14 1.4.3 Lightfastness and Weatherfastness 17 1.4.4 Solvent and Migration Fastness 18 1.5 Physical Characterization of Pigments 20 1.5.1 Specific Surface Area 23 1.5.2 Particle Size Distribution 26 1.5.2.1 Determination of Particle Size by Ultrasedimentation 27 1.5.2.2 Determination by Electron Microscopy 28 1.5.2.3 Data Representation 33 1.5.3 Crystal Structure and Polymorphism 37 1.5.3.1 Effect of the Crystal Structure on the Optical Properties 39 1.5.3.2 Polymorphism 41 1.5.3.3 Identification of Polymorphic Forms by X-Ray Powder Diffraction 44 1.5.3.4 Crystal Structure Determination 44 1.5.3.5 Prediction of Crystal Structures; Crystal Engineering 47 1.5.4 Crystallinity 48 1.6 Important Application Properties and Concepts 51 1.6.1 Colouristic Properties (by F. Gläser) 52 1.6.1.1 Colour 52 1.6.1.2 Colour Depth 55 1.6.1.3 Colour Differences 56 1.6.1.4 Optical Behaviour of Pigmented Coatings 56 1.6.1.5 Tinctorial Strength 58 1.6.1.6 Hiding Power 60 1.6.1.7 Transparency 61 1.6.2 Fastness to Solvents and Special Application Fastness 61 1.6.2.1 Organic Solvents 61 1.6.2.2 Water, Soap, Alkali and Acids 62 1.6.2.3 Pigment Performance in Special Applications 65 1.6.2.4 Textile Fastness Properties 66 1.6.3 Migration 67 1.6.3.1 Blooming 68 1.6.3.2 Bleeding/Overspraying Fastness 71 1.6.4 Disturbances during the Processing of Pigmented Systems 75 1.6.4.1 Plate-Out 75 1.6.4.2 Overpigmentation/Chalking 76 1.6.4.3 Distortion/Nucleation in Polymers 77 1.6.5 Dispersion 78 1.6.5.1 General Considerations 78 1.6.5.2 Desagglomeration of Pigment Particles 80 1.6.5.3 Wetting of Pigment Particle Surfaces 80 1.6.5.4 Distribution of the Dispersed Pigment in its Medium 84 1.6.5.5 Stabilization 86 1.6.5.6 Dispersion and the Critical Pigment Volume Concentration 86 1.6.5.7 Test Methods 87 1.6.5.8 Flush Pastes 93 1.6.5.9 Pigment Preparations 94 1.6.6 Lightfastness and Weatherfastness 94 1.6.6.1 Definition and General Information 94 1.6.6.2 Evaluation Techniques and Equipment 95 1.6.6.3 Factors Determining the Lightfastness 98 1.6.7 Thermal Stability 104 1.6.8 Flow Properties of Pigmented Systems 110 1.6.8.1 Rheological Properties 110 1.6.8.2 Viscoelastic Properties 114 1.6.8.3 Influence on the Flow Properties 114 1.6.8.4 Correlation between Flow Behaviour and Rheological Parameters 115 1.6.8.5 Rheological Measurements 116 1.7 Particle Size Distribution and Application Properties of Pigmented Media 119 1.7.1 Tinctorial Strength 120 1.7.2 Hue 122 1.7.3 Hiding Power, Transparency 126 1.7.4 Lightfastness and Weatherfastness 131 1.7.5 Dispersibility 133 1.7.6 Gloss 136 1.7.7 Solvent and Migration Fastness 139 1.7.8 Flow 141 1.8 Areas of Application for Organic Pigments 142 1.8.1 Printing Inks 144 1.8.1.1 Offset Printing 144 1.8.1.2 Gravure Printing 149 1.8.1.3 Solvent-Based Flexographic Packaging Printing 152 1.8.1.4 Non-impact Printing 154 1.8.1.5 Security Printing 155 1.8.2 Coatings 155 1.8.2.1 Oxidatively Drying Paints 156 1.8.2.2 Oven Drying Systems 156 1.8.2.3 Emulsion Paints 162 1.8.3 Plastics 163 1.8.3.1 Polyolefins 167 1.8.3.2 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 169 1.8.3.3 Polyurethane 174 1.8.3.4 Polyamide, Polycarbonate, Polyester, Polyoxymethylene 175 1.8.3.5 Polystyrene, Styrene-Copolymers, Poly(methyl methacrylate) 175 1.8.3.6 Elastomers 177 1.8.3.7 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 178 1.8.3.8 Thermosets (Thermosetting Plastics) 179 1.8.3.9 Spin Dyeing 181 1.8.4 Other Areas of Application 183 1.8.4.1 Miscellaneous Applications 183 1.8.4.2 Colouration of Glass with Organic Pigments 184 References for Chapter 1 184 2 Hydrazone Pigments (Formerly Called Azo Pigments) 193 2.1 Starting Materials 196 2.1.1 Diazo Components 197 2.1.1.1 Reduction Methods 199 2.1.2 Coupling Compounds 200 2.1.2.1 Acetoacetic Anilides 201 2.1.2.2 β-Naphthol and its Derivatives 201 2.1.2.3 Pyrazolone Derivatives 204 2.1.3 Important Intermediates 204 2.2 Synthesis of Hydrazone Pigments 205 2.2.1 Diazotization 206 2.2.1.1 Diazotization Mechanism 207 2.2.1.2 Methods of Diazotization 207 2.2.2 Coupling 209 2.2.2.1 Coupling Techniques 211 2.2.3 Finishing 213 2.2.4 Filtration, Drying and Milling 214 2.2.5 Hydrazone Pigment Synthesis by Continuous Operation 215 2.2.5.1 Diazotization by Continuous Technique 216 2.2.5.2 Coupling by Continuous Process 218 2.2.5.3 Process Control 219 2.2.6 Production Units for Hydrazone Pigment Manufacture by Batch Operation 219 2.3 Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments (Formerly Called Monoazo Yellow and Orange Pigments) 221 2.3.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 223 2.3.1.1 Non-laked Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments 223 2.3.1.2 Monohydrazone Yellow Pigment Lakes 227 2.3.2 Properties 232 2.3.2.1 Non-laked Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments 232 2.3.2.2 Monohydrazone Yellow Pigment Lakes 233 2.3.3 Application 233 2.3.4 Commercially Available Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments 235 2.3.4.1 General 235 2.3.4.2 Individual Non-laked Monohydrazone Yellow and Orange Pigments 235 2.3.4.3 Monohydrazone Yellow Pigment Lakes 247 2.4 Dihydrazone Pigments (Formerly Called Disazo Pigments) 251 2.4.1 Diarylide Yellow Pigments 253 2.4.1.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 253 2.4.1.2 Properties 258 2.4.1.3 Application 259 2.4.1.4 Commercially Available Diarylide Yellow Pigments 262 2.4.2 Bisacetoacetarylide Pigments 278 2.4.2.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Strctures 278 2.4.2.2 Properties and Application 280 2.4.2.3 Commercially Available Bisacetoacetarylide Pigments 281 2.4.3 Dihydrazonepyrazolone Pigments (Formerly Called Disazopyrazolone Pigments) 284 2.4.3.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 284 2.4.3.2 Properties 285 2.4.3.3 Application 285 2.4.3.4 Commercially Available Dihydrazonepyrazolone Pigments 285 2.5 β-Naphthol Pigments 290 2.5.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 291 2.5.1.1 Crystal Structures 292 2.5.2 Properties 293 2.5.3 Application 293 2.5.4 Commercially Available β-Naphthol Pigments 296 2.6 Naphthol AS Pigments 300 2.6.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 302 2.6.1.1 Crystal Structures 303 2.6.2 Properties 307 2.6.3 Application 309 2.6.4 Commercially Available Naphthol AS Pigments 310 2.6.4.1 General 310 2.6.4.2 Naphthol AS Pigments with Simple Substituents 310 2.6.4.3 Naphthol AS Pigments with Sulfonamide or Carbonamide Groups 324 2.7 Red Hydrazone Pigment Lakes (Formerly Called Red Azo Pigment Lakes) 337 2.7.1 β-Naphthol Pigment Lakes 338 2.7.1.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 338 2.7.1.2 Properties 341 2.7.1.3 Application 342 2.7.1.4 Commercially Available β-Naphthol Pigment Lakes 342 2.7.2 BONA Pigment Lakes 349 2.7.2.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 349 2.7.2.2 Properties 350 2.7.2.3 Application 351 2.7.2.4 Commercially Available BONA Pigment Lakes 352 2.7.3 Naphthol AS Pigment Lakes 362 2.7.3.1 Chemistry, Manufacture, Crystal Structures, Properties and Applications 362 2.7.3.2 Commercially Available Naphthol AS Pigment Lakes 362 2.7.4 Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Pigment Lakes 366 2.7.4.1 Chemistry, Manufacture, Crystal Structures, Properties and Applications 366 2.7.4.2 Commercially Available Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Pigment Lakes 366 2.8 Benzimidazolone Pigments 370 2.8.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 372 2.8.1.1 Coupling Components for Yellow and Orange Benzimidazolone Pigments 372 2.8.1.2 Coupling Components for Red Benzimidazolone Pigments 373 2.8.1.3 Pigment Synthesis and Aftertreatment 373 2.8.1.4 Crystal Structures 374 2.8.2 Properties 380 2.8.3 Application 381 2.8.4 Commercially Available Benzimidazolone Pigments 382 2.8.4.1 The Yellow and Orange Series 382 2.8.4.2 The Red and Brown Series 393 2.8.5 Quinoxalinedione Pigments 400 2.8.5.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 400 2.8.5.2 Properties and Applications 402 2.9 Dihydrazone Condensation Pigments (Formerly Called Disazo Condensation Pigments) 403 2.9.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 404 2.9.2 Properties 407 2.9.3 Application 407 2.9.4 Commercially Available Dihydrazone Condensation Pigments 409 2.9.4.1 General 409 2.9.4.2 Yellow Series 409 2.9.4.3 Orange, Red and Brown Pigments 414 References for Chapter 2 421 3 Polycyclic Pigments 425 3.1 Phthalocyanine Pigments 426 3.1.1 Starting Materials 427 3.1.1.1 Phthalic Anhydride 428 3.1.1.2 Phthalonitrile 428 3.1.2 Manufacture 428 3.1.2.1 Phthalonitrile Process 429 3.1.2.2 Phthalic Anhydride/Urea Process 432 3.1.2.3 Manufacturing the Different Crystal Modifications 435 3.1.2.4 Phase- and Flocculation-Stabilized Copper Phthalocyanine Blue Pigments 437 3.1.2.5 Manufacture of Green Types 438 3.1.2.6 Metal-Free Phthalocyanine Blue 439 3.1.3 Crystal Structures and Properties 440 3.1.4 Application 445 3.1.5 Commercially Available Phthalocyanine Pigments 447 3.2 Quinacridone Pigments 460 3.2.1 Starting Materials, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 461 3.2.1.1 Thermal Ring Closure 461 3.2.1.2 Acidic Ring Closure 463 3.2.1.3 Dihalo-terephthalic Acid Process 463 3.2.1.4 Hydroquinone Process 464 3.2.1.5 Substituted Quinacridones 465 3.2.1.6 Quinacridone Quinone 466 3.2.1.7 Polymorphism 466 3.2.1.8 Crystal Structures 468 3.2.1.9 Solid Solutions 475 3.2.2 Properties 477 3.2.3 Application 477 3.2.4 Commercially Available Quinacridone Pigments 477 3.3 Vat Dyes Prepared as Pigments 487 3.4 Perylene and Perinone Pigments 488 3.4.1 Perylene Pigments 488 3.4.1.1 Preparation of the Starting Materials 489 3.4.1.2 Chemistry, Manufacture 489 3.4.1.3 Crystal Structures and Properties 491 3.4.1.4 Application 498 3.4.1.5 Commercially Available Perylene Pigments 498 3.4.2 Perinone Pigments 504 3.4.2.1 Preparation of the Starting Materials 504 3.4.2.2 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 505 3.4.2.3 Properties 510 3.4.2.4 Commercially Available Perinone Pigments and Their Application 510 3.4.3 Semiperinone Pigments and Similar Pigments 513 3.5 Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Pigments 514 3.5.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 514 3.5.2 Properties and Application 520 3.5.3 Commercially Available DPP Pigments 520 3.6 Indigo, Thioindigo and Thiazine Indigo Pigments 525 3.6.1 Indigo 525 3.6.1.1 Crystal Structure 525 3.6.1.2 Properties and Application 525 3.6.2 Thioindigo Pigments 526 3.6.2.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 526 3.6.2.2 Properties and Application 528 3.6.2.3 Commercially Available Thioindigo Pigments and Their Application 529 3.6.3 Thiazine Indigo Pigments 532 3.6.3.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 532 3.6.3.2 Properties 534 3.6.3.3 Commercially Available Thiazine Indigo Pigments and Their Application 534 3.7 Various Polycyclic Pigments Derived from Anthraquinone 534 3.7.1 Aminoanthraquinone Pigments 535 3.7.1.1 Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone 535 3.7.1.2 Anthraquinone-Hydrazone Pigments 536 3.7.1.3 Other Aminoanthraquinone Pigments 538 3.7.1.4 Commercially Available Aminoanthraquinone Pigments 542 3.7.2 Hydroxyanthraquinone Pigments 544 3.7.2.1 Commercially Available Hydroxyanthraquinone Pigments 546 3.7.3 Heterocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments 546 3.7.3.1 Anthrapyrimidine Pigments 546 3.7.3.2 Indanthrone and Flavanthrone Pigments 548 3.7.4 Polycarbocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments 557 3.7.4.1 Pyranthrone Pigments 557 3.7.4.2 Anthanthrone Pigments 561 3.7.4.3 Isoviolanthrone Pigments 565 3.7.4.4 Violanthrone Pigments 567 3.8 Dioxazine Pigments 569 3.8.1 Preparation of the Starting Materials 570 3.8.2 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 570 3.8.2.1 Crystal Structures 574 3.8.3 Properties 574 3.8.4 Commercially Available Dioxazine Pigments and Their Application 577 3.9 Quinophthalone Pigments 581 3.9.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 581 3.9.2 Properties and Application 585 3.9.3 Commercially Available Quinophthalone Pigments 585 3.9.3.1 Pigment Yellow 138 585 3.10 Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments 586 3.10.1 General 586 3.10.1.1 Isoindolinone Pigments 586 3.10.1.2 Isoindoline Pigments 587 3.10.2 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 588 3.10.2.1 Isoindolinone Pigments 588 3.10.2.2 Isoindoline Pigments 591 3.10.3 Properties 597 3.10.3.1 Isoindolinone Pigments 597 3.10.3.2 Isoindoline Pigments 597 3.10.4 Application 597 3.10.5 Commercially Available Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments 597 References for Chapter 3 606 4 Miscellaneous Pigments 613 4.1 Triarylcarbonium Pigments 613 4.1.1 Inner Salts of Sulfonic Acids (Alkali Blue Types) 614 4.1.1.1 Chemistry, Manufacture 615 4.1.1.2 Properties and Application 619 4.1.1.3 Commercially Available Alkali Blue Pigments 619 4.1.2 Dye Salts with Complex Anions 622 4.1.2.1 Chemistry, Manufacture and Crystal Structures 623 4.1.2.2 Properties 629 4.1.2.3 Application 630 4.1.2.4 Commercially Available Dye Salts with Complex Anions 630 4.1.3 Aluminium Pigment Lakes 638 4.2 Metal Complex Pigments 640 4.2.1 Chemistry, Synthesis and Crystal Structures 641 4.2.1.1 Azo Metal Complexes 642 4.2.1.2 Azomethine Metal Complexes 643 4.2.2 Properties 647 4.2.3 Application 647 4.2.4 Commercially Available Metal Complex Pigments 647 4.3 Pigments with Known Chemical Structure Which Cannot be Assigned to Other Chapters 655 4.3.1 Pigment Yellow 101 655 4.3.2 Pigment Yellow 148 657 4.3.3 Pigment Yellow 182 657 4.3.4 Pigment Yellow 201 659 4.3.5 Quinolonoquinolone Pigments (P.Y.218, P.Y.220, P.Y.221) 659 4.3.6 Pigment Orange 64 661 4.3.7 Pigment Orange 67 661 4.3.8 Pigment Red 90 662 4.3.9 Pigment Red 252 664 4.3.10 Pigment Blue 63 664 4.3.11 Pigment Brown 22 665 4.3.12 Pigment Black 1 665 4.4 Pigments with Hitherto Unpublished Chemical Structures 666 4.4.1 Pigment Yellow 99 666 4.4.2 Pigment Yellow 187 667 4.4.3 Pigment Yellow 214 667 4.4.4 Pigment Orange 83 667 4.4.5 Pigment Red 204 667 4.4.6 Pigment Red 278 668 4.4.7 Pigment Red 285 668 4.4.8 Pigment Red 293 668 4.4.9 Pigment Violet 51 669 4.4.10 Pigment Black 20 669 4.5 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Pigments 669 References for Chapter 4 673 5 Legislation, Ecology, Toxicology 675 5.1 Introduction 675 5.2 Chemicals Legislation 676 5.2.1 General 676 5.2.1.1 Chemical Inventories 676 5.2.1.2 GHS – Globally Harmonized System 677 5.2.1.3 REACH (European Union) 679 5.2.1.4 REACH Restricted Substances List 679 5.2.2 Legislation Concerning Organic Pigments 681 5.2.2.1 Food Packaging/Food Contact 683 5.2.2.2 Purity Criteria 685 5.2.2.3 Toys 687 5.2.2.4 Consumer Goods 688 5.3 Ecology 691 5.4 Toxicology 692 5.4.1 Acute Toxicity 693 5.4.2 Irritation of Skin and Mucous Membrane 693 5.4.3 Toxicity after Repeated Application 694 5.4.4 Mutagenicity 694 5.4.5 Chronic Toxicity – Carcinogenicity 694 References for Chapter 5 696 Reaction Schemes 699 A1 Starting Materials (Section 2.1) 699 A2 Synthesis of Hydrazone Pigments (Section 2.2) 700 A3 Monohydrazone Yellow and Monohydrazone Orange Pigments (Section 2.3) 702 A4 Dihydrazone Pigments (Section 2.4) 704 A5 ß-Naphthol Pigments (Section 2.5) 705 A6 Naphthol AS Pigments (Section 2.6) 706 A7 Red Hydrazone Pigment Lakes (Section 2.7) 706 A8 Benzimidazolone Pigments (Section 2.8) 709 A9 Dihydrazone Condensation Pigments (Section 2.9) 710 A10 Phthalocyanine Pigments (Section 3.1) 713 A11 Quinacridone Pigments (Section 3.2) 715 A12 Perylene and Perinone Pigments (Section 3.4) 721 A13 Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Pigments (Section 3.5) 722 A14 Indigo, Thioindigo and Thiazine Indigo Pigments (Section 3.6) 723 A15 Various Polycyclic Pigments Derived from Anthraquinone (Section 3.7) 725 A16 Dioxazine Pigments (Section 3.8) 729 A17 Quinophthalone Pigments (Section 3.9) 730 A18 Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments (Section 3.10) 731 A19 Triarylcarbonium Pigments (Section 4.1) 733 A20 Metal Complex Pigments (Section 4.2) 736 List of Commercially Available Pigments 739 Index 755

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Book SynopsisThermische Trennverfahren verursachen bei der Herstellung von Produkten und Verbrauchsgütern in verfahrenstechnischen Produktionsanlagen häufig den größten Teil der Investitions- und Betriebskosten des Gesamtverfahrens - ihre optimale Gestaltung ist deshalb von größer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Anhand von über 80 Aufgaben und Auslegungsbeispielen hilft das Buch, praxisrelevante Vorgehensweisen im industriellen Umfeld zu verstehen. Die Schritt für Schritt abgehandelten Beispiele reichen von der Aufgabenstellung am Beginn eines Projektes über die thermodynamische Auslegung bis hin zur fluiddynamischen Dimensionierung der Apparate. Zur Lösung der Aufgaben kommen neben den didaktisch wertvollen 'Papier- und Bleistiftmethoden' auch moderne Prozesssimulations-Werkzeuge und praxisgängige Programme zur Apparatedimensionierung zum Einsatz. Der Leser gewinnt ein Gefühl dafür, an welchen Stellen überschlägige Rechnungen sinnvoll sind und bei welchen Problemen eine rigorosere Betrachtung notwendig ist. Die optimale Auslegung eines Verfahrens in einem gesamtwirtschaftlichen Zusammenhang - das Fundament jeder unternehmerischen Entscheidung - kann im Rahmen von Parameterstudien mit Tabellenkalkulationsblättern (EXCEL) online geübt werden, auch wenn dem Leser kein Prozesssimulationswerkzeug zur Verfügung steht. Das Buch nimmt auch Bezug auf die Software WINSORP der RASCHIG GmbH, mit der beispielsweise die fluiddynamische Auslegung von Packungs- und Füllkörperkolonnen für Absorption- und Rektifikationsprozesse möglich ist. WINSORP ist auf Anfrage kostenfrei bei der Firma RASCHIG GmbH erhältlich. Die gewählte vernetzte Darstellung von Arbeitsabläufen zeigt Studierenden und im Berufsleben stehenden Ingenieuren, Chemikern und Physiker in der Verfahrens-, Bioverfahrens- und Lebensmitteltechnik, im Chemieingenieurwesen, Umweltschutz, Anlagen- und Apparatebau den Realfall der industriellen Praxis. Trade Review"Sehr schönes Lehrbuch wegen der übersichtlichen und ausgewogenen Darstellung der Grundlagen und der anschaulichen Übungsaufgaben." Prof. Dr. Marcus Rose, TU Darmstadt "Das Buch im Ganzen ist sehr aufschlussreich und umfassend, so dass ein leichter Einstieg in das ansonsten recht anspruchsvolle Thema gelingen kann. Insbesondere die zahlreichen Hilfestellungen bei der Bearbeitung der vielen Aufgaben sind sehr positiv hervorzuheben. Den Autoren ist es geglückt, die Spanne zwischen einfachem Verständnis und Vorgehensweisen im industriellen Umfeld gut zu überbrücken und daher ist das Lehrbuch für die Hochschulausbildung gut geeignet." Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Anhand von über 80 Aufgaben hilft das Buch, praxisrelevante Vorgehensweisen zu verstehen. Die Schritt für Schritt abgehandelten Beispiele reichen von der Aufgabenstellung am Beginn eines Projektes bis hin zur fluiddynamischen Dimensionierung der Apparate." Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Der Sattler gilt als das Standardwerk zum Thema 'Thermische Trennverfahren' (...). Nun erscheint mit 'Aufgaben und Auslegungsbeispiele' die perfekte Ergänzung zum Standardwerk." METALL (01.09.2016) "Anhand von über 80 Aufgaben und Auslegungsbeispielen hilft das Buch, praxisrelevante Vorgehensweisen im industriellen Umfeld zu verstehen. (...) Die gewählte vernetzte Darstellung von Arbeitsabläufen zeigt Studierenden und im Berufsleben stehenden Ingenieuren, Chemikern und Physikern in der Bioverfahrens- und Lebensmitteltechnik, im Chemieingenierwesen, Umweltschutz, Anlagen- und Apparatebau den Realfall der industriellen Praxis." Schweißen und Schneiden (23.09.2016) "Ideal zur Rekapitulation sind die kompakten Zusammenfassungen des Stoffes in jedem Kapitel. Lösungshinweise und Lösungen werden an konkreten Beispielen gegeben. Darüber Hinaus punktet die Neuauflage mit einem Onlineangebot von Tabellenblättern für die eigene Verfahrensoptimierung." ProCess (25.07.2016) "Speziell für die Rechenübungen und zur Darstellung der Verzahnung zwischen Theoretischen Grundlagen und Auslegungen/Berechnungen von Anlagen im Bereich der Thermischen Trennverfahren bietet das Buch von K. Sattler eine sehr hilfreiche Grundlage und Ergänzung zu den bisher eingesetzten Vorlesungsmaterialien." Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Hartmut Wesenfeld, Beuth Hochschule für Technik in Berlin Table of ContentsGrundlagen Destillation, Rektifikation Absorption Adsorption Trocknung Extraktion

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Book SynopsisCompletely revised and updated to reflect the current IUPAC standards, this second edition is enlarged by five new chapters dealing with the assessment of energy potential, physical unit operations, emergency pressure relief, the reliability of risk reducing measures, and process safety and process development. Clearly structured in four parts, the first provides a general introduction and presents the theoretical, methodological and experimental aspects of thermal risk assessment. Part II is devoted to desired reactions and techniques allowing reactions to be mastered on an industrial scale, while the third part deals with secondary reactions, their characterization, and techniques to avoid triggering them. Due to the inclusion of new content and restructuring measures, the technical aspects of risk reduction are highlighted in the new section that constitutes the final part. Each chapter begins with a case history illustrating the topic in question, presenting lessons learned from the incident. Numerous examples taken from industrial practice are analyzed, and each chapter concludes with a series of exercises or case studies, allowing readers to check their understanding of the subject matter. Finally, additional control questions have been added and solutions to the exercises and problems can now be found.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgments xxv Part I General Aspects of Thermal Process Safety 1 1 Introduction to Risk Analysis of Fine Chemical Processes 3 1.1 Chemical Industry and Safety 4 1.1.1 Chemical Industry and Society 4 1.1.2 Responsibility 6 1.1.3 Definitions and Concepts 7 1.2 Steps of Risk Analysis 8 1.2.1 Scope of Analysis 9 1.2.2 Safety Data Collection 10 1.2.3 Safe Conditions and Critical Limits 10 1.2.4 Identification of Deviations 10 1.2.5 Risk Assessment 11 1.2.6 Risk Matrixes 14 1.2.7 Risk-Reducing Measures 15 1.2.8 Residual Risk 17 1.3 Safety Data 17 1.3.1 Physical Properties 18 1.3.2 Chemical Properties 18 1.3.3 Toxicity 18 1.3.4 Ecotoxicity 20 1.3.5 Fire and Explosion Data 20 1.3.6 Interactions 21 1.4 Systematic Identification of Hazards 21 1.4.1 Checklist Method 22 1.4.2 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 24 1.4.3 Hazard and Operability Study 24 1.4.4 Decision Table 26 1.4.5 Event Tree Analysis 26 1.4.6 Fault Tree Analysis 27 1.4.7 Brainstorming 29 1.5 The Practice of Risk Analysis 29 1.5.1 Preparing the Risk Analysis 29 1.5.2 The Risk Analysis Team 30 1.5.3 The Team Leader 30 1.5.4 Finalizing the Risk Analysis 31 1.6 Exercises 31 References 32 2 Fundamentals of Thermal Process Safety 35 2.1 Energy Potential 37 2.1.1 Thermal Energy 37 2.1.2 Pressure Effects 41 2.2 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 41 2.2.1 Single Reaction 41 2.2.2 Multiple Reactions 42 2.3 Heat Balance 43 2.3.1 Terms of the Heat Balance 43 2.3.2 Simplified Expression of the Heat Balance 48 2.3.3 Reaction Rate Under Adiabatic Conditions 49 2.4 Runaway Reactions 50 2.4.1 Thermal Explosions 50 2.4.2 Semenov Diagram 51 2.4.3 Parametric Sensitivity 52 2.4.4 Critical Temperature 53 2.4.5 Sensitivity Toward Variation of the Coolant Temperature 55 2.4.6 Time Frame of a Thermal Explosion, the tmrad Concept 56 2.5 Exercises 57 References 59 3 Assessment of Thermal Risks 61 3.1 Thermal Process Safety 62 3.1.1 Thermal Risks 62 3.1.2 Processes Concerned by Thermal Risks 62 3.2 Thermal Risk Assessment Criteria 63 3.2.1 Cooling Failure Scenario 63 3.2.2 Severity 66 3.2.3 Probability 68 3.2.4 Runaway Risk Assessment 70 3.3 Criticality of Chemical Processes 70 3.3.1 Assessment of the Criticality 70 3.3.2 Criticality Classes 72 3.3.3 Special Cases of Criticality Assessment 76 3.3.4 Remarks on Criticality Class 5 76 3.3.5 Using MTT as a Safety Barrier 77 3.4 Assessment Procedures 81 3.4.1 General Rules for Thermal Safety Assessment 81 3.4.2 Practical Procedure for the Assessment of Thermal Risks 81 3.5 Exercises 85 References 87 4 Experimental Techniques 89 4.1 Calorimetric Measurement Principles 90 4.1.1 Classification of Calorimeters 90 4.1.2 Temperature Control Modes of Calorimeters 90 4.1.3 Heat Balance in Calorimeters 92 4.2 Instruments Used in Safety Laboratories 94 4.2.1 Characteristics of Instruments Used for Safety Studies 94 4.2.2 Example of Instruments Used for Safety Studies 97 4.3 Microcalorimeters 97 4.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 97 4.3.2 Calvet Calorimeters 104 4.3.3 Thermal Activity Monitor 106 4.4 Reaction Calorimeters 107 4.4.1 Purpose of Reaction Calorimeters 107 4.4.2 Principles of Reaction Calorimeters 108 4.4.3 Examples of Reaction Calorimeters 110 4.4.4 Applications 113 4.5 Adiabatic Calorimeters 114 4.5.1 Principle of Adiabatic Calorimetry 114 4.5.2 On the Thermal Inertia 115 4.5.3 Dewar Calorimeters 116 4.5.4 Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) 119 4.5.5 Vent Sizing Package (VSP) 121 4.6 Exercises 122 References 126 5 Assessment of the Energy Potential 131 5.1 Thermal Energy 132 5.1.1 Thermal Energy of Synthesis Reactions 132 5.1.2 Energy Potential of Secondary Reactions 133 5.1.3 Adiabatic Temperature Rise 136 5.2 Pressure Effects 137 5.2.1 Gas Release 137 5.2.2 Vapor Pressure 138 5.2.3 Amount of Solvent Evaporated 139 5.3 Experimental Determination of Energy Potentials 140 5.3.1 Experimental Techniques 140 5.3.2 Choosing the Sample to be Analyzed 141 5.3.3 Assessment of Process Deviations 144 5.4 Exercises 147 References 149 Part II Mastering Exothermal Reactions 153 6 General Aspects of Reactor Safety 155 6.1 Dynamic Stability of Reactors 157 6.1.1 Parametric Sensitivity 157 6.1.2 Sensitivity Toward Temperature: Reaction Number B 157 6.1.3 Heat Balance 158 6.2 Reactor Safety After a Cooling Failure 163 6.2.1 Potential of the Reaction, the Adiabatic Temperature Rise 163 6.2.2 Temperature in Case of Cooling Failure: The Concept of MTSR 164 6.3 Example Reaction System 165 References 168 7 Batch Reactors 171 7.1 Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects of Batch Reactors 172 7.1.1 Principles of Batch Reaction 172 7.1.2 Mass Balance 173 7.1.3 Heat Balance 174 7.1.4 Strategies of Temperature Control 174 7.2 Isothermal Reactions 175 7.2.1 Principles 175 7.2.2 Design of Safe Isothermal Reactors 175 7.2.3 Safety Assessment 178 7.3 Adiabatic Reaction 178 7.3.1 Principles 178 7.3.2 Design of a Safe Adiabatic Batch Reactor 178 7.3.3 Safety Assessment 179 7.4 Polytropic Reaction 179 7.4.1 Principles 179 7.4.2 Design of Polytropic Operation: Temperature Control 180 7.4.3 Safety Assessment 184 7.5 Isoperibolic Reaction 184 7.5.1 Principles 184 7.5.2 Design of Isoperibolic Operation: Temperature Control 184 7.5.3 Safety Assessment 184 7.6 Temperature-Controlled Reaction 185 7.6.1 Principles 185 7.6.2 Design of Temperature-Controlled Reaction 186 7.6.3 Safety Assessment 187 7.7 Key Factors for the Safe Design of Batch Reactors 188 7.7.1 Determination of Safety Relevant Data 188 7.7.2 Rules for Safe Operation of Batch Reactors 190 7.8 Exercises 193 References 195 8 Semi-batch Reactors 197 8.1 Principles of Semi-batch Reaction 198 8.1.1 Definition of Semi-batch Operation 198 8.1.2 Material Balance 199 8.1.3 Heat Balance of Semi-batch Reactors 200 8.2 Reactant Accumulation in Semi-batch Reactors 202 8.2.1 Fast Reactions 203 8.2.2 Slow Reactions 205 8.2.3 Design of Safe Semi-batch Reactors 207 8.3 Isothermal Reaction 208 8.3.1 Principles of Isothermal Semi-batch Operation 208 8.3.2 Design of Isothermal Semi-batch Reactors 208 8.3.3 Accumulation with Complex Reactions 212 8.4 Isoperibolic, Constant Cooling Medium Temperature 212 8.5 Non-isothermal Reaction 214 8.6 Strategies of Feed Control 215 8.6.1 Addition by Portions 215 8.6.2 Constant Feed Rate 215 8.6.3 Interlock of Feed with Temperature 217 8.6.4 Why Reducing the Accumulation 219 8.7 Choice of Temperature and Feed Rate 219 8.7.1 General Principle 219 8.7.2 Scale-Up from Laboratory to Industrial Scale 220 8.7.3 Online Detection of Unwanted Accumulation 221 8.8 Advanced Feed Control 222 8.8.1 Feed Control by the Accumulation 222 8.8.2 Feed Control by the Thermal Stability 224 8.9 Exercises 226 References 228 9 Continuous Reactors 231 9.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors 232 9.1.1 Mass Balance 233 9.1.2 Heat Balance 233 9.1.3 Cooled CSTR 234 9.1.4 Adiabatic CSTR 234 9.1.5 The Autothermal CSTR 236 9.1.6 Safety Aspects 237 9.2 Tubular Reactors 240 9.2.1 Mass Balance 240 9.2.2 Heat Balance 241 9.2.3 Safety Aspects 242 9.2.4 Performance and Safety Characteristics of Ideal Reactors 246 9.3 Other Continuous Reactor Types 247 9.3.1 Cascade of CSTRs 248 9.3.2 Recycling Reactor 248 9.3.3 Microreactors 249 9.3.4 Process Intensification 251 9.4 Exercises 252 References 253 Part III Avoiding Secondary Reactions 255 10 Thermal Stability 257 10.1 Thermal Stability and Secondary Decomposition Reactions 258 10.2 Triggering Conditions 260 10.2.1 Onset: A Concept Without Scientific Base 260 10.2.2 Decomposition Kinetics, the tmrad Concept 261 10.2.3 Safe Temperature 262 10.2.4 Assessment Procedure 262 10.3 Estimation of Thermal Stability 264 10.3.1 Estimation of TD24 from One Dynamic DSC Experiment 264 10.3.2 Conservative Extrapolation 264 10.3.3 Empirical Rules for the Determination of a “Safe” Temperature 267 10.3.4 Prediction of Thermal Stability 268 10.4 Quantitative Determination of the TD24 269 10.4.1 Principle of Quantitative Determination Methods for the Heat Release Rate 269 10.4.2 Determination of q′ = f (T) from Isothermal Experiments 269 10.4.3 Determination of q′ = f (T) from Dynamic Experiments 273 10.4.4 Determination of TD24 275 10.5 Practice of Thermal Stability Assessment 276 10.5.1 Complex Reactions 276 10.5.2 Remarks on the Quality of Experiments and Evaluation 278 10.6 Exercises 278 References 281 11 Autocatalytic Reactions 283 11.1 Autocatalytic Decompositions 284 11.1.1 Definitions 284 11.1.2 Behavior of Autocatalytic Reactions 285 11.1.3 Rate Equations of Autocatalytic Reactions 286 11.1.4 Phenomenological Aspects of Autocatalytic Reactions 289 11.2 Identification of Autocatalytic Reactions 291 11.2.1 Chemical Information 291 11.2.2 Qualitative Peak Shape in a Dynamic DSC Thermogram 292 11.2.3 Quantitative Peak Shape Characterization 293 11.2.4 Double Scan Test 294 11.2.5 Identification by Isothermal DSC 296 11.3 Determination of tmrad of Autocatalytic Reactions 296 11.3.1 One-Point Estimation 296 11.3.2 Characterization Using Zero-Order Kinetics 297 11.3.3 Characterization Using a Mechanistic Approach 299 11.3.4 Characterization by Isoconversional Methods 301 11.3.5 Characterization by Adiabatic Calorimetry 302 11.4 Practical Safety Aspects for Autocatalytic Reactions 306 11.4.1 Specific Safety Aspects of Autocatalytic Reactions 306 11.4.2 Autocatalytic Decompositions in the Industrial Practice 307 11.4.3 Volatile Products as Catalysts 307 11.5 Exercises 308 References 309 12 Heat Accumulation 311 12.1 Heat Accumulation Situations 312 12.2 Heat Balance 313 12.2.1 Heat Balance Using Time Scale 314 12.2.2 Forced Convection, the Semenov Model 314 12.2.3 Natural Convection 315 12.2.4 High Viscosity Liquids, Pastes, and Solids 316 12.3 Heat Balance with Reactive Material 318 12.3.1 Conduction in a Reactive Solid with a Heat Source, the Frank-Kamenetskii Model 318 12.3.2 Conduction in a Reactive Solid with Temperature Gradient at the Wall, the Thomas Model 323 12.3.3 Conduction in a Reactive Solid with Formal Kinetics, the Finite Elements Model 324 12.4 Assessing Heat Accumulation Conditions 325 12.4.1 Thermal Explosion Models 325 12.4.2 Assessment Procedure 326 12.5 Exercises 332 References 333 13 Physical Unit Operations 335 13.1 Thermal Hazards in Physical Unit Operations 336 13.1.1 Introduction to Physical Unit Operations 336 13.1.2 Hazards in Physical Unit Operations 337 13.1.3 Assessment Procedure for Unwanted Exothermal Reactions 337 13.1.4 Specificities of Physical Unit Operations 338 13.1.5 Standardization of the Risk Assessment 338 13.2 Specific Testing Procedures 338 13.2.1 Shock Sensitivity: The Falling Hammer Test 339 13.2.2 Friction Sensitivity 339 13.2.3 DSC Dynamic 339 13.2.4 Decomposition Gases 340 13.2.5 Dynamic Decomposition Test (RADEX) 340 13.2.6 Mini Autoclave 341 13.2.7 Spontaneous Decomposition 341 13.2.8 Grewer Oven and Decomposition in Airstream 342 13.2.9 RADEX Isoperibolic Test 342 13.2.10 Self-Ignition Test in a 400 ml Basket 342 13.2.11 Warm Storage Test in a Dewar 343 13.3 Hazards Associated to Solid Processing 343 13.3.1 Pneumatic and Mechanical Conveying Operations 343 13.3.2 Blending 343 13.3.3 Storage 344 13.3.4 Drying 344 13.3.5 Milling and Grinding 345 13.3.6 Hot Discharge 346 13.4 Hazards During Liquid Processing 346 13.4.1 Transport Operations 346 13.4.2 Operations with Heat Exchange 347 13.4.3 Evaporation and Distillation 348 13.4.4 Failure Modes of Heat Exchangers and Evaporators 350 13.4.5 Risk Reducing Measures 352 13.5 Transport of Dangerous Goods and SADT 353 13.6 Exercises 354 References 356 Part IV Technical Aspects of Thermal Process Safety 357 14 Heating and Cooling Industrial Reactors 359 14.1 Temperature Control of Industrial Reactors 361 14.1.1 Technical Heat Carriers 361 14.1.2 Heating and Cooling Techniques 364 14.1.3 Temperature Control Strategies 368 14.1.4 Dynamic Aspects of Heat Exchange Systems 371 14.2 Heat Exchange Across theWall 375 14.2.1 Two Film Theory 375 14.2.2 The Internal Film Coefficient of a Stirred Tank 376 14.2.3 Determination of the Internal Film Coefficient 376 14.2.4 The Resistance of the Equipment to Heat Transfer 378 14.2.5 Practical Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients 379 14.3 Evaporative Cooling 382 14.3.1 Amount of Solvent Evaporated 383 14.3.2 Vapor Flow Rate 383 14.3.3 Flooding of the Vapor Tube 384 14.3.4 Swelling of the Reaction Mass 385 14.3.5 Practical Procedure for the Assessment of Reactor Safety at the Boiling Point 386 14.4 Dynamics of the Temperature Control System and Process Design 388 14.4.1 Background 388 14.4.2 Modeling the Dynamic Behavior of Industrial Reactors 389 14.4.3 Experimental Simulation of Industrial Reactors 390 14.5 Exercises 391 References 395 15 Risk Reducing Measures 397 15.1 Strategies of Choice 399 15.2 Eliminating Measures 400 15.3 Technical Preventive Measures 401 15.3.1 Control of Feed 401 15.3.2 Emergency Cooling 402 15.3.3 Quenching and Flooding 403 15.3.4 Dumping 404 15.3.5 Controlled Depressurization 405 15.3.6 Alarm Systems 406 15.3.7 Time Factor 407 15.4 Emergency Measures 408 15.4.1 Emergency Pressure Relief Systems 408 15.4.2 Containment 408 15.5 Design of Technical Measures 409 15.5.1 Consequences of Runaway 409 15.5.2 Controllability 412 15.5.3 Assessment of Severity and Probability for the Different Criticality Classes 415 15.6 Exercises 423 References 425 16 Emergency Pressure Relief 427 16.1 General Remarks on Emergency Relief Systems 429 16.1.1 Position of Emergency Relief Systems in a Protection Strategy 429 16.1.2 Regulatory Aspects 429 16.1.3 Protection Devices 430 16.1.4 Sizing Methods 432 16.2 Preliminary Steps of the Sizing Procedure: The Scenario 432 16.2.1 Step 1: Definition of the Design Case 432 16.2.2 Step 1: Quantifying the Relief Scenario 434 16.2.3 Step 2: Determination of the Flow Behavior 437 16.3 Sizing Steps: Fluid Dynamics 439 16.3.1 Step 3: Mass Flow Rate to Be Discharged 439 16.3.2 Step 4: Dischargeable Mass Flux Through an Ideal Nozzle 441 16.3.3 Step 5 for Bursting Disk: Correction for Friction Losses 442 16.3.4 Step 6 for Bursting Disk: Calculation of the Required Relief Area 444 16.3.5 Step 5 for Safety Valve: Calculation of the Required Relief Area 444 16.3.6 Step 6 for SV: Checking Function Stability 445 16.4 Sizing ERS for Multipurpose Reactors 446 16.4.1 Principle of Sizing Procedure 446 16.4.2 Choice of the Sizing Scenario 447 16.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of the Design Data 447 16.4.4 Checking the Relief Capacity 449 16.5 Effluent Treatment 450 16.5.1 Initial Design Step 451 16.5.2 Total Containment 451 16.5.3 Passive Condenser 451 16.5.4 Catch Tank, Gravity Separator 452 16.5.5 Cyclone 452 16.5.6 Quench Tank 452 16.6 Exercises 452 References 458 17 Reliability of Risk Reducing Measures 461 17.1 Basics of Reliability Engineering 463 17.1.1 Definitions 463 17.1.2 Failure Frequency 465 17.1.3 Failures on the Time Scale 467 17.2 Reliability of Process Control Systems 468 17.2.1 Safety Integrity Level 468 17.2.2 Control Loops 468 17.2.3 Increasing the Reliability of an SIS 469 17.3 Practice of Reliability Assessment 469 17.3.1 Scenario Structure 469 17.3.2 Risk Matrix 470 17.3.3 Risk Reduction 471 17.3.4 Other Methods for Reliability Analysis 473 17.4 Exercises 475 References 476 18 Development of Safe Processes 479 18.1 Inherently Safer Processes 480 18.1.1 Principles of Inherent Safety 480 18.1.2 Safety Along Life Cycle of a Process 482 18.1.3 Developing a Safe Process 483 18.2 Methodological Approach 484 18.2.1 Specificity of the Fine Chemicals Industry 484 18.2.2 Integrated Process Development 484 18.3 Practice of Integrated Process Development 485 18.3.1 Objectives and Data 485 18.3.2 Chemists and Engineers 487 18.3.3 Communication and Problem Solving 488 18.4 Concluding Remark 488 References 489 Solutions of Exercises 491 Symbols 529 Index 537

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Book SynopsisNatural and Synthetic Waxes A compilation of all relevant information for the production and use of waxes in technical applications Waxes are among the oldest organic substances used by mankind. Before all others, beeswax is known to have played a role in human history for thousands of years. But over time, many other wax species have been detected and exploited, and prepared for different utilizations. Today, we possess knowledge of a great variety of different types of waxes. Unfortunately, there still is no broadly accepted definition of a wax: for the relatively few wax chemists, waxes are usually defined by their physico-chemical properties more than by their chemical constitution. Waxes are not uniform but oligomeric and polymeric substances, not simply describable with a chemical formula. The realm of waxes encompasses fully or partly natural, refined, partly or fully synthetic products, which can be extended by “wax-like” products which do not fulfil all definition criteria. Waxes are offered in different forms like pellets, granules, powders, or micropowders. Their number of technical applications runs into thousands. However, waxes in most cases are just adjuvants or additives, and with few exceptions like candles not known to a broader public. Only few publications over the last decades tried to present a more comprehensive overview of heir chemistry, chemical composition, their physical and analytical properties, their applications, and their sometimes astonishing history. Based on personal experience and expertise, the authors intend to present an overview on the main classes of waxes, their origin, history, future, and potential fate. Economical aspects like market size and development, ecological impacts and challenges, and regulatory issues are also addressed. Waxes are indispensable products in everyday life and in industry and technology, though mostly not even visible or distinguishable to experts. They deserve more than the role of a “poor cousin” in chemistry and technology.Table of ContentsForeword xxv Part I Natural Waxes 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 General Survey of Waxes 3 1.2 Definitions of Waxes 3 1.3 Brief History of Waxes 5 1.4 Origin of Natural Waxes 18 References 20 2 Waxes in Arts 23 2.1 Waxes in Paintings 23 2.2 Pre-encaustic Painting 24 2.3 The Faiyum Mummy Portraits 25 2.4 Greece and Rome 26 2.5 Post Roman Wax Paintings 27 2.6 Revival of Encaustic 28 2.7 Wax, Effigies, Sculptures, and Masks 30 2.8 Votive Figures in Religion 35 2.9 Wax as Processing Aid in Arts and Craft 37 2.10 Waxes, Crafts, and Arts in the New World 41 2.11 Wax Museums 44 2.12 Summary 45 References 45 3 Photosynthesis of Plant Waxes 47 3.1 Chemical Composition of Plant Waxes 48 3.2 The Biochemical Pathway to Plant Waxes 48 3.3 Photosynthesis to Plant Waxes 49 3.4 Relevant Phases of Photosynthesis: The First Stage of Plant Wax Production 51 3.5 Recent Research Results 55 3.6 From the Calvin Cycle to Wax 56 3.7 Artificial Photosynthesis and Engineering Natural Waxes 60 References 62 Section I Natural Waxes 65 Reference 66 4 The Natural Animal Waxes 67 5 Insect Waxes 69 5.1 Beeswax 69 References 87 6 Other Insect Waxes 89 6.1 Ghedda (Gedda) Wax 89 6.2 Chinese Insect Wax 92 6.3 Shellac Wax 94 References 101 7 Mammalian Animal Waxes 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Wool Wax 104 7.3 Mammalian Marine Waxes 113 7.4 Mammalian Human Waxes: Earwax/Cerumen 117 7.5 Marine Waxes 121 7.6 Other Marine Waxes 122 7.7 Bird Waxes 123 References 124 Section II Natural Plant Waxes 127 8 Carnaúba Wax 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 History 130 8.3 General Properties of Carnaúba Wax 132 8.4 Economic Aspects 133 8.5 Origin 133 8.6 Occurrence and Exploitation 134 8.7 Harvesting Carnaúba 135 8.8 Grinding 137 8.9 Micronization 137 8.10 Carnaúba-Wax-Based Emulsions 138 8.11 Types and Specifications 138 8.12 Uses and Applications of Carnaúba Wax Grades 140 8.13 Cosmetics 142 8.14 Care Products 142 8.15 Candles 144 8.16 Printing Inks 144 8.17 Plastics Industry 145 8.18 Varnishes/Coatings 145 8.19 Economic Outlook 145 8.20 Physical and Chemical Properties 146 8.21 Chemical Composition of Carnaúba Wax 146 8.22 Physiological and Toxicological Aspects of Carnaúba Wax 148 8.23 Registration Status 149 8.24 Policosanol in Carnaúba Wax 150 References 150 9 Candelilla or the “Great Wax Rush” 153 9.1 History 153 9.2 Occurrence and Isolation 153 9.3 Working Up Candelilla 156 9.4 The Candelilla Wax Value Chain 157 9.5 Main Applications and Uses of Candelilla Wax 157 9.6 Physical and Chemical Properties and Composition of Candelilla Wax 159 9.7 Economic Aspects 162 9.8 Comparison Between Candelilla and Sugarcane Wax 163 9.9 Registration Status 164 References 165 10 Montan Wax 167 10.1 A General Description 167 10.2 The Future of Montan Wax 169 10.3 Formation and Occurrence of Montan Wax 169 10.4 The Origin of Montan Wax 169 10.5 Separation of Montan Wax from Lignite 171 10.6 Extraction 171 10.7 Details of Montan Wax Production 172 10.8 Properties and Composition 173 10.9 Montan Wax Components 174 10.10 Resins and Dark Residues 176 10.11 Applications for Crude Montan Wax 177 10.12 Refining and Derivatization 177 10.13 Further Processing and Refining of Bleached Montan Wax 181 10.14 Derivatization 182 10.15 Uses and Economic Aspects 183 10.16 Selected Technical Applications for Montan Waxes 185 10.17 Registration Status 192 10.18 Montan Wax and Other Natural Wax Substitutes from Linear Alpha Olefins 192 10.19 Modified Linear Alpha Olefin Waxes 194 10.20 Production of Linear Alpha-olefins 196 10.21 Summary of Applications of Alpha-Olefins 200 10.22 Short Overview of Technical Applications of Linear Alpha-olefin Waxes 201 10.23 Peat Wax 202 10.24 Ozokerite Wax 203 References 205 11 Sugarcane Wax 209 11.1 Introduction–General Considerations 209 11.2 Occurrence and Isolation 209 11.3 Production of Sugarcane Worldwide (2018) 210 11.4 Composition of Sugarcane Wax 211 11.5 Separation of Sugarcane Wax 211 11.5.1 Value Chain of Sugar: The Indian Company Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. 211 11.6 Delivery Forms and Composition 213 11.7 Production 214 11.8 Further Applications of Sugarcane Wax 215 11.9 Medical and Dietary Aspects of Sugarcane Wax 216 11.10 Description of Policosanol 216 11.11 Rice Bran Wax 221 References 223 12 Japan Wax 227 12.1 General Reflections About Japan Wax 227 12.2 Refining Japan Wax 228 12.3 Chemical Composition of Japan Wax 229 12.4 Uses of Japan Wax 229 12.5 Economy 230 12.6 Registration Status 230 12.7 Castor Wax or Ricinus Wax 231 12.8 Ricinus communis Linnaeus: “The Umbrella Murder Case” 236 References 237 13 Palm Wax 239 13.1 General Considerations 239 13.2 Origin of Palm Oils 240 13.3 Agriculture of Oil Palm Trees 241 13.4 Extraction of Palm Oil 241 13.5 Palm Kernel Oil 241 13.6 Outlook 243 References 243 14 Wax of Manzanita Leaves 245 14.1 A General 245 14.2 Potential Medical Effects 247 14.3 Manzanita Roots and Smoking Pipes 247 References 248 15 Waxes of Citrus Fruits and Leaves 249 15.1 Chemical Composition 249 15.2 Primary Alcohol Carbon Length Distribution in Citrus Fruits and Leaves 252 15.3 Fatty Acids and Wax Acids Length Distribution 253 15.4 Waxes from Larrea Leaves and Stems 256 15.5 Sunflower Wax 259 15.6 Soy (or Soybean) Wax 262 15.7 Other Waxes from Hydrogenated Oils 263 15.8 Tea Wax 264 15.9 Jasmine Wax 265 15.10 Rose Wax 265 References 266 Part II Synthetic Waxes 269 16 Synthetic Waxes 271 16.1 Introduction 271 16.2 The Building Blocks of Synthetic Waxes: Monomers, Oligomers, and Polymers 272 16.3 Short Introduction to Molar Mass and Distributions 275 16.4 The Chemical Structure of Synthetic Polymer and Chemically Related Waxes 280 16.5 Molecular Structure of Synthetic and Petroleum Waxes 281 16.6 Discrimination Between Waxes and Plastics – A Brief Excursion into Polymer Physics 284 References 287 17 Polyolefin Waxes 289 17.1 General 289 17.2 Industrial Production of Ethylene Polymers: Plastics and Waxes 299 17.3 Market and Economics 316 17.4 Use and Applications 316 References 425 18 Polypropylene Waxes 433 18.1 General Overview 433 18.2 History of Polypropylene Plastics and Waxes 434 18.3 Polypropylene Plastics and Waxes: A Symbiotic Relationship 436 18.4 Chirality and Tacticity: Principles 437 18.5 PP Wax Polymerization Reactions and Processes 441 18.6 Polyethylene and Polypropene Plastics and Waxes: A Comparison 444 18.7 Properties of Polypropylene Waxes 446 18.8 Atactic Polypropylene Wax-like Materials (APO/APAO) 448 18.9 Applications of Polypropylene Waxes 449 18.10 Regulatory Aspects 454 18.11 Economic Aspects 454 References 455 19 Petroleum and Related Crude Oil-Based Waxes 457 19.1 Definitions 457 19.2 Introduction to Paraffin Waxes 458 19.3 History 459 19.4 Petroleum Wax Production from Crude Oil 460 19.5 Refinery Process 462 19.6 Petroleum Waxes are in Order of Refining 486 References 507 20 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and Waxes 515 20.1 Introduction 515 20.2 History 516 20.3 Fischer–Tropsch Reaction Mechanism 517 20.4 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) 518 20.5 Fischer-Tropsch Waxes – Key Manufacturers 523 20.6 FT Waxes: Chemical and Physical Properties 523 20.7 Oxidized FT Waxes 524 20.8 Liquid Applications of Waxes 526 20.9 Regulatory Compliance 567 References 568 21 Amide Waxes 573 21.1 General 573 21.2 History of Amide Waxes 574 21.3 N,N ′ -Ethylenebis(stearamide): EBS 574 21.4 Applications 576 21.5 Stearamide Wax 588 21.6 Erucamide Wax 590 21.7 Oleamide Wax 592 21.8 Comparison of Anti-blocking and Slip Properties Between Erucamide, Stearamide, and Oleamide Waxes 594 21.9 N,N ′ -Ethylene-bis-Oleamide (EBO) 596 References 598 22 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Waxes 601 22.1 Introduction 601 22.2 Resume 614 References 615 Appendix A Final Tables A.I–A.V: Listing of Aliphatic Compounds in Waxes 617 References 637 Appendix B Candles – A Most Popular Application Area for Waxes 639 B.1 Short Summary 639 B.2 Candles in Religion 642 B.3 Candles in Modern Science 646 References 647 Appendix C Test Methods for Characterizing Waxes 649 C.1 Test Methods for Waxes 649 C.2 Safety Data Sheets 651 Epilogue: The Future of Waxes 653 Index 655

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Book SynopsisWaschmittel begegnen uns täglich im Haushalt, in der Werbung und im Supermarkt. Sie werden von uns mit großer Selbstverständlichkeit genutzt, doch wissen wir eigentlich, wie moderne Waschmittel zusammengesetzt sind und wie die Inhaltsstoffe wirken? Was ist z. B. das Besondere an Colorwaschmitteln? Wie kann ich nachhaltig umweltverträglich waschen? Seit wann gibt es eigentlich moderne Waschmittel? Diese und viele andere Fragen beantwortet das vorliegende Buch. Es bietet eine naturwissenschaftlich fundierte Einführung in das umfangreiche Gebiet der Waschmittelchemie, stellt die wichtigen Neuentwicklungen der letzten Jahre vor, beschreibt die Auswirkungen des Waschens auf die Umwelt und geht dabei auch auf wichtige Aspekte des Verbraucherverhaltens und des Verbraucherschutzes ein. Die richtige Anwendung der Waschmittel ist der entscheidende Faktor für das Ausmaß der Umweltbelastungen und den Ressourcenverbrauch beim Waschen. Aspekte einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung, eines nachhaltigen Konsumverhaltens sowie Hinweise zum "richtigen" Waschen sind deshalb von großer Bedeutung und werden im Buch gebührend berücksichtigt. In der 5. Auflage wurden alle Kapitel überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Zusätzlich sind wichtige Entwicklungen, aktuelle Fragestellungen und Innovationen der letzten Jahre im Bereich der Waschmittelchemie sowie des Waschens insgesamt aufgenommen worden, insbesondere im Bereich Nachhaltigkeit, neue Angebotsformen und Hygiene bei Niedrigtemperaturwaschvorgängen. Trade Review"Günter Wagners Buch widmet sich dem Pulver bzw. der Flüssigkeit und der mit dem Waschen verbundenen Technologie in aller Tiefe und Breite. Die Zusammenstellung des ganzen Spektrums an Wissen rund um das Waschmittel ist einzigartig und in der verständlichen Darstellung beispiellos." CHEManager (04-05/2018) "Die Grundlagen der chemischen und ökologischen Vorgänge modernen Waschens werden umfassend und didaktisch bestens aufbereitet vermittelt." Ekz.Bibliotheksservice (31.07.2017) "Das fundierte und leicht verständliche Buch erzählt die Geschichte und die Entstehung des modernen Waschmittels, erklärt das Besondere an Color Waschmitteln und geht auf das umweltverträgliche Waschen ein." Allgemeines Ministerialblatt der Staatsregierung Bayern (22.11.2017)Table of ContentsVorwort XIII Abbildungsnachweis XV 1 Partner beim Waschprozess 1 1.1 Einführung 1 1.2 Der Wäscheschmutz 2 1.3 Wasser und Wasserhärte 4 1.4 Textilien 6 1.5 Waschmaschinen 18 1.6 Wäschetrockner 40 1.7 Waschtrockner 44 Literatur 45 2 Chemie der Tenside 49 2.1 Überblick und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung 49 2.2 Anionische Tenside 54 2.3 Nichtionische Tenside 62 2.4 Kationische Tenside 68 2.5 Amphotere Tenside 70 Literatur 70 3 Eigenschaften der Tenside 71 3.1 Anordnung von Tensiden an Phasengrenzflächen 71 3.2 Das Verhalten von Tensiden in wässriger Lösung 72 3.3 Die Waschwirkung von Tensiden 81 Literatur 88 4 Warenkunde der Waschmittel 89 4.1 Waschmitteltypen im Überblick 89 4.2 Vollwaschmittel 92 4.3 Colorwaschmittel 95 4.4 Portionierte Waschmittel (Tabs und Flüssigtabs) 97 4.5 Feinwaschmittel 98 4.6 Spezialwaschmittel 98 4.7 Waschmittel mit Zusatznutzen 99 Literatur 99 5 Inhaltsstoffe von Waschmitteln 101 5.1 Tenside 101 5.2 Enthärter (Gerüststoffe) 104 5.3 Waschalkalien und pH-Wert 114 5.4 Bleichsysteme 115 5.5 Enzyme 124 5.6 Polymere Inhaltsstoffe 130 5.7 Sonstige Inhaltsstoffe 137 Literatur 150 6 Waschhilfsmittel und Nachbehandlungsmittel 153 6.1 Waschhilfsmittel (Vorbehandlungsmittel und Waschmitteladditive) 154 6.2 Weichspülmittel 157 6.3 Weichspülmittel mit Zusatzfunktionen 162 6.4 Hygienespüler 163 6.5 Weitere Nachbehandlungsmittel 164 6.6 Textilerfrischer 165 Literatur 166 7 Technologie der Waschmittelherstellung 167 7.1 Herstellung von pulverförmigen Waschmitteln nach dem Tennenverfahren 168 7.2 Herstellung pulverförmiger Waschmittel nach dem Hochdrucksprühverfahren 168 7.3 Herstellung von Kompakt- und Superkompaktwaschmitteln 171 7.4 Herstellung von Waschmitteltabs 173 7.5 Herstellung von flüssigen Waschmitteln 174 7.6 Herstellung von Flüssigtabs 175 Literatur 176 8 Waschmittel aus Sicht der Verbraucher 177 8.1 Geschichte derWaschmittel 177 8.2 Waschgewohnheiten heute 188 8.3 Waschen international 207 8.4 Verbraucherschutz, Hygiene und Gesundheit 213 8.5 Hinweise zum nachhaltigenWaschen 234 Literatur 247 9 Ökologie der Waschmittel 255 9.1 Allgemeine Problemstellung 255 9.2 Abwasserbelastung durch Waschmittel 258 9.3 Vorkommen von Tensiden in der Umwelt 263 9.4 Biologische Abbaubarkeit von Tensiden 269 9.5 Wirkung von Tensiden auf Gewässerorganismen (aquatische Toxizität) 278 9.6 Ökologische Bewertung wichtiger Tenside 281 9.7 Ökologische Auswirkungen weiterer Inhaltsstoffe von Waschmitteln 284 Literatur 295 10 Methoden zur Bewertung der Umweltauswirkungen des Waschens 297 10.1 Ökobilanzen 297 10.2 Produktlabel zur Umweltverträglichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit 305 10.3 Der „Product Carbon Footprint (PCF)“ – EinMaß für Ressourcenverbrauch und Klimarelevanz? 311 10.4 EU-Product-Environmental-Footprint-Initiative (PEF) 313 Literatur 315 11 Waschmittel und Nachhaltigkeit 317 11.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen 317 11.2 Waschmittelhersteller und Verbraucher tragen Verantwortung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung 324 11.3 ForumWaschen – eine Initiative zum nachhaltigen Waschen, Abwaschen und Reinigen 326 11.4 Der Beitrag nachwachsender Rohstoffe für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung der Waschmittel 329 Literatur 336 Anhang A Methoden zur Synthese von Tensiden 339 Anhang B Messverfahren zur biologischen Abbaubarkeit 351 Anhang C Gesetzliche Regelungen, Selbstverpflichtungen und freiwillige Vereinbarungen 357 Farbtafeln 361 Sachverzeichnis 379

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Book SynopsisA guide to cosmetic creams that focuses on formulation, production, and safety concerns Cosmetic Creams: Development, Manufacture and Marketing of Effective Skin Care Products puts the focus on the structure and formulation of a cosmetic cream, the production process, the effect of each ingredient, as well as safety considerations. Comprehensive in scope, the book contains a basic definition of cosmetics and describes the types of skin creams currently on the market, the major ingredients used, and example compositions. The author, Wilfried Rähse?a noted expert on the topic?offers guidelines for estimating manufacturing costs and includes procedures for an effective safety assessment. The book contains information on various aspects of skin penetration and production and covers issues like materials used and hygienic packaging. In addition, Rähse reviews legal regulations with an emphasis on the European market. He discusses GMP and EHEDG directives. This important book: -Offers a comprehensive resource that explores all aspects of cosmetic cream manufacturing and marketing -Provides valuable guidelines for practitioners in the field -Covers the underlying technologies of cosmetic creams -Includes a review of raw material and manufacturing costs, hygiene and safety, and legal regulations -Written by an author with more than 30 years? experience in the industry Written for cosmetic chemists, chemists in industry, chemical engineers, dermatologists, Cosmetic Creams: Development, Manufacture and Marketing of Effective Skin Care Products, offers a unique industrial perspective of the topic that is comprehensive in scope. Table of ContentsPreface xi Prior Publications xiii 1 General and Legal Aspects of Cosmetics 1 1.1 Short Look at the History of Cosmetics 1 1.2 Definition of Cosmetics 2 1.3 Typical Cosmetic Products 3 1.4 Legal Regulations of Cosmetics in Europe 4 1.5 Label Lettering and Trademark 7 1.6 Mandatory Registration of Cosmetic Products 11 1.7 Databases for Ingredients 11 1.8 Regulations in the United States 15 1.9 Regulations of the Cosmetics Markets in Asia 16 1.10 Delimitation of Cosmetic Products 18 1.11 Learnings 23 References 23 2 Economic Importance of Cosmetics 27 2.1 Cosmetics Market and Distribution Channels in Germany 27 2.2 Shopping on the Internet in Germany 30 2.3 European Cosmetics Markets 31 2.4 Cosmetics Market in USA 35 2.5 Cosmetics Market and Distribution Channels in Japan 35 2.6 Chinese Cosmetics Market 37 2.7 World Division in Market Regions 38 2.8 Global Cosmetics Market Size 39 2.9 Trends for Future Development 45 2.10 Largest Cosmetics Manufacturers Worldwide 45 2.11 Top Five Manufacturers 48 2.12 Learnings 56 References 56 3 Cost Structure of the Cosmetic Products and Their Manufacturers 59 3.1 Rough Calculation of the Costs 59 3.1.1 Overview 59 3.1.2 Development Products 61 3.1.3 Determination of the Market Price 61 3.2 Detailed Calculation of the Manufacturing Costs 62 3.2.1 Costs in the Production 62 3.2.2 Production Costs Related to Installation and Building 65 3.2.3 Labor Costs 65 3.2.4 Energy Costs 71 3.2.5 Production Cost Dependencies of Capacity, Operation, and Personnel 73 3.2.6 Raw Material Costs 76 3.3 Costs in the Companies 79 3.3.1 Internal Cost Accounting 80 3.3.2 Direct Costs 81 3.3.3 Overheads in the Company’s Cost and Performance Accounting 82 3.4 Figures from the Published Annual Reports 84 3.4.1 Industry-Dependent Cost Structures of the Companies 84 3.4.2 Profit and Loss Accounts of Global Cosmetics Companies 86 3.5 Methods for Pricing 91 3.5.1 Pricing Depending on the Customer 91 3.5.2 Cost-Oriented Pricing 92 3.5.3 Demand-Oriented Pricing 93 3.5.4 Competition-Oriented Pricing 95 3.5.5 Influence of the Brand 97 3.5.6 Summary of Pricing 98 3.6 Learnings 98 References 99 4 Scientific Descriptions of the Skin 103 4.1 Tasks of the Skin 103 4.2 Structure of the Skin 103 4.3 Concepts for Penetration of the Stratum Corneum 108 4.4 Some Experiments on the Penetration of Lipophilic Substances 114 4.5 Penetration of Agents into the Skin 120 4.6 Gender Differences in the Structure of the Skin 126 4.7 Learnings 127 References 127 5 Composition of Creams for Skin Care 131 5.1 General Structure of a Skin Care Cream 131 5.2 Modules of a Cream 132 5.3 Excipients 140 5.3.1 Emulsifier for Macroemulsions 140 5.3.2 Emulsifier for Mini (Nano) Emulsions 149 5.3.3 Stability of Emulsions 149 5.3.4 Adjusting the Cream Consistency 155 5.3.5 Preservations 158 5.3.6 Antioxidants, Complexing Agents, and Buffer Substances 163 5.4 Additives for Color and Fragrance 167 5.5 Aids Such as Liposomes for the Introduction of Substances into the Skin 167 5.6 Learnings 170 References 171 6 Proven Active Ingredients for Various Categories of Skin Creams 175 6.1 Skin Care 175 6.2 Cream Categories for Skin Care 176 6.2.1 Cosmetic Creams (Mainstream) 176 6.2.2 Natural Cosmetics 176 6.2.3 Cosmeceuticals 182 6.2.4 Medicines for the Skin 184 6.3 Moisture in the Skin 188 6.3.1 Natural Moisturizing Factor 188 6.3.2 Moisturizing Substances 191 6.4 Vitalizing Substances, in Particular Vitamins 196 6.5 Nourishing Vegetable Oils for Smoothing the Skin 201 6.5.1 Natural Fatty Acids from Vegetable Oils 203 6.5.2 Vegetable Oils and Fats in Cosmetic Creams 205 6.6 Active Ingredients for Antiaging Creams 212 6.7 Essential Oils 216 6.8 Extracts from Plant Parts 219 6.9 Active Ingredients from the Sea 223 6.10 Origin of the Active Ingredients 225 6.11 Learnings 225 References 227 7 Active Ingredients for Special Products 231 7.1 Definition of Special Creams 231 7.2 Antiacne Creams for Blemished Skin 231 7.3 After-Sun Creams and Lotions for Reddened Skin 236 7.4 Creams for Baby Skin 237 7.5 Prophylaxis at Risk of Pressure Ulcers (Bedsore) 239 7.6 Improving the Appearance of the Skin in the Case of Cellulite 239 7.7 Chemical Removal of Unwanted Hair (Depilatory Cream) 241 7.8 Treatment of Eczema 242 7.9 Cream for the Feet and Against Athlete’s Foot 243 7.10 Cream for Hands 244 7.11 Antiherpes Cream 245 7.12 Cream for Removing Thick Horny Layers (Callus) 246 7.13 Lotions for Body Care 247 7.14 Cream for Itchy Shins 248 7.15 Self-tanning Cream 248 7.16 Sunscreens (UV Protection) 249 7.16.1 Solar Radiation 249 7.16.2 Character of UV Rays 250 7.16.3 Radiation-Induced Damage in the Skin 252 7.16.4 Sunscreen Substances According to the Cosmetics Regulations Worldwide 254 7.16.5 Application and Warning Notices 261 7.16.6 Measurements for the Determination of Sun Protection 265 7.16.7 Recommended Active Ingredients 268 7.16.8 Care Creams with Sun Protection 269 7.17 Comment on Cosmeceuticals 271 7.18 Learnings 271 References 272 8 Proposals for the Formulation of Creams 275 8.1 General Remarks 275 8.2 Moisturizers 276 8.3 Vitalizing Creams 277 8.4 Creams with Smoothing Properties 282 8.5 Antiaging Creams 284 8.6 Acne Creams 287 8.7 After Sun Creams/Lotions 288 8.8 Baby Cream 289 8.9 Bedsore Cream 295 8.10 Cellulite Cream 295 8.11 Foot Care Cream Against Athlete’s Foot 300 8.12 Hand Cream 300 8.13 Callus Removal Cream 300 8.14 Body Lotion 301 8.15 Eye Area Formulation with Sun Protection 304 8.16 Sunscreen Lotion 307 9 Perfumes 309 9.1 Importance of the Perfume for Cosmetic Creams 309 9.2 History of Perfume Oils 310 9.3 Perfume Composition and Markets 312 9.4 Extraction of Fragrances from Plants 315 9.5 Chemical Composition of Natural Fragrances 319 9.6 Possibilities in Product Design of Perfume Oils 327 9.7 Personal Care and Other Products 329 9.8 Safety 330 9.9 Learnings 332 References 333 10 Production of Cosmetic Creams 335 10.1 Method 335 10.2 Stirring and Homogenizing Tools 337 10.3 Laboratory Equipment and Pilot Plant 342 10.4 Batch Production 345 10.5 Continuous Production 350 10.6 Scale-up 350 10.7 Mini-Emulsions 355 10.8 Bottles and Filling Lines 361 10.9 Learnings 366 References 368 11 Regulations and Guidelines for the Execution of Hygienic Productions 371 11.1 Good Manufacturing Practice Rules for the Manufacture of Cosmetics 371 11.2 EHEDG Guidelines for the Construction of the Facility 379 11.3 Materials for the Equipment of Cosmetic Plants 383 11.3.1 Problem 383 11.3.2 Choice of Material 384 11.3.3 Stainless Steel 385 11.3.4 Smoothing the Metal Surfaces 387 11.4 Cleaning-in-Place 392 11.5 Learnings 396 References 396 12 Assessment of the Quality of Cosmetic Creams 399 12.1 Options for Quality Evaluation 399 12.2 Microbial Checks 400 12.3 Specifying the Quality of Cosmetic Creams by Physical Measurements 403 12.3.1 Probes and Devices 403 12.3.2 Moisture and Sebum 403 12.3.3 Firmness and Elasticity 406 12.3.4 Wrinkles 408 12.3.5 Gloss and Color 409 12.3.6 Support of Advertising Claims 409 12.4 Example of a Cream Test by Customers 410 12.5 Learnings 414 References 415 13 Product Information File (P.I.F.) 417 13.1 Provisions of the Cosmetics Regulation 417 13.2 Requirements for the Product Safety Report According to the Cosmetics Regulation 417 13.3 Safety Data Sheet 420 13.4 Structure of the P.I.F. 422 13.4.1 Product Identification and Description 422 13.4.2 Composition of the Cosmetic Cream 422 13.4.3 Toxicological Profile 424 13.4.4 Production Instruction 426 13.4.5 Analysis Report of the Produced Cream 426 13.4.6 Cream Exposure to the Skin 429 13.4.7 Safety Consideration for Babies and Children 434 13.5 Example for a P.I.F. (Body Lotion) 437 13.6 Learnings 452 References 453 Appendix A Formulations 455 Appendix B MSDS Niacinamide 465 Index 475

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Book SynopsisKleben gehört zu den wärmearmen Fügetechniken und ist in der Lage, praktisch alle technisch nutzbaren Werkstoffe miteinander und untereinander flächig und stoffschlüssig zu verbinden. Die hierbei durch Adhäsion entstehende Verbindung wird sehr schonend aufgebaut, da der Klebvorgang weder großer Hitze (wie beim Schweißen oder Löten), noch strukturschwächende Löcher (wie beim Nieten oder Schrauben) bedarf. Die in der Regel großflächig ausgelegte Klebung sorgt zudem für eine relativ gleichmäßige Spannungsverteilung im Bauteil. In einem klar strukturierten 5-Phasensystem bietet Fügetechnologie Kleben hier eine detaillierte Anleitung für die Schritte, die für den Aufbau eines sicheren und stabilen Klebprozesses zur Herstellung eines qualitativ hochwertigen Bauteils notwendig sind. Berücksichtigt werden dabei unter anderem die Vorbehandlung der zu verklebenden Werkstoff oberflächen, die Auswahl der geeigneten Klebstoffe, die Dimensionierung der Verklebung sowie die Prozessschritte zur Dosierung beziehungsweise Aushärtung der Klebstoffe. Dem Anwender werden so moderne und nachhaltige Materialien sowie klebtechnische Verfahren präsentiert, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf Oberflächenbehandlungsmöglichkeiten, Klebstoffe und Verarbeitungsmethoden relevant für Industrie und Handwerk.Table of ContentsVorwort ix 1 Geschichte des Klebens von der Steinzeit bis heute 1 1.1 Die Anfänge der Klebtechnik 1 1.2 Kleben vom Mittel- bis zum Industriezeitalter 2 1.3 Geschichte des Klebens 1845–1960 4 1.4 Geschichte des Klebens 1960 bis heute 8 2 Position der Klebtechnik in Industrie und Handwerk 11 2.1 Einleitung 11 2.2 Vor- und Nachteile des Klebens 12 2.3 Kleben in Industrie und Handwerk 16 2.4 Moderne Klebstoffsysteme für Industrie und Handwerk 17 3 Der Klebprozess: Qualitäts- und Projektmanagement 25 3.1 Einführung 25 3.2 Qualitätsmanagement 25 3.3 Projektmanagement 26 3.3.1 Teil 1 – Planungs-, Konzept- und Machbarkeitsphase 28 3.3.2 Teil 2 – Entwicklungs- und Einführungsphase 28 3.3.3 Gate Reviews 28 3.3.4 Die „Process Map“ 31 3.4 Qualitätsanforderungen an Klebprozesse nach DIN 2304 32 4 Planung (Phase 1) 37 4.1 Einleitung 37 4.2 Erstellen des Projektauftrags für die Entwicklung eines Klebprozesses 38 4.3 Rollenbeschreibungen der für den Projekterfolg relevanten Personen 39 5 Konzept(Phase2) 43 5.1 Einleitung 43 5.2 Grundlagen des Klebens 45 5.2.1 Adhäsion 45 5.2.2 Benetzung 47 5.2.3 Kohäsion 52 5.3 Werkstoffe und deren Oberflächen 54 5.3.1 Einleitung 54 5.3.2 Metalle 54 5.3.3 Kunststoffe 66 5.3.4 Glas 69 5.4 Beanspruchung von Klebverbunden 72 5.4.1 Langzeitverhalten von Klebverbunden 73 5.4.2 Feuchtebeanspruchung 74 5.4.3 Beanspruchung durch korrosiveMedien 74 5.4.4 Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen 76 5.4.5 Eigenspannungen in Klebungen 76 5.5 Klebtechnische Oberflächenbehandlung derWerkstoffe 79 5.5.1 Einführung 79 5.5.2 Eigenschaften der Metalloberflächen 84 5.5.3 Eigenschaften von Kunststoff- und Glasoberflächen 86 5.5.4 Klebtechnische Vorbereitung der Oberfläche 89 5.5.5 Klebtechnische Oberflächenvorbehandlung 95 5.6 Klebstoffe für Industrie und Handwerk 114 5.6.1 1K-Klebstoffe 116 5.6.2 2K-Klebstoffe 171 5.7 Kleben auf Metall-, Kunststoff- und Glasoberflächen 181 5.7.1 Kleben auf Metalloberflächen 181 5.7.2 Kleben auf Kunststoffoberflächen 189 5.7.3 Kleben auf Glasoberflächen 191 5.8 Kriterien für die Auswahl der Klebstoffe 195 5.8.1 Festlegung desWerkstoffs 196 5.8.2 Gestaltung und Dimensionierung des Klebverbundes 196 5.8.3 Beanspruchungen des Klebverbundes 198 5.8.4 Art der Oberflächenbehandlung 198 5.8.5 Art des Fertigungsprozesses 200 5.8.6 Auswahl der Klebstoffe 201 5.8.7 Praktische „Guidelines“ zur Auswahl der Klebstoffe 201 6 Machbarkeit (Phase 3) 203 6.1 Einleitung 203 6.2 Manuelle Herstellung einer Klebverbindung 204 6.2.1 Vorbereitung 204 6.2.2 Durchführung 211 6.3 Eigenschaften und Prüfverfahren 242 6.3.1 Eigenschaften von Klebverbindungen 242 6.3.2 Prüfverfahren in der Klebtechnik 257 6.4 Gestaltung und Dimensionierung von Klebverbindungen 270 6.4.1 Konstruktive Gestaltung von Klebverbindungen 270 6.4.2 Dimensionierung von Klebverbindungen 280 6.4.3 Abschließende Bemerkung zur konstruktiven Gestaltung und Dimensionierung von Klebverbindungen 287 6.4.4 Beispiele zur Dimensionierung von Klebverbindungen 287 7 Entwicklung des Klebprozesses (Phase 4) 295 7.1 Einleitung 295 7.2 Fertigungsprozess Kleben 296 7.3 Herstellungsverfahren zum Aufbau der Adhäsion 300 7.3.1 Klebstoffvorbereitung 300 7.3.2 Dosieren und Auftragen des Klebstoffs 306 7.4 Herstellungsverfahren zum Aufbau der Kohäsion 315 7.4.1 Mischen der Klebstoffkomponenten 315 7.4.2 Fügen und Fixieren 322 7.4.3 Aushärten der Klebstoffe 322 8 Einführung des Klebprozesses (Phase 5) 325 9 Moderne Anwendungen in Industrie und Handwerk 327 9.1 Einleitung 327 9.2 Kleben im Leichtbau 328 9.3 Kleben im Fassadenbau 332 9.4 Kleben auf niederenergetischen Werkstoffen 334 9.5 Kleben mit strukturellen 2K-Klebstoffen 338 9.6 Kleben mit Hochleistungsklebebandsystemen 345 Stichwortverzeichnis 349

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one practical guide on how to efficiently use chromatographic separation methods Based on a training course that teaches the theoretical as well as practical aspects of protein bioseparation to bioprocess professionals, this fully updated and revised new edition offers comprehensive coverage of continuous chromatography and provides readers with many relevant examples from the biopharmaceutical industry. Divided into two large parts, Protein Chromatography: Process Development and Scale-Up, Second Edition presents all the necessary knowledge for effective process development in chromatographic bioseparation, both on small and large scale. The first part introduces chromatographic theory, including process design principles, to enable the reader to rationalize the set-up of a bioseparation process. The second part illustrates by way of case studies and sample protocols how the theory learned in the first part may be applied to real-life problems. Chapters look at: Downstream Processing of Biotechnology Products; Chromatography Media; Laboratory and Process Columns and Equipment; Adsorption Equilibrium; Rate Processes; and Dynamics of Chromatography Columns. The book closes with chapters on: Effects of Dispersion and Rate Processes on Column Performance; Gradient Elution Chromatography; and Chromatographic Column Design and Optimization. -Presents the most pertinent examples from the biopharmaceutical industry, including monoclonal antibodies -Provides an overview of the field along with design tools and examples illustrating the advantages of continuous processing in biopharmaceutical productions -Focuses on process development and large-scale bioseparation tasks, making it an ideal guide for the professional bioengineer in the biotech and pharma industries -Offers field-tested information based on decades of training courses for biotech and chemical engineers in Europe and the U.S. Protein Chromatography: Process Development and Scale-Up, Second Edition will appeal to biotechnologists, analytical chemists, chromatographers, chemical engineers, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnological industry, and biochemists. Table of ContentsPreface ix Nomenclature xiii 1 Downstream Processing of Biotechnology Products 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Bioproducts and Their Contaminants 2 1.2.1 Biomolecular Chemistry and Structure 2 1.2.1.1 Proteins 2 1.2.1.2 Primary Structure 3 1.2.1.3 Secondary Structure 6 1.2.1.4 Tertiary Structure 11 1.2.1.5 Quaternary Structure 11 1.2.1.6 Folding 12 1.2.1.7 Post-translational Modifications 12 1.2.1.8 Oligonucleotides and Polynucleotides 16 1.2.1.9 Endotoxins 18 1.2.2 Biochemical and Biophysical Properties 20 1.2.2.1 UV Absorbance 20 1.2.2.2 Size 22 1.2.2.3 Charge 26 1.2.2.4 Hydrophobicity 28 1.2.2.5 Solubility 31 1.2.2.6 Chemical Stability 33 1.2.2.7 Mechanical Stability 34 1.2.2.8 Viscosity 35 1.2.2.9 Diffusivity 38 1.3 Bioprocesses 40 1.3.1 Expression Systems 40 1.3.2 Host Cell Composition 43 1.3.3 Culture Media 44 1.3.4 Components of the Culture Broth 45 1.3.5 Product Quality Requirements 46 1.3.5.1 Types of Impurities 48 1.3.5.2 Validation 50 1.3.5.3 Purity Requirements 51 1.4 Biosimilars 52 1.5 Role of Chromatography in Downstream Processing 53 1.6 Environmental Impact of Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing 59 References 60 2 Introduction to Protein Chromatography 63 2.1 Introduction 63 2.2 Basic Principles and Definitions 63 2.3 Modes of Operation 67 2.3.1 Elution Chromatography 69 2.3.2 Frontal Analysis 70 2.3.3 Displacement Chromatography 71 2.3.4 Periodic Countercurrent and Simulated Moving Bed Separators (SMB) 72 2.4 Performance Factors 76 2.5 Separation Performance Metrics 81 2.5.1 Column Efficiency 81 2.5.2 Chromatographic Resolution 84 2.5.3 Dynamic Binding Capacity 86 2.5.4 Scaling Relationships 87 References 90 3 Chromatography Media 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Interaction Types and Chemistry 94 3.2.1 Steric Interaction 94 3.2.2 Hydrophobic Interaction 96 3.2.3 Electrostatic Interaction 103 3.2.4 Metal Ion Interaction 106 3.2.5 Biospecific Interaction 108 3.2.6 Mixed Mode Interaction 113 3.3 Buffers and Mobile Phases 117 3.4 Physical Structure and Properties 118 3.4.1 Base Matrices 119 3.4.1.1 Natural Carbohydrate Polymers 121 3.4.1.2 Synthetic Polymers 122 3.4.1.3 Inorganic Materials 123 3.4.2 Porosity, Pore Size, and Surface Area 125 3.4.3 Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution 131 3.4.4 Mechanical and Flow Properties 132 References 135 4 Laboratory and Process Columns and Equipment 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Laboratory-Scale Systems 140 4.2.1 Pumps 141 4.2.2 Mixers 145 4.2.3 Monitors 146 4.2.4 System Volumes 149 4.3 Process Columns and Equipment 150 4.3.1 Columns 150 4.3.2 Systems 155 4.3.3 Column Packing 157 References 158 5 Adsorption Equilibrium 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Single-Component Systems 161 5.3 Multicomponent Systems 174 5.4 Empirical Correlation of Equilibrium Data 178 5.5 Protein Conformational Changes upon Adsorption 180 References 180 6 Rate Processes 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Rate Mechanisms 183 6.2.1 External Mass Transfer 185 6.2.2 Pore Diffusion 188 6.2.3 Solid Diffusion 192 6.2.4 Intraparticle Convection 196 6.2.5 Kinetic Resistance to Binding 201 6.3 Batch Adsorption Kinetics 202 6.3.1 General Rate Equations 204 6.3.2 Analytical Solutions 206 6.3.2.1 External Mass Transfer Control 207 6.3.2.2 Solid Diffusion Control 207 6.3.2.3 Pore Diffusion Control 208 6.3.2.4 Binding Kinetics Control 210 6.3.2.5 LDF Solution 210 6.3.2.6 Combined Mass Transfer Resistances 211 6.3.3 Experimental Verification of Transport Mechanisms 214 6.3.4 Multicomponent Protein Adsorption Kinetics 218 References 223 7 Dynamics of Chromatography Columns 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Material Balance Equations 227 7.2.1 Boundary Conditions 229 7.2.2 Dimensionless Equations 230 7.3 Local Equilibrium Dynamics 231 7.4 Multicomponent Systems 244 7.5 Displacement Chromatography 256 7.5.1 Prediction of the Isotachic Train 257 7.5.2 Transient Development 262 References 263 8 Effects of Dispersion and Rate Processes on Column Performance 265 8.1 Introduction 265 8.2 Empirical Characterization of Column Efficiency 265 8.3 Modeling and Prediction of Column Efficiency 275 8.3.1 Plate Model 275 8.3.2 Rate Models with Linear Isotherms 278 8.3.3 Rate Models with Nonlinear Isotherms 287 8.3.4 Rate Models for Competitive Adsorption Systems 303 References 308 9 Gradient Elution Chromatography 311 9.1 Introduction 311 9.2 General Theory for Gradient Elution with Linear Isotherms 313 9.3 LGE Relationships and the Iso-resolution Curve in IEC 320 9.3.1 Iso-resolution Curve 329 9.4 LGE Relationships for RPC and HIC 332 9.5 Gradient Elution at High Protein Loads 337 9.6 Separations with pH Gradients 339 References 351 10 Chromatographic Column Design and Optimization 355 10.1 Introduction 355 10.2 Chromatographic Process Steps and Constraints 357 10.3 Design for Capture 361 10.3.1 Load Step 362 10.3.2 Wash Step 363 10.3.3 Elution Step 364 10.3.4 CIP Step 364 10.3.5 Re-equilibration Step 365 10.3.6 Productivity and Capacity Utilization 365 10.3.7 Continuous Capture 370 10.4 Design for Chromatographic Resolution 375 10.5 SMB Design 382 References 391 Index 395

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Book SynopsisComprehensive resource covering all in-space manufacturing and planetary resource exploration endeavors. The space economy is developing quickly, and pivotal events have brought us to a strong inflection point. This unique book includes fundamental and ground-breaking innovations in the field and is meant to quickly get readers up to speed on many different facets of space and planetary resource exploration, such as: Space health & medicine Space biology & space farming Space chemistry & space mining Space construction & advanced materials production Space policy, law & economics Presenting a snapshot of the expanding space economy and manufacturing applications in low-Earth orbit, along with resource utilization capabilities in development for Moon and Mars missions, this an indispensable source for all researchers and commercial companies working on space and planetary resource exploration.Table of ContentsIntroductory Statement: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Introductory Statement: European Space Agency Introductory Statement: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Introductory Statement: Australian Space Agency Part 1: Space Medicine and Human Health 1. Human Health in Space 2. Space Medicine and Countermeasures 3. Frontier Medical Technologies to Support Space Exploration Part 2: Space Biology 4. Plant Biology and a New Approach to Space Farming 5. Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering in Space Part 3: Space Chemistry 6. Chemistry Related Innovations in Space. Benefits of Flow Chemistry 7. Catalysis in Space Environments Part 4: Space Mining 8. Mining and Microbiology for the Solar System Silicate and Basalt Economy 9. Near-Earth Asteroids as Promising Candidates for Space Resources 10. Space Mining of Phosphorus from Moon Crust–Spillover of Learning from Earth 11. Lunar Resources in Support of Human Interplanetary Settlement & Limitations Part 5: Space Farming & Food 12. PONDS: A New Method for Plant Production in Space 13. Space Food for the Future: Nutritional Challenges and Technological Strategies for Healthy and High-Quality Products Part 6: Advanced Materials 14. Metal Alloy Synthesis in Microgravity 15. Layer-by-Layer Deposition in Microgravity for Enhanced Thin Film Production 16. 3D Bioprinting Aboard the International Space Station using the Techshot BioFabrication Facility Part 7: Space Construction 17. Beyond the ISS: The World’s First Commercial Space Station 18. Leveraging Open Innovation to Incentivize Advances in Additive Construction in Space and on Earth Part 8: Space Policy, Law, and Economics 19. The Impact of the Artemis Accords on Resource Extraction 20. Space Resources: Physical Constraints, Policy Choices, & Ethical Considerations The Future of Space Exploration: A Young Perspective

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics for Chemical Engineers Learn the basics of thermodynamics in this complete and practice-oriented introduction for students of chemical engineering Thermodynamics is a vital branch of physics that focuses upon the interaction of heat, work, and temperature with energy, radiation, and matter. Thermodynamics can apply to a wide range of sciences, but is particularly important in chemical engineering, where the interconnection of heat and work with chemical reactions or physical changes of state are studied according to the laws of thermodynamics. Moreover, thermodynamics in chemical engineering focuses upon pure fluid and mixture properties, phase equilibrium, and chemical reactions within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Given that thermodynamics is an essential course of study in chemical and petroleum engineering, Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers provides an important introduction to the subject that comprehensively covers the topic in an easily-digestible manner. Suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, the text introduces the basic concepts of thermodynamics thoroughly and concisely while providing practice-oriented examples and illustrations. Thus, the book helps students bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and basic experiments and measurement characteristics. Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers readers will also find: Practice-oriented examples to help students connect the learned concepts to actual laboratory instruments and experiments A broad suite of illustrations throughout the text to help illuminate the information presented Authors with decades working in chemical engineering and teaching thermodynamics Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers is the ideal resource not just for undergraduate and graduate students in chemical and petroleum engineering, but also for anyone looking for a basic guide to thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 Dimensions, Fundamental Quantities, and Units 2 1.3 Secondary or Derived Physical Quantities 4 1.4 SI Usage of Units and Symbols 13 1.5 Thermodynamic Systems and Variables 14 1.6 Zeroth Law 16 Problems for Chapter 1 16 2 Energy and the First Law 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Energy 22 2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 24 2.4 Application of Solution Procedure to Simple Cases 30 2.5 Practical Application Examples 34 2.5.1 Compressors/Pumps 34 2.5.2 Turbines/Expanders 35 2.5.3 Condensers/Vaporizers/Reboilers 36 2.5.4 Heat Exchanger 36 2.5.5 Sample Cylinder 38 2.6 Differential Form 39 2.7 Inserting Time: Unsteady-State Flow Process 39 2.8 Recap 40 Problems for Chapter 2 40 Reference 45 3 PVT Relations and Equations of State 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Graphical Representations 47 3.3 Critical Region 53 3.4 Tabular Representations 54 3.5 Mathematical Representations 56 3.5.1 Perfect and Ideal Gas EOS 57 3.5.2 Reversible Processes Involving Ideal Gases in Closed Systems 58 3.5.2.1 Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process 59 3.5.2.2 Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process 59 3.5.2.3 Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process 60 3.5.2.4 Adiabatic Process 60 3.5.2.5 Polytropic Processes 62 3.5.3 Virial Equation of State 65 3.5.3.1 Correlations for the Second and Third Virial Coefficient 69 3.5.4 Other Special Equations 75 3.5.4.1 Tait Equation 75 3.5.4.2 Rackett Equation 75 3.5.4.3 Riedel Equation 75 3.5.4.4 Yen and Woods Equation 76 3.5.4.5 Chueh and Prausnitz Equation 76 3.5.4.6 Generalized Lee–Kesler Correlation 76 3.5.5 Cubic Equations of State 77 3.5.5.1 van der Waals (vdW) Equation of State 77 3.5.5.2 Other Cubic EOS 79 3.5.5.3 Redlich–Kwong (RK) EOS 80 3.5.5.4 Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) Equation of State 82 3.5.5.5 Peng–Robinson (PR) Equation of State 82 3.5.6 Multiparameter Equations of State 83 3.5.6.1 Benedict–Webb–Rubin (BWR) Equation of State 83 3.5.6.2 Boublik–Alder–Chen–Kreglewski 83 3.5.7 Reference Equation of State 85 3.6 Calculation of Volumes from EOS 86 3.7 Vapor Pressure and Enthalpy of Vaporization Correlations 89 3.8 Ideal Gas Enthalpy Changes: Applications 91 3.8.1 Heat of Reaction 91 3.8.1.1 Standard Heat of Reaction 91 3.8.1.2 Standard Heat of Formation 92 3.8.1.3 Standard Heat of Combustion 92 3.8.2 Temperature Dependence of the Heat of Reaction 92 3.8.3 Practical Calculations 94 3.8.3.1 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 95 3.8.3.2 Reaction with Heat Transfer 95 Problems for Chapter 3 99 References 109 4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 General and Classical Statements of the Second Law 114 4.3 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Cycles 116 4.4 Implications of the Second Law 117 4.5 Efficiency 127 4.6 Specific Heat/Heat Capacity 128 4.6.1 Entropy Changes for Ideal Gases 130 4.7 Entropy Balance Equation for Open Systems 133 4.8 Availability and Maximum/Minimum Work 137 Problems for Chapter 4 139 5 Thermodynamic Relations 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Mathematics Review 145 5.2.1 Exact Differentials 145 5.2.2 Inexact Differentials and Line Integration 146 5.2.3 Properties of Functions of Several Variables 147 5.3 Fundamental Thermodynamics Equation 148 5.4 Legendre Transforms 149 5.5 Maxwell Relations 151 5.6 Derivation of Thermodynamic Relationships 153 5.7 Open Systems: Chemical Potential 155 5.8 Property Change Calculations 157 5.8.1 Temperature Derivatives 157 5.8.2 Volume Derivatives 158 5.8.3 Pressure Derivatives 159 5.9 Residual Properties 160 5.10 Property Changes Using Residual Functions 163 5.11 Generalized Correlations for Residual Functions 166 5.12 Two-Phase Systems – Clapeyron Equation 169 Problems for Chapter 5 172 6 Practical Applications for Thermodynamics 179 6.1 Fluid Flow 179 6.1.1 Flow Through Ducts 179 6.1.2 Properties of Sub-cooled Liquids (Compressed Liquid) 184 6.1.3 Pumps, Compressors, and Expanders 186 6.2 Heat Engines and Refrigeration Units 196 6.2.1 Heat and Work 196 6.2.2 Rankine Cycle 198 6.2.3 Modifications of the Rankine Cycle 204 6.2.4 Internal Combustion Engines 211 6.2.4.1 Otto Cycle 211 6.2.4.2 Diesel Engine Cycle 216 6.2.4.3 Gas Turbine Cycle 220 6.2.5 Refrigeration: The Carnot Cycle for a Refrigeration Unit 225 6.2.5.1 Vapor Compression Cycle 226 6.2.5.2 Air Refrigeration Cycle 229 6.2.5.3 Absorption Refrigeration 233 6.2.5.4 Heat Pump 235 6.2.5.5 Liquefaction Process 235 6.2.6 Process Simulators: Using Process Simulation for Fluid Flow Problems 241 Problems for Chapter 6 249 7 Solution Theory 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Composition Variables 257 7.3 Chemical Potential 260 7.3.1 More Maxwell Relations 261 7.4 Partial Molar Properties 262 7.5 General Gibbs–Duhem Equation 268 7.6 Differential Thermodynamic Properties in Open Systems in Terms of Measurables 270 7.6.1 Using T and nV 270 7.6.2 Using T, P 271 7.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures 271 7.8 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient for Pure Substances 275 7.9 Equations for Calculating Fugacity 277 7.9.1 Fugacity of a Vapor (Point A) 277 7.9.2 Fugacity of a Vapor or Saturated Liquid (Point B) 277 7.9.3 Fugacity of Liquid (Point C) 278 7.9.4 Fugacity of Solid at the Melting Point (Point D) 279 7.9.5 Fugacity of a Solid (Point E) 279 7.10 Application of Fugacity Equation to Gases and Liquids 280 7.11 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient in a Solution 284 7.12 Calculation of the Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient in Solution 287 7.12.1 Using Cubic EOS 291 7.12.1.1 Mixing Rules 292 7.13 Ideal Solutions 298 7.14 Excess Properties. Activity Coefficients 301 7.15 Activity Coefficients with Different Standard States 303 7.16 Effect of Pressure on the Fugacity in Solution and Activity Coefficients Using the Lewis–Randall Rule 305 7.17 Property Change on Mixing 307 7.18 Excess Gibbs Energy Models 310 Problems for Chapter 7 318 References 323 8 Phase Equilibrium 325 8.1 Introduction 325 8.2 Equilibrium 325 8.3 Gibbs Phase Rule 329 8.4 Pure Components and Phase Equilibria 330 8.5 Different Phase Diagrams for Binary Mixtures at Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) 332 8.6 Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium Relationship 336 8.7 Phase Calculations Using the Gamma–Phi Formulation 338 8.7.1 Bubble Pressure 339 8.7.2 Bubble Temperature 340 8.7.3 Dew Pressure 341 8.7.4 Dew Temperature 342 8.7.5 Flash 342 8.8 Phase Calculations Using the Phi–Phi Formulation 349 8.9 Modern Approach to Phase Equilibrium Calculations 358 8.9.1 Equal Area Rule for Binary Mixtures 359 8.9.2 A General Approach for Multicomponent and Multiphase Systems 365 8.10 Binary Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) 374 8.11 Binary Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium (VLLE) 381 8.12 Binary Vapor–Solid Equilibrium (VSE) 387 8.13 Binary Liquid–Solid Equilibrium (LSE) 391 Problems for Chapter 8 397 References 403 9 Chemical Reaction Equilibria 405 9.1 Introduction 405 9.2 Nature of Reactions 406 9.3 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry 406 9.4 Extent of Reaction 407 9.5 Phase Rule for Reacting Systems 408 9.6 Principles of Reaction Equilibria 410 9.7 Understanding the Reaction Equilibria 413 9.8 Equilibrium Constant 415 9.9 Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 417 9.10 Standard States 420 9.11 Applications to Different Types of Reactions 420 9.11.1 Reactions in Single-Phase Systems 421 9.11.1.1 Gas-Phase Reactions 421 9.11.1.2 Liquid-Phase Reactions 422 9.11.1.3 Solid Reactions 424 9.11.2 Heterogeneous Reactions (Different Phase Systems) 425 9.12 Multi-reactions 429 9.13 Nonstoichiometric Solution 431 9.14 Equal Area Rule for Reactive Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations 434 Problems for Chapter 9 440 References 447 A Appendices 449 A.1 Instructions to Add an Add-In Your Computer 449 A.2 Excel® LK CALC Add-In 449 A.3 Excel® STEAM CALC Add-In 451 A.4 Heat Capacity Equations for an Ideal Gas 453 A.5 Antoine Equation Constants 454 A.6 Heat Capacity Equations for liquids 454 A.7 Iterative Procedures for the Calculation of Vapor Liquid Equilibrium 454 A.7.1 Bubble Point Calculations 454 A.7.1.1 Bubble Pressure Calculation 454 A.7.1.2 Bubble Temperature Calculation 455 A.7.2 Dew Point Calculations 456 A.7.2.1 Dew Pressure Calculation 456 A.7.2.2 Dew Temperature Calculation 457 A.7.3 Flash Calculation 458 References 460 Index 461

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Book SynopsisIon Exchange Membranes A comprehensive introduction to the electro-membrane technologies of the future An ion exchange membrane is a polymer-based membrane which can be permeable by some ions in a solution while blocking others, making them ideal for processes such as water desalination, salt concentration control, clean production andgiven their electrical conductivitypower generation and energy storage etc. Recent advances have given rise to new electro-membrane processes that promise drastically to expand the applications of this technology. Scientists in both research and industry will increasingly need to draw on these membranes in vital ways with strongly positive potential environmental impact. Ion Exchange Membranes summarizes recent research into these membranes and electro-membrane processes before moving to an overview of the historical background. It then attends in detail to cutting-edge fabrication technologies and the most recent areas of use. The result is a comprehensi

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisStandortsuche, Genehmigungsverfahren und Betrieb von Industrieanlagen, Regeln der Technik, Aufbau von Verwaltungsorganen, Rechtsvorschriften, Sicherheit und Gefahrstoffrecht, Betreiberpflichten, übergreifende Vorschriften und Auswirkungen auf die Betriebswirtschaft sowie ein Überblick über europäisches Umweltrecht werden in diesem Werk behandelt. Damit wird eine aus Ingenieursicht kommentierte Übersicht vorgelegt, die die oft komplizierte Vernetzung und Zusammenhänge beschreibt. Das Buch ist ein Wegweiser für Ingenieure durch das Genehmigungsrecht technischer Anlagen Der Autor ist Dozent an der TU Dresden und beratend für die sächsische Landesregierung tätig.Table of Contents1 Vorbemerkungen.- 2 Staatsaufbau und Verwaltungshandeln.- 2.1 Staatsaufbau.- 2.1.1 Grundlagen, Föderalismus und Gewaltenteilung, Rechtssystem.- 2.1.2 Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden.- 2.1.2.1 Gesetzgebungskompetenz — Verteilung Bund — Länder.- 2.1.2.2 Exkurs: Satzungsautonomie der Gemeinden.- 2.1.2.3 Verwaltungskompetenzen.- 2.1.2.3.1 Landeseigene Verwaltung.- 2.1.2.3.2 Bundesauftragsverwaltung der Länder.- 2.1.2.3.3 Bundeseigene Verwaltung.- 2.1.2.4 Gerichtsbarkeit.- 2.2 Gesetzgebung — Normsetzung.- 2.2.1 Rechtsvorschriften.- 2.2.1.1 Formelle Gesetze.- 2.2.1.2 Rechtsverordnungen, Satzungen (materielle Gesetze).- 2.2.2 Verwaltungsvorschriften.- 2.2.3 Technische Regelwerke.- 2.3 Verwaltungshandeln.- 2.3.1 Behördenzuständigkeiten.- 2.3.2 Rechtsgrundlagen des Verwaltungshandelns.- 2.3.2.1 Rechtsquellen.- 2.3.2.2 Verwaltungsverfahren.- 2.3.2.2.1 Der Verwaltungsakt.- 2.3.2.2.2 Stellung des Bürgers als Verfahrensbeteiligter.- 2.3.2.2.3 Zuständigkeitsfragen.- 2.3.2.2.4 Formfreiheit und Förmlichkeit des Verwaltungsverfahrens.- 2.3.2.2.5 Verfahrensrecht der Beteiligten.- 2.3.2.2.6 Abschluß des Verfahrens.- 2.4 Rechtsschutz.- 2.4.1 Verwaltungsinterne Überprüfung/Widerspruch.- 2.4.1.1 Nicht förmliche Rechtsmittel.- 2.4.1.2 Förmliche Rechtsmittel.- 2.4.2 Gerichtliche Kontrolle.- 2.4.3 Gerichtliche Überprüfung von Gesetzesakten und anderen Normen.- 2.5 Europäische Union, Europäische Gemeinschaft.- 2.5.1 Grundlagen: Die Verträge zur Europäischen Gemeinschaft und Europäischen Union.- 2.5.2 Kompetenzen der EG.- 2.5.3 EG-Rechtsakte.- 2.5.3.1 Exkurs: Kompetenzen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft hinsichtlich Umweltrecht.- 2.5.3.2 Zustandekommen von EG-Rechtsakten.- 2.5.3.3 Umsetzen der EG-Richtlinien im Mitgliedstaat Deutschland.- 2.5.4 Anwendung und Rechtsschutz im Gemeinschaftsrecht.- 2.5.4.1 Zuständigkeit des Europäischen Gerichtshofes.- 2.5.4.2 Gericht 1. Instanz der EG.- 2.5.4.3 Nationale Gerichte und Vorabentscheidungsverfahren.- 2.6 Literatur zu Kapitel 2.- 2.7 Abkürzungsverzeichnis.- 3 Strukturen und Strategien des Umweltrechts.- 3.1 Umweltpolitik.- 3.1.1 Historisches/Entwicklung der Umweltpolitik.- 3.1.2 Staatsziel Umweltschutz.- 3.1.3 Kosten-Nutzen-Aspekte.- 3.1.4 Schutz der Umwelt durch Recht.- 3.1.4.1 Umweltbegriff.- 3.1.4.2 Rang des Umweltschutzes in der Rechtsordnung.- 3.2 Umweltschutz als staatliche Aufgabe.- 3.3 Rechtliche Prinzipien.- 3.3.1 Vorsorgeprinzip — zum Risikobegriff im deutschen Umweltrecht.- 3.3.2 Verursacherprinzip.- 3.3.3 Kooperationsprinzip.- 3.3.4 Verfassungsrechtliche Verankerung des Verursacher-, Vorsorge- und Kooperationsprinzips.- 3.3.5 Grundsatz der Nachhaltigkeit.- 3.3.6 Gemeinlastprinzip.- 3.4 Instrumente zur Durchsetzung umweltgerechten Verhaltens.- 3.4.1 Abgaben und Zertifikate.- 3.4.1.1 Ausprägungen der praktizierten Umweltpolitik.- 3.4.1.2 Grundlagen der Umweltökonomik.- 3.4.1.2.1 Charakterisierung der Umweltgüter.- 3.4.1.2.2 Aspekte des Allokationsproblems.- 3.4.1.2.3 Effiziente Allokationen in einer Marktwirtschaft.- 3.4.1.2.4 Internalisierung externer Effekte.- 3.4.1.3 Abgaben und Zertifikate im Rahmen der klassischen Umweltökonomie.- 3.4.1.4 Abgaben und Zertifikate im Rahmen des Preis-Standard-Ansatzes.- 3.4.1.4.1 Die Abgabenlösung.- 3.4.1.4.2 Handelbare Emissionszertifikate.- 3.4.2 Kompensationen und Begünstigungen.- 3.5 Übersicht über das Umweltrecht.- 3.5.1 Allgemeines Umweltrecht.- 3.5.2 Besonderes Umweltrecht.- 3.5.2.1 Immissionsschutz.- 3.5.2.2 Strahlenschutz und Reaktorsicherheit.- 3.5.2.3 Energieeinsparen.- 3.5.2.4 Schutz vor gefährlichen Stoffen.- 3.5.2.5 Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfällen.- 3.5.2.6 Gewässerschutz.- 3.5.2.7 Naturschutz, Landschaftspflege, Bodenschutz, Tierschutz.- 3.6 Strafrecht.- 3.6.1 Übersicht.- 3.6.2 Die einzelnen Umweltdelikte des StGB.- 3.6.2.1 § 324 StGB: Gewässerverunreinigung.- 3.6.2.2 § 324a StGB: Bodenverunreinigung.- 3.6.2.3 § 325 StGB: Luftverunreinigung.- 3.6.2.4 § 325a StGB Verursachen von Lärm, Erschütterung und nichtionisierenden Strahlen.- 3.6.2.5 § 326 StGB: Unerlaubter Umgang mit gefährlichen Abfällen.- 3.6.2.6 § 327 StGB: Unerlaubtes Betreiben von Anlagen.- 3.6.2.7 § 328 StGB: Unerlaubter Umgang mit radioaktiven Stoffen und anderen gefährlichen Stoffen und Gütern.- 3.6.2.8 § 329 StGB: Gefährdung schutzbedürftiger Gebiete.- 3.6.2.9 § 330a StGB: Schwere Gefährdung durch Freisetzen von Giften.- 3.6.2.10 § 330 StGB: Besonders schwerer Fall einer Umweltstraftat.- 4 Standortplanung für Industrie und Gewerbe.- 4.1 Planung neuer Industrie- und Gewerbestandorte.- 4.1.1 Integration in den Planungsprozeß: Wann und wie ist die Standortplanung anzugehen?.- 4.2 Anforderungen an einen neuen Standort.- 4.2.1 Benötigte Informationen.- 4.2.2 Benötigte und vorhandene Flächengröße.- 4.2.3 Erschließung.- 4.2.4 Emissionen von Industrieanlagen, insbesondere von Luftschadstoffen und Lärm, Sicherheitslage.- 4.2.5 Wassergefährdende Stoffe.- 4.2.6 Gefahrguttransporte auf der Straße zur Anlage.- 4.2.7 Gebäudehöhe als Luftfahrhindernis.- 4.2.8 Logistische Optimierung.- 4.3 Ermittlung der Standorteigenschaften.- 4.3.1 Genehmigungssituation und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten.- 4.3.1.1 Struktur der standortbezogenen Rechtsvorschriften — Einfluß der Raumordnung und Landesplanung.- 4.3.1.2 Baurechtliche Zulässigkeit.- 4.3.1.3 Immissionsschutz.- 4.3.1.4 Natur- und Landschaftsschutz.- 4.3.1.5 Gewässerschutz — Errichtungsverbote in Wasserschutzgebieten.- 4.3.1.6 Transporte zur Anlage.- 4.3.1.7 Bodenschutz.- 4.3.1.8 Denkmalschutz, Bodendenkmäler.- 4.3.1.9 Zusätzliche Informationsquellen.- 4.3.2 Baugrundrisiken und Altlasten.- 4.3.2.1 Technische Baugrundrisiken.- 4.3.2.2 Altlasten — Altlastenbegriff.- 4.3.2.3 Sanierungsverantwortung — Haftung des Erwerbers.- 4.3.2.4 Sanierungsziel.- 4.3.2.5 Altlasten in der Nachbarschaft des eigenen Grundstücks.- 4.3.3 Baulasten und Grunddienstbarkeiten.- 4.4 Umgang mit Entscheidungsträgern, Behörden und Vertragspartnern.- 4.4.1 Interessenlage der Beteiligten.- 4.4.2 Absicherung der Bau- und Betriebsgenehmigung.- 4.4.3 Auskunftsansprüche gegenüber Behörden — Umweltinformationsgesetz.- 4.4.4 Absicherung der Verwendbarkeit im Grundstückskaufvertrag.- 4.5 Sicherung eines vorhandenen Standortes.- 4.5.1 Grundsätze des planerischen Immissionsschutzes.- 4.5.2 Näherrücken der Wohnbebauung.- 4.5.3 Belastende Planungen im Umfeld.- 4.5.4 Bebauungspläne als Standortsicherung.- 4.5.4.1 Bebauungsplanverfahren.- 5 Errichtung und Veränderung von Industrieanlagen.- 5.1 Vorhabenkategorien für Genehmigungsvorschriften.- 5.1.1 Begriffsdefinitionen, Rangordnung der Vorhaben.- 5.1.2 Einzelheiten.- 5.1.2.1 Anlagenbegriff des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes.- 5.1.2.2 Anlagenbegriffe in anderen deutschen Zulassungsgesetzen.- 5.1.2.3 Begriffe im europäischen Recht.- 5.2 Genehmigungserfordernisse für Industrieanlagen.- 5.2.1 Übersicht über die Genehmigungsarten und -tatbestände.- 5.2.1.1 Konzentrationswirkung: Einschluß von Genehmigungen durch andere Genehmigungen.- 5.2.2 Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung.- 5.3 Raumordnungsverfahren.- 5.4 Genehmigung nach dem Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz.- 5.4.1 Genehmigungsarten.- 5.4.1.1 Genehmigungsverfahren.- 5.4.1.2 Wesentliche Änderung.- 5.4.2 Besonderheiten: Errichtungsvorbehalt, Konzentrationswirkung, privatrechtlicher Bestandsschutz, gebundene Genehmigung.- 5.4.3 Prinzipien: Immissionsbegrenzung, Emissionsbegrenzung, Wärmenutzung, Abfallvermeidung, Betriebseinstellung.- 5.4.4 Begriff „Stand der Technik„.- 5.4.4.1 Zukünftige Entwicklung: Begriff „Beste verfügbare Technik„ der IVU-Richtlinie.- 5.5 Durchführung immissionsschutzrechtlicher Genehmigungsverfahren.- 5.5.1 Stellung der Genehmigungsbehörde.- 5.5.2 Vorinformation durch die Behörde — Scoping.- 5.5.2.1 Tischvorlage zum Scoping-Termin.- 5.5.3 Ablauf des förmlichen Verfahrens.- 5.5.3.1 Antragstellung und Fristen, Antragsunterlagen.- 5.5.3.2 Behördenbeteiligung.- 5.5.3.2.1 Beteiligung der Träger öffentlicher Belange.- 5.5.3.3 Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung.- 5.5.3.3.1 Öffentliche Bekanntmachung.- 5.5.3.3.2 Auslegung und Einwendungen.- 5.5.3.3.3 Erörterung der Einwendungen.- 5.5.3.4 Eigene Ermittlungen durch die Genehmigungsbehörde.- 5.5.3.5 Abschließende Prüfung und Entscheidung, Erarbeitung des Genehmigungsbescheides.- 5.5.4 Ablauf des vereinfachten Verfahrens (ohne UVP).- 5.5.5 Genehmigungsbescheid.- 5.5.5.1 Rechtsmittel gegen den Genehmigungsbescheid.- 5.5.5.2 Rechtsfolgen unanfechtbarer Genehmigungen.- 5.5.6 Genehmigungsvarianten.- 5.5.6.1 Teilgenehmigung, vorzeitiger Beginn und Vorbescheid.- 5.5.6.2 Änderungsgenehmigung.- 5.5.6.3 Genehmigung aus nachträglicher Anordnung.- 5.6 Andere wesentliche Genehmigungen.- 5.6.1 Baugenehmigung.- 5.6.1.1 Stellung der Gemeinde.- 5.6.1.2 Bauantragsunterlagen.- 5.6.2 Planfeststellung.- 5.6.3 Wasserrechtliche Erlaubnis und Bewilligung.- 5.6.3.1 Sonstige wasserrechtliche Genehmigungstatbestände.- 5.6.4 Genehmigung gentechnischer Anlagen.- 5.6.5 Anzeigen und Erlaubnisse für überwachungsbedürftige Anlagen nach Verordnungen zu § 11 Gerätesicherheitsgesetz (vormals § 24 Gewerbeordnung).- 5.6.6 Anlagengenehmigungen des Abfallrechts.- 5.7 Besondere Antragsunterlagen.- 5.7.1 Immissionsprognose für Luftschadstoffe.- 5.7.1.1 Emissionen.- 5.7.1.2 Immissionsvorbelastung.- 5.7.1.3 Meteorologie.- 5.7.1.4 Ausbreitungsbestimmung.- 5.7.1.4.1 Ausbreitungsrechnung.- 5.7.1.4.2 Bestimmungsgemäßer Betrieb.- 5.7.1.4.3 Störfälle.- 5.7.1.4.4 Ausbreitungsmessung im Windkanal.- 5.7.2 Lärmprognose — Ausbreitungsrechnung für Gewerbelärm.- 5.7.2.1 Grundlagen.- 5.7.2.2 Prognose von Geräuschimmissionen.- 5.7.2.3 Spezielle Literatur zum Lärmschutz.- 5.7.3 Sicherheitsanalyse für Störfallanlagen.- 5.7.3.1 Arten und Ursachen industrieller Störfálle.- 5.7.3.2 Störfallgesetzgebung.- 5.7.3.2.1 Neuerungen im Störfallrecht durch die Seveso II-Richtlinie.- 5.7.3.3 Anforderungen an Sicherheitsanalysen.- 5.7.3.4 Methoden für Sicherheitsanalysen.- 5.8 Einheitliche technische Anforderungen aus verschiedenen Regelungsbereichen.- 5.8.1 Baurechtliche Anforderungen und Baunormen zum baulichen Brandschutz.- 5.8.2 Anlagensicherheit, Brand- und Explosionsschutz.- 5.8.3 Anlagenbezogener Gewässerschutz.- 5.8.4 Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutz.- 5.8.5 Immissionsschutz.- 5.8.6 Betriebliche Abfall- und Gefahrstofflagerung.- 5.8.7 Energieeinsparung.- 5.8.8 Bodenschutz.- 5.9 Zeitdauer und Kosten von Genehmigungsverfahren.- 5.9.1 Beschleunigung von Genehmigungsverfahren.- 5.10 Inbetriebnahme- und wiederkehrende Prüfungen.- 6 Unternehmerpflichten im Betrieb.- 6.1 Pflichten nach abgeschlossenen Genehmigungsverfahren.- 6.1.1 Pflichten aus dem Genehmigungsbescheid.- 6.1.2 Anpassungen an den Stand der Technik nach dem Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz.- 6.2 Allgemeine Pflichten.- 6.2.1 Prüf-, Dokumentations- und Berichtspflichten.- 6.2.2 Organisationspflichten und Betriebsbeauftragte.- 6.3 Betreiberpflichten unterschiedlicher Fachbereiche.- 6.3.1 Umgang mit Abfállen.- 6.3.1.1 Grundsätze.- 6.3.1.2 Definition des Abfalls, Konsequenzen.- 6.3.1.3 Rangfolge Vermeidung — Verwertung — Beseitigung.- 6.3.1.4 Produktverantwortung.- 6.3.1.5 Überlassungs- und Entsorgungspflichten.- 6.3.1.6 Betriebliches Abfallwirtschaftskonzept.- 6.3.1.7 Betriebsbeauftragte für Abfall.- 6.3.1.8 Abfallüberwachung; Umgang mit Sonderabfall (Normalverfahren).- 6.3.1.9 Aufbewahrung der Entsorgungsbelege, Nachweisbücher.- 6.3.1.10 Handhabung und Lagerung von Abfällen.- 6.3.2 Anlagenüberwachung nach dem Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz.- 6.3.2.1 Behördliche Überwachung.- 6.3.2.2 Eigenüberwachung durch den Betriebsbeauftragten für Immissionsschutz und den Störfallbeauftragten.- 6.3.2.3 Pflicht zur Messung von Emissionen und Immissionen.- 6.3.2.4 Emissionserklärung.- 6.3.3 Anlagenüberwachung nach dem Gewässerschutzrecht.- 6.4 Umgang mit gefährlichen Stoffen und biologischen Agenzien.- 6.4.1 Anmeldung neuer Stoffe nach dem Chemikaliengesetz.- 6.4.2 Umgang mit gefährlichen Stoffen am Arbeitsplatz.- 6.4.3 Umgang mit biologischen Agenzien am Arbeitsplatz.- 6.5 Haftung.- 6.5.1 Vertragliche Haftung.- 6.5.2 Gesetzliche Haftungsarten.- 6.5.3 Zivilrechtliche Haftung.- 6.5.3.1 Unterteilung der zivilrechtlichen Haftung.- 6.5.3.1.1 Verschuldensabhängige Haftung füentstandene Schäden nach § 823 BGB.- 6.5.3.1.2 Verschuldensunabhängige Haftung.- 6.5.3.1.3 Rechtsfolge Schmerzensgeld.- 6.5.3.2 Haftung des Unternehmens und seiner Mitarbeiter gegenüber Dritten.- 6.5.3.2.1 Haftung einer Gesellschaft für ihre Organe.- 6.5.3.2.2 Haftung einer Gesellschaft für ihre Mitarbeiter.- 6.5.3.2.3 Haftung von Mitarbeitern gegenüber dem Unternehmen (Durchgriffshaftung).- 6.5.3.2.4 Sonderfälle.- 6.5.3.3 Unternehmenshaftung nach dem Umwelthaftungsgesetz.- 6.5.3.3.1 Haftungsvoraussetzungen.- 6.5.3.3.2 Erfaßte Schäden.- 6.5.3.3.3 Deckungsvorsorge.- 6.5.3.4 Gefährdungshaftung nach § 22 Wasserhaushaltsgesetz.- 6.5.3.5 Haftung nach § 32 Gentechnikgesetz.- 6.5.4 Haftpflichtversicherung.- 6.5.4.1 Betriebshaftpflichtversicherung für Umweltschäden.- 6.5.4.2 Haftpflichtversicherung fär die persönliche Haftung.- 6.6 Umweltmanagementsysteme, EG-Umwelt-Audit.- 6.6.1 Ablauf des Umweltaudits nach dem EG-Umwelt-Audit-System.- 6.6.2 Aufwand und Nutzen.- 6.6.3 Umweltaudit nach der DIN EN ISO 14001 - Vergleich.- Literatur.- Anschriftenverzeichnis.

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