Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book provides a one-stop resource with current research on advanced ceramics. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Topics include Processing-Microstructure-Mechanical Properties Correlations; Mechanical Performance of Ternary Compounds; Mechanical Performance of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics; and more. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of ceramic materials and advanced ceramics. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers working in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. BINARY AND TERNARY CERAMICS. Synthesis and Phase Development in the Cr-AI-N System (M-L. Antti, Y-B. Cheng, and M. Odén). Phase Evolution and Properties of Ti2AIN Based Materials, Obtained by SHS Method (L. Chlubny, J. Lis, and M.M. Bucko). Synthesis of Ti3SiC2 by Reaction of TiC and Si Powders (Ida Kero, Marta-Lena Antti, and Magnus Odén). Toughening of a ZrC Particle-Reinforced Ti3AIC2 Composite (G.M. Song, Q.Xu, W.G. Sloof, S.B. Li, and S. van der Zwaag). Microstructure and Properties of the Cermets Based on Ti(C,N) (S.Q. Zhou, W. Zhao, W.H. Xiong). Scratch-Induced Deformation and Residual Stress in a Zirconium Diboride-Silicon Carbide Composite (Dipankar Ghosh, Ghatu Subhash, and Nina Orlovskaya). Finite Element Modeling of Internal Stress Factors for ZrB2-Sic Ceramics (Michael P. Teague, Gregory E. Hilmas, and William G. Fahrenholtz). Effects of Microstructural Anisotropy on Fracture Behavior of Heat-Pressed Glass-Ceramics and Glass-Infiltrated Alumina Composites for Dental Restorations (Humberto N. Yoshimura, Carla C. Gonzaga, Paulo F. Cesar, and Walter G. Miranda, Jr.) SILICON CARBIDE, CARBON AND OXIDE BASED COMPOSITES. Mechanical Properties of Hi-NICALON S and SA3 Fiber Reinforced SiC/SiC Minicomposites (C. Sauder, A. Brusson, and J. Lamon). The Effect of Holes on the Residual Strength of SiC/SiC Ceramic Composites (G. Ojard, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmad, R. Miller, and R. John). Through Thickness Modulus (E33) of Ceramic Matrix Composites: Mechanical Test Method Confirmation (G. Ojard, T. Barnett, A. Calomino, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmaad, R. Miller. and R. John). The Effects of Si Content and Sic Polytype on the Microstructure and Properties of RBSC (A.L. Marshall, P. Chhillar, P. Karandikar, A. McCorrnick, and M.K. Aghajanian). In-Situ Reaction Sintering of Porous Mullite-Bonded Silicon Carbide, Its Mechanical Behavior and High Temperature Applications (Neelkanth Bardhan and Parag Bhargava). Study on Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Different Carbon Types in Carbon/Carbon Composites (Soydan Ozcan, Jale Tezcan, Jane Y. Howe, and Peter Filip). Effects of Temperature and Steam Environment on Creep Behavior of an Oxide-Oxide Ceramic Composite (J.C. Braun and M.B. Ruggles-Wrenn). Characterization of Foreign Object Damage in an Oxide/Oxide Composite at Ambient Temperature (Sung R. Choi and Donald J. Alexander). Processing and Properties of Fiber Reinforced Barium Aluminosilicate Composites for High Temperature Radomes (Richard Cass, Geoffrey Eadon, and Paul Wentzel). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on the behavior and reliability of ceramic macro and micro scale systems. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Topics include Design and Testing Challenges for Ceramic Joints; Structural Design, Testing and Life Prediction of Monolithic and Composite Components; Mechanical Behavior, Design, and Reliability of Small Scale Systems; Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties; and more. This is a valuable reference for researchers in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. CORROSION. Corrosion Resistance of Ceramics in Vaporous and Boiling Sulfuric Acid (C.A. Lewinsohn, H. Anderson, M. Wilson, T. Lillo, and A. Johnson). Thermocouple Interactions during Testing of Melt Infiltrated Ceramic Matrix Composites (G. Ojard, G. Morscher, Y. Gowayed, U. Santhosh, J. Ahmaad, R. Miller, and R. John). Oxidation Resistance of Pressureless-Sintered Sic-AIN-Re2O3 Composites Obtained without Powder Bed (G. Magnani, F. Antolini, L. Beaulardi, F. Burgio, and C. Mingazzini). Characterization of the Re-oxidation Behavior of Anode-Supported SOFCs (Manuel Ettler, Norbert H. Menzler, Hans Peter Buchkremer, Detlev Stover). Healing Behavior of Machining Cracks in Oxide-Based Composite Containing Sic Particles (Toshio Osada, Wataru Nakao, Koji Takahashi, and Kotoji Ando). Effects of Oxidation on the Mechanical Properties of Pressureless-Sintered SiC-AIN-Y2O3 Composites Obtained without Powder Bed (G. Magnani, L. Beaulardi, E. Trentini). Fiber Push Out Testing Before and After Exposure: Results for an MI SiC/SiC Composite (G. Ojard, L. Riester, R. Trejo, R. Annis, Y. Gowayed, G. Morscher, K. An, R. Miller, and R. John). New Ceramics Surface Reinforcing Treatment using a Combination of Crack-Healing and Electron Beam Irradiation (Wataru Nakao, Youhei Chiba, Kotoji Ando, Keisuke Iwata, and Yoshitake Nishi). Effect of Si3N4 on the instability of Li2O-Containing Celsian in the BAS/Si3N4 Composites (Kuo-Tong Lee). FATIGUE, WEAR, AND CREEP. Rolling Contact Fatigue Properties and Fracture Resistance for Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Various Microstructures (Hiroyuki Miyazaki, Wataru Kanematsu, Hideki Hyuga, Yu-ichi Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi Hirao and Tatsuki Ohji). Fretting Fatigue of Engineering Ceramics (Thomas Schalk, Karl-Heinz Lang, and Detlef Lohe). Investigation into Cyclic Frequency Effects on Fatigue Behavior of an Oxide/Oxide Composite (Shankar Mall and Joon-Mo Ahn). Friction and Wear Behavior of AlBC Composites (Ellen Dubensky, Robert Newman, Aleksander J. Pyzik, and Amy Wetzel). Creep of Silicon Nitride Observed In Situ with Neutron Diffraction (G.A. Swift). Hydrothermal Oxidation of Silicon Carbide and Its Bearing on Wet Wear Mechanisms (K.G. Nickel, V. Presser, 0. Krummhauer, A. Kailer, and R. Wirth) RELIABILITY, NDE, AND FRACTOGRAPHY. Probabilistic Design Optimization and Reliability Assessment of High Temperature Thermoelectric Devices (O.M. Jadaan and A.A. Wereszczak). Development of a New Computational Method for Solving lnhomogeneous and Ultra Large Scale Model (H. Serizawa, A. Kawahara, S. ltoh and H. Murakawa). Optical Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of Subsurface Flaws in Silicon Nitride Ceramics (J.G. Sun, Z.P. Liu, Z.J. Pei, N.S.L. Phillips, and J.A. Jensen). Fractographic Analysis of Miniature Theta Specimens (George D. Quinn). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on bioceramics and porous ceramics. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. It includes papers from two symposia: Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications and Next Generation Bioceramics. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of bioceramics and porous ceramics. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers working in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. BIOCERAMICS. Thermal Interface Stresses Including 3D Microstructures in Layered Free-Form Ceramics (Hrishikesh Bale, Jay C. Hanan, and James E. Smay). Preparation and Biomineralization of Silica-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Hollow Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Generation (Song Chen, Akiyoshi Osaka, Kanji Tsuru, and Satoshi Hayakawa). Effect of Wollastonite on the In Vitro Bioactivity and Mechanical Properties of PMMA Bone Cements (Dora A. Cortes, David Renteria, M. Isabel Villarreal, Sergio Escobedo, J.M. Alrnanza, and Jose C. Escobedo). Titanium Surface Modification to Titania Nanotube for Next Generation Orthopedic Applications (Kakoli Das, Susmita Bose, and Amit Bandyopadhyay). Calcium Phosphate Nanocarrier in BSA Delivery (Sudip Dasgupta, Amit Bandyopadhyay and Susmita Bose). Machinable Tricalcium Phosphate/Lanthanum Phosphate Composites (Celaletdin Ergun). Location of Carbonate Ions in Structure of Biological Apatite (Michael E. Fleet and Xi Liu). Nanoindentation of Yttria Doped Zirconia Under Hydrothermal Degradation (Y. Gaillard, E. Jirnenez-Pique, J. A. Muiioz, J. Valle, and M. Anglada). Influence of Sintering Conditions on the Microstructure of Chemically Precipitated Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder (Hoda Arnani Harnedani, Hiva Baradari, Sara Karimi, Harnidreza Rezaie, and Jafar Javadpour). Hydrothermal Treatment of Alpha Tricalcium Phosphate Porous Ceramics in Various Aqueous Solutions (Masanobu Karnitakahara, Koji loku, Giichiro Kawachi, and Chikara Ohtsuki). Electrochemical Deposition of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Substrates in Metastable Calcium Phosphate Solution under Pulse Current (M. Kawashita, T. Hayakawa, and G.H. Takaoka). Hydroxyapatite/GEMOSIL Nanocomposite (Ching-Chang KO, Tzy-Jiun Mark Luo, Lu Chi, and Alice Ma). Challenge Toward Microstructure Optimization of Irregular Porous Materials by Three-Dimentional Porous Structure Simulator (Michihisa Koyarna, Hiroshi Fukunaga, Kei Ogiya, Tatsuya Hattori, Ai Suzuki, Riadh Sahnoun, Hideyuki Tsuboi, Nozornu Hatakeyarna, Akira Endou, Hirornitsu Takaba, Carlos A. Del Carpio, Rarnesh C. Deka, Mornoji Kubo, and Akira Miyamoto). Synthesis of Rhenanite (p-NaCaP0,)-Apatitic Calcium Phosphate Biphasics for Skeletal Repair (R.M. Knotts, S. Jalota, S.B. Bhaduri, and A.C. Tas). Nanomaterials as Improved Implants: A Review of Recent Studies(Huinan Liu and Thomas J. Webster). Apatite-Polyglutamic Acid Composites Prepared Through Biomimetic Process (Toshiki Miyazaki, Atsushi Sugino, and Chikara Ohtsuki). Formation of Bone-Like Apatite on Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics in a Solution Mimicking Body Fluid (Chikara Ohtsuki, Kohei Yarnaguchi, Tornohiro Uchino, Giichiro Kawachi, Koichi Kikuta, and Masanobu Karnitakahara). Ultraviolet Irradiation Had Limited Effects on Enhancing In Vitro Apatite Formation on Sol-Gel Derived Titania Films (Akiyoshi Osaka, Tetsuya Shozui, Kanji Tsuru, and Satoshi Hayakawa). Nanostructured Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for Bone Repair (Mohamed N. Rahaman, Delbert E. Day, Roger F. Brown, Qiang Fu, and Steven B. Jung). Development of Novel Biocompatible Hydroxyapatite Coated Nanotubular Titania for Implant Application (K. S. Raja, G.L. Craviso, M. Misra, A.M. Raichur, and A. Kar). Low Temperature Degradation and Biomedical Properties of Y-TZP Ceramics (Yumi Tanaka, Nami Ukai, Keishi Nishio, and Kimihiro Yamashita). Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Bioceramic Applications (Tien B. Tran, Joanna R. Groza, and James F. Shackelford). Rheology and Properties of Bioactive Orthopedic Cement (Noah Wiese, Stanley D. Wagner, and Thomas D. McGee). POROUS CERAMICS. Cellular Ceramics Made of Silicon Carbide Ceramics for Burner Technology (J. Adler, G. Standke, M. Jahn, and F. Marschallek). A Modified Gelcasting Procedure to Prepare Alumina Porous Components: Process Optimization and Preliminary Mechanical Tests (Mariangela Lombardi, Laura Montanaro, Laurent Gremillard, and J e r h e Chevalier). Experimental Investigation of the Oxidation Behavior of SiSiC Foams (F.R.A. Mach, F.V. Issendorff, A. Delgado). New Technology with Porous Materials: Progress in the Development of the Diesel Vehicle Business (Kazushige Ohno). Porous Alumina and Zirconia Bodies Obtained by a Novel Gel Casting Process (Jean-Marc Tulliani, Valentina Naglieri, Mariangela Lombardi, and Laura Montanaro). R-Curve Behavior in Porous Cordierite Honeycombs (James E. Webb and Sujanto Widjaja). Fabrication of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Gradient Microstructure (Xiaowei Yin, Xiangming Li, Litong Zhang, Laifei Cheng, Yongsheng Liu, and Tianhao Pan). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on ceramic coatings and interfaces. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Papers include developments and advances in ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of ceramic coatings and interfaces. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers in industry, government, or academia who work in ceramics engineering.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. DAMPING AND EROSION COATINGS. Coatings for Enhanced Passive Damping (Peter J. Torvik). Ceramic Damping Coatings: Evaluating Their Effectiveness and Predicting Added Damping (S. Patsias). Deterioration and Retention of Coated Turbomachinery Blading (Widen Tabakoff, Awatef A. Hamed, and Rohan Swar). Large Area Filtered Arc and Hybrid Coating Deposition Technologies for Erosion and Corrosion Protection of Aircraft Components (V. Gorokhovsky, J. Wallace, C. Bowman, P.E. Gannon, J. O’Keefe, V. Champagne, and M. Pepi). COATINGS TO RESIST WEAR AND TRIBOLOGICAL LOADINGS. Deposition and Characterization of Diamond Protective Coatings on WC-Co Cutting Tools (Y. Tang, S.L. Yang, W.W. Yi, Q. Yang, Y.S. Li, A. Hirose, and R. Wei). Friction and Wear Behavior of Zirconia Ceramic Materials (C. Lorenzo-Martin, O.O. Ajayi, D. Singh. and J.L. Routbort). NANOSTRUCTU R ED COATINGS. Cerium Oxide Thin Films via Ion Assisted Electron Beam Deposition (V. Dansoh, F. Gertz, J. Gurnp, A. Johnson, J. I. Jung, M. Klingensrnith, Y. Liu, Y.D. Liu, J.T. Oxaal, C.J. Wang, G. Wynick, D. Edwards, J.H. Fan, X.W. Wang, P. J. Bush, and A. Fuchser). Formation of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films on Ti3SiC2 by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (S.L. Yang, Q. Yang, W.W. Yi, Y. Tang, T. Regier, R. Blyth, and Z.M. Sun). THERMAL BARRIER COATING PROCESSING, DEVELOPMENT AND MODELING. Process and Equipment for Advanced Thermal Barrier Coatings (Albert Feuerstein, Neil Hitchman, Thomas A. Taylor, and Don Lernen). Corrosion Resistant Thermal Barrier Coating Materials for industrial Gas Turbine Applications (Michael D. Hill, Davin P. Phelps, and Douglas E. Wolfe). Damage Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coating by Growth of TGO Layer (Y. Ohtake). Young’s Modulus and Thermal Conductivity of Nanoporous YSZ Coatings Fabricated by EB-PVD (Byung-Koog Jang, Yoshio Sakka, and Hideaki Matsubara). Influence of Porosity on Thermal Conductivity and Sintering in Suspension Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (H. KaOner, A. Stuke, M. Rodig, R. VaOen, and D. Stover). Numerical Investigation of Impact and Solidification of YSZ Droplets Plasma-Sprayed onto a Substrate: Effect of Thermal Properties and Roughness (N. Ferguen, P. Fauchais, A. Vardelle, and D. Gobin). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on ceramic armor and addressing the challenges facing armor manufacturers. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. TRANSPARENT GLASSES AND CERAMICS. Mesomechanical Constitutive Relations for Glass and Ceramic Armor (D.R. Curran, D.A. Shockey, and J.W. Simons). Optimizing Transparent Armor Design Subject to Projectile Impact Conditions (Xin Sun, Kevin C. Lai, Tara Gorsich, and Douglas W. Templeton). Physics of Glass Failure during Rod Penetration (D.A. Shockey, D. Bergmannshoff, D.R. Curran, and J.W. Simons). Adhesive Bond Evaluation in Laminated Safety Glass using Guided Wave Attenuation Measurements (S. Hou and H. Reis). Applying Modeling Tools to Predict Performance of Transparent Ceramic Laminate Armors (C.G. Fountzoulas, J.M. Sands, G.A. Gilde, and P.J. Patel). An Economic Comparison of Hot Pressing vs. Pressureless Sintering for Transparent Spinel Armor (A. LaRoche, K. Rozenburg, J. Voyles, L. Fehrenbacher, and Gary Gilde). Advances in Ballistic Performance of Commercially Available Saint-Gobain Sapphire Transparent Armor Composites (Christopher D. Jones, Jeffrey B. Rioux, John W. Locher, Vincent Pluen, and Matthias Mandelartz). Defect Free Spinel Ceramics of High Strength and High Transparency (Juan L. Sepulveda, Raouf 0. Loutfy, and Sekyung Chang). OPAQUE CERAMICS. Recent Results on the Fundamental Performance of a Hot-Pressed Silicon Carbide Impacted by Sub-scale Long-Rod Penetrators (Jeny C. LaSalvia, Brian Leavy, Herbert T. Miller, Joshua R. Houskamp, and Ryan C. McCuiston). Instrumented Hertzian Indentation Study of Two Commerical Silicon Carbides (H.T. Miller, R.C. McCuiston, and J.C. LaSalvia). Apparent Yield Strength of Hot-Pressed Sics (W.L. Daloz, A.A. Wereszczak, and O.M. Jadaan). Microstructural Examination and Quasi-Static Property Determination of Sintered Armor Grade Sic (Memduh V. Demirbas, Richard A. Haber, and Raymond E. Brennan). Quantitative Characterization of Localized Amplitude Variations in Silicon Carbide Ceramics using Ultrasound C-Scan Imaging (Raymond Brennan, James McCauley, Richard Haber, and Dale Niesz). Grain Boundary Engineering of Silicon Carbide by Means of Coprecipitation (Steven Mercurio, Mihaela Jitianu, and Richard A. Haber). The Possible Roles of Stoichiometry, Microstructure, and Defects on the Mechanical Behavior of Boron Carbide (Ryan McCuiston, Jeny LaSalvia, James McCauley, and William Mayo). A Review of Ceramics for Armor Applications (P.G. Karandikar, G. Evans, S. Wong, M.K. Aghajanian, and M. Sennett). NOVEL EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. A Portable Microwave Scanning Technique for Nondestructive Testing of Multilayered Dielectric Materials (Karl Schmidt, Jack Little, and William A. Ellingson). Ballistic Damage Assessment of a Thin Compound Curved B4C Ceramic Plate using XCT (J.M. Wells and N.L. Rupert). Evaluation of Ballistically-Induced Damage in Ceramic Targets by X-Ray Computed Tomography (William H. Green, Herbert T. Miller, Jerry C. LaSalvia, Datta P. Dandekar, and Daniel Casem). Automated Nondestructive Evaluation System for Hard Armor Protective Inserts of Body Armor (Nicholas Haynes, Karl Masters, Chris Perritt, David Simmons, James Zheng, and James E. Youngberg). Analysis of Hardness Indentation Size Effect (ISE) Curves in Ceramics: A New Approach to Determine Plasticity (Trevor E. Wilantewicz and James W. McCauley). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target. However, the effort required to implement such control technology must be offset by increased economic returns from production operations. The economic aspects of the application of the various advanced control technologies are stressed throughout the book.Trade Review"This book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target." (Live-PR, 8 December 2010) "This book fills the gap between basic control configurations (Practical Process Control) and model predictive control (MPC). For those loops whose performance has a direct impact on plant economics or product quality, going beyond simple feedback or cascade can improve control performance, or specifically, reduce the variance about the target." (Yahoo! Finance US, 8 December 2010)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Implementing Control Logic 2 1.2. Control Blocks for Process Control 12 1.3. PID Controller 16 1.4. Integrator or Totalizer 23 1.5. Lead-Lag Element 26 1.6. Dead Time 29 1.7. Selector Block 34 1.8. Cutoff Block 35 1.9. Hand Station 36 2 Cascade Control 38 2.1. Jacketed Reactor 38 2.2. Block Diagrams 43 2.3. Problem Element 45 2.4. Cooling Media Disturbances 49 2.5. Effect of Varying Heat Transfer Rate 51 2.6. Cascade Control Modes 55 2.7. Remote Set Point 58 2.8. Output Tracking 60 2.9. Control Modes 62 2.10. Interacting Stages 64 2.11. Tuning Cascades 69 2.12. Windup in Cascade Controls 74 2.13. Integral Tracking 78 2.14. External Reset 81 2.15. Inhibit Increase Inhibit Decrease 83 3 Split-Range Control 86 3.1. Storage Tank Pressure Control 87 3.2. Split Range 95 3.3. Temperature Control Using Liquid Bypass 103 3.4. Recirculating Jacket with Heat and Cool Modes 113 4 Override Control 126 4.1. Limit on the Cooling Water Return Temperature 126 4.2. Example without Windup Protection 131 4.3. Integral Tracking 137 4.4. External Reset 143 4.5. Inhibit Increase Inhibit Decrease 149 4.6. Limits on Heat Transfer 156 4.7. Other Examples 168 5 Valve Position Control 179 5.1. Polymer Pumping Example 180 5.2. Terminal Reheat Systems 185 5.3. Equilibrium Reaction 188 5.4. Reactor with a Once-Through Jacket 192 6 Ratio and Feedforward Control 198 6.1. Simple Ratios 200 6.2. Ratio Control in Digital Systems 206 6.3. Feedback Trim 210 6.4. Dynamic Compensation 220 6.5. Ratio Plus Bias 234 6.6. Characterization Function 238 6.7. Cross-Limiting 247 6.8. Directional Lags 260 6.9. Feedforward Control 262 6.10. Feedforward Control Example 267 7 Loop Interaction 277 7.1. Multivariable Processes 278 7.2. Issues with the P&I Diagram 283 7.3. Steady-State Sensitivities or Gains 292 7.4. Quantitative Measures of Interaction 308 7.5. Loop Pairing 317 7.6. Starch Pumping System 319 7.7. Reducing the Degree of Interaction 331 8 Multivariable Control 345 8.1. Decoupler 347 8.2. Dead-Time Compensation 378 8.3. Model Predictive Control 394 Index 447

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Book SynopsisCompiles a number of papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (9 th CMCEE) in Shanghai, China and was the continuation of a series of international conferences held all over the world over the last three decades.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii I. Basic Science, Design, Modeling and Simulation FRACTURE STATISTICS OF SMALL SPECIMENS 3 Robert Danzer and Peter Supancic STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF Ti-AI-C/TiB2 COMPOSITE CERAMICS 13 Xinmin Min, Gang Xu, and Bin-Chu Mei THE EFFECT OF DOPED SINTERING AIDS FOR Nd(Mg0 5Ti0 5)03 MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC CERAMICS PROPERTIES 17 Kok-Wan Tay and Teng-Yi Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF (1-x)(Mg0.6Zn0.4)o.95Co005Ti03-xSrTi03 CERAMIC SYSTEM 25 Jun-Jie Wang, Chun-Huy Wang, Ting-Kuei Hsu, and Yi-Hua Liu OXYNITRIDE GLASSES: EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION ON GLASS FORMATION AND PROPERTIES WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 31 Stuart Hampshire and Michael J. Pomeroy THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINIUM NITRIDE: A PROBLEM OR AN ADVANTAGE 39 Kristoffer Kmel and Tomaz Kosmac PREPARATION AND COMPARISION OF TWO TYPICAL CVD FILMS FROM CH4 AND C3H6 AS CARBON RESOURCES 47 W. B. Yang, L. T. Zhang, L. F. Cheng, Y. S. Liu, and W. H. Zhang KINETIC INVESTIGATION ON THE DEPOSITION OF SiC FROM METHYLTRICHLOROSILANE AND HYDROGEN 55 Cuiying Lu, Laifei Cheng, Chunnian Zhao, Litong Zhang, and Fang Ye II. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies SYNTHESIS OF HEMATITE-ZIRCON-SILICA NANO COMPOSITE AS A NON TOXIC CERAMIC PIGMENT BY SOL-GEL METHOD 65 Maryam Hosseini Zori FORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE á-ALUMINAS IN DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGY FROM GEL POWDER AND BOEHMITE POWDER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 71 Xiaoxue Zhang, Yanling Ge, Simo-Pekka Hannula, Erkki Levänen, and Tapio Mäntylä SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO RELEASE OF GENTAMICIN FROM CaMCM-41/PLLA COMPOSITE MICROSPHERES 79 Yufang Zhu and Stefan Kaskel HIGHLY ORDERED CUBIC MESOPOROUS COBALT OXIDE BY AN ACCURATELY CONTROLLED INCIPIENT WETNESS TECHNIQUE 85 Limin Guo, Xiangzhi Cui, and Jianlin Shi PREPARATION OF Fe304 NANOPARTICLES BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS 93 Mingxin Geng, Futian Liu, and Zengbao Zhao NANO-ZIRCONIA/MULLITE COMPOSITE CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN-SITU CONTROLLED CRYSTALLIZATION FROM THE Si-AI-Zr-0 AMORPHOUS BULK 99 Liang Shuquan, Zhong Jie, Zhang Guowei, and Tan Xiaoping PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Er:Gd203 POWDERS 109 Rong Zhang, Lian-Jie Qin, Bo Wang, Zhi-Qiang Feng, and Ru Ge III. Ceramics in Energy Conversion Systems CMC MATERIALS AND BIOMORPHIC SiSiC FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS 117 B. Heidenreich, J. Schmidt, Sandrine Denis, Nicole Lützenburger, J. Goring, P. Mechnich, and M. Schmücker CRYSTALLIZATION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF NEW TYPES OF BOROSILICATE GLASS-CERAMICS 125 Shufeng Song, Zhaoyin Wen, Liu Yu , Qunxi Zhang, Jingchao Zhang, and Xiangwei Wu vi · Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications A STUDY OF Al203 AND YSZ CERAMIC SUPPORTS FOR PALLADIUM MEMBRANE 131 M. Kitiwan and D. Atong SYNTHESIS OF OLIVINE (LiFeP04) and Ni/OLIVINE (LiFeP04) CATALYSTS FOR UPGRADING SYN-GAS PRODUCTION 139 D. Atong, C. Pechyen, D. Aht-Ong, and V. Sricharoenchaikul FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CERMET MEMBRANE FOR HYDROGEN SEPARATION 147 S. Vichaphund and D. Atong POROUS CERAMICS FOR HOT GAS CLEANING; DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF SiC-BASED FILTERS CAUSED BY LONG TERM WATER VAPOUR EXPOSURE 155 Pirjo Laurila and Tapio Mantyla IV. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): Materials and Technologies DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-STRUCTURED YSZ ELECTROLYTE LAYERS FOR SOFC APPLICATIONS VIA SOL-GEL ROUTE 165 Feng Han, Tim Van Gestel, Robert Mücke, and Hans-Peter Buchkremer DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-CHAMBER SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS: PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION AND MICRO-STACK DESIGNS 173 Bo Wei, Zhe Lü, Xiqiang Huang, Mingliang Liu, Dechang Jia, and Wenhui Su DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLE/STACK FABRICATION TECHONOLOGY FOR MICRO SOFCS 179 Toshio Suzuki, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yoshinobu Fujishiro, Masanobu Awano, and Yoshihiro Funahashi AN OVERVIEW OF SCANDIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA ELECTROLYTE DEVELOPMENT FOR SOFC APPLICATION 185 K. Ukai, M. Yokoyama, J. Shimano, Y. Mizutani, and O. Yamamoto FABRICATION OF Ni-GDC ANODE SUBSTRATE BY TAPE CASTING PROCESS 191 Fu Chang Jing, Chan Siew Hwa, Liu Qing Lin, and Ge Xiao Ming V. Ceramics in Environmental Applications INFLUENCE OF LATTICE STRAIN ON THE Ce0 5Zr0 502 AND Al203 DOPED Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 CATALYTIC POWDERS 199 Chia-Che Chuang, Hsing-I Hsiang, and Fu-Su Yen MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CORDIERITE-BONDED POROUS SiC CERAMICS PREPARED BY IN SITU REACTION BONDING 207 Shifeng Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang FABRICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT CLAY BRICKS FROM RECYCLED GLASS WASTES 213 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Thanapan Panyachai, Kanyarat Kaewsimork, and Chatnarong Siritai THE PERFORMANCE OF GEOPOLYMER BASED ON RECYCLED CONCRETE SLUDGE 221 Z.X. Yang, N.R. Ha, M.S. Jang, K.H. Hwang, B.S. Jun, and J.K.Lee STRUCTURE AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF THE 2.02L¡2O-1Nb?O5-1T¡O2 CERAMICS 225 Qun Zeng, Wei Li, and Jing-kun Guo PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY OF ZnO MICROTUBES SYNTHESIZED BY AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION METHOD 231 Liwei Lin, Masayoshi Fuji, Hideo Watanabe, and Minoru Takahashi THE DYNAMICS OF WATER MOLECULES ON YV04 PHOTO- CATALYST SURFACE 237 Mitsutake Oshikiri, Akiyuki Matsushita, Jinhua Ye, and Mauro Boero PREPARATION OF SILICON CARBIDE HOLLOW SPHERES BY A TEMPLATE METHOD 243 Lei Zhang, Jiu-jun Yang, Xue-ping Wang, and Feng-chun Wei NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF DEFECT IN A C/SÍC COMPOSITE 249 Hui Mei, Xiaodong Deng, and Laifei Cheng VI. Advanced Structural Ceramics FABRICATION OF BARIUM ALUMINOSILICATE-SILICON NITRIDE-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING 259 Bo Wang, Jian-Feng Yang, Ji-Qiang Gao, and Koiichi Niihara NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEADY THERMAL STRESSES IN A Zr02/FGMATi-6AI-4V COMPOSITE EFBF PLATE WITH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES 265 Yangjian Xu, Daihui Tu, and Chunping Xiao EFFECT OF MULLITE GRAINS ORIENTATION ON TOUGHNESS OF MULLITE/ZIRCONIA COMPOSITES 273 Y. K. Tür, A. E. Sünbül, H. Yilmaz, and C. Duran CONTROLLED CRYSTALLISATION OF GRAIN BOUNDARY-TYPE Y-SIALON GLASS TYPICAL OF THOSE FOUND IN SILICON NITRIDE CERAMICS 279 Michael J. Pomeroy and Stuart Hampshire HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPRESSION CREEP BEHAVIOR OF AMORPHOUS Si-B-C-N CERAMICS IN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE 285 Ravi Kumar, C. Eswarapragada, A. Zimmermann, and F. Aldinger FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF SÍ3N4/BN COMPOSITE CERAMICS BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING WITH Yb203-Al203-Y203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVES 291 Yongfeng Li, Ping Liu, Guanjun Qiao, Jianfeng Yang, Haiyun Jin, Xiangdong Wang, and Guojun Zhang EFFECT OF B4C ADDITIONS ON THE PRESSURELESS SINTERING OF ZrB2-SiC ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMICS 297 Hui Zhang, Yongjie Yan, Zhengren Huang, Xuejian Liu, and Dongliang Jiang TRANSLUCENT AND TOUGHENED Dy-a-SiAION CERAMICS WITH LiF AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 303 Qian Liu, Junming Xue, and Wei He PROPERTIES OF SILICON CARBIDE CERAMIC FROM GELCASTING AND PRESSURELESS SINTERING 309 Jingxian Zhang, Dongliang Jiang, Qingling Lin, Zhongming Chen, and Zhengren Huang MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF Nb203-Zn0.95Mg0.05TiO3+0.25TiO2 CERAMICS WITH Bi203 ADDITION 315 Ying-Chieh Lee, Hui-Hsiang Huang, Wen-Hsi Lee, Yen-Lin Huang, and Shin-Feng Chien FABRICATION OF YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS WITH RETICULATED PORE MICROSTRUCTURE BY FREEZE-DRYING 321 Yuan Zhang, Kaihui Zuo, and Yu-Ping Zeng THE NOTCHED BALL TEST—A NEW STRENGTH TEST FOR CERAMIC SPHERES 327 Peter Supancic, Robert Danzer, Zhonghua Wang, Stefan Witschnig, and Oskar Schöppl LIQUID PHASE SINTERED á-SILICON CARBIDE WITH AIN-Re203 AS SINTERING ADDITIVE 337 Yuhong Chen, Laner Wu, Yong Jiang, Youjun Lu, and Zhenkun Huang PREPARATION OF Si3N4 CERAMICS FROM LOW-COST Si3N4 POWDER WITH HIGHER ß PHASE AND OXYGEN CONTENT 345 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Fei Han, and Zhenkun Huang MICROSTRUCTURE OF LIQUID PHASE SINTERED SILICON CARBIDE CERAMICS WITH HIGH FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 349 Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Yuhong Chen, and Zhenkun Huang VII. Advanced Ceramic Coatings DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROSPINNING TITANIA WEB FROM SUSPENSION 357 W. D. Teng and Nassya M. Said HIGH-SPEED ENGINEERING CERAMIC COATING BY LASER CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 363 Takashi Goto, Teiichi Kimura, and Rong Tu A REVIEW OF NANOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND/ß-SiC COMPOSITE FILMS 371 Vadali. V. S. S. Srikanth, Thorsten Staedler, and Xin Jiang EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON DEPOSITION OF BORON CARBIDE COATING FORM BCI3-CH4-H2 SYSTEM 379 Yongsheng Liu, Litong Zhang, Laifei Cheng, Wenbin Yang, Weihua Zhang, and Yongdong Xu EFFECT OF DEPOSITION RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF YSZ FILMS PREPARED BY MOCVD 387 Rong Tu and Takashi Goto VIII. Novel Processing of Ceramics PREPARATION OF Na-ß"-AI203 GREEN BODIES THROUGH NONAQUEOUS GEL-CASTING PROCESS 397 Xiaogang Xu, Zhaoyin Wen, Ning Li, Xiangwei Wu, Jiu Lin, and Zhonghua Gu ROD-LIKE ß-SIALON POWDER PREPARED BY A NEW N2-ASSISTED CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF CARBON AND ALUMINUM NANOCASTED MESOPOROUS SILICA 403 Tongping Xiu, Qian Liu, Minghui Wang, and Qiang Yan CERIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA/ALUMINA NANOCOMPOSITE SUITABLE FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION IN THE FABRICATION OF DENTAL RESTORATIONS 407 Takashi Nakakmura, Hisataka Nishida, Tohru Sekino, Xuehua Tang, and Hirofumi Yatani PREPARATION OF POROUS ALUMINA BY GEL-CASTING PROCESS USING COMMERCIAL STARCHES AS A GELLING AGENT 413 Vorrada Loryuenyong, Ajcharaporn Aontee, Daruni Kaeoklom, and Adisorn Sridej THE EFFECT OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE POROUS Ti02 SHEETS FABRICATED BY FREEZE TAPE-CASTING 417 Linlin Ren, Yu-Ping Zeng, and Dongliang Jiang PRECERAMIC PAPER DERIVED FIBRILLAR CERAMICS 421 Cynthia M. Gomes, Bjoern Gutbrod, Nahum Travitzky, Tobias Fey, and Peter Greil IX. Composites IN-SITU SYNTHESYS AND PROPERTIES OF TiB2/Ti3SiC2 COMPOSITES 431 Wei Gu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF La203 ADDITIVE ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF Si3N4-AIN COMPOSITE CERAMICS 437 Peng Xu, Jian Yang, and Tai Qiu VAPOR SILICON INFILTRATION FOR FIBER REINFORCED SILICON CARBIDE MATRIX COMPOSITES 443 Qing Zhou, Shaoming Dong, Haijun Zhou, and Dongliang Jiang TAILING PROPERTIES OF C/SiC COMPOSITES VIA MODIFICATION OF MATRIX COMPOSITION 449 Shaoming Dong, Zhen Wang, Yusheng Ding, Xiangyu Zhang, Ping He, and Le Gao STATUS AND CRITICAL ISSUES OF SiC/SiC COMPOSITES FOR FUSION APPLICATIONS 455 Zhou Xingui, Yu Haijiao, Cao Yingbin, Liu Rongjun, Wang Honglei, Zhao Shuang, and Luo Zheng PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C/SiC-ZrB2 COMPOSITES VIA PRECURSOR INFILTRATION AND PYROLYSIS PROCESS 467 Jun Wang, Haifeng Hu, Yudi Zhang, Qikun Wang, and Xinbo He FABRICATION OF Cf/SiC-BN COMPOSITES USING POLYCARBOSILANE(PCS)- BORON-SiC FOR MATRIX DERIVATION 473 Zhen Wang, Shaoming Dong, Le Gao, Haijun Zhou, Jinshan Yang, and Dongliang Jiang SINTERABILITY, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND MICROWAVE ATTENUATION PERFORMANCE OF AIN-SiC SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT SiC CONTENTS 479 Wenhui Lu, Xiaoyun Li, Weihua Cheng, and Tai Qiu EFFECT OF ALKALINE EARTH OXIDES ON DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE BaTi205 PREPARED BY ARC MELTING 485 Xinyan Yue, Rong Tu, Takashi Goto, and Hongqiang Ru JOINING AND INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED CARBON-CARBON AND CARBON-SILICON CARBIDE COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS 493 M. Singh and R. Asthana JOINING OF ZIRCONIUM DIBORIDE-BASED CERAMIC COMPOSITES TO METALLIC SYSTEMS FOR HIGHTEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS 505 M. Singh and R. Asthana X. Bioceramics PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PLGA-COATED POROUS BIOACTIVE GLASS-CERAMIC SCAFFOLDS FOR SUBCHONDRAL BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING 517 Timothy Mark O'Shea and Xigeng Miao CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR BONE TISSUE REPLACEMENT AND REGENERATION 525 W. Swieszkowski, Z. Jaegermann, D.W. Hutmacher, and K. J. Kurzydlowski CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HYDROXYAPATITE AND ORGANIC MOLECULES IN BIOMATERIALS 531 K. Tsuchiya, T. Yoshioka, T. Ikoma, and J. Tanaka POROUS Al203 PREPARED VIA FREEZE CASTING AND ITS BIOCOMPATIBILITY 537 Jing Li, Kaihui Zuo, Wenjuan Liu, Yu-Ping Zeng, Fu-Qiang Zhang, and Dongliang Jiang XI. Laser Ceramics PREPARATION OF TRANSPARENT CERAMIC Nd:YAG WITH MgO AS ADDITIVE 547 Yongchao Li, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Ruixiao Fang, Benyuan Ma, and Wei Zhang SYNTHESIS OF La, Yb CODOPED Y203 POWDER AND LASER CERAMICS 553 Yihua Huang , Dongliang Jiang , Jingxian Zhang , and Qingling Lin MICROCRYSTALLIZATION IN OXYFLUORIDE Nd3+ DOPED GLASS DUE TO LASER IRRADIATION 561 S. González-Pérez, P. Haro-González, and I. R. Martin OPTICAL GAIN BY UPCONVERSION IN Tm-Yb OXYFLUORIDE GLASS CERAMIC 567 P. Haro-González, F. Lahoz, I. R. Martin, S. González-Pérez, and N. E. Capuj FEMTOSECOND LASER MODIFICATION ON STRONTIUM BARIUM NIOBATE GLASSES DOPED WITH Er3+ IONS 573 P. Haro-González, I. R. Martín, S. González-Pérez, L. L. Martin, F. Lahoz, D. Puerto, and J. Soli's INFLUENCE OF POWDER TYPE ON THE DENSIFICARON OF TRANSPARENT MgAI204 SPINEL 579 Adrian Goldstein, Ayala Goldenberg, and Meir Hefetz SINTERING EVOLUTION OF NOVEL Nd:YAG POWDERS WITH TEOS AS ADDITIVE 585 Ruixiao Fang, Tiecheng Lu, Nian Wei, Yongchao Li, Wei Zhang, and Benyuan Ma THE EFFECT OF La203 ON THE PROPERTIES OF Nd3+-DOPED YTTRIUM LANTHANUM OXIDE TRANSPARENT CERAMICS 591 Hongxu Zhou, Qiuhong Yang, and Jun Xu Lu203:Eu3+ ULTRADISPERSED POWDERS AND TRANSLUCENT CERAMICS 597 R.P. Yavetskiy, E. A. Vovk, M. B. Kosmyna, Z. P. Sergienko, A. V. Tolmachev, V. M. Puzikov, B. P. Nazarenko, and A. N. Shekhovtsov FABRICATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF Nd:Lu203 TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FOR LASER MEDIA 605 Ding Zhou, Yan Cheng, Yu Ying Ren, Ying Shi, and Jian Jun Xie FABRICATION AND LASER PERFORMANCE OF (Ybo.osYo.gs-xLa^Os CERAMICS 611 Qiuhong Yang, Chuanguo Dou, Hongxu Zhou.Qiang Hao, Wenxue Li, and Heping Zeng A STUDY ON THE ZnO-AI203-Si02 SYSTEM NdF3-DOPED TRANSPARENT FLUORIDE-OXIDE GLASS-CERAMICS 617 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng , Hongbo Zhang , Guangyuan Ma , and Chunhui Su SYNTHESIS OF NANO-SIZED Lu203 POWDER FOR TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FABRICATION USING CARBONATE DERIVED PRECURSORS 623 Xiaodong Li, Xudong Sun, Ji-Guang Li, Zhimeng Xiu, Di Huo, and Yan Liu PREPARATION AND INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPARENT YAG CERAMICS DOPED WITH d1 IONS 629 V. B. Kravchenko, Yu. L. Kopylov, S. N. Bagayev, V. V .Shemet, A. A. Komarov, and L. Yu. Zaharov PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEODYMIUM- DOPED LZS TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 635 Hongbo Zhang, Yimin Wang, Guang Cui, Jing Shao, Huashan Zhang, and Chunhui Su PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO-AI203-Si02 TRANSPARENT GLASS-CERAMICS 639 Jing Shao, Guohui Feng, Hongbo Zhang, Guangyuan Ma, and Chunhui Su LUMINESCENCE OF Yb3+, Ho3+: Lu203 NANOCRYSTALLINE POWDERS AND SINTERED CERAMIC 645 Liqiong An, Jian Zhang, Guohong Zhou, and Shiwei Wang MIRRORLESS CONTINUOUS WAVE LASER EMISSION FROM Nd:YAG CERAMIC FEMTOSECOND-WRITTEN WAVEGUIDES 649 A. Benayas, D. Jaque, A. Rodenas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and G. A. Torchia Author Index 655

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an important reference source about the most common classes of pesticides for researchers engaged in the area of neurotoxicology, metabolism, and epidemiology. The book presents details about thorough characterization of target and non-target enzymes and proteins involved in toxicity and metabolism; and epidemiology of poisonings and fatalities in people from short- and long- term exposures to these pesticides in different occupational settings on an individual country basis as well as on a global basis. The early portion of the book deals with metabolism, mechanisms and biomonitoring of anticholinesterase pesticides, while the later part deals with epidemiological studies, regulatory issues, and therapeutic intervention.Table of ContentsForeword (Donald J. Ecobichon). Section I. 1. Introduction (Tetsuo Satoh, Ramesh C. Gupta). Section II: Metabolism and Mechanisms. 2. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS: BRAIN REGIONAL HETEROGENEITY (Haruo Kobayashi, Tadahiko Suzuki, Fumiaki Akahori and Tetsuo Satoh). 3. GENOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE SENSITIVITIES (Jonathan E. Cohen, Gabrial Zimmermann, Alon Friedman and Hermona Soreq). 4. BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE: OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (Oksana Lockridge, Ellen G. Duysen and Patrick Masson). 5.CARBOXYLESTERASES:OVERVIEW, STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISM (Masakiyo Hosokawa and Tetsuo Satoh). 6. CARBOXYLESTERASES IN THE METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES (Colin J. Jackson, Juan Sanchez-Hernandez, Craig E. Wheelock and John G. Oakeshott). 7. THE METABOLIC ACTIVATION AND DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE INSECTICIDES (Janice E. Chambers, Edward C. Meek and Matthew Ross). 8. PARAOXONASE 1: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND POLYMORPHISMS (Lucio G. Costa, Clement E. Furlong). 9. LONG-TERM NEUROTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES AFTER EITHER ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE (Angelo Moretto, Manuela Tiramani and Claudio Colosio). 10. MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY OF NEUROPATHY TARGET ESTERASE (Yi-Jun Wu and Ping-An Chang). 11. DETOXICATION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Miguel A. Sogorb and Eugennio Vilanova). Section III: Toxicity and Biomonitoring. 12. INVOLVEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES TOXICITY (Dejan Milatovic, Ramesh C. Gupta, Snjezana Zaja-Milanovic, Gregory Barners and Michael Aschner). 13.CENTRAL MECHANISMS OF SEIZURES AND LETHALITY FOLLOWING ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDE EXPOSURE (Andrzej Dekundy and Rafal M. Kaminski). 14. APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (Qing Li). 15. GENE EXPRESSION (Shirin Pournourmahammadi and Mohammad Abdollahi). 16. ORGANOPHOSPHATES AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS (Shigeyuki Kitamura, Kazumi Sugihara, Nariaki Fujimoto and Takeshi Yamazaki). 17. DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES (John Flaskos and Magdalini Sachana). 18.TOXICITY OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES IN NEONATES AND CHILDREN (Diane Rohlman and Linda McCauley). 19. NEUROTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES (Kiran Dip Gill, Govinder Flora and Swaran J.S. Flora). 20. BIOMONITORING OF PESTICIDES: PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES (Charles Timchalk). 21. NOVEL BIOMARKERS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURE (Tetsuo Satoh, Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain, Michihiro Kamishima and Jun Ueyama). 22. BIOMARKERS OF CARCINOGENESIS IN RELATION TO PESTICIDES POISONING (Manashi Bagchi, Shirley Zafra-Stone, Francis C. Lau and Debasis Bagchi). 23. ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES INTERACTION (Ramesh C. Gupta and Dejan Milatovic). 24. INTERACTION OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE PESTICIDES WITH METALS (Jitendra K. Malik, Avinash G. Telang, Ashok Kumar and Ramesh C. Gupta). Section IV: Epidemiological studies. 25. GLOBAL IMPACT (Claudio Colosio, Francesca Vellere and Angelo Moretto). 26. CHILE (Floria Pancetti, Muriel Ramirez and Mauricio Castillo). 27. CHINA (Yueming Jiang). 28. EGYPT (Sameeh A. Mansour). 29. GREECE (Maria Stefanidou, S. Athanaselis, C. Spiliopoulou and C. Maravelias). 30. INDIA (Pawan K. Gupta). 31. IRAN (Mohammad Abdollahi). 32. ISRAEL (Yoram Finkelstein). 33. JAPAN (Takemi Yoshida and Yumiko Kuroki). 34. KOREA (Hyung-Keun RoBum Jin Oh, Mi-Jin Lee and Joo-Hyun Suh). 35. MEXICO (Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega, Norma Pérez-Herrera and Elizabeth Rojas-Garcia). 36. SERBIA (Milan Jokanović, Biljana Antonijević and Slavica Vučinić). 37. SPAIN (Antonio F. Hernández, Tesifón Parrón, José L. Serrano and Porfirio Marín, on behalf of the ESPAPP group). 38. TAIWAN (Tzeng Jih Lin,Dong-Zeng Hung, Jin-Lian Tsai, Sheng-Chuan Hu and Jou-Fang Deng). 39. THAILAND (Winai Wananukul). 40. TURKEY (Ismet COK). 41. U.S.A. (Anna M. Fan). Section V. 42. Regulatory Aspects (Kai Savolainen). Section VI. 43. Medical Treatment of Poisoning with Organophosphates and Carbamates (Milan Jokanović).

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on biodegradable polymers that are already in clinical use or under clinical development. Synthetic and natural polymers will be included. This excludes polymers that have been investigated and did not reach clinical development. The purpose of this book is to provide updated status of the polymers that are clinical use and those that are now being developed for clinical use and hopefully will reach the clinic during the next 5 years. The book provides information that of interest to academics and practicing researchers including chemists, biologists and bioengineers and users: physicians, pharmacists.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. PART I GENERAL. 1 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery (Jay Prakash Jain, Wubante Yenet, Abraham J. Domb, and Neeraj Kumar). PART II BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: PROTEIN-BASED POLYMERS. 2 Collagen (Wahid Khan, Deepak Yadav, Abraham J. Domb, and Neeraj Kumar). 3 Properties and Hemostatic Application of Gelatin (Jalindar Totre, Diana Ickowicz, and Abraham J. Domb). PART III BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: POLYSACCHARIDES. 4 Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Clinical Use and Applications (Anuradha Subramanian, Kirthanashri Srinivasan Vasanthan, Uma Maheswari Krishnan, and Swaminathan Sethuraman). 5 Clinical Uses of Alginate (Udi Nussinovitch and Amos Nussinovitch). 6 Dextran and Pentosan Sulfate — Clinical Applications (Ramu Parthasarathi and Athipettah Jayakrishnan). 7 Arabinogalactan in Clinical Use (Rajendra P. Pawar, Babasaheb A. Kushekar, Bhaskar S. Jadhav, Kiran R. Kharat, Ravikumar M. Borade, and Abraham J. Domb). PART IV BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: POLYESTERS. 8 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Kesaven Bhubalan, Wing-Hin Lee, and Kumar Sudesh). PART V SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. 9 Lactide and Glycolide Polymers (Kevin Letchford, Anders Sodergard, David Plackett, Samuel Gilchrist, and Helen Burt). 10 Polyanhydrides Poly(CPP-SA), Fatty-Acid-Based Polyanhydrides (Ravikumar M. Borade, Abraham J. Domb, Archana A. Sawale, Rajendra P. Pawar, and Kiran R. Kharat). 11 Poly(e-Caprolactone-co-Glycolide): Biomedical Applications of a Unique Elastomer (Kevin Cooper, Aruna Nathan, and Murty Vyakarnam). 12 Medicinal Applications of Cyanoacrylate (Rajendra P. Pawar, Ashok E. Jadhav, Sumangala B. Tathe, Bhimrao C. Khade, and Abraham J. Domb). 13 Polyethylene Glycol in Clinical Application and PEGylated Drugs (Teerapol Srichana, and Tan Suwandecha). PART VI INORGANIC POLYMERS. 14 Calcium-Phosphate-Based Ceramics for Biomedical Applications (Qing Lv, Kevin W.-H. Lo, Lakshmi S. Nair, and Cato T. Laurencin). PART VII BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR EMERGING CLINICAL USES. 15 Biocompatible Polymers for Nucleic Acid Delivery (Jeff Sparks, and Khursheed Anwer). 16 Biodegradable Polymers for Emerging Clinical Use in Tissue Engineering (Shalini Verma, Kalpna Garkhal, Anupama Mittal, and Neeraj Kumar). 17 Injectable Polymers (Shimon A. Unterman, Norman A. Marcus, and Jennifer H. Elisseeff). PART VIII IPR ASPECTS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. 18 Global Patent and Technological Status of Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering (Parikshit Bansal, Shalini Verma, Wahid Khan, and Neeraj Kumar). Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for pharmacy students Now updated for its Second Edition, Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical Systems provides pharmacy students with a much-needed introduction to the mathematical intricacies of thermodynamics in relation to practical laboratory applications. Designed to meet the needs of the contemporary curriculum in pharmacy schools, the text makes these connections clear, emphasizing specific applications to pharmaceutical systems including dosage forms and newer drug delivery systems. Students and practitioners involved in drug discovery, drug delivery, and drug action will benefit from Connors'' and Mecozzi''s authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as well as their attention to drug molecules and experimental considerations. They will appreciate, as well, the significant revisions to the Second Edition. Expanding the book''s scope and usefulness, the new edition: Explores in greater depth topics most relevantTable of ContentsPREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 0. Review of Mathematics. 0.1. Introduction. 0.2. Dimensions and Units. 0.3. Logarithms and Exponents. 0.4. Algebraic and Graphical Analysis. 0.5. Dealing with Change. 0.6. Statistical Treatment of Data. Problems. I BASIC THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.1. Fundamental Concepts. 1.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 1.3. The Enthalpy. Problems. 2. The Entropy Concept. 2.1. The Entropy Defined. 2.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2.3. Applications of the Entropy Concept. Problems. 3. The Free Energy. 3.1. Properties of the Free Energy. 3.2. The Chemical Potential. Problems. 4. Equilibrium. 4.1. Conditions for Equilibrium. 4.2. Physical Processes. 4.3. Chemical Equilibrium. Problems. II THERMODYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES. 5. Introduction to Physical Processes. 5.1. Scope. 5.2. Concentration Scales. 5.3. Standard States. Problems. 6. Phase Transformations. 6.1. Pure Substances. 6.2. Multicomponent Systems. Problems. 7. Solutions of Nonelectrolytes. 7.1. Ideal Solutions. 7.2. Nonideal Solutions. 7.3. Partitioning Between Liquid Phases. Problems. 8. Solutions of Electrolytes. 8.1. Coulombic Interaction and Ionic Dissociation. 8.2. Mean Ionic Activity and Activity Coefficient. 8.3. The Debye–Hückel Theory. Problems. 9. Colligative Properties. 9.1. Boiling Point Elevation. 9.2. Freezing Point Depression. 9.3. Osmotic Pressure. 9.4. Isotonicity Calculations. Problems. 10. Solubility. 10.1. Solubility as an Equilibrium Constant. 10.2. The Ideal Solubility. 10.3. Temperature Dependence of the Solubility. 10.4. Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts. 10.5. Solubilities of Nonelectrolytes: Further Issues. Problems. 11. Surfaces and Interfaces. 11.1. Thermodynamic Properties. 11.2. Adsorption. Problems. III THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES. 12. Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.1. Acid–Base Theory. 12.2. pH Dependence of Acid–Base Equilibria. 12.3. Calculation of Solution pH. 12.4. Acid–Base Titrations. 12.5. Aqueous Solubility of Weak Acids and Bases. 12.6. Nonaqueous Acid–Base Behavior. 12.7. Acid–Base Structure and Strength. Problems. 13. Electrical Work. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions. 13.3. Electrochemical Cells. 13.4. pH Measurement. 13.5. Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. Problems. 14. Noncovalent Binding Equilibria. 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. The Noncovalent Interactions. 14.3. Binding Models. 14.4. Measurement of Binding Constants. 14.5. Applications. Problems. APPENDIXES. Appendix A Physical Constants. Appendix B Kinetic Theory of Gases. Appendix C Extrathermodynamic Relationships. ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisImprove your understanding in the most valuable aspects of advances in bioceramics and porous ceramics. This collection of logically organized and carefully selected articles contain the proceedings of the Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications and Next Generation Bioceramics symposia, which were held on January 27-February 1, 2008.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Bioceramics. One-Step Preparation of Organosiloxane Derived Silica Particles. (Song Chen, Akiyoshi Osaka, Satoshi Hayakawa, Yuki Shirosaki, Akihiro Matsumoto, Eiji Fujil, Koji Kawabata, and Kanji Tsuru). Fabrication of Hybrid Thin Films Consisting of Ceramic and Polymer Using a Biomimetic Principle. (Langli Luo and Junghyun Cho). Structural Investigation of Nano Hydroxyapatites Doped with Mg2+ and F Ions. (Z.P. Sun and Z. Evis). Novel Bioceramics for Bone Implants. (P.I. Gouma, K. Ramachandran, M. Firat, M. Connolly, R. Zuckermann, Cs. Balaszi, P.L. Perrotta, and R. Xue). 20 Years of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics Development of Applications. (Guy Daculsi, Serge Baroth, and Racquel LeGeros). Biocompatibility Aspects of Injectable Chemically Bonded Ceramics of the System CaO-Al2-O3-P2O5-SiO2. (Leif Hermansson, Adam Faris, Gunilla Gomez-Ortega, and Jesper Loof). Aspects of Dental Applications Based on Materials of the System Cao-Al2O3-P2O5-H2O. (Leif Hermansson, Adam Faris, Gunilla Gomez-Ortega, John Kuoppala, and Jesper Loof). Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Glass Ceramics. (Saikat Maitra, Ariful Rahaman, Ram Pyare, Hilmi B. Mukhtar, and Binay K. Dutta). Evaluation of a PDLLA/45S5 Bioglass Composite: Mechanical and Biological Properties. (Ginsac Nathalie, Chevalier Jerome, Chenal Jean Marc, Meile Sylvain, Hartmann Daniel, and Zenati Rachid). Synthesis and Characterization of Wet Chemically Derived Magnetite-HAP Hybrid Nanoparticles. (S. Hayakawa, K. Tsuru, A. Matsumoto, A. Osaka, E. Fuji, and K. Kawabata). Low Temperature Consolidation of Nanocrystalline Apatites Toward a New Generation of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics. (D. Grossin, M. Banu, S. Sarda, S. Martinet-Rollin, C. Drouet, C. Estournes, E. Champion, F. Rossignol, C. Combes, and C. Rey). Sintering Behavior of Hydroxyapatite Ceramics Prepared by Different Routes. (Tan Chou Yong, Ramesh Singh, Aw Khai Liang, and Yeo Wel Hong). Vaterite Bioceramics: Manodisperse CaCO3 Boconvex Micropills Forming at 70 C in Aqueous CaCl2-Gelatin-Urea Solutions. (A. Cuneyt Tas). Novel DNA Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes Attached to a Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal. (Jessica Weber, Deena Ashour, Shreekumar Pilai, Shree R. Singh, and Ashok Kumar). Thermal Conductivity of Light-Cured Dental Composites: Importance of Filler Particle Size. (Michael B. Jakubinek, Richard Price, and Mary Anne White). Porous Bioceramics. Manufacturing of a Porous PPLA-HA Composite Scaffolds by Sintering for Bone Tissue Engineering. (Ana Paula M. Casadei, Fabicio Dingee, Tatiana E. da Silva, Andre L.G. Prette, Carlos R. Rambo, Marclo C. Fredei, and Eliana A.R. Duek). Effect of Zinc on Bioactivity of Nano-Macroporous Soda-Lime Phosphofluorosilicate Glass-Ceramic. (H.M. Moawad, S. Wang, H. Jain, and M.M. Falk). Porous Scaffolds Using Nanocrystalline Titania for Bone Graft Applications. (Arun Kumar Menon and Samar Jyoti Kalita). Porous Biomophic SiC for Medical Implants Processed From Natural and Artificial Precursors. (J. Ramirez-Rico, C. Torres-Raya, D. Hernandez-Maldonado, C. Garcia-Ganan, J. Martinez-Fernandex, and A.R. de Arellana-Lopez). Porous Ceramics. Strength and Permeability of Open-Cell Macro-Porous Silicon Carbine as a Function of Structural Morphologies. (Joseph R. Fellows, Hyrum S. Anderson, Hames N. Cuttis, Charles A. Lewinsohn, and Merrill A. Wilson). Design of Silica Networks Using Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Alkoxides for HIghly Permeable Hydrogen Separation Membranes. (Masakoto Kanezashi, Kazuya Yada, Tomohisa Yoshioka, and Toshinori Tsuru). Computer Simulation of Hydrogen Capactiy of Nanoporous Carbon. (V. Kartuzov, Y. Gogotsi, and A. Kryklia). Nanostructured Alumina Coatings Formed by a Dissolution/Precipitation Process Using AIN Powder Hydrolysis. (Andraz Kocjan, Kristoffer Krnel, Peter Jevnikar, and Tomaz Kosmac). Porous FeCr-ZrO2(7Y2O3) Cermets Produced by EBPVD. (B.A. Mocvhan, F.D. Lemkey, and L.M. Nerodenko). Use of Ceramic Microfibers to Generate a High Porosity Cross-Linked Microstructure in Extruded Honeycombs. (James J. Liu, Rachel A. Dahl, Tim Gordon, and Bilal Zuberi). Porous B-Si3N4 Ceramics Prepared with Fugitive Graphite Filler. (Probal Chanda and Kevin P. Plucknett, Liliana B. Garrido, and Luis A. Genova). Data Reliability for Honeycomb Porous Material Flexural Testing. (Randall J. Stafford and Stephen T. Gonezy). Aluminum Silicate Aerogeis with High Temperature Stability. (Roxana Trifu, Wendell Rhine, Irene Melnikova, Shannon White, and Frances Hurwitz). Development of Novel Microporous ZrO2 Membranes for H2/CO2 Separation. (Tim Van Gestel, Doris Sebold, Wilhelm A. Meulenberg, Martin Bram, Hans-Peter Buchkremer, and Detlev Stover). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering patent literature and process improvements in twenty-two polymer subject areas, this book provides researchers with current polymer research not yet published in journals or patents. Moreover, the review and analysis by the author provides a more thorough understanding and concise package of the patent application.Trade Review"Lets the applications speak for themselves." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. I. ADDITIVES. A. Ink Dispersants. B. Ink Dispersants and Colorants. C. Oil Dispersants. D. Oil Drilling Dispersants. E. Fabric Additives. F. Paint Additives. G. Paint Stabilizers. H. Paper Additives. I. Polymeric Additives. II. ADHESIVES. A. Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. B. Surface Adhesives. C. Thermally Stable Adhesives. III. COSMETICS. A. Topical. IV. CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS. A. Liquid-Crystal Displays. V. DYES. A. Jet Printer Ink. VI. ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE POLYMERS. A. Battery. B. Conducting Polymers. C. Electrodes. D. Photovoltaic Cells. E. Semiconductors. F. Transistors. VII. ENERGETIC POLYMERS. A. Explosive Binder. VIII. ENGINEERED PLASTICS. A. Blends. B. Composites. C. Crosslinking Agents. D. High-Performance Polymers. IX. FIBERS. A. High Strength. X. FUEL CELLS. A. Fuel Cell Membranes. B. Proton Conducting. XI. IMPROVED SYNTHETIC METHODS. A. Isocyanates. B. Organometallic Catalysts. XII. INITIATORS/MODIFIERS. A. Free Radical Initiators. B. Free Radical Initiator Modifiers. C. Photoinitiators. XIII. LIGHT-EMITTING POLYMERS. A. Diodes. XIV. MEDICAL POLYMERS. A. Biodegradable. B. Biomaterials for Dental Applications. C. Biomaterials for Diagnostics. D. Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Devices. E. Biomaterials for Gene Therapy. F. Biomaterials for Membranes. XV. NITRIC-OXIDE-RELEASING AGENTS. A. Antirestenosis Agents. XVI. OPTICAL. A. Intraocular Lenses. B. Optical Fibers. C. Optical Waveguides. XVII. PHARMACEUTICALS. A. Polypeptides. B. Radiopharmaceuticals. XVIII. PHOTORESISTS. A. Resists. XIX. PHOTOTHERAPY. A. Oxygen Generators. XX. RECORDING MATERIALS. A. Anisotropic Films. XXI. STENTS. A. Cardiovascular. XXII. SUTURES. A. Adsorbable. XXIII. TISSUE REPLACEMENT. A. Tissue Engineering. XXIV. VISCOELASTIC POLYMERS. A. High Viscoelastic Materials. Contributors. Academic Contributors. Government Contributors. Industrial Contributors. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Industrial Mixing is a companion volume and update to the Handbook of Industrial Mixing. The second volume fills in gaps for a number of industries that were not covered in the first edition. Significant changes in five of the fundamental areas are covered in entirely updated or new chapters.

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Book SynopsisAn essential introduction to the organic chemicals industryin the context of globalization, advances in technology, and environmental concerns Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas industries are responsible for products that ensure our present quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics, detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition, Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these chemical building blocksethylene, propylene, C4 olefins (butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and methaneis preferred over another in the context of an environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and economic significance. The new editioTrade Review“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 January 2013) “Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 October 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii Acknowledgments xxix Bryan Godel Reuben 1934–2012 xxxi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Introduction: How to Use Industrial Organic Chemicals, Third Edition 1 I.1 Why This Book Was Written and How It Is Structured 2 I.2 North American Industry Classification System 5 I.3 Units and Nomenclature 5 I.4 General Bibliography 6 1. The Evolution of the Organic Chemicals Industry 13 1.1 The National Economy 13 1.2 Size of the Chemical Industry 16 1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry 22 1.4 The Top Companies 43 1.5 The Top Chemicals 44 2. Globalization of the Chemical Industry 49 2.1 Overcapacity 51 2.3 Participation in International Trade 63 2.4 Competition from Developing Countries 66 3. Transporting Chemicals 71 3.1 Shipping Petroleum 71 3.2 Shipping Gas 74 3.3 Shipping Chemicals 75 3.4 Health and Safety 86 3.5 Economic Aspects 87 3.6 Trade in Specific Chemicals 88 3.7 Top Shipping Companies 90 4. Chemicals from Natural Gas and Petroleum 93 4.1 Petroleum Distillation 97 4.2 Shale Gas 100 4.3 Naphtha Versus Gaseous Feedstocks 102 4.4 Heavier Oil Fractions 103 4.5 Steam Cracking and Petroleum Refining Reactions 104 4.6 Catalytic Cracking 114 4.7 Mechanisms of Steam and Catalytic Cracking 117 4.8 Catalytic Reforming 119 4.9 Oligomerization 122 4.10 Alkylation 124 4.11 Hydrotreating and Coking 125 4.12 Dehydrogenation 126 4.13 Isomerization 128 4.14 Metathesis 128 4.15 Function of the Refinery and the Potential Petroleum Shortage 133 4.16 Separation of Natural Gas 136 4.17 Oil from Tar Sands 137 5. Chemicals and Polymers from Ethylene 139 5.1 Ethylene Polymers 141 5.2 Ethylene Copolymers 151 5.3 Oligomerization 154 5.4 Vinyl Chloride 160 5.5 Acetaldehyde 165 5.6 Vinyl Acetate 167 5.7 Ethylene Oxide 169 5.8 Styrene 177 5.9 Ethanol 181 5.10 Major Chemicals from Ethylene – A Summary 182 5.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Ethylene 185 6. Chemicals and Polymers from Propylene 211 6.1 On-Purpose Propylene Production Technologies and Propane Dehydrogenation 214 6.2 Main Polymers and Chemicals from Propylene 217 6.3 Oligomerization 221 6.4 Acrylic Acid 222 6.5 Acrylonitrile 227 6.6 Cumene/Phenol and Cumene Hydroperoxide 231 6.7 Acetone and Isopropanol 233 6.8 Propylene Oxide 242 6.9 n-Butyraldehyde and Isobutyraldehyde 255 6.10 Major Chemicals from Propylene – A Perspective 261 6.11 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Propylene 263 7. Chemicals from the C4 Stream 273 7.1 Chemicals and Polymers from Butadiene 277 7.2 Chemicals and Polymers from Isobutene 296 7.3 Chemicals and Polymers from 1- and 2-Butenes 302 7.4 Chemicals from n-Butane 303 8. Chemicals from the C5 Stream 309 8.1 Separation of the C5 Stream 311 8.2 Isoprene 312 8.3 Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene 319 8.4 Pentene-1 and Piperylene 321 9. Chemicals from Benzene 323 9.1 Phenol 326 9.2 Cyclohexane 344 9.3 Aniline 354 9.4 Alkylbenzenes 361 9.5 Maleic Anhydride 362 9.6 Chlorinated Benzenes 363 9.7 Dihydroxybenzenes 364 9.8 Anthraquinone 370 9.8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide 371 10. Chemicals from Toluene 375 10.1 Hydrodealkylation, Disproportionation, and Transalkylation 375 10.2 Solvents 378 10.3 Dinitrotoluene and Toluene Diisocyanate 378 10.4 Lesser Volume Chemicals from Toluene 380 11. Chemicals from Xylenes 383 11.1 o-Xylene and Phthalic Anhydride 386 11.2 m-Xylene and Isophthalic Acid 395 11.3 p-Xylene and Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate 397 12. Chemicals from Methane 407 12.1 Hydrocyanic Acid 408 12.2 Halogenated Methanes 411 12.3 Acetylene 417 12.4 Synthesis Gas 424 12.5 Chemicals from Synthesis Gas 429 12.6 Carbon Monoxide Chemistry 454 12.7 Gas-to-Liquid Fuels 459 13. Chemicals from Alkanes 463 13.1 Functionalization of Methane 464 13.2 Functionalization of C2–C4 Alkanes 468 13.3 Carbon Black 472 14. Chemicals from Coal 475 14.1 Chemicals from Coke Oven Distillate 477 14.2 The Fischer–Tropsch Reaction 480 14.3 Coal Hydrogenation 484 14.4 Substitute Natural Gas 485 14.5 SNG and Synthesis Gas Technology 485 14.6 Underground Coal Gasification 488 14.7 Calcium Carbide 488 14.8 Coal and the Environment 490 15. Fats and Oils 493 15.1 Markets for Fats and Oils 495 15.2 Purification of Fats and Oils 497 15.3 Fatty Acids 499 15.4 Fatty Nitrogen Compounds 502 15.5 "Dimer" Acid 504 15.6 Aminoamides and Imidazolines 506 15.7 Azelaic, Pelargonic, and Petroselinic Acids 507 15.8 Fatty Alcohols 508 15.9 Epoxidized Oils 509 15.10 Ricinoleic Acid 510 15.11 Glycerol 512 15.12 Alcoholysis of Fats and Oils 513 15.13 Alkyl Polyglycosides 519 15.14 Non-Caloric Fat-like Substances 519 16. Carbohydrates 523 16.1 Sugars and Sorbitol 523 16.2 Furfural 530 16.3 Starch 532 16.4 Cellulose 535 16.5 Gums 543 16.6 Fermentation and Biotechnology 544 17. How Polymers Are Made 561 17.1 Polymerization 565 17.2 Functionality 568 17.3 Step Growth and Chain Growth Polymerizations 571 17.4 Examples of Step Polymerization 605 17.5 Polymer Properties 622 17.6 Classes of Polymers 630 17.7 Plastics Fabrication Techniques 631 18. Industrial Catalysis 637 18.1 Catalyst Choice 637 18.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis 643 18.3 Catalyst Markets 647 18.4 Catalysis by Acids and Bases 651 18.5 Dual Function Catalysis 654 18.6 Catalysis by Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators 655 18.7 Coordination Catalysis 657 18.8 Enzymes 661 18.9 Shape-Selective Catalysts 664 18.10 Phase-Transfer and Fluorous Biphase Catalysis 669 18.11 Nanocatalysis 670 18.12 Catalysts of the Future 673 19. Green Chemistry 681 19.1 The Decline of Acetylene Chemistry 683 19.2 Nylon 683 19.3 Replacement of Phosgene 684 19.4 Monomethylation by Dimethyl Carbonate 685 19.5 Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Water 685 19.6 Ionic Liquids 687 19.7 Photocatalysts 690 19.8 Paired Electrosynthesis 691 19.9 "Green" Pharmaceuticals 692 19.10 Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Diethanolamine 698 19.11 Genetic Manipulation 698 19.12 Biodegradable Packaging 698 19.13 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Program 703 20. Sustainability 707 20.1 Climate Change 708 20.2 Resource Depletion 712 20.3 Energy Sources 717 20.4 Pollution 736 20.5 Valediction 759 Endnotes 761 Appendix A: A Note on Cost Calculations 765 Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors 771 Appendix C: Special Units in the Chemical Industry 773 Appendix D: The Importance of Shale Gas and Shale Oil 775 Index 779

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Book SynopsisFor researchers already familiar with biomass conversion technologies and for professionals in other fields, such as agriculture, food, and chemical industries, here is a comprehensive review of the emerging biorefinery industry.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Contributors xix 1 Integrated Biorefi nery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 1 Shang-Tian Yang and Mingrui Yu 2 The Outlook of Sugar and Starch Crops in Biorefinery 27 Klanarong Sriroth and Kuakoon Piyachomkwan 3 Novel and Traditional Oil Crops and Their Biorefinery Potential 47 Johann Vollmann and Margit Laimer 4 Energy Crops 61 Walter Zegada-Lizarazu and Andrea Monti 5 Microalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels and Biochemicals 79 Dong Wei 6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 91 Tae Hyun Kim 7 Amylases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 111 Hesham A. El-Enshasy, Yasser R. Abdel Fattah, and Nor Zalina Othman 8 Cellulases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 131 Xiao-Zhou Zhang and Yi-Heng Percival Zhang 9 Xylanases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 147 Evangelos Topakas, Gianni Panagiotou, and Paul Christakopoulos 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes: An Overview 167 Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Victor Ibrahim 11 Advances in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 193 Reeta Rani Singhania, Parameswaran Binod, and Ashok Pandey 12 Biodiesel Properties and Alternative Feedstocks 205 Bryan R. Moser 13 Biological Production of Butanol and Higher Alcohols 235 Jingbo Zhao, Congcong Lu, Chih-Chin Chen, and Shang-Tian Yang 14 Advancement of Biohydrogen Production and Its Integration with Fuel Cell Technology 263 Jong-Hwan Shin and Tai Hyun Park 15 Biogas Technology 279 Günter Busch 16 Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications 293 Nuttha Thongchul 17 Production of Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources 317 Jongho Yi, Sol Choi, Min-Sun Han, Jeong Wook Lee, and Sang Yup Lee 18 Propionic Acid Fermentation 331 Zhongqiang Wang, Jianxin Sun, An Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 19 Anaerobic Fermentations for the Production of Acetic and Butyric Acids 351 Shang-Tian Yang, Mingrui Yu, Wei-Lun Chang, and I-Ching Tang 20 Production of Citric, Itaconic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in Filamentous Fungal Fermentations 375 Kun Zhang, Baohua Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 21 Biotechnological Development for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol 399 Youngsoon Um and Kyung-Duk Kim 22 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomass Refining 415 Jian Yu 23 Microbial Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid 427 Zhinan Xu, Huili Zhang, Hao Chen, Feng Shi, Jin Huang, Shufang Wang, and Cunjiang Song 24 Refining Food Processing By-Products for Value-Added Functional Ingredients 441 Kequan Zhou, Yuting Zhou, and Y. Martin Lo About the Editors 449 Index 451

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Book SynopsisThis book guides the reader through FDA regulation guidelines and outlines a comprehensive strategy for cost reduction in regulatory affairs and compliance. This book explains six strategies to cost-effectively comply with FDA regulations while maintaining product safety and improving public access through cost controls. It provides useful and practical guidance through industry case studies from pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device industries.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Chapter 1. Controlling Regulatory Costs. Chapter 2. Clear Operation Definitions of Requirements. Chapter 3. Pre-Regulatory Audits. Chapter 4. Quality by Design. Chapter 5. Outsourcing. Chapter 6. Electronic Submissions. Chapter 7. EMEA/FDA Inspections. Chapter 8. Managing FDA Inspections. Chapter 9. Risk Assessment. Chapter 10. Cases. Chapter 11. Cost Containment Analysis. Chapter 12. Managing Regulation In Times of Chaos. Chapter 13. International Regulation. Chapter 14. Cost Contained Regulatory Compliance. Chapter 15. Future. BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDEX .

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Book SynopsisThis is the Third Edition of the standard text on chemical reaction engineering, beginning with basic definitions and fundamental principles and continuing all the way to practical applications, emphasizing real-world aspects of industrial practice. The text includes updated coverage of computer modeling methods and many new worked examples. Most of the examples use real kinetic data from processes of industrial importance.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Elements of Reaction Kinetics. 1.1 Definitions of Chemical Rates. 1.2 Rate Equations. 1.3 Coupled Reactions. 1.4 Reducing the Size of Kinetic Models. 1.5 Bio-Kinetics. 1.6 Complex Reactions. 1.7 Modeling the Rate Coefficient. Chapter 2: Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Adsorption on Solid Catalysts. 2.3 Rate Equations. 2.4 Complex Catalytic Reactions. 2.5 Experimental Reactors. 2.6 Model Discrimination and Parameter Estimation. 2.7 Sequential Design of Experiments. 2.8 Expert Systems in Kinetics Studies. Chapter 3: Transport Processes with Reactions Catalyzed by Solids. Part One Interfacial Gradient Effects. 3.1 Reaction of a component of a fluid at the surface of a solid. 3.2 Mass and heat transfer resistances. 3.3 Concentration or partial pressure and temperature differences. Part Two Intraparticle Gradient Effects. 3.4 Molecular-, Knudsen-, and surface diffusion in pores. 3.5 Diffusion in a catalyst particle. 3.6 Diffusion and reaction in a catalyst particle. A continuum model. 3.7 Falsification of rate coefficient and activation energy by diffusion limitations. 3.8 Influence of diffusion limitations on the selectivities of coupled reactions. 3.9 Criteria for the importance of intraparticle diffusion limitations. 3.10 Multiplicity of steady states in catalyst particles. 3.11 Combination of external and internal diffusion limitations. 3.12 Diagnostic experimental criteria for the absence of internal and external mass transfer limitations. 3.13 Nonisothermal particles. Chapter 4: Noncatalytic Gas-Solid Reactions. 4.1 A Qualitative Discussion of Gas-Solid Reactions. 4.2 General Model with Interfacial and Intraparticle Gradients. 4.3 Heterogeneous Model with Shrinking Unreacted Core. 4.4 Models Accounting Explicitly for the Structure of the Solid. 4.5 On the Use of More Complex Kinetic Equations. Chapter 5: Catalyst Deactivation. 5.1 Types of Catalyst Deactivation. 5.2 Kinetics of Catalyst Poisoning. 5.3 Kinetics of Catalyst Deactivation by Coke Formation. Chapter 6: Gas-Liquid Reactions. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Models for Transfer at a Gas-Liquid Interface. 6.3 Two-Film Theory. 6.4 Surface Renewal Theory. 6.5 Experimental Determination of the Kinetics of Gas-Liquid Reactions. Chapter 7: The Modeling of Chemical Reactors. 7.1 Approach. 7.2 Aspects of Mass-, Heat- and Momentum Balances. 7.3 The Fundamental Model Equations. Chapter 8: The Batch and Semibatch Reactors. Introduction. 8.1 The Isothermal Batch Reactor. 8.2 The Nonisothermal Batch Reactor. 8.3 Semibatch Reactor Modeling. 8.4 Optimal Operation Policies and Control Strategies. Chapter 9: The Plug Flow Reactor. 9.1 The Continuity, Energy, and Momentum Equations. 9.2 Kinetic Studies Using a Tubular Reactor with Plug Flow. 9.3 Design and Simulation of Tubular Reactors with Plug Flow. Chapter 10: The Perfectly Mixed Flow Reactor. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Mass and Energy Balances . 10.3 Design for Optimum Selectivity in Simultaneous Reactions. 10.4 Stability of Operation and Transient Behavior. Chapter 11: Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors. Part One Introduction. 11.1 The Importance and Scale of Fixed Bed Catalytic Processes. 11.2 Factors of Progress: Technological Innovations and Increased Fundamental Insight. 11.3 Factors Involved in the Preliminary Design of Fixed Bed Reactors. 11.4 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors. Part Two Pseudohomogeneous Models. 11.5 The Basic One-Dimensional Model. 11.6 One-Dimensional Model with Axial Mixing. 11.7 Two-Dimensional Pseudohomogeneous Models. Part Three Heteorgeneous Models. 11.8 One-Dimensional Model Accounting for Interfacial Gradients. 11.9 One-Dimensional Model Accounting for Interfacial and Intraparticle Gradients. 11.10 Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Models. Chapter 12: Complex Flow Patterns. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Macro- and Micro-Mixing in Reactors. 12.3 Models Explicitly Accounting for Mixing. 12.4 Micro- Probability Density Function Methods. 12.5 Micro-PDF Moment Methods: Computational Fluid Dynamics. 12.6 Macro-PDF / Residence Time Distribution Methods. 12.7 Semi-Empirical Models for Reactors with Complex Flow Patterns. Chapter 13: Fluidized Bed and Transport Reactors. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Technological Aspects of Fluidized Bed and Riser Reactors. 13.3 Some Features of the Fluidization and Transport of Solids. 13.4 Heat Transfert in Fluidized Beds. 13.5 Modeling of Fluidized Bed Reactors. 13.6 Modeling of a Transport of Riser Reactor. 13.7 Fluidized Bed Reactor Models Considering Detailed Flow Patterns. 13.8 Catalytic Cracking of Vacuum Gas Oil. Chapter 14:Multiphase Flow Reactors. 14.1 Types of Multiphase Flow Reactors. 14.2 Design Models for Multiphase Flow Reactors. 14.3 Specific Design Aspects.

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Book SynopsisThe accessible compendium of polymers in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)?extremely thin tubes only a few nanometers in diameter but able to attain lengths thousands of times greater?are prime candidates for use in the development of polymer composite materials. Bringing together thousands of disparate research works, Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Manufacture, Properties, and Applications covers CNT-polymers from synthesis to potential applications, presenting the basic science and engineering of this dynamic and complex area in an accessible, readable way. Designed to be of use to polymer scientists, engineers, chemists, physicists, and materials scientists, the book covers carbon nanotube fundamentals to help polymer experts understand CNTs, and polymer physics to help those in the CNT field, making it an invaluable resource for anyone working with CNT-polymer composites. Detailed chapters describe the mechanical, rheological, electrical, and theTable of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Similarities Between Polymers and Nanotubes 1 1.2 Organization of the Book 3 1.3 Why Write This Book? 7 References 9 CHAPTER 2 CARBON NANOTUBES 11 2.1 Overview 11 2.2 Synthesis 16 2.2.1 Arc Discharge 19 2.2.2 Visible Light Vaporization 21 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 22 2.3 Purification 25 2.4 Properties 26 2.4.1 Mechanical Properties 27 2.4.2 Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermal Properties 29 2.4.3 Optical Properties 32 2.5 Chemistry 36 2.5.1 Characterizing the Nature of Functionalization 38 2.5.2 Common Functionalization Chemistries 40 2.5.3 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting From” 42 2.5.4 Polymer Covalently Bonded to Nanotubes: “Grafting To” 44 2.6 Challenges 44 References 45 CHAPTER 3 DISPERSION, ORIENTATION, AND LENGTHS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN POLYMERS 59 3.1 Overview 59 3.2 Dispersion Characterization 66 3.2.1 Microscopy 67 3.2.2 Spectroscopy 72 3.3 Methods to Disperse Nanotubes into Low-Viscosity Liquids, Including Monomers 77 3.3.1 Mixing Protocols: Sonication and High-Shear Mixing 79 3.3.2 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Water 81 3.3.3 Dispersions of Nanotubes in Other Solvents 86 3.4 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Solution Methods 88 3.4.1 Dispersion–Reaction 88 3.4.2 Dissolution–Dispersion–Precipitation 90 3.4.3 Dispersion–Dispersion–Evaporation 93 3.5 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Melt Mixing 94 3.6 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: No Fluid Mixing 96 3.7 Polymer–Nanotube Dispersions: Impregnation/Infusion 97 3.7.1 Nanotube Fiber–Polymer Composites 97 3.7.2 Nanotube Sheet–Polymer Composites 99 3.7.3 Nanotube Forests–Polymer Composites 101 3.7.4 Nanotubes on Already Existing Fibers 101 3.8 Challenges 102 References 103 CHAPTER 4 EFFECTS OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON POLYMER PHYSICS 119 4.1 Overview 119 4.2 Amorphous Polymers 122 4.2.1 Statics: Adsorption and Chain Configuration 122 4.2.2 Dynamics: Glass Transition and Diffusion Coefficient 129 4.3 Semicrystalline Polymers 142 4.3.1 Statics: Unit Cells, Lamellae, Spherulites, and Shish-Kebabs 147 4.3.2 Rate Effects: Glass Transition, Crystal Nucleation, and Growth 169 4.4 Blends and Block Copolymers 174 4.5 Challenges 176 References 177 CHAPTER 5 MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 191 5.1 Overview 191 5.2 Rheological Properties (Measurement of Melt and Solution Properties) 200 5.2.1 Nonoscillatory Measurements 204 5.2.2 Oscillatory Measurements and the Percolation Threshold 208 5.3 Mechanical Properties (Measurement of Solid Properties) 212 5.3.1 Interfacial Shear Strength 214 5.3.2 Tensile, Compressive, and Bending Properties 216 5.3.3 Fracture Toughness and Crack Propagation 228 5.3.4 Impact Energy 230 5.3.5 Oscillatory Measurements 230 5.3.6 Other Mechanical Properties 232 5.4 Challenges 232 References 233 CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 249 6.1 Overview 249 6.2 Mixed Composites 252 6.2.1 Maximum or Plateau Conductivity 260 6.2.2 Broadness of Percolation Region (Critical Exponent) 264 6.2.3 Percolation Threshold 264 6.2.4 Dielectric Constant 268 6.3 Impregnated/Infused Composites 269 6.4 Composites with Electrically Conducting Polymers 271 6.5 Challenges 274 References 275 CHAPTER 7 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 283 7.1 Overview 283 7.2 Interfacial Resistance and Thermal Conductivity 292 7.3 Dispersion, Percolation, and Thermal Conductivity 295 7.4 Effects of Other Variables on Thermal Conductivity 296 7.5 Challenges 299 References 299 CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF POLYMER–NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 305 8.1 Overview 305 8.2 Electrical Conductivity: EMI Shielding, ESD, and Transparent Electrodes 305 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Shielding 306 8.2.2 Electrostatic Dissipation 308 8.2.3 Transparent Electrodes 310 8.2.4 Other Applications Based on Nanotube Conductivity on Polymeric Substrates 312 8.3 Thermal Properties: Flame Retardancy 312 8.4 Electromechanical Properties: Strain Sensing and Actuators 315 8.4.1 Electromechanical Actuation 316 8.4.2 Strain Sensing 318 8.5 Other Applications 320 8.6 Challenges 322 References 322 GLOSSARY 331 INDEX 337

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Book SynopsisThis book details the current and future tools used in the production of bulk chemicals and biofuels developed from renewable biomass using green technologies. It describes in depth the technology used to unravel the complexity of microbial metabolism in order to produce engineering strains at time scales much faster than would occur naturally.Trade Review“This book should be valuable to engineers, biochemists, and students who seek to understand the science and practice of engineering biocatalysts for industrial applications.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 January 2013)Table of ContentsForeword vii John Pierce Preface ix Contributors xi 1 Classical Strain Improvement 1 Nathan Crook and Hal S. Alper 2 Tracer-Based Analysis of Metabolic Flux Networks 35 Michael Dauner 3 Integration of “Omics” Data with Genome-Scale Metabolic Models 77 Stephen Van Dien, Priti Pharkya, and Robin Osterhout 4 Strain Improvement via Evolutionary Engineering 111 Byoungjin Kim, Jing Du, and Huimin Zhao 5 Rapid Fermentation Process Development and Optimization 133 Jun Sun and Lawrence Chew 6 The Clavulanic Acid Strain Improvement Program at DSM Anti-Infectives 169 Bert Koekman and Marcus Hans 7 Metabolic Engineering of Recombinant E. coli for the Production of 3-Hydroxypropionate 185 Tanya Warnecke Lipscomb, Matthew L. Lipscomb, Ryan T. Gill, and Michael D. Lynch 8 Complex System Engineering: A Case Study for an Unsequenced Microalga 201 Michael T. Guarnieri, Lieve M.L. Laurens, Eric P. Knoshaug, Yat-Chen Chou, Bryon S. Donohoe, and Philip T. Pienkos 9 Meiotic Recombination-Based Genome Shuffling of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Schefferomyces Stiptis for Increased Inhibitor Tolerance to Lignocellulosic Substrate Toxicity 233 Dominic Pinel and Vincent J.J. Martin Index 251

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Book SynopsisThis book covers various aspects of antibody mediated drug delivery systems theoretical aspects, processing, viral and non-viral vectors, and fields where these systems find and /or are being evaluated for applications as therapeutics and diagnostic treatment. Chapters discuss actual applications of techniques used for formulation and characterization. Applications areas include cancer, pulmonary, ocular diseases; brain drug delivery; and vaccine delivery. The contributing authors represent over 10 different countries, covering recent developments happening around the globe.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS xv PREFACE xix CHAPTER 1 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: GENERAL REVIEW AND APPLICATIONS Navdeep Kaur, Karthikeyan Subramani, and Yashwant Pathak 1 1 Historical Perspective 1 2 Antibodies 2 3 Antibody Mediation 3 4 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems 4 5 Applications 6 6 Recent Trends 9 7 Future Trends 10 CHAPTER 2 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR TARGETING Tatyana Levchenko, William Hartner, and Vladimir P. Torchilin 13 1 Introduction 13 2 Immunoliposome Targeting to Pathological Regions of the Vessel Wall 14 3 Liposome Internalization by Endothelial Cells 15 4 Targeting of Atherosclerotic Lesions for Tomographic Imaging 17 5 Antibody-Mediated Liposomes for Diagnosis of Thrombosis 17 6 Thrombolytic Therapy with Immunoliposomes 18 7 Targeted Sealing of Cell Membrane Lesions: Preservation of Cell Viability 19 8 Accumulation of Liposomes and Immunoliposomes in the Ischemic Heart 21 9 Immunoliposomes as a Drug and Gene Delivery Vehicle to the Infarcted Heart 26 CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR BREAST CANCER THERAPEUTICS Leonor Munoz Alcivar and Yashwant Pathak 35 1 Introduction 35 2 Breast Cancer 35 3 Drug Delivery Systems 36 4 Monoclonal Antibodies 37 5 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 40 6 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery System 43 7 Targets for the Treatment of Breast Cancer 45 8 Breast Cancer Therapies 46 9 The Future of Breast Cancer Therapeutics 49 10 Other Treatment Strategies 50 11 Nanotechnology 51 12 Conclusions 52 CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNONCONJUGATES FOR IN VIVO DELIVERY: CANCER DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND THERAPY Arutselvan Natarajan 57 1 Introduction 57 2 Immunoconjugates 61 3 Immunoconjugates in Cancer Therapy 62 4 Immunoconjugates for Imaging 69 5 Immunoconjugates in Diagnostic Applications 71 6 Immunoconjugates’ Promising Future and Challenges 72 7 Summary 73 CHAPTER 5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ANTI-TNF THERAPIES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH TUBERCULOSIS Simeone Marino, Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani, Jennifer J. Linderman, and Denise E. Kirschner 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Tuberculosis, TNF, and Anti-TNF Drugs 84 3 Theoretical Models To Study TB Infection 88 4 Present and Future Work 96 CHAPTER 6 TARGETED NANOPARTICLES IN RADIOTHERAPY Misty Muscarella and Yashwant Pathak 105 1 Introduction 105 2 Nanoparticles 106 3 Radiotherapy 110 4 Nanoparticles in Radiotherapy 111 5 Current and Future Developments with Nanotechnology in Radiotherapy 123 6 Conclusions 124 CHAPTER 7 ELECTRICALLY-ENHANCED DELIVERY OF DRUGS AND CONJUGATES FOR CANCER TREATMENT Arutselvan Natarajan, Luca Campana, and Raji Sundararajan 129 1 Introduction 129 2 Electroporation Mechanisms to Permeabilize the Drugs and DNAs in Cells 130 3 Electroporation-Aided Drug Delivery for Preclinical Studies 133 4 EP applications for Human Patient Studies 136 5 Future Perspectives 138 6 Summary 139 CHAPTER 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY VARIANTS AND GLYCOSYLATION Ting Zheng, Srinivasa Rao, Jeff Rohrer, and Chris Pohl 145 1 Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Heterogeneity by HPLC Analysis 145 2 Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Glycosylation 150 CHAPTER 9 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING TREATMENT Fang Wu, Hong Ding, and Zhirong Zhang 169 1 Introduction 169 2 Lymphatic Disorders and Their Normal Treatment 170 3 Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems for Lymphatic Targeting Treatment 172 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 183 CHAPTER 10 METHODS FOR NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Junling Li and Chin K. Ng 191 1 Introduction 191 2 Current Nanoparticle Systems used for Conjugation with mAbs 191 3 Conjugation Methods 192 4 Conclusions 202 CHAPTER 11 SINGLE-USE SYSTEMS IN ANIMAL CELL–BASED BIOPRODUCTION William G. Whitford 209 1 Introduction 209 2 Component Offerings 214 3 Characteristics of Single-Use Systems and Their Applications 218 CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES FOR SPECIFIC DRUG DELIVERY Manuela Calin 229 1 Introduction: Advances in Liposome Formulation 229 2 Design of Immunoliposomes for Site-Specific Drug Delivery 230 3 Cellular-Specific Targeting of Immunoliposomes 242 4 Cellular-Specific Internalization of Immunoliposomes 246 5 Immunoliposomes in Diagnosis and Therapy 247 6 Clinical Use of Immunoliposomes 251 7 Conclusions and Perspectives 252 CHAPTER 13 GENE THERAPY TARGETING KIDNEY DISEASES: ROUTES AND VEHICLES Yoshitaka Isaka, Yoshitsugu Takabatake, and Hiromi Rakugi 267 1 Introduction 267 2 Rationale for Successful Gene Targeting 268 3 Site-Specific Gene Delivery 268 4 Nuclear Import of Gene Material 270 5 Targeting the Glomerulus 270 6 Targeting the Tubule 272 7 Targeting the Interstitium 274 8 Targeting Muscle 274 9 Conclusions 275 CHAPTER 14 DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) POLYMERS USING DOUBLE-ANTIGEN-BRIDGING IMMUNOGENICITY ELISA Yijuan Liu, Helen Reidler, Jing Pan, David Milunic, Dujie Qin, Dave Chen, Yli Remo Vallejo, and Ray Yin 279 1 Introduction 279 2 Methods 280 3 Results 283 4 Discussion 286 CHAPTER 15 ANTIBODIES IN NANOMEDICINE AND MICROIMAGING METHODS Rakesh Sharma 291 1 Introduction: Antibody Molecules and Nanoparticles 291 2 Antibody-Based Nanoparticles in Microimaging 292 3 Troponin T: Newer Magnetic Immunoassay Method 317 4 Gold Nanoparticles as an Antigen Carrier and Adjuvant 330 5 Immunochemical Biosensors, Nanomedicine, and Disease 339 6 Future Directions and Conclusions 341 CHAPTER 16 METHODS FOR POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE CONJUGATION TO MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Uyen Minh Le, Hieu Tran, and Yashwant Pathak 351 1 Introduction 351 2 Conjugation of mAb and Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles 353 3 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactide-CO-Glycolide) Nanoparticles 357 4 Conjugation of mAb to Poly(Lactic Acid) and its Derivatives 359 5 Conjugation of mAb to Other Polymeric Nanoparticles 360 6 Summary 361 CHAPTER 17 PLANT-DERIVED ANTIBODIES FOR ACADEMIC, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS Slavko Komarnytsky and Nikolai Borisjuk 365 1 Historical Perspective 365 2 Plant-Based Production of Recombinant Proteins 366 3 Expression in an Entire Plant Versus a Plant Organ 367 4 ER Targeting and Secretion of Recombinant Proteins 368 5 Expression in Seeds 370 6 Transient Expression 371 7 Glycosylation 373 8 Recent Examples of Plant-Derived Antibodies Effective in Mammalian Systems 375 9 Conclusions 376 CHAPTER 18 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS BIOPHARMACEUTICALS Girish J. Kotwal 383 1 Historical Perspective 383 2 Introduction 384 3 Structure and Types of mAbs 385 4 Mechanism of Action 385 5 FDA-approved mAb Biopharmaceuticals in Current Use 386 6 Future of Monoclonal Antibodies as Biopharmaceuticals 389 CHAPTER 19 PULMONARY TARGETING OF NANOPARTICLES AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Weiyuan Chang 391 1 Introduction 391 2 Attributes of mAbs as Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases 392 3 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Lung Targeting 393 4 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Asthma 394 5 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of COPD 398 6 Challenges in Pulmonary Disease 400 7 Conclusions 402 CHAPTER 20 ANTIBODY-MEDIATED ARTHRITIS AND NEW THERAPEUTIC AVENUES Kutty Selva Nandakumar 407 1 Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis 407 2 Role of Cartilage Antigen-Specific Antibodies in Inducing Arthritis 408 3 Arthritis Mediation Through Antibodies Recognizing Citrullinated Antigens 413 4 Regulation at the Effector Level 414 5 Cartilage Damage Independent of Inflammatory Mediators 414 6 pathogenicity of GPI-Specific Antibodies 415 7 Therapeutic Cleavage of Arthritogenic Antibodies 415 8 Arthritis Attenuation Though Removal of Specific Sugars on IgG 417 CHAPTER 21 IMMUNONANOPARTICLES FOR NUCLEAR IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY Oren Giladi and Simon Benita 427 1 Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals 427 2 Radiolabeled Antibodies 432 3 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles 437 4 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 449 CHAPTER 22 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA Glenn J. Whelan 457 1 Introduction 457 2 IgE 458 3 TNFα 460 4 IL-5 462 5 IL-9 464 6 IL-4 and IL-13 465 7 Targeting the T-cell 467 8 Conclusions 468 References 469 INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisEnergy costs impact the profitability of virtually all industrial processes. Stressing how plants use power, and how that power is actually generated, this book provides a clear and simple way to understand the energy usage in various processes, as well as methods for optimizing these processes using practical hands-on simulations and a unique approach that details solved problems utilizing actual plant data. Invaluable information offers a complete energy-saving approach essential for both the chemical and mechanical engineering curricula, as well as for practicing engineers.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Conversion Factors xvii List of Symbols xix 1. Introduction to Energy Usage, Cost, and Efficiency 1 1.1 Energy Utilization in the United States 1 1.2 The Cost of Energy 1 1.3 Energy Efficiency 4 1.4 The Cost of Self-Generated versus Purchased Electricity 10 1.5 The Cost of Fuel and Fuel Heating Value 11 1.6 Text Organization 12 1.7 Getting Started 15 1.8 Closing Comments 16 References 16 Problems 17 2. Engineering Economics with VBA Procedures 19 2.1 Introduction to Engineering Economics 19 2.2 The Time Value of Money: Present Value (PV) and Future Value (FV) 19 2.3 Annuities 22 2.4 Comparing Process Alternatives 29 2.4.1 Present Value 31 2.4.2 Rate of Return (ROR) 31 2.4.3 Equivalent Annual Cost/Annual Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) 32 2.5 Plant Design Economics 33 2.6 Formulating Economics-Based Energy Optimization Problems 34 2.7 Economic Analysis with Uncertainty: Monte Carlo Simulation 36 2.8 Closing Comments 38 References 39 Problems 39 3. Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Sequential Modular Solution Approach 42 3.1 Elementary Material Balance Modules 42 3.1.1 Mixer 43 3.1.2 Separator 43 3.1.3 Splitter 44 3.1.4 Reactors 45 3.2 Sequential Modular Approach: Material Balances with Recycle 46 3.3 Understanding Tear Stream Iteration Methods 49 3.3.1 Single-Variable Successive Substitution Method 49 3.3.2 Multidimensional Successive Substitution Method 50 3.3.3 Single-Variable Wegstein Method 52 3.3.4 Multidimensional Wegstein Method 53 3.4 Material Balance Problems with Alternative Specifications 58 3.5 Single-Variable Optimization Problems 61 3.5.1 Forming the Objective Function for Single-Variable Constrained Material Balance Problems 61 3.5.2 Bounding Step or Bounding Phase: Swann’s Equation 61 3.5.3 Interval Refinement Phase: Interval Halving 65 3.6 Material Balance Problems with Local Nonlinear Specifications 66 3.7 Closing Comments 68 References 69 Problems 70 4. Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Simultaneous Solution Approach 76 4.1 Solution of Linear Equation Sets: The Simultaneous Approach 76 4.1.1 The Gauss–Jordan Matrix Elimination Method 76 4.1.2 Gauss–Jordan Coding Strategy for Linear Equation Sets 78 4.1.3 Linear Material Balance Problems: Natural Specifi cations 78 4.1.4 Linear Material Balance Problems: Alternative Specifications 82 4.2 Solution of Nonlinear Equation Sets: The Newton–Raphson Method 82 4.2.1 Equation Linearization via Taylor’s Series Expansion 82 4.2.2 Nonlinear Equation Set Solution via the Newton–Raphson Method 83 4.2.3 Newton–Raphson Coding Strategy for Nonlinear Equation Sets 86 4.2.4 Nonlinear Material Balance Problems: The Simultaneous Approach 90 References 92 Problems 93 5. Process Energy Balances 98 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Separator: Equilibrium Flash 101 5.2.1 Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Sequential Modular Approach 103 5.3 Equilibrium Flash with Recycle: Simultaneous Approach 109 5.4 Adiabatic Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Material and Energy Balances Including Rate Expressions: Euler’s First-Order Method 112 5.4.1 Reactor Types 112 5.5 Styrene Process: Material and Energy Balances with Reaction Rate 117 5.6 Euler’s Method versus Fourth-Order Runge–Kutta Method for Numerical Integration 121 5.6.1 The Euler Method: First-Order ODEs 121 5.6.2 RK4 Method: First-Order ODEs 122 5.7 Closing Comments 124 References 125 Problems 125 6. Introduction to Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection 132 6.1 Standard Deviation and Probability Density Functions 133 6.2 Data Reconciliation: Excel Solver 136 6.2.1 Single-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solver 136 6.2.2 Multiple-Unit Material Balance: Excel Solver 138 6.3 Data Reconciliation: Redundancy and Variable Types 138 6.4 Data Reconciliation: Linear and Nonlinear Material and Energy Balances 143 6.5 Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multipliers 149 6.5.1 Data Reconciliation: Lagrange Multiplier Compact Matrix Notation 152 6.6 Gross Error Detection and Identification 154 6.6.1 Gross Error Detection: The Global Test (GT) Method 154 6.6.2 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test (MT) Method: Linear Constraints 155 6.6.3 Gross Error (Suspect Measurement) Identification: The Measurement Test Method: Nonlinear Constraints 156 6.7 Closing Remarks 158 References 158 Problems 158 7. Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties 164 7.1 Equilibrium State of a Simple Compressible Fluid: Development of the T ds Equations 165 7.1.1 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas 166 7.1.2 Application of the T ds Equations to an Ideal Gas: Isentropic Process 166 7.2 General Energy Balance Equation for an Open System 167 7.3 Cogeneration Turbine System Performance Calculations: Ideal Gas Working Fluid 167 7.3.1 Compressor Performance Calculations 167 7.3.2 Turbine Performance Calculations 168 7.4 Air Basic Gas Turbine Performance Calculations 169 7.5 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber 172 7.5.1 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber: Ideal Gas Working Fluid 172 7.6 The HRSG: Design Performance Calculations 173 7.6.1 HRSG Design Calculations: Exhaust Gas Ideal and Water-Side Real Properties 176 7.7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance with Design HRSG 177 7.7.1 HRSG Material and Energy Balance Calculations Using Excel Callable Sheet Functions 179 7.8 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing 180 7.8.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach 180 7.8.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach 181 7.9 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance 185 7.9.1 Gas Turbines Types and Gas Turbine Design Conditions 185 7.9.2 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Using Performance Curves 186 7.9.3 Gas Turbine Internal Mass Flow Patterns 186 7.9.4 Industrial Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm 188 7.9.5 Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Off-Design (Part Load) Control Algorithm 189 7.9.6 Off-Design Performance Algorithm for Gas Turbines 189 7.10 Closing Remarks 193 References 194 Problems 194 8. Development of a Physical Properties Program for Cogeneration Calculations 198 8.1 Available Function Calls for Cogeneration Calculations 198 8.2 Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties 202 8.3 Derivation of Working Equations for Pure Species Thermodynamic Properties 207 8.4 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic Properties: General Development and Combustion Reaction Considerations 209 8.4.1 Ideal Mixture 209 8.4.2 Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy 209 8.5 Ideal Mixture Thermodynamic Properties: Apparent Difficulties 211 8.6 Mixing Rules for EOS 213 8.7 Closing Remarks 215 References 216 Problems 216 9. Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Real Fluid Properties 222 9.1 Cogeneration Gas Turbine System Performance Calculations: Real Physical Properties 223 9.1.1 Air Compressor (AC) Performance Calculation 224 9.1.2 Energy Balance for the Combustion Chamber (CC) 224 9.1.3 C Functions for Combustion Temperature and Exhaust Gas Physical Properties 224 9.1.4 Gas and Power Turbine (G&PT) Performance Calculations 229 9.1.5 Air Preheater (APH) 230 9.2 HRSG: Design Performance Calculations 230 9.3 HRSG Off-Design Calculations: Supplemental Firing 232 9.3.1 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Energy Balance Approach 233 9.3.2 HRSG Off-Design Performance: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Approach 234 9.4 Gas Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance 235 9.5 Closing Remarks 237 References 238 Problems 238 10. Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Economic Design Optimization and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Numerical Analysis 243 10.1 Cogeneration System: Economy of Scale 244 10.2 Cogeneration System Confi guration: Site Power-to-Heat Ratio 244 10.3 Economic Optimization of a Cogeneration System: The CGAM Problem 245 10.3.1 The Objective Function: Cogeneration System Capital and Operating Costs 246 10.3.2 Optimization: Variable Selection and Solution Strategy 248 10.3.3 Process Constraints 249 10.4 Economic Design Optimization of the CGAM Problem: Ideal Gas 249 10.4.1 Air Preheater (APH) Equations 249 10.4.2 CGAM Problem Physical Properties 249 10.5 The CGAM Cogeneration Design Problem: Real Physical Properties 250 10.6 Comparing CogenD and General Electric’s GateCycle™ 253 10.7 Numerical Solution of HRSG Heat Transfer Problems 254 10.7.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall 254 10.7.2 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a One-Dimensional Wall 255 10.7.3 Steady-State Heat Conduction in the HRSG 259 10.8 Closing Remarks 266 References 267 Problems 267 11. Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection in a Cogeneration System 272 11.1 Cogeneration System Data Reconciliation 272 11.2 Cogeneration System Gross Error Detection and Identification 278 11.3 Visual Display of Results 281 11.4 Closing Comments 281 References 282 Problems 283 12. Optimal Power Dispatch in a Cogeneration Facility 284 12.1 Developing the Optimal Dispatch Model 284 12.2 Overview of the Cogeneration System 286 12.3 General Operating Strategy Considerations 287 12.4 Equipment Energy Efficiency 287 12.4.1 Stand-Alone Boiler (Boiler 4) Performance (Based on Fuel Higher Heating Value (HHV)) 288 12.4.2 Electric Chiller Performance 289 12.4.3 Steam-Driven Chiller Performance 290 12.4.4 GE Air Cooler Chiller Performance 291 12.4.5 GE Gas Turbine Performance (Based on Fuel HHV) 294 12.4.6 GE Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 8 Performance (Based on Fuel HHV) 295 12.4.7 GE Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 8 Performance Supplemental Firing (Based on Fuel HHV) 296 12.4.8 Allison Gas Turbine Performance (Based on Fuel HHV) 296 12.4.9 Allison Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 7 Performance (Based on Fuel HHV) 297 12.4.10 Allison Gas Turbine HRSG Boiler 7 Performance Supplemental Firing (Based on Fuel HHV) 297 12.5 Predicting the Cost of Natural Gas and Purchased Electricity 298 12.5.1 Natural Gas Cost 299 12.5.2 Purchased Electricity Cost 299 12.6 Development of a Multiperiod Dispatch Model for the Cogeneration Facility 302 12.7 Closing Comments 309 References 310 Problems 310 13. Process Energy Integration 314 13.1 Introduction to Process Energy Integration/Minimum Utilities 314 13.2 Temperature Interval/Problem Table Analysis with 0° Approach Temperature 316 13.3 The Grand Composite Curve (GCC) 317 13.4 Temperature Interval/Problem Table Analysis with “Real” Approach Temperature 318 13.5 Determining Hot and Cold Stream from the Process Flow Sheet 319 13.6 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Maximum Energy Recovery (MER) 324 13.6.1 Design above the Pinch 325 13.6.2 Design below the Pinch 327 13.7 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Stream Splitting 328 13.8 Heat Exchanger Network Design with Minimum Number of Units (MNU) 329 13.9 Software for Teaching the Basics of Heat Exchanger Network Design (Teaching Heat Exchanger Networks (THEN)) 331 13.10 Heat Exchanger Network Design: Distillation Columns 331 13.11 Closing Remarks 336 References 336 Problems 337 14. Process and Site Utility Integration 343 14.1 Gas Turbine-Based Cogeneration Utility System for a Processing Plant 343 14.2 Steam Turbine-Based Utility System for a Processing Plant 353 14.3 Site-Wide Utility System Considerations 356 14.4 Closing Remarks 362 References 363 Problems 363 15. Site Utility Emissions 368 15.1 Emissions from Stoichiometric Considerations 369 15.2 Emissions from Combustion Equilibrium Calculations 370 15.2.1 Equilibrium Reactions 371 15.2.2 Combustion Chamber Material Balances 371 15.2.3 Equilibrium Relations for Gas-Phase Reactions/Gas-Phase Combustors 372 15.2.4 Equilibrium Compositions from Equilibrium Constants 376 15.3 Emission Prediction Using Elementary Kinetics Rate Expressions 380 15.3.1 Combustion Chemical Kinetics 380 15.3.2 Compact Matrix Notation for the Species Net Generation (or Production) Rate 381 15.4 Models for Predicting Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors 382 15.4.1 Perfectly Stirred Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Material Balance Problem 382 15.4.2 The Energy Balance for an Open System with Reaction (Combustion) 385 15.4.3 Perfectly Stirred Reactor Energy Balance 385 15.4.4 Solution of the Perfectly Stirred Reactor Material and Energy Balance Problem Using the Provided CVODE Code 386 15.4.5 Plug Flow Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Material Balance Problem 388 15.4.6 Plug Flow Reactor for Combustion Processes: The Energy Balance Problem 389 15.5 Closing Remarks 393 References 393 CVODE Tutorial 393 Problems 394 16. Coal-Fired Conventional Utility Plants with CO2 Capture (Design and Off-Design Steam Turbine Performance) 397 16.1 Power Plant Design Performance (Using Operational Data for Full-Load Operation) 398 16.1.1 Turbine System: Design Case (See Example 16.1.xls) 401 16.1.2 Extraction Flow Rates and Feedwater Heaters 402 16.1.3 Auxiliary Turbine/High-Pressure Feedwater Pump 402 16.1.4 Low-Pressure Feedwater Pump 403 16.1.5 Turbine Exhaust End Loss 403 16.1.6 Steam Turbine System Heat Rate and Performance Parameters 405 16.2 Power Plant Off-Design Performance (Part Load with Throttling Control Operation) 406 16.2.1 Initial Estimates for All Pressures and Effi ciencies: Sub Off_Design_Initial_Estimates ( ) 406 16.2.2 Modify Pressures: Sub Pressure_Iteration ( ) 406 16.2.3 Modify Effi ciencies: Sub Update Effi ciencies ( ) 408 16.3 Levelized Economics for Utility Pricing 409 16.4 CO2 Capture and Its Impact on a Conventional Utility Power Plant 413 16.5 Closing Comments 414 References 417 Problems 417 17. Alternative Energy Systems 419 17.1 Levelized Costs for Alternative Energy Systems 419 17.2 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): Determination of Levelized Cost 420 17.3 Nuclear Power Cycle 425 17.3.1 A High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor (HTGR) 425 References 427 Problems 427 Appendix. Bridging Excel and C Codes 429 A.1 Introduction 429 A.2 Working with Functions 431 A.3 Working with Vectors 434 A.4 Working with Matrices 442 A.4.1 Gauss–Jordan Matrix Elimination Method 442 A.4.2 Coding the Gauss–Jordan Matrix Elimination Method 443 A.5 Closing Comments 446 References 448 Tutorial 448 Microsoft C++ 2008 Express: Creating C Programs and DLLs 448 Index 458

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Book SynopsisFirst book on rubber used as a construction material dedicated to the chemical process industry Despite the long history of rubber as a construction material, this book is a unique publication as it comprehensively looks at the material with respect to the anti-corrosion requirements of the multitude of industries where rubber is used, both on land and offshore. This guide documents how rubber reliably meets the threats of corrosion and contributes to the longevity of the equipment. Chapters on ebonite, natural, and synthetic rubbers, examine their relevant properties and chemical resistance. The book details the practical aspects and handling of rubber lined equipment: thin-walled structures, vacuum vessels, ducts, large diameter tanks, agitators, and fully lined pipes (both inside and outside). Molded and fabricated products of ebonite and soft rubber as well as hand-made rubber products are shown along with vulcanization technology, testing and inspections, measureTrade Review“The book will also be very useful to the construction industry.” (Int. J. Microstructure and Materials Properties, 1 May 2012) Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Preface. 1. Introduction - Background and Reasons for Using Rubber as a Construction Material. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Elastomer. 1.3 Polymer. 1.4 Rubber. 1.5 Rubber Dampens. 1.6 Rubber Seals. 1.7 Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects. 1.8 Rubber Gives Thermal Insulation. 1.9 Rubber Gives Passive Fire Protection. 1.10 Rubber is Ablative. 1.11 Rubber wears. 1.12 Rubber Bonds with Metal. 1.13 Rubber is Impermeable. References. 2. Rubber Compounding. 2.1 Background. 2.2 Compounding. 2.3 Scope of Compounding. 2.4 Basic Compounding Formulation. 2.5 Property Requirements of Un-vulcanized Rubber. 2.6 Property Requirements of Vulcanized Rubber. 2.7 Basic Changes in Properties. 2.8 Compounding Ingredients. 3. Ebonite-Problems and Solutions. 3.1 Liquid Ebonite. 3.2 Rubber-sulphur Reaction. 3.3 Retarding Accelerators. 3.4 Coefficient of Vulcanization. 3.5 Synthetic Rubbers Which Can Be Converted into Ebonite. 3.6 Technological Aspects of Ebonites. 3.7 Uses of Ebonites. 3.8 Main Properties Exhibited by Ebonites. 3.9 Processing of Ebonite. 3.10 Vulcanization in Relation to Properties. 3.11 Rubber-sulphur Ratio and Cure Time. 3.12 Curing Temperature. 3.13 Method of Cure. 3.14 Shrinkage During Cure. 3.15 Shape Reduction During Cure. 4. Rubber Lining - Types and Application Procedures. 4.1 What is Rubber Lining? 4.2 Types of Corrosion. 4.3 Materials Selection. 4.4 Performance Tests. 4.5 Maintenance Requirements. 4.6 Control of Operating Conditions. 4.7 Corrosive Chemicals. 4.8 Codes of Practice Relating to Corrosion. 4.9 Types of Rubber Lining. 4.10 Application Procedures for Rubber Lining. 4.11 Role of Impurities. 4.12 Working Temperature. 4.13 Lining Thickness. 4.14 Adhesive Coating. 4.15 Application of Calendered Sheet. 4.16 Inspection of Rubber Lining. 4.17 Sheet Dimensions. 4.18 Sheet Laying and Rolling. 4.19 Lining Procedure for Pipes. 4.20 Storage of Rubber Lined Pipes. 4.21 Design and Fabrication of Lining Supports for Handling Lined Equipment. 4.22 Surface Preparation for Rubber Lining. 4.23 Methods of Surface Preparation. 4.24 On Site Rubber Lining. 5. Rubbers and Their Relevant Properties for the Chemical and Mineral Processing Industries. 5.1 Historical Aspects. 5.2 Elastomer Types According to American Society of Testing Materials-ASTM D2000. 5.3 Mullins Effect. 5.4 Payne Effect. 5.5 The Reversibility. 5.6 Resistance to Wear and Tear. 5.7 Chemical Compatibility. 5.8 Glass Transition Temperature. 5.9 High Temperature Behaviour. 5.10 Fluid Resistance. 5.11 Incompressibility. 5.12 Natural Rubber. 5.13 Synthetic Polyisoprene (IR). 5.14 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). 5.15 Butadiene Rubber. 5.16 Butyl Rubber (IIR). 5.17 Chlorobutyl (CIIR) and Bromobutyl (BUR). 5.18 Ethylene Propylene Rubbers (EPM and EPDM). 5.19 Polychloroprene (CR). 5.20 Nitrile Rubbers. 5.21 Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM). 5.22 Silicone Rubber. 5.23 Thiokol or Polysulphide Rubbers (T). 5.24 Polyurethane (AU or EU). 5.25 Fluoroelastomers (FKM). 6. Design Considerations for Fabrication of Equipment Suitable for Rubber Lining. 6.1 Mild Steel Vessels. 6.2 Pipes and Fittings. 6.3 Metal Defects Detrimental to Rubber Lining. 7. Chemical Process Plants and Equipment. 7.1 The Chemical Process. 7.2 Flue Gas Desulphurization Systems (FGD). 7.3 Water and Waste Water Treatment Equipment. 7.4 Nuclear Power Water Treatment Plant. 7.5 Radiation Units. 7.6 Phosphoric Acid Equipment. 7.7 Hydrochloric Acid Handling Equipment. 7.8 Sodium Hypochlorite and other Bleach Equipment. 7.9 Gold Ore Processing Equipment. 7.10 Equipment for Evaporation. 7.11 Crystallizer. 7.12 Dryers. 7.13 Cyclone Separators. 7.14 Thickeners. 7.15 Perforated Plates. 7.16 Industry Equipment and Components. 8. Processibility and Vulcanization Tests. 8.1 Critical Properties of Rubber. 8.2 Scorch. 8.3 Rate of Cure. 8.4 State of Cure. 8.5 Cure Time. 8.6 Over Cure. 8.7 Processibility. 8.8 Plasticity. 8.9 Plasticity Tests. 8.10 Plasticity and Viscosity Test Methods. 8.11 Residual Scorch. 8.12 Vulcanization Studies. 8.13 Vulcanization Test. 8.14 Density of Solids. 8.15 Hardness. 8.16 Spark Testing. 8.17 Immersion Test 8.18 Specifications and Codes of Practice. 9. Rubber to Metal Bonding. 9.1 The Rubber Bonding Process. 9.2 The Bonding Layer. 9.3 Selection of Bonding Agents. 9.4 Choice of Substrate. 9.5 The Bonding Process. 9.6 Application of Bonding Agents. 9.7 Adhesive Manufacture for Ebonite Bonding. 9.8 Moulding of Rubber-Metal Bonded Product. 9.9 Compounding of Rubber for Metal-Rubber Bonding. 10. Vulcanization Technology. 10.1 Principles of Vulcanization. 10.2 Sulphur and Sulphurless Vulcanization. 10.3 Peroxide Vulcanization. 10.4 Vulcanization Conditions. 10.5 Techniques of Vulcanization. 10.6 Control of Production Cures. 10.7 Vulcanization Time. 10.8 Common Defects in Vulcanizates. 11. Rubber in Seawater Systems. 11.1 Seawater. 11.2 Design Considerations in Seawater Corrosion Protecting System. 11.3 Epoxy Resin. 11.4 Elastomeric Polyurethane Coating. 11.5 Surface Preparation Methods. 11.6 Specific Corrosion Protection Measures. 11.7 Intake Water Tunnels. 11.8 Trash Rack and Traveling Water Screens. 11.9 Condenser Water Boxes. 11.10 Condenser Tubes and Tube Sheets. 11.11 Piping, Pumps and Heat Exchangers. 11.12 Field Observations. 11.13 Material of Construction for Seawater Based Systems in Nuclear Power Plants [1]. 12. Rubber in Oil Field Environment. 12.1 Well Fluid. 12.2 Completion Fluid. 12.3 Stimulation Fluid. 12.4 Explosive Decompression. 12.5 Effect of Increasing Molecular Weight. 13. Calendering of Rubber and Coated Rubber Sheets. 13.1 Calendering Machine. 13.2 Calender Design Features. 13.3 Fabric Coating-Topping. 13.4 Frictioning. 13.5 Rubber Sheets. 13.6 The Art of Calendering. 14. Moulding Technology. 14.1 Factors in Moulding. 14.2 Types of Moulding Process. 14.3 Press Curing. 14.4 Moulding of Hollow Parts. 14.5 Moulding Shrinkage. 14.6 Mould Lubricants. 14.7 Moulding Defects. 15. Service Life of Rubber-lined Chemical Equipment. 15.1 Materials that Improve the Ageing of Vulcanizates. 15.2 Oxidation. 15.3 Heat. 15.4 Flexing. 15.5 Ozone. 15.6 Light. 15.7 Sulphur. 15.8 Metals. 15.9 Fluids. 15.10 l Predicting Life of Lining. 15.11 Hydrochloric Acid Tank Lining Life. 15.12 Residual Life of Natural Rubber Lining in a Phosphoric Acid Storage Tank. 15.13 Immersion in Fluids. 16. Case Studies. 16.1 Case Study: Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. 16.2 Case Study: Hinkle Reservoir. 16.3 Case Study: Ammonium Nitrate Explosion. 16.4 Case Study: "O"Ring Failure. 16.5 Case Study: Pebble Mill. 16.6 Case Study: Rubber and Ceramic Liners. 16.7 Case Study: Flue Gas Desulphurizing. 16.8 Case Study: Wrong Selection of Curing Method. Glossary of Terms. Appendix 1. ASTM Elastomer/Rubber Designations. Appendix 2. Properties of Specialty Rubbers. Appendix 3, Temperature-Pressure Equivalents of Saturated Steam. Appendix 4. List of Suppliers Who Publish Technical Literature on Rubbers and Chemicals. Bibiliography. About the Author. Index.

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Book SynopsisCost-effective strategies for designing novel drug delivery systems that target a broad range of disease conditions In vivo imaging has become an important tool for the development of new drug delivery systems, shedding new light on the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, bioavailability, local concentration, and clearance of drug substances for the treatment of human disease, most notably cancer. Written by a team of international experts, this book examines the use of quantitative imaging techniques in designing and evaluating novel drug delivery systems and applications. Drug Delivery Applications of Noninvasive Imaging offers a full arsenal of tested and proven methods, practices and guidance, enabling readers to overcome the many challenges in creating successful new drug delivery systems. The book begins with an introduction to molecular imaging. Next, it covers: In vivo imaging techniques and quantitative analysis Table of ContentsPreface ix contributors xi 1 Introduction to Molecular Imaging 1 Vikas Kundra 2 PET/SPECT: Instrumentation and Imaging Techniques 12 Yuan-Chuan Tai 3 Photoacoustic Tomography and Its Applications in Drug Delivery and Photothermal Therapy 45 Liang Song and Lihong V. Wang 4 Raman Microspectral Imaging for Label-Free Detection of Nanoparticle-Mediated Cellular and Subcellular Drug Delivery 70 Tatyana Chernenko, Lara Milane, Christian Matthäus, Max Diem, and Mansoor Amiji 5 A natomical and Functional MRI91 Edward F. Jackson 6 Quantitative Imaging in Drug Delivery 125 Kooresh I. Shoghi 7 PET Imaging of the Pharmacokinetics of Small Molecular-Weight Drugs 147 Stephen M. Moerlein and Zhude Tu 8 Imaging Peptides, Proteins, and Antibody Delivery 192 Frederik L. Giesel and Clemens Kratochwil 9 In Vivo Imaging and Delivery of siRNA199 Zdravka Medarova and Anna Moore 10 Imaging Cell Therapy 223 Yajie Liang and Jeff W. M. Bulte 11 Radiolabeled Liposomes as Drug Delivery Nanotheranostics 252 William T. Phillips, Ande Bao, Keitaro Sou, Shihong Li, and Beth Goins 12 Polymeric Micelles as Imaging Agents and Drug Delivery Systems 268 Jun Zhao and Chun Li 13 Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles: Translating Bench Opportunities to the Clinic 296 G. M. Lanza, P. M. Winter, S. D. Caruthers, A. H. Schmieder, and S. A. Wickline 14 Cancer Theranostics with Hollow Gold Nanospheres 308 Wei Lu and Chun Li 15 Imaging Pulmonary Drug Delivery 333 Stephen P. Newman 16 In Vivo Imaging for Validation of Oral Dose Performance 367 Fiona J. McInnes and Howard N. E. Stevens 17 Role of Large Animal Models in Translational Studies of Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery 389 Rajesh K. Uthamanthil and Mei Tian 18 Imaging Transcatheter Delivery to Liver Tumors 412 Adil Al-Nahhas, Meeran Naji, and Imene Zerizer 19 Direct Visualization of Therapeutic Radionuclide Distribution Using Nuclear Medicine Imaging: I-131 in Metastatic Thyroid Carcinoma 426 Ho Young Lee, June-Key Chung, So Won Oh, Jong Jin Lee, Keon Wook Kang, Do Joon Park, Bo Youn Cho, and Myung Chul Lee 20 Imaging Drug Delivery to the CNS Using Translational Positron Emission Tomography Studies 432 Chi-Ming Lee, Katarina Varnäs, and Lars Farde Index 449

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Book SynopsisHighly Commended at the BMA Medical Book Awards 2015 Mann s Pharmacovigilance is the definitive reference for the science of detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of the adverse effects of medicines, including vaccines and biologics.Trade Review“I highly recommend this comprehensive reference for everyone who has any role in developing, delivering, or regulating drugs, or educating prescribers to administer these drugs to patients so that drug therapy can maximize efficacy in treating diseases while minimizing adverse events.” (Doody’s, 9 January 2015)Highly Commended at the BMA Medical Book Awards 2015Table of ContentsContributors xi Foreword xxi 1 Introduction: Updated from Second Edition 1 Ronald D. Mann and Elizabeth B. Andrews 2 History of Pharmacovigilance 11 Judith K. Jones and Elyse Kingery I The Regulatory Basis Of Pharmacovigilance 3 Legal Basis: European Union 27 Brian Edwards, Calvin Johnson, and Shelley Gandhi 4 Ethical Oversight, Consent, and Confi dentiality 37 Suzanne L. West and Wendy A. Visscher 5 Pharmacovigilance-Related Topics at the Level of the International Conference on Harmonisation 47 Priya Bahri 6 The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences Working Groups and Their Contributions to Pharmacovigilance 63 Gunilla Sjölin-Forsberg and William Gregory 7 Terminologies in Pharmacovigilance 77 Elliot Brown and Daniel von Sydow 8 Nonclinical Toxicological Support for Phase I Trials 95 David R. Jones and James W. MCBlane 9 The Evaluation of Adverse Events in Clinical Trials (with a Particular Focus on the Use of Meta Analysis) 109 Jesse A. Berlin, Brenda Crowe, and H. Amy Xia 10 Case Reports as Evidence in Pharmacovigilance 121 Jeffrey K. Aronson 11 Periodic Safety Update Reports 139 Patrice Verpillat and Mondher Toumi 12 The Principles behind Risk Management in the European Union 153 Stella C.F. Blackburn and June M. Raine II Pharmacovigilance Systems Pharmacovigilance in Europe 13a Regulatory Pharmacovigilance in the European Union 173 Priya Bahri and Peter Arlett 13b Spontaneous Reporting: United Kingdom 185 Mick Foy, Paul Barrow, and June M. Raine 13c Spontaneous Reporting: France 203 Jacques Caron, Sophie Gautier, and Michel Mallaret 13d How Pharmacovigilance is Organized in Germany 207 Ulrich Hagemann and Norbert Paeschke 13e Organization of Pharmacovigilance in the Netherlands 213 Eugène Van Puijenbroek and Kees Van Grootheest 13f Pharmacovigilance in Spain 217 Dolores Montero, Miguel Angel Maciá, and César De La Fuente 13g Italian Pharmacovigilance System 221 Laura Sottosanti and Fernanda Ferrazin 13h Pharmacovigilance in Turkey 225 Sinem Ezgi Gülmez Pharmacovigilance in the Americas 14a Spontaneous Reporting and Pharmacovigilance Practice: USA 229 Min-Chu Chen, Solomon Iyasu, Alfred Sorbello, and Linda Scarazzini 14b Spontaneous Reporting in Mexico 241 Alejandra Rosete and Ricardo Benítez-Vázquez 14c Pharmacovigilance in Argentina: A Lot Done, A Lot To Do 245 Luis Alesso and Raquel Herrera Comoglio Pharmacovigilance in Asia 15a Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management in Japan 249 Kiyoshi Kubota and Tsugumichi Sato 15b Pharmacovigilance in Hong Kong 259 Thomas Y.K. Chan 15c Pharmacovigilance in China 263 Hong-Hao Zhou, Fan-Dian Zeng, and Jie Tang 15d China 267 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15e Malaysia 271 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15f Philippines 273 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15g Singapore 277 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15h Thailand 279 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15i Vietnam 283 Kenneth Hartigan-Go and Althea Bongat 15j Pharmacovigilance in India 285 Pipasha Biswas Pharmacovigilance in New Zealand and Australia 16a Pharmacovigilance in New Zealand 291 Mira Harrison-Woolrych, Michael Tatley, and Desiree Kunac 16b Pharmacovigilance: Australia 295 John MCEwen Pharmacovigilance in Africa 17 Pharmacovigilance in Africa 299 Alexander N.O. Dodoo and Haggar H. Ampadu III Signal Detection/Generation in Spontaneous Reporting Programs and Other Sources: From Spontaneous Reporting To Pharmacoepidemiology 18 Vaccine Safety Surveillance 305 Emily Jane Woo, Jerry Labadie, and M. Miles Braun 19 How We Assess Causality 319 Judith K. Jones and Elyse Kingery 20 Quantitative Signal Detection and Analysis in Pharmacovigilance 331 Andrew Bate, Antoine Pariente, Manfred Hauben, and Bernard Bégaud 21 Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis 355 Paddy Farrington 22 Prescription–Event Monitoring (PEM): The Evolution to the New Modifi ed PEM and its Support of Risk Management 359 Deborah Layton and Saad Shakir 23 Prescription–Event Monitoring in New Zealand 385 Mira Harrison-Woolrych 24 A Description of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance as a Global Resource for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology 403 Thomas Goedecke and Peter Arlett 25 Overview of North American Databases 409 Brian L. Strom, Rita Schinnar, and Judith L. Kinman 26 The Clinical Practice Research Datalink: The New 54 Million Fully Integrated Research Data and Clinical Trial System 421 John Parkinson 27 Active Surveillance: The United States Food and Drug Administration’s Sentinel Initiative 429 Ryan M. Carnahan, Carlos J. Bell, and Richard Platt 28 Leveraging Routinely Collected Healthcare Data to Scale Up Drug Safety Surveillance: The EU-ADR Experience 439 Gianluca Trifi rò and Preciosa Coloma 29 Development and Evaluation of Infrastructure and Analytic Methods for Systematic Drug Safety Surveillance: Lessons and Resources from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership 453 Paul Stang, Patrick Ryan, Abraham G. Hartzema, David Madigan, J. Marc Overhage, Emily Welebob, Christian G. Reich, and Thomas Scarnecchia IV Pharmacovigilance and Drug/System Organ Classes 30 Mechanisms of Adverse Drug Reactions 465 Munir Pirmohamed 31 Fatal Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Reactions 489 Robin E. Ferner and Sarah E. Mcdowell 32 Dermatological Adverse Drug Reactions 503 Laurence Valeyrie-Allanore and Jean-Claude Roujeau 33 Gastrointestinal Adverse Drug Reactions 513 Angel Lanas Arbeloa and Carlos Sostres Homedes 34 Hematological Adverse Drug Reactions 527 Peter J. Carey 35 Hepatic Adverse Drug Reactions 539 Guruprasad P. Aithal and Dominique Larrey 36 Ocular Side Effects of Prescription Medications 557 Frederick W. Fraunfelder 37 Renal Adverse Drug Reactions 567 Gert A. Verpooten 38 The Cardiovascular Spectrum of Adverse Drug Reactions 577 Charles Schubert and Judith Hsia 39 Neurological Adverse Events 585 Bradford B. Walters Special Populations 40 Drug Safety in Pregnancy 611 Christina D. Chambers and Elizabeth B. Andrews 41 Pharmacovigilance in Pediatrics 625 M. Dianne Murphy, Judith Cope, and Solomon Iyasu 42 Drugs and the Elderly 639 Jamie J. Coleman Special Product Classes 43 Anesthetic Adverse Drug Reactions 659 Anita Holdcroft and Karine Nouette-Gaulain 44 Pharmacoepidemiology as Part of Pharmacovigilance for Biologic Therapies 685 John Acquavella, Brian Bradbury, Cathy Critchlow, Jason B. Litten, J. Michael Sprafka, and John Sullivan 45 Surveillance for Medical Devices: USA 703 Thomas P. Gross 46 The Effi cacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents 719 J. Magno Zito, D.J. Safer, and Satish Valluri 47 Nonsteroidal Anti-infl ammatory Drugs – Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: Risks and Benefits 735 K. Arnold Chan 48 Introduction to Pharmionics: The Vagaries in Ambulatory Patients’ Adherence to Prescribed Drug Dosing Regimens, and Some of Their Clinical and Economic Consequences 751 John Urquhart and Bernard Vrijens 49 Design and Implementation of Surveys to Assess Patient and Healthcare Provider Understanding of Risks and Safe Use Conditions 769 Kelly Hollis and Alicia Gilsenan VI Training and Education And Directions 50 Eu2P: The First European Online Public–Private Joint Training Program in Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology 787 Karine Palin, Christa Bataille, Stéphane Liège, Ralph Schimmer, and Annie Fourrier-Réglat 51 Teaching and Learning Pharmacovigilance 793 Frank May 52 Practical Experience in Teaching Pharmacovigilance 805 Stephen Evans and Ian Douglas 53 An Historical Perspective of the Future of Pharmacovigilance 807 Nicholas Moore Index 819

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Book SynopsisSensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret responses to products perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. It is used to reveal insights into the way in which sensory properties drive consumer acceptance and behaviour, and to design products that best deliver what the consumer wants. It is also used at a more fundamental level to provide a wider understanding of the mechanisms involved in sensory perception and consumer behaviour. Quantitative Sensory Analysis is an in-depth and unique treatment of the quantitative basis of sensory testing, enabling scientists in the food, cosmetics and personal care product industries to gain objective insights into consumer preference data vital for informed new product development. Written by a globally-recognised learer in the field, this book is suitable for industrial sensory evaluation practitioners, sensory scientists, advanced undergraduate and graTable of ContentsPreface x 1 Psychophysics I: Introduction and Thresholds 1 1.1 Introduction and Terminology 1 1.2 Absolute Sensitivity 4 1.3 Methods for Measuring Absolute Thresholds 8 1.4 Differential Sensitivity 13 1.5 A Look Ahead: Fechner’s Contribution 17 Appendix 1.A: Relationship of Proportions, Areas Under the Normal Distribution, and Z-Scores 18 Appendix 1.B: Worked Example: Fitting a Logistic Function to Threshold Data 20 References 22 2 Psychophysics II: Scaling and Psychophysical Functions 24 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 History: Cramer, Bernoulli, Weber, and Fechner 26 2.3 Partition Scales and Categories 27 2.4 Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law 28 2.5 Cross-Modality Matching; Attempts at Validation 32 2.6 Two-Stage Models and Judgment Processes 35 2.7 Empirical Versus Theory-Based Functions 39 2.8 Hybrid Scales and Indirect Scales: A Look Ahead 40 2.9 Summary and Conclusions 41 Appendix 2.A: Decibels and Sones 42 Appendix 2.B: Worked Example: Transformations Applied to Non-Modulus Magnitude Estimation Data 44 References 45 3 Basics of Signal Detection Theory 47 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 The Yes/No Experiment 49 3.3 Connecting the Design to Theory 52 3.4 The ROC Curve 57 3.5 ROC Curves from Rating Scales; the R-Index 62 3.6 Conclusions and Implications for Sensory Testing 67 Appendix 3.A: Table of p and Z 68 Appendix 3.B: Test for the Significance of Differences Between d′ Values 69 References 69 4 Thurstonian Models for Discrimination and Preference 71 4.1 The Simple Paired-Choice Model 71 4.2 Extension into n-AFC: The Byer and Abrams “Paradox” 78 4.3 A Breakthrough: Power Analysis and Sample Size Determination 80 4.4 Tau Versus Beta Criteria: The Same–Different Test 84 4.5 Extension to Preference and Nonforced Preference 89 4.6 Limitations and Issues in Thurstonian Modeling 90 4.7 Summary and Conclusions 94 Appendix 4.A: The Bradley–Terry–Luce Model: An Alternative to Thurstone 95 Appendix 4.B: Tables for delta Values from Proportion Correct 96 References 97 5 Progress in Discrimination Testing 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Metrics for Degree of Difference 104 5.3 Replication in Choice Tests 108 5.4 Current Variations 110 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 118 Appendix 5.A: Psychometric Function for the Dual Pair Test, Power Equations, and Sample Size 119 Appendix 5.B: Fun with g 120 References 121 6 Similarity and Equivalence Testing 124 6.1 Introduction: Issues in Type II Error 124 6.2 Commonsense Approaches to Equivalence 126 6.3 Allowable Differences and Effect Size 133 6.4 Further Significance Testing 138 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 140 References 141 7 Progress in Scaling 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Labeled Magnitude Scales for Intensity 147 7.3 Adjustable and Relative Scales 153 7.4 Explicit Anchoring 155 7.5 Post Hoc Adjustments 158 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 161 Appendix 7.A: Examples of Individual Rescaling for Magnitude Estimation 162 References 164 8 Progress in Affective Testing: Preference/Choice and Hedonic Scaling 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Preference Testing Options 168 8.3 Replication 173 8.4 Alternative Models: Ferris k-visit, Dirichlet multinomial 176 8.5 Affective Scales 181 8.6 Ranking and Partial Ranking 185 8.7 Conclusions 188 Appendix 8.A: Proof that the McNemar Test is Equivalent to the Binomial Approximation Z-Test (AKA Sign Test) 188 References 190 9 Using Subjects as Their Own Controls 194 Part I: Designs using Parametric Statistics 195 9.1 Introduction to Part I 195 9.2 Dependent Versus Independent t-Tests 198 9.3 Within-Subjects ANOVA (“Repeated Measures”) 203 9.4 Issues 206 Part II: Nonparametric Statistics 208 9.5 Introduction to Part II 208 9.6 Applications of the McNemar Test: A–not-A and Same–Different Methods 209 9.7 Examples of the Stuart–Maxwell 212 9.8 Further Extensions of the Stuart Test Comparisons 218 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 220 Appendix 9.A: R code for the Stuart Test 221 References 222 10 Frequency Counts and Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) 224 10.1 Frequency Count Data: Situations — Open Ends, CATA 224 10.2 Simple Data Handling 227 10.3 Repeated or Within-Subjects Designs 228 10.4 Multivariate Analyses 230 10.5 Difference from Ideal and Penalty Analysis 231 10.6 Frequency Counts in Advertising Claims 235 10.7 Conclusions 236 Appendix 10.A: Proof Showing Equivalence of Binomial Approximation Z-Test and c2 Test for Differences of Proportions 237 References 239 11 Time–Intensity Modeling 240 11.1 Introduction: Goals and Applications 240 11.2 Parameters Versus Average Curves 245 11.3 Other Methods and Analyses 250 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 References 254 12 Product Stability and Shelf-Life Measurement 257 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 Strategies, Measurements, and Choices 258 12.3 Study Designs 261 12.4 Hazard Functions and Failure Distributions 261 12.5 Reaction Rates and Kinetic Modeling 267 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 271 References 272 13 Product Optimization, Just-About-Right (Jar ) Scales, and Ideal Profiling 273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Equations, Designed Experiments, and Response Surfaces 276 13.3 Just-About-Right Scales 279 13.4 Ideal Profiling 285 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 292 References 294 14 Perceptual Mapping, Multivariate Tools, and Graph Theory 297 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Common Multivariate Methods 299 14.3 Shortcuts for Data Collection: Sorting and Projective Mapping 308 14.4 Preference Mapping Revisited 309 14.5 Cautions and Concerns 311 14.6 Introduction to Graph Theory 314 References 319 15 Segmentation 323 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Case Studies 326 15.3 Cluster Analysis 330 15.4 Other Analyses and Methods 336 15.5 Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things 337 References 338 16 An Introduction to Bayesian Analysis 340 16.1 Some Binomial-Based Examples 340 16.2 General Bayesian Models 347 16.3 Bayesian Inference Using Beta Distributions for Preference Tests 349 16.4 Proportions of Discriminators 352 16.5 Modeling Forced-Choice Discrimination Tests 353 16.6 Replicated Discrimination Tests 355 16.7 Bayesian Networks 356 16.8 Conclusions 359 References 360 Appendix A: Overview of Sensory Evaluation 361 A.1 Introduction 361 A.2 Discrimination and Simple Difference Tests 363 A.3 Descriptive Analysis 367 A.4 Affective Tests 372 A.5 Summary and Conclusions 375 References 375 Appendix B: Overview of Experimental Design 377 B.1 General Considerations 377 B.2 Factorial Designs 379 B.3 Fractional Factorials and Screening 380 B.4 Central Composite and Box–Behnken Designs 383 B.5 Mixture Designs 385 B.6 Summary and Conclusions 385 References 386 Appendix C: Glossary 387 Index 398

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the scientific principles underlying electrochemistry. Starting with basic concepts of electricity, early chapters discuss the physics and chemistry of electrochemical cell materials and the properties that make them appropriate as cell components.Trade Review“Students will find it a good starting point to discover electrochemistry, which was pointed out as the primary objective by the authors. Job well done!.” (Chromatographia, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Electricity 1 Electric Charge 1 Charges at Rest 3 Capacitance and Conductance 8 Mobilities 18 Electrical Circuits 21 Alternating Electricity 23 Summary 28 2 Chemistry 29 Chemical Reactions 29 Gibbs Energy 30 Activity 33 Ionic Solutions 38 Ionic Activity Coefficients 41 Chemical Kinetics 46 Summary 52 3 Electrochemical Cells 55 Equilibrium Cells 55 Cells not at Equilibrium 60 Cells with Junctions 64 Summary 69 4 Electrosynthesis 71 Metal Production 71 The Chloralkali Industry 74 Organic Electrosynthesis 75 Electrolysis of Water 77 Selective Membranes 79 Summary 83 5 Electrochemical Power 85 Types of Electrochemical Power Source 85 Battery Characteristics 86 Primary Batteries 88 Secondary Batteries 94 Fuel Cells 100 Summary 104 6 Electrodes 105 Electrode Potentials 105 Standard Electrode Potentials 109 The Nernst Equation 111 Electrochemical Series 113 Working Electrodes 117 Summary 123 7 Electrode Reactions 125 Faraday’s Law 125 Kinetics of a Simple Electron Transfer 130 Multi-step Electrode Reactions 137 Summary 144 8 Transport 145 Flux Density 145 Three Transport Modes 148 Migration 149 Diffusion 154 Diffusion and Migration 158 Convection 161 Fluxes at Electrodes and in the Bulk 165 Summary 170 9 Green Electrochemistry 171 Sensors for Pollution Control 171 Stripping Analysis 177 Electrochemical Purification of Water 182 Electrochemistry of Biological Cells 186 Summary 192 10 Electrode Polarization 193 Three Causes of Electrode Polarization 193 Ohmic Polarization 197 Kinetic Polarization 200 Transport Polarization 202 Multiple Polarizations 205 Polarizations in Two- and Three-Electrode Cells 208 Summary 212 11 Corrosion 213 Vulnerable Metals 213 Corrosion Cells 215 Electrochemical Studies 217 Concentrated Corrosion 222 Fighting Corrosion 224 Extreme Corrosion 228 Summary 229 12 Steady-State Voltammetry 231 Features of Voltammetry 232 Microelectrodes and Macroelectrodes 234 Steady-State Potential-Step Voltammetry 237 The Disk Microelectrode 245 Rotating Disk Voltammetry 248 Shapes of Reversible Voltammograms 252 Summary 258 13 The Electrode Interface 259 Double Layers 259 Adsorption 266 The Interface in Voltammetry 271 Nucleation and Growth 281 Summary 285 14 Other Interfaces 287 Semiconductor Electrodes 287 Phenomena at Liquid*Liquid Interfaces 291 Electrokinetic Phenomena 298 Summary 302 15 Electrochemistry With Periodic Signals 303 Nonfaradaic Effects of A.C. 304 Faradaic Effects of A.C. 305 Equivalent Circuits 313 A.C. Voltammetry 318 Fourier-Transform Voltammetry 322 Summary 328 16 Transient Voltammetry 329 Modeling Transient Voltammetry 329 Potential-Step Voltammetry 334 Pulse Voltammetries 339 Ramped Potentials 346 Multiple Electron Transfers 355 Chemistry Combined with Electrochemistry 357 Controlling Current Instead of Potential 362 Summary 364 Appendix 365 Glossary 365 Absolute and Relative Permittivities 382 Properties of Liquid Water 383 Contents ix Conductivities and Resistivities 384 Elements with Major Importance in Electrochemistry 386 Transport Properties 388 Standard Gibbs Energies 390 Standard Electrode Potentials 392 Index 393

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the scientific principles underlying electrochemistry. Starting with basic concepts of electricity, early chapters discuss the physics and chemistry of electrochemical cell materials and the properties that make them appropriate as cell components.Trade Review“Students will find it a good starting point to discover electrochemistry, which was pointed out as the primary objective by the authors. Job well done!.” (Chromatographia, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Electricity 1 Electric Charge 1 Charges at Rest 3 Capacitance and Conductance 8 Mobilities 18 Electrical Circuits 21 Alternating Electricity 23 Summary 28 2 Chemistry 29 Chemical Reactions 29 Gibbs Energy 30 Activity 33 Ionic Solutions 38 Ionic Activity Coefficients 41 Chemical Kinetics 46 Summary 52 3 Electrochemical Cells 55 Equilibrium Cells 55 Cells not at Equilibrium 60 Cells with Junctions 64 Summary 69 4 Electrosynthesis 71 Metal Production 71 The Chloralkali Industry 74 Organic Electrosynthesis 75 Electrolysis of Water 77 Selective Membranes 79 Summary 83 5 Electrochemical Power 85 Types of Electrochemical Power Source 85 Battery Characteristics 86 Primary Batteries 88 Secondary Batteries 94 Fuel Cells 100 Summary 104 6 Electrodes 105 Electrode Potentials 105 Standard Electrode Potentials 109 The Nernst Equation 111 Electrochemical Series 113 Working Electrodes 117 Summary 123 7 Electrode Reactions 125 Faraday’s Law 125 Kinetics of a Simple Electron Transfer 130 Multi-step Electrode Reactions 137 Summary 144 8 Transport 145 Flux Density 145 Three Transport Modes 148 Migration 149 Diffusion 154 Diffusion and Migration 158 Convection 161 Fluxes at Electrodes and in the Bulk 165 Summary 170 9 Green Electrochemistry 171 Sensors for Pollution Control 171 Stripping Analysis 177 Electrochemical Purification of Water 182 Electrochemistry of Biological Cells 186 Summary 192 10 Electrode Polarization 193 Three Causes of Electrode Polarization 193 Ohmic Polarization 197 Kinetic Polarization 200 Transport Polarization 202 Multiple Polarizations 205 Polarizations in Two- and Three-Electrode Cells 208 Summary 212 11 Corrosion 213 Vulnerable Metals 213 Corrosion Cells 215 Electrochemical Studies 217 Concentrated Corrosion 222 Fighting Corrosion 224 Extreme Corrosion 228 Summary 229 12 Steady-State Voltammetry 231 Features of Voltammetry 232 Microelectrodes and Macroelectrodes 234 Steady-State Potential-Step Voltammetry 237 The Disk Microelectrode 245 Rotating Disk Voltammetry 248 Shapes of Reversible Voltammograms 252 Summary 258 13 The Electrode Interface 259 Double Layers 259 Adsorption 266 The Interface in Voltammetry 271 Nucleation and Growth 281 Summary 285 14 Other Interfaces 287 Semiconductor Electrodes 287 Phenomena at Liquid*Liquid Interfaces 291 Electrokinetic Phenomena 298 Summary 302 15 Electrochemistry With Periodic Signals 303 Nonfaradaic Effects of A.C. 304 Faradaic Effects of A.C. 305 Equivalent Circuits 313 A.C. Voltammetry 318 Fourier-Transform Voltammetry 322 Summary 328 16 Transient Voltammetry 329 Modeling Transient Voltammetry 329 Potential-Step Voltammetry 334 Pulse Voltammetries 339 Ramped Potentials 346 Multiple Electron Transfers 355 Chemistry Combined with Electrochemistry 357 Controlling Current Instead of Potential 362 Summary 364 Appendix 365 Glossary 365 Absolute and Relative Permittivities 382 Properties of Liquid Water 383 Contents ix Conductivities and Resistivities 384 Elements with Major Importance in Electrochemistry 386 Transport Properties 388 Standard Gibbs Energies 390 Standard Electrode Potentials 392 Index 393

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, there has been a shift in research and industrial practice, and products traditionally manufactured primarily from wood are increasingly combined with other nonwood materials of either natural or synthetic origin.Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What Is Wood? 1 1.3 Natural Fibers 2 1.4 Composite Concept 6 1.5 Cellular Solids 13 1.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15 References 16 2 Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 19 2.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 35 2.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 40 2.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 57 2.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57 References 57 3 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 61 3.3 Moisture Interactions 61 3.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 74 3.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 79 3.6 Mechanical Properties 80 3.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83 References 83 4 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 85 4.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 89 4.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 97 4.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 104 4.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 112 4.7 Press Cycles 119 4.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123 References 125 5 Fundamentals of Adhesion 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 129 5.3 Adhesion Theories 136 5.4 Surface Interactions 143 5.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr´e Equation 152 5.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153 References 166 6 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 169 6.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 175 6.4 Amino Resins 178 6.5 Phenolic Resins 184 6.6 Resorcinol Resins 188 6.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 190 6.8 Epoxy Adhesives 193 6.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 196 6.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 197 6.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199 References 206 7 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 210 7.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 210 7.4 A Generic Process Flow 212 7.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 213 7.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 219 7.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 222 7.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225 References 234 8 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 242 8.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 247 8.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 252 8.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 257 8.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263 References 280 Index

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Book SynopsisMedicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition , provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products.Trade Review"Students should be empowered for a deductive analysis of the presented substances." (Arzneimittelforschung, December 2009) "This new edition is an excellent text that is unrivaled in both its scope and overall coverage of natural products biosynthesis." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, August 2009) "There is no question that this is the best book available on the biosynthesis and bio-organic chemistry of medicinally important natural products." (Education in Chemistry, September 2009)Table of Contents1 About this book, and how to use it 1 The subject 1 The aim 1 The approach 2 The topics 2 The figures 2 Further reading 3 What to study 3 What to learn 3 Nomenclature 3 Conventions regarding acids, bases, and ions 4 Some common abbreviations 4 Further reading 5 2 Secondary metabolism: the building blocks and construction mechanisms 7 Primary and secondary metabolism 7 The building blocks 8 The construction mechanisms 11 Alkylation reactions: nucleophilic substitution 12 Alkylation reactions: electrophilic addition 12 Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements 15 Aldol and Claisen reactions 15 Imine formation and the Mannich reaction 18 Amino acids and transamination 20 Decarboxylation reactions 22 Oxidation and reduction reactions 24 Dehydrogenases 24 Oxidases 26 Monooxygenases 26 Dioxygenases 26 Amine oxidases 27 Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases 27 Phenolic oxidative coupling 28 Halogenation reactions 28 Glycosylation reactions 31 Elucidating biosynthetic pathways 34 Further reading 38 3 The acetate pathway: fatty acids and polyketides 39 Fatty acid synthase: saturated fatty acids 39 Unsaturated fatty acids 44 Uncommon fatty acids 53 Prostaglandins 58 Thromboxanes 64 Leukotrienes 64 Polyketide synthases: generalities 66 Polyketide synthases: macrolides 68 Polyketide synthases: linear polyketides and polyethers 90 Diels–Alder cyclizations 96 Polyketide synthases: aromatics 96 Cyclizations 99 Post-polyketide synthase modifications 103 Starter groups 116 Further reading 131 4 The shikimate pathway: aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids 137 Aromatic amino acids and simple benzoic acids 137 Phenylpropanoids 148 Cinnamic acids and esters 148 Lignans and lignin 152 Phenylpropenes 156 Benzoic acids from C6 C3 compounds 157 Coumarins 161 Aromatic polyketides 166 Styrylpyrones, diarylheptanoids 166 Flavonoids and stilbenes 167 Flavonolignans 173 Isoflavonoids 174 Terpenoid quinones 178 Further reading 184 5 The mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways: terpenoids and steroids 187 Mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate 188 Hemiterpenes (C5) 192 Monoterpenes (C10) 193 Irregular monoterpenes 204 Iridoids (C10) 206 Sesquiterpenes (C15) 210 Diterpenes (C20) 223 Sesterterpenes (C25) 234 Triterpenes (C30) 234 Triterpenoid saponins 242 Steroids 247 Stereochemistry and nomenclature 247 Cholesterol 248 Phytosterols 251 Vitamin d 256 Steroidal saponins 259 Cardioactive glycosides 265 Bile acids 275 Adrenocortical hormones/corticosteroids 277 Semi-synthesis of corticosteroids 277 Progestogens 287 Oestrogens 290 Androgens 296 Tetraterpenes (C40) 298 Higher terpenoids 306 Further reading 306 6 Alkaloids 311 Alkaloids derived from ornithine 311 Polyamines 311 Pyrrolidine and tropane alkaloids 312 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 324 Alkaloids derived from lysine 326 Piperidine alkaloids 326 Quinolizidine alkaloids 328 Indolizidine alkaloids 330 Alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid 331 Pyridine alkaloids 331 Alkaloids derived from tyrosine 336 Phenylethylamines and simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 336 Modified benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 346 Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids 359 Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 363 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 365 Alkaloids derived from tryptophan 366 Simple indole alkaloids 366 Simple β-carboline alkaloids 369 Terpenoid indole alkaloids 369 Quinoline alkaloids 380 Pyrroloindole alkaloids 385 Ergot alkaloids 387 Alkaloids derived from anthranilic acid 395 Quinazoline alkaloids 395 Quinoline and acridine alkaloids 396 Alkaloids derived from histidine 398 Imidazole alkaloids 398 Alkaloids derived by amination reactions 400 Acetate-derived alkaloids 401 Phenylalanine-derived alkaloids 401 Terpenoid alkaloids 406 Steroidal alkaloids 406 Purine alkaloids 413 Caffeine 413 Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin 416 Further reading 417 7 Peptides, proteins, and other amino acid derivatives 421 Peptides and proteins 421 Ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 422 Peptide hormones 426 Thyroid hormones 426 Hypothalamic hormones 427 Anterior pituitary hormones 429 Posterior pituitary hormones 430 Pancreatic hormones 432 Interferons 433 Opioid peptides 434 Ribosomal peptide toxins 434 Enzymes 438 Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 438 Modified peptides: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactams 458 Penicillins 458 Cephalosporins 465 Other β-lactams 469 Cyanogenic glycosides 476 Glucosinolates 477 Cysteine sulfoxides 480 Further reading 481 8 Carbohydrates 485 Monosaccharides 485 Oligosaccharides 490 Polysaccharides 493 Aminosugars and aminoglycosides 498 Further reading 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisThis completely revised edition features new material covering membrane research topics including biofuels and greenhouse gases, fuel cells, and medical applications such as blood purification, artificial organs, and tissue engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Overview of Membrane Science and Technology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development of Membranes 1 1.3 Types of Membranes 4 1.3.1 Isotropic Membranes 4 1.3.2 Anisotropic Membranes 6 1.3.3 Ceramic, Metal, and Liquid Membranes 6 1.4 Membrane Processes 6 References 13 2. Membrane Transport Theory 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 The Solution-Diffusion Model 18 2.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 18 2.2.2 Concentration and Pressure Gradients in Membranes 22 2.2.3 Application of the Solution-Diffusion Model to Specific Processes 27 2.2.4 A Unified View 50 2.3 Structure-Permeability Relationships in Solution-Diffusion Membranes 53 2.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients 55 2.3.2 Sorption Coefficients in Polymers 64 2.4 Pore-Flow Membranes 72 2.4.1 Permeation in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Membranes 73 2.4.2 Knudsen Diffusion and Surface Diffusion in Microporous Membranes 79 2.4.3 Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) 86 2.4.4 The Transition Region 89 2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 90 References 92 3. Membranes and Modules 97 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Isotropic Membranes 98 3.2.1 Isotropic Nonporous Membranes 98 3.2.2 Isotropic Microporous Membranes 100 3.3 Anisotropic Membranes 102 3.3.1 Phase separation membranes 104 3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization Membranes 121 3.3.3 Solution-Coated Composite Membranes 125 3.3.4 Other Anisotropic Membranes 128 3.3.5 Repairing Membrane Defects 132 3.4 Metal, Ceramic, Zeolite, Carbon, and Glass Membranes 134 3.4.1 Metal Membranes 134 3.4.2 Ceramic Membranes 135 3.4.3 Zeolite Membranes 139 3.4.4 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 141 3.4.5 Carbon Membranes 145 3.4.6 Microporous Glass Membranes 148 3.5 Liquid Membranes 148 3.6 Hollow Fiber Membranes 148 3.7 Membrane Modules 154 3.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules 155 3.7.2 Tubular Modules 157 3.7.3 Spiral-Wound Modules 158 3.7.4 Hollow Fiber Modules 162 3.7.5 Other Module Types 165 3.8 Module Selection 167 3.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 169 References 170 4. Concentration Polarization 179 4.1 Introduction 179 4.2 Boundary Layer Film Model 182 4.3 Determination of the Peclet Number 191 4.4 Concentration Polarization in Liquid Separation Processes 193 4.5 Concentration Polarization in Gas Separation Processes 196 4.6 Cross-Flow, Co-Flow, and Counter-Flow 197 4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 204 References 205 5. Reverse Osmosis 207 5.1 Introduction and History 207 5.2 Theoretical Background 208 5.3 Membranes and Materials 213 5.3.1 Cellulosic Membranes 213 5.3.2 Noncellulosic Polymer Membranes 216 5.3.3 Interfacial Composite Membranes 217 5.3.4 Other Membrane Materials 219 5.4 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Categories 220 5.4.1 Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination Membranes 221 5.4.2 Nanofiltration Membranes 222 5.4.3 Hyperfiltration Organic Solvent Separating Membranes 224 5.5 Membrane Selectivity 227 5.6 Membrane Modules 228 5.7 Membrane Fouling Control 231 5.7.1 Scale 231 5.7.2 Silt 233 5.7.3 Biofouling 233 5.7.4 Organic Fouling 235 5.7.5 Membrane Cleaning 236 5.8 Applications 237 5.8.1 Brackish Water Desalination 238 5.8.2 Seawater Desalination 240 5.8.3 Ultrapure Water 241 5.8.4 Wastewater Treatment 242 5.8.5 Nanofiltration 244 5.8.6 Organic Solvent Separation 245 5.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 246 References 247 6. Ultrafiltration 253 6.1 Introduction and History 253 6.2 Characterization of Ultrafiltration Membranes 254 6.3 Membrane Fouling 257 6.3.1 Constant Pressure/Constant Flux Operation 257 6.3.2 Concentration Polarization 261 6.3.3 Fouling Control 271 6.4 Membranes 274 6.5 Constant Pressure Modules, System Design, and Applications 274 6.5.1 Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Modules 275 6.5.2 Constant Pressure (Cross-Flow) System Design 278 6.5.3 Applications of Cross-Flow Membrane Modules 282 6.6 Constant Flux Modules, System Design, and Applications 292 6.6.1 Constant Flux/Variable Pressure Modules 292 6.6.2 Submerged Membrane Modules and System Design 293 6.6.3 Submerged Membrane Applications 296 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 299 References 300 7. Microfiltration 303 7.1 Introduction and History 303 7.2 Background 305 7.2.1 Types of Membrane 305 7.2.2 Membrane Characterization 306 7.2.3 Microfiltration Membranes and Modules 313 7.2.4 Process Design 316 7.3 Applications 320 7.3.1 Sterile Filtration of Pharmaceuticals 322 7.3.2 Sterilization of Wine and Beer 322 7.3.3 Microfiltration in the Electronics Industry 323 7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 323 References 324 8. Gas Separation 325 8.1 Introduction and History 325 8.2 Theoretical Background 326 8.2.1 Polymer Membranes 328 8.2.2 Metal Membranes 337 8.2.3 Ceramic and Zeolite Membranes 337 8.2.4 Thermally Rearranged/Microporous Carbon Membranes 338 8.2.5 Mixed-Matrix Membranes 338 8.3 Membrane Modules 338 8.4 Process Design 339 8.4.1 Pressure Ratio 340 8.4.2 Stage-Cut 343 8.4.3 Multistep and Multistage System Designs 345 8.4.4 Recycle Designs 347 8.5 Applications 349 8.5.1 Hydrogen Separations 350 8.5.2 Oxygen/Nitrogen Separation 352 8.5.3 Natural Gas Separations 359 8.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation 361 8.5.5 Vapor/Gas Separations 368 8.5.6 Dehydration of Air 369 8.5.7 Carbon Dioxide/Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide/Nitrogen Separations 370 8.5.8 Vapor/Vapor Separations 372 8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 373 References 375 9. Pervaporation 379 9.1 Introduction and History 379 9.2 Theoretical Background 381 9.3 Membrane Materials and Modules 389 9.3.1 Membrane Materials 389 9.3.2 Dehydration Membranes 392 9.3.3 Organic/Water Separation Membranes 393 9.3.4 Organic/Organic Separation Membranes 394 9.3.5 Membrane Modules 395 9.4 System Design 398 9.5 Applications 400 9.5.1 Solvent Dehydration 401 9.5.2 Separation of Dissolved Organics from Water 406 9.5.3 Separation of Organic Mixtures 409 9.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 412 References 412 10. Ion Exchange Membrane Processes – Electrodialysis 417 10.1 Introduction/History 417 10.2 Theoretical Background 421 10.2.1 Transport through Ion Exchange Membranes 421 10.3 Chemistry of Ion Exchange Membranes 423 10.3.1 Homogeneous Membranes 425 10.3.2 Heterogeneous Membranes 426 10.4 Electrodialysis 428 10.4.1 Concentration Polarization and Limiting Current Density 428 10.4.2 Current Efficiency and Power Consumption 433 10.4.3 System Design 435 10.5 Electrodialysis Applications 438 10.5.1 Brackish Water Desalination 438 10.5.2 Salt Recovery from Seawater 438 10.5.3 Other Electrodialysis Separation Applications 440 10.5.4 Continuous Electrodeionization and Ultrapure Water 442 10.5.5 Bipolar Membranes 443 10.6 Fuel Cells 444 10.7 Membranes in Chlor-Alkali Processes 448 10.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 449 References 449 11. Carrier Facilitated Transport 453 11.1 Introduction/History 453 11.2 Coupled Transport 459 11.2.1 Background 459 11.2.2 Characteristics of Coupled Transport Membranes 463 11.2.3 Coupled Transport Membranes 468 11.2.4 Applications 472 11.3 Facilitated Transport 473 11.3.1 Background 473 11.3.2 Process Designs 476 11.3.3 Applications 481 11.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 486 References 487 12. Medical Applications of Membranes 493 12.1 Introduction 493 12.2 Hemodialysis 493 12.3 Blood Oxygenators 498 12.4 Plasma Fractionation 500 12.5 Controlled Drug Delivery 501 12.5.1 Membrane Diffusion-Controlled Systems 502 12.5.2 Biodegradable Systems 510 12.5.3 Osmotic Systems 512 References 518 13. Other Membrane Processes 521 13.1 Introduction 521 13.2 Dialysis 521 13.3 Donnan Dialysis (Diffusion Dialysis) 522 13.4 Charge Mosaic Membranes and Piezodialysis 526 13.5 Membrane Contactors and Membrane Distillation 529 13.5.1 Applications of Membrane Contactors 532 13.6 Membrane Reactors 538 13.6.1 Applications of Membrane Reactors 541 13.7 Ion-Conducting Membrane Reactors 544 13.8 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) 547 13.9 Chiral Drug Separation 551 13.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 552 References 553 Appendix 559 Index 571

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Book SynopsisSteroid dimers are an important group of compounds produced by various marine organisms, and also synthesized in the laboratories. This group of compounds possesses various pharmacological and biological properties, and can also be used to create molecular umbrellas for drug delivery. Steroid Dimers: Chemistry and Applications in Drug Design and Delivery provides an up-to-date overview on the chemistry and applications of steroid dimers of natural and synthetic origins. The book includes easy-to-follow synthetic protocols for various classes of important dimeric steroids, source details, valuable spectroscopic data and depiction of unique structural features of natural steroidal dimers, and the Structure-Activity-Relationships (SARs) of some pharmacologically active dimeric steroids. Topics covered include: introduction to steroid dimers synthesis and chemistry of noncyclic and cyclic steroid dimers naturally occurring steroid dimers cepTable of ContentsPreface ix List of Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Steroids and Steroid Dimers 1 1.2 General Physical and Spectroscopic Properties of Steroid Dimers 2 1.3 Chromatographic Behaviour of Steroid Dimers 5 1.4 Applications of Steroid Dimers 6 References 6 2 Synthesis of Acyclic Steroid Dimers 7 2.1 Dimers via Ring A–Ring A Connection 7 2.1.1 Direct Connection 7 2.1.2 Through Spacer Groups 21 2.2 Dimers via Ring B–Ring B Connection 68 2.2.1 Direct Connection 68 2.2.2 Through Spacer Groups 74 2.3 Dimers via Ring C–Ring C Connection 84 2.3.1 Through Spacer Groups 84 2.4 Dimers via Ring D–Ring D Connection 87 2.4.1 Direct Connection 87 2.4.2 Through Spacer Groups 89 2.4.3 Through Side Chain and Spacer Groups 100 2.5 Dimers via Ring A–Ring D Connection 151 2.5.1 Direct Connection 151 2.6 Dimers via Connection of C-19 169 2.7 Molecular Umbrellas 170 2.8 Miscellaneous 174 References 182 3 Synthesis of Cyclic Steroid Dimers 187 3.1 With Spacer Groups: Cholaphanes 187 3.2 Without Spacer Groups: Cyclocholates 232 References 238 4 Naturally Occurring Steroid Dimers 241 4.1 Cephalostatins 242 4.2 Crellastatins 254 4.3 Ritterazines 262 4.4 Others 277 References 284 5 Synthesis of Cephalostatin and Ritterazine Analogues 287 5.1 Introduction 287 5.2 Synthesis of Cephalostatin and Ritterazine Analogues 288 5.3 Total Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Cephalostatin 1 371 References 376 6 Applications of Steroid Dimers 379 6.1 Application of Steroid Dimers as ‘Molecular Umbrellas’: Drug Delivery 379 6.2 Biological and Pharmacological Functions of Steroid Dimers: Drug Discovery and Design 382 6.2.1 Antimalarial Activity 383 6.2.2 Cytotoxicity and Anticancer Potential 386 6.2.3 Effect on Micellar Concentrations of Bile Salts and Serum Cholesterol Level 401 6.2.4 Effect on Bilayer Lipid Membranes 402 6.2.5 Supramolecular Transmembrane Ion Channels, and Artificial Receptors and Ionophores 402 6.2.6 Other Properties 404 References 405 Index 409

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Book SynopsisThe latest edition of this highly acclaimed textbook, provides a comprehensive and up--to--date overview of the science and medical applications of biopharmaceutical products.Trade Review"…contains just about everything that anyone would want to know about the subject…It's all here in this easy-to-read textbook.” (Biochemistry and Molecular Education, March/April 2004) "...well written… (and) copiously illustrated..." (Chemistry & Industry, 17th January 2005) “This book should be recommended reading for all under-graduate course in pharmacy and the pharmaceutical sciences …”. (Cell Biochemistry & Function, March-April 2005)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Chapter 1 Pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals 1 Introduction to pharmaceutical products 1 Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical biotechnology 1 History of the pharmaceutical industry 3 The age of biopharmaceuticals 5 Biopharmaceuticals: current status and future prospects 8 Traditional pharmaceuticals of biological origin 12 Pharmaceuticals of animal origin 13 The sex hormones 14 The androgens 14 Oestrogens 15 Progesterone and progestogens 17 Corticosteroids 19 Catecholamines 21 Prostaglandins 23 Pharmaceutical substances of plant origin 27 Alkaloids 28 Atropine and scopalamine 28 Morphine and cocaine 29 Additional plant alkaloids 30 Ergot alkaloids 30 Flavonoids, xanthines and terpenoids 30 Cardiac glycosides and coumarins 33 Aspirin 33 Pharmaceutical substances of microbial origin 33 The macrolides and ansamycins 38 Peptide and other antibiotics 39 Conclusion 39 Further reading 40 Chapter 2 The drug development process 43 Drug discovery 44 The impact of genomics and related technologies upon drug discovery 45 Gene chips 47 Proteomics 49 Structural genomics 50 Pharmacogenetics 51 Plants as a source of drugs 52 Microbial drugs 53 Rational drug design 54 Combinatorial approaches to drug discovery 56 Initial product characterization 57 Patenting 57 What is a patent and what is patentable? 57 Patent types 62 The patent application 63 Patenting in biotechnology 64 Delivery of biopharmaceuticals 66 Oral delivery systems 66 Pulmonary delivery 67 Nasal, transmucosal and transdermal delivery systems 68 Pre-clinical trials 69 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 69 Toxicity studies 71 Reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity 71 Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and other tests 72 Clinical trials 73 Clinical trial design 75 Trial size and study population 75 Randomized control studies 76 Additional trial designs 76 The role and remit of regulatory authorities 78 The Food and Drug Administration 78 The investigational new drug application 80 The new drug application 82 European regulations 84 National regulatory authorities 84 The EMEA and the new EU drug approval systems 85 The centralized procedure 86 Mutual recognition 88 Drug registration in Japan 88 World harmonization of drug approvals 89 Conclusion 89 Further reading 89 Chapter 3 The drug manufacturing process 93 International pharmacopoeia 93 Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia 94 Guides to good manufacturing practice 94 The manufacturing facility 97 Clean rooms 98 Cleaning, decontamination and sanitation (CDS) 101 CDS of the general manufacturing area 102 CDS of process equipment 102 Water for biopharmaceutical processing 104 Generation of purified water and water for injections (WFI) 105 Distribution system for WFI 107 Documentation 109 Specifications 110 Manufacturing formulae, processing and packaging instructions 110 Records 111 Generation of manufacturing records 111 Sources of biopharmaceuticals 112 E. coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic proteins 112 Expression of recombinant proteins in animal cell culture systems 116 Additional production systems: yeasts 116 Fungal production systems 117 Transgenic animals 118 Transgenic plants 122 Insect cell-based systems 123 Production of final product 124 Cell banking systems 127 Upstream processing 128 Microbial cell fermentation 129 Mammalian cell culture systems 133 Downstream processing 134 Final product formulation 140 Some influences that can alter the biological activity of proteins 142 Proteolytic degradation 143 Protein deamidation 144 Oxidation and disulphide exchange 145 Alteration of glycoprotein glycosylation patterns 147 Stabilizing excipients used in final product formulations 150 Final product fill 153 Freeze-drying 155 Labelling and packing 158 Analysis of the final product 159 Protein-based contaminants 159 Removal of altered forms of the protein of interest from the product stream 160 Product potency 161 Determination of protein concentration 163 Detection of protein-based product impurities 164 Capillary electrophoresis 166 High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 167 Mass spectrometry 168 Immunological approaches to detection of contaminants 168 Amino acid analysis 169 Peptide mapping 170 N-terminal sequencing 171 Analysis of secondary and tertiary structure 173 Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants 173 Endotoxin, the molecule 174 Pyrogen detection 176 Dna 179 Microbial and viral contaminants 180 Viral assays 181 Miscellaneous contaminants 182 Validation studies 183 Further reading 185 Chapter 4 The cytokines —the interferon family 189 Cytokines 189 Cytokine receptors 194 Cytokines as biopharmaceuticals 195 The interferons 196 The biochemistry of interferon-a 197 Interferon-b 198 Interferon-g 198 Interferon signal transduction 198 The interferon receptors 199 The JAK–STAT pathway 199 The interferon JAK–STAT pathway 202 The biological effects of interferons 203 The eIF-2a protein kinase system 207 Interferon biotechnology 207 Production and medical uses of IFN-a 210 Medical uses of IFN-b 213 Medical applications of IFN-g 214 Interferon toxicity 216 Additional interferons 218 Conclusion 219 Further reading 219 Chapter 5 Cytokines: interleukins and tumour necrosis factor 223 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) 225 IL-2 production 228 IL-2 and cancer treatment 228 IL-2 and infectious diseases 230 Safety issues 231 Inhibition of IL-2 activity 231 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) 232 The biological activities of IL- 1 233 IL-1 biotechnology 234 Interleukin-3: biochemistry and biotechnology 235 Interleukin- 4 236 Interleukin- 6 238 Interleukin- 11 240 Interleukin- 5 241 Interleukin- 12 244 Tumour necrosis factors (TNFs) 246 TNF biochemistry 246 Biological activities of TNF-a 247 Immunity and inflammation 248 TNF receptors 249 TNF: therapeutic aspects 250 Further reading 252 Chapter 6 Haemopoietic growth factors 255 The interleukins as haemopoietic growth factors 257 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 258 Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) 259 Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 259 Clinical application of CSFs 261 Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 263 Erythropoietin (EPO) 264 The EPO receptor and signal transduction 267 Regulation of EPO production 267 Therapeutic applications of EPO 268 Chronic disease and cancer chemotherapy 271 Additional non-renal applications 272 Tolerability 273 Thrombopoietin 273 Further reading 275 Chapter 7 Growth factors 277 Growth factors and wound healing 277 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 279 IGF biochemistry 280 IGF receptors 280 IGF-binding proteins 282 Biological effects 282 IGF and fetal development 283 IGFs and growth 283 Renal and reproductive effects 284 Neuronal and other effects 285 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 285 The EGF receptor 286 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 287 The PDGF receptor and signal transduction 288 PDGF and wound healing 289 Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 289 Transforming growth factors (TGFs) 290 TGF-a 290 TGF-b 292 Neurotrophic factors 293 The neurotrophins 294 Neurotrophin receptors 296 The neurotrophin low-affinity receptor 297 Ciliary neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor 297 Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative disease 298 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and peripheral neuropathy 298 Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain 298 Further reading 300 Chapter 8 Hormones of therapeutic interest 303 Insulin 303 Diabetes mellitus 304 The insulin molecule 304 The insulin receptor and signal transduction 307 Insulin production 307 Enzymatic conversion of porcine insulin 311 Production of human insulin by recombinant DNA technology 312 Formulation of insulin products 314 Engineered insulins 317 Additional means of insulin administration 320 Treating diabetics with insulin-producing cells 321 Glucagon 321 Human growth hormone (hGH) 324 Growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) and inhibitory factor (GHRIF) 325 The GH receptor 325 Biological effects of GH 327 Therapeutic uses of GH 328 Recombinant hGH (rhGH) and pituitary dwarfism 328 Idiopathic short stature and Turner’s syndrome 330 Metabolic effects of hGH 330 GH, lactation and ovulation 331 The gonadotrophins 331 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) 331 Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) 335 The inhibins and activins 337 LHRH and regulation of gonadotrophin production 338 Medical and veterinary applications of gonadotrophins 339 Sources and medical uses of FSH, LHand hCG 340 Recombinant gonadotrophins 342 Veterinary uses of gonadotrophins 344 Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) 345 Additional recombinant hormones now approved 345 Conclusions 348 Further reading 348 Chapter 9 Blood products and therapeutic enzymes 351 Disease transmission 351 Whole blood 353 Platelets and red blood cells 353 Blood substitutes 353 Dextrans 354 Albumin 355 Gelatin 357 Oxygen-carrying blood substitutes 357 Haemostasis 358 The coagulation pathway 358 Terminal steps of coagulation pathway 361 Clotting disorders 365 Factor VIII and haemophilia 366 Production of Factor VIII 368 Factors IX, VII a and XIII 371 Anticoagulants 372 Heparin 372 Vitamin Kantimetabolites 375 Hirudin 375 Antithrombin 379 Thrombolytic agents 380 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 381 First-generation tPA 383 Engineered tPA 383 Streptokinase 385 Urokinase 386 Staphylokinase 386 a1 -Antitrypsin 388 Enzymes of therapeutic value 389 Asparaginase 390 DNase 392 Glucocerebrosidase 393 a-Galactosidase and urate oxidase 395 Superoxide dismutase 397 Debriding agents 397 Digestive aids 398 Lactase 400 Further reading 400 Chapter 10 Antibodies, vaccines and adjuvants 403 Polyclonal antibody preparations 403 Anti-D immunoglobulin 406 Normal immunoglobulins 407 Hepatitis Band tetanus immunoglobulin 407 Snake and spider antivenins 408 Monoclonal antibodies 409 Production of monoclonals via hybridoma technology 411 Antibody screening: phage display technology 412 Therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies 414 Tumour immunology 415 Antibody-based strategies for tumour detection/destruction 417 Drug-based tumour immunotherapy 424 First-generation anti-tumour antibodies: clinical disappointment 426 Tumour-associated antigens 426 Antigenicity of murine monoclonals 428 Chimaeric and humanized antibodies 429 Antibody fragments 432 Additional therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies 433 Cardiovascular and related disease 433 Infectious diseases 433 Autoimmune disease 434 Transplantation 434 Vaccine technology 435 Traditional vaccine preparations 436 Attenuated, dead or inactivated bacteria 438 Attenuated and inactivated viral vaccines 439 Toxoids, antigen-based and other vaccine preparations 440 The impact of genetic engineering on vaccine technology 441 Peptide vaccines 444 Vaccine vectors 445 Development of an AIDS vaccine 447 Difficulties associated with vaccine development 450 AIDS vaccines in clinical trials 450 Cancer vaccines 452 Recombinant veterinary vaccines 452 Adjuvant technology 453 Adjuvant mode of action 455 Mineral-based adjuvants 455 Oil-based emulsion adjuvants 455 Bacteria/bacterial products as adjuvants 457 Additional adjuvants 458 Further reading 460 Chapter 11 Nucleic acid therapeutics 463 Gene therapy 463 Basic approach to gene therapy 464 Some additional questions 467 Vectors used in gene therapy 468 Retroviral vectors 468 Additional viral-based vectors 472 Manufacture of viral vectors 474 Non-viral vectors 476 Manufacture of plasmid DNA 480 Gene therapy and genetic disease 482 Gene therapy and cancer 485 Gene therapy and AIDS 486 Gene-based vaccines 488 Gene therapy: some additional considerations 488 Anti-sense technology 488 Anti-sense oligonucleotides 490 Uses, advantages and disadvantages of ‘oligos’ 491 Delivery and cellular uptake of oligonucleotides 493 Manufacture of oligonucleotides 493 Vitravene, an approved antisense agent 494 Antigene sequences and ribozymes 494 Conclusion 495 Further reading 496 Appendix 1 Biopharmaceuticals thus far approved in the USA or European Union 499 Appendix 2 Some Internet addresses relevant to the biopharmaceutical sector 509 Appendix 3 Two selected monographs reproduced from the European Pharmacopoeia with permission from the European Commission: I. Products of recombinant DNA technology 515 II. Interferon a-2 concentrated solution 520 Appendix 4 Manufacture of biological medicinal products for human use. (Annex 2 from The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Community, Vol. 4, Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products) 527 Index 533

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Book SynopsisPaves the way for new industrial applications using redox biocatalysis Increasingly, researchers rely on the use of enzymes to perform redox processes as they search for novel industrial synthetic routes. In order to support and advance their investigations, this book provides a comprehensive and current overview of the use of redox enzymes and enzyme-mediated oxidative processes, with an emphasis on the role of redox enzymes in chemical transformations. The authors examine the full range of topics in the field, from basic principles to new and emerging research and applications. Moreover, they explore everything from laboratory-scale procedures to industrial manufacturing. Redox Biocatalysis begins with a discussion of the biochemical features of redox enzymes as well as cofactors and cofactor regeneration methods. Next, the authors present a variety of topics and materials to the research and development of full-scale industrial applications, including:Table of ContentsPREFACE ix 1. Enzymes Involved in Redox Reactions: Natural Sources and Mechanistic Overview 1 1.1 Motivation: Green Chemistry and Biocatalysis 1 1.2 Sources of Biocatalysts 2 1.2.1 Plants and Animals as Sources of Redox Biocatalysts 3 1.2.2 Wild-Type Microorganisms 7 1.2.2.1 Yeasts 7 1.2.2.2 Fungi 8 1.2.2.3 Bacteria 8 1.2.3 Metagenomic Assessments 9 1.3 Overview of Redox Enzymes 10 1.3.1 Dehydrogenases 13 1.3.1.1 Zn-Dependent Dehydrogenases 14 1.3.1.2 Flavin-Dependent Dehydrogenases 15 1.3.1.3 Pterin-Dependent Dehydrogenases 16 1.3.1.4 Quinoprotein Dehydrogenases 17 1.3.1.5 Dehydrogenases without Prosthetic Group 18 1.3.2 Oxygenases 19 1.3.2.1 Monooxygenases 20 1.3.2.2 Dioxygenases 38 1.3.3 Oxidases 50 1.3.3.1 Iron-Containing Oxidases 50 1.3.3.2 Copper-Containing Oxidases 51 1.3.3.3 Flavin-Dependent Oxidases 56 1.3.4 Peroxidases 61 1.4 Concluding Remarks 64 References 64 2. Natural Cofactors and Their Regeneration Strategies 86 2.1 Types of Natural Cofactors—Mechanisms 86 2.2 Cofactor Regeneration 88 2.2.1 Enzymatic Regeneration of Reduced Cofactors 88 2.2.1.1 Substrate-Assisted Method 88 2.2.1.2 Enzyme-Assisted Method 89 2.2.2 Enzymatic Regeneration of Oxidized Cofactors 92 2.2.3 Chemical Regeneration of Cofactors 94 2.2.4 Electrochemical Regeneration of Cofactors 95 2.2.5 Photochemical Regeneration of Cofactors 96 2.3 Concluding Remarks 97 References 98 3. Reactions Involving Dehydrogenases 101 3.1 General Considerations 101 3.2 Reduction of Carbonyl Groups 105 3.2.1 Reduction of Aliphatic and Aromatic Ketones 106 3.2.2 Reduction of α- and β-keto Esters and Derivatives 119 3.2.3 Reduction of Diketones 126 3.2.4 Reduction of Aldehydes 128 3.3 Racemization and Deracemization Reactions 130 3.4 Preparation of Amines 135 3.5 Reduction of C–C Double Bonds 142 3.6 Oxidation Reactions 152 3.7 Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Redox Reactions in Natural Products 159 3.8 Concluding Remarks 164 References 165 4. Reactions Involving Oxygenases 180 4.1 Monooxygenase-Catalyzed Reactions 180 4.1.1 Hydroxylation of Aliphatic Compounds 181 4.1.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 187 4.1.3 Baeyer–Villiger Reactions 189 4.1.3.1 Classification and Metabolic Role of BVMOs 192 4.1.3.2 Isolated Enzymes versus Whole-Cell Systems (Wild-Type and Recombinant Microorganisms) 194 4.1.3.3 Substrate Profile of Available Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases 195 4.1.3.4 Synthetic Applications of BVMOs 201 4.1.4 Epoxidation of Alkenes 240 4.2 Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Reactions 251 4.2.1 Aromatic Dioxygenases 251 4.2.1.1 Dihydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds 251 4.2.1.2 Other Oxidation Reactions Performed by Aromatic Dioxygenases 274 4.2.2 Miscellaneous Dioxygenases 279 4.2.2.1 Lipoxygenase 279 4.3 Concluding Remarks 285 References 286 5. Reactions Involving Oxidases and Peroxidases 303 5.1 Oxidase-Catalyzed Reactions 304 5.1.1 Oxidases Acting on C–O Bonds 304 5.1.1.1 Galactose Oxidase 304 5.1.1.2 Pyranose Oxidase 308 5.1.1.3 Alcohol Oxidase 311 5.1.1.4 Glucose Oxidase 313 5.1.1.5 Glycolate Oxidase 313 5.1.2 Laccases and Tyrosinases (Phenol Oxidases) 315 5.1.2.1 Laccase 315 5.1.2.2 Tyrosinase and Other Polyphenol Oxidases 352 5.1.3 Oxidases Acting on C–N Bonds 361 5.1.3.1 d-Amino Acid Oxidase 361 5.1.3.2 l-Amino Acid Oxidase 368 5.1.3.3 Monoamine Oxidase 368 5.1.3.4 Copper Amine Oxidases 371 5.1.4 Miscellaneous 371 5.1.4.1 Cholesterol Oxidase 372 5.1.4.2 Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase 373 5.1.4.3 Alditol Oxidase 373 5.2 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reactions 375 5.2.1 Peroxidase Mediated Transformations 379 5.2.1.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation (2 RH + H2O2 → 2 R• + 2 H2O→R-R) 379 5.2.1.2 Oxidative Halogenation (RH + H2O2 +X− + H+→RX + 2 H2O) 385 5.2.1.3 Oxygen-Transfer Reactions (RH + H2O2 → ROH + H2O) 390 5.3 Concluding Remarks 403 References 404 6. Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidations 433 6.1 Hydrolase Promiscuity and in situ Peracid Formation. Perhydrolases vs. Hydrolases. Other Promiscuous Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidations 433 6.2 Hydrolase-Mediated Bulk Oxidations in Aqueous Media (e.g., Bleaching, Disinfection, etc.) 436 6.3 Lipase-Mediated Oxidations: Prileshajev Epoxidations and Baeyer–Villiger Reactions 439 6.4 Hydrolase-Mediated Oxidation and Processing of Lignocellulosic Materials 445 6.5 Concluding Remarks 448 References 448 7. Bridging Gaps: From Enzyme Discovery to Bioprocesses 453 7.1 Context 453 7.2 Enzyme Directed Evolution and High-Throughput-Screening of Biocatalysts 454 7.3 Successful Case: Baker’s Yeast Redox Enzymes, Their Cloning, and Separate Overexpression 467 7.4 Whole-Cells vs. Isolated Enzymes: Medium Engineering 473 7.5 Beyond: Multistep Domino Biocatalytic Processes 477 7.6 Concluding Remarks 482 References 483 8. Industrial Applications of Biocatalytic Redox Reactions: From Academic Curiosities to Robust Processes 487 8.1 Motivation: Drivers for Industrial Biocatalytic Processes 487 8.2 Key Aspects in Industrial Biocatalytic Processes 488 8.3 Industrial Biocatalytic Redox Processes: Free Enzymes 492 8.4 Industrial Biocatalytic Redox Processes—Whole-Cells: The “Designer Bug” Concept and Beyond (Metabolic Engineering) 500 8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 511 References 516 INDEX 521

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Book SynopsisThis book collects some of papers presented at the very successful Symposium Polymer Derived Ceramics and Composites in the framework of the 8th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology. There, over 70 researchers from around the world discussed their latest innovations over four full days. It covers all the main aspects of interdisciplinary research and development in the field of Polymer-Derived-Ceramics, from the precursor synthesis and characteristics to the polymer-to-ceramic conversion, from processing and shaping of preceramic polymers into ceramic components to their microstructure at the nano- and micro-scale, from their properties to their most relevant applications in different fields.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION Poly[(Silylyne)Ethynylene] and Poly[(Silylene)Ethynylene]: New Precursors for the Efficient Synthesis of Silicon Carbide 3 Soichiro Kyushin, Hiroyuki Shiraiwa, Masafumi Kubota, Keisuke Negishi, Kiyohito Okamura, and Kenji Suzuki Synthesis of a Catalyst-Loaded SiC Material from Si-Based Polymer 7 Akira Idesaki, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa Solid-State NMR Studies on Precursor-Derived Si-B-C-N Ceramics 13 Otgontuul Tsetsgee and Klaus Müller Intermediate-Range Order in Polymer-Route Si-C-0 Fibers by High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction and Reverse Monte Carlo Modelling 33 Kentaro Suzuya, Shinji Kohara, Kiyohito Okamura, Hiroshi Ichikawa, and Kenji Suzuki Evaluation of Heat Stability of Si-O-C Fibers Derived from Polymethylsilsesquioxane 39 Masaki Narisawa, Ryu-lchi Sumimoto, Ken-Ichiro Kita, Yayoi Satoh, Hiroshi Mabuchi, Young-Wook Kim, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa Investigation of Nano Porous SiC Based Fibers Synthesized by Precursor Method 45 Ken'ichiro Kita, Masaki Narisawa, Atsushi Nakahira, Hiroshi Mabuchi, Masayoshi Itoh, Masaki Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshikawa PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS Mullite Monoliths, Coatings and Composites from a Preceramic Polymer Containing Alumina Nano-Sized Particles 53 E. Bernardo, G. Parcianello, P. Colombo, J. Adler, and D. Boettge Functionally Graded Ceramics Derived from Preceramic Polymers 61 Martin Steinau, Nahum Travitzky, Timo Zipperle, and Peter Greil Generation of Ceramic Layers on Transition Metals via Reaction with SiCN-Precursors 73 C. Delpero, W. Krenkel, and G. Motz Facile Ceramic Micro-Structure Generation Using Electrohydrodynamic Processing and Pyrolysis 81 Z. Ahmad, M. Nangrejo, U. Farook, E.Stride, M. Edirisinghe, E. Bernardo, and P. Colombo Development of Si-N Based Hydrogen Separation Membrane 87 Keita Miyajima, Tomokazu Eda, Haruka Ohta, Yasunori Ando, Shigeo Nagaya, Tomoyuki Ohba, and Yuji Iwamoto Porous Polymer Derived Ceramics Decorated with In-Situ Grown Nanowires 95 Cekdar Vakifahmetoglu and Paolo Colombo Synthesis of Ceramic Nano Fiber from Precursor Polymer by Single Particle Nano-Fabrication Technique 105 Masaki Sugimoto, Akira Idesaki, Masahito Yoshikawa, Shogo Watanabe, and Shu Seki Synthesis of Novel SiBNC Fiber Precursor by a One-Pot Route 111 Yun Tang, Jun Wang, Xiao-dong Li, and Yi Wang Preparation of SiC Ceramic Fibers Containing CNT 117 Xiaodong Li, Haizhe Wang, Dafang Zhao, and Qingling Fang Preparation and Properties of Non-Circular Cross-Section SiC Fibers from a Preceramic Polymer 121 Wang Yingde, Liu Xuguang, Wanglei, Lan Xinyan, Xue Jingen, Jiang Yonggang, and Zhong Wenli Economy of Fuel Gas in a Combustion Furnace by Means of Si-C-Zr-0 Tyranno-Fiber Mat Sheets Converting High Temperature Gas Enthalpy into Radiant Heat Rays 127 Kenji Suzuki, Kiyotaka Ito, Matsumi Tabuchi, and Masaki Shibuya Author Index 137

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Book SynopsisAs the ability to produce nanomaterials advances, it becomes more important to understand how the energy of the atoms in these materials is affected by their reduced dimensions.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS IN NANOSCALE MATERIALS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nanosphere: Surface Energy is Equivalent to Gibbs–Thomson Potential 3 1.3 Nanosphere: Lower Melting Point 6 1.4 Nanosphere: Fewer Homogeneous Nucleation and its Effect on Phase Diagram 10 1.5 Nanosphere: Kirkendall Effect and Instability of Hollow Nanospheres 13 1.6 Nanosphere: Inverse Kirkendall Effect in Hollow Nano Alloy Spheres 17 1.7 Nanosphere: Combining Kirkendall Effect and Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Concentric Bilayer Hollow Nanosphere 18 1.8 Nano Hole: Instability of a Donut-Type Nano Hole in a Membrane 19 1.9 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metal and Silicon Nanowires 21 1.10 Nanowire: Nanogap in Silicon Nanowires 22 1.11 Nanowire: Lithiation in Silicon Nanowires 26 1.12 Nanowire: Point Contact Reactions Between Metallic Nanowires 27 1.13 Nano Thin Film: Explosive Reaction in Periodic Multilayered Nano Thin Films 28 1.14 Nano Microstructure in Bulk Samples: Nanotwins 30 1.15 Nano Microstructure on the Surface of a Bulk Sample: Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT) of Steel 32 References 33 Problems 35 CHAPTER 2 LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DIFFUSION 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Linear Diffusion 38 2.2.1 Atomic Flux 39 2.2.2 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion 40 2.2.3 Chemical Potential 43 2.2.4 Fick’s Second Law of Diffusion 45 2.2.5 Flux Divergence 47 2.2.6 Tracer Diffusion 49 2.2.7 Diffusivity 51 2.2.8 Experimental Measurement of the Parameters in Diffusivity 53 2.3 Nonlinear Diffusion 57 2.3.1 Nonlinear Effect due to Kinetic Consideration 58 2.3.2 Nonlinear Effect due to Thermodynamic Consideration 59 2.3.3 Combining Thermodynamic and Kinetic Nonlinear Effects 62 References 63 Problems 64 CHAPTER 3 KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND INVERSE KIRKENDALL EFFECT 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Kirkendall Effect 69 3.2.1 Darken’s Analysis of Kirkendall Shift and Marker Motion 72 3.2.2 Boltzmann and Matano Analysis of Interdiffusion Coefficient 76 3.2.3 Activity and Intrinsic Diffusivity 80 3.2.4 Kirkendall (Frenkel) Voiding Without Lattice Shift 84 3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect 84 3.3.1 Physical Meaning of Inverse Kirkendall Effect 86 3.3.2 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on the Instability of an Alloy Nanoshell 88 3.3.3 Inverse Kirkendall Effect on Segregation in a Regular Solution Nanoshell 90 3.4 Interaction Between Kirkendall Effect and Gibbs–Thomson Effect in the Formation of a Spherical Compound Nanoshell 93 References 97 Problems 97 CHAPTER 4 RIPENING AMONG NANOPRECIPITATES 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Ham’s Model of Growth of a Spherical Precipitate (Cr is Constant) 101 4.3 Mean-Field Consideration 103 4.4 Gibbs–Thomson Potential 105 4.5 Growth and Dissolution of a Spherical Nanoprecipitate in a Mean Field 106 4.6 LSW Theory of Kinetics of Particle Ripening 108 4.7 Continuity Equation in Size Space 113 4.8 Size Distribution Function in Conservative Ripening 114 4.9 Further Developments of LSW Theory 115 References 115 Problems 116 CHAPTER 5 SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION 118 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Implication of Diffusion Equation in Homogenization and Decomposition 121 5.3 Spinodal Decomposition 123 5.3.1 Concentration Gradient in an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 123 5.3.2 Energy of Mixing to Form a Homogeneous Solid Solution 124 5.3.3 Energy of Mixing to Form an Inhomogeneous Solid Solution 126 5.3.4 Chemical Potential in Inhomogeneous Solution 129 5.3.5 Coherent Strain Energy 131 5.3.6 Solution of the Diffusion Equation 134 References 136 Problems 136 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEATION EVENTS IN BULK MATERIALS, THIN FILMS, AND NANOWIRES 138 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Nucleation 140 6.2.1 Thermodynamics of Nucleation 140 6.2.2 Kinetics of Nucleation 143 6.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Grain Boundaries of Bulk Materials 148 6.3.1 Morphology of Grain Boundary Precipitates 150 6.3.2 Introducing an Epitaxial Interface to Heterogeneous Nucleation 151 6.3.3 Replacive Mechanism of a Grain Boundary 154 6.4 No Homogeneous Nucleation in Epitaxial Growth of Si Thin Film on Si Wafer 156 6.5 Repeating Homogeneous Nucleation of Silicide in Nanowires of Si 160 6.5.1 Point Contact Reactions in Nanowires 161 6.5.2 Homogeneous Nucleation of Epitaxial Silicide in Nanowires of Si 164 References 168 Problems 168 CHAPTER 7 CONTACT REACTIONS ON Si; PLANE, LINE, AND POINT CONTACT REACTIONS 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Bulk Cases 175 7.2.1 Kidson’s Analysis of Diffusion-Controlled Planar Growth 175 7.2.2 Steady State Approximation in Layered Growth of Multiple Phases 178 7.2.3 Marker Analysis 179 7.2.4 Interdiffusion Coefficient in Intermetallic Compound 182 7.2.5 Wagner Diffusivity 186 7.3 Thin Film Cases 187 7.3.1 Diffusion-Controlled and Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 187 7.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial-Reaction-Controlled Growth 188 7.3.3 Kinetics of Competitive Growth of Two-Layered Phases 193 7.3.4 First Phase in Silicide Formation 194 7.4 Nanowire Cases 196 7.4.1 Point Contact Reactions 197 7.4.2 Line Contact Reactions 202 7.4.3 Planar Contact Reactions 208 References 208 Problems 209 CHAPTER 8 GRAIN GROWTH IN MICRO AND NANOSCALE 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 How to Generate a Polycrystalline Microstructure 213 8.3 Computer Simulation of Grain Growth 216 8.3.1 Atomistic Simulation Based on Monte Carlo Method 216 8.3.2 Phenomenological Simulations 217 8.4 Statistical Distribution Functions of Grain Size 219 8.5 Deterministic (Dynamic) Approach to Grain Growth 221 8.6 Coupling Between Grain Growth of a Central Grain and the Rest of Grains 225 8.7 Decoupling the Grain Growth of a Central Grain from the Rest of Grains in the Normalized Size Space 226 8.8 Grain Growth in 2D Case in the Normalized Size Space 229 8.9 Grain Rotation 231 8.9.1 Grain Rotation in Anisotropic Thin Films Under Electromigration 232 References 237 Problems 238 CHAPTER 9 SELF-SUSTAINED REACTIONS IN NANOSCALE MULTILAYERED THIN FILMS 240 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 The Selection of a Pair of Metallic Thin Films for SHS 243 9.3 A Simple Model of Single-Phase Growth in Self-Sustained Reaction 245 9.4 A Simple Estimate of Flame Velocity in Steady State Heat Transfer 250 9.5 Comparison in Phase Formation by Annealing and by Explosive Reaction in Al/Ni 251 9.6 Self-Explosive Silicidation Reactions 251 References 255 Problems 256 CHAPTER 10 FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF NANOTWINS IN COPPER 258 10.1 Introduction 258 10.2 Formation of Nanotwins in Cu 260 10.2.1 First Principle Calculation of Energy of Formation of Nanotwins 260 10.2.2 In Situ Measurement of Stress Evolution for Nanotwin Formation During Pulse Electrodeposition of Cu 264 10.2.3 Formation of Nanotwin Cu in Through-Silicon Vias 266 10.3 Formation and Transformation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 269 10.3.1 Formation of Oriented Nanotwins in Cu 270 10.3.2 Unidirectional Growth of Cu–Sn Intermetallic Compound on Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu 270 10.3.3 Transformation of ⟨111⟩ Oriented and Nanotwinned Cu to ⟨100⟩ Oriented Single Crystal of Cu 274 10.4 Potential Applications of Nanotwinned Cu 276 10.4.1 To Reduce Electromigration in Interconnect Technology 276 10.4.2 To Eliminate Kirkendall Voids in Microbump Packaging Technology 277 References 278 Problems 278 APPENDIX A LAPLACE PRESSURE IN NONSPHERICAL NANOPARTICLE 280 APPENDIX B INTERDIFFUSION COEFFICIENT Þ D = CBMG′′ 282 APPENDIX C NONEQUILIBRIUM VACANCIES AND CROSS-EFFECTS ON INTERDIFFUSION IN A PSEUDO-TERNARY ALLOY 285 APPENDIX D INTERACTION BETWEEN KIRKENDALL EFFECT AND GIBBS–THOMSON EFFECT IN THE FORMATION OF A SPHERICAL COMPOUND NANOSHELL 289 INDEX 293

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Book Synopsis* Students will be led step-by-step through a chemical engineering project that illustrates important aspects of the discipline and how they are connected.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 What Is Chemical Engineering? CHAPTER 2 The Role of Chemical Processing CHAPTER 3 Solving Engineering Problems (What Shall We Do?) CHAPTER 4 Describing Physical Quantities CHAPTER 5 Material Balances (How Much Base Do We Need?) CHAPTER 6 Spreadsheets (Calculating the Cost of the Base) CHAPTER 7 Fluid Flow (Bringing the Base to the Acid) CHAPTER 8 Mass Transfer (Mixing the Acid and the Base) CHAPTER 9 Reaction Engineering (What Size Reactor?) CHAPTER 10 Heat Transfer (Cooling Down the Product) CHAPTER 11 Materials (An Important Equipment Feature) CHAPTER 12 Controlling the Process CHAPTER 13 Economics (Is It All Worth ItT?) CHAPTER 14 Case Studies (Integrating It All Together)

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Book SynopsisDrawing from thousands of original research articles, this book focuses on new and emerging applications of supercritical water as a green solvent, including the catalytic conversion of biomass into fuels and the oxidation of hazardous materials.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Acronyms and Symbols xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Phase Diagrams of Single Fluids 1 1.2 The Critical Point 3 1.3 Supercritical Fluids as Solvents 5 1.4 Gaseous and Liquid Water 8 1.5 Near-Critical Water 15 1.6 Summary 17 2 Bulk Properties of SCW 22 2.1 Equations of State(EoS) 22 2.1.1 PVT Data for SCW 22 2.1.2 Classical Equations of State of SCW 24 2.1.3 Scaling Equations of State for SCW 26 2.1.4 EoS of Supercritical Heavy Water 29 2.2 Thermophysical Properties of SCW 30 2.2.1 Heat Capacity 30 2.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy 32 2.2.3 Sound Velocity 34 2.3 Electrical and Optical Properties 34 2.3.1 Static Relative Permittivity 34 2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity 37 2.3.3 Light Refraction 38 2.4 Transport Properties 39 2.4.1 Viscosity 39 2.4.2 Self-Diffusion 41 2.4.3 Thermal Conductivity 42 2.5 Ionic Dissociation of SCW 44 2.6 Properties Related to the Solvent Power of SCW 47 2.7 Summary 49 3 Molecular Properties of SCW 57 3.1 Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 60 3.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 61 3.1.2 Neutron Diffraction Studies of SCW Structure 62 3.2 Computer Simulations of SCW 66 3.2.1 Monte Carlo Simulations 67 3.2.2 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 70 3.3 Spectroscopic Studies of SCW 74 3.3.1 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy 74 3.3.2 Raman Scattering Spectroscopy 77 3.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 79 3.3.4 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy 82 3.4 The Extent of Hydrogen Bonding in SCW 83 3.5 The Dynamics of Water Molecules in SCW 90 3.6 Summary 92 4 SCW as a “Green” Solvent 100 4.1 Solutions of Gases in SCW 101 4.1.1 Phase Equilibria 101 4.1.2 Interactions in the Solutions 104 4.2 Solutions of Organic Substances in SCW 106 4.2.1 Phase Equilibria 106 4.2.2 Interactions in the Solutions 111 4.3 Solutions of Salts and Ions in SCW 115 4.3.1 Solubilities of Salts and Electrolytes 115 4.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 121 4.3.3 Transport Properties 123 4.3.4 Ion Association in SCW 129 4.3.5 Ion Hydration in SCW 134 4.4 Binary Mixtures of Cosolvents with SCW 138 4.5 Summary 141 5 Applications of SCW 151 5.1 Conversion of Organic Substances to Fuel 152 5.1.1 Conversion to Hydrogen and Natural Gas 152 5.1.2 Conversion to Liquid Fuel 156 5.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation 157 5.2.1 General Aspects of SCWO Process 158 5.2.2 Examples of SCWO Applications 160 5.3 Uses of SCW in Organic Synthesis 162 5.4 Uses in Powder Technology of Inorganic Substances 164 5.5 Geothermal Aspects of SCW 166 5.6 Application of SCW in Nuclear Reactors 169 5.7 Corrosion Problems with SCW 171 5.8 Summary 174 Author Index 183 Subject Index 199

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Book SynopsisCovering the chemical structures and properties of fuels and fuel additives, Fuels and Fuels-Additives provides the science and technology involved in the production of energy efficient and environmentally friendly fuels and the role that fuel additives have in this process.Trade Review“The extensive and varied list of references will be of value to those working in the field even though some of the material listed appears to be from rather inaccessible sources.” (Energy Technology, 1 October 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Petroleum-Based Fuels – An outlook 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Issues 4 1.3 Classification of Fuels 6 References 8 2 Emission Regulation of Automotive Vehicles and Quality of Automotive Fuels 11 2.1 Direct Regulation of Emissions 11 2.1.1 Emission Standards in Europe 13 2.1.2 US (EPA) Emission Standards 14 2.1.3 Emission Regulation in Japan 25 2.1.4 Emission Standards in India 25 2.1.5 Emission Standards in China 33 2.2 Indirect Emission Regulations (International Standards) 34 References 45 3 Fuels from Crude Oil (Petroleum) 48 3.1 Crude Oil 48 3.2 Crude Oil Refining 52 3.2.1 Separation and Extraction Processes 52 3.2.2 Change of Quality and Yield of Hydrocarbon Fractions 57 References 105 4 Alternative Fuels 121 4.1 Light (Gaseous) Hydrocarbons 123 4.2 Propane-Butane Gas 123 4.3 Mixtures of Synthetic Liquid Hydrocarbons 127 4.3.1 Liquid Synthetic Hydrocarbon Mixtures from Synthesis Gas 128 4.3.2 Biogas Oils from Triglycerides 133 4.3.3 Production of Bioparaffins from Lignocellulose and Carbohydrates 136 4.4 Oxygen-Containing Engine Fuels and Blending Components 136 4.4.1 Alcohols 137 4.4.2 Ethers 144 4.4.3 Vegetable Oils and Their Oxygen-Containing Derivatives 145 4.5 Hydrogen 152 4.5.1 Production of Hydrogen 152 4.5.2 Main Characteristic of Hydrogen 156 4.5.3 Hydrogen Storage on Vehicle and Reloading 157 References 159 5 Fuel Additives 177 5.1 Consumption of Additives (Demands) 182 5.2 Engine Deposits and their Control 184 5.2.1 Deposits in Gasoline Engines 184 5.2.2 Deposit Control Additives (Detergent Dispersants) 188 5.2.3 Deposits and Their Control in Diesel Engines 201 5.2.4 Detergent Additives and Exhaust Emissions 204 5.2.5 Tests for DD Additives in Engines 205 5.2.6 Advantages of using DD Additives in Fuels 208 5.3 Antiknock Additives (Octane Number Improvers) 209 5.3.1 “Knocking” 209 5.3.2 Octane Number 209 5.3.3 Octane Number Improver Additives 210 5.4 Cetane Number Improver 213 5.4.1 Cetane Number Improver Additives 215 5.4.2 Cetane Number Measurement 217 5.4.3 Cetane Index 217 5.5 Fuel Antioxidants (Stabilizers) 217 5.5.1 Increasing Storage Stability 218 5.5.2 Oxidation of Fuels 218 5.5.3 Chemical Mechanism of Antioxidants 219 5.5.4 Types of Antioxidants 220 5.6 Metal Deactivators/Passivators 223 5.7 Corrosion Inhibitors 225 5.7.1 Mechanism of Rusting/Corrosion 225 5.7.2 Anticorrosion Compounds 227 5.8 Antistatic Agents 228 5.9 Lubricity Improvers 229 5.10 Friction Modifiers 233 5.11 Dehazer and Demulsifiers 237 5.12 Combustion Improvers 238 5.12.1 Conventional Approaches 239 5.12.2 Unconventional Approaches 242 5.13 Flow Improvers and Paraffin Dispersants of Fuels 243 5.13.1 Characteristics of Middle Distillate Fuel at Low Temperatures 245 5.13.2 Pour Point Depressants 246 5.13.3 Flow Improver Additives 247 5.13.4 Paraffin Dispersants 248 5.13.5 Distillate Operability Test (DOT Test) 253 5.14 Drag Reducers 253 5.15 Anti-icing Additives 255 5.16 Antifoam Additives 255 5.17 Biocides 256 5.18 Coloring Matters and Markers 256 5.19 Additive Compositions 256 References 257 6 Blending of Fuels 270 6.1 Blending of Gasolines 270 6.2 Blending of Diesel Gasoils 271 7 Properties of Motor Fuels and Their Effects on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1 Effects of Gasoline Properties on Engines and the Environment 277 7.1.1 Combustion Process (Octane Number) 278 7.1.2 Volatility of Engine Gasolines 286 7.1.3 Stability of Gasolines 290 7.1.4 Corrosive Properties 293 7.1.5 Chemical Composition 294 7.1.6 Other Properties 297 7.2 Effects of Properties of Diesel Gasoils on Engines and the Environment 299 7.2.1 Ignition and Combustion Properties of Diesel gasoils 300 7.2.2 Density and Energy Content of Diesel Gasoils 300 7.2.3 Distillation Properties of Diesel Fuels 301 7.2.4 Chemical Composition 303 7.2.5 Stability of Diesel Gasoils 303 7.2.6 Corrosion Properties 305 7.2.7 Lubricating Properties 305 7.2.8 Low-Temperature Flow Properties 306 7.2.9 Effects of Chemical Composition on Emissions 306 7.2.10 Other Properties 310 References 311 8 Aviation Fuels 316 8.1 Aviation Gasolines 316 8.1.1 Aviation Gasoline Grades 317 8.1.2 Aviation Gasoline Additives 317 8.1.3 Automotive Gasoline for Aircraft 319 8.2 Jet Fuels 320 8.2.1 Main Quality Requirements and Properties of Jet Fuels 320 8.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuel Specifications 321 8.2.3 Production of Aviation Turbine Fuels 324 8.2.4 Additives of Jet fuel 328 References 331 9 Fuel Oils and Marine Fuels 333 9.1 Classification of Fuel Oils 334 9.1.1 Characteristics of Fuel Oils 335 9.1.2 Classification of Heating Fuels for Power Plants 336 9.1.3 Classification of Bunker Fuels 338 9.2 Production of Fuel Oils 341 9.3 Fuel Oil Stability and Compatibility 346 9.4 Additives for Residual Fuels 347 References 348 Glossary: Common terminology in Fuels and additives 351 Index 359

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Book SynopsisSpecifically dedicated to polymer and biopolymer systems, Polymer Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication guides readers to the scratch, wear, and lubrication properties of polymers and the engineering applications, from biomedical research to automotive engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix 1 Fundamentals of Surface Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication 1 Ali Faghihnejad and Hongbo Zeng 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Concepts 2 1.2.1 Intermolecular and Surface Forces 2 1.2.2 Surface Energy 7 1.3 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 12 1.3.1 Hertz Model 13 1.3.2 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts Model 14 1.3.3 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov Model 15 1.3.4 Maugis Model 16 1.3.5 Indentation 16 1.3.6 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Adhesion 18 1.3.7 Adhesion of Rough Surfaces 19 1.3.8 Adhesion Hysteresis 20 1.4 Friction 20 1.4.1 Amontons’ Laws of Friction 20 1.4.2 The Basic Models of Friction 21 1.4.3 Stick-Slip Friction 26 1.4.4 Directionality of Friction 29 1.5 Rolling Friction 29 1.6 Lubrication 31 1.7 Wear 35 1.8 Real Contact Area 37 1.9 Modern Tools in Tribology 39 1.9.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 39 1.9.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 39 1.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 40 1.9.4 Optical Tweezers or Optical Trapping 40 1.9.5 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 41 1.9.6 Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) 45 1.10 Computer Simulations in Tribology 47 Acknowledgment 49 References 49 2 Adhesion and Tribological Characteristics of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes Prepared by Controlled Radical Polymerization 59 Motoyasu Kobayashi, Tatsuya Ishikawa, and Atsushi Takahara 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Controlled Synthesis of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes 60 2.3 Wettability of Polyelectrolyte Brushes 63 2.4 Adhesion and Detachment between Polyelectrolyte Brushes 66 2.5 Water Lubrication and Frictional Properties of Polyelectrolyte Brushes 70 2.6 Conclusions 76 References 76 3 Lubrication and Wear Protection of Natural (Bio)Systems 83 George W. Greene, Dong Woog Lee, Jing Yu, Saurabh Das, Xavier Banquy, and Jacob N. Israelachvili 3.1 Introduction 83 3.1.1 What Makes Biolubrication Unique? 84 3.1.2 Theory of Friction 85 3.2 Boundary Lubrication 89 3.2.1 Dry/Contact Lubrication 90 3.2.2 Thin Film Boundary Lubrication 91 3.2.3 Hydration Layers 92 3.2.4 Intermediate Boundary Lubrication 93 3.2.5 Thick Film Boundary Lubrication 95 3.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Interfacial Layer 96 3.3 Fluid Film Lubrication 97 3.3.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Biological Systems 98 3.3.2 Weeping Lubrication 104 3.4 Multimodal Lubrication 105 3.4.1 Mixed Lubrication and the “Stribeck Curve” 106 3.4.2 Adaptive Lubrication 108 3.4.3 Mechanically Controlled Adaptive Lubrication 109 3.5 Wear 112 3.5.1 How Are Friction and Wear Related? 112 3.5.2 Characterization, Measurement, and Evaluation of Wear 113 3.5.3 Biological Strategies for Controlling Wear 119 3.5.4 Wear of Soft, Compliant Biological Materials 120 3.5.5 Controlling Wear in Hard Biological Materials: Self-Sharpening Mechanism in Rodent Teeth 122 3.6 Biomimetic and Engineering Approaches of Biolubrication 123 3.6.1 Hydrogel Coatings as Artifi cial Cartilage Materials 123 3.6.2 Mimicking Synovial Fluid Lubricating Properties: Polyelectrolytes Lubrication 124 3.6.3 Superlubrication by Aggrecan Mimics: End-Grafted Polymers and the Brush Paradigm 125 3.6.4 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 4 Polymer Brushes and Surface Forces 135 Jacob Klein, Wuge H. Briscoe, Meng Chen, Erika Eiser, Nir Kampf, Uri Raviv, Rafael Tadmor, and Larissa Tsarkova 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Some Generic Properties of Polymer Brushes 136 4.3 Sliding of High-Tg Polymer Brushes: The Semidilute to Vitrifi ed Transition 138 4.4 Sliding Mechanism and Relaxation of Sheared Brushes 140 4.5 Compression, Shear, and Relaxation of Melt Brushes 146 4.6 Shear Swelling of Polymer Brushes 150 4.7 Telechelic Brushes 155 4.8 Polyelectrolyte Brushes in Aqueous Media 158 4.8.1 Charged Brushes: The Symmetric Case 159 4.8.2 Charged Brushes: The Asymmetric Case 162 4.9 Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes 163 4.10 Summary 166 Acknowledgments 167 Appendix: Self-Regulation and Velocity Dependence of Brush–Brush Friction 167 References 169 5 Adhesion, Wetting, and Superhydrophobicity of Polymeric Surfaces 177 Mehdi Mortazavi and Michael Nosonovsky 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Adhesion between Polymeric Surfaces 178 5.2.1 Van der Waals Forces 179 5.2.2 Capillary Forces 181 5.2.3 Electrostatic Double-Layer Forces 182 5.2.4 Solvation Forces 183 5.2.5 Mechanical Contact Force 183 5.3 Wetting of Polymers 185 5.3.1 Definition of Contact Angle: Young’s Equation 185 5.3.2 Rough Surfaces: Wenzel’s Model 186 5.3.3 Heterogeneous Surfaces: Cassie–Baxter Model 187 5.4 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials 189 5.4.1 Replication of Natural Surfaces 189 5.4.2 Molding or Template-Assisted Techniques 192 5.4.3 Roughening by Introduction of Nanoparticles 197 5.4.4 Surface Modification by Low Surface Energy Materials 202 5.4.5 Electrospinning 205 5.4.6 Solution Method 207 5.4.7 Plasma, Electron, and Laser Treatment 210 5.5 Surface Characterization 213 5.5.1 Surface Chemistry 213 5.5.2 Wetting Property 213 5.5.3 Microscopy Techniques 215 5.6 Conclusions 218 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 6 Marine Bioadhesion on Polymer Surfaces and Strategies for Its Prevention 227 Sitaraman Krishnan 6.1 Introduction 227 6.2 Protein Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 230 6.2.1 Protein-Repellant Surfaces 230 6.3 Polymer Coatings Resistant to Marine Biofouling 242 6.3.1 Hydrophobic Marine Fouling-Release Coatings: The Role of Surface Energy and Modulus 243 6.3.2 Hydrophilic Coatings 255 6.3.3 Amphiphilic Coatings 257 6.3.4 Self-Polishing Coatings 262 6.3.5 Coatings with Topographically Patterned Surfaces 262 6.3.6 Antifouling Surfaces with Surface-Immobilized Enzymes and Bioactive Fouling-Deterrent Molecules 265 6.4 Conclusion 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 267 7 Molecular Engineering of Peptides for Cellular Adhesion Control 283 Won Hyuk Suh, Badriprasad Ananthanarayanan, and Matthew Tirrell 7.1 Introduction: Cells, Biomacromolecules, and Lipidated Peptides 283 7.2 Biomaterials 285 7.3 Chemistry Tools 287 7.3.1 Bioconjugate Chemistry 287 7.3.2 Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis 288 7.4 Self-Assembly of Lipidated Peptides: Peptide Amphiphiles Engineering 289 7.4.1 Double-Tailed Peptide Amphiphile 289 7.4.2 Single-Tailed (Monoalkylated) Peptide Amphiphiles 290 7.5 Biomimetic Peptide Amphiphile Surface Engineering Case Studies 290 7.5.1 Melanoma Cell Adhesion on a Lipid Bilayer Incorporating RGD 292 7.5.2 Adhesion of α5β1 Receptors to Biomimetic Substrates 292 7.5.3 Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Adhesion 293 7.5.4 Cell Adhesion on a Polymerized Monolayer 295 7.5.5 Cell Adhesion and Growth on Patterned Lipid Bilayers 296 7.5.6 Cell Adhesion on Metallic Surfaces 297 7.5.7 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Adhesion 298 7.5.8 Nanofi brous Peptide Amphiphile Gels for Endothelial Cell Adhesion 299 7.6 Neural Stem Cells on Surfaces: A Deeper Look at Cell Adhesion Control 299 7.6.1 The Stem Cell Microenvironment 299 7.6.2 Neural Stem Cells on Lipid Bilayers 299 7.6.3 Vesicle Fusion and Bilayer Characterization 300 7.6.4 Initial NSC Adhesion on Peptide Surfaces 300 7.6.5 NSC Proliferation on Peptide Surfaces 301 7.6.6 NSC Differentiation on Peptide Surfaces 302 7.7 Overview of Molecular Engineering Designs for Cellular Adhesion 303 7.7.1 Self-Assembled Peptide Surfaces 303 7.7.2 Cell Adhesion Molecule RGD Surface Density Control: An Example 303 7.7.3 Cell Adhesion Molecule Accessibility (Exposure) Control 307 7.8 Conclusion 307 Acknowledgments 308 References 308 8 A Microcosm of Wet Adhesion: Dissecting Protein Interactions in Mussel Attachment Plaques 319 Dong Soo Hwang, Wei Wei, Nadine R. Rodriguez-Martinez, Eric Danner, and J. Herbert Waite 8.1 Introduction 319 8.2 Mussel Adhesion 320 8.2.1 Marine Surfaces 320 8.2.2 Byssal Attachment 320 8.2.3 Direct Observation of Plaque Attachment 323 8.3 Surface Forces Apparatus 323 8.3.1 Making the SFA Relevant to Biological Environments 325 8.4 Assessing Protein Contributions by SFA 327 8.4.1 Asymmetric/Symmetric Confi gurations 327 8.4.2 Protein–Surface Interactions 330 8.4.3 Protein–Protein Interactions 335 8.5 Conclusions 343 8.5.1 Insights about Protein Interactions 343 8.5.2 Effects of DOPA Reactivity on Adhesion 344 8.5.3 Mussel Foot Controls the Microenvironment around DOPA 345 8.5.4 Other Factors Infl uencing Adhesion 345 Acknowledgments 346 References 346 9 Gecko-Inspired Polymer Adhesives 351 Yiðit Mengüç and Metin Sitti 9.1 Introduction 351 9.1.1 A Note on Terminology 352 9.2 Biological Inspirations 354 9.2.1 Key Discoveries in Gecko Adhesion 354 9.2.2 Structured Adhesion in Other Animals 355 9.2.3 Summary of Observed Principles of Micro-Structured Adhesives 357 9.3 Mechanical Principles of Structured Adhesive Surfaces 359 9.3.1 Adhesion 359 9.3.2 Friction 365 9.4 Gecko-Inspired Adhesives and Their Fabrication 367 9.4.1 Macro- and Microscale Fibers 367 9.4.2 Nanoscale Fibers 371 9.4.3 Hierarchical Fibers 372 9.5 Applications of Bioinspired Adhesives 374 9.5.1 Robotics 374 9.5.2 Safety and Medical Devices 377 9.6 Future Directions: Unsolved Challenges and Possible Applications 378 References 379 10 Adhesion and Friction Mechanisms of Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films 391 Hongbo Zeng 10.1 Introduction 391 10.2 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 392 10.2.1 Surface Energies 392 10.2.2 Advances in Contact and Adhesion Mechanics 393 10.3 Adhesion of Glassy Polymers and Elastomers 398 10.3.1 Adhesion Interface: Chain Pull-Out 399 10.3.2 Glassy Polymers: Transition from Chain Pull-Out, Chain Scission to Crazing 403 10.3.3 Adhesion Promoters for Polymer Systems 407 10.4 Experimental Advances in Adhesion and Friction between Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films 408 10.5 Adhesion and Fracture Mechanism of Polymer Thin Films: from Liquid to Solid-Like Behaviors 416 10.6 Adhesion and Friction between Rough Polymer Surfaces 423 10.7 Friction between Immiscible Polymer Melts 425 10.8 Hydrophobic Interactions between Polymer Surfaces 426 10.9 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 431 Acknowledgment 432 References 432 11 Recent Advances in Rubber Friction in the Context of Tire Traction 443 Xiao-Dong Pan 11.1 Introduction 443 11.2 Background on Rubber Friction and Tire Traction 445 11.2.1 Characterization of Surface Roughness and Contact Mechanics 453 11.3 Recent Innovations on Tire Tread Compounds 457 11.4 Rubber Friction under Stationary Sliding on Rough Surfaces 461 11.4.1 Theory of Rubber Friction on Rough Surfaces by Klüppel and Heinrich 462 11.4.2 Persson’s Model on Rubber Friction 471 11.4.3 The Model by Heinrich and Klüppel versus the Model by Persson: Some Comparisons 474 11.5 Rubber Friction under Nonstationary Conditions 475 11.6 Interfacial Effects on Rubber Friction 478 11.6.1 Rubber Surface Treatment 482 11.6.2 Molecular Scale Probing of Contact/Sliding Interface 482 11.7 Rubber Friction Involving Textured Surfaces 484 11.8 Field Measurements within a Frictional Contact 486 11.9 Other Studies on or Related to Rubber Friction 488 11.10 Concluding Remarks 490 References 491 12 Polymers, Adhesion, and Paper Materials 501 Boxin Zhao, Dhamodaran Arunbabu, and Brendan McDonald 12.1 Introduction 501 12.2 Polymer Nature of Paper 502 12.2.1 Paper as a Network of Fibers 502 12.2.2 Wood Fibers and Its Natural Polymeric Constituents 503 12.2.3 Cellulose Fibers 508 12.3 Functional Polymers and Sizing Agents Used in Papermaking 509 12.3.1 Major Functions of Polymer Additives 509 12.3.2 Common Functional Polymers 514 12.3.3 Sizing Agents 519 12.4 Polymer Adhesion and the Formation of Paper 520 12.4.1 Intermolecular Forces or Molecular Adhesion Processes 521 12.4.2 Capillary Forces 524 12.4.3 Work of Adhesion and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts Contact Mechanics 524 12.4.4 The Formation of Interfi ber Bonds 526 12.4.5 Linkage between Molecular Adhesion to Paper Strength 530 12.5 Polymer Adhesion Measurement 533 12.5.1 Shear Adhesion Testing 533 12.5.2 Peeling Adhesion Testing 535 12.5.3 JKR-Type Contact Adhesion Testing 536 12.5.4 AFM Colloidal Probe Testing 537 12.6 Summary and Perspectives 538 References 539 13 Carbohydrates and Their Roles in Biological Recognition Processes 545 Keshwaree Babooram and Ravin Narain 13.1 Introduction 545 13.2 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbohydrate Chemistry 546 13.2.1 Glycopolymers 546 13.2.2 Carbohydrate Microarrays 550 13.2.3 Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines 552 13.3 Molecular Interactions of Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition 557 13.4 Techniques Used in the Identifi cation of Carbohydrate Interactions in Cell Recognition 558 13.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 558 13.4.2 Cantilever Microarray Biosensors 563 13.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 564 References 566 14 The Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Bacterial Adhesion 575 Yang Liu 14.1 Bacterial Adhesion 575 14.1.1 Signifi cance of Bacterial Adhesion 575 14.1.2 Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion 576 14.2 The Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Bacterial Adhesion 577 14.2.1 Bacterial Surface Polymers 577 14.2.2 Impact of Bacterial Surface Polymers on Adhesion 579 14.3 Methods and Models for Understanding Interaction Mechanisms of Bacterial Adhesion 582 14.3.1 Techniques for Studying Bacterial Surface Polymers 582 14.3.2 Models to Explain Bacterial Adhesion Mechanisms 590 References 600 15 Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication of Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications 617 Bassem Kheireddin, Ming Zhang, and Mustafa Akbulut 15.1 Introduction 617 15.2 Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles 617 15.2.1 Biomedical Applications of PNPs 618 15.2.2 Energy Storage 621 15.2.3 Skin Care 622 15.2.4 Sensors 623 15.2.5 Electronic Devices 624 15.3 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 625 15.3.1 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 625 15.3.2 Polymerization of Monomers 633 15.4 Adhesion of PNP 636 15.4.1 Hertz Theory 637 15.4.2 JKR Theory 637 15.4.3 DMT Theory 638 15.4.4 Studies on Adhesion of PNPs 638 15.5 Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles 641 15.5.1 Adsorption onto Polymeric Nanoparticles 641 15.5.2 Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles on Large Surfaces 642 15.5.3 Adsorption Isotherms 643 15.5.4 Adsorption Kinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles onto Substrates 644 15.6 Friction of PNP 647 15.7 Summary 648 References 649 16 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Materials and Mechanical Properties 659 Yu Tian, Yonggang Meng, and Shizhu Wen 16.1 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological History 659 16.2 ER/MR Phenomenon 661 16.3 ER/MR Materials 662 16.4 ER/MR Effect Models 664 16.5 Properties of ER/MR Fluids under Shearing, Tension, and Squeezing 667 16.5.1 Shear Properties of ER/MR Fluids 667 16.5.2 Tensile Behavior of ER/MR Fluids 669 16.5.3 Compression of ER/MR Fluids 672 16.6 Transient Response to Field Strength, Shear Rate, and Geometry 676 16.7 Shear Thickening in ER/MR Fluids at Low Shear Rates 681 16.8 Applications 683 References 684 Index 691

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Book SynopsisThree international symposia Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, Ceramic Matrix Composites, and Microwave Processing of Ceramics were held during Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition (MS&T'09), Pittsburgh, PA, October 25-29, 2009. These symposia provided an international forum for scientists, engineers, and technologists to discuss and exchange state-of-the-art ideas, information, and technology on advanced methods and approaches for processing, synthesis and characterization of ceramics, glasses, and composites. A total of 83 papers, including 20 invited talks, were presented in the form of oral and poster presentations. Authors from 19 countries (Austria, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, U.K., and the United States) participated. The speakers represented universities, industries, and government research laboratories.Table of ContentsPreface. SINTERING. Unveiling Spark Plasma Sintering High-Throughput Processing (Robert Aalund). Effect of ß-Phase Percentage on the Sinterability of SHS Si3N4 Powder (Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Youjun Lu, and Zhenkun Huang). MICROWAVE PROCESSING. Microwave Synthesis of Cobalt-Ferrite Nano-Particles by Polyol Method (Amal M. Ibrahim, Morsi M. Mahmoud, and M. M. Abd El-Latif). Investigation of Selective Microwave Heating by Use of Raman Spectroscopy (G. Link, M. Thumm, W. Faubel, St. Heissler, and P.G. Weidler). COMPOSITES Simulation of Manufacturing Process of Ceramic Matrix Composites (Jeffrey S. Crompton, Kyle C. Koppenhoefer, and Sergei P. Yushanov). Novel Nontraditional High Alumina Ceramic Composite (Evelyn M. DeLiso and Karl-Heinz Schofalvi). Production of Ceramic Composite Materials of Aluminum-Silicon Dioxide-Dolomite System Using SHS Process (B. B. Khina, K. B. Podbolotov, A. A. Zgurskaya, and A. T. Volochko). ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE CERAMIC (UHTC) COMPOSITES. Fabrication of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) Matrix Composite (Zhen Wang, Shaoming Dong, Le Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Yusheng Ding, and Ping He). Effect of Particulate Volume Fraction on Mechanical Properties of Pressureless Sintered ZrB2-SiC Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites (Manab Mallik, Rahul Mitra, and Kalyan Kumar Ray). NANOMATERIALS. Exploring New Routes for the Development of Functional Nanomaterials Using Extreme Pressure (K. Lipinska, P. Kalita, O. Hemmers, S. Sinogeikin, G. Mariotto, C. Segre, and Y. Ohki). In Situ Formation of Carbon Nanostructures in High-Temperature Ceramic-Carbon Nanocomposites (Rafael Guimaräes de Sä and William Edward Lee). Effect of Nano-SiC Addition on the Properties of Si3N4 (SHS)/SiC (Nano) Composites (Yong Jiang, Laner Wu, Qingxiang Qin, and Zhengkun Huang). GLASS AND CERAMICS. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Sodium-Calcium-Phosphate Glasses and Glass Fibers (Ena A. Aguilar-Reyes, Carlos A. Leon-Patifio, Christian O. Ruiz-Cedefio, Showan N. Nazhat, and Robin A.L. Drew). Activation of SHS Process in Al-Si02-C System Using Metallic Powder Activating Reactants (K. B. Podbolotov). New Porosity Inducing Material for Refractory Bricks (A.Y. Badmos and S.A. Abdulkareem). Combined Supercritical Extraction and Thermal Decomposition of Binder from Green Ceramic Bodies (Brandon Abeln and Stephen J. Lombardo). Research on Firing Distortion Prediction and Correction Techniques for Ceramics Design (Kiyoshi Soejima and Kiyoshi Tomimatsu). JOINING. Joining and Integration Issues of Ceramic Matrix Composites for Nuclear Applications (M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, V. Casalegno, S. Rizzo, and A. Ventrella). MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed B4C-SiC Composites (Xiao-Lei Shi, Fu-Min Xu, Yi Tan, and Lai Wang). Mechanical Property of Boron Carbide Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Reactive Sintering (S. Zhang, C. B.Wang, G. Chen, Q. Shen, L. M. Zhang). Tensile and Compressive Properties of 2D Pitch-Based and 3D Pan-Based C/C Composites in Relation to Fiber Orientation Distribution and Microstructure (Sardar S. Iqbal and Peter Filip). FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE. Foreign Object Damage in Ceramic Matrix Composites and Monolithic Silicon Nitrides (Sung R. Choi). Static-Contact and Foreign-Object Damages in an Oxide/Oxide (N720/ALUMINA) Ceramic Matrix Composite: Comparison with AN720/Aluminosilicate (David C. Faucett, Donald J. Alexander, and Sung R. Choi). CHARACTERIZATION. Nanoscale Characterization of Polymer Precursor Derived Silicon Carbide with Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanoindentation (Arif Rahman, Suraj C. Zunjarrao, and Raman P. Singh). Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Basic Refractories with Straight Brick Specimens by Hot Wire Method (Yoshitoshi Saito, Kinji Kanematsu, and Taijiro Matsui). Preparing and Characterizing Natural Hydroxyapatite Ceramics (Han Fenglan and Wu Laner). Intermediate Temperature Oxidation: Review and Test Method Refinement (K. Sinnamon, G. Ojard, B. Flandermeyer, and R. Miller). Structural and Thermal Study of Al203 Produced by Oxidation of Al-Powders Mixed with Corn Starch (Juliana Anggono, Soejono Tjitro, Hans H. Magawe, and Gunawan Wibisono). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisDuring the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications. This volume contains a collection of selected papers from the international symposia on Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices and Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics presented during the Material Science and Technology conference held in Pittsburgh in October 2009. It is a one-stop resource for academics on the most important issues in advances in electroceramic materials.Trade Review"Advances in Electroceramic Materials II: Ceramic Transactions, Volume 221" During the past decades, understanding of the science and technology powering electronic materials has played a major role in satisfying social needs by developing electronic devices for automotive, telecommunications, military, and medical applications." (World News, 8 February 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Design, Synthesis and Properties. Barium Titanate Stannate Functionally Graded Materials: Choosing of the Ti/Sn Concentration Gradient and the Influence of the Gradient on Electrical Properties (S. Markovic and D. Uskokovic). Barium Titanate and Cobalt Ferrite Nano-Particles Decorated SiCN/MWCNT Nanotubes: Synthesis and Microstructural Characterization (Vishwas Bedekar, Gurpreet Singh, Roop Mahajan, and Shashank Priya). Synthesis, Structural and Electrical Properties of the Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramic System (Jakob König, Mojca Otonicar, Sreco D. Skapin, and Danilo Suvorov). Improvement of Electric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3 and (K,Na)(Nb, Ta)O3 Based Lead-Free Piezoelectrics (Kochi Kukuta, Yoshiki Watanabe, Shun Kondo, Takeshi Asano, Jun Sakai, and Makoto Suzuki). Structural and Electrical Characterization of Lead-Free (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xBaTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics (Deepam Maurya, Cheol-Woo Ahn, and Shashank Priya). Temperature Dependences of Piezoelectric Properties of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics (Hahime Nagata, Masahiro Menoto, Yuji Hiruma, and Tadashi Takenaka). Structure and Dielectric Properties of Tellurium Oxide-Based Materials (N. Berkaïne, J. Cornette, D. Hamani, P. Thomas, O. Masson, A. Mirgorodsky, J. Colas, J.R. Ducière, T. Merle-Méjean, J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, M. Smirnov, V. Couderc, T. Cardinal, and E. Fargin). Dielectric Anisotropy of Ferroelectric Single Crystals in Microwave C-Band by Cavity Vectorial Perturbation Method (Robert McIntosh, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Characterization and Microstructure Evolution in Er-Doped BaTiO3 Ceramics (V. Mitic, V.B. Pavolovic, V. Paunovic, Lj. Kocic, and Lj. Zivkovic.). Improvement of the Dielectric Properties of Tunable (Ba,Sr)TiO3–MgO Composites by Decreasing Heterogeneous Diffusion (Romaine Costs, Michel Paté, and Jean-Pierre Ganne). High Thermal Conductivity A/N Materials (Isabel K. Lloyd). Metal-Encapsulation of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles (Su-Chul Yang, Cheol-Woo Ahn, Chee-Sung Park, Yaodong Yang, Dwight Viehland, and Shashank Priya). Applications and Devices. Optical and Electrical Single Crystals for UV/VUV Applications (K. Shimamura, E.G. Villora, and N. Ichinose). Microanalyses for Piezoresistive Effect on Actual and Modeled Interfaces of RuO2-Glass Thick Film Resistors (M. Totokawa and T. Tani). Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials for Sensors, Capacitors, and Actuators (Cheol-Woo Ahn, Deepam Maurya, Alex O. Aning, and Shashank Priya). Processing Issues in Pulse DC Sputtering of Vanadium Oxide This Films for Uncooled Infrared Detectors (S.S.N. Bharadwaja, C. Venkatasubramanyam, N. Fieldhouse, B. Gauntt, Myung Yoon Lee, S. Ashok, E.C. Dickey, T.N. Jackson, and M. Horn). Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Oxygen Sensor (Wei Wu, David W. Greene, and Irving J. Oppenheim). Introduction of Embossed Diaphragm in an Integrated Optical and Electronic Sensor (Ivan Padron, Anthony T. Fiory, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra). Optical Line Width in Quantum Dots and Nanodevices (Karel Kral and Miroslav Mensik). DuPontTM Green TapeTM 9K7 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Low Loss Dielectric System for High Frequency Microwave Applications (K. M. Nair, M. F. McCombs, K. E. Souders, J. M. Parisi, K. H. Hang, D. M. Nair, and S. C. Beers). Polyvinvylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Piezoelectric for Intravascular Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Arterial Blood Flow Rate (Juan P. Tamez, Hsiao-Yuan Wang, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo). Indirect Template Method of Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly (Rene D. Rivero, Ivan Padron, Michael R. Booty, Anthony T. Fiory, and N.M. Ravindra). Recent Developments in Thermoelectric Metrology at NIST (W. Wong-Ng, J. Martin, E. L. Thomas, M. Otani, N. Lowhorn, M. Green, G. Liu, Y.G. Yan, J. Hattick-Simpers, and T. Tran). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisExplores both the benefits and limitations of new UHPLC technology High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been widely used in analytical chemistry and biochemistry to separate, identify, and quantify compounds for decades. The science of liquid chromatography, however, was revolutionized a few years ago with the advent of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), which made it possible for researchers to analyze sample compounds with greater speed, resolution, and sensitivity. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Its Applications enables readers to maximize the performance of UHPLC as well as develop UHPLC methods tailored to their particular research needs. Readers familiar with HPLC methods will learn how to transfer these methods to a UHPLC platform and vice versa. In addition, the book explores a variety of UHPLC applications designed to support research in such fields as pharmaceuticals, food safety, clinical mediciTable of ContentsPreface vii Contributors ix 1. UHPLC Method Development 1 Shujun Chen and Alireza Kord 2. Method Transfer Between HPLC and UHPLC Platforms 31 Gregory K. Webster, Thomas F. Cullen, and Laila Kott 3. Practical Aspects of Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography 55 Naijun Wu, Christopher J. Welch, Theresa K. Natishan, Hong Gao, Tilak Chandrasekaran, and Li Zhang 4. Coupling UHPLC with MS: The Needs, Challenges, and Applications 95 Julie Schappler, Serge Rudaz, Jean-Luc Veuthey, and Davy Guillarme 5. The Potential of Shell Particles in Fast Liquid Chromatography 133 Szabolcs Fekete and Jeno Fekete 6. UHPLC Determination of Drugs of Abuse in Human Biological Matrices 169 Fabio Gosetti, Eleonora Mazzucco, and Maria Carla Gennaro 7. UHPLC in the Analyses of Isoflavones and Flavonoids 197 Sylwia Magiera and Irena Baranowska 8. UHPLC for Characterization of Protein Therapeutics 235 Jennifer C. Rea, Yajun Jennifer Wang, and Taylor Zhang 9. UHPLC/MS Analysis of Illicit Drugs 253 Guifeng Jiang, Jason R. Stenzel, Ray Chen, and Diab Elmashni 10. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry and Its Application 271 Zhili Xiong, Ying Deng, and Famei Li Index 291

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Book SynopsisIntegrating latest research results and characterization techniques, this book helps readers understand and apply foundational principles of nonlinear polymer rheology.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi About the Companion Website xxxi Part I Linear Viscoelasticity and Experimental Methods 1 1 Phenomenological Description of Linear Viscoelasticity 3 1.1 Basic Modes of Deformation 3 1.1.1 Startup shear 4 1.1.2 Step Strain and Shear Cessation from Steady State 5 1.1.3 Dynamic or Oscillatory Shear 5 1.2 Linear Responses 5 1.2.1 Elastic Hookean Solids 6 1.2.2 Viscous Newtonian Liquids 6 1.2.3 Viscoelastic Responses 7 1.2.3.1 Boltzmann Superposition Principle for Linear Response 7 1.2.3.2 General Material Functions in Oscillatory Shear 8 1.2.3.3 Stress Relaxation from Step Strain or Steady-State Shear 8 1.2.4 Maxwell Model for Viscoelastic Liquids 8 1.2.4.1 Stress Relaxation from Step Strain 9 1.2.4.2 Startup Deformation 10 1.2.4.3 Oscillatory (Dynamic) Shear 11 1.2.5 General Features of Viscoelastic Liquids 12 1.2.5.1 Generalized Maxwell Model 12 1.2.5.2 Lack of Linear Response in Small Step Strain: A Dilemma 13 1.2.6 Kelvin–Voigt Model for Viscoelastic Solids 14 1.2.6.1 Creep Experiment 15 1.2.6.2 Strain Recovery in Stress-Free State 15 1.2.7 Weissenberg Number and Yielding during Linear Response 16 1.3 Classical Rubber Elasticity Theory 17 1.3.1 Chain Conformational Entropy and Elastic Force 17 1.3.2 Network Elasticity and Stress–Strain Relation 18 1.3.3 Alternative Expression in terms of Retraction Force and Areal Strand Density 20 References 21 2 Molecular Characterization in Linear Viscoelastic Regime 23 2.1 Dilute Limit 23 2.1.1 Viscosity of Einstein Suspensions 23 2.1.2 Kirkwood–Riseman Model 24 2.1.3 Zimm Model 24 2.1.4 Rouse Bead-Spring Model 25 2.1.4.1 Stokes Law of Frictional Force of a Solid Sphere (Bead) 26 2.1.4.2 Brownian Motion and Stokes–Einstein Formula for Solid Particles 26 2.1.4.3 Equations of Motion and Rouse Relaxation Time τR27 2.1.4.4 Rouse Dynamics for Unentangled Melts 28 2.1.5 Relationship between Diffusion and Relaxation Time 29 2.2 Entangled State 30 2.2.1 Phenomenological Evidence of chain Entanglement 30 2.2.1.1 Elastic Recovery Phenomenon 30 2.2.1.2 Rubbery Plateau in Creep Compliance 31 2.2.1.3 Stress Relaxation 32 2.2.1.4 Elastic Plateau in Storage Modulus G’ 32 2.2.2 Transient Network Models 34 2.2.3 Models Depicting Onset of Chain Entanglement 35 2.2.3.1 Packing Model 35 2.2.3.2 Percolation Model 38 2.3 Molecular-Level Descriptions of Entanglement Dynamics 39 2.3.1 Reptation Idea of de Gennes 39 2.3.2 Tube Model of Doi and Edwards 41 2.3.3 Polymer-Mode-Coupling Theory of Schweizer 43 2.3.4 Self-diffusion Constant versus Zero-shear Viscosity 44 2.3.5 Entangled Solutions 46 2.4 Temperature Dependence 47 2.4.1 Time–Temperature Equivalence 47 2.4.2 Thermo-rheological Complexity 48 2.4.3 Segmental Friction and Terminal Relaxation Dynamics 49 References 50 3 Experimental Methods 55 3.1 Shear Rheometry 55 3.1.1 Shear by Linear Displacement 55 3.1.2 Shear in Rotational Device 56 3.1.2.1 Cone-Plate Assembly 56 3.1.2.2 Parallel Disks 57 3.1.2.3 Circular Couette Apparatus 58 3.1.3 Pressure-Driven Apparatus 59 3.1.3.1 Capillary Die 60 3.1.3.2 Channel Slit 61 3.2 Extensional Rheometry 63 3.2.1 Basic Definitions of Strain and Stress 63 3.2.2 Three Types of Devices 64 3.2.2.1 Instron Stretcher 64 3.2.2.2 Meissner-Like Sentmanat Extensional Rheometer 65 3.2.2.3 Filament Stretching Rheometer 65 3.3 In Situ Rheostructural Methods 66 3.3.1 Flow Birefringence 66 3.3.1.1 Stress Optical Rule 67 3.3.1.2 Breakdown of Stress-Optical Rule 68 3.3.2 Scattering (X-Ray, Light, Neutron) 69 3.3.3 Spectroscopy (NMR, Fluorescence, IR, Raman, Dielectric) 69 3.3.4 Microrheology and Microscopic Force Probes 69 3.4 Advanced Rheometric Methods 69 3.4.1 Superposition of Small-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear and Small Step Strain during Steady Continuous Shear 69 3.4.2 Rate or Stress Switching Multistep Platform 70 3.5 Conclusion 70 References 71 4 Characterization of Deformation Field Using Different Methods 75 4.1 Basic Features in Simple Shear 75 4.1.1 Working Principle for Strain-Controlled Rheometry: Homogeneous Shear 75 4.1.2 Stress-Controlled Shear 76 4.2 Yield Stress in Bingham-Type (Yield-Stress) Fluids 77 4.3 Cases of Homogeneous Shear 79 4.4 Particle-Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) 79 4.4.1 Simple Shear 80 4.4.1.1 Velocities in XZ-Plane 80 4.4.1.2 Deformation Field in XY Plane 80 4.4.2 Channel Flow 82 4.4.3 Other Geometries 83 4.5 Single-Molecule Imaging Velocimetry 83 4.6 Other Visualization Methods 83 References 84 5 Improved and Other Rheometric Apparatuses 87 5.1 Linearly Displaced Cocylinder Sliding for Simple Shear 88 5.2 Cone-Partitioned Plate (CPP) for Rotational Shear 88 5.3 Other Forms of Large Deformation 91 5.3.1 Deformation at Converging Die Entry 91 5.3.2 One-Dimensional Squeezing 92 5.3.3 Planar Extension 95 5.4 Conclusion 96 References 97 Part II Yielding – Primary Nonlinear Responses to Ongoing Deformation 99 6 Wall Slip – Interfacial Chain Disentanglement 103 6.1 Basic Notions of Wall Slip in Steady Shear 104 6.1.1 Slip Velocity Vs and Navier–de Gennes Extrapolation Length b 104 6.1.2 Correction of Shear Field due to Wall Slip 105 6.1.3 Complete Slip and Maximum Value for b 106 6.2 Stick–Slip Transition in Controlled-Stress Mode 108 6.2.1 Stick–Slip Transition in Capillary Extrusion 108 6.2.1.1 Analytical Description 108 6.2.1.2 Experimental Data 109 6.2.2 Stick–Slip Transition in Simple Shear 111 6.2.3 Limiting Slip Velocity V∗s for Different Polymer Melts 113 6.2.4 Characteristics of Interfacial Slip Layer 116 6.3 Wall Slip during Startup Shear – Interfacial Yielding 116 6.3.1 Theoretical Discussions 117 6.3.2 Experimental Data 118 6.4 Relationship between Slip and Bulk Shear Deformation 120 6.4.1 Transition from Wall Slip to Bulk Nonlinear Response: Theoretical Analysis 120 6.4.2 Experimental Evidence of Stress Plateau Associated with Wall Slip 122 6.4.2.1 A Case Based on Entangled DNA Solutions 122 6.4.2.2 Entangled Polybutadiene Solutions in Small Gap Distance H∼50 μm 123 6.4.2.3 Verification of Theoretical Relation by Experiment 126 6.4.3 Influence of Shear Thinning on Slip 127 6.4.4 Gap Dependence and Independence 128 6.5 Molecular Evidence of Disentanglement during Wall Slip 131 6.6 Uncertainties in Boundary Condition 134 6.6.1 Oscillations between Entanglement and Disentanglement Under Constant Speed 134 6.6.2 Oscillations between Stick and Slip under Constant Pressure 134 6.7 Conclusion 134 References 135 7 Yielding during Startup Deformation: From Elastic Deformation to Flow 139 7.1 Yielding at Wi<1 and Steady Shear Thinning at Wi>1 140 7.1.1 Elastic Deformation and Yielding for Wi<1 140 7.1.2 Steady Shear Rheology: Shear Thinning 141 7.2 Stress Overshoot in Fast Startup Shear 143 7.2.1 Scaling Characteristics of Shear Stress Overshoot 144 7.2.1.1 Viscoelastic Regime (WiR <1) 145 7.2.1.2 Elastic Deformation (Scaling) Regime (WiR >1) 145 7.2.1.3 Contrast between Two Different Regimes 148 7.2.2 Elastic Recoil from Startup Shear: Evidence of Yielding 149 7.2.2.1 Elastic Recoil for WiR >1 149 7.2.2.2 Irrecoverable Shear at WiR <1 149 7.2.3 More Evidence of Yielding at Overshoot Based on Rate-Switching Tests 153 7.3 Nature of Steady Shear 154 7.3.1 Superposition of Small-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear onto Steady-State Shear 155 7.3.2 Two Other Methods to Probe Steady Shear 157 7.4 From Terminal Flow to Fast Flow under Creep: Entanglement–Disentanglement Transition 159 7.5 Yielding in Startup Uniaxial Extension 163 7.5.1 Myth with Considère Criterion 163 7.5.2 Tensile Force (Engineering Stress) versus True Stress 164 7.5.3 Tensile Force Maximum: A Signature of Yielding in Extension 165 7.5.3.1 Terminal Flow (Wi<1) 166 7.5.3.2 Yielding Evidenced by Decline in σengr 167 7.5.3.3 Maxwell-Like Response and Scaling for WiR >1 170 7.5.3.4 Elastic Recoil 173 7.6 Conclusion 175 7.A Experimental Estimates of Rouse Relaxation Time 175 7.A.1 From Self-Diffusion 175 7.A.2 From Zero-Shear Viscosity 176 7.A.3 From Reptation (Terminal Relaxation) Time τd 176 7.A.4 From Second Crossover Frequency∼1/τe 176 References 176 8 Strain Hardening in Extension 181 8.1 Conceptual Pictures 181 8.2 Origin of “Strain Hardening” 184 8.2.1 Simple Illustration of Geometric Condensation Effect 184 8.2.2 “Strain Hardening” of Polymer Melts with Long-Chain Branching and Solutions 185 8.2.2.1 Melts with LCB 185 8.2.2.2 Entangled Solutions of Linear Chains 187 8.3 True Strain Hardening in Uniaxial Extension: Non-Gaussian Stretching from Finite Extensibility 188 8.4 Different Responses of Entanglement to Startup Extension and Shear 190 8.5 Conclusion 190 8.A Conceptual and Mathematical Accounts of Geometric Condensation 191 References 192 9 Shear Banding in Startup and Oscillatory Shear: Particle-Tracking Velocimetry 195 9.1 Shear Banding After Overshoot in Startup Shear 197 9.1.1 Brief Historical Background 197 9.1.2 Relevant Factors 198 9.1.2.1 Sample Requirements: Well Entangled, with Long Reptation Time and Low Polydispersity 198 9.1.2.2 Controlling Slip Velocity 199 9.1.2.3 Edge Effects 199 9.1.2.4 Absence of Shear Banding for b/H≪1 201 9.1.2.5 Disappearance of Shear Banding at High Shear Rates 202 9.1.2.6 Avoiding Shear Banding with Rate Ramp-Up 202 9.1.3 Shear Banding in Conventional Rheometric Devices 203 9.1.3.1 Shear Banding in Entangled DNA Solutions 203 9.1.3.2 Transient and Steady Shear Banding of Entangled 1,4-Polybutadiene Solutions 204 9.1.4 From Wall Slip to Shear Banding in Small Gap Distance 208 9.2 Overcoming Wall Slip during Startup Shear 209 9.2.1 Strategy Based on Choice of Solvent Viscosity 209 9.2.2 Negligible Slip Correction at High Wiapp 213 9.2.3 Summary on Shear Banding 213 9.3 Nonlinearity and Shear Banding in Large-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear 214 9.3.1 Strain Softening 214 9.3.2 Wave Distortion 215 9.3.3 Shear Banding 215 References 217 10 Strain Localization in Extrusion, Squeezing Planar Extension: PTV Observations 221 10.1 Capillary Rheometry in Rate-Controlled Mode 221 10.1.1 Steady-State Characteristics 221 10.1.2 Transient Behavior 223 10.1.2.1 Pressure Oscillation and Hysteresis 223 10.1.2.2 Input vs. Throughput, Entry Pressure Loss and Yielding 224 10.2 Instabilities at Die Entry 226 10.2.1 Vortex Formation vs. Shear Banding 226 10.2.2 Stagnation at Corners and Internal Slip 227 10.3 Squeezing Deformation 230 10.4 Planar Extension 233 References 233 11 Strain Localization and Failure during Startup Uniaxial Extension 235 11.1 Tensile-Like Failure (Decohesion) at Low Rates 237 11.2 Shear Yielding and Necking-Like Strain Localization at High Rates 239 11.2.1 Shear Yielding 239 11.2.2 Constant Normalized Engineering Stress at the Onset of Strain Localization 243 11.3 Rupture-Like Breakup: Where Are Yielding and Disentanglement? 245 11.4 Strain Localization Versus Steady Flow: Sentmanat Extensional Rheometry Versus Filament-Stretching Rheometry 247 11.5 Role of Long-Chain Branching 250 11.A Analogy between Capillary Rheometry and Filament-Stretching Rheometry 250 References 251 Part III Decohesion and Elastic Yielding After Large Deformation 255 12 Nonquiescent Stress Relaxation and Elastic Yielding in Stepwise Shear 257 12.1 Strain Softening After Large Step Strain 258 12.1.1 Phenomenology 258 12.1.2 Tube Model Interpretation 261 12.1.2.1 Normal Doi–Edwards Behavior 261 12.1.2.2 Type C Ultra-strain-softening 262 12.2 Particle Tracking Velocimetry Revelation of Localized Elastic Yielding 265 12.2.1 Nonquiescent Relaxation in Polymer Solutions 266 12.2.1.1 Elastic Yielding in Polybutadiene Solutions 266 12.2.1.2 Suppression of Breakup by Reduction in Extrapolation Length b 269 12.2.1.3 Nonquiescent Relaxation in Polystyrene Solutions 269 12.2.1.4 Strain Localization in the Absence of Edge Instability 270 12.2.2 Nonquiescent Relaxation in Styrene–Butadiene Rubbers 272 12.2.2.1 Induction Time and Molecular Weight Dependence 273 12.2.2.2 Severe Shear Banding before Shear Cessation and Immediate Breakup 275 12.2.2.3 Rate Dependence of Elastic Breakup 275 12.2.2.4 Unconventional “Step Strain” Produced at WiR <1 278 12.3 Quiescent and Uniform Elastic Yielding 279 12.3.1 General Comments 279 12.3.2 Condition for Uniform Yielding and Quiescent Stress Relaxation 280 12.3.3 Homogeneous Elastic Yielding Probed by Sequential Shearing 281 12.4 Arrested Wall Slip: Elastic Yielding at Interfaces 283 12.4.1 Entangled Solutions 283 12.4.2 Entangled Melts 283 12.5 Conclusion 286 References 287 13 Elastic Breakup in Stepwise Uniaxial Extension 291 13.1 Rupture-Like Failure during Relaxation at Small Magnitude or Low Extension Rate (WiR <1) 292 13.1.1 Small Magnitude (ε ∼ 1) 292 13.1.2 Low Rates Satisfying WiR <1 292 13.2 Shear-Yielding-Induced Failure upon Fast Large Step Extension (WiR >1) 293 13.3 Nature of Elastic Breakup Probed by Infrared Thermal-Imaging Measurements 297 13.4 Primitive Phenomenological Explanations 298 13.5 Step Squeeze and Planar Extension 299 References 299 14 Finite Cohesion and Role of Chain Architecture 301 14.1 Cohesive Strength of an Entanglement Network 302 14.2 Enhancing the Cohesion Barrier: Long-Chain Branching Hinders Structural Breakup 306 References 308 Part IV Emerging Conceptual Framework and Beyond 311 15 Homogeneous Entanglement 313 15.1 What Is Chain Entanglement? 313 15.2 When, How, and Why Disentanglement Occurs? 315 15.3 Criterion for Homogeneous Shear 316 15.4 Constitutive Nonmonotonicity 318 15.5 Metastable Nature of Shear Banding 319 References 322 16 Molecular Networks as the Conceptual Foundation 325 16.1 Introduction: The Tube Model and its Predictions 326 16.1.1 Basic Starting Points of the Tube Model 327 16.1.2 Rouse Chain Retraction 328 16.1.3 Nonmonotonicity due to Rouse Chain Retraction 328 16.1.3.1 Absence of Linear Response to Step Strain 328 16.1.3.2 Stress Overshoot upon Startup Shear 329 16.1.3.3 Strain Softening: Damping Function for Stress Relaxation 330 16.1.3.4 Excessive Shear Thinning: The Symptom of Shear Stress Maximum 331 16.1.3.5 Anticipation of Necking Based on Considère Criterion 332 16.1.4 How to Test the Tube Model 332 16.2 Essential Ingredients for a New Molecular Model 333 16.2.1 Intrachain Elastic Retraction Force 334 16.2.2 Intermolecular Grip Force (IGF) 335 16.2.3 Entanglement (Cohesion) Force Arising from Entropic Barrier: Finite Cohesion 336 16.2.3.1 Scaling Analysis 337 16.2.3.2 Threshold for decohesion 338 16.3 Overcoming Finite Cohesion after Step Deformation: Quiescent or Not 339 16.3.1 Nonquiescence from Severe Elastic Yielding 339 16.3.1.1 With WiR >1 339 16.3.1.2 With WiR≪1 340 16.3.2 Homogeneous Elastic Yielding: Quiescent Relaxation 340 16.4 Forced Microscopic Yielding during Startup Deformation: Stress Overshoot 341 16.4.1 Chain Disentanglement for WiR <1 341 16.4.2 Molecular Force Imbalance and Scaling for WiR >1 342 16.4.3 Yielding is a Universal Response: Maximum Engineering Stress 346 16.5 Interfacial Yielding via Disentanglement 346 16.6 Effect of Long-Chain Branching 347 16.7 Decohesion in Startup Creep: Entanglement–Disentanglement Transition 349 16.8 Emerging Microscopic Theory of Sussman and Schweizer 350 16.9 Further Tests to Reveal the Nature of Responses to Large Deformation 351 16.9.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 352 16.9.2 Small Angle Neutron Scattering Measurements 353 16.9.2.1 Melt Extension at WiR≪1 353 16.9.2.2 Step Melt Extension With WiR >1 354 16.10 Conclusion 354 References 355 17 “Anomalous” Phenomena 361 17.1 Essence of Rheometric Measurements: Isothermal Condition 361 17.1.1 Heat Transfer in Simple Shear 362 17.1.2 Heat Transfer in Uniaxial Extension 364 17.2 Internal Energy Buildup with and without Non-Gaussian Extension 366 17.3 Breakdown of Time–Temperature Superposition (TTS) during Transient Response 368 17.3.1 Time–Temperature Superposition in Polystyrene Solutions and Styrene–Butadiene Rubbers: Linear Response 368 17.3.2 Failure of Time–Temperature Superposition: Solutions and Melts 369 17.3.2.1 Entangled Polymer Solutions Undergoing Startup Shear 369 17.3.2.2 Entangled Polymer Melts during Startup Extension 370 17.4 Strain Hardening in Simple Shear of Some Polymer Solutions 372 17.5 Lack of Universal Nonlinear Responses: Solutions versus Melts 374 17.6 Emergence of Transient Glassy Responses 378 References 380 18 Difficulties with Orthodox Paradigms 385 18.1 Tube Model Does Not Predict Key Experimental Features 385 18.1.1 Unexpected Failure at WiR≪1 387 18.1.2 Elastic Yielding Can Lead to Nonquiescent Relaxation 387 18.1.3 Meaning of Maximum in Tensile Force (Engineering Stress) 388 18.1.4 Other Examples of Causality Reversal 389 18.1.5 Entanglement–Disentanglement Transition 390 18.1.6 Anomalies Are the Norm 390 18.2 Confusion About Local and Global Deformations 391 18.2.1 Lack of Steady Flow in Startup Melt Extension 391 18.2.2 Peculiar Protocol to Observe Stress Relaxation from Step Extension 392 18.3 Molecular Network Paradigm 392 18.3.1 Startup Deformation 392 18.3.2 Stepwise Deformation 393 References 394 19 Strain Localization and Fluid Mechanics of Entangled Polymers 397 19.1 Relationship between Wall Slip and Banding: A Rheological-State Diagram 398 19.2 Modeling of Entangled Polymeric Liquids by Continuum Fluid Mechanics 399 19.3 Challenges in Polymer Processing 400 19.3.1 Extrudate Distortions 401 19.3.1.1 Sharkskin Melt Fracture (Due to Exit Boundary Discontinuity) 401 19.3.1.2 Gross (Melt Fracture) Extrudate Distortions Due to Entry Instability 403 19.3.1.3 Another Example Showing Pressure Oscillation and Stick–Slip Transition 403 19.3.2 Optimal Extrusion Conditions 404 19.3.3 Melt Strength 405 References 406 20 Conclusion 409 20.1 Theoretical Challenges 410 20.2 Experimental Difficulties 413 References 415 Symbols and Acronyms 417 Subject Index 421

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Book SynopsisThe development of new multifunctional membranes and materials which respond to external stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, biochemicals or magnetic or electrical signals, represents new approaches to separations, reactions, or recognitions.Table of ContentsPreface xv List of Contributors xxi 1 Oligonucleic Acids (“Aptamers”) for Designing Stimuli-Responsive Membranes 1 Veli Cengiz O¨ zalp, Mar´ýa Bele´n Serrano-Santos and Thomas Scha¨fer 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Aptamers – Structure, Function, Incorporation, and Selection 4 1.3 Characterization Techniques for Aptamer-Target Interactions 7 1.3.1 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using QCM-D 8 1.3.2 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using DPI 13 1.4 Aptamers – Applications 17 1.4.1 Electromechanical Gates 17 1.4.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nucleic Acid Gates in Nanoparticles 17 1.4.3 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer Gates in Nanoparticles 20 1.4.4 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer-Based Gating Membranes 22 1.5 Outlook 25 Acknowledgements 26 References 26 2 Emerging Membrane Nanomaterials – Towards Natural Selection of Functions 31 Mihail Barboiu 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Ion-Pair Conduction Pathways in Liquid and Hybrid Membranes 32 2.3 Dynamic Insidepore Resolution Towards Emergent Membrane Functions 36 2.4 Dynameric Membranes and Materials 39 2.4.1 Constitutional Hybrid Materials 39 2.4.2 Dynameric Membranes Displaying Tunable Properties on Constitutional Exchange 41 2.5 Conclusion 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 3 Carbon Nanotube Membranes as an Idealized Platform for Protein Channel Mimetic Pumps 51 Bruce Hinds 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Experimental Understanding of Mass Transport Through CNTs 56 3.2.1 Ionic Diffusion and Gatekeeper Activity 57 3.2.2 Gas and Fluid Flow 57 3.3 Electrostatic Gatekeeping and Electro-osmotic Pumping 59 3.3.1 Biological Gating 62 3.4 CNT Membrane Applications 63 3.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 66 Acknowledgements 67 References 67 4 Synthesis Aspects in the Design of Responsive Membranes 73 Scott M. Husson 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Responsive Mechanisms 74 4.3 Responsive Polymers 75 4.3.1 Temperature-Responsive Polymers 75 4.3.2 Polymers that Respond to pH, Ionic Strength, Light 76 4.4 Preparation of Responsive Membranes 77 4.5 Polymer Processing into Membranes 78 4.5.1 Solvent Casting 78 4.5.2 Phase Inversion 78 4.6 In Situ Polymerization 78 4.6.1 Radiation-Based Methods 78 4.6.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) 79 4.7 Surface Modification Using Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 79 4.8 “Grafting to” Methods 81 4.8.1 Physical Adsorption – Non-covalent 81 4.8.2 Chemical Grafting – Covalent 81 4.8.3 Surface Entrapment – Non-covalent, Physically Entangled 82 4.9 “Grafting from” – a.k.a. Surface-Initiated Polymerization 83 4.9.1 Photo-Initiated Polymerization 83 4.9.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 85 4.9.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization 87 4.9.4 Other Grafting Methods 91 4.9.5 Summary of “Grafting from” Methods 91 4.10 Future Directions 91 References 92 5 Tunable Separations, Reactions, and Nanoparticle Synthesis in Functionalized Membranes 97 Scott R. Lewis, Vasile Smuleac, Li Xiao and D. Bhattacharyya 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Membrane Functionalization 98 5.2.1 Chemical Modification 98 5.2.2 Surface Initiated Membrane Modification 101 5.2.3 Cross-Linked Hydrogel (Pore Filled) Membranes 102 5.2.4 Layer by Layer Assemblies 103 5.3 Applications 104 5.3.1 Water Flux Tunability 104 5.3.2 Tunable Separation of Salts 109 5.3.3 Charged-Polymer Multilayer Assemblies for Environmental Applications 113 5.4 Responsive Membranes and Materials for Catalysis and Reactions 115 5.4.1 Iron-Functionalized Responsive Membranes 116 5.4.2 Responsive Membranes for Enzymatic Catalysis 127 Acknowledgements 132 References 132 6 Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment 143 Qian Yang and S. R. Wickramasinghe 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Fabrication of Responsive Membranes 144 6.2.1 Functionalization by Incubation in Liquids 145 6.2.2 Functionalization by Incorporation of Responsive Groups in the Base Membrane 145 6.2.3 Surface Modification of Existing Membranes 148 6.3 Outlook 158 References 159 7 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes and Feed Spacers for Fouling Control in Drinking Water Treatment Applications 163 Colleen Gorey, Richard Hausman and Isabel C. Escobar 7.1 Membrane Filtration 163 7.2 Fouling 165 7.3 Improving Membrane Performance 168 7.3.1 Plasma Treatment 168 7.3.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation 170 7.3.3 Membrane Modification by Graft Polymerization 171 7.3.4 Ion Beam Irradiation 176 7.4 Design and Surface Modifications of Feed Spacers for Biofouling Control 178 7.5 Conclusion 180 Acknowledgements 181 References 181 8 Pore-Filled Membranes as Responsive Release Devices 187 Kang Hu and James Dickson 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Responsive Pore-Filled Membranes 188 8.3 Development and Characterization of PVDF-PAA Pore-Filled pH-Sensitive Membranes 190 8.3.1 Membrane Gel Incorporation (Mass Gain) 191 8.3.2 Membrane pH Reversibility 191 8.3.3 Membrane Water Flux as pH Varied from 2 to 7.5 191 8.3.4 Effects of Gel Incorporation on Membrane Pure Water Permeabilities at pH Neutral and Acidic 195 8.3.5 Estimation and Calculation of Pore Size 198 8.4 pH-Sensitive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-Poly(Acrylic Acid) Pore-Filled Membranes for Controlled Drug Release in Ruminant Animals 201 8.4.1 Determination of Membrane Diffusion Permeability (PS) for Salicylic Acid 202 8.4.2 Applicability of the Fabricated Pore-Filled Membranes on the Salicylic Acid Release and Retention 205 References 207 9 Magnetic Nanocomposites for Remote Controlled Responsive Therapy and in Vivo Tracking 211 Ashley M. Hawkins, David A. Puleo and J. Zach Hilt 9.1 Introduction 211 9.1.1 Nanocomposite Polymers 211 9.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 212 9.2 Applications of Magnetic Nanocomposite Polymers 212 9.2.1 Thermal Actuation 213 9.2.2 Thermal Therapy 218 9.2.3 Mechanical Actuation 220 9.2.4 In Vivo Tracking and Applications 224 9.3 Concluding Remarks 224 References 224 10 The Interactions between Salt Ions and Thermo-Responsive Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) from Molecular Dynamics Simulations 229 Hongbo Du and Xianghong Qian 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Computational Details 230 10.3 Results and Discussion 232 10.4 Conclusion 238 Acknowledgements 240 References 240 11 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Materials: Integrating Biological Function into Synthetic Materials 243 Kendrick Turner, Santosh Khatwani and Sylvia Daunert 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Biomimetics in Biotechnology 245 11.3 Hinge-Motion Binding Proteins 249 11.4 Calmodulin 250 11.5 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Membranes 251 11.6 Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels 253 11.7 Micro/Nanofabrication of Hydrogels 255 11.8 Mechanical Characterization of Hydrogels 256 11.9 Creep Properties of Hydrogels 257 11.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 258 Acknowledgements 258 References 258 12 Responsive Colloids with Controlled Topology 269 Jeffrey C. Gaulding, Emily S. Herman and L. Andrew Lyon 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Inert Core/Responsive Shell Particles 270 12.3 Responsive Core/Responsive Shell Particles 275 12.4 Hollow Particles 281 12.5 Janus Particles 286 12.6 Summary 292 References 293 13 Novel Biomimetic Polymer Gels Exhibiting Self-Oscillation 301 Ryo Yoshida 13.1 Introduction 301 13.2 The Design Concept of Self-Oscillating Gel 303 13.3 Aspects of the Autonomous Swelling–Deswelling Oscillation 303 13.4 Design of Biomimetic Actuator Using Self-Oscillating Polymer and Gel 306 13.4.1 Ciliary Motion Actuator (Artificial Cilia) 306 13.4.2 Self-Walking Gel 307 13.4.3 Theoretical Simulation of the Self-Oscillating Gel 307 13.5 Mass Transport Surface Utilizing Peristaltic Motion of Gel 308 13.6 Self-Oscillating Polymer Chains and Microgels as “Nanooscillators” 309 13.6.1 Solubility Oscillation of Polymer Chains 309 13.6.2 Self-Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation of Microgels 310 13.6.3 Viscosity Oscillation of Polymer Solution and Microgel Dispersion 311 13.6.4 Attempts of Self-Oscillation under Acid- and Oxidant-Free Physiological Conditions 311 13.7 Conclusion 312 References 312 14 Electroactive Polymer Soft Material Based on Dielectric Elastomer 315 Liwu Liu, Zhen Zhang, Yanju Liu and Jinsong Leng 14.1 Introduction to Electroactive Polymers 315 14.1.1 Development History 316 14.1.2 Classification 316 14.1.3 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 316 14.1.4 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 318 14.1.5 Electroactive Polymer Applications 318 14.1.6 Application of Dielectric Elastomers 318 14.1.7 Manufacturing the Main Structure of Actuators Using EAP Materials 327 14.1.8 The Current Problem for EAP Materials and their Prospects 329 14.2 Materials of Dielectric Elastomers 330 14.2.1 The Working Principle of Dielectric Elastomers 330 14.2.2 Material Modification of Dielectric Elastomer 331 14.2.3 Dielectric Elastomer Composite 334 14.3 The Theory of Dielectric Elastomers 336 14.3.1 Free Energy of Dielectric Elastomer Electromechanical Coupling System 336 14.3.2 Special Elastic Energy 339 14.3.3 Special Electric Field Energy 341 14.3.4 Incompressible Dielectric Elastomer 342 14.3.5 Model of Several Dielectric Elastomers 342 14.4 Failure Model of a Dielectric Elastomer 356 14.4.1 Electrical Breakdown 357 14.4.2 Electromechanical Instability and Snap-Through Instability 357 14.4.3 Loss of Tension 358 14.4.4 Rupture by Stretching 359 14.4.5 Zero Electric Field Condition 359 14.4.6 Super-Electrostriction Deformation of a Dielectric Elastomer 359 14.5 Converter Theory of Dielectric Elastomer 361 14.5.1 Principle for Conversion Cycle 361 14.5.2 Plane Actuator 362 14.5.3 Spring-Roll Dielectric Elastomer Actuator 364 14.5.4 Tube-Type Actuator 365 14.5.5 Film-Spring System 369 14.5.6 Energy Harvester 372 14.5.7 The Non-Linear Vibration of a Dielectric Elastomer Ball 376 14.5.8 Folded Actuator 377 References 379 15 Responsive Membranes/Material-Based Separations: Research and Development Needs 385 Rosemarie D. Wesson, Elizabeth S. Dow and Sonya R. Williams 15.1 Introduction 385 15.2 Water Treatment 386 15.3 Biological Applications 387 15.4 Gas Separation and Additional Applications 388 References 389 Index 395

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Book SynopsisAlthough sintering is an essential process in the manufacture of ceramics and certain metals, as well as several other industrial operations, until now, no single book has treated both the background theory and the practical application of this complex and often delicate procedure.Table of ContentsSintering Measurement Techniques. Solid-State Sintering Fundamentals. Microstructure and Processing Relations in Solid-StateSintering. Solid-State Sintering of Mixed Powders. Liquid-Phase Sintering. Pressure-Assisted Sintering. Novel Sintering Techniques. Sintering Atmospheres. Sintering Practice. Future Directions. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisIt is difficult to imagine how our highly evolved technological society would function, or how life would even exist on our planet, if polymers did not exist. The intensive study of polymeric systems, which has been under way for several decades, has recently yielded new insights into the properties of assemblies of these complex molecules and the physical principles that govern their behavior. These developments have included new concepts to describe aspects of the many body behavior in these systems, microscopic analyses that bring our understanding of these systems much closer to our understanding of simple liquids and solids, and the discovery of novel chemistry that these molecules can catalyze. This special topic volume of Advances in Chemical Physics surveys a number of these recent accomplishments. Supplemented with more than 250 illustrations, it provides a significant, up-to-date selection of papers by inter-nationally recognized researchers. Topics include:Table of ContentsTheory of Polyelectrolyte Solutions (J.-L. Barrat & J.-F. Joanny). Star Polymers: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation (G. Grest, et al.). Tethered Polymer Layers (I. Szleifer & M. Carignano). Living Polymers (S. Greer). Transport and Kinetics in Electroactive Polymers (M. Lyons). Polymers in Disordered Media (A. Baumgärtner & M. Muthukumar). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisCOMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY IN DRUG DISCOVERY Edited by Eric M. Gordon and James F. Kerwin, Jr. Increasing pressure to identify, optimize, develop, and commercialize novel drugs more rapidly and more cost-effectively has led to an urgent demand for technologies that can reduce the time to market for new products. Molecular diversity, of both natural and synthetic materials, provides a valuable source of compounds for identifying and optimizing new drug leads. Through the rapidly evolving technology of combinatorial chemistry, it is now possible to produce libraries of small molecules to screen for novel bioactivities. This powerful new technology has begun to help pharmaceutical companies find new drug candidates quickly, save significant dollars in preclinical development costs, and ultimately change their fundamental approach to drug discovery. Comprising the work of the leading authorities in the area of molecular diversity Trade Review"This monograph does an excellent job summarizing many of the important aspects regarding the synthesis, manipulation, and screening of combinatorial molecules for pharmacological activity...The editors are to be commended on assembling an admirable resource..." (The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol. 76, No. 2, June 2001)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY: AN INTRODUCTION. Historical Overview of the Developing Field of Molecular Diversity (J. Chabala, et al.). Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, Lead Generation, and Optimization (B. Seligman, et al.). Oligonucleotide Libraries as a Source of Molecular Diversity (H.-Y. Mei, et al.). SMALL MOLECULAR LIBRARIES. Protease Inhibitor Libraries (D. Patel & D. Campbell). Scaffolds for Small Molecule Libraries (M. Pavia). Encoded Combinatorial Chemistry (J. Jacobs & Z.-J. Ni). Parallel Organic Synthesis in Array Format (S. Hall). AUTOMATION, ANALYTICAL, AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS. Automation of Combinatorial Chemistry for Large Libraries (M. Needels & J. Sugarman). Quantifying Diversity (Y. Martin, et al.). BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. Protein Scaffolds for Peptide Libraries (R. Hoess). SCREENING. Strategies for Screening Combinatorial Libraries (B. Beutel). COMBINATORIAL DRUG SCREENING AND DEVELOPMENT. Combinatorial Technologies: Prospects and Future Issues (J. Kerwin). Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe complete control system engineering solution for continuous and batch manufacturing plants. This book presents a complete methodology of control system design for continuous and batch manufacturing in such diverse areas as pulp and paper, petrochemical, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and biochemical production.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Plant-wide Process Control. Control Engineering on Capital Projects. A Practitioner's Model for Automation and Control. Process Modeling. Single Loop Regulatory Control. Enhancements to Single Loop Regulatory Control. Multivariable Regulatory Control. Discrete Control. Batch Control. Case Study - Pulp and Paper Mill. Appendices. Glossary.

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