Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books
Springer London Ltd Model Predictive Control System Design and
Book SynopsisModel Predictive Control System Design and Implementation Using MATLAB® proposes methods for design and implementation of MPC systems using basis functions that confer the following advantages: - continuous- and discrete-time MPC problems solved in similar design frameworks; - a parsimonious parametric representation of the control trajectory gives rise to computationally efficient algorithms and better on-line performance; and - a more general discrete-time representation of MPC design that becomes identical to the traditional approach for an appropriate choice of parameters. After the theoretical presentation, coverage is given to three industrial applications. The subject of quadratic programming, often associated with the core optimization algorithms of MPC is also introduced and explained. The technical contents of this book is mainly based on advances in MPC using state-space models and basis functions. This volume includes numerous analytical examples and problems and MATLAB® programs and exercises.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This monograph gives an introduction to model predictive control and recent developments in its design and implementation using Matlab and Simulink. The book is aimed at a wide readership ranging from industrial control engineers to graduate students in the process and control disciplines.” (IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Vol. 30, August, 2010)“The book gives an introduction to Model Predictive Control (MPC), and recent developments in design and implementation. … The book’s approach is expected to appeal to a wide readership ranging from the industrial control engineer to the postgraduate student in the process and control disciplines. Both will find the MATLAB demonstrations of the control concepts a valuable tutorial route to understanding MPC in practice.” (Karl-Heinz Waldmann, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1200, 2011)Table of ContentsDiscrete-time MPC for Beginners.- Discrete-time MPC with Constraints.- Discrete-time MPC Using Laguerre Functions.- Discrete-time MPC with Prescribed Degree of Stability.- Continuous-time Orthonormal Basis Functions.- Continuous-time MPC.- Continuous-time MPC with Constraints.- Continuous-time MPC with Prescribed Degree of Stability.- Classical MPC Systems in State-space Formulation.- Implementation of Predictive Control Systems.
£134.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG An Integrated Approach for Added-Value Products from Lignocellulosic Biorefineries: Vanillin, Syringaldehyde, Polyphenols and Polyurethane
Book SynopsisThis book offers the state of the art on the progress and accomplishments of 25 years of research at the Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials on lignin conversion to value-added products and their downstream separation. The first valorisation pathway presented for lignin is its partial depolymerisation by oxidation for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, such as vanillin and syringaldehyde, and the second one is the lignin application as macromonomer for polyurethane synthesis. In this book, the authors present the integration of these two valorisation pathways as an exclusive vision of LSRE-LCM resulting from hands-on experience on reaction and separation processes: the integrated process for lignin valorisation. In this perspective, the lignin is oxidized to simultaneously produce syringaldehyde and vanillin, and the obtained by-products to produce a polyol for lignin-based polyurethanes, completing the lignin value chain. On the perspective of pulp mill-related biorefineries, a valorisation route for eucalyptus bark is also presented, focusing on LSRE-LCM experience on extraction and separation of bioactive polyphenols, giving some insights about further integration of extracted bark on biorefining operations. Table of Contents1. Chemical pulp mills as biorefineries 1.1 General overview: delignification industrial processes 1.2 Side-streams and current recovery cycles of chemicals and energy in typical mills 1.3 The integration of new biorefinery processes in pulp industries 1.4 Lignin: the main side-stream from delignification processes 1.4.1 Types of lignins and up-to-date market 1.4.2 Lignins from new incoming delignification processes 1.4.3 The cost and the revenues of lignin separation from liquid side streams in a pulp mill 1.5 Lignin characterization and classification 1.5.1 Impact of delignification process on the structure of the lignin 1.5.2 Radar tool for lignin classification on the perspective of it valorization 1.5.3 Improving and recognizing the lignin quality in biorefineries 1.6 Bark: an unrecognized valuable lignocellulosic material 1.6.1 Chemical composition. The particular case of Eucalyptus globulus bark 1.6.2 Current and potential commercial products from bark 2. Integrated process for vanillin and syringaldehyde production from kraft lignin 2.1 Oxidation of lignin with O2 in alkaline medium 2.1.1 Batch oxidation 2.2.1.1 Kinetics and modelling of reaction in batch reactor for vanillin production 2.2.1.2 Syringaldehyde as the main product from hardwood lignins 2.2.1.3 Oxidation of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulping liquor versus kraft lignin 2.1.2 Oxidation in co-current gas–liquid flow structured packed reactor 2.1.2.1 Experimental and modelling of vanillin production 2.1.2.2 Experiments of oxidation of hardwood pulping liquor and lignins 2.2 Separation processes 2.2.1 Membrane separation of phenolates from depolymerized lignin 2.2.2 Ion exchange process for vanillin recovery 2.2.3 Adsorption and desorption of vanillin and syringaldehyde onto polymeric resins 2.3 The integrated process for complete lignin valorization into phenolic compounds and polyurethanes 3. Polyurethanes from recovered and depolymerized lignins 3.1 Overview of strategies and opportunities 3.2 Lignin use as such 3.2.1 Reactive filler in polyurethane foams 3.2.2 Additive to enhance biodegradability 3.2.3 Co-monomer to produce elastomers 3.3 Lignin use after chemical modification 3.3.1 Overview of lignin liquefaction processes 3.3.2 Oxypropylation as a viable route to produce liquid polyols 3.3.3 Screening of opportunities for oxypropylated lignin 3.3.4 Production of rigid polyurethane foams 3.4. Lignin use after depolymerization 4. Polyphenols from bark of Eucalyptus globulus 4.1 Composition of polar extracts 4.2 Extraction of polyphenols 4.2.1 Water and alkaline extractions: selectivity and concentration strategy 4.2.2 Ethanol/water extraction: process optimization for phenolic compounds 4.2.3 Screening for valuable applications: tanning proprieties and biological activity 4.3 Fractionation of ethanolic extracts from Eucalyptus globulus bark 4.3.1 Membrane processing 4.3.1.1 Resistance and cake build up analysis in the ultrafiltration of ethanol:water extract (80:20 v/v) 4.3.1.2 Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration to etanol/water extract (52:48 v/v) 4.3.2 Diafiltration and adsorption for purification and concentration of polyphenols 5. Conclusions and future perspectives 6. References
£80.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Introduction to Ultrasound, Sonochemistry and Sonoelectrochemistry
Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the fundamental and applied aspects of sonochemistry, discussing a number of basic concepts in sonochemistry, such as how ultrasonic waves interact with gas bubbles in liquids to generate cavitation, and how the high temperatures generated within cavitation bubbles could be estimated. It explains how redox radicals are produced and how to make use of both the physical and chemical forces generated during cavitation for various applications. Intended for academic researchers, industry professionals as well as undergraduate and graduate students, especially those starting on a new research topic or those new to the field, it provides a clear understanding of the concepts and methodologies involved in ultrasonic and sonochemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Interaction between Sound Waves and Bubbles.- Cavitation.- Physical and Chemical Forces Generated by Cavitation.- Brief Accounts on Sonochemistry, Sonoluminescence and Sonoelectrochemistry.
£44.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Multiphase Equilibria of Complex Reservoir
Book SynopsisThis short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations.This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2. Cubic Equation of States.- Chapter 3. Phase Stability Test.- Chapter 4. Flash Calculations.- Chapter 5. Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations.
£54.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Plasmonics for Hydrogen Energy
Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the fundamentals of plasmonic field enhancement phenomena and the recent advancements in the field of hydrogen energy technologies that utilize plasmonics for their performance enhancement. Hydrogen energy is currently a representative clean energy without polluting or greenhouse emission in its use. However, industrial production of hydrogen molecules, or other usable hydrogen-containing molecules, is required for the use of hydrogen energy. It is also important to produce hydrogen in clean, renewable manners, to contribute to the solution of the environmental problems, such as atmospheric pollution and global warming, and of the depletion of energy resources. For the widespread use of hydrogen energy, technical developments particularly for hydrogen production and storage are highly sought after. Free electrons in metals, particularly around metal surfaces or interfaces with dielectric materials, exhibit a strong interaction with electromagnetic fields or light in the form of collective oscillation, named surface plasmons. The electromagnetic field intensity around subwavelength-size metal particles can be highly localized due to the coupling between the incident photons and collective oscillation of free electrons at the metal surface, resulting in focusing of electromagnetic energy density, or namely local field enhancement.Table of ContentsHydrogen Energy Technology and Plasmonics.- Field Enhancement around Spherical Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoshells.- Field Enhancement on Planar Metal Surface.- Field Enhancement at Sharp Metal Tips.- Field Enhancement in Metal Nanogaps.- Applications.
£85.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Smelter Grade Alumina from Bauxite: History, Best
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive review of the production of smelter grade alumina from bauxite ores. It emphasizes the best practices applied in the industry today but seen in a historical context with a view to future challenges and developments. The control of alumina quality is discussed in detail including the effects that alumina quality have on the aluminum smelter process with respect to environmental performance, current efficiency, and metal purity. The discussion of alumina quality will be relevant to people on the smelter side, as this is the interface between refinery and smelter. Emphasis is placed on the major steps of the Bayer Process including: digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination, and management of water, energy, and bauxite residue. This book is a valuable resource for active, seasoned practitioners and for new engineers entering the industry.Table of Contents1. Introduction: Primary Aluminium - Alumina - Bauxite (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Property Driven Applicationsii. Supply-Demand Balance and Forecastiii. Cost Drivers and Pricingiv. Environmental Footprints and Challenges2. Bauxite Mineralogy, Classification and Beneficiation (Hydro/RTA?)i. Bauxite Resourcesii. Mineralogy and Chemistryiii. Classification from Bayer Process Perspectiveiv. Beneficiation Options3. Bayer Process Design and Physical Chemistry (Steve Healy)i. Bayer Process Design Overviewii. Liquor Properties - Physio Chemical Dataiii. Lime (CaO) Chemistry4. Bauxite Processing - Crushing/Grinding, De-silication and Digestion (CSIRO?)i. Crushing & Grindingii. Silica Chemistry, Desilication Kinetics and Reactor Designiii. Digestion Chemistry, Breakpoint and Kineticsa. Maximum Extractable Alumina (MEA) and Breakpointb. Digestion Modelsc. Degradation of Organicsiv. Digestion Conditions, Bauxite Mineralogy and Yielda. Effect of Lime additionb. Impact of impuritiesv. Applied Digestion Technology and Heat Consumptiona. Autoclavesb. Tube Digesterc. Double Digestionvi. Digester Mass and Heat Balancesa. Theoretical Heat of Digestionb. Boiling Point Elevationc. Steam Requirements5. De-sanding - Floculation / Sedimentation - Liquor Filtration (Tim Laros)i. De-Sanding Equipmentii. Flocculation and Sedimentation Principlesiii. Mud Rheology, Rake Drives and Mud Pumpingiv. Decantation and Clarification Technologyv. Rise Rate and Tank Designvi. Pregnant/Green Liquor Filtration Options and Trends6. Bauxite Residue: Washing - Dewatering (Tim Laros) and Disposal (Paul McGlade)i. Mud Washing - Recovery of Soda and Aluminaii. Dewatering Options: Filtration and Centrifuginga. Filtration Theory and Applicationsb. Filtration Pressure and Equipment Optionsc. Centrifuge Theory and Applicationsiii. Mud Cake Disposal Options and Principlea. Wet Disposal w/wo Neutralizationb. Dry Stacking w/wo Mud Farmingc. Dry Disposal 7. Hydrate Precipitation (Dennis R. Audet) , Classification and Filtration (Manfred Bach)i. Hydrate Crystallization Fundamentalsa. Nucleation, Agglomeration, Breakage and Growthb. Crystallization Mechanism and Kineticsc. Heat of Crystallizationd. Control of Residual Sodae. Impact of Organics and other impurities on Yieldii. Precipitation Flow Sheets and Particle Morphologya. Retention Time and Temperature Profile impact on Yieldb. Modelling of Precipitation Flow sheetiii. Precipitator Tank Design Optionsa. Agitation and Mixingb. Hydrodynamic Effects on Yieldiv. Classification Options and Mass Balance Controla. Hydro Clonesb. Fine Seed Thickenerv. Seed and Product Hydrate Filtration Optionsa. Seed Preparationb. Washing Efficiency and Flow sheets8. Liquor Purification and Impurity Control (Steve Healy)i. Organics removalii. Removal of Inorganic impuritiesa. Ironb. Phosphorc. Other…9. Water Balance, Evaporation, Heat Exchange and Co-Generation (Daniel Thomas)i. Refinery Water Balanceii. Bayer Process Heat Balancea. Heat Transfer b. Inter-department heat exchangeiii. Evaporationiv. Co-Generation of Steam and Power10. Alumina Production by Calcination (Benny E. Raahauge)i. Calcination Chemistry, Phase Changes and Combustiona. Chemistry, Degree of Calcination and Stoichiometryb. Crystalline and X-Ray Amorphous Phasesc. Fuels and Combustion Products - Acid dew Pointii. Drying and Calcination Theorya. Gas-Solid Heat Transfer and Drying/Calcinationb. Heat Conductionc. Alpha Phase Formation and Kineticsiii. Heat of Calcinationa. Standard Heats of Reactionb. Calcination Heat in Practiceiv. Calcination Furnace/Reactor Design and Operating Conditionsa. Rotary Kilnb. Fluid Flash (FF) and Gas Suspension Calciner (GSC)c. Fluidization and the Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB)d. Gas Suspension Calciner Reaction Modelv. Gas-Solid Separation in Cyclonesvi. Air Pollution Control and Dust Managementa. Gas Emissions and Carbon Foot Printb. Particulate Dust Emissions and Management Optionsc. Electrostatic Precipitator or Bag House vii. Refractory Selection and Surface Heat Lossesviii. Calcination Flow Sheet Optionsa. Heat Recovery Optionsb. Hydrate By-Pass and Alumina Qualityc. Heat Balance and Specific Heat Consumptiond. Specific Power Consumptionix. Particle Breakdown and Strength During Calcinationa. Particle Breakdown Defined and Observedb. Attrition Index Defined and Observedc. Impact from Precipitation and Calcination11. Alumina Quality, HF Removal, Dissolution and Aluminium Purity (Stephen Lindsay)i. Chemical Composition of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Loss of Ignition (LOI) and Degree of Calcinationb. Phase Composition and Alpha Alumina Contentc. Chemical Composition and Gibbsite ii. Physical Properties of Smelter Grade Aluminaa. Particle Size Distribution, Dustiness and Attrition Indexb. Angle of Repose and Flow abilityc. Bulk Density and Heat Conductivity d. Specific Surface Area and Pore Size Distributioniii. Efficient HF Removal and Dry-Scrubber Efficiency (Margaret Hyland)a. Sources of HF from Smeltingb. Pore Size Distribution and accessible Specific Surface Area Primary Alumina Secondary Aluminac. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide?iv. Alumina Dissolution and Current Efficiency (Pascal Lavoie)a. Theoretical Analysis of Dissolution Processb. Dissolution Rate under Laboratory Conditions Effect of Particle Size Distribution: Sandy vs Floury Effect of Phase Composition: Gamma vs Alphac. Impact of Calcination Technologyd. Impact of Alumina Feeder Design and Operation v. Impurities impact on Aluminium Production, Purity and Propertiesa. Soda and CaOb. Silica and Ironc. Phosphor and Berylliumd. Vanadium and Sulfur12. Alumina Storage and Handling Options13. Health, Safety and Plant Management (Carlos Suarez)14. Process Control, Simulation and Operator Training (NN?)15. Process Economics and Plant Design (Peter-Hans Ter Weer)
£66.49
Springer International Publishing AG Nano Emulsions in Enhanced Oil Recovery
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£42.74
Springer Chemical Reaction Engineering
Book SynopsisChapter 1. Chemical Processes.- Chapter 2. Chemical Reactions.- Chapter 3. Mechanism (Reaction Kinetics).- Chapter 4. Constant-Volume Batch Reactor (Isothermal).- Chapter 5. Batch Kinetics (Cont.).- Chapter 6. Reactor Design — Introduction (Mixed Flow Reactor).- Chapter 7. Plug Flow Reactor.- Chapter 8. Plug Flow Reactor (Cont.).- Chapter 9. Equal Size MFR in Series.- Chapter 10. Recycle-Tubular Reactors.- Chapter 11. Autocatalytic Reactions.- Chapter 12. Multiple Reactions (Parallel).- Chapter 13. Reactions in Series.- Chapter 14. Non-isothermal Operation.- Chapter 15. Adiabatic Operation.- Chapter 16. Non-ideal Reactors (RTD Study).- Chapter 17. Fluid-Particles Reactions (Non-Catalytic).- Chapter 18. Catalysts and Catalytic Reactions.- Chapter 19. Adsorption/Desorption.- Chapter 20. Porous Catalyst (Intraphase Transport + Kinetics).
£71.24
Springer International Publishing AG Heterogeneous Catalysis and its Industrial
Book SynopsisThis book aims to introduce the basic concepts involved in industrial catalytic processes. It is profusely illustrated with experimental results with the main objective of guiding how to select a suitable catalyst for specific processes. The book is divided in two parts. In the first part the basic concepts are addressed, regarding the existing theories, activity patterns and adsorption-desorption phenomena. In the second part the key experimental methods for the physicochemical characterization of catalysts are presented, as well as the currently used catalyst pre and post treatments. The last chapter describes some important in situ characterization techniques (e.g. XPS and TEM) and surface model patterns related to surface modifications occurring during the reaction. Thoroughly illustrated with microscopy images, spectroscopy data and schematics of reaction mechanisms, the book provides a powerful learning tool for students in undergraduate and graduate level courses on the field of catalysis. Exercises and resolved problems are provided, as well as experimental procedures to support laboratory classes. Furthermore, the content is presented in a carefully chosen sequence, reflecting the 30 year teaching experience of the author. The author, Professor Martin Schmal, sees the present book as a way of conveying basic knowledge needed for the development of more efficient catalysts (i.e. nanostructured materials) and novel industrial chemical processes in the fields of environmental chemistry, fine chemistry, hydrotreating of heavy oils, hydrogen production and biomass processing.Table of ContentsIntroduction on Heterogeneous Catalysis.- Model a catalyst.- Activity Patterns.- Adsorption-desorption.- Basic concepts.- Surface area and volume.- Catalysts preparation.- Variables influencing the final properties of the catalyst.- Structural analyses – x- ray diffraction.- Spectroscopy in the Infrared Region.- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA – XPS/ISS).- Electronic Microscopy: General and Specific Notions.- Nanostructured catalysts.- Kinetics and mechanisms.- Evaluation of Industrial Catalysts.
£62.99
Springer International Publishing AG REACH Beyond Borders: Europeanization Towards Global Regulation
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£80.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Chemoinformatics: A Textbook
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£67.45
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Process Plant Design: Project Management from Inquiry to Acceptance
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£91.76
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Biotech Drugs: Principles and Case Studies in Drug Development
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£162.40
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Vliesstoffe: Rohstoffe, Herstellung, Anwendung, Eigenschaften, Prüfung
Book SynopsisSeit der ersten Auflage dieses Referenzwerks gab es sowohl im Bereich der Herstellung als auch Anwendung von Vliesstoffen eine Reihe innovativer Neuerungen, und die weltweite Vliesstoffproduktion hat sich nahezu verdoppelt. Diesen Entwicklungen wird in der zweiten, komplett überarbeiteten Auflage Rechnung getragen und vermittelt allen Vliesstoff-Interessierten - vom Polymerchemiker bis zum Anwender - ein vertieftes Verständnis dieses dynamischen Gebiets. Neben neuen Herstellungsverfahren wie Meltblown, Nanoval, Airlaid, Elektrospinnen sowie Ultraschallverfestigung wurden auch die verschiedenen Verfahren zur Oberflächenmodifizierung, Konfektionierung und zum Recycling von Vliesstoffen mit aufgenommen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt bei Vliesstoffen für technische Anwendungen wie Isolation, Schutztextilien und Filtern. Ein separater Abschnitt über Prüfverfahren für Rohstoffe, Zwischen- und Endprodukte erhöht den Wert als unentbehrliches Nachschlagewerk.Trade Review"Dieses Buch bietet umfassende Information über Vliesstoffe, von den Fasern über die verschiedenen Verarbeitungsverfahren bis zu der Verwendung von Vliesstoffen. Es ist das Standardwerk der nächsten Jahre!" Chemie Ingenieur Technik. CIT-Journal (04/2018) "Die Liste der Autoren ist lang; genannt sind 78 Namen, was beweist, wie umfassend und sorgfältig das Werk in der neuesten Auflage zusammengestellt wurde." Werkstoffe in der Fertigung (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "eine umfassende 'Vliesstoff-Bibel'" Technische Textilien (4/2012, 01.09.2012) "Für eine Industrie mit lang anhaltendem kontinuierlichen Wachstum und einem Umsatz von heute 14-15 Milliarden USD/ Jahr war es allerhöchste Zeit, dass dieses Buch in überarbeiteter, stark aktualisierter Form erscheint... Insgesamt ist dieses Buch für Forschung, Aus und Weiterbildung und die Industrie sicher ein Muss." KU - KunststoffeTable of ContentsVorwort XXI Vorwort zur 1. Auflage XXIII Liste der Autoren XXV 0 Einführung 1 0.1 Definition und Einsatz von Vliesstoffen 1 0.2 Kurzer Überblick zu den Vliesstoffproduktionsprozessen 3 0.3 Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 4 0.3.1 1972−2011: Vier Jahrzehnte Vliesstoffproduktion mit ausgeprägter Charakteristik 4 0.3.2 1972−1981: Die Zeit der Pioniere 5 0.3.3 1982−1991: Gesundes Wachstum und Attraktivität 7 0.3.4 1992−2001: Das Zeitalter der Reife. und Unsicherheit 9 0.3.5 2002−2009: Das Phänomen Wassergestrahlte Wischtücher 11 0.4 Trendanalyse 13 0.4.1 Rohmaterialverbrauch 14 0.4.2 Geographische Betrachtungen 14 0.4.3 Ökonomische Perspektive 15 0.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 15 1 Faserstoffe 21 1.1 Naturfasern 21 1.1.1 Pflanzliche Fasern 23 1.1.1.1 Baumwolle (Gossypium) 23 1.1.1.2 Flachs (Linum usitatissimum Linné) 24 1.1.1.3 Jute (Corchorus) 25 1.1.1.4 Sisal (Agave sisalana) 25 1.1.1.5 Kokos (Cocos nucifera) 25 1.1.2 Tierische Fasern 25 1.1.2.1 Wolle (Ovis aries L.) 25 1.1.2.2 Seide (Bomby mori L.) 26 1.2 Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1 Chemiefasern aus natürlichen Polymeren 26 1.2.1.1 Cellulosische Chemiefasern 26 1.2.1.2 Chemiefasern aus Cellulosederivaten 30 1.2.1.3 Fasern aus Biokunststoffen 31 1.2.2 Chemiefasern aus synthetischen Polymeren 33 1.2.2.1 Polyesterfasern (PES) 33 1.2.2.2 Polyamidfasern (PA) 34 1.2.2.3 Polyolefinfasern (PO, PT, PE) 37 1.2.2.4 Polyacrylfasern (PAN) 38 1.2.2.5 Polyvinylalkoholfasern (PVA) 39 1.2.2.6 Aramidfasern (PAI) 40 1.2.2.7 Melaminharzfasern (MF) 41 1.2.3 Chemiefasern aus anorganischen Polymeren 42 1.2.3.1 Glasfasern 42 1.2.3.2 Silikatfasern 43 1.2.3.3 Keramikfasern 44 1.2.3.4 Kohlenstofffasern 45 1.2.3.5 Kohlenstoffnanoröhren − CNT 45 1.2.3.6 Metallfasern und metallisierte Fasern 46 1.2.4 Modifikation von Chemiefaserstoffen 47 1.3 Reißfasern 48 1.3.1 Das Ausgangsmaterial Textilabfall 49 1.3.2 Der Reißprozess 50 1.3.2.1 Materialvorbehandlung 51 1.3.2.2 Die Strukturauflösung 51 1.3.2.3 Nachbehandlung 53 1.3.3 Reißfaserqualität 54 1.3.3.1 Charakterisierung der Reißfaserqualität 55 1.3.3.2 Beeinflussung der Reißfaserqualität bei der Reißfaserherstellung 56 1.3.4 Reißfasereinsatz 57 2 Andere Rohstoffe 61 2.1 Fluff-Zellstoff 61 2.2 Granulate 62 2.2.1 Allgemeine Betrachtung der physikalischen Eigenschaften 63 2.2.1.1 Polyolefine 66 2.2.1.2 Polyester 68 2.2.1.3 Polyamide 69 2.3 Pulver 70 2.3.1 Polymerpulver 71 2.3.1.1 Polyacrylnitril 71 2.3.1.2 Additive 72 2.3.1.3 Stabilisatoren 73 2.4 Superabsorber 76 2.4.1 Absorptionsmechanismus 76 2.4.2 Herstellungsverfahren 77 2.4.2.1 Suspensionspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.2 Lösungspolymerisation 77 2.4.2.3 Nachvernetzung 78 2.4.2.4 Permeabilität 79 2.4.3 Testmethoden 79 2.4.3.1 Produktkenndaten 80 2.4.3.2 Märkte und Anwendungen 81 2.4.3.3 Zusammenfassung 82 2.5 Präparationen 83 2.5.1 Allgemeines 83 2.5.1.1 Definitionen 83 2.5.1.2 Anforderungen an Präparationen 84 2.5.1.3 Zusammensetzungen von Präparationen 85 2.5.2 Aufbringung von Präparationen 86 2.5.2.1 Chemiefaserherstellung 86 2.5.2.2 Verarbeitung 86 2.5.3 Prüfmethoden 87 2.5.3.1 Prüfungen am Präparationsmittel 87 2.5.3.2 Prüfungen am präparierten Fasermaterial 88 2.5.4 Präparationen auf Vliesstoffen 89 2.5.4.1 Allgemeines 89 2.5.4.2 Vliesstoffherstellung und Präparation 90 2.5.4.3 Endprodukt und Präparation 91 2.5.4.4 Spinnvliesstoffe und Präparationen 91 2.5.5 Ausblick 92 3 Bindemittel 97 3.1 Einleitung 97 3.2 Bindeflüssigkeiten 99 3.2.1 Anwendungsbereiche für Latex 99 3.2.2 Latex − Herstellung, Zusammensetzung, Typen 100 3.2.2.1 Übersicht 100 3.2.2.2 Latex-Herstellung 100 3.2.2.3 Latex-Bestandteile 101 3.2.2.4 Latex-Produktklassen für die Vliesverfestigung 102 3.2.2.5 Nanoteilchen 103 3.2.3 Filmbildung 104 3.2.3.1 Modellvorstellung 104 3.2.3.2 Interdiffusion, Vernetzung, Adhäsion 105 3.2.4 Vliesverfestigung mittels Latexflotte 106 3.2.4.1 Die Latexflotte als modifizierter Latex 106 3.2.4.2 Filmbildung bei der Vliesverfestigung 107 3.2.4.3 Unterscheidungsmerkmale für Latizes 109 3.2.5 Qualitätsaspekte 110 3.2.5.1 Latex und Latexflotte 110 3.2.5.2 Film 110 3.2.5.3 Vliesstoff 110 3.3 Bindefasern 111 3.3.1 Lösliche Fasern 111 3.3.2 Schmelzbindefasern 111 3.3.2.1 Aufmachungsformen 113 3.3.2.2 Chemischer Aufbau 113 3.3.2.3 Funktionsweise 115 3.3.2.4 Eigenschaften 116 II Herstellungsverfahren für Vliesstoffe 119 4 Trockenverfahren 123 4.1 Faservliese 123 4.1.1 Faservorbereitung 123 4.1.1.1 Ballenvorlage 124 4.1.1.2 Öffnen 125 4.1.1.3 Dosieren 127 4.1.1.4 Mischen 128 4.1.1.5 Speisevlies bilden 130 4.1.1.6 Anlagen 133 4.1.2 Faservliese nach dem Kardierverfahren 136 4.1.2.1 Krempeltheorie 137 4.1.2.2 Anlagentechnik 144 4.1.2.3 Vliesbildung 147 4.1.2.4 Die Vliesstreckung 155 4.1.3 Faservliese nach aerodynamischen Verfahren 158 4.1.3.1 Das Airlay-Verfahren 159 4.1.3.2 Das Airlaid-Verfahren 168 4.1.3.3 Sonderverfahren 171 4.1.4 Faservliesstoffe mit senkrechter Faserlage 171 4.1.4.1 Vibrationssenkrechtleger 172 4.1.4.2 Rotationssenkrechtleger 173 4.1.4.3 Verfestigung senkrecht gelegter Faservliese 173 4.2 Extrusionsvliesstoffe 175 4.2.1 Einleitung 175 4.2.2 Polymereinsatz 176 4.2.2.1 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Filament-Spinnvliesverfahren) 176 4.2.2.2 Polymere für das Schmelzspinnen (Meltblown-Verfahren) 179 4.2.2.3 Polymere für das Lösungsspinnen 180 4.2.2.4 Additive für die Funktionalisierung 180 4.2.3 Grundsätzliches zur Verfahrenstechnik und -technologie 182 4.2.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen und Spinnvlies-Verbundstoffen 188 4.2.4.1 Schmelzspinnverfahren 188 4.2.4.2 Lösungsspinnverfahren 202 4.2.5 Vliesverfestigung 205 4.2.5.1 Thermische Verfestigung 206 4.2.5.2 Mechanische Verfestigung 209 4.2.5.3 Chemische Verfestigung 212 4.2.5.4 Flächenreckung 213 4.2.6 Spinnvliestechnologien in den Submikrometerbereich 213 4.2.6.1 Elektrostatik-Spinnvliesverfahren 214 4.2.6.2 Zentrifugenspinnen 216 4.2.7 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Foliefaser-Vliesstoffen 216 5 Nassverfahren 229 5.1 Verfahrensprinzip 230 5.2 Rohstoffe und Faservorbereitung 230 5.2.1 Spezielle Faserrohstoffaspekte 231 5.2.2 Faserstoffarten 232 5.2.3 Bindemittel 232 5.2.4 Pumpen 234 5.3 Aufbau von Nassvliesanlagen 234 5.3.1 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Teebeutelpapieren 235 5.3.1.1 Stoffaufbereitung für einlagige Produkte 235 5.3.1.2 Stoffaufbereitung für mehrlagige Produkte 237 5.3.2 Anlagen zur Herstellung von Filterpapieren 238 5.3.3 Vliesbildung 239 5.3.3.1 Erste Entwicklungsschritte auf einer Nassvlies-Laboranlage 239 5.3.3.2 Weitere Schritte auf einer Nassvlies-Pilotanlage 239 5.3.4 Verfestigen der Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.1 Zugabe von Bindefasern bzw. BiCo-Fasern 246 5.3.4.2 Zugabe von Bindemitteldispersionen in der Masse 246 5.3.4.3 Bindemittelzugabe auf die Vliesstoffbahn 246 5.3.4.4 Aufgießen der Binderdispersion 247 5.3.4.5 Schaumimprägnierung 247 5.3.4.6 Leimpresse / Imprägnierpresse / Filmpresse 247 5.3.4.7 Pressen 247 5.3.5 Vliestrocknung 247 5.3.5.1 Zylindertrocknung 248 5.3.5.2 Durchströmtrockner 248 5.3.5.3 Kanaltrockner 248 5.3.5.4 Strahlungstrocknung 249 5.3.6 Aufrollung 249 5.4 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Spinnvliesstoffen aus natürlichen Polymeren 249 6 Vliesverfestigung 255 6.1 Vernadelungsverfahren 255 6.1.1 Einfluss des Vliesbildungsverfahrens 256 6.1.2 Vernadelungsprinzip 259 6.1.2.1 Nadelbalkensystem 259 6.1.2.2 Einstichtechnologie 260 6.1.2.3 Einstichtiefe 261 6.1.2.4 Niederhalterstellung 261 6.1.2.5 Einstichdichte 267 6.1.3 Vlieszufuhr und Vorvernadelung 270 6.1.4 Vernadelungszone 271 6.1.4.1 Nadelbild 272 6.1.5 Vliesabzug 274 6.1.5.1 Positiver Vliestransport 274 6.1.5.2 Nadelvliesverstreckung 279 6.1.6 Arten der Nachvernadelung 282 6.1.6.1 Beidseitig alternierend 283 6.1.6.2 Beidseitig simultan 283 6.1.6.3 Vernadelungslinie 283 6.1.6.4 Vernadeln mehrschichtiger Vliese 284 6.1.6.5 Hochleistungsvernadelung 285 6.1.7 Papiermaschinenbespannungen (PMF) 290 6.1.7.1 PMF-Vorvernadelung 290 6.1.7.2 PMF-Endvernadelung 290 6.1.7.3 BELTEX-Verfahren 292 6.1.8 Modifizierte Vernadelungstechniken 293 6.1.8.1 Rundvernadelungsverfahren 293 6.1.8.2 Schrägvernadelungsverfahren 294 6.1.9 Einflussparameter für Nadelvliesstoffeigenschaften 296 6.1.9.1 Vernadelungsparameter 297 6.1.10 Oberflächenstrukturierung 307 6.1.10.1 Strukturierung mit positivem Vliestransport 309 6.1.11 Nadelcharakteristik 311 6.1.11.1 Filznadelgruppen 311 6.2 Maschenbildungsverfahren 318 6.2.1 Verfahrenssystematik 320 6.2.1.1 Vlies-Nähwirkverfahren 321 6.2.1.2 Faser-Vlieswirkverfahren 327 6.2.1.3 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren mit Grundbahn 332 6.2.1.4 Polfaser-Vlieswirkverfahren ohne Grundbahn 334 6.2.1.5 Maschen-Vlieswirkverfahren 336 6.2.2 Kettenwirken 338 6.2.3 Stricken 339 6.3 Verwirbelungsverfahren 340 6.3.1 Verfahrensentwicklung 340 6.3.1.1 Physikalische Grundlagen 343 6.3.1.2 Verwirbelungsvorgang 345 6.3.1.3 Wirbelvliesstoffe 348 6.3.2 Faserstoff- und Prozesseinflüsse 349 6.3.2.1 Faserstoffeinflüsse 349 6.3.2.2 Prozesseinflüsse 351 6.3.3 Verfestigungsanlagen 352 6.3.4 Vliesverfestigung mit Dampfstrahlen 357 6.4 Thermische Verfahren 359 6.4.1 Trocknung 359 6.4.1.1 Konvektionstrocknung 360 6.4.1.2 Kontakttrocknung 373 6.4.1.3 Strahlungstrocknung 374 6.4.2 Heißluftverfestigung 375 6.4.2.1 Grundsätzliches 375 6.4.2.2 Verfahrenstechnik 377 6.4.2.3 Anlagentechnik 380 6.4.3 Thermofixierung 382 6.4.4 Thermische Kalanderverfestigung (Thermobonding Prozess) 385 6.4.4.1 Verfahrenstechnik 385 6.4.4.2 Anlagentechnik 389 6.4.5 Ultraschall-Verfestigung 391 6.4.5.1 Definition Ultraschall 391 6.4.5.2 Systemkomponenten 392 6.4.5.3 Funktionsprinzip 393 6.4.5.4 Vorteile des Ultraschallverfahrens 394 6.5 Chemische Verfahren 395 6.5.1 Adhäsion und Kohäsion 395 6.5.2 Kohäsive Verfestigung 397 6.5.3 Adhäsive Verfestigung 397 6.6 Verbundstoffe 398 6.6.1 Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.1 Aus Schichten aufgebaute Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.2 Durch Fadenschlingen verstärkte Vliesverbundstoffe 398 6.6.1.3 Verfahrensvarianten 399 6.6.1.4 Verbinden durch Vernadeln 399 6.6.1.5 Verbinden durch Nähwirken 405 6.6.1.6 Verbinden durch Verwirbeln 405 6.6.1.7 Verbinden durch Verkleben 406 6.6.2 Vliesstoffe für Verbundwerkstoffe 409 7 Mechanische und chemische Ausrüstung von Vliesstoffen 417 7.1 Schrumpfen 417 7.1.1 Entstehen und Beseitigung von Verzügen 417 7.1.2 Gewolltes Schrumpfen 417 7.2 Stauchen und Kreppen 417 7.2.1 Stauchen – das Clupakverfahren 418 7.2.2 Kreppen – das Micrexverfahren 418 7.3 Glätten, Kalandern, Pressen 418 7.3.1 Glätt- bzw. Rollkalander 418 7.3.2 Präge- oder Gaufrierkalander 418 7.3.3 Muldenpressen 419 7.3.4 Formpressen, Stanzen 419 7.4 Perforieren, Schlitzen, Brechen 419 7.4.1 Perforieren 419 7.4.2 Schlitzen 420 7.4.3 Brechen 420 7.5 Spalten, Schleifen, Velourieren, Scheren, Rauen 420 7.5.1 Spalten 420 7.5.2 Schleifen, Velourieren 420 7.5.3 Scheren, Rauen 421 7.6 Sengen 421 7.7 Nähen, Steppen, Schweißen 421 7.7.1 Nähen und Steppen 421 7.7.2 Ultraschallschweißen 421 7.7.3 Hochfrequenzschweißen 422 7.7.4 Plasma- und Coronabehandlungen 422 7.8 Sonstige mechanische Ausrüstungsverfahren 423 7.9 Waschen 423 7.10 Färben 424 7.10.1 Flocke- und Spinnfärbung 424 7.10.2 Färben und Binden 424 7.10.3 Nachträgliches Färben 424 7.10.4 Verschiedene Färbemethoden 425 7.10.5 Kaltverweilverfahren 425 7.10.6 Kontinuefärben 425 7.11 Drucken 425 7.11.1 Drucken von Leichtvliesstoffen 426 7.11.2 Drucken schwerer Vliesstoffe (Fußbodenbeläge) 426 7.11.3 Spritz-, Tintenstrahl-, Inkjetdruck 426 7.11.4 Transferdruck 427 7.12 Appretieren, Weichmachen, Spezialeffekte 427 7.12.1 Maschinelle Gegebenheiten und Möglichkeiten 428 7.12.2 Steifappreturen 428 7.12.3 Weichmachen 429 7.12.4 Antistatische Ausrüstung 429 7.12.5 Schmutzabweisende Ausrüstung 430 7.12.6 Hydrophobieren, Oleophobieren 430 7.12.7 Hygieneausrüstung, Kosmeto- und Wellnesstextilien 430 7.12.8 Flammfestausrüstung 431 7.12.9 Saugfähige und wasserbindende Ausrüstung 431 7.12.10 Staubbindende Behandlung 432 7.13 Beschichten 433 7.13.1 Beschichtungsverfahren 433 7.13.1.1 Pflatschen 433 7.13.1.2 Beschichten durch Tiefdruck 433 7.13.1.3 Beschichten durch Rotationsdruck 433 7.13.1.4 Streichen oder Rakeln 434 7.13.1.5 Extrudieren 434 7.13.1.6 Berührungsloses Beschichten 434 7.13.1.7 Umkehrverfahren (Release-Coating) 434 7.13.2 Beschichtungseffekte 435 7.13.2.1 Rutschfestausrüstung 435 7.13.2.2 Verformbare Beschichtung 435 7.13.2.3 Selbstklebebeschichtung 435 7.13.2.4 Schaumbeschichtung 436 7.13.2.5 Selbstliegebeschichtung 437 7.13.2.6 Mikroporöse Beschichtung 437 7.13.2.7 Drainagebeschichtung 438 7.13.2.8 Heißsiegelbeschichtung 438 7.14 Kaschieren 440 7.14.1 Nasskaschierung 440 7.14.2 Trockenkaschierung 440 7.14.2.1 Anwendung von Klebevliesstoffen 441 7.14.3 Beispiele für Kaschierungen 441 7.15 Beflocken 441 7.16 Neue Verfahren und Produkte 442 7.16.1 Ökologie und Ökonomie 443 III Konfektionen von Vliesstoffen 449 8 Konfektion von Fertigprodukten 451 8.1 Begriffe und Definitionen 451 8.2 Produktentwicklung 453 8.2.1 Produktentwicklung für Bekleidungstextilien 453 8.2.2 Produktentwicklung für Wohn- und Heimtextilien 457 8.2.3 Produktentwicklung für technische Textilien 457 8.3 Produktionsvorbereitung 458 8.4 Produktion 460 8.4.1 Legen der Stofflagen 460 8.4.2 Zuschnitt 462 8.4.2.1 Konventionelle Zuschnitttechnik 463 8.4.2.2 Automatische Zuschnittanlagen 465 8.4.3 Verbindungsprozess und Montage 467 8.4.4 Bügeln 474 8.5 Verpacken 475 8.6 Mechanisierung und Automatisierung 476 IV Eigenschaften und Anwendung der Vliesstoffe 479 9 Hygieneerzeugnisse 481 9.1 Inkontinenzprodukte (Windeln) 482 9.2 OP-Textilien 484 9.3 Bereichs- und Berufsbekleidung 485 9.4 Antimikrobiell ausgerüstete Vliese 485 9.5 Damenhygieneprodukte (Binden, Tampons) 486 10 Vliesstoffe für Medizin 489 10.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen 489 10.2 Einwegtextilien oder Mehrwegtextilien 490 10.3 Vliesstoffe für Medizinprodukte 491 10.4 Weiterentwicklung 492 11 Vliesstoffe für Reinigungsprodukte und Oberflächenpflege 493 11.1 Marktsituation 494 11.2 Nass- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 494 11.2.1 Bodentücher und Materialien für Bodenreinigungssysteme 496 11.2.2 Wischtücher (Mehrweg) 497 11.2.3 Einwegtücher (Disposables) 497 11.2.3.1 Trockene Staubentfernung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 497 11.2.3.2 Feuchte Reinigung am Boden mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.3.3 Spezielle Oberflächenreinigungsverfahren mit Einwegtüchern 498 11.2.4 Syntheseleder-Tücher 498 11.3 Trocken- und Feuchtreinigungsprodukte 499 11.3.1 Mikrofaservliesstoffe 499 11.3.2 Polyvinylalkohol-Vliesstoffprodukte 500 11.3.3 Imprägnierte Tücher 501 11.4 Scheuermedien 501 11.4.1 Topfreiniger, Scheuerschwämme und -pads 501 11.4.2 Bodenreinigungsscheiben 502 12 Vliesstoffe für Heimtextilien 505 12.1 Vliesstoffe in Polstermöbeln 505 12.2 Vliesstoffe in Matratzen 507 12.3 Vliesstoffe in Fußbodenbelägen 508 12.4 Vliesstoffe als Dekorationsmaterialien 510 12.5 Tuftingträger 512 12.5.1 Gegenüberstellung der zwei unterschiedlichen Flächenkonstruktionen 513 12.5.2 Definition der an den Träger gestellten Anforderungen 514 13 Vliesstoffe für Bekleidung 517 13.1 Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.1 Einleitung 517 13.1.2 Geschichte der Einlagevliesstoffe 517 13.1.3 Funktionen von Einlagevliesstoffen 518 13.1.3.1 Einlagestoffe zur Formgebung und Formunterstützung 519 13.1.3.2 Einlagevliesstoff zur Stabilisierung und/oder Versteifung 519 13.1.3.3 Einlagevliesstoff zur Volumengebung 519 13.1.4 Eigenschaften der Einlagevliesstoffe 519 13.1.5 Funktionsträger der Einlagevliesstoffe 521 13.2 Vliesstoffe für Schutzkleidung 521 13.2.1 Anforderungen an Schutzkleidung 522 13.2.2 Chemikalien/Aerosol/Staubschutz-Bekleidung 524 13.2.3 Nässe- und Kälteschutzbekleidung 527 13.2.4 Hitzeschutzbekleidung 528 13.3 Trägervliesstoffe für Schuhe 529 14 Vliesstoffe für technische Anwendungen 539 14.1 Isolation 539 14.1.1 Feuer, Wärme, Schall 539 14.1.1.1 Isolation gegen Feuer/Hitze 539 14.1.1.2 Wärmeisolierung 542 14.1.1.3 Schallisolation 546 14.1.2 Vliesstoffanwendungen in der Elektrotechnik 548 14.1.3 Kabelummantelung 553 14.1.3.1 Allgemeines 553 14.1.3.2 Klebebänder aus Maliwatt 554 14.1.3.3 Klebebänder aus Malivlies 555 14.1.3.4 Klebebänder aus Kunit-Multiknit 556 14.2 Filtration 557 14.2.1 Trockenfiltration 562 14.2.1.1 Allgemeines 562 14.2.1.2 Funktionelle Anforderungen, Eigenschaften 565 14.2.1.3 Oberflächenfilter 566 14.2.1.4 Tiefenfilter 569 14.2.2 Flüssigkeitsfiltration 573 14.2.2.1 Flüssigkeitsfilter auf Vliesstoffbasis 575 14.2.2.2 Bauarten für Flüssigkeitsfilter 577 14.3 Bauwesen 579 14.3.1 Geovliesstoffe 579 14.3.1.1 Grundlagen 579 14.3.1.2 Funktionen und Anforderungen 581 14.3.1.3 Anwendungsfälle für Vliesstoffe 584 14.3.2 Dachbahnen 588 14.3.2.1 Einleitung 588 14.3.2.3 Eingesetzte Polyestervliesstoffe 589 14.3.2.4 Herstellung von Dachbahnen / Bitumierung 589 14.3.2.5 Entwicklungstrends 590 14.3.2.6 Recycling von Dachbahnen 590 14.4 Landwirtschaft 591 14.4.1 Einleitung 591 14.4.2 Anforderungen an Agrarvliesstoffe 591 14.4.3 Technologische Verfahren 592 14.4.4 Anwendungsbeispiele 592 14.4.5 Markttendenz 594 14.5 Fahrzeugindustrie 595 14.5.1 Markt 595 14.5.2 Automobilindustrie 596 14.5.2.1 Eigenschaftsanforderungen 600 14.5.2.2 Sitzpolster, Laminiervliesstoffe, Verkleidungsteile 605 14.5.2.3 Schall- und Wärmeisolation im Automobil 609 14.5.2.4 Synthetische Filtermedien für den mobilen Einsatz 613 14.5.3 Flugzeugindustrie, Schiffsbau, Eisenbahn 619 14.5.4 Ausblick 620 14.6 Papiermaschinenbespannungen 620 14.7 Simulation von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 624 14.7.1 Generierung virtueller Vliesstoffe 625 14.7.2 Eigenschaftsberechnung 626 14.7.2.1 Geometrische Charakterisierung 626 14.7.2.2 Strömungseigenschaften 626 14.7.2.3 Filtrationseigenschaften 627 14.7.2.4 Optimierung von Vliesstoffeigenschaften 628 14.7.3 Zukünftige Entwicklungen 628 15 Verwertung von Vliesstoffen 639 15.1 Produktionsabfälle aus der Vliesstoffherstellung 639 15.2 Vliesstoffabfälle nach dem Gebrauch 641 15.2.1 Einwegprodukte 641 15.2.2 Dauerhafte Produkte 641 15.3 Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für Vliesstoffabfälle 642 15.3.1 Mechanische Verfahren zur Faserrückgewinnung 642 15.3.2 Regranulierung 642 15.3.3 Herstellung von Textilschnitzeln und deren Verwendungsmöglichkeiten 643 15.3.4 Verarbeitung von Vliesstoffrandstreifen auf KEMAFIL®-Maschinen 644 15.3.5 Zweitverwertung von Vliesstoffabfällen 644 V Richtlinien und Prüfverfahren für Vliesrohstoffe und Vliesstoffe 647 16 Prüfverfahren 649 16.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 649 16.1.1 Probenahme und Statistik 649 16.1.2 Prüfklima 650 16.1.3 Normen und Richtlinien 650 16.2 Vliesrohstoffe 651 16.2.1 Fasern 651 16.2.1.1 Faserstoffanalyse 651 16.2.2 Granulate 655 16.2.3 Bindemittel 656 16.3 Vliesstoffe 657 16.3.1 Textilphysikalische Prüfungen 657 16.3.2 Prüfung von Echtheiten 667 16.3.3 Prüfung des Brennverhaltens 674 16.3.4 Prüfung des Pflegeverhaltens 679 16.3.5 Humanökologische Prüfungen 680 16.4 Einsatzbezogene Prüfverfahren 683 16.4.1 Hygiene- und Medizinerzeugnisse 683 16.4.2 Reinigungstücher und Haushalterzeugnisse 684 16.4.3 Heimtextilien 684 16.4.4 Schutzkleidung 685 16.4.5 Filterstoffe 687 16.4.6 Geovliesstoffe 692 17 Qualitätsüberwachungs- und Qualitätssicherungssysteme für Produkte, Maschinen und Anlagen 699 18 Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung der Vliesstoffindustrie 711 Index 717
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Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products
Book SynopsisA fully updated edition of a popular textbook covering the four disciplines of chemical technology?featuring new developments in the field Clear and thorough throughout, this textbook covers the major sub-disciplines of modern chemical technology?chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering, and general chemical technology?alongside raw materials, energy sources and detailed descriptions of 24 important industrial processes and products. It brings information on energy and raw material consumption and production data of chemicals up to date and offers not just improved and extended chapters, but completely new ones as well. This new edition of Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products features a new chapter illustrating the global economic map and its development from the 15th century until today, and another on energy consumption in human history. Chemical key technologies for a future sustainable energy system such as power-to-X and hydrogen storage are now also examined. Chapters on inorganic products, material reserves, and water consumption and resources have been extended, while another presents environmental aspects of plastic pollution and handling of plastic waste. The book also adds four important processes to its pages: production of titanium dioxide, silicon, production and chemical recycling of polytetrafluoroethylene, and fermentative synthesis of amino acids. -Provides comprehensive coverage of chemical technology?from the fundamentals to 24 of the most important processes -Intertwines the four disciplines of chemical technology: chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology -Fully updated with new content on: power-to-X and hydrogen storage; inorganic products, including metals, glass, and ceramics; water consumption and pollution; and additional industrial processes -Written by authors with extensive experience in teaching the topic and helping students understand the complex concepts Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for advanced students of chemical technology and will appeal to anyone in chemical engineering. Table of ContentsPreface of First Edition (and Guidelines How to Use This Textbook) xvii Why a Second Edition? xviii Notation xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? 1 1.2 The Chemical Industry 2 1.3 The Changing Global Economic Map 6 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry 19 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds 19 2.1.1 Factors that Influence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms 19 2.1.2 Steric Effects 20 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents 21 2.2 General Classification of Reactions 21 2.2.1 Acid–Base-Catalyzed Reactions 22 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals 23 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 24 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations 24 2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds 25 2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis 28 2.3 Catalysis 30 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects 30 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis 35 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 38 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts 41 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research 43 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations 45 3.1 Properties of Gases and Liquids 46 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas 46 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting 53 3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction) 58 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering 69 3.2.1 Heat Transport 69 3.2.2 Mass Transport 86 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations 93 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators) 94 3.3.2 Distillation 99 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing) 110 3.3.4 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 118 3.3.5 Adsorption 122 3.3.6 Fluid–Solid Extraction 136 3.3.7 Crystallization 139 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes 141 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations 149 3.4.1 Conveyance of Fluids 149 3.4.2 Contacting and Mixing of Fluids 159 3.4.3 Crushing and Screening of Solids 160 3.4.4 Separation of Solids from Fluids 164 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1.1 Design Aspects and Scale-up Dimensions of Chemical Reactors 172 4.1.2 Speed of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions 172 4.1.3 Influence of Reactor Type on Productivity 174 4.1.4 Terms Used to Characterize the Composition of a Reaction Mixture 174 4.1.5 Terms Used to Quantify the Result of a Chemical Conversion 175 4.1.6 Reaction Time and Residence Time 175 4.1.7 Space Velocity and Space–Time Yield 176 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics 177 4.2.1 Introduction and Perfect Gas Equilibria 177 4.2.2 Real Gas Equilibria 184 4.2.3 Equilibrium of Liquid–Liquid Reactions 186 4.2.4 Equilibrium of Gas–Solid Reactions 188 4.2.5 Calculation of Simultaneous Equilibria 190 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 192 4.3.1 Rate Equation: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Order 192 4.3.2 Parallel Reactions and Reactions in Series 197 4.3.3 Reversible Reactions 200 4.3.4 Reactions with Varying Volume (for the Example of a Batch Reactor) 203 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid–Fluid Reactions 204 4.4.1 Mass Transfer at a Gas–Liquid Interface (Two-Film Theory) 205 4.4.2 Mass Transfer with (Slow) Homogeneous Reaction in the Bulk Phase 207 4.4.3 Mass Transfer with Fast or Instantaneous Reaction near or at the Interface 208 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.2 Chemical Reaction Rate: Surface Kinetics 217 4.5.3 Reaction on a Solid Catalyst and Interfacial Transport of Mass and Heat 222 4.5.4 Chemical Reaction and Internal Transport of Mass and Heat 232 4.5.5 Simultaneous Occurrence of Interfacial and InternalMass Transport Effects 240 4.5.6 Influence of External and Internal Mass Transfer on Selectivity 245 4.6 Kinetics of Gas–Solid Reactions 253 4.6.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Gas–Solid Reactions 254 4.6.2 Reaction of a Gas with a Nonporous Solid 255 4.6.3 Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid 260 4.7 Criteria Used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas–Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 265 4.7.1 External Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer 265 4.7.2 External Heat Transfer 266 4.7.3 Internal Mass Transfer 266 4.7.4 Internal Heat Transfer 266 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions 269 4.8.1 Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System 269 4.8.2 Homogeneous Two-Phase Catalysis 271 4.9 Kinetics of Gas–Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts 273 4.9.1 Introduction 273 4.9.2 High Concentration of Liquid Reactant B (or Pure B) and Slightly Soluble Gas 275 4.9.3 Low Concentration of Liquid Reactant B and Highly Soluble Gas and/or High Pressure 275 4.10 Chemical Reactors 276 4.10.1 Overview of Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 277 4.10.2 Ideal Isothermal Reactors 284 4.10.3 Non-isothermal Ideal Reactors and Criteria for Prevention of Thermal Runaway 294 4.10.4 Non-ideal Flow and Residence Time Distribution 310 4.10.5 Tanks-in-Series Model 313 4.10.6 Dispersion Model 315 4.10.7 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 325 4.10.8 Novel Developments in Reactor Technology 336 4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data 344 4.11.1 Principal Methods for Determining Kinetic Data 345 4.11.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Data (Reaction Orders, Rate Constants) 347 4.11.3 Laboratory-Scale Reactors for Kinetic Measurements 350 4.11.4 Transport Limitations in Experimental Catalytic Reactors 351 4.11.5 Case Studies for the Evaluation of Kinetic Data 356 5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology 371 5.1 Raw Materials of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Energy Sources 372 5.1.1 Energy Consumption, Reserves, and Resources of Fossil Fuels and Renewables 373 5.1.2 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Routes for the Production of Synthetic Fuels 403 5.1.3 Natural Gas and Other Technical Gases 403 5.1.4 Crude Oil and Refinery Products 410 5.1.5 Coal and Coal Products 418 5.1.6 Renewable Raw Materials 422 5.1.7 Energy Consumption in Human History 429 5.1.8 Power-to-X and Hydrogen Storage Technologies 434 5.2 Inorganic Products and Raw Materials 448 5.2.1 Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials 448 5.2.2 Metals 453 5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products 469 5.3.1 Alkanes and Syngas 469 5.3.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 472 5.3.3 Organic Intermediates Functionalized with Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Halogens 479 5.3.4 Polymers 495 5.3.5 Detergents and Surfactants 503 5.3.6 Fine Chemicals 507 5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology 512 5.4.1 Air Pollution 512 5.4.2 Water Consumption and Water Footprint 515 5.4.3 Plastic Production, Pollution, and Recycling of Plastic Waste 523 5.4.4 “Green Chemistry” and Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Chemical Processes 527 5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing 530 5.5.1 Price of Chemical Products 530 5.5.2 Investment Costs 530 5.5.3 Variable Costs 532 5.5.4 Operating Costs (Fixed and Variable Costs) 533 6 Examples of Industrial Processes 537 6.1 Ammonia Synthesis 537 6.1.1 Historical Development of Haber–Bosch Process 537 6.1.2 Thermodynamics of Ammonia Synthesis 539 6.1.3 Kinetics and Mechanism of Ammonia Synthesis 540 6.1.4 Technical Ammonia Process and Synthesis Reactors 542 6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen 547 6.2.1 Options to Produce Syngas and Hydrogen (Overview) 547 6.2.2 Syngas from Solid Fuels (Coal, Biomass) 551 6.2.3 Syngas by Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils 560 6.2.4 Syngas by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 562 6.3 Sulfuric Acid 565 6.3.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Sulfuric Acid Production 565 6.3.2 Production of SO2 566 6.3.3 SO2 Conversion into SO3 567 6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid Process 572 6.4 Nitric Acid 573 6.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Nitric Acid Production 574 6.4.2 Kinetics of Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia 576 6.4.3 NO Oxidation 587 6.4.4 Nitric Acid Processes 588 6.5 Coke and Steel 591 6.5.1 Steel Production (Overview) 591 6.5.2 Production of Blast Furnace Coke 593 6.5.3 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace 599 6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking 609 6.6.1 General and Mechanistic Aspects 609 6.6.2 Factors that Influence the Product Distribution 612 6.6.3 Industrial Steam Cracker Process 613 6.6.4 Economic Aspects of the Steam Cracker Process 617 6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils 618 6.7.1 Thermal Cracking (Delayed Coking) 619 6.7.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC Process) 622 6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating 625 6.8.1 History, Current Status, and Perspective of Hydrotreating 625 6.8.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 626 6.8.3 Hydrodesulfurization Process and Reaction Engineering Aspects 629 6.9 High-Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.2 Reforming Catalyst 635 6.9.3 Process of Catalytic Reforming 635 6.9.4 Deactivation and Regeneration of a Reforming Catalyst 638 6.10 Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.1 Reaction and Reaction Mechanism of Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.2 Alkylation Feedstock and Products 651 6.10.3 Process Variables 651 6.10.4 Commercial Alkylation Processes 652 6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 657 6.11.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 658 6.11.2 Methanol Synthesis 676 6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide 685 6.12.1 Commercial Production of Ethylene Oxide 685 6.12.2 Commercial Production of Propylene Oxide 689 6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride 694 6.13.1 Production and Use of Phthalic Anhydride (Overview) 694 6.13.2 Design and Simulation of a Multi-tubular Reactor for Oxidation of o-Xylene to PA 695 6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis) 701 6.14.1 Industrial Relevance of Hydroformylation 701 6.14.2 Hydroformylation Catalysis 703 6.14.3 Current Hydroformylation Catalyst and Process Technologies 706 6.14.4 Advanced Catalyst Immobilization Technologies for Hydroformylation Catalysis 714 6.15 Acetic Acid 721 6.15.1 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Acetaldehyde Oxidation 722 6.15.2 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Butane or Naphtha Oxidation 723 6.15.3 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Methanol Carbonylation 724 6.15.4 Other Technologies for the Commercial Production of Acetic Acid 728 6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production 729 6.16.1 Industrial Relevance of 1-Olefins 729 6.16.2 Aluminum-Alkyl-Based “Aufbaureaktion” (Growth Reaction) 730 6.16.3 Nickel-Catalyzed Oligomerization: Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) 733 6.16.4 Metallacycle Mechanism for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization 735 6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (ExampleMenthol) 740 6.17.1 Menthol and Menthol Production (Overview) 740 6.17.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 741 6.17.3 Influence of Mass Transfer on the Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 744 6.17.4 Epimerization of Menthol Isomers in Technical Reactors 748 6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources 750 6.18.1 Automotive Emission Control 750 6.18.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx from Flue Gas from Power Plants 756 6.19 Industrial Electrolysis 763 6.19.1 Electrochemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics 763 6.19.2 Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide 768 6.19.3 Electrolysis of Water 773 6.19.4 Electrometallurgy (Purification of Metals by Electrorefining) 778 6.20 Polyethene Production 782 6.20.1 Polyethene Classification and Industrial Use 782 6.20.2 General Characteristics of PE Production Processes 783 6.20.3 Reaction Mechanism and Process Equipment for the Production of LDPE 784 6.20.4 Catalysts for the Production of HDPE and LLDPE 787 6.20.5 Production Processes for HDPE and LLDPE 789 6.20.6 PE Production Economics and Modern Developments in PE Production 792 6.21 Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.1 Production and Use of Titanium Dioxide (Overview) 793 6.21.2 Sulfate Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.3 Chloride Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 795 6.22 Silicon 796 6.22.1 Production and Use of Silicon (Overview) 796 6.22.2 Carbothermic Reduction of Silica 797 6.22.3 Refining, Casting, and Crushing of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.22.4 Economics of the Metallurgical Grade Silicon Production 798 6.22.5 Production of Photovoltaic Grade Silicon by Purification of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.23 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 801 6.23.1 Production and Use of PTFE (Overview) 801 6.23.2 Process for Production of PTFE 802 6.23.3 Treatment of PTFE Waste 802 6.24 Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation 807 6.24.1 General Aspects 807 6.24.2 Overview of the Methods Applied for Industrial Amino Acid Production 807 6.24.3 Amino Acid Fermentation 810 References 815 Index 841
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Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for
Book SynopsisBiorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products An instructive and up-to-date pretreatment and industrial applications of oil producing plants Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products is a two-volume set that delivers a comprehensive exploration of oil producing plants, from their availability to their pretreatment, bioenergy generation, chemical generation, bioproduct generation, and economic impact. The distinguished team of editors has included a wide variety of highly instructive resources written by leading contributors to the field. This set explores the current and future potential of bioenergy production to address the energy and climate crisis, as well as the technologies used to produce materials like biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biochar, fuel pellets, and biohydrogen. It also discusses the production of biobased chemicals, including bio-oil, biosurfactants, catanionic surfactants, glycerol, biovanillin, bioplastic, and plant-oil based polyurethanes. Concluding with an insightful analysis of the economic effects of oil producing plants, the set also offers readers: A thorough introduction to the availability of oil producing plants, including palm oil, castor oil, jatropha, nyamplung, and coconut A comprehensive exploration of the pretreatment of oil producing plants, including the physical, chemical and biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Practical discussion of the generation of bioenergy, including biogas generation in the palm oil mill and biodiesel production techniques using jatropha In-depth examinations of the generation of biobased chemicals, including those produced from the tobacco plant Perfect for researchers and industry practitioners involved with the biorefinery of oil producing plants, Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products also belongs in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and microbiology.Table of ContentsVolume 1 Preface xvii About the Editors xix 1 A Glance On Oil Producing Plants, Pretreatment and Bioenergy Production Using Oil Producing Plant 1 Suraini Abd-Aziz and Misri Gozan References 9 Part I Availability of Oil Producing Plants 11 2 Demand and Sustainability of Palm Oil Plantation 13 Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Lai-Yee Phang 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Production and Consumption of Global Palm Oil Industry 14 2.3 Major Hindrances in Sustainability Considerations 17 2.3.1 Environmental Issues 18 2.3.2 Socioeconomic Issues 19 2.4 Future Sustainability Implications of the World Largest Palm Oil Producers 20 2.4.1 Indonesia 21 2.4.2 Malaysia 22 2.5 Sustainable Versus Unsustainable Palm Oil Toward Carbon Neutral Emissions 23 2.6 Conclusions 24 References 25 3 Planting and Harvesting Jatropha 29 Penjit Srinophakun, Anna Saimaneerat, and Vipa Hongtrakul 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 KUBP 78-9 and KUBP 202 Varieties 30 3.2.1 Plant Spacing 31 3.2.2 Plantation Layout and Data Collection 31 3.2.3 Fertilizer Application 33 3.2.4 Cutting Management 35 3.2.5 Weed Control 35 3.2.6 Insect, Pest, and Disease Control 37 3.3 Jatropha Performance 38 3.3.1 Plant Height and Canopy Width 38 3.3.2 First Flowering Day 40 3.3.3 Rainfall 41 3.3.4 Harvesting 43 3.3.5 Seed Yield and Weight of 100-Seed 45 3.4 Conclusions 47 Acknowledgments 47 References 47 4 Castor Oil (Ricinus communis) 51 Is Fatimah, Suresh Sagadevan, Baranya Murugan, and Oki Muraza 4.1 Source and Cultivation of the Castor Plant 51 4.2 Castor Oil Production 54 4.2.1 Cultivating and Harvesting Ricinus communis 54 4.2.2 Extraction of Castor Oil 57 4.2.3 Refining of Castor Oil 59 4.2.4 Standardization of Castor Oil 60 4.3 Castor Oil Products 60 4.3.1 Hydrogenated Castor Oil 60 4.3.2 Biodiesel from Castor Oil 61 4.3.3 Polymer from Castor Oil 67 4.3.4 Plasticizer from Castor Oil 67 4.3.5 Biolubricant from Castor Oil 69 4.3.6 Pharmaceutical Solvent from Castor Oil 72 4.4 Conclusions 73 References 73 5 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil 79 Nurul Sabrena Hanafi, Misri Gozan, and Suraini Abd-Aziz 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) 80 5.2.1 Characteristic of Nyamplung Seed Oil 81 5.2.2 Extraction of Nyamplung Seed Oil 82 5.2.2.1 Mechanical Extraction 83 5.2.2.2 Solvent Oil Extraction (Chemical Extraction) 83 5.2.3 Applications of Nyamplung Seed Oil 83 5.2.3.1 Medicinal Purposes 84 5.2.3.2 Cosmetic Ingredient 84 5.2.3.3 Biodiesel 85 5.3 Potential of Nyamplung Seed Oil as Biolubricant 86 5.3.1 Reactions Involved in Biolubricants Manufacturing 86 5.3.1.1 Transesterification 86 5.3.1.2 Epoxidation 87 5.3.2 Emerging Area of Biolubricant Industries Using Alternative Oil/Seed Oil 88 5.3.2.1 Applications of Biolubricant 89 5.3.2.2 Chemical Modification of Biolubricant 89 5.4 Conclusions 91 References 92 6 Coconut Oil 99 Muhammad A. Darmawan, Kiman Siregar, and Misri Gozan 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Extraction Process of Coconut Oil 100 6.2.1 Dry Extraction Process 100 6.2.1.1 Coconut Testa Oil 102 6.2.1.2 Copra Oil 102 6.2.2 Coconut Refining Process 102 6.2.2.1 Chemical Refining Process 102 6.2.2.2 Physical Refining Process 103 6.2.3 Wet Extraction Process 103 6.2.3.1 Heat and Cold Extraction of Virgin Coconut Oil 103 6.2.3.2 Fermentation and Enzymatic Process of Virgin Coconut Oil 104 6.3 Physicochemical and Chemical Compositions of Coconut Oil 105 6.4 The Properties of Coconut Fruit 108 6.5 Health Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil 111 6.5.1 Virgin Coconut Oil Effects on Artery Disease 111 6.5.2 Antioxidant Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 111 6.5.3 Antidiabetic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112 6.5.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil 112 6.6 Coconut Oil as Fuel 112 6.7 Coconut Oil as Cooking Oil 113 6.8 Productivity and Problems in Coconut Plantation 114 6.8.1 Productivity of Coconut Plantation in Indonesia 114 6.8.2 Problems of Coconut Plantation and Industry in Indonesia 115 6.9 Conclusions 116 References 116 Part II Pretreatment 123 7 Efficient Physical and Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 125 Liping Tan, Jian Zhao, and Yinbo Qu 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Type of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 126 7.2.1 Bisulfite Pretreatment 126 7.2.2 Formiline Pretreatment 128 7.2.3 Hydrothermal Pretreatment 128 7.2.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Pretreatment 129 7.2.5 Comparison of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment Methods 130 7.2.6 Combinations of Physical and Chemical Pretreatment 133 7.3 Conclusions 135 Acknowledgment 135 References 135 8 Ionic Solution Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 141 Chien-Yuan Su, Wei-Chun Hung, Chiung-Fang Liu, Bo-Jhih Lin, and Hou-Peng Wan 8.1 Overview of Biomass Hydrolysis 141 8.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis 143 8.1.2 Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144 8.1.2.1 Development and Principle of Ionic Liquid Hydrolysis 144 8.1.2.2 Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 145 8.2 Case Study of Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 147 8.2.1 Feedstock Analysis and Dissolution Efficiency 147 8.2.2 Sugar Yields from Various Biomass via Ionic Solution Hydrolysis 150 8.2.3 Purification of Hydrolysis Products 151 8.2.3.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 151 8.2.3.2 Reactive Distillation 151 8.2.3.3 Ion Exclusion Chromatography and Membrane Filtration 153 8.2.4 Comparison of Hydrolysis Pretreatment Technologies and Summary 155 Acknowledgment 157 References 157 9 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 161 Sehanat Prasongsuk, Wichanee Bankeeree, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Microorganisms and Enzymes Involved in Biological Pretreatment 162 9.2.1 Fungal Pretreatment 164 9.2.2 Enzymatic Pretreatment 165 9.3 Factors Affecting Biological Pretreatment 168 9.3.1 Cultivation Condition 168 9.3.2 Incubation Time 168 9.3.3 Moisture Content 168 9.3.4 pH and Temperature 168 9.4 Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value-Added Products 169 9.4.1 Bioconversion into Fermentable Sugar for Bioethanol Production 169 9.4.2 Biogas Production 171 9.5 Conclusions 172 Acknowledgment 173 References 173 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes 179 Adriana C. Lee, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, and Suraini Abd-Aziz 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Lignin Types and Structures 180 10.3 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes (LDEs) 181 10.3.1 Lignin Peroxidase or Ligninase (LiP) 181 10.3.2 Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) 183 10.3.3 Versatile Peroxidase (VP) 185 10.3.4 Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases (DyPs) 185 10.3.5 Laccase 186 10.3.6 New Enzymatic Delignification Activities 189 10.3.6.1 β-Etherases (Glutathione-Dependent Lignin-Degrading Enzyme) 189 10.3.6.2 Biphenyl-Binding Enzyme Cleavage Systems 190 10.3.6.3 Enzyme O-Demethylation Networks 190 10.3.6.4 Activities of General Oxidative 190 10.4 Application of LDE in Biorefinery Pretreatment 191 10.5 Conclusions 194 References 194 11 Enzymes for Hemicellulose Degradation 199 Wichanee Bankeeree, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Hunsa Punnapayak 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Hemicellulolytic Enzymes 200 11.3 Xylanolytic Enzyme Classification 201 11.4 Catalytic Mechanisms 204 11.5 Sources and Properties of Xylanolytic Enzymes 205 11.5.1 Bacterial Xylanolytic Enzymes 205 11.5.2 Fungal Xylanolytic Enzymes 207 11.6 Potential Biotechnological Applications 209 11.6.1 Biorefinery 209 11.6.2 Pulp and Paper Industry 211 11.6.3 Biotransformation 212 11.7 Conclusions 213 Acknowledgment 214 References 214 12 Cellulase from Oil Palm Biomass 221 Jeong Eun Hyeon and Sung Ok Han 12.1 Biological Pretreatment and Cellulase 221 12.2 Cellulases 222 12.2.1 Endoglucanase (1,4-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.4) 223 12.2.2 Exocellobiohydrolase (1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.74) 224 12.2.3 β-Glucosidase (D-glucoside glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.21) 225 12.3 Synergistic Effect by Combination of Various Cellulases 226 12.3.1 Cellulosome 226 12.3.2 Artificial Cellulosome 229 12.4 Industrial Strain for Cellulases Production 230 12.4.1 Cellulases Production by Fungal Cellulase System 230 12.4.2 Cellulases Production by Bacterial Cellulase Systems 232 12.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgment 233 References 234 Part III Generation of Bioenergy 239 13 Biogas Generation in the Palm Oil Mill 241 Muhammad Y. Arya, Muhammad A. Kholiq, Udin Hasanudin, and Misri Gozan 13.1 Introduction 241 13.2 POME Characterization 243 13.3 POME Pretreatment 243 13.3.1 Acidified POME 246 13.3.2 Ash Addition 246 13.3.3 Coagulation–Flocculation 248 13.3.4 De-oiling 248 13.3.5 Dissolved Air Flotation 249 13.3.6 POME Sedimentation 249 13.3.7 Thermal Pretreatment 249 13.3.8 Other Pretreatments 249 13.4 Digester Type 250 13.4.1 Anaerobic Pond/Lagoon 250 13.4.2 Anaerobic Filtration 251 13.4.3 Fluidized Bed Reactor 253 13.4.4 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) 253 13.4.5 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor 253 13.5 Operating Conditions 253 13.5.1 Substrate Characterization 253 13.5.2 pH and Alkalinity 254 13.5.3 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 254 13.5.4 Temperature 255 13.5.5 Other Operating Conditions 256 13.6 Biogas Purification 257 13.7 Conclusions 257 References 258 14 Biodiesel Refinery from Jatropha 265 Penjit Srinophakun, Anusith Thanapimmetha, and Maythee Saisriyoot 14.1 Introduction 265 14.2 Jatropha Biodiesel 265 14.2.1 Biodiesel Standard 273 14.2.2 Oxidation Stability 273 14.2.3 The Changes of Biodiesel Properties During Long-Term Storage 278 14.3 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgment 282 References 283 15 Bioethanol from Oil Producing Plants 287 Yu-Shen Cheng, Kittipong Rattanaporn, and Malinee Sriariyanun 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 Plant Components Derived from Oil Producing Plants as the Biomass Resources 290 15.2.1 Oil Producing Plants 290 15.2.2 Oil Meals/Cakes Derived from Oilseed as Lignocellulosic Biomass 291 15.2.3 Other Lignocellulosic Residues Derived from Oil Plants 293 15.3 Conversion of Oil Plant-Derived Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol 294 15.3.1 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass Derived from Oil Plants 294 15.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolyses 296 15.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Oil Producing Plant 299 15.4 Conclusions 300 References 300 16 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 307 Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Nor A. Shaharuddin, Nurul H. Alias, Mohd A. Jenol, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Lai-Yee Phang 16.1 Introduction 307 16.2 Oil Palm Biomass 308 16.3 Biobutanol 310 16.4 Biobutanol Production 312 16.4.1 Biobutanol-Producing Bacteria 312 16.4.1.1 Clostridium sp. 312 16.4.1.2 Lactobacillus 314 16.4.1.3 Escherichia coli 315 16.4.2 Factors Affecting Biobutanol Production 315 16.4.2.1 Effect of Nitrogen Source 315 16.4.2.2 Effect of pH 315 16.4.2.3 Effect of Temperature 316 16.4.2.4 Effect of Carbon Source 316 16.5 Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Biomass 317 16.6 Conclusions 320 References 321 17 Biochar from Oil Palm Biomass 325 Z. Nahrul Hayawin and Juferi Idris 17.1 Introduction 325 17.2 Oil Palm Biomass in Malaysia 326 17.3 Oil Palm Biochar Production 326 17.3.1 Mechanistic Aspects of Pyrolysis 326 17.3.2 Pyrolysis Process Parameters Affecting the Quality and Quantity of Biochar Production 327 17.3.3 Technologies for Biochar Production 329 17.3.3.1 Conventional Pyrolysis 329 17.3.3.2 Microwave Pyrolysis 329 17.3.4 Application of Biochar 331 17.3.4.1 Environmental Remediation 331 17.3.4.2 Agricultural Application 331 17.3.4.3 Energy Purposes 332 17.4 Safety and Environmental Considerations 333 17.4.1 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in the Application of Biochar 333 17.4.2 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impact in Handling and Storing Oil palm Biomass Feedstock 334 17.4.3 Safety Consideration and Environmental Impacts in Biochar Production by Pyrolysis Process 334 17.5 Biochar Utilization and Marketing 335 17.5.1 Quality of Biochar 335 17.5.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Biochar 335 17.5.3 Adsorption Capacity 336 17.5.4 Economic Analysis 336 17.5.5 Major Challenges in Promoting Biochar 337 17.5.5.1 Cost and Production Complications 337 17.5.5.2 Environmental Factors 338 17.5.5.3 Public Acceptance 338 17.5.5.4 Marketability and Commercialization Issues 339 17.6 Conclusions 339 References 339 18 Fuel Pellet from Oil Producing Plants 345 Rizal Alamsyah 18.1 Introduction 345 18.2 Production of Fuel Pellet 347 18.2.1 Energy and Proximate Analysis 347 18.2.2 Size Reduction and Screening 348 18.2.3 Drying and Weighing 348 18.2.4 Mixing 349 18.2.5 Pelletizing 349 18.2.6 Cooling and Packing 349 18.3 Pellet Quality 350 18.3.1 Ash Content 350 18.3.2 Ash Melting Temperature 351 18.3.3 Length, Diameter, and Bulk Density 351 18.3.4 Dust 352 18.3.5 Caloric Value and Moisture Content 352 18.3.6 Mechanical Durability 352 18.3.7 Nitrogen, Sulfur, Chlorine Content, and Heavy Metals 353 18.4 Pilot Plant-Scale Biomass Pellet Experiment 353 18.5 Gasification of Biomass Pellets to Produce Synthetic Gas (Syngas) and Emission Test 356 18.5.1 Gasification 356 18.5.2 Emissions Test 357 18.6 Biomass Pellet Processing Equipment 359 18.6.1 Chaff Cutter 359 18.6.2 Hammer Mill 361 18.6.3 Cyclone Dust Collector 361 18.6.4 Paddle Mixer 362 18.6.5 Pellet Machine (Pelletizer) 362 18.6.6 Cooler 363 18.6.7 Packing Machine (Bagging Scale) 364 18.7 Conclusions 364 References 364 19 Biohydrogen from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 369 Safa Senan Mahmod, Peer Mohamed Abdul, and Jamaliah Md. Jahim 19.1 Introduction 369 19.2 Biohydrogen-Producing Bacteria 371 19.3 Strategies to Increase Biohydrogen Production from POME 374 19.3.1 Operating Conditions Optimization: Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Temperature on Biohydrogen Production 374 19.3.1.1 Effect of Temperature 374 19.3.1.2 Effect of Different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) 376 19.3.2 Microbial Cells Immobilization 378 19.3.3 Roles of Additives 380 19.4 Conclusions 383 19.5 Acknowledgments 383 References 383 Volume 2 Preface xiii About the Editors xv 20 A Glance on the Generation of Biobased Chemicals, Bioproducts and Economic Analysis of Oil Producing Plant 387 Misri Gozan and Suraini Abd-Aziz Part IV Generation of Biobased Chemicals 397 21 Bio-oil from Tobacco Plant 399 Andre F.P. Harahap, Ahmad Fauzantoro, and Misri Gozan 22 Biosurfactant from Oil Producing Plant 421 Zaharah Ibrahim, Siti Halimah Hasmoni, Shafinaz Shahir, Lai-Yee Phang, Nurashikin Ihsan, and Madihah Md Salleh 23 Palm Catanionic Surfactant for Drug Delivery Application 445 Wen Huei Lim, Xiou Shuang Yong, Lai-Yee Phang, and Noorjahan Banu Alitheen 24 Glycerol and Derivatives 469 Erliza Hambali, Rista Fitria, and Vonny I. Sari 25 Biovanillin from Oil Palm Biomass 493 Suraini Abd-Aziz, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Illy Kamaliah Ramle 26 Diacids from Oil Producing Plant 515 Is Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Oki Muraza, and Teuku M.I. Mahlia 27 Bioplastic Production from Oil Producing Plants 543 Lai-Yee Phang, Mitra Mohammadi, Mohd Azwan Jenol, and Misri Gozan 28 Plant Oil-Based Polyurethane 563 K. H. Badri and Amamer Redhwan 29 Bioresins from Oil Producing Plants 587 Misri Gozan, Agustino Zulys, and Hosta Ardhyananta Part V Generation of Other Bioproducts 605 30 Biocompost from Oil Producing Plants 607 Adibah Yahya, Nurshafika Abd Khalid, and Madihah Md Salleh 31 Animal Feed from Oil Producing Plants 631 Siswa Setyahadi 32 Amino Acids from Oil Producing Plants 653 Huszalina Hussin, Nurul S. Hanafi, Adriana C. Lee, Madihah Md Salleh, Shu-Cuen Sam, and Suraini Abd-Aziz Part VI Economics Analysis of Oil Producing Plants 673 33 Technical and Economic Aspects of Oil Producing Plants 675 Misri Gozan and Lai-Yee Phang 34 Economic Impact 699 Nugroho A. Sasongko and Rachmawan Budiarto Index 723
£266.86
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials
Book SynopsisNitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Provides in-depth and comprehensive knowledge on both the chemistry and practical applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials Energetic materials, a class of material with high amounts of stored chemical energy, include explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. Initially used for military applications, nitrogen-rich energetic materials have become important in the civil engineering and aerospace sectors, they are increasingly used in commercial mining and construction as well as in rocket propulsion. Making these nitrogen-rich energetic materials safer, more powerful, and more cost-effective requires a thorough understanding of their chemistry, physics, synthesis, properties, and applications. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials presents a detailed summary of the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials over the past decade and provides up-to-date knowledge on their applications in various areas of advanced engineering. Edited by a panel of international experts in the field, this book examines the chemistry of pentazoles, fused ring and laser ignitable nitrogen-rich compounds, polynitrogen and tetrazole-based energetic compounds, and more. The text also introduces applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials in energetic polymers and metal-organic frameworks, as pyrotechnics materials for light and smoke, and in oxadiazoles from precursor molecules. This authoritative volume: Presents in-depth chapters written by leading experts in each sub-field covered Offers a systematic introduction to new and emerging applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials such as in computational chemistry Discusses recent advances in nitrate ester chemistry with focus on propellant applications Discusses green and eco-friendly approaches to nitrogen-rich compounds Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials is an important resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals across fields, including explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, polymer chemists, laser specialists, physical chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and safety officers.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Editors xv 1 Chemistry of Pentazole 1Ming Lu, Pengcheng Wang, Yuangang Xu, and Qiuhan Lin 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Substituted Pentazoles 1 1.3 Strategies for the Preparation of cyclo-N5- 5 1.4 Complexes of Metal and cyclo-N5- 9 1.5 cyclo-N5--Based Nonmetallic Ionic Salts 25 1.6 Conclusions 43 2 Aromatic Fused-Ring-Based Energetic Compounds 47Kangcai Wang and Qinghua Zhang 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Fused-Ring Aromatic Energetic Compounds 49 2.3 Conclusions 68 3 Advances in Computations of Nitrogen-Rich Materials 73Lei Zhang and Chuang Yao 3.1 Why Computation and What Role It Plays? 73 3.2 Why Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs and How TheyWork? 74 3.3 Advances in Computation of First-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 75 3.4 Advances in Computation of Second-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs 81 3.5 Advances in Computation of Third-Generation Nitrogen-Rich HEDMs: Polynitrogen Materials 84 3.6 Final Remarks 97 Acknowledgement 98 References 98 4 Laser Ignition of Energetic Transition Metal Complexes 107Maximilian Wurzenberger, Daniel Shem-Tov, and Jörg Stierstorfer 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Synthesis of Energetic Coordination Compounds 116 4.3 Synthesis of Energetic Tetrazole Ligands 116 4.4 Synthesis Energetic Coordination Complexes 121 4.5 Examples of Molecular Structures 122 4.6 Energetic Properties of Ligands and Corresponding Energetic Coordination Compounds 122 4.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy of Energetic Coordination Compounds 128 4.8 Studies of Ignition Mechanism 128 4.9 Conclusions 134 5 Energetic 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 139Aleksandr M. Churakov, Michael S. Klenov, Aleksey A. Voronin, and Vladimir A. Tartakovsky 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Methods of Synthesis and Reactivity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrazines 141 5.3 NMR and X-ray Studies 164 5.4 Thermal Stability 168 5.5 Applications 177 References 179 6 Recent Advances in Chemistry of Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189Michael Gozin and Leonid L. Fershtat 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Heterocyclic Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 189 6.3 Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Polymers Lacking Traditional Explosophoric Groups 201 6.4 Azido-Rich Energetic Polymers and Plasticizers 202 6.5 Azido Fluoropolymers 216 6.6 Azido Plasticizers 219 6.7 Nitro Group Containing Polymers 225 6.8 Aromatic C-NO2 Containing Polymers 230 6.9 Conclusions 234 References 234 7 Tetrazole Energetic Salts Based on Various Explosophores: Recent Overview of Synthesis and Energetic Properties 239Saira Manzoor, Qamar-un-nisa Tariq, and Jian-Guo Zhang 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Tetrazole-Based Energetic Salts 241 7.3 Conclusion and Future Trends 278 7.4 Cautions 280 Acknowledgments 280 References 280 8 Properties and Application of Nitrogen-Rich Compound BTATz in Low-Signature Propellants 285Jianhua Yi, Zhihua Sun, Yi Xu, Zhao Qin, Changjian Wang, Bozhou Wang, Hui Li, Haijian Li, Chao Chen, Xiao Xie, and Fengqi Zhao 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Synthesis of BTATz 286 8.3 Structure of BTATz 287 8.4 Properties of BTATz 290 8.5 Energetic Properties of the Propellants 291 8.6 Plume Smoke Signature of the Propellants 295 8.7 Preparation of the Propellants 296 8.8 Decomposition Reaction Kinetics and Thermal Safety of the Propellants 297 8.9 Combustion Properties of the Propellants 319 8.10 Correlation Between PDSC Characteristic Values and Burning Rates 324 8.11 Conclusions 326 References 327 9 Nitro-substituted Oxadiazoles: Important Building Blocks in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds 331Philip Pagoria 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Enthalpy of Formation of Oxadiazoles 331 9.3 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles 332 9.4 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles 339 9.5 Furazans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole) and Furoxans (1,2,5-Oxadiazole-2-Oxides) 344 9.6 Summary 365 10 Insensitive High Explosives Containing Tetraazapentalene Moiety 377Ernst-Christian Koch 10.1 Introduction 377 10.2 Synthesis of TACOT Derivatives 377 10.3 Crystal and Molecular Structure 383 10.4 Spectroscopy 385 10.4.1 NMR Spectroscopy 385 10.5 Thermochemistry 386 10.6 Detonation Performance 388 10.7 Thermal Behavior 390 10.8 Sensitivity 391 10.9 Conclusions 392 Acknowledgments 392 Abbreviations 392 References 393 11 Nitrogen-Rich Pyrotechnic Materials for Light and Smoke 397Thomas M. Klapötke and Magdalena Rusan 11.1 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 397 11.2 Smokes 405 11.2.1 White Smoke 411 11.2.2 Colored Smoke 412 Acknowledgments 413 References 413 Index 415
£114.75
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation
Book SynopsisPathway Design for Industrial Fermentation Explore the industrial fermentation processes of chemical intermediates In Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation, distinguished researcher Dr. Walter Koch delivers an expert overview on industrial fermentation production technology as compared with natural extraction, organic chemistry, and biocatalysis. The book offers key insights for professionals designing and monitoring fermentation processes. The author explores the applications, alternative production, biochemical pathways, metabolic engineering strategy, and downstream processing of various productsincluding C1 to C6 productswith a focus on low-value products with market prices below 4 per kilogram. Products will include methane, ethane, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and others. With specific commentary and insightful perspectives on the cost drivers and technological aspects critical to commercially successful applications, the book also includes: Thorough introductions to meth
£92.76
VDM Verlag Ginger Beer
Book Synopsis
£46.52
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Filler-Reinforced Elastomers Scanning Force Microscopy
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Flavours and Fragrances: Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability
Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to the world of aroma chemicals, essential oils, fragrances and flavour compositions for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Present technology, the future use of resources and biotechnological approaches for the production of the respective chemical compounds are described. The book has an integrated and interdisciplinary approach on future industrial production and the issues related to this topic.Table of ContentsGüntert: The Flavour and Fragrance Industry – Past, Present and Future.- Müller: Flavours: The Legal Framework.- German: Olfaction, where Nutrition, Memory and Immunity Intersect.- Baser: Chemistry of Essential Oils.- Juliani: Bioactivity of Essential Oils and their Components.- Rouseff: Citrus Flavour.- Christensen: Fruits and Vegetables of Moderate Climate.- Pastore: Tropical Fruit Flavour.- Verpoorte: Vanilla.- Christoph and Christoph: Flavour of Spirit Drinks – Composed by Raw Materials, Fermentation, Distillation, and Ageing.- Fischer: Wine aroma.- Mottram: The Maillard Reaction: Source of Flavour in Thermally Processed Foods.- van der Schaft: Chemical Conversions of Natural Precursors.- Buckenhueskes: Industrial Quality Control.- Blank and Nitz: Advanced Instrumental Analysis & Electronic Noses.- Grosch: Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry (GCO) of Aroma Compounds.- Mosandl: Enantioselective and Isotope Analysis – Key Steps to Flavour Authentication.- Reineccius: Flavour Isolation Techniques.- Crespo: Aroma Recovery by Organophilic Pervaporation.- van Soest.- Encapsulation of Fragrances and Flavours: A Way to Control Odour and Aroma in Consumer Products.- Krammer: Creation and Production of Liquid and Dry Flavours.- Schreier: Enzymes and Flavour Biotechnology.- Schrader: Microbial Flavour Production.- Larroche: Microbial Processes.- Scragg: The Production of Flavours by Plant Cell Cultures.- Schwab: Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microbial Cells for Flavour Production
£132.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II: Simulation, Image Processing, Optimization, and Control
Book SynopsisThe application of modern methods in numerical mathematics on problems in chemical engineering is essential for designing, analyzing and running chemical processes and even entire plants. Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II gives the state of the art from the point of view of numerical mathematicians as well as that of engineers.The present volume as part of a two-volume edition covers topics such as computer-aided process design, combustion and flame, image processing, optimization, control, and neural networks. The volume is aimed at scientists, practitioners and graduate students in chemical engineering, industrial engineering and numerical mathematics.Table of ContentsInvited Presentations.- Combustion and Flame.- Computer Aided Process Design.- Control.- Image Processing.- Optimization.- Neural Network.
£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Biopolymers · PVA Hydrogels Anionic Polymerisation Nanocomposites
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£161.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology Protocols: Genetic, Genomic and System Analyses of Pure Cultures
Book SynopsisThis Volume presents a comprehensive series of generic protocols for the genetic and genomic analysis of prokaryotic isolates. Genetic methods for functional analyses employ the latest cloning vectors, gene fusion methods and transposon mutagenesis systems, as well as systems for introducing protease-cleavage sequences into permissive sites in proteins under investigation. Genomic methods described include protocols for transcriptomics, shotgun proteomics, interactomics, metabolic profiling, and lipidomics. Bioinformatic tools for genome annotation, transcriptome display and the integration of transcriptomic data into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are described. Protocols for 13C-based metabolic flux determinations and analysis of the hierarchical and metabolic regulation of fluxes through pathways are included. The Volume thus enables investigators to functionally analyse an isolate over the entire cellular range spanning the gene, the genome, the transcript repertoire, the proteome, the interactome, the metabolic network with its nodes and their regulatory hierarchies, and the metabolic fluxes and their physiological controls.Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology ProtocolsThere are tens of thousands of structurally different hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives and lipids, and a wide array of these molecules are required for cells to function. The global hydrocarbon cycle, which is largely driven by microorganisms, has a major impact on our environment and climate. Microbes are responsible for cleaning up the environmental pollution caused by the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs and will also be pivotal in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels by providing biofuels, plastics and industrial chemicals. Gaining an understanding of the relevant functions of the wide range of microbes that produce, consume and modify hydrocarbons and related compounds will be key to responding to these challenges. This comprehensive collection of current and emerging protocols will facilitate acquisition of this understanding and exploitation of useful activities of such microbes.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Broadening the SEVA plasmid repertoire to facilitate genomic editing of Gram-negative bacteria.- Protocols on regulation of gene expression.- Ultra-high-throughput transposon scanning of bacterial genomes.- Knock-in-leave-behind (KILB): Genetic grafting of protease-cleaving sequences into permissive sites of proteins with a Tn5-based transposition system.- Deep sequencing to study microbial transcriptomic responses to hydrocarbon degradation/production/stress.- Shotgun proteomics for hydrocarbon microbiology.- Interactomic characterization of membrane-associated mega-complexes for the anaerobic respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.- Lipidomic analysis of bacteria by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.- Accurate microbial genome annotation using an integrated and user-friendly environment for community expertise of gene functions: the MicroScope platform.- Approaches for displaying complete transcriptomes of environmental bacteria.- A practical protocol for integration of transcriptomics data into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions.- GC-MS based determination of mass isotopomer distributions for 13C-based metabolic flux analysis.- Analysis of the hierarchical and metabolic regulation of flux through metabolic pathways.
£80.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Self-Lubricating Composites
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£98.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore Biosurfactants: Greener Surface Active Agents for Sustainable Future: Microbial Surfactants
Book SynopsisThis book illustrates the importance and significance of the biosurfactants obtained from microorganisms, preferably from bacteria and yeast. It explains the superiority of biosurfactants (green molecule) over chemically synthesized surfactants for the sustainable future. The content of the present book addresses the quest for novel biosurfactants producing strains, high throughput screening methods, and production strategies. It finely describes the aptness of biosurfactants for industrial and environmental applications. It elaborately describes the technical background and cutting-edge advancement of the commercial aspect of biosurfactants. In the later part of the book, the role of green biosurfactants in food processing, control of food spoilage, incorporation in personal health care products, environmental and agricultural remediation are discussed. Finally, the book elucidates a comprehensive and representative description of toxicity assessment of the biosurfactants, which highlights the risk assessment of the incorporation of the microbial biosurfactants in food, healthcare, and pharmaceutical formulations.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 1.1. Properties and characteristics.- Chapter 1.2. General Properties.- Chapter 1.3. Chemical vs. Biosurfactants.- Chapter 1.4. Aptness of biosurfactants for industrial and environmental applications.- Chapter 2. Screening of Biosurfactants.- Chapter 3. Commercial production, optimization and purification.- Chapter 3.1. Low cost substrates and higher productivity.- Chapter 3.2. Recent developments in optimization and purification.- Chapter 4. Industrial and environmental applications.- Chapter 4.1. Biosurfactants in Food.- Chapter 4.2. Biosurfactants in Food.- Chapter 5. Role of biosurfactants in Agriculture and soil reclamation.- Chapter 5.1. Soil washing and soil reclamation.- Chapter 5.2. Soil washing and soil reclamation.- Chapter 6.Toxicity assessment.
£113.99
Springer Verlag, Singapore Theory and Practice of CO2 Utilization in Steelmaking
Book SynopsisThis book analyzes the mechanism of the application of CO2 in steelmaking, by looking at the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions of CO2 with the elements present in molten steel. This book is the first academic monograph either at home or abroad on the application of CO2 in the steelmaking field. The thermodynamic conditions of the reactions of CO2 with silicon, manganese, phosphorus, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and other elements were calculated and analyzed using the FactSage thermodynamic software, and the selective oxidation law of the above multiple elements by CO2 was also analyzed. In terms of kinetics, the interfacial reaction mechanism of CO2 was analyzed via gas isotope exchange technology, and the O2 transfer process and transfer rate between the CO2, slag, and steel were studied. In terms of materials and energy balance, how to use the high-temperature characteristics of CO2 to control the temperature of the molten pool, improve the reaction conditions of molten iron, reduce the evaporation of molten iron, and reduce the amount of steelmaking dust were introduced. Based on the experimental data, theoretical models of unit operation for the application of CO2 in steelmaking were established, including decarburization, denitrification, dephosphorization, decarburization and chromium retention, vanadium extraction, and carbon preservation, and these theoretical models were applied to the steelmaking production process, which is an important step in going from theory to practice. The above research work has opened up a new solution for energy saving and liquid steel cleaning in the iron and steel production process and represents progress in steelmaking technology. This book is used as a reference book for managers, engineering and technical personnel, and related professional teachers and students of Iron & Steel enterprises, government departments, consulting services and evaluation agencies, colleges, and secondary professional schools.Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction.- The thermodynamics of CO2 in the steelmaking process.- The kinetics of using CO2 in steelmaking.- Materials and heat balance of the CO2 used in steelmaking.- Basic Theory of CO2 use in Refining.- The Theory of Limestone Decomposing CO2 Steelmaking.- Decarburization and chromium (Cr) yield of a chromium-containing melt by CO2.- Application of CO2 injection in the steelmaking process.- References.
£116.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Advanced Chemical Process Control: Putting Theory
Book SynopsisAdvanced Chemical Process Control Bridge the gap between theory and practice with this accessible guide Process control is an area of study which seeks to optimize industrial processes, applying different strategies and technologies as required to navigate the variety of processes and their many potential challenges. Though the body of chemical process control theory is robust, it is only in recent decades that it has been effectively integrated with industrial practice to form a flexible toolkit. The need for a guide to this integration of theory and practice has therefore never been more urgent. Advanced Chemical Process Control meets this need, making advanced chemical process control accessible and useful to chemical engineers with little grounding in the theoretical principles of the subject. It provides a basic introduction to the background and mathematics of control theory, before turning to the implementation of control principles in industrial contexts. The result is a bridge between the insights of control theory and the needs of engineers in plants, factories, research facilities, and beyond. Advanced Chemical Process Control readers will also find: Detailed overview of Control Performance Monitoring (CPM), Model Predictive Control (MPC), and more Discussion of the cost benefit analysis of improved control in particular jobs Authored by a leading international expert on chemical process control Advanced Chemical Process Control is essential for chemical and process engineers looking to develop a working knowledge of process control, as well as for students and graduates entering the chemical process control field.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Introduction xxv1 Mathematical and Control Theory Background 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Models for Dynamical Systems 1 1.2.1 Dynamical Systems in Continuous Time 1 1.2.2 Dynamical Systems in Discrete Time 2 1.2.3 Linear Models and Linearization 3 1.2.3.1 Linearization at a Given Point 3 1.2.3.2 Linearizing Around a Trajectory 6 1.2.4 Converting Between Continuous- and Discrete-Time Models 6 1.2.4.1 Time Delay in the Manipulated Variables 7 1.2.4.2 Time Delay in the Measurements 9 1.2.5 Laplace Transform 9 1.2.6 The z Transform 10 1.2.7 Similarity Transformations 11 1.2.8 Minimal Representation 11 1.2.9 Scaling 14 1.3 Analyzing Linear Dynamical Systems 15 1.3.1 Transfer Functions of Composite Systems 15 1.3.1.1 Series Interconnection 15 1.3.1.2 Parallel Systems 16 1.3.1.3 Feedback Connection 16 1.3.1.4 Commonly Used Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 17 1.3.1.5 The Push-Through Rule 17 1.4 Poles and Zeros of Transfer Functions 18 1.4.1 Poles of Multivariable Systems 19 1.4.2 Pole Directions 19 1.4.3 Zeros of Multivariable Systems 20 1.4.4 Zero Directions 22 1.5 Stability 23 1.5.1 Poles and Zeros of Discrete-Time Transfer Functions 23 1.5.2 Frequency Analysis 24 1.5.2.1 Steady-State Phase Adjustment 26 1.5.3 Bode Diagrams 27 1.5.3.1 Bode Diagram Asymptotes 27 1.5.3.2 Minimum Phase Systems 29 1.5.3.3 Frequency Analysis for Discrete-Time Systems 30 1.5.4 Assessing Closed-Loop Stability Using the Open-Loop Frequency Response 31 1.5.4.1 The Principle of the Argument and the Nyquist D-Contour 31 1.5.4.2 The Multivariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.3 The Monovariable Nyquist Theorem 32 1.5.4.4 The Bode Stability Criterion 32 1.5.4.5 Some Remarks on Stability Analysis Using the Frequency Response 35 1.5.4.6 The Small Gain Theorem 36 1.5.5 Controllability 37 1.5.6 Observability 38 1.5.7 Some Comments on Controllability and Observability 39 1.5.8 Stabilizability 40 1.5.9 Detectability 40 1.5.10 Hidden Modes 41 1.5.11 Internal Stability 41 1.5.12 Coprime Factorizations 43 1.5.12.1 Inner–Outer Factorization 44 1.5.12.2 Normalized Coprime Factorization 44 1.5.13 Parametrization of All Stabilizing Controllers 44 1.5.13.1 Stable Plants 45 1.5.13.2 Unstable Plants 45 1.5.14 Hankel Norm and Hankel Singular Values 46 Problems 47 References 49 2 Control Configuration and Controller Tuning 51 2.1 Common Control Loop Structures for the Regulatory Control Layer 51 2.1.1 Simple Feedback Loop 51 2.1.2 Feedforward Control 51 2.1.3 Ratio Control 54 2.1.4 Cascade Control 54 2.1.5 Auctioneering Control 55 2.1.6 Split Range Control 56 2.1.7 Input Resetting Control 57 2.1.8 Selective Control 59 2.1.9 Combining Basic Single-Loop Control Structures 60 2.1.10 Decoupling 61 2.2 Input and Output Selection 62 2.2.1 Using Physical Insights 63 2.2.2 Gramian-Based Input and Output Selection 64 2.2.3 Input/Output Selection for Stabilization 65 2.3 Control Configuration 66 2.3.1 The Relative Gain Array 66 2.3.2 The RGA as a General Analysis Tool 68 2.3.2.1 The RGA and Zeros in the Right Half-Plane 68 2.3.2.2 The RGA and the Optimally Scaled Condition Number 68 2.3.2.3 The RGA and Individual Element Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.4 RGA and Diagonal Input Uncertainty 69 2.3.2.5 The RGA as an Interaction Measure 70 2.3.3 The RGA and Stability 70 2.3.3.1 The RGA and Pairing of Controlled and Manipulated Variables 71 2.3.4 Summary of RGA-Based Input–Output Pairing 72 2.3.5 Partial Relative Gains 72 2.3.6 The Niederlinski Index 73 2.3.7 The Rijnsdorp Interaction Measure 73 2.3.8 Gramian-Based Input–Output Pairing 74 2.3.8.1 The Participation Matrix 75 2.3.8.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 75 2.3.8.3 Accounting for the Closed-Loop Bandwidth 76 2.4 Tuning of Decentralized Controllers 76 2.4.1 Introduction 76 2.4.2 Loop Shaping Basics 77 2.4.3 Tuning of Single-Loop Controllers 79 2.4.3.1 PID Controller Realizations and Common Modifications 79 2.4.3.2 Controller Tuning Using Frequency Analysis 81 2.4.3.3 Ziegler–Nichols Closed-Loop Tuning Method 86 2.4.3.4 Simple Fitting of a Step Response Model 86 2.4.3.5 Ziegler–Nichols Open-Loop Tuning 88 2.4.3.6 IMC-PID Tuning 88 2.4.3.7 Simple IMC Tuning 89 2.4.3.8 The Setpoint Overshoot Method 91 2.4.3.9 Autotuning 95 2.4.3.10 When Should Derivative Action Be Used? 95 2.4.3.11 Effects of Internal Controller Scaling 96 2.4.3.12 Reverse Acting Controllers 97 2.4.4 Gain Scheduling 97 2.4.5 Surge Attenuating Controllers 98 2.4.6 Multiloop Controller Tuning 99 2.4.6.1 Independent Design 100 2.4.6.2 Sequential Design 102 2.4.6.3 Simultaneous Design 103 2.4.7 Tools for Multivariable Loop-Shaping 103 2.4.7.1 The Performance Relative Gain Array 103 2.4.7.2 The Closed-Loop Disturbance Gain 104 2.4.7.3 Illustrating the Use of CLDG’s for Controller Tuning 104 2.4.7.4 Unachievable Loop Gain Requirements 107 Problems 108 References 112 3 Control Structure Selection and Plantwide Control 115 3.1 General Approach and Problem Decomposition 115 3.1.1 Top-Down Analysis 115 3.1.1.1 Defining and Exploring Optimal Operation 115 3.1.1.2 Determining Where to Set the Throughput 116 3.1.2 Bottom-Up Design 116 3.2 Regulatory Control 117 3.2.1 Example: Regulatory Control of Liquid Level in a Deaeration Tower 118 3.3 Determining Degrees of Freedom 121 3.4 Selection of Controlled Variables 122 3.4.1 Problem Formulation 123 3.4.2 Selecting Controlled Variables by Direct Evaluation of Loss 124 3.4.3 Controlled Variable Selection Based on Local Analysis 125 3.4.3.1 The Minimum Singular Value Rule 127 3.4.3.2 Desirable Characteristics of the Controlled Variables 128 3.4.4 An Exact Local Method for Controlled Variable Selection 128 3.4.5 Measurement Combinations as Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.1 The Nullspace Method for Selecting Controlled Variables 130 3.4.5.2 Extending the Nullspace Method to Account for Implementation Error 130 3.4.6 The Validity of the Local Analysis for Controlled Variable Selection 131 3.5 Selection of Manipulated Variables 132 3.5.1 Verifying that the Proposed Manipulated Variables Make Acceptable Control Possible 133 3.5.2 Reviewing the Characteristics of the Proposed Manipulated Variables 134 3.6 Selection of Measurements 135 3.7 Mass Balance Control and Throughput Manipulation 136 3.7.1 Consistency of Inventory Control 138 Problems 140 References 141 4 Limitations on Achievable Performance 143 4.1 Performance Measures 143 4.1.1 Time-Domain Performance Measures 143 4.1.2 Frequency-Domain Performance Measures 145 4.1.2.1 Bandwidth Frequency 145 4.1.2.2 Peaks of Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 146 4.1.2.3 Bounds on Weighted System Norms 146 4.1.2.4 Gain and Phase Margin 147 4.2 Algebraic Limitations 148 4.2.1 S + T = I 148 4.2.2 Interpolation Constraints 148 4.2.2.1 Monovariable Systems 148 4.2.2.2 Multivariable Systems 149 4.3 Control Performance in Different Frequency Ranges 149 4.3.1 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Zeros 149 4.3.1.1 Multivariable Systems 150 4.3.2 Sensitivity Integrals and Right Half-Plane Poles 150 4.3.3 Combined Effects of RHP Poles and Zeros 150 4.3.4 Implications of the Sensitivity Integral Results 150 4.4 Bounds on Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 151 4.4.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.1.1 The Maximum Modulus Principle 152 4.4.2 Minimum Phase and Stable Versions of the Plant 152 4.4.3 Bounds on S and T 153 4.4.3.1 Monovariable Systems 153 4.4.3.2 Multivariable Systems 153 4.4.4 Bounds on KS and KSG d 154 4.5 ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6 Bandwidth and Crossover Frequency Limitations 156 4.6.1 Bounds from ISE Optimal Control 156 4.6.2 Bandwidth Bounds from Weighted Sensitivity Minimization 157 4.6.3 Bound from Negative Phase 158 4.7 Bounds on the Step Response 158 4.8 Bounds for Disturbance Rejection 160 4.8.1 Inputs for Perfect Control 161 4.8.2 Inputs for Acceptable Control 161 4.8.3 Disturbances and RHP Zeros 161 4.8.4 Disturbances and Stabilization 162 4.9 Limitations from Plant Uncertainty 164 4.9.1 Describing Uncertainty 165 4.9.2 Feedforward Control and the Effects of Uncertainty 166 4.9.3 Feedback and the Effects of Uncertainty 167 4.9.4 Bandwidth Limitations from Uncertainty 168 Problems 168 References 170 5 Model-Based Predictive Control 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Formulation of a QP Problem for MPC 175 5.2.1 Future States as Optimization Variables 179 5.2.2 Using the Model Equation to Substitute for the Plant States 180 5.2.3 Optimizing Deviations from Linear State Feedback 181 5.2.4 Constraints Beyond the End of the Prediction Horizon 182 5.2.5 Finding the Terminal Constraint Set 183 5.2.6 Feasible Region and Prediction Horizon 184 5.3 Step-Response Models 185 5.4 Updating the Process Model 186 5.4.1 Bias Update 186 5.4.2 Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filters 187 5.4.2.1 Augmenting a Disturbance Description 188 5.4.2.2 The Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.2.3 The Iterated Extended Kalman Filter 189 5.4.3 Unscented Kalman Filter 190 5.4.4 Receding Horizon Estimation 193 5.4.4.1 The Arrival Cost 195 5.4.4.2 The Filtering Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.4.3 The Smoothing Formulation of RHE 196 5.4.5 Concluding Comments on State Estimation 198 5.5 Disturbance Handling and Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.1 Feedforward from Measured Disturbances 199 5.5.2 Requirements for Offset-Free Control 199 5.5.3 Disturbance Estimation and Offset-Free Control 200 5.5.4 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Input 203 5.5.5 Augmenting the Model with Integrators at the Plant Output 205 5.5.6 MPC and Integrator Resetting 208 5.6 Feasibility and Constraint Handling 210 5.7 Closed-Loop Stability with MPC Controllers 212 5.8 Target Calculation 213 5.9 Speeding up MPC Calculations 217 5.9.1 Warm-Starting the Optimization 218 5.9.2 Input Blocking 219 5.9.3 Enlarging the Terminal Region 220 5.10 Robustness of MPC Controllers 222 5.11 Using Rigorous Process Models in MPC 225 5.12 Misconceptions, Clarifications, and Challenges 226 5.12.1 Misconceptions 226 5.12.1.1 MPC Is Not Good for Performance 226 5.12.1.2 MPC Requires Very Accurate Models 227 5.12.1.3 MPC Cannot Prioritize Input Usage or Constraint Violations 227 5.12.2 Challenges 227 5.12.2.1 Obtaining a Plant Model 228 5.12.2.2 Maintenance 228 5.12.2.3 Capturing the Desired Behavior in the MPC Design 228 Problems 228 References 231 6 Some Practical Issues in Controller Implementation 233 6.1 Discrete-Time Implementation 233 6.1.1 Aliasing 233 6.1.2 Sampling Interval 233 6.1.3 Execution Order 235 6.2 Pure Integrators in Parallel 235 6.3 Anti-Windup 236 6.3.1 Simple PI Control Anti-Windup 237 6.3.2 Velocity Form of PI Controllers 237 6.3.3 Anti-Windup in Cascaded Control Systems 238 6.3.4 A General Anti-Windup Formulation 239 6.3.5 Hanus’ Self-Conditioned Form 240 6.3.6 Anti-Windup in Observer-Based Controllers 241 6.3.7 Decoupling and Input Constraints 243 6.3.8 Anti-Windup for “Normally Closed” Controllers 244 6.4 Bumpless Transfer 245 6.4.1 Switching Between Manual and Automatic Operation 245 6.4.2 Changing Controller Parameters 246 Problems 246 References 247 7 Controller Performance Monitoring and Diagnosis 249 7.1 Introduction 249 7.2 Detection of Oscillating Control Loops 251 7.2.1 The Autocorrelation Function 251 7.2.2 The Power Spectrum 252 7.2.3 The Method of Miao and Seborg 252 7.2.4 The Method of Hägglund 253 7.2.5 The Regularity Index 254 7.2.6 The Method of Forsman and Stattin 255 7.2.7 Prefiltering Data 255 7.3 Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.1 Manual Oscillation Diagnosis 256 7.3.2 Detecting and Diagnosing Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.1 Using the Cross-Correlation Function to Detect Valve Stiction 257 7.3.2.2 Histograms for Detecting Valve Stiction 258 7.3.2.3 Stiction Detection Using an OP–PV Plot 260 7.3.3 Stiction Compensation 262 7.3.4 Detection of Backlash 263 7.3.5 Backlash Compensation 264 7.3.6 Simultaneous Stiction and Backlash Detection 265 7.3.7 Discriminating Between External and Internally Generated Oscillations 266 7.3.8 Detecting and Diagnosing Other Nonlinearities 266 7.4 Plantwide Oscillations 269 7.4.1 Grouping Oscillating Variables 269 7.4.1.1 Spectral Principal Component Analysis 269 7.4.1.2 Visual Inspection Using High-Density Plots 269 7.4.1.3 Power Spectral Correlation Maps 270 7.4.1.4 The Spectral Envelope Method 271 7.4.1.5 Methods Based on Adaptive Data Analysis 272 7.4.2 Locating the Cause for Distributed Oscillations 273 7.4.2.1 Using Nonlinearity for Root Cause Location 273 7.4.2.2 The Oscillation Contribution Index 273 7.4.2.3 Estimating the Propagation Path for Disturbances 274 7.5 Control Loop Performance Monitoring 278 7.5.1 The Harris Index 278 7.5.2 Obtaining the Impulse Response Model 279 7.5.3 Calculating the Harris Index 280 7.5.4 Estimating the Deadtime 281 7.5.5 Modifications to the Harris Index 282 7.5.6 Assessing Feedforward Control 283 7.5.7 Comments on the Use of the Harris Index 285 7.5.8 Performance Monitoring for PI Controllers 286 7.6 Multivariable Control Performance Monitoring 287 7.6.1 Assessing Feedforward Control in Multivariable Control 287 7.6.2 Performance Monitoring for MPC Controllers 288 7.7 Some Issues in the Implementation of Control Performance Monitoring 290 7.8 Discussion 290 Problems 291 References 291 8 Economic Control Benefit Assessment 297 8.1 Optimal Operation and Operational Constraints 297 8.2 Economic Performance Functions 298 8.3 Expected Economic Benefit 299 8.4 Estimating Achievable Variance Reduction 300 8.5 Worst-Case Backoff Calculation 300 References 301 A Fourier–Motzkin Elimination 303 B Removal of Redundant Constraints 307 Reference 308 C The Singular Value Decomposition 309 D Factorization of Transfer Functions into Minimum Phase Stable and All-Pass Parts 311 D. 1 Input Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 2 Output Factorization of RHP Zeros 312 D. 3 Output Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 4 Input Factorization of RHP Poles 313 D. 5 SISO Systems 314 D. 6 Factoring Out Both RHP Poles and RHP Zeros 314 Reference 314 E Models Used in Examples 315 E.1 Binary Distillation Column Model 315 E.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracker Model 318 References 320 Index 321
£85.00
Hanser Publications Polymer Processing: Principles and Modeling
Book SynopsisEngineering of polymers is not an easy exercise: with evolving technology, it often involves complex concepts and processes. This book is intended to provide the theoretical essentials: understanding of processes, a basis for the use of design software, and much more.The necessary physical concepts such as continuum mechanics, rheological behavior and measurement methods, and thermal science with its application to heating-cooling problems and implications for flow behavior are analyzed in detail. This knowledge is then applied to key processing methods, including single-screw extrusion and extrusion die flow, twin-screw extrusion and its applications, injection molding, calendering, and processes involving stretching.With many exercises with solutions offered throughout the book to reinforce the concepts presented, and extensive illustrations, this is an essential guide for mastering the art of plastics processing. Practical and didactic, Polymer Processing: Principles and Modeling is intended for engineers and technicians of the profession, as well as for advanced students in Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.
£191.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chemical Reaction Engineering
Book SynopsisChemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. Ita s goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IN IDEAL REACTORS. Introduction to Reactor Design. Design for Single Reactions. Design for Parallel Reactions. Potpourri of Multiple Reactions. NON IDEAL FLOW. Compartment Models. The Dispersion Model. The Tank-in-Series Model. REACTIONS CATALYZED BY SOLIDS. Solid Catalyzed Reactions. The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor. Deactivating Catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS. Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics. Fluid-Particle Reactions: Design. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Enzyme Fermentation. Substrate Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Product Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Appendix. Index.
£247.46
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Technische Chemie
Book SynopsisDas grundlegende Lehrbuch der Technischen Chemie mit hohem Praxisbezug in der dritten Auflage: * beschreibt didaktisch äußerst gelungen die Bereiche - chemische Reaktionstechnik, Grundoperationen, Verfahrensentwicklung sowie chemische Prozesse * alle Kapitel wurden komplett überarbeitet und aktualisiert * zahlreiche Fragen als Zusatzmaterial für Studenten online auf Wiley-VCH erhältlich * unterstützt das Lernen durch zahlreiche im Text eingestreute Rechenbeispiele, inklusive Lösung * setzt neben einem grundlegenden chemischen Verständnis und Grundkenntnissen der Physikalischen Chemie und Mathematik kein Spezialwissen voraus *NEU: Neue Technologien und Rohstoffe relevant für moderne industrielle Prozesse Ideal für Studierende der Chemie, des Chemieingenieurwesens und der Verfahrenstechnik in Bachelor- und Masterstudiengängen.Table of ContentsVorwort zur 3. Auflage xv Vorwort zur 2. Auflage xvii Vorwort zur 1. Auflage xix Die Autoren xxiii Enzyklopädien und Nachschlagewerke zur technischen Chemie xxvii Symbolverzeichnis für häufig benutzte Formelzeichen xxix Teil I Einführung in die technische Chemie 1 1 Chemische Prozesse und chemische Industrie 3 1.1 Besonderheiten chemischer Prozesse 3 1.2 Chemie und Umwelt 4 1.3 Chemiewirtschaft 5 1.3.1 Einteilung der Chemieprodukte 5 1.3.2 Chemiefirmen werden Großunternehmen – ein historischer Rückblick 6 1.3.3 Strukturwandel in der Chemieindustrie 8 1.4 Struktur von Chemieunternehmen 9 1.5 Bedeutung von Forschung und Entwicklung für die chemische Industrie 10 1.5.1 Wissenschaft und chemische Technik 10 1.5.2 Betriebsinterne Forschung 11 1.6 Entwicklungstendenzen und Zukunftsaussichten der chemischen Industrie 13 Literatur 15 2 Charakterisierung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 17 2.1 Laborverfahren und technische Verfahren 17 2.1.1 Chlorierung von Benzol 17 2.1.2 Oxychlorierung von Benzol 19 2.1.3 Herstellung von Azofarbstoffen 19 2.1.4 Zusammenfassung 20 2.2 Gliederung chemischer Produktionsverfahren 20 2.3 Darstellung chemischer Verfahren und Anlagen durch Fließschemata 23 2.3.1 Grundfließschema 24 2.3.2 Verfahrensfließschema 24 2.3.3 Rohrleitungs-und Instrumenten (RI)-Fließschema 25 2.3.4 Mess-und Regelschema 26 2.3.5 Spezielle Schemata 26 Literatur 28 3 Katalyse als Schlüsseltechnologie der chemischen Industrie 29 3.1 Was ist Katalyse? 29 3.2 Arten von Katalysatoren 32 3.2.1 Heterogene Katalyse 32 3.2.2 Homogene Katalyse 36 3.2.3 Spezielle Aspekte in der Katalyse 44 3.2.4 Biokatalyse 47 3.2.5 Elektrokatalyse 51 3.2.6 Photokatalyse 54 Literatur 55 Teil II Chemische Reaktionstechnik 59 4 Grundlagen der Chemischen Reaktionstechnik 61 4.1 Grundbegriffe und Grundphänomene 61 4.1.1 Klassifizierung chemischer Reaktionen 61 4.1.2 Grundbegriffe und Definitionen 62 4.1.3 Stöchiometrie chemischer Reaktionen 64 4.2 Chemische Thermodynamik 72 4.2.1 Reaktionsenthalpie 72 4.2.2 Gleichgewichtsumsatz 74 4.2.3 Simultangleichgewichte 77 4.3 Stoff- und Wärmetransportvorgänge 81 4.3.1 Molekulare Transportvorgänge 81 4.3.2 Diffusion in porösen Medien 87 4.3.3 Wärmeleitfähigkeit in porösen Feststoffen 92 4.3.4 Stoff- und Wärmetransport an Phasengrenzflächen 93 4.3.5 Wärmeübertragung in Mehrphasenreaktoren 96 Literatur 101 5 Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 103 5.1 Mikrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen 104 5.1.1 Einführung 104 5.1.2 Kinetik homogener Gas- und Flüssigkeitsreaktionen 106 5.1.3 Kinetik heterogen katalysierter Reaktionen 112 5.1.4 Kinetik der Desaktivierung heterogener Katalysatoren 117 5.1.5 Kinetik von Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 118 5.1.6 Kinetik homogen und durch gelöste Enzyme katalysierter Reaktionen 119 5.2 Ermittlung der Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen 125 5.2.1 Zielsetzungen kinetischer Untersuchungen 125 5.2.2 Betriebsweise und Bauart von Laborreaktoren für kinetische Untersuchungen 126 5.2.3 Planung und Auswertung kinetischer Messungen zur Ermittlung von Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen 144 5.3 Makrokinetik chemischer Reaktionen – Zusammenwirken von chemischer Reaktion und Transportvorgängen 170 5.3.1 Heterogen katalysierte Gasreaktionen 170 5.3.2 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 189 5.3.3 Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen 196 Literatur 202 6 Chemische Reaktoren und deren reaktionstechnische Modellierung 209 6.1 Allgemeine Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 209 6.2 Absatzweise betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 210 6.2.1 Stoffbilanz 211 6.2.2 Wärmebilanz 214 6.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 218 6.4 Kontinuierlich betriebener idealer Rührkesselreaktor 221 6.4.1 Stoffbilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 221 6.4.2 Wärmebilanz des kontinuierlich betriebenen Rührkesselreaktors 225 6.5 Ideale Strömungsrohrreaktoren 229 6.5.1 Stoffbilanz 230 6.5.2 Wärmebilanz 231 6.6 Kombination idealer Reaktoren 233 6.6.1 Kaskade kontinuierlich betriebener Rührkesselreaktoren 233 6.6.2 Strömungsrohrreaktor mit Rückführung 236 6.7 Reale homogene und quasihomogene Reaktoren 238 6.7.1 Verweilzeitverteilung in chemischen Reaktoren 239 6.7.2 Experimentelle Bestimmung der Verweilzeitverteilung 240 6.7.3 Verweilzeitverteilung in idealen Reaktoren 243 6.7.4 Verweilzeitmodelle realer Reaktoren 246 6.7.5 Verweilzeitverhalten realer Reaktoren 252 6.7.6 Einfluss der Verweilzeitverteilung und der Vermischung auf die Leistung realer Reaktoren 256 6.7.7 Vermischung in realen Reaktoren 259 6.8 Reale Mehrphasenreaktoren 263 6.8.1 Fluid-Feststoff-Systeme 263 6.8.2 Fluid-Fluid-Systeme 270 6.8.3 Gasförmig-flüssig-fest-Systeme 275 Literatur 278 7 Auswahl und Auslegung chemischer Reaktoren 283 7.1 Reaktorauswahl und reaktionstechnische Optimierung 283 7.1.1 Einfache Reaktionen (Umsatzproblem) 284 7.1.2 Komplexe Reaktionen (Ausbeuteproblem) 301 7.2 Thermische Prozesssicherheit 317 7.2.1 Theorie der Wärmeexplosion 318 7.2.2 Parametrische Sensitivität 322 7.2.3 Halbkontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 324 7.2.4 Kontinuierlich betriebene Rührkesselreaktoren 329 7.2.5 Strömungsrohrreaktoren 329 7.3 Mikrostrukturierte Reaktoren 329 7.3.1 Homogene Reaktionen 330 7.3.2 Feststoffkatalysierte Fluidreaktionen 338 7.3.3 Fluid-Fluid-Reaktionen 339 Literatur 340 Teil III Grundoperationen 345 8 Thermodynamische Grundlagen für die Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 347 8.1 Phasengleichgewichtsbeziehung 349 8.2 Dampf-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 350 8.2.1 Anwendung von Zustandsgleichungen 351 8.2.2 Virialgleichung 353 8.2.3 Assoziation in der Gasphase 355 8.2.4 Weitere Zustandsgleichungen 356 8.2.5 Anwendung von Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen 357 8.2.6 Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle 359 8.3 Vorausberechnung von Phasengleichgewichten 363 8.4 Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des Trennfaktors binärer Systeme 366 8.4.1 Bedingung für das Auftreten azeotroper Punkte 366 8.4.2 Rückstandslinien, Grenzdestillationslinien und Destillationsfelder 369 8.5 Flüssig-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 371 8.6 Gaslöslichkeit 374 8.7 Fest-Flüssig-Gleichgewicht 377 8.8 Phasengleichgewicht für die überkritische Extraktion 381 8.9 Adsorptionsgleichgewichte 382 8.10 Osmotischer Druck 385 Literatur 386 9 Auslegung thermischer Trennverfahren 389 9.1 Grundlagen der Wärmeübertragung 389 9.1.1 Wärmetransport durch Leitung 390 9.1.2 Konvektiver Wärmetransport 391 9.1.3 Wärmeübergang bei Kondensation 392 9.1.4 Wärmeübergang bei Verdampfung 393 9.1.5 Wärmedurchgang 394 9.1.6 Wärmetransport durch Strahlung 394 9.2 Technischer Wärmetransport 395 9.2.1 Einteilung der Wärmeübertrager 395 9.2.2 Technisch wichtige Wärmeübertrager 396 9.3 Konzept der idealen Trennstufe für die Destillation 403 9.4 Realisierung mehrerer Trennstufen 403 9.5 Kontinuierliche Rektifikation 405 9.5.1 Rektifikationskolonne 405 9.5.2 Ermittlung der Zahl theoretischer Trennstufen 406 9.5.3 Konzept der Übertragungseinheit 429 9.6 Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme 431 9.6.1 Rektifikative Trennung azeotroper und engsiedender Systeme ohne Zusatzstoff 432 9.6.2 Rektifikation mit Hilfsstoffen 436 9.6.3 Wasserdampfdestillation 440 9.7 Reaktive Rektifikation 441 9.8 Zahl der Kolonnen und mögliche Trennsequenzen 442 9.8.1 Energieeinsparung 444 9.8.2 Trennwandkolonnen 445 9.9 Diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 447 9.9.1 Einfache diskontinuierliche Destillation 448 9.9.2 Mehrstufige diskontinuierliche Rektifikation 449 9.10 Auslegung von Rektifikationskolonnen 450 9.10.1 Bodenkolonnen 451 9.10.2 Packungskolonnen 454 9.11 Absorption 459 9.11.1 Lösemittelauswahl 460 9.11.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 460 9.11.3 Kremser-Gleichung 464 9.11.4 Chemische Absorption 466 9.11.5 Absorberbauarten 466 9.12 Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion 467 9.12.1 Auswahl des Extraktionsmittels 469 9.12.2 McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren 469 9.12.3 Kremser-Gleichung 471 9.12.4 Anwendung von Dreiecksdiagrammen 471 9.12.5 Extraktoren 473 9.13 Fest-Flüssig-Extraktion 477 9.14 Extraktion mit überkritischen Fluiden 478 9.15 Kristallisation 478 9.15.1 Kristallisationsprozess 479 9.15.2 Kristallisatoren 481 9.16 Adsorption 485 9.16.1 Adsorptionsmittel 486 9.16.2 Adsorptions- und Desorptionsschritt 487 9.16.3 Adsorberbauarten 488 9.17 Entfernung der Restfeuchten, Entwässern und Trocknen 491 9.17.1 Trocknungsgüter und Trocknungsarten 491 9.17.2 Kriterien zur Auslegung von Trocknern 491 9.17.3 Apparate zum technischen Trocknen 491 9.18 Membrantrennverfahren 494 9.18.1 Trennprinzip und Arbeitsweise 494 9.18.2 Arten von Membrantrennverfahren 497 9.18.3 Membranmodule 499 9.18.4 Ionenleitende Membranen 501 Literatur 501 10 Mechanische Grundoperationen 505 10.1 Strömungslehre – Fluiddynamik in Reaktoren, Kolonnen und Rohrleitungen 505 10.1.1 Strömungsarten, Reynolds’sche Ähnlichkeit 505 10.1.2 Strömungsgesetze 506 10.1.3 Strömungsbedingter Druckverlust 511 10.2 Erzeugen von Förderströmen – Pumpen, Komprimieren, Evakuieren 514 10.2.1 Pumpencharakteristika und Pumpenwirkungsgrade 514 10.2.2 Pumpen – Apparate zum Fördern von Flüssigkeiten 516 10.2.3 Verdichten von Gasen 518 10.2.4 Vakuumerzeugung 523 10.3 Mischen fluider Phasen 525 10.3.1 Mischen in flüssiger Phase 525 10.3.2 Flüssigkeitsverteilung in der Gasphase 533 10.4 Mechanische Trennverfahren 537 10.4.1 Partikelabtrennung aus Flüssigkeiten 537 10.4.2 Partikelabscheidung aus Gasströmen 546 10.4.3 Trennen weiterer disperser Systeme 551 10.5 Verarbeiten von Feststoffen 553 10.5.1 Zerkleinern von Feststoffen 553 10.5.2 Klassieren und Sortieren 559 10.5.3 Formgebung 565 Literatur 568 Teil IV Verfahrensentwicklung 571 11 Gesichtspunkte der Verfahrensauswahl 573 11.1 Das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit 573 11.2 Stoffliche Gesichtspunkte (Rohstoffauswahl und Syntheseroute) 575 11.2.1 Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel des Phenols – sieben technische Synthesewege 575 11.2.2 Phenol aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen 580 11.2.3 Vergleich der Phenolverfahren 580 11.2.4 Zusammenfassung 581 11.3 Energieaufwand 581 11.3.1 Energiearten und Energienutzung 581 11.3.2 Wasserstoff 582 11.4 Sicherheit 588 11.4.1 Exotherme Reaktionen 589 11.4.2 Druckerhöhung 591 11.4.3 Brennbare und explosive Stoffe und Stoffgemische 592 11.4.4 Toxische Stoffe 594 11.4.5 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 595 11.5 Umweltschutz im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit 595 11.5.1 Luftverunreinigungen 596 11.5.2 Abwasserbelastungen 598 11.5.3 Abfälle 603 11.5.4 Zusammenfassung und Folgerungen 605 11.6 Betriebsweise 606 11.6.1 Beispiel: Hydrierung von Doppelbindungen 606 11.6.2 Unterschiede zwischen diskontinuierlichen und kontinuierlichen Verfahren 608 11.6.3 Entscheidungskriterien 610 Literatur 611 12 Verfahrensgrundlagen 615 12.1 Ausgangssituation und Ablauf 615 12.2 Verfahrensinformationen 617 12.2.1 Übersicht 617 12.2.2 Sicherheitstechnische Kenndaten 617 12.2.3 Toxikologische Daten 620 12.3 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen 622 12.3.1 Stoff- und Energiebilanzen – Werkzeuge in Verfahrensentwicklung und Anlagenprojektierung 622 12.3.2 Stoffbilanzen 622 12.3.3 Energiebilanzen 628 12.4 Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.1 Notwendigkeit und Aufgaben 629 12.4.2 Typen von Versuchsanlagen 629 12.4.3 Planung einer Versuchsanlage 631 12.4.4 Modularer Planungsansatz 631 12.5 Auswertung und Optimierung 631 12.5.1 Versuchsplanung und Auswertung 631 12.5.2 Prozesssimulation und Prozessoptimierung 632 Literatur 633 13 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Verfahren und Produktionsanlagen 637 13.1 Erlöse, Kosten und Gewinn 637 13.2 Herstellkosten 638 13.2.1 Vorkalkulation und Nachkalkulation 638 13.2.2 Ermittlung des Kapitalbedarfs 639 13.2.3 Ermittlung der Herstellkosten 642 13.3 Kapazitätsauslastung und Wirtschaftlichkeit 644 13.3.1 Erlöse und Gewinn 644 13.3.2 Fixe Kosten und veränderliche Kosten 646 13.3.3 Gewinn bzw. Verlust in Abhängigkeit von der Kapazitätsauslastung 646 13.4 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Projekten 648 13.4.1 Rentabilität als Maß für die Wirtschaftlichkeit 648 13.4.2 Investitionsertrag und Kapitalrückflusszeit 648 13.4.3 Andere Methoden der Rentabilitätsbewertung 649 13.4.4 Entscheidung zwischen Alternativen 650 Literatur 653 14 Planung und Bau von Anlagen 655 14.1 Projektablauf 655 14.2 Projektorganisation 656 14.3 Genehmigungsverfahren für Chemieanlagen 658 14.4 Anlagenplanung 660 14.5 Projektabwicklung 662 14.5.1 Ablaufplanung und -überwachung 662 14.5.2 Bau und Montage 664 Literatur 666 Teil V Chemische Prozesse 669 15 Organische Rohstoffe 671 15.1 Erdöl 671 15.1.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 671 15.1.2 Bildung und Vorkommen 672 15.1.3 Förderung und Transport 674 15.1.4 Erdölraffinerien 677 15.1.5 Thermische Konversionsverfahren 682 15.1.6 Katalytische Konversionsverfahren 684 15.2 Erdgas 689 15.2.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 689 15.2.2 Förderung und Transport 689 15.2.3 Weiterverarbeitung 691 15.3 Kohle 691 15.3.1 Zusammensetzung und Klassifizierung 691 15.3.2 Vorkommen 693 15.3.3 Förderung 693 15.3.4 Verarbeitung 694 15.4 Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 703 15.4.1 Bedeutung der nachwachsenden Rohstoffe 703 15.4.2 Fette und Öle 704 15.4.3 Kohlenhydrate 713 Literatur 721 16 Organische Grundchemikalien 725 16.1 Alkane 726 16.1.1 Herstellung 726 16.1.2 Verwendung 726 16.2 Alkene 729 16.2.1 Herstellung 729 16.2.2 Verwendung 738 16.3 Aromaten 742 16.3.1 Herstellung 742 16.3.2 Verwendung 745 16.4 Ethin 749 16.4.1 Herstellung 749 16.4.2 Verwendung 751 16.5 Synthesegas 752 16.5.1 Herstellung 752 16.5.2 Verwendung von Synthesegas 755 16.5.3 Kohlenmonoxid 756 Literatur 757 17 Organische Zwischenprodukte 761 17.1 Sauerstoffhaltige Verbindungen 761 17.1.1 Alkohole 761 17.1.2 Phenole 774 17.1.3 Ether 775 17.1.4 Epoxide 777 17.1.5 Aldehyde 780 17.1.6 Ketone 787 17.1.7 Carbonsäuren 789 17.2 Stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen 801 17.2.1 Amine 801 17.2.2 Lactame 804 17.2.3 Nitrile 805 17.2.4 Isocyanate 807 17.3 Halogenhaltige Verbindungen 808 17.3.1 Chlormethane 808 17.3.2 Chlorderivate höherer Aliphaten 809 17.3.3 Chloraromaten 812 17.3.4 Fluorverbindungen 813 Literatur 816 18 Anorganische Grund- und Massenprodukte 821 18.1 Anorganische Schwefelverbindungen 821 18.1.1 Schwefel und Sulfide 821 18.1.2 Schwefeldioxid 821 18.1.3 Schwefeltrioxid und Schwefelsäure 822 18.2 Anorganische Stickstoffverbindungen 823 18.2.1 Ammoniak 823 18.2.2 Salpetersäure 827 18.2.3 Harnstoff und Melamin 828 18.3 Chlor und Alkalien 829 18.3.1 Chlor und Alkalilauge durch Alkalichloridelektrolyse 829 18.3.2 Natronlauge und Soda 831 18.4 Phosphorverbindungen 832 18.4.1 Elementarer Phosphor 832 18.4.2 Phosphorsäure und Phosphate 833 18.5 Technische Gase 834 18.5.1 Sauerstoff und Stickstoff 834 18.5.2 Edelgase 837 18.5.3 Kohlendioxid 838 18.6 Düngemittel 839 18.6.1 Bedeutung der Düngemittel 839 18.6.2 Stickstoffdüngemittel 840 18.6.3 Phosphordüngemittel 840 18.6.4 Kalidüngemittel 841 18.6.5 Mehrnährstoffdünger 841 18.6.6 Wirtschaftliche Betrachtung 841 18.7 Metalle 842 18.7.1 Gusseisen 842 18.7.2 Stähle 843 18.7.3 Nichteisenmetalle und ihre Legierungen 844 18.7.4 Korrosion und Korrosionsschutz 845 Literatur 846 19 Chemische Endprodukte 851 19.1 Polymere 851 19.1.1 Aufbau und Synthese von Polymeren 851 19.1.2 Polymerisationstechnik 857 19.1.3 Massenkunststoffe 861 19.1.4 Fasern 867 19.1.5 Klebstoffe 868 19.1.6 Hochtemperaturfeste Kunststoffe 868 19.1.7 Elektrisch leitfähige Polymere 869 19.1.8 Flüssigkristalline Polymere 869 19.1.9 Biologisch abbaubare Polymere 870 19.2 Tenside und Waschmittel 871 19.2.1 Aufbau und Eigenschaften 871 19.2.2 Anionische Tenside 871 19.2.3 Kationische Tenside 874 19.2.4 Nichtionische Tenside 874 19.2.5 Amphotere Tenside 876 19.2.6 Vergleich der Tensidklassen 877 19.2.7 Anwendungsgebiete 878 19.3 Farbstoffe 883 19.3.1 Übersicht 883 19.3.2 Azofarbstoffe 884 19.3.3 Carbonylfarbstoffe 885 19.3.4 Methinfarbstoffe 886 19.3.5 Phthalocyanine 887 19.3.6 Färbevorgänge 888 19.4 Pharmaka 889 19.4.1 Allgemeines 889 19.4.2 Arten pharmazeutischer Produkte 890 19.4.3 Wirkstoffherstellung durch chemische Synthese 895 19.4.4 Wirkstoffherstellung mit Biokatalysatoren 896 19.4.5 Wirkstoffherstellung durch Fermentationsverfahren 898 19.4.6 Sonstige Verfahren zur Wirkstoffherstellung 901 19.4.7 Entwicklung neuer Pharmawirkstoffe 901 19.5 Pflanzenschutzmittel 902 19.5.1 Bedeutung des Pflanzenschutzes 902 19.5.2 Insektizide 902 19.5.3 Herbizide 904 19.5.4 Fungizide 905 19.5.5 Marktdaten und Entwicklungstrends 906 19.6 Metallorganische Verbindungen 907 19.7 Silicone 909 19.7.1 Struktur und Eigenschaften 909 19.7.2 Herstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen 910 19.7.3 Herstellung der Silicone 911 19.7.4 Technische Siliconerzeugnisse 913 19.8 Zeolithe 914 Literatur 915 Anhang A Größen zur Charakterisierung von Reaktionen, Verfahren und Anlagen 921 Anhang B Tabellen zu Reinstoffdaten 923 Anhang C Graphische Symbole für Fließschemata nach EN ISO 10628-2012 927 Stichwortverzeichnis 933
£76.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Spectroscopy
Book SynopsisProvides students and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the theory of spectroscopy and the design and use of spectrophotometers In this book, you will learn the fundamental principles underpinning molecular spectroscopy and the connections between those principles and the design of spectrophotometers. Spectroscopy, along with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrochemistry, is an important and widely-used analytical technique. Applications of spectroscopy include air quality monitoring, compound identification, and the analysis of paintings and culturally important artifacts. This book introduces students to the fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy including UV-visible, infrared, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy in an approachable and comprehensive way. It goes beyond the basics of the subject and provides a detailed look at the interplay between theory and practice, making it ideal for courses in quantitative analysis, instrumeTable of ContentsABOUT THE COVER ix PREFACE xi 1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy 1 1.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 1 1.1.1 Speed, c 2 1.1.2 Amplitude, A 2 1.1.3 Frequency, υ 3 1.1.4 Wavelength, λ 3 1.1.5 Energy, E 3 1.1.6 Wavenumber, 6 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 1.2.1 Radio‐Frequency Radiation (10−27 to 10−21 J/photon) 8 1.2.2 Microwave Radiation (10−23 to 10−22 J/photon) 10 1.2.3 Infrared Radiation (10−22 to 10−19 J/photon) 11 1.2.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation (10−19 to 10−18 J/photon) 12 1.2.5 X‐Ray Radiation (10−15 to 10−13 J/photon) 13 1.2.6 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation (10−13 to 10−11 J/photon and Higher) 13 1.3 The Perrin–Jablonski Diagram 15 1.3.1 Timescales of Events 18 1.3.2 Summary of Radiative and Nonradiative Processes 19 1.4 Temperature Effects on Ground and Excited State Populations 19 1.5 More Wave Characteristics 21 1.5.1 Adding Waves Together 21 1.5.2 Diffraction 21 1.5.3 Reflection 25 1.5.4 Refraction 28 1.5.5 Scattering 29 1.5.6 Polarized Radiation 31 1.6 Spectroscopy Applications 34 1.7 Summary 34 Problems 34 References 36 Further Reading 38 2. UV‐Visible Spectrophotometry 39 2.1 Theory 40 2.1.1 The Absorption Process 40 2.1.2 The Beer–Lambert Law 43 2.1.3 Solvent Effects on Molar Absorptivity and Spectra 49 2.2 UV‐Visible Instrumentation 52 2.2.1 Sources of Visible and Ultraviolet Light 54 2.2.2 Wavelength Selection: Filters 58 2.2.3 Wavelength Selection: Monochromators 61 2.2.4 Monochromator Designs: Putting It All Together 75 2.2.5 Detectors 79 2.3 Spectrophotometer Designs 85 2.3.1 Single‐Beam Spectrophotometers 85 2.3.2 Scanning Double‐Beam Instruments 89 2.3.3 Photodiode Array Instruments 93 2.4 The Practice of Spectrophotometry 98 2.4.1 Types of Samples That Can Be Analyzed 99 2.4.2 Preparation of Calibration Curves 100 2.4.3 Deviations from Beer’s Law 103 2.4.4 Precision: Relative Concentration Error 111 2.4.5 The Desirable Absorbance Range 114 2.5 Applications and Techniques 116 2.5.1 Simultaneous Determinations of Multicomponent Systems 116 2.5.2 Difference Spectroscopy 117 2.5.3 Derivative Spectroscopy 118 2.5.4 Titration Curves 119 2.5.5 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 121 2.6 A Specific Application of UV‐Visible Spectroscopy: Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.1 Myeloperoxidase, Immune Responses, Heart Attacks,and Enzyme Kinetics 122 2.6.2 Possible Mechanism for Myeloperoxidase Oxidation of LDL via Tyrosyl Radical Intermediates 123 2.7 Summary 127 Problems 127 References 132 Further Reading 134 3. Molecular Luminescence: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence 135 3.1 Theory 135 3.1.1 Absorbance Compared to Fluorescence 136 3.1.2 Factors That Affect Fluorescence Intensity 141 3.1.3 Quenching 146 3.1.4 Quantum Yield and Fluorescence Intensity 147 3.1.5 Linearity and Nonlinearity of Fluorescence: Quenching and Self-Absorption 149 3.2 Instrumentation 153 3.2.1 Instrument Design 154 3.2.2 Sources 154 3.2.3 Filters and Monochromators 157 3.2.4 Component Arrangement 158 3.2.5 Fluorometers 158 3.2.6 Spectrofluorometers 159 3.2.7 Cells and Slit Widths 164 3.2.8 Detectors 166 3.3 Practice of Luminescence Spectroscopy 167 3.3.1 Considerations and Options 167 3.3.2 Fluorescence Polarization 168 3.3.3 Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy 172 3.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 173 3.4.1 Fluorescence Microscopy Resolution 175 3.4.2 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 175 3.5 Phosphorescence and Chemiluminescence 177 3.5.1 Phosphorescence 177 3.5.2 Chemiluminescence 177 3.6 Applications of Fluorescence: Biological Systems and DNA Sequencing 179 3.7 Summary 186 Problems 186 References 190 Further Reading 192 4. Infrared Spectroscopy 193 4.1 Theory 193 4.1.1 Bond Vibrations 196 4.1.2 Other Types of Vibrations 198 4.1.3 Modeling Vibrations: Harmonic and Nonharmonic Oscillators 200 4.1.4 The 3N−6 Rule 207 4.2 FTIR Instruments 209 4.2.1 The Michelson Interferometer and Fourier Transform 210 4.2.2 Components of FTIR Instruments: Sources 224 4.2.3 Components of FTIR Instruments: DTGS and MCT Detectors 226 4.2.4 Sample Handling 227 4.2.5 Reflectance Techniques 231 4.3 Applications of IR Spectroscopy, Including Near‐IR and Far‐IR 234 4.3.1 Structure Determination with Mid‐IR Spectroscopy 235 4.3.2 Gas Analysis 235 4.3.3 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) 236 4.3.4 Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy (FIR) 245 4.4 Summary 248 Problems 248 References 251 Further Reading 254 5. Raman Spectroscopy 255 5.1 Energy-Level Description 255 5.2 Visualization of Raman Data 258 5.3 Molecular Polarizability 259 5.4 Brief Review of Molecular Vibrations 261 5.5 Classical Theory of Raman Scattering 262 5.6 Polarization of Raman Scattering 265 5.6.1 Depolarization Ratio 266 5.7 Instrumentation and Analysis Methods 266 5.7.1 Filter Instruments 267 5.7.2 Dispersive Spectrometers 270 5.7.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectrometers 271 5.7.4 Confocal Raman Instruments 271 5.7.5 Light Sources 273 5.8 Quantitative Analysis Methods 274 5.8.1 Calibration Curves 274 5.8.2 Curve Fitting 274 5.8.3 Ordinary Least Squares 275 5.8.4 Classical Least Squares 277 5.8.5 Implicit Analytical Methods 277 5.9 Applications 277 5.9.1 Art and Archeology 277 5.9.2 Pharmaceuticals 278 5.9.3 Forensics 279 5.9.4 Medicine and Biology 279 5.10 Signal Enhancement Techniques 282 5.10.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 283 5.10.3 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 284 5.11 Summary 286 Problems 286 References 288 Further Reading 289 SOLUTIONS 291 INDEX 315
£80.96
McGraw-Hill Education Introduction to Chemical Processes Principles
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Chemical Processes: Principles, Analysis, Synthesis is intended for use in an introductory, one-semester course for students in chemical engineering and related disciplines. This title strives to give students a flavor of how chemical processes convert raw materials to useful products and provides students with an appreciation for the ways in which chemical engineers make decisions and balance constraints to come up with new processes and products.The new edition of this title is available in Connect with SmartBook, including End of Chapter content. Instructor Resources include: Instructor Solutions Manual, Textbook Images, and Sample Syllabi.Table of Contents1 Converting the Earth’s Resources into Useful Products2 Process Flows: Variables, Diagrams, Balances3 Mathematical Analysis of Material Balance Equations and Process Flow Sheets4 Synthesis and Analysis of Reactor Flow Sheets5 Why Reactors Aren’t Perfect: Reaction Equilibrium and Reaction Kinetics6 Selection of Separation Technologies and Synthesis of Separation Flow Sheets7 Equilibrium-Based Separation Technologies8 Process Energy Calculations and Synthesis of Safe and Efficient Energy Flow Sheets9 A Process Energy Sampler
£56.99
Taylor & Francis Inc Practical Leadership Skills for Safety
Book SynopsisFor Future Leaders in Safety and EngineeringYou've chosen to become a leader in occupational health and safety. Practical Leadership Skills for Safety Professionals and Project Engineers can show you how. Purposely oriented toward the art and science of leadership, this book is designed to provide insight and outline development techniques for the budding young professional. Aimed squarely at college students and early career professionals, it parallels the steps that a student or recent graduate needs to take (from pre-professional to professional); it moves the reader from the classroom and then on through to early managerial years. The book covers basic office protocol and etiquette, understanding diversity and cultural nuance, and ethical considerations, and addresses most ABET-accredited engineering and safety programs with similar curricula. It also considers special cases that include toxic leadership; environmenTrade Review"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 Issue"Gary Winn over the years has developed a very good perspective concerning the importance of leadership in driving cultural change to improve safety performance. Procedures and regulations will always have their place in providing a safe work environment. However, procedures and regulations are worthless if leadership is not engaged and accountable and responsible for driving company safety performance. Gary’s understanding of leadership principles and skillfully providing readers with many pertinent examples make this book a "must have" for every safety professional."—Andrew D. Peters, Senior Vice President, Chief Safety Officer, AECOM"This book addresses a critical need that is far too often overlooked in our colleges and universities, that being how to take charge when you are in charge. We spend a significant amount of effort teaching students how to be engineers and technical experts, then assume they will know what to do when they are placed in a position of responsibility. As Dr. Winn points out, in the field of engineering safety, a failure of leadership can be fatal. Reading this book will help emerging leaders learn what it truly means to lead, and how to become a boss everyone wants to work for." —Dave Miller, Ph.D., Colonel, U.S. Army (retired)"Gary Winn has written an engaging, personal interchange to challenge the audience to grow professionally over a lifetime. His easy, funny style anticipates questions and critiques - inspiring students and young professionals on this most important journey of leadership development."—Jeremy Slagley, West Point Class of 1992 & Assistant Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA"Safety professionals must be leaders not followers. This book applies to both safety professionals and students enrolled in safety programs at institutions of higher education. It will enhance the reader’s knowledge of the application of leadership skills."—Joseph Cali, Ed. D Chairperson, Department of Safety Management, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA"I found the book to be well-organized and readable. The author uses his own experience, as well as recent leadership research to illustrate his points. The practical application of the author’s experience makes his perspective on safety leadership credible.To sum up, this book is a good introduction to the concept of safety and process safety leadership. The author’s goals were to introduce the subjects of professionalism and crisis and non-crisis leadership. He certainly accomplishes these goals. Leadership skills, however, are developed by experience and success in leadership positions. I recommend this book to all process safety professionals who wish to enhance their leadership competency."—John F. Murphy, AIChE -Process Safety Progress, January 2017 IssueTable of ContentsIntroduction. Why Leadership and Why Now? Self-Discovery Comes First. Further Becoming a Professional: It Takes Effort Outside the Classroom. Further Becoming a Professional. Core Values Underlie Leadership. Culture, Safety, and Engineering. How We Can Change Organizational Values and Why It’s Important. A Values-Based Leadership Model for use in Depleted Environments. Case studies in ethical considerations. Crisis and Noncrisis Leadership Models. What is “toxic leadership?” Experiential Training: It’s Mot What We’ve Been Teaching in Class. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Death Event. Stress and Morale Challenges for Leaders in Safety and Engineering. Gender in Safety and Engineering. How Authentic Leaders Handle the Issue of Discipline for Difficult Employees. Organizational Protocol for Safety and Engineering Professionals: A Brief Introduction. Summary of this Book’s Key Concepts. Index.
£115.00
Oxford University Press Green Chemistry Theory and Practice
Book SynopsisThis book aims to introduce the reader to the design, development, and evaluation processes of new Green Chemistry methodologies. A comprehensive introductory text, it takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of topics. Topics covered include: alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign synthetic methodologies, designing safer chemical products, new reaction conditions, alternative solvents and catalyst development, and the use of biosynthesis and biomimetic principles. The reader is introduced to the new evaluation process that encompasses the health and environmental impact of a synthetic pathway from choice of starting materials through to target molecule. Throughout the text, comparisons and contrasts with classical methodologies are offered as illustrative examples. This accessible text is aimed at all those involved with the design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemicals and their products - especially synthetic chemicals at the graduate and professiTrade ReviewAs the summary of a vision, the book is brilliant. One can feel the enthusiasm of the authors throughout...I see it as a vehicle for initiating a fruitful dialogue between chemical producers and regulatory enforcers without the confrontation, which often characterizes such interactions. * Martyn Poliakoff, Green Chemistry, February *Its is an introductory text taking a broad view and intergrating a wide range of topics including synthetic methodologies, alternative solvents and catalysts, biosynthesis and alternative feedstocks. There are exercises for students and the last chapter deals with future trends' AslibTable of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. What is Green Chemistry? ; 3. Tools of Green Chemistry ; 4. Principles of Green Chemistry ; 5. Evaluating the Impacts of Chemistry ; 6. Evaluating Feedstocks and Starting Materials ; 7. Evaluating Reaction Types ; 8. Evaluation of Methods to Design Safer Chemicals ; 10. Future Trends in Green Chemistry
£28.49
Briza Guide to the properties and uses of Southern
Book SynopsisGuide to the properties and uses of Southern African Wood is a fully illustrated, scientifically accurate guide to the characteristics, properties and uses of wood from 140 Southern African tree species. Species treatments include information on conservation status, uses, mechanical properties, durability, identification features, woodworking properties and comments from wood users on workability. Photographs of tree bark, untreated and treated wood, end-grain macrographs, as well as worked items. Provides information on historical uses, where trees grow, availability and sustainability of the woods and the practicalities of harvesting and processing. Superior quality text and excellent reproduction and printing. The only commercially available book which focuses on the properties of Southern African wood, written in a style that will appeal to a wide audience: professional woodworkers, designers, architects, wood dealers and wood collectors, hobbyists, botanists and anyone interested in trees and wood. A must-have for all who love wood and trees!
£26.06
Taylor & Francis Ltd Electrodynamics of Density Ducts in Magnetized
Book SynopsisProviding a systematic and self-contained treatment of excitation, propagation and re- emission of electromagnetic waves guided by density ducts in magnetized plasmas, this book describes in detail the theoretical basis of the electrodynamics of ducts. The classical dielectric-waveguide theory in open guiding systems in magnetoplasma is subjected to rigorous generalization. The authors emphasize the conceptual physical and mathematical aspects of the theory, while demonstrating its applications to problems encountered in actual practice. The opening chapters of the book discuss the underlying physical phenomena, outline some of the results obtained in natural and artificial density ducts, and describe the basic theory crucial to understanding the remainder of the book. The more specialized and complex topics dealt with in subsequent chapters include the theory of guided wave propagation along axially uniform ducts, finding the field excited by the source in the presence of a duct, excitation of guided modes, the asymptotic theory of wave propagation along axially nonuniform ducts, and mode re-emission from a duct. The full wave theory is used throughout most of the book to ensure consistency, and the authors start with simpler cases and gradually increase the complexity of the treatment.Table of Contents1. The Basic Equations 2. Integral Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 3. Modal Representation of Source-excited Fields on a Duct 4. Wave Re-emission from a Density Duct 5. Modes in Axially Uniform Ducts 6. Radiation from Given Sources in a Uniform Unbounded Magnetoplasma 7. Wave Propagation Along Axially Non-uniform Ducts
£175.00
CABI Publishing Urban Pest Control: A Practitioner's Guide
Book SynopsisThis guide brings together the varied and multiple skills and activities required of pest control practitioners, including biology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, sales, logistics, legal and accounting, presented with a primary emphasis on pest organisms at its core. This book provides information and tips on all of these aspects and: explores the business of controlling pests (including trends in the industry, pest control tools, and sustainable pest control); covers biological information on each pest in addition to information on control and management, monitoring and follow-up; focusses particularly on globally significant pests with internationally-applicable use and guidance; and provides practical and hands-on experience, drawing on original case studies This is a key resource for pest control practitioners, as well as in-house staff of companies or buildings involved in household or urban pest control. It is also a valuable reference for researchers, and sanitation and building managers.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Understanding the business of controlling pests Chapter 2: Household pests and their control – Cockroach Chapter 3: Household pests and their control – Flies Chapter 4: Household pests and their control – Mosquito Chapter 5: Household pests and their control – Bed bug Chapter 6: Household pests and their control – Termite Chapter 7: Sporadic pests and their control Chapter 8: Stored product pests Chapter 9: Vertebrate pest and their control – Rats Chapter 10: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide formulations Chapter 11: Methodology in pest control – Insecticide baits and baiting Chapter 12: Sift to Integrated pest management (IPM) Chapter 13: Handling pesticide
£20.89
Chemical Publishing Co Inc.,U.S. The Chemical Formulary Volume 1
Book SynopsisThere is hardly any technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or
£51.02
PennWell Books Petrochemicals in Nontechnical Language
Book SynopsisAuthors Don Burdick and Bill Leffler have completely rewritten this time-honored bestseller, now the definitive book for understanding the mysteries of the petrochemical industry.With chapters on all the base chemicals and derivatives, plus seven new ones covering the Fischer-Tropsch process, polyurethane, epoxy resins and more, this is broadest available look inside the industry.Still offering readers easy-to-understand diagrams, charts and tables, plus digestible chapter reviews - this classic delivers the information that every person in the industry needs.Table of Contents What you need to know about organic chemistry Processes and equipment Benzene Toluene and xylene Olefin plants, ethylene, and propylene Cyclohexane The C4 hydrocarbon family Cumene and phenol Ethylbenzene and styrene Ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride and epichlorohydrin Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol Propylene oxide and propylene glycol Ethanolamines and polyols Methanol and synthesis gas Fischer-Tropsche process Lots of other alcohols MTBE Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde Ketones Acids Maleic Acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and acrylates Aniline and phosgene Bisphenol A Alpha olefins Making polymers Thermoplastics MDI and TDI Polyurethane Epoxy resins and polycarbonates Fibers and other resins
£90.10
John Wiley & Sons Inc Monolithic Refractories: A Comprehensive Handbook
Book SynopsisThis valuable handbook details the various monolithic refractories currently in use, and pays particular attention to their chemical and physical behaviors during manufacturing, installation, and the duty cycle. It addresses, from the practitioner's point of view, the critical aspects of reactions involved with the refractory body as it approaches the used temperature with the processing environment. To ensure optimum performance, it describes the application, installation, and design of refractory components. The handbook includes suitable tables and figures, and provides an historical perspective on the evolution of the refractory industry. Practicing ceramic engineers, scientists, raw material suppliers, and research and development personnel in the refractory manufacturing industry will find this book invaluable. Also suitable as a reference for courses in ceramic engineering specializing in refractories.Table of ContentsRaw Materials. Castable Refractories. Pumpable Castables. Plastic Refractories. Ramming Mixes. Gunning Mixes. Mortars. Coatings. Dry Vibratables. Wear Mechanisms. Manufacturing. Application Designs. Evaluation and Tests. Lining. Index.
£135.85
McGraw-Hill Education A Working Guide to Process Equipment Fifth
Book SynopsisThe latest methods for troubleshooting and maintaining process equipmentThis extensively revised and updated practical resource fully explains how to diagnose, troubleshoot, and correct problems across a broad range of industriesâall without complex equations and without ever losing sight of the importance of direct field measurements and observations. This fifth edition features new and expanded coverage of: Causes and Effects of Wet Steam on Turbines and Strippers Distillation Design Errors and Inspecting Tower Internals Setting Pressure Relief Valves on Vessels and Heat Exchangers Reduction of Flare Losses Safer Procedures for Sampling Hazardous Material Taking Field Measurements Safely and Effectively Filled with real-world examples and illustrations, A Working Guide to Process Equipment, Fifth Edition clearly demonstrates how theory applies to solving real-world plant operation prob
£88.19
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vaccine Development and Manufacturing
Book SynopsisVaccine Production and Manufacturing is a valuable reference on how to produce a vaccine, from beginning to end. It addresses all classes of vaccines from a processing, production, and regulatory viewpoint. It covers everything from fermentation, purification, and formulation to regulatory filing and facility design.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Preface ix Contributors xi 1 History of Vaccine Process Development 1Narahari S. Pujar, Sangeetha L. Sagar, and Ann L. Lee 2 The Production of Plasmid DNA Vaccine in Escherichia coli: A Novel Bacterial-Based Vaccine Production Platform 25Michel Chartrain 3 Fungal Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 51Karl Melber, Volker Jenzelewski, Roland Weyhenmeyer, and Zbigniew Janowicz 4 Novel Expression Systems for Vaccine Production 81Shailaja Rabindran and Vidadi Yusibov 5 Viral Vaccines Purification 97Bernd Kalbfuss-Zimmermann and Udo Reichl 6 Protein Subunit Vaccine Purification 181Yan-ping Yang and Tony D’Amore 7 Conjugate Vaccine Production Technology 217Sudha Chennasamudram and Willie F. Vann 8 Stabilization and Formulation of Vaccines 237Timothy S. Priddy and C. Russell Middaugh 9 Lyophilization in Vaccine Processes 263Alexis Wasserman, Ranjit Sarpal, and Bret R. Phillips 10 Strategies for Heat-Stable Vaccines 287Satoshi Ohtake, David Lechuga-Ballesteros, Vu Truong-Le, and Eric J. Patzer 11 Production and Characterization of Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants 319Stanley L. Hem and Cliff T. Johnston 12 The Biologics License Application (BLA) in Common Technical Document (CTD) Format 347R.S. Robin Robinett 13 The Original New Drug Application (Investigational New Drug) 373R.S. Robin Robinett 14 Facility Design for Vaccine Manufacturing—Regulatory, Business, and Technical Considerations and A Risk-Based Design Approach 393Anand Ekambaram and Abraham Shamir 15 Vaccine Production Economics 413Andrew Sinclair and Peter Latham Index 437
£116.06
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Surface Engineering
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£104.50
Cambridge University Press Fundamentals of Transport Processes with Applications
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£71.24
Cambridge University Press Intensification of LiquidLiquid Processes
Book SynopsisExplore and review novel techniques for intensifying transport and reaction in liquid-liquid and related systems with this essential toolkit. Topics include discussion of the principles of process intensification, the nexus between process intensification and sustainable engineering, and the fundamentals of liquid-liquid contacting, from an expert with over forty-five years'' experience in the field. Providing promising directions for investment and for new research in process intensification, in addition to a unique review of the fundamentals of the topic, this book is the perfect guide for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, developers, and research staff in chemical engineering and biochemical engineering.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Droplets and dispersions; 3. Mass transfer; 4. Membrane and emulsion based intensifications; 5. High gravity fields; 6. Electrically driven intensification of liquid-liquid processes; 7. Intensification of liquid-liquid coalescence; 8. Ionic liquid solvents and intensification; 9. Liquid-liquid phase transfer catalysis.
£83.59
