Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the basics of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). The author presents the material-specific advantages of FRP and the typical areas of their application. The problems created by conventional, non-integrating product development are listed and the author states how these problems are potentially overcome by integrated product development (IPD). In addition, it is explained why IPD is of particular importance for FRP. An approach to IPD for FRP-parts is presented. It is explained step by step how a catalogue of requirements is defined as well as how this basis is used to develop a concept, a design, and a final construction. Simple but effective methods for the selection of fiber materials, semi-finished products and manufacturing processes are highlighted in this book. A concluding chapter describes an approach to techno-economic evaluation. Throughout the book, practical application examples show the reader how to put the gained knowledge into practice.Table of ContentsContent I List of used akronyms. V List of used formula symbols (latin) IX List of used formula symbols (greek) XIV Preface. 1 1...... Introduction.. 3 1.1 Abstract 3 1.2 Basic mechanicle principle of Fiber-reinforced Polymers (FRP) 3 1.3 Applications of FRP.. 7 1.4 Product Development vs. Integrated Product Development (IPD) 15 1.5 Methods of IPD.. 19 1.6 Relevance of IPD for FRP.. 22 1.7 Questions. 25 1.8 References. 26 2...... Realization of an Integrated Product Development 30 2.1 Abstract 30 2.2 The development team.. 30 2.3 Procedure and division of tasks for the IPD with FRP.. 35 3...... Phase 1: Definition of the Catalogue of Requirements. 44 3.1 Abstract 44 3.2 Overview.. 44 3.3 Types and sources for requirements. 45 3.4 Risks when defining requiremtens. 47 3.5 Tools the identification and specification of requriements. 49 3.5.1 Guideline with main list of characteristics. 50 3.5.2 Szenario technique. 52 3.5.3 Identification of functions and functional structures. 53 3.6 Guidelines and requriement catalogues for FRP-components. 55 3.6.1 Guidline „Design“ 55 3.6.2 Guideline „Manufacturing“ 57 3.6.3 Guideline “Materials” 59 3.6.4 Full catalogue of requirements. 60 3.7 Questions. 64 3.8 References. 64 4...... Phase 2: Concept & Draft 66 4.1 Abstract 66 4.2 Overview.. 66 4.3 Basics of product development with FRP.. 67 4.3.1 Relevance of Fiber volume content 67 4.3.2 Relevance of fiber length and orientation.. 69 4.3.3 Laminate built-up. 73 4.3.4 Laminate coding. 80 4.3.5 FRP-design principles. 82 4.3.6 Advantages and disadvantages of FRP.. 86 4.4 Definition of critical load cases and derivation of requriement for geometry and material 87 4.5 Selection of fiber material and structure of fiber reinforcement 92 4.5.1 Fiber materials. 92 4.5.2 Structure of fiber reinforcement 97 4.5.3 Material properties for initial design.. 99 4.5.4 Selcetion procedure. 107 4.6 Initial design.. 115 4.7 Development of a manufacturing concept 116 4.7.1 Basics of FRP manufacturing. 117 4.7.2 Manufacturing processes. 119 4.7.3 Process selection.. 152 4.8 Decision concerning polymer class: thermoplastic or thermoset?. 157 4.9 Definition of the full draft 162 4.10 Decision about drafts to be further considered. 163 4.11 Questions. 165 4.12 References. 167 5...... Phase 3: Technical Elaboration.. 174 5.1 Abstract 174 5.2 Overview.. 174 5.3 Materials. 174 5.3.1 Selection of semi-finished products. 175 5.3.2 Selection of matrix polymer 205 5.3.3 Characterization of material properties. 212 5.4 Detailed Design.. 217 5.4.1 Design to manufacture. 218 5.4.2 Design to join.. 229 5.4.3 Design to repair 234 5.4.4 Sustainable design.. 237 5.5 Elaboration of manufacturing concept 247 5.5.1 Selection of facilities. 247 5.5.2 Process design.. 251 5.5.3 QA and damage detection.. 264 5.6 Question.. 275 5.7 Reference. 276 6...... Phase 4: Evaluation and decision.. 284 6.1 Abstract 284 6.2 Overview.. 284 6.3 Economic Evaluation.. 285 6.4 Prototyping and compontent testing. 295 6.5 Optional: Design optimization.. 296 6.6 Final comparison to catalogue of requirements. 297 6.7 Holistic techno-economic und strategic evaluation.. 298 6.8 Questions. 306 6.9 References. 306 7...... Conclusions. 308 8...... Answers to questions. 309 8.1 References 314

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Book SynopsisThis book constructs a history of Newtown Creek’s industrial expansion during the period that began in the 1840s and continued through the early years of the 20th century. In that period, the production of reagent chemicals and refined materials near the center of modern-day New York City grew steadily, as practitioners, alert to European advances in chemical science, developed and applied increasingly sophisticated technologies. Innovations in methods of production, ready access to domestic and international markets, and sustained growth in volumes of production at Newtown Creek in the late 19th century had profound consequences for the practice of industrial chemistry in the United States and for the economic vitality of the City of New York. Industrial practice progressed from the recovery of animal tissues to the refining of crude petroleum and the production of high-purity copper and other metals from mineral ores. With attention to each company’s technical expertise and principal products, this book examines the interdependence of the chemicals- and materials-producing industries that thrived along Newtown Creek’s shores. The author recounts Newtown Creek’s industrial history alongside the stories of well-known New Yorkers – Peter Cooper, Charles Pratt, John D. and William Rockefeller – and other less celebrated or less notorious characters. This book provides a valuable account of New York’s history in the manufacture of reagent chemicals and refined fuels and metals and will appeal to researchers, scholars and historians interested in the early years of industrial chemistry.Table of ContentsNewtown Creek and New York City.- Skin and Bones.- Oil of Vitriol: Martin Kalbfleisch and the Manufacture of Reagent Chemicals at Newtown Creek.- Superphosphate.- Abraham Gesner and the New York Kerosene Oil Company.- Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company.- Charles Pratt, Henry Rogers, and Astral Oil.- Acid and copper: The 50-year Partnership of John Brown Francis Herreshoff and William Nichols.- The Standard Oil Company and New York City.- Industry, Invention, and the Americans; Newtown Creek, then and Now.

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Book SynopsisThis bestselling standard, now in its fifth, completely revised English edition, is an excellent source of technological and economic information on the most important precursors and intermediates used in the chemical industry. Both a handbook and ready reference, this volume has a uniform structure for ease of use, with a number of fold-out flow charts illustrating complex chemical processes, plus summaries and relevant statistical data in the margins. The text is rounded off by a comprehensive list of references and a detailed subject index. From reviews of previous editions (authored by K. Weissermel/H.-J. Arpe) "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." (Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry) "It would be unkind and misleading to call this book a poor man's Kirk Othmer, but it could almost be described as an encyclopedia... it is easy to read and one has to admire the authors' dedication and endeavor in getting so much into a single volume. They have provided a book that is interesting reading as well as being an excellent reference. It is a highly recommended book, which I hope the authors will find the energy to continue updating on a regular basis." (Chemistry in Britain) "...it should be ready to hand to every chemist or process engineer involved directly or indirectly with industrial organic chemistry. It should be in the hand of every higher-graduate student, especially if chemical technology is not part of the study, like in many college universities..." (Tenside-Surfactants-Detergents) "Whether student or scientist, theorist or practician - everybody interested in industrial organic chemistry will appreciate this work. ..." (farbe + lack)Trade Review"The fourth edition of this established work follows in the excellent tradition of the previous three editions. It retains the concept of the original, providing technological and economic information on the key building blocks of the chemical industry. The book is packed with information, much of which cannot easily be found elsewhere, and certainly not in such a readily digestible form. The companies and innovators responsible for the chemistry described are clearly credited, and indeed this volume provides an excellent history of the worldwide bulk organic chemicals industry. Throughout the book the authors indicate potential future developments in the manufacture of these important precursors and intermediates. The reader friendly format seen in the previous editions is retained, wherein each chapter or subsection is provided with a chemical flow diagram illustrating the interrelationship of the products, these flow diagrams folding out such that they can be constantly referred to whilst reading the text. In addition, the main text is accompanied by a synopsis in the margin, which concisely presents all of the essential points, thus facilitating browsing. The contents are logically and clearly organized, and there are detailed reference lists for each chapter, together with an extensive index. This latest edition also includes updated statistics and adopts the new IUPAC nomenclature guidelines.(...) This book will be a positive addition to the libraries and bookshelves of chemists and chemical engineers working in the organic sector, including those to whom many of the molecules describes are considered to be "commercially available starting materials". Non-scientists (e.g. industrial economists, lawyers) will also gain an appreciation of the complex technological, scientific and economic inter-relationships (and potential developments) which characterize industrial organic chemistry." Organic Process Research & Development, Peter Spargo "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic ChemistryTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix Preface to the Fourth Edition xxi 1 Various Aspects of the Energy and Raw Material Supply 1 1.1 Present and Predictable Energy Requirements 2 1.2 Availability of Individual Sources 3 1.2.1 Oil 3 1.2.2 Natural Gas 4 1.2.3 Coal 5 1.2.4 Nuclear Fuels 5 1.3 Prospects for the Future Energy Supply 7 1.4 Present and Anticipated Raw Material Situation 8 1.4.1 Petrochemical Primary Products 8 1.4.2 Coal Conversion Products 11 2 Basic Products of Industrial Syntheses 15 2.1 Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1 Generation of Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1.1 Synthesis Gas via Coal Gasification 16 2.1.1.2 Synthesis Gas from Cracking of Natural Gas and Oil 19 2.1.2 Synthesis Gas Purification and Use 21 2.2 Production of the Pure Synthesis Gas Components 24 2.2.1 Carbon Monoxide 24 2.2.2 Hydrogen 26 2.3 C1 Units 29 2.3.1 Methanol 29 2.3.1.1 Manufacture of Methanol 30 2.3.1.2 Applications and Potential Applications of Methanol 32 2.3.2 Formaldehyde 37 2.3.2.1 Formaldehyde from Methanol 38 2.3.2.2 Uses and Potential Uses of Formaldehyde 40 2.3.3 Formic Acid 42 2.3.4 Hydrocyanic Acid 46 2.3.5 Methylamines 51 2.3.6 Halogen Derivatives of Methane 52 3 Olefins 59 3.1 Historical Development of Olefin Chemistry 59 3.2 Olefins from Cracking of Hydrocarbons 60 3.3 Special Manufacturing Processes for Olefins 63 3.3.1 Ethylene, Propene 63 3.3.2 Butenes 67 3.3.3 Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.1 Unbranched Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.2 Branched Higher Olefins 83 3.4 Olefin Metathesis 86 4 Acetylene 91 4.1 Present Significance of Acetylene 91 4.2 Manufacturing Processes for Acetylene 93 4.2.1 Manufacture Based on Calcium Carbide 93 4.2.2 Thermal Processes 94 4.3 Utilization of Acetylene 98 5 1,3-Diolefins 107 5.1 1,3-Butadiene 107 5.1.1 Historical Syntheses of 1,3-Butadiene 108 5.1.2 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Cracking Fractions 109 5.1.3 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Alkanes and Alkenes 111 5.1.4 Utilization of 1,3-Butadiene 114 5.2 Isoprene 117 5.2.1 Isoprene from C5 Cracking Fractions 118 5.2.2 Isoprene from Synthetic Reactions 119 5.3 Chloroprene 122 5.4 Cyclopentadiene 125 6 Syntheses involving Carbon Monoxide 127 6.1 Hydroformylation of Olefins 127 6.1.1 Chemical Basis of Hydroformylation 128 6.1.2 Industrial Operation of Hydroformylation 131 6.1.3 Catalyst Modifications in Hydroformylation 134 6.1.4 Utilization of oxo Products 136 6.1.4.1 Oxo Alcohols 136 6.1.4.2 Oxo Carboxylic Acids 138 6.1.4.3 Aldol and Condensation Products of the Oxo Aldehydes 139 6.2 Carbonylation of Olefins 141 6.3 Koch Carboxylic Acid Synthesis 143 7 Oxidation Products of Ethylene 147 7.1 Ethylene Oxide 147 7.1.1 Ethylene Oxide by the Chlorohydrin Process 148 7.1.2 Ethylene Oxide by Direct Oxidation 149 7.1.2.1 Chemical Principles 149 7.1.2.2 Process Operation 150 7.1.2.3 Potential Developments in Ethylene Oxide Manufacture 152 7.2 Secondary Products of Ethylene Oxide 153 7.2.1 Ethylene Glycol and Higher Ethylene Glycols 154 7.2.1.1 Potential Developments in Ethylene Glycol Manufacture 155 7.2.1.2 Uses of Ethylene Glycol 158 7.2.1.3 Secondary Products: Glyoxal, Dioxolane, 1,4-Dioxane 158 7.2.2 Polyethoxylates 160 7.2.3 Ethanolamines and Secondary Products 161 7.2.4 Ethylene Glycol Ethers 164 7.2.5 Additional Products from Ethylene Oxide 167 7.3 Acetaldehyde 168 7.3.1 Acetaldehyde via Oxidation of Ethylene 169 7.3.1.1 Chemical Basis 169 7.3.1.2 Process Operation 171 7.3.2 Acetaldehyde from Ethanol 172 7.3.3 Acetaldehyde by C3/C4 Alkane Oxidation 173 7.4 Secondary Products of Acetaldehyde 173 7.4.1 Acetic Acid 174 7.4.1.1 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Acetaldehyde 175 7.4.1.2 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Alkanes and Alkenes 177 7.4.1.3 Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid 180 7.4.1.4 Potential Developments in Acetic Acid Manufacture 182 7.4.1.5 Use of Acetic Acid 183 7.4.2 Acetic Anhydride and Ketene 185 7.4.3 Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde and Secondary Products 189 7.4.4 Ethyl Acetate 191 7.4.5 Pyridine and Alkyl Pyridines 193 8 Alcohols 197 8.1 Lower Alcohols 197 8.1.1 Ethanol 197 8.1.2 2-Propanol 202 8.1.3 Butanols 205 8.1.4 Amyl Alcohols 209 8.2 Higher Alcohols 209 8.2.1 Oxidation of Paraffins to Alcohols 213 8.2.2 Alfol Synthesis 214 8.3 Polyhydric Alcohols 216 8.3.1 Pentaerythritol 216 8.3.2 Trimethylolpropane 217 8.3.3 Neopentyl Glycol 218 9 Vinyl Halogen and Vinyl Oxygen Compounds 221 9.1 Vinyl Halogen Compounds 221 9.1.1 Vinyl Chloride 221 9.1.1.1 Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene 222 9.1.1.2 Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene 223 9.1.1.3 Potential Developments in Vinyl Chloride Manufacture 226 9.1.1.4 Uses of Vinyl Chloride and 1,2-Dichloroethane 227 9.1.2 Vinylidene Chloride 229 9.1.3 Vinyl Fluoride and Vinylidene Fluoride 229 9.1.4 Trichloro- and Tetrachloroethylene 231 9.1.5 Tetrafluoroethylene 233 9.2 Vinyl Esters and Ethers 234 9.2.1 Vinyl Acetate 234 9.2.1.1 Vinyl Acetate Based on Acetylene or Acetaldehyde 234 9.2.1.2 Vinyl Acetate Based on Ethylene 236 9.2.1.3 Possibilities for Development of Vinyl Acetate Manufacture 238 9.2.2 Vinyl Esters of Higher Carboxylic Acids 240 9.2.3 Vinyl Ethers 241 10 Components for Polyamides 243 10.1 Dicarboxylic Acids 245 10.1.1 Adipic Acid 246 10.1.2 1,12-Dodecanedioic Acid 249 10.2 Diamines and Aminocarboxylic Acids 251 10.2.1 Hexamethylenediamine 251 10.2.1.1 Manufacture of Adiponitrile 251 10.2.1.2 Hydrogenation of Adiponitrile 255 10.2.1.3 Potential Developments in Adiponitrile Manufacture 256 10.2.2 ω-Aminoundecanoic Acid 257 10.3 Lactams 258 10.3.1 Є-Caprolactam 258 10.3.1.1 Є-Caprolactam from the Cyclohexanone Oxime Route 258 10.3.1.2 Alternative Manufacturing Processes for Є-Caprolactam 263 10.3.1.3 Possibilities for Development in Є-Caprolactam Manufacture 265 10.3.1.4 Uses of Є-Caprolactam 266 10.3.2 Laurolactam 268 11 Propene Conversion Products 273 11.1 Oxidation Products of Propene 274 11.1.1 Propylene Oxide 274 11.1.1.1 Propylene Oxide from the Chlorohydrin Process 274 11.1.1.2 Indirect Oxidation Routes to Propylene Oxide 275 11.1.1.3 Possibilities for Development in the Manufacture of Propylene Oxide 279 11.1.2 Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide 283 11.1.3 Acetone 285 11.1.3.1 Direct Oxidation of Propene 286 11.1.3.2 Acetone from 2-Propanol 287 11.1.4 Secondary Products of Acetone 288 11.1.4.1 Acetone Aldolization and Secondary Products 289 11.1.4.2 Methacrylic Acid and Ester 290 11.1.5 Acrolein 295 11.1.6 Secondary Products of Acrolein 296 11.1.7 Acrylic Acid and Esters 299 11.1.7.1 Traditional Acrylic Acid Manufacture 299 11.1.7.2 Acrylic Acid from Propene 301 11.1.7.3 Possibilities for Development in Acrylic Acid Manufacture 303 11.2 Allyl Compounds and Secondary Products 304 11.2.1 Allyl Chloride 304 11.2.2 Allyl Alcohol and Esters 307 11.2.3 Glycerol from Allyl Precursors 309 11.3 Acrylonitrile 312 11.3.1 Traditional Acrylonitrile Manufacture 313 11.3.2 Ammoxidation of Propene 314 11.3.2.1 Sohio Acrylonitrile Process 315 11.3.2.2 Other Propene/Propane Ammoxidation Processes 316 11.3.3 Possibilities for Development of Acrylonitrile Manufacture 317 11.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Acrylonitrile 318 12 Aromatics — Production and Conversion 321 12.1 Importance of Aromatics 321 12.2 Sources of Feedstocks for Aromatics 322 12.2.1 Aromatics from Coking of Hard Coal 323 12.2.2 Aromatics from Reformate and Pyrolysis Gasoline 324 12.2.2.1 Isolation of Aromatics 327 12.2.2.2 Special Separation Techniques for Non-Aromatic/Aromatic and Aromatic Mixtures 328 12.2.3 Possibilities for Development of Aromatics Manufacture 333 12.2.4 Condensed Aromatics 334 12.2.4.1 Naphthalene 335 12.2.4.2 Anthracene 336 12.3 Conversion Processes for Aromatics 339 12.3.1 Hydrodealkylation 339 12.3.2 m-Xylene Isomerization 341 12.3.3 Disproportionation, Transalkylation, and Methylation 343 13 Benzene Derivatives 347 13.1 Alkylation and Hydrogenation Products of Benzene 348 13.1.1 Ethylbenzene 348 13.1.2 Styrene 351 13.1.3 Cumene 354 13.1.4 Higher Alkylbenzenes 356 13.1.5 Cyclohexane 357 13.2 Oxidation and Secondary Products of Benzene 359 13.2.1 Phenol 359 13.2.1.1 Manufacturing Processes for Phenol 360 13.2.1.2 Potential Developments in Phenol Manufacture 368 13.2.1.3 Uses and Secondary Products of Phenol 370 13.2.2 Dihydroxybenzenes 374 13.2.3 Maleic Anhydride 378 13.2.3.1 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Benzene 379 13.2.3.2 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butene 380 13.2.3.3 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butane 382 13.2.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Maleic Anhydride 383 13.3 Other Benzene Derivatives 386 13.3.1 Nitrobenzene 386 13.3.2 Aniline 387 13.3.3 Diisocyanates 390 14 Oxidation Products of Xylene and Naphthalene 397 14.1 Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.1 Oxidation of Naphthalene to Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.2 Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Anhydride 399 14.1.3 Esters of Phthalic Acid 401 14.2 Terephthalic Acid 404 14.2.1 Manufacture of Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid 405 14.2.2 Fiber Grade Terephthalic Acid 407 14.2.3 Other Manufacturing Routes to Terephthalic Acid and Derivatives 409 14.2.4 Uses of Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 413 15 Appendix 417 15.1 Process and Product Schemes 417 15.2 Definitions of Terms used in Characterizing Chemical Reactions 459 15.3 Abbreviations for Companies 461 15.4 Sources of Information 462 15.4.1 General Literature 462 15.4.2 More Specific Literature (publications, monographs) 464 Index 487

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Book SynopsisCovering the various aspects of this fast-evolving field, this comprehensive book includes the fundamentals and a comparison of current applications, while focusing on the latest, novel achievements and future directions. The introductory chapters explore the thermodynamic and electrochemical processes to better understand how electrolysis cells work, and how these can be combined to build large electrolysis modules. The book then goes on to discuss the electrolysis process and the characteristics, advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the main existing electrolysis technologies. Current manufacturers and the main features of commercially available electrolyzers are extensively reviewed. The final chapters then present the possible configurations for integrating water electrolysis units with renewable energy sources in both autonomous and grid-connected systems, and comment on some relevant demonstration projects. Written by an internationally renowned team from academia and industry, the result is an invaluable review of the field and a discussion of known limitations and future perspectives.Table of ContentsForeword XIII Preface XV List of Contributors XIX 1 Introduction 1Agata Godula-Jopek 1.1 Overview on Different Hydrogen Production Means from a Technical Point of View 10 1.2 Summary Including Hydrogen Production Cost Overview 21 References 28 2 Fundamentals ofWater Electrolysis 33Pierre Millet 2.1 Thermodynamics of theWater Splitting Reaction 33 2.2 Efficiency of ElectrochemicalWater Splitting 46 2.3 Kinetics of theWater Splitting Reaction 52 2.4 Conclusions 59 Nomenclature 59 Greek symbols 60 Subscripts or superscripts 60 Acronyms 60 References 61 3 PEMWater Electrolysis 63Pierre Millet 3.1 Introduction, Historical Background 63 3.2 Concept of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell 65 3.3 Description of Unit PEM Cells 67 3.4 Electrochemical Performances of Unit PEM Cells 76 3.5 Cell Stacking 94 3.6 Balance of Plant 100 3.7 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 102 3.8 Limitations, Challenges and Perspectives 105 3.9 Conclusions 111 Nomenclature 113 Greek symbols 113 Subscripts or superscripts 114 Acronyms 114 References 114 4 AlkalineWater Electrolysis 117Nicolas Guillet and Pierre Millet 4.1 Introduction and Historical Background 117 4.2 Description of Unit Electrolysis Cells 121 4.3 Electrochemical Performances of AlkalineWater Electrolysers 137 4.4 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 147 4.5 Conclusions 161 Nomenclature 162 Greek Symbols 162 Subscripts or Superscripts 162 Acronyms 163 References 163 5 Unitized Regenerative Systems 167Pierre Millet 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Underlying Concepts 168 5.3 Low-Temperature PEM URFCs 174 5.4 High-Temperature URFCs 182 5.5 General Conclusion and Perspectives 187 Nomenclature 187 Greek Symbols 188 Subscripts or Superscripts 188 Acronyms 188 References 189 6 High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis 191Jérôme Laurencin and Julie Mougin 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Overview of the Technology 191 6.3 Fundamentals of Solid-State Electrochemistry in SOEC 197 6.4 Performances and Durability 244 6.5 Limitations and Challenges 253 6.6 Specific OperationModes 259 List of Terms 262 Roman symbols 262 Greek Symbols 263 Abbreviations 264 References 264 7 Hydrogen Storage Options Including Constraints and Challenges 273Agata Godula-Jopek 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Liquid Hydrogen 276 7.3 Compressed Hydrogen 281 7.4 Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen 284 7.5 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Including Materials and System-Related Problems 286 7.6 Summary 304 References 306 8 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies 311Cyril Bourasseau and Benjamin Guinot 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies (RE) 312 8.3 Electrolysis Powered by Intermittent Energy: Technical Challenges, Impact on Performances and Reliability 327 8.4 Integration Schemes and Examples 351 8.5 Techno-Economic Assessment 362 8.6 The Role of Simulation for Economic Assessment 365 8.7 Conclusion 378 References 379 9 Outlook and Summary 383Agata Godula-Jopek and Pierre Millet 9.1 Comparison ofWater Electrolysis Technologies 387 9.2 Technology Development Status and Main Manufacturers 387 9.3 Material and System Roadmap Specifications 390 References 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisFocusing on current and future uses of microbes as production organisms, this practice-oriented textbook complements traditional texts on microbiology and biotechnology. The editors have brought together leading researchers and professionals from the entire field of industrial microbiology and together they adopt a modern approach to a well-known subject. Following a brief introduction to the technology of microbial processes, the twelve most important application areas for microbial technology are described, from crude bulk chemicals to such highly refined biomolecules as enzymes and antibodies, to the use of microbes in the leaching of minerals and for the treatment of municipal and industrial waste. In line with their application-oriented topic, the authors focus on the "translation" of basic research into industrial processes and cite numerous successful examples. The result is a first-hand account of the state of the industry and the future potential for microbes in industrial processes. Interested students of biotechnology, bioengineering, microbiology and related disciplines will find this a highly useful and much consulted companion, while instructors can use the case studies and examples to add value to their teaching.Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Historical Overview and Future Perspective 1Bernhard Eikmanns, Marcella Eikmanns, and Christopher J. Paddon 1.1 Use of Fermentation Procedures Before the Discovery of Microorganisms (Neolithic Era = New Stone Age Until 1850) 1 1.2 Investigation of Microorganisms and Beginning of Industrial Microbiology (1850 Until 1940) 7 1.3 Development of New Products and Procedures: Antibiotics and Other Biomolecules (From 1940) 11 1.4 Genetic Engineering is Introduced into Industrial Microbiology (From Roughly 1980) 15 1.5 Future Perspectives: Synthetic Microbiology 18 References 20 Further Reading 21 2 Bioprocess Engineering 23Michael R. Ladisch, Eduardo Ximenes, Nathan Mosier, Abigail S. Engelberth, Kevin Solomon, and Robert Binkley 2.1 Introduction 23 2.1.1 Role of Bioreactors 25 2.1.2 Basic Bioreactor Configurations 26 2.1.3 Types of Growth Media 27 2.2 Nonstructured Models 28 2.2.1 Nonstructured Growth Models 28 2.2.1.1 Unstructured Models 29 2.2.1.2 Biotechnical Processes 30 2.2.2 Modeling Fermentations 32 2.2.3 Metabolic Pathways 39 2.2.4 Manipulation of Metabolic Pathways 40 2.2.5 Future of Pathway Design 42 2.3 Oxygen Transport 43 2.3.1 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions 43 2.3.2 kLa – Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient 44 2.4 Heat Generating Aerobic Processes 46 2.5 Product Recovery 49 2.5.1 Basics 49 2.5.2 In Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) 49 2.6 Modeling and Simulation of Reactor Behavior 51 2.6.1 Basic Approaches and Software 51 2.6.2 Numerical Simulation of Bioreactor Function 51 2.6.3 Contamination of Bioreactors 52 2.7 Scale-up 53 References 54 Further Reading 57 3 Food 59Gülhan Ünlü and Barbara Nielsen 3.1 Fermented Foods 59 3.1.1 Food Preservation 59 3.1.2 Flavor and Texture 60 3.1.3 Health Benefits 60 3.1.4 Economic Impact 62 3.2 Microorganisms and Metabolism 62 3.2.1 Fermentation Processes 64 3.2.2 Starter Cultures 65 3.3 Yeast Fermentations – Industrial Application of Saccharomyces Species 65 3.3.1 Grain Fermentation for Ethanol Production – Beer 66 3.3.2 Grain Fermentation for CO2 Production – Bread 69 3.3.2.1 Yeast Preparation 69 3.3.3 Fruit Fermentation –Wines and Ciders 71 3.4 Vinegar – Incomplete Ethanol Oxidation by Acetic Acid Bacteria Such as Gluconobacter oxydans 75 3.4.1 Substrates: Wine, Cider, and Malt 75 3.4.2 Distilled (White) Vinegar 77 3.4.3 Balsamic and Other Specialty Vinegars 77 3.5 Bacterial and Mixed Fermentations – Industrial Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria, with or without Yeast or Molds 78 3.5.1 Milk – Cultured Milks – Buttermilk, Yogurt, Kefir, and Cheese 78 3.5.1.1 Bacteriophage Contamination – Death of a Culture 81 3.5.2 Meats – Sausages, Fish Sauces, and Pastes 82 3.5.3 Vegetables – Sauerkrauts and Pickles, Olives 83 3.5.4 Grains and Legumes – Soy Sauce, Miso, Natto, and Tempeh 86 3.5.5 Cocoa and Coffee 87 3.6 Fungi as Food 88 3.6.1 Mushrooms 88 3.6.2 Single-Cell Protein – Fusarium venenatum 90 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook 91 References 92 Further Reading 92 4 Technical Alcohols and Ketones 95Peter Dürre 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Ethanol Synthesis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Clostridium autoethanogenum 97 4.2.1 Application 97 4.2.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 97 4.2.3 Production Strains 98 4.2.4 Production Processes 98 4.2.5 Ethanol – Fuel of the Future? 100 4.2.6 Alternative Substrates for Ethanol Fermentation by Cellulolytic Bacteria and Clostridium autoethanogenum 100 4.3 1,3-Propanediol Synthesis by Escherichia coli 101 4.3.1 Application 101 4.3.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 102 4.3.3 Production Strains 102 4.3.4 Production Processes 104 4.4 Butanol and Isobutanol Synthesis by Clostridia and Yeast 105 4.4.1 History of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii 105 4.4.2 Application 106 4.4.3 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 107 4.4.4 Production Strains 110 4.4.5 Production Processes 110 4.4.6 Product Toxicity 113 4.5 Acetone Synthesis by Solventogenic Clostridia 113 4.5.1 Application 113 4.5.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 113 4.5.3 Production Strains 114 4.5.4 Production Processes 114 4.6 Outlook 115 Further Reading 115 5 Organic Acids 117Michael Sauer and Diethard Mattanovich 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Citric Acid 119 5.2.1 Economic Impact and Applications 120 5.2.2 Biochemistry of Citric Acid Accumulation 120 5.2.3 Industrial Production by the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger 122 5.2.4 Yarrowia lipolytica: A Yeast as an Alternative Production Platform 123 5.3 Lactic Acid 124 5.3.1 Economic Impact and Applications 124 5.3.2 Anaerobic Bacterial Metabolism Generating Lactic Acid 125 5.3.3 Lactic Acid Production by Bacteria 125 5.3.4 Lactic Acid Production by Yeasts 126 5.4 Gluconic Acid 127 5.4.1 Economic Impact and Applications 127 5.4.2 Extracellular Biotransformation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid by Aspergillus niger 128 5.4.3 Production of Gluconic Acid by Bacteria 129 5.5 Succinic Acid 129 5.5.1 Economic Impact and Applications 130 5.5.2 Pilot Plants for Anaerobic or Aerobic Microbes 130 5.6 Itaconic Acid 132 5.6.1 Economic Impact and Applications 132 5.6.2 Decarboxylation as a Driver in Itaconic Acid Accumulation 132 5.6.3 Production Process by Aspergillus terreus 132 5.6.4 Metabolic Engineering for Itaconic Acid Production 132 5.7 Downstream Options for Organic Acids 134 5.8 Perspectives 135 5.8.1 Targeting Acrylic Acid – Microbes Can Replace Chemical Process Engineering 136 5.8.2 Lignocellulose-Based Biorefineries 136 Further Reading 137 6 Amino Acids 139Lothar Eggeling 6.1 Introduction 139 6.1.1 Importance and Areas of Application 139 6.1.2 Amino Acids in the Feed Industry 140 6.1.3 Economic Significance 141 6.2 Production of Amino Acids 142 6.2.1 Conventional Development of Production Strains 142 6.2.2 Advanced Development of Production Strains 144 6.3 l-Glutamate Synthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum 145 6.3.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 145 6.3.2 Production Process 148 6.4 l-Lysine 148 6.4.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 148 6.4.2 Production Strains 150 6.4.3 Production Process 152 6.5 l-Threonine Synthesis by Escherichia coli 153 6.5.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 153 6.5.2 Production Strains 154 6.5.3 Production Process 155 6.6 l-Phenylalanine 155 6.6.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 155 6.6.2 Production Strains 156 6.6.3 Production Process 157 6.7 Outlook 158 Further Reading 159 7 Vitamins, Nucleotides, and Carotenoids 161Klaus-Peter Stahmann and Hans-Peter Hohmann 7.1 Application and Economic Impact 161 7.2 l-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 163 7.2.1 Biochemical Significance, Application, and Biosynthesis 163 7.2.2 Regioselective Oxidation with Bacteria in the Production Process 164 7.3 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 166 7.3.1 Significance as a Precursor for Coenzymes and as a Pigment 166 7.3.2 Biosynthesis by Fungi and Bacteria 167 7.3.3 Production by Ashbya gossypii 168 7.3.4 Production by Bacillus subtilis 171 7.3.5 Downstream Processing and Environmental Compatibility 173 7.4 Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) 174 7.4.1 Physiological Relevance 174 7.4.2 Biosynthesis 176 7.4.3 Production with Pseudomonas denitrificans 176 7.5 Purine Nucleotides 178 7.5.1 Impact as Flavor Enhancer 178 7.5.2 Development of Production Strains 178 7.5.3 Production of Inosine or Guanosine with Subsequent Phosphorylation 179 7.6 β-Carotene 180 7.6.1 Physiological Impact and Application 180 7.6.2 Production with Blakeslea trispora 181 7.7 Perspectives 181 Further Reading 183 8 Antibiotics and Pharmacologically Active Compounds 185Lei Fang, Guojian Zhang, and Blaine A. Pfeifer 8.1 Microbial Substances Active Against Infectious Disease Agents or Affecting Human Cells 185 8.1.1 Distribution and Impacts 185 8.1.2 Diversity of Antibiotics Produced by Bacteria and Fungi 189 8.2 β-Lactams 190 8.2.1 History, Effect, and Application 190 8.2.2 β-Lactam Biosynthesis 190 8.2.3 Penicillin Production by Penicillium chrysogenum 193 8.2.4 Cephalosporin Production by Acremonium chrysogenum 193 8.3 Lipopeptides 193 8.3.1 History, Effect, and Application 193 8.3.2 Lipopeptide Biosynthesis 194 8.3.3 Daptomycin Production by Streptomyces roseosporus 194 8.3.4 Cyclosporine Production by Tolypocladium inflatum 194 8.4 Macrolides 197 8.4.1 History, Effect, and Application 197 8.4.2 Macrolide Biosynthesis 197 8.4.3 Erythromycin Production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea 197 8.5 Tetracyclines 200 8.5.1 History, Effect, and Application 200 8.5.2 Tetracycline Biosynthesis 200 8.5.3 Tetracycline Production by Streptomyces rimosus 201 8.6 Aminoglycosides 201 8.6.1 History, Effect, and Application 201 8.6.2 Aminoglycoside Biosynthesis 201 8.6.3 Tobramycin Production by Streptomyces tenebrarius 203 8.7 Claviceps Alkaloids 203 8.7.1 History, Effect, and Application 203 8.7.2 Alkaloid Biosynthesis 203 8.7.3 Ergotamine Production by Claviceps purpurea 203 8.8 Perspectives 203 8.8.1 Antibiotic Resistance 203 8.8.2 New Research Model for Compound Identification 206 8.8.3 Future Opportunities 207 Further Reading 211 9 Pharmaceutical Proteins 213Heinrich Decker, Susanne Dilsen, and Jan Weber 9.1 History, Main Areas of Application, and Economic Importance 213 9.2 Industrial Expression Systems, Cultivation and Protein Isolation, and Legal Framework 215 9.2.1 Development of Production Strains 215 9.2.2 Isolation of Pharmaceutical Proteins 221 9.2.3 Regulatory Requirements for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins 222 9.3 Insulins 223 9.3.1 Application and Structures 223 9.3.2 Manufacturing Processes by Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 225 9.3.2.1 Production of a Fusion Protein in E. coli 226 9.3.2.2 Production of a Precursor Protein, the So-Called Mini Proinsulin with the Host Strain S. cerevisiae 228 9.4 Somatropin 230 9.4.1 Application 230 9.4.2 Manufacturing Process 231 9.5 Interferons – Application and Manufacturing 232 9.6 Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor 234 9.6.1 Application 234 9.6.2 Manufacturing Process 235 9.7 Vaccines 235 9.7.1 Application 235 9.7.2 Manufacturing Procedure Using the Example of GardasilTM 236 9.7.3 Manufacturing Process Based on the Example of a Hepatitis B Vaccine 237 9.8 Antibody Fragments 238 9.9 Enzymes 239 9.10 Peptides 240 9.11 View – Future Economic Importance 240 Further Reading 242 10 Enzymes 243David B.Wilson, Maxim Kostylev, Karl-Heinz Maurer, Marina Schramm, Wolfgang Kronemeyer, and Klaus-Peter Stahmann 10.1 Fields of Application and Economic Impacts 243 10.1.1 Enzymes are Biocatalysts 243 10.1.2 Advantages and Limitations of Using Enzymatic Versus Chemical Methods 244 10.1.3 Brief History of Enzyme Used for the Industrial Production of Valuable Products 245 10.1.4 Diverse Ways That Enzymes are Used in Industry 246 10.2 Enzyme Discovery and Improvement 250 10.2.1 Screening for New Enzymes and Optimization of Enzymes by Protein Engineering 250 10.2.2 Classical Development of Production Strains 251 10.2.3 Genetic Engineering of Producer Strains 253 10.3 Production Process for Bacterial or Fungal Enzymes 255 10.4 Polysaccharide-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 255 10.4.1 Starch-Cleaving Enzymes Produced by Bacillus and Aspergillus Species 257 10.4.2 Cellulose-Cleaving Enzymes: A Domain of Trichoderma reesei 259 10.4.3 Production Strains 261 10.5 Enzymes Used as Cleaning Agents 263 10.5.1 Subtilisin-Like Protease 264 10.5.2 Bacillus sp. Production Strains and Production Process 265 10.6 Feed Supplements – Phytases 266 10.6.1 Fields of Applications of Phytase 267 10.6.2 Phytase in the Animals Intestine 267 10.6.3 Production of a Bacterial Phytase in Aspergillus niger 269 10.7 Enzymes for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry 271 10.7.1 Examples for Enzymatic Chemical Production 271 10.7.2 Production of (S)-Profens by Fungal Lipase 271 10.8 Enzymes as Highly Selective Tools for Research and Diagnostics 272 10.8.1 Microbial Enzymes for Analysis and Engineering of Nucleic Acids 272 10.8.2 Specific Enzymes for Quantitative Metabolite Assays 275 10.9 Perspectives 276 10.9.1 l-DOPA by Tyrosine Phenol Lyase 276 10.9.2 Activation of Alkanes 276 10.9.3 Enzyme Cascades 276 References 277 Further Reading 277 11 Microbial Polysaccharides 279Volker Sieber, Jochen Schmid, and Gerd Hublik 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Heteropolysaccharides 282 11.2.1 Xanthan: A Product of the Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris 282 11.2.1.1 Introduction 282 11.2.1.2 Regulatory Status 282 11.2.1.3 Structure 282 11.2.1.4 Biosynthesis 284 11.2.1.5 Industrial Production of Xanthan 286 11.2.1.6 Physicochemical Properties 287 11.2.1.7 Applications 289 11.2.2 Sphingans: Polysaccharides from Sphingomonas sp. 291 11.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid: A High-Value Polysaccharide for Cosmetic Applications 293 11.2.4 Alginate: Alternatives to Plant-Based Products by Pseudomonas and Azotobacter sp. 294 11.2.5 Succinoglycan: Acidic Polysaccharide from Rhizobium sp. 294 11.3 Homopolysaccharides 295 11.3.1 α-Glucans 296 11.3.1.1 Pullulan 296 11.3.1.2 Dextran 296 11.3.2 β-Glucans 297 11.3.2.1 Linear β-glucans like cellulose and curdlan 297 11.3.2.2 Branched β-Glucans Like Scleroglucan and Schizophyllan 297 11.3.3 Fructosylpolymers like Levan 298 11.4 Perspectives 298 Further Reading 299 12 Steroids 301Shuvendu Das and Sridhar Gopishetty 12.1 Fields of Applications and Economic Importance 301 12.2 Advantages of Biotransformations During Production of Steroids 303 12.3 Development of Production Strains and Production Processes 305 12.4 Applied Types of Biotransformation 307 12.5 Synthesis of Steroids in Organic – Aqueous Biphasic System 310 12.6 Side-chain Degradation of Phytosterols by Mycobacterium to Gain Steroid Intermediates 311 12.7 Biotransformation of Cholesterol to Gain Key Steroid Intermediates 313 12.8 11-Hydroxylation by Fungi During Synthesis of Corticosteroids 313 12.9 Δ1-Dehydrogenation by Arthrobacter for the Production of Prednisolone 316 12.10 17-Keto Reduction by Saccharomyces in Testosterone Production 317 12.11 Double-Bond Isomerization of Steroids 318 12.12 Perspectives 319 References 320 Further Reading 321 13 Bioleaching 323Sören Bellenberg, Mario Vera Véliz, and Wolfgang Sand 13.1 Acidophilic Microorganisms Dissolve Metals from Sulfide Ores 323 13.1.1 Brief Overview on the Diversity of Acidophilic Mineral-Oxidizing Microorganisms 325 13.1.2 Natural and Man-Made Habitats of Mineral-oxidizing Microorganisms 325 13.1.3 Biological Catalysis of Metal Sulfide Oxidation 328 13.1.4 Importance of Biofilm Formation and Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 330 13.2 Bioleaching of Copper, Nickel, Zinc, and Cobalt 334 13.2.1 Economic Impact 334 13.2.2 Heap, Dump, or Stirred-tank Bioleaching of Copper, Nickel, Zinc, and Cobalt 337 13.3 Gold 342 13.3.1 Economic Impact 343 13.3.2 Unlocking Gold by Biooxidation of the Mineral Matrix 343 13.4 Uranium 346 13.4.1 Economic Impact 346 13.4.2 In Situ Biomining of Uranium 346 13.5 Perspectives 347 13.5.1 Urban Mining – Processing of Electronic Waste and Industrial Residues 347 13.5.2 Microbial Iron Reduction for Dissolution of Mineral Oxides 348 13.5.3 Biomining Goes Underground – In Situ Leaching as a Green Mining Technology? 348 References 351 Further Reading 351 14 Wastewater Treatment Processes 353Claudia Gallert and Josef Winter 14.1 Introduction 354 14.1.1 Historical Development of Sewage Treatment 354 14.1.2 Resources from Wastewater Treatment 357 14.1.3 Wastewater and Storm Water Drainage 358 14.1.4 Wastewater Characterization and Processes for Effective Wastewater Treatment 358 14.1.5 Suspended or Immobilized Bacteria as Biocatalysts for Effective Sewage Treatment 360 14.2 Biological Basics of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Removal from Sewage 362 14.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Degradation of Carbon Compounds 362 14.2.1.1 Mass and Energy Balance 366 14.2.2 Fundamentals of Nitrification 368 14.2.3 Elimination of Nitrate by Denitrification 371 14.2.4 New Nitrogen Elimination Processes 371 14.2.5 Microbial Phosphate Elimination 372 14.3 Wastewater Treatment Processes 374 14.3.1 Typical Process Sequence in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants 374 14.3.2 Activated Sludge Process 376 14.3.3 Trickling Filters 378 14.3.4 Technical Options for Denitrification 379 14.3.5 Biological Phosphate Elimination 381 14.3.6 Sewage Sludge Treatment 382 14.3.6.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Treatment 382 14.3.6.2 Sanitation and Quality Assurance of Sewage Sludge 384 14.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 384 14.4.1 Elimination of Micropollutants 385 14.4.2 Wastewater Disinfection 385 14.5 Future Perspectives 386 References 386 Further Reading 388 Index 389

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Book SynopsisThe only textbook that applies thermodynamics to real-world process engineering problems This must-read for advanced students and professionals alike is the first book to demonstrate how chemical thermodynamics work in the real world by applying them to actual engineering examples. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the particular models and procedures, and explains the most important models that are applied in process industry. All the topics are illustrated with examples that are closely related to practical process simulation problems. At the end of each chapter, additional calculation examples are given to enable readers to extend their comprehension. Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation instructs on the behavior of fluids for pure fluids, describing the main types of equations of state and their abilities. It discusses the various quantities of interest in process simulation, their correlation, and prediction in detail. Chapters look at the important terms for the description of the thermodynamics of mixtures; the most important models and routes for phase equilibrium calculation; models which are applicable to a wide variety of non-electrolyte systems; membrane processes; polymer thermodynamics; enthalpy of reaction; chemical equilibria, and more. -Explains thermodynamic fundamentals used in process simulation with solved examples -Includes new chapters about modern measurement techniques, retrograde condensation, and simultaneous description of chemical equilibrium -Comprises numerous solved examples, which simplify the understanding of the often complex calculation procedures, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of models and procedures -Includes estimation methods for thermophysical properties and phase equilibria thermodynamics of alternative separation processes -Supplemented with MathCAD-sheets and DDBST programs for readers to reproduce the examples Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation is an ideal resource for those working in the fields of process development, process synthesis, or process optimization, and an excellent book for students in the engineering sciences. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii List of Symbols xix About the Authors xxix 1 Introduction 1 2 PvT Behavior of Pure Components 5 2.1 General Description 5 2.2 Caloric Properties 10 2.3 Ideal Gases 14 2.4 Real Fluids 16 2.4.1 Auxiliary Functions 16 2.4.2 Residual Functions 17 2.4.3 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient 19 2.4.4 Phase Equilibria 22 2.5 Equations of State 25 2.5.1 Virial Equation 26 2.5.2 High-Precision Equations of State 30 2.5.3 Cubic Equations of State 37 2.5.4 Generalized Equations of State and Corresponding-States Principle 42 2.5.5 Advanced Cubic Equations of State 49 Problems 57 References 60 3 Correlation and Estimation of Pure Component Properties 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Characteristic Physical Property Constants 63 3.2.1 Critical Data 64 3.2.2 Acentric Factor 69 3.2.3 Normal Boiling Point 69 3.2.4 Melting Point and Enthalpy of Fusion 72 3.2.5 Standard Enthalpy and Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation 74 3.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 77 3.3.1 Vapor Pressure 78 3.3.2 Liquid Density 90 3.3.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 94 3.3.4 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity 98 3.3.5 Liquid Heat Capacity 105 3.3.6 Speed of Sound 109 3.4 Correlation and Estimation of Transport Properties 110 3.4.1 Liquid Viscosity 110 3.4.2 Vapor Viscosity 115 3.4.3 Liquid Thermal Conductivity 120 3.4.4 Vapor Thermal Conductivity 125 3.4.5 Surface Tension 128 3.4.6 Diffusion Coefficients 131 Problems 135 References 138 4 Properties of Mixtures 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Property Changes of Mixing 144 4.3 Partial Molar Properties 145 4.4 Gibbs–Duhem Equation 148 4.5 Ideal Mixture of Ideal Gases 150 4.6 Ideal Mixture of Real Fluids 152 4.7 Excess Properties 153 4.8 Fugacity in Mixtures 154 4.8.1 Fugacity of an Ideal Mixture 155 4.8.2 Phase Equilibrium 155 4.9 Activity and Activity Coefficient 156 4.10 Application of Equations of State to Mixtures 157 4.10.1 Virial Equation 158 4.10.2 Cubic Equations of State 159 Problems 169 References 170 5 Phase Equilibria in Fluid Systems 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 185 5.3 Application of Activity Coefficients 192 5.4 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using gE Models 195 5.5 Fitting of gE Model Parameters 212 5.5.1 Check of VLE Data for Thermodynamic Consistency 218 5.5.2 Recommended gE Model Parameters 227 5.6 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State 229 5.6.1 Fitting of Binary Parameters of Cubic Equations of State 235 5.7 Conditions for the Occurrence of Azeotropic Behavior 243 5.8 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 252 5.8.1 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Henry Constants 254 5.8.2 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Equations of State 262 5.8.3 Prediction of Gas Solubilities 263 5.9 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria 266 5.9.1 Temperature Dependence of Ternary LLE 277 5.9.2 Pressure Dependence of LLE 279 5.10 Predictive Models 280 5.10.1 Regular Solution Theory 281 5.10.2 Group Contribution Methods 282 5.10.3 UNIFAC Method 284 5.10.3.1 Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) 291 5.10.3.2 Weaknesses of the Group Contribution Methods UNIFAC and Modified UNIFAC 295 5.10.4 Predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong (PSRK) Equation of State 302 5.10.5 VTPR Group Contribution Equation of State 306 Problems 315 References 319 6 Caloric Properties 323 6.1 Caloric Equations of State 323 6.1.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy 323 6.1.2 Entropy 326 6.1.3 Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy 327 6.2 Enthalpy Description in Process Simulation Programs 329 6.2.1 Route A: Vapor as Starting Phase 330 6.2.2 Route B: Liquid as Starting Phase 334 6.2.3 Route C: Equation of State 335 6.3 Caloric Properties in Chemical Reactions 343 Problems 349 References 350 7 Electrolyte Solutions 351 7.1 Introduction 351 7.2 Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions 355 7.3 Activity Coefficient Models for Electrolyte Solutions 360 7.3.1 Debye–Hückel Limiting Law 360 7.3.2 Bromley Extension 361 7.3.3 Pitzer Model 361 7.3.4 NRTL Electrolyte Model by Chen 364 7.3.5 LIQUAC Model 372 7.3.6 MSA Model 380 7.4 Dissociation Equilibria 381 7.5 Influence of Salts on the Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Behavior 383 7.6 Complex Electrolyte Systems 385 Problems 386 References 386 8 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Thermodynamic Relations for the Calculation of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 392 8.2.1 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Simple Eutectic Systems 394 8.2.1.1 Freezing Point Depression 401 8.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Systems with Solid Solutions 402 8.2.2.1 Ideal Systems 402 8.2.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria for Nonideal Systems 403 8.2.3 Solid–Liquid Equilibria with Intermolecular Compound Formation in the Solid State 406 8.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 409 8.3 Salt Solubility 409 8.4 Solubility of Solids in Supercritical Fluids 414 Problems 416 References 419 9 Membrane Processes 421 9.1 Osmosis 421 9.2 Pervaporation 424 Problems 425 References 426 10 Polymer Thermodynamics 427 10.1 Introduction 427 10.2 gE Models 433 10.3 Equations of State 444 10.4 Influence of Polydispersity 460 10.5 Influence of Polymer Structure 464 Problems 465 References 467 11 Applications of Thermodynamics in Separation Technology 469 11.1 Introduction 469 11.2 Verification of Model Parameters Prior to Process Simulation 474 11.2.1 Verification of Pure Component Parameters 474 11.2.2 Verification of gE Model Parameters 475 11.3 Investigation of Azeotropic Points in Multicomponent Systems 483 11.4 Residue Curves, Distillation Boundaries, and Distillation Regions 484 11.5 Selection of Entrainers for Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 491 11.6 Selection of Solvents for Other Separation Processes 499 11.7 Selection of Solvent-Based Separation Processes 499 Problems 503 References 504 12 Enthalpy of Reaction and Chemical Equilibria 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Enthalpy of Reaction 506 12.2.1 Temperature Dependence 507 12.2.2 Consideration of the Real Gas Behavior on the Enthalpy of Reaction 509 12.3 Chemical Equilibrium 511 12.4 Multiple Chemical Reaction Equilibria 530 12.4.1 Relaxation Method 531 12.4.2 Gibbs Energy Minimization 535 Problems 544 References 547 13 Examples for Complex Systems 549 13.1 Introduction 549 13.2 Formaldehyde Solutions 549 13.3 Vapor Phase Association 555 Problems 568 References 570 14 Practical Applications 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Flash 573 14.3 Joule–Thomson Effect 575 14.4 Adiabatic Compression and Expansion 577 14.5 Pressure Relief 581 14.6 Limitations of Equilibrium Thermodynamics 586 Problems 589 References 591 15 Experimental Determination of Pure Component and Mixture Properties 593 15.1 Introduction 593 15.2 Pure Component Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature 594 15.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 598 15.4 Critical Data 599 15.5 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 599 15.5.1 Dynamic VLE Stills 601 15.5.2 Static Techniques 604 15.5.3 Degassing 611 15.5.4 Headspace Gas Chromatography (HSGC) 613 15.5.5 High-Pressure VLE 614 15.5.6 Inline True Component Analysis in Reactive Mixtures 616 15.6 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution 617 15.6.1 Gas Chromatographic Retention Time Measurement 618 15.6.2 Inert Gas Stripping (Dilutor) 620 15.6.3 Limiting Activity Coefficients of High Boilers in Low Boilers 622 15.7 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria (LLE) 622 15.8 Gas Solubility 623 15.9 Excess Enthalpy 624 Problems 626 References 626 16 Introduction to the Collection of Example Problems 631 16.1 Introduction 631 16.2 Mathcad Examples 631 16.3 Examples Using the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) and the Integrated Software Package DDBSP 633 16.4 Examples Using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Office VBA 634 Appendix A Pure Component Parameters 635 Appendix B Coefficients for High-Precision Equations of State 663 References 668 Appendix C Useful Derivations 669 A1 Relationship Between (𝜕s/𝜕T)P and (𝜕s/𝜕T)v 670 A2 Expressions for (𝜕u/𝜕v)T and (𝜕s/𝜕v)T 670 A3 cP and cv as Derivatives of the Specific Entropy 671 A4 Relationship Between cP and cv 672 A5 Expression for (𝜕h/𝜕P)T 673 A6 Expression for (𝜕s/𝜕P)T 674 A7 Expression for [𝜕(g/RT)/𝜕T]P and van’t Hoff Equation 674 A8 General Expression for cv 675 A9 Expression for (𝜕P/𝜕v)T 676 A10 Cardano’s Formula 676 B1 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation 677 B2 Equivalence of Chemical Potential μ and Gibbs Energy g for a Pure Substance 678 B3 Phase Equilibrium Condition for a Pure Substance 679 B4 Relationship Between Partial Molar Property and State Variable (Euler Theorem) 681 B5 Chemical Potential in Mixtures 681 B6 Relationship Between Second Virial Coefficients of Leiden and Berlin Form 682 B7 Derivation of Expressions for the Speed of Sound for Ideal and Real Gases 683 B8 Activity of the Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution 685 B9 Temperature Dependence of the Azeotropic Composition 686 B10 Konovalov Equations 688 C1 (s–sid)T,P 691 C2 (h–hid)T,P 692 C3 (g–gid)T,P 692 C4 Relationship Between Excess Enthalpy and Activity Coefficient 692 D1 Fugacity Coefficient for a Pressure-Explicit Equation of State 692 D2 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Leiden Form) 694 D3 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Berlin Form) 695 D4 Fugacity Coefficient of the Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 696 D5 Fugacity Coefficient of the PSRK Equation of State 698 D6 Fugacity Coefficient of the VTPR Equation of State 702 E1 Derivation of the Wilson Equation 707 E2 Notation of the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC Equations in Process Simulation Programs 710 E3 Inability of the Wilson Equation to Describe a Miscibility Gap 711 F1 (h–hid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 713 F2 (s–sid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715 F3 (g–gid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715 F4 Antiderivatives of cid P Correlations 715 G1 Speed of Sound as Maximum Velocity in an Adiabatic Pipe with Constant Cross-Flow Area 717 G2 Maximum Mass Flux of an Ideal Gas 717 References 719 Appendix D Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Electrolyte Compounds 721 Reference 722 Appendix E Regression Technique for Pure Component Data 723 Appendix F Regression Techniques for Binary Parameters 727 References 741 Appendix G Ideal Gas Heat Capacity Polynomial Coefficients for Selected Compounds 743 Reference 744 Appendix H UNIFAC Parameters 745 Further Reading 746 Appendix I Modified UNIFAC Parameters 747 Further Reading 751 Appendix J PSRK Parameters 753 Further Reading 755 Appendix K VTPR Parameters 757 References 759 Further Readings 760 Index 761

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Book SynopsisTwo-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes An authoritative and up to date discussion of two-dimensional materials and membranes In Two-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications, a team of distinguished chemical engineers delivers a comprehensive exploration of the latest advances in design principles, synthesis approaches, and applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials—like graphene, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 2D layered double hydroxides, and MXene—and highlights the significance and development of these membranes. In the book, the authors discuss the use of membranes to achieve high-efficiency separation and to address the challenges posed in the field. The book also discusses potential challenges and benefits in the future development of advanced 2D nanostructures, as well as their impending implementation in applications in the fields of energy, sustainability, catalysis, electronics, and biotechnology. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to fabrication methods for 2D-materials-based membranes, including the synthesis of nanosheets, membrane structures, and fabrication methods Descriptions of three types of 2D-materials-based membranes: single-layer membranes, laminar membranes and mixed-matrix membranes Comprehensive discussions of 2D-materials-based membranes for water and ions separation, solvent-water separation and gas separation Explorations of transport mechanism of 2D-materials-based membranes for molecular separations Perfect for membrane scientists, inorganic chemists, and materials scientists, Two-Dimensional-Materials-Based Membranes will also earn a place in the libraries of chemical and process engineers in industrial environments.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Fabrication methods for 2D membranes Chapter 3. Porous graphene-based nanosheet membranes Chapter 4. Graphene-based membranes for water separation Chapter 5. Graphene-based membranes for ions separation Chapter 6. Graphene-based membranes for pervaporation Chapter 7. Graphene-based membranes for gas separation Chapter 8. 2D MOF or zeolite membranes Chapter 9. 2D layered double hydroxides membranes Chapter 10. MXene and other 2D membranes Chapter 11. 2D-materials mixed-matrix membranes Chapter 12. Transport mechanism of 2D membranes Chapter 13. Prospective

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Book Synopsis* This best selling text prepares students to formulate and solve material and energy balances in chemical process systems and lays the foundation for subsequent courses in chemical engineering. * The text provides a realistic, informative, and positive introduction to the practice of chemical engineering.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors iii Preface to the Fourth Edition iv Notes to Instructors v Digital Resources and WileyPLUS vi Postscript: Introduction to an Author vii Nomenclature viii Glossary of Chemical Process Terms x PART 1 Engineering Problem Analysis 1 CHAPTER 1 What Some Chemical Engineers Do for a Living 3 CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Engineering Calculations 5 2.0 Learning Objectives 5 2.1 Units and Dimensions 6 2.2 Conversion of Units 7 2.3 Systems of Units 8 2.4 Force and Weight 10 2.5 Numerical Calculation and Estimation 12 2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities 19 2.7 Process Data Representation and Analysis 21 2.8 Summary 30 Problems 30 CHAPTER 3 Processes and Process Variables 35 3.0 Learning Objectives 35 3.1 Mass and Volume 36 3.2 Flow Rate 38 3.3 Chemical Composition 40 3.4 Pressure 47 3.5 Temperature 54 3.6 Summary 57 Problems 58 PART 2 Material Balances 67 CHAPTER 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances 69 4.0 Learning Objectives 69 4.1 Process Classification 70 4.2 Balances 71 4.3 Material Balance Calculations 75 4.4 Balances on Multiple-Unit Processes 94 4.5 Recycle and Bypass 100 4.6 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry 107 4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes 118 4.8 Combustion Reactions 139 4.9 Some Additional Considerations about Chemical Processes 147 4.10 Summary 150 Problems 151 CHAPTER 5 Single-Phase Systems 160 5.0 Learning Objectives 161 5.1 Liquid and Solid Densities 162 5.2 Ideal Gases 164 5.3 Equations of State for Nonideal Gases 172 5.4 The Compressibility-Factor Equation of State 179 5.5 Summary 186 Problems 186 CHAPTER 6 Multiphase Systems 195 6.0 Learning Objectives 197 6.1 Single-Component Phase Equilibrium 198 6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 204 6.3 Gas–Liquid Systems: One Condensable Component 206 6.4 Multicomponent Gas–Liquid Systems 212 6.5 Solutions of Solids in Liquids 221 6.6 Equilibrium between Two Liquid Phases 229 6.7 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 233 6.8 Summary 236 Problems 238 PART 3 Energy Balances 253 CHAPTER 7 Energy and Energy Balances 255 7.0 Learning Objectives 256 7.1 Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics 257 7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 259 7.3 Energy Balances on Closed Systems 260 7.4 Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State 262 7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data 267 7.6 Energy Balance Procedures 272 7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances 275 7.8 Summary 280 Problems 282 CHAPTER 8 Balances on Nonreactive Processes 291 8.0 Learning Objectives 291 8.1 Elements of Energy Balance Calculations 292 8.2 Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature 300 8.3 Changes in Temperature 301 8.4 Phase-Change Operations 313 8.5 Mixing and Solution 332 8.6 Summary 343 Problems 345 CHAPTER 9 Balances on Reactive Processes 363 9.0 Learning Objectives 364 9.1 Heats of Reaction 364 9.2 Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law 369 9.3 Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation 371 9.4 Heats of Combustion 373 9.5 Energy Balances on Reactive Processes 374 9.6 Fuels and Combustion 389 9.7 Summary 399 Problems 401 CHAPTER 10 Balances on Transient Processes 416 10.0 Learning Objectives 416 10.1 The General Balance Equation . . . Again 416 10.2 Material Balances 421 10.3 Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes 428 10.4 Simultaneous Transient Balances 433 10.5 Summary 436 Problems 437 APPENDIX A Computational Techniques 443 A.1 The Method of Least Squares 443 A.2 Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 446 A.3 Numerical Integration 459 APPENDIX B Physical Property Tables 463 B.1 Selected Physical Property Data 464 B.2 Heat Capacities 471 B.3 Vapor Pressure of Water 474 B.4 Antoine Equation Constants 476 B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table 478 B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table 480 B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam 486 B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: SI Units 488 B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: U.S. Customary Units 488 B.10 Atomic Heat Capacities for Kopp’s Rule 489 B.11 Integral Heats of Solution and Mixing at 25°C 489 Answers to Test Yourselves 490 Answers to Selected Problems 498 Index 500

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Book SynopsisThis established textbook covers every aspect of drug properties from the design of dosage forms to their delivery by all routes to sites of action in the body.Trade Review"The text is highly illustrated throughout and includes key points and appropriate examples, providing clinicians with some easily accessible and relevant information. Some examples of adverse events due to excipients, impurities, the influence of dosage forms, materials in delivery devices and even light-induced effects are also included. Although the detection of adverse events is not an easy task, these examples may assist clinicians in asking the right questions to predict or identify adverse effects. The new focus on applications to clinical practice in this edition has extended its usefulness from pharmacy and pharmaceutical scientist courses to clinicians seeking an understanding of formulations, especially for children and older people, and in identifying the cause of adverse events."Beverley Glass, Australian Prescriber October 2016 -- Beverley Glass * Australian Prescriber *

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Book SynopsisMedicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products.Trade Review"Students should be empowered for a deductive analysis of the presented substances." (Arzneimittelforschung, December 2009) "This new edition is an excellent text that is unrivaled in both its scope and overall coverage of natural products biosynthesis." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, August 2009) "There is no question that this is the best book available on the biosynthesis and bio-organic chemistry of medicinally important natural products." (Education in Chemistry, September 2009)Table of Contents1 About this book, and how to use it 1 The subject 1 The aim 1 The approach 2 The topics 2 The figures 2 Further reading 3 What to study 3 What to learn 3 Nomenclature 3 Conventions regarding acids, bases, and ions 4 Some common abbreviations 4 Further reading 5 2 Secondary metabolism: the building blocks and construction mechanisms 7 Primary and secondary metabolism 7 The building blocks 8 The construction mechanisms 11 Alkylation reactions: nucleophilic substitution 12 Alkylation reactions: electrophilic addition 12 Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements 15 Aldol and Claisen reactions 15 Imine formation and the Mannich reaction 18 Amino acids and transamination 20 Decarboxylation reactions 22 Oxidation and reduction reactions 24 Dehydrogenases 24 Oxidases 26 Monooxygenases 26 Dioxygenases 26 Amine oxidases 27 Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases 27 Phenolic oxidative coupling 28 Halogenation reactions 28 Glycosylation reactions 31 Elucidating biosynthetic pathways 34 Further reading 38 3 The acetate pathway: fatty acids and polyketides 39 Fatty acid synthase: saturated fatty acids 39 Unsaturated fatty acids 44 Uncommon fatty acids 53 Prostaglandins 58 Thromboxanes 64 Leukotrienes 64 Polyketide synthases: generalities 66 Polyketide synthases: macrolides 68 Polyketide synthases: linear polyketides and polyethers 90 Diels–Alder cyclizations 96 Polyketide synthases: aromatics 96 Cyclizations 99 Post-polyketide synthase modifications 103 Starter groups 116 Further reading 131 4 The shikimate pathway: aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids 137 Aromatic amino acids and simple benzoic acids 137 Phenylpropanoids 148 Cinnamic acids and esters 148 Lignans and lignin 152 Phenylpropenes 156 Benzoic acids from C6C3 compounds 157 Coumarins 161 Aromatic polyketides 166 Styrylpyrones, diarylheptanoids 166 Flavonoids and stilbenes 167 Flavonolignans 173 Isoflavonoids 174 Terpenoid quinones 178 Further reading 184 5 The mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways: terpenoids and steroids 187 Mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate 188 Hemiterpenes (C5) 192 Monoterpenes (C10) 193 Irregular monoterpenes 204 Iridoids (C10) 206 Sesquiterpenes (C15) 210 Diterpenes (C20) 223 Sesterterpenes (C25) 234 Triterpenes (C30) 234 Triterpenoid saponins 242 Steroids 247 Stereochemistry and nomenclature 247 Cholesterol 248 Phytosterols 251 Vitamin D 256 Steroidal saponins 259 Cardioactive glycosides 265 Bile acids 275 Adrenocortical hormones/corticosteroids 277 Semi-synthesis of corticosteroids 277 Progestogens 287 Oestrogens 290 Androgens 296 Tetraterpenes (C40) 298 Higher terpenoids 306 Further reading 306 6 Alkaloids 311 Alkaloids derived from ornithine 311 Polyamines 311 Pyrrolidine and tropane alkaloids 312 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 324 Alkaloids derived from lysine 326 Piperidine alkaloids 326 Quinolizidine alkaloids 328 Indolizidine alkaloids 330 Alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid 331 Pyridine alkaloids 331 Alkaloids derived from tyrosine 336 Phenylethylamines and simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 336 Modified benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 346 Phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids 359 Terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids 363 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 365 Alkaloids derived from tryptophan 366 Simple indole alkaloids 366 Simple β-carboline alkaloids 369 Terpenoid indole alkaloids 369 Quinoline alkaloids 380 Pyrroloindole alkaloids 385 Ergot alkaloids 387 Alkaloids derived from anthranilic acid 395 Quinazoline alkaloids 395 Quinoline and acridine alkaloids 396 Alkaloids derived from histidine 398 Imidazole alkaloids 398 Alkaloids derived by amination reactions 400 Acetate-derived alkaloids 401 Phenylalanine-derived alkaloids 401 Terpenoid alkaloids 406 Steroidal alkaloids 406 Purine alkaloids 413 Caffeine 413 Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin 416 Further reading 417 7 Peptides, proteins, and other amino acid derivatives 421 Peptides and proteins 421 Ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 422 Peptide hormones 426 Thyroid hormones 426 Hypothalamic hormones 427 Anterior pituitary hormones 429 Posterior pituitary hormones 430 Pancreatic hormones 432 Interferons 433 Opioid peptides 434 Ribosomal peptide toxins 434 Enzymes 438 Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis 438 Modified peptides: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactams 458 Penicillins 458 Cephalosporins 465 Other β-lactams 469 Cyanogenic glycosides 476 Glucosinolates 477 Cysteine sulfoxides 480 Further reading 481 8 Carbohydrates 485 Monosaccharides 485 Oligosaccharides 490 Polysaccharides 493 Aminosugars and aminoglycosides 498 Further reading 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisBased on a former popular course of the same title, Concepts of Chemical Engineering for Chemists outlines the basic aspects of chemical engineering for chemistry professionals. It clarifies the terminology used and explains the systems methodology approach to process design and operation for chemists with limited chemical engineering knowledge. The book provides practical insights into all areas of chemical engineering with well explained worked examples and case studies. The new edition contains a revised chapter on Process Analysis and two new chapters "Process and Personal Safety" and "Systems Integration and Experimental Design", the latter drawing together material covered in the previous chapters so that readers can design and test their own pilot process systems. This book is a guide for chemists (and other scientists) who either work alongside chemical engineers or who are undertaking chemical engineering-type projects and who wish to communicate with their colleagues and understand chemical engineering principles.Table of ContentsProcess Analysis - The Importance of Mass and Energy Balances; Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering; Concepts of Fluid Flow; An Introduction to Heat Transfer; An Introduction to Mass-Transfer Operations; Scale-Up in Chemical Engineering; An Introduction to Particle Systems; An Introduction to Process Control; Economic Appraisal of Large Projects; Process and Personal Safety; Engineering Statistics. Process Integration, and Experimental Design; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisColour in art - as in life - is both inspiring and uplifting, but where does it come from? How have artists found new hues, and how have these influenced their work? Beginning with the ancients - when just a handful of pigments made up the artist''s palette - and charting the discoveries and developments that have led to the many splendoured rainbow of modern paints, Bright Earth brings the story of colour spectacularly alive. Packed with anecdotes about lucky accidents and hapless misfortunes in the quests for new colours, it provides an entertaining and fascinating new perspective on the science of art.Trade ReviewBrilliant...in every sense. Ball's book is the volume that has been missing from my library * Guardian *Brings the mysterious subject of colour wonderfully alive. Quite literally an eye-opener * Economist *A succinct and elegantly structured new survey of Western painting. Ball pitches his learning just right between academic history and a highly readable series of anecdotes and biographical sketches * Daily Mail *Full of fascinating vignettes. Philip Ball writes engagingly on complicated topics * Sunday Telegraph *Scattered with attractive particles, sparkles with redolent names... A solid, well-researched compendium of information * TLS *

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Book SynopsisA reference that describes the role of various intermolecular and interparticle forces in determining the properties of simple systems such as gases, liquids and solids, with a special focus on more complex colloidal, polymeric and biological systems. It starts from the basics and builds up to more complex systems.Table of ContentsPart I 1. Historical Perspective 2. Thermodynamic and Statistical Aspects of Intermolecular Forces; 3. Strong Intermolecular Forces: Covalent and Coulomb Interactions 4. Interactions Involving Polar Molecules 5. Interactions Involving the Polarization of Molecules 6. Van Der Waals Forces 7. Repulsive Steric Forces, Total Intermolecular Pair Potentials, and Liquid Structure 8. Special Interactions: Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrophobic, and Hydrophilic Interactions 9. Non-Equilibrium and Time-Dependent Interactions Part II 10. Some Unifying Concepts in Intermolecular and Interparticle Forces 11. Contrasts Between Intermolecular, Interparticle, and Intersurface Forces 12. Force-Measuring Techniques 13. Van Der Waals Forces Between Surfaces in Liquids 14. Electrostatic Forces Between Surfaces in Liquids 15. Solvation, Structural and Hydration Forces 16. Steric (Polymer-Mediated) and Thermal Fluctuation Forces 17. Adhesion and Wetting Phenomena 18. Friction and Lubrication Forces Part III 19. Thermodynamic Principles of Self-Assembly 20. Aggregation of Amphiphilic Molecules into Soft Structures 21. Interactions Within and Between Biological Structures 22. Dynamic Bio-Interactions

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION 1. Case Histories and Their Use in Enhancing Process Safety Knowledge 2. Bhopal 3. Opportunities for Reflection MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS 4. Maintenance: Preparation and Performance 5. Operating Methods 6. Entry to Vessels and Other Confined Spaces 7. Accidents Said to Be Due to Human Error 8. Labeling 9. Testing of Trips and Other Protective Systems 10. Opportunities for Reflection EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 11. Storage Tanks 12. Stacks 13. Pipes and Vessels 14. Tank Trucks and Tank Cars 15. Other Equipment 16. Materials of Construction 17. Opportunities for Reflection HAZARDS AND LOSS OF CONTAINMENT 18. Leaks 19. Liquefied Flammable Gases 20. Hazards of Common Materials 21. Static Electricity 22. Reactions – Planned and Unplanned 23. Explosions 24. Opportunities for Reflection KNOWLEDGE AND COMMUNICATION 26. Poor Communication 27. Accidents in Other Industries 28. Accident Investigation – Missed Opportunities 29. Opportunities for Reflection DESIGN AND MODIFICATIONS 30. Inherently Safer Design 31. Changing Procedures Instead of Designs 32. Both Design and Operations Could Have Been Better 33. Modifications: Changes to Equipment and Processes 34. Modifications: Changes in Organization 35. Reverse Flow, Other Unforeseen Deviations, and Hazop 36. Control 37. Opportunities for Reflection CONCLUSION 38. An Accident That May Have Affected the Future of Process Safety 39. An Accident That Did Not Occur 40. Summary of Lessons Learned APPENDICES 1. Relative Frequencies of Incidents 2. Why Should We Publish Accident Reports? 3. Some Tips for Accident Investigators 4. Recommended Reading 5. Afterthoughts

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection I Introduction and fundamentals 1. Introduction 2. Polymeric membrane fabrication by phase inversion 3. Molecular simulation of the phase inversion process 4. Hollow fiber membranes prepared via thermally induced phase separation Section II Fundamentals of hollow fiber membrane fabrication 5. Irregular contour 6. Macrovoid formation 7. Macrovoid-free hollow fiber 8. Membrane formation of sulfonated polymers 9. Spinneret design and considerations 10. Module fabrication of hollow fiber membranes Section III Novel hollow fiber processes 11. Nano hollow fibers 12. Hollow fiber spinning of dual-layer membranes 13. Use ionic liquids for hollow fiber spinning Section IV Specialty polymers for hollow fiber spinning 14. Polysulfone (PSf)/polyethersulfone (PES)/polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) & Sulfonated polymers 15. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 16. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) 17. Polyimides (PI) Section V Applications of hollow fiber membranes 18. Polyimide hollow fibers for gas separation 19. Composite hollow fibers for gas separation 20. I2PS hollow fibers for pervaporation 21. Hollow fibers for microfiltration and ultrafiltration 22. Hollow fibers for nanofiltration/organic solvent nanofiltration 23. Hollow fibers for reverse osmosis (RO)/forward osmosis (FO)/pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 24. Hollow fiber for membrane distillation (MD)

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION 1. Nano Perception in the Remediation Arena Part II NANOREMEDIATION WITH PROCESSES 2. Application of nanomaterials for adsorptive removal of various pollutants from water bodies 3. Integrating Ecofriendly Nanomaterials in Deep-bed Filtration for Cleaning up Industrial Wastewater 4. Photocatalysis: TiO 2, ZnO, and Species of Iron Oxides 5. Nanoscale silver enabled drinking water disinfection system 6. Disinfection using nanosilver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) and CNTs 7. Environmental applications of graphitic carbon nitride 8. ElectroKinetic–Nanoremediation 9. Natural, Biosynthesized, Polymeric, and other RemediationNanoreagents 10. Environmental remediation utilization of polyurethanes/carbon nanomaterial nanocomposites PART III NANOBIOREMEDIATION 11. Microbial Nanotechnology 12. Nanobioremediation-New directions for environmental protection 13. Emerging trends in NANOBIOREMEDIATION PART-IV GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY 14. Future of Modern Society & Sustainability

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Book SynopsisServing as a course in chemical reaction engineering, one of the main sections of a chemical engineering degree usually taught in the second year, this work includes multiple reactions and non-isothermal reactions and, temperature dependence of reaction rates leading to a discussion of non-ideal (real) reactors.Trade ReviewThe text is illustrated throughout by worked examples which all students will appreciate. * Aslib Book Guide, vol. 63, no. 2, Feb 98 *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Materials balance for chemical reactors ; 3. Calculation of reactor volume and residence time ; 4. Multiple reactions ; 5. The energy balance and temperature effects ; 6. Non-ideal reactors ; Further reading ; Solutions ; Nomenclature ; Index

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Book SynopsisAnalysis of Transport Phenomena, Second Edition, provides a unified treatment of momentum, heat, and mass transfer, emphasizing the concepts and analytical techniques that apply to these transport processes. The second edition has been revised to reinforce the progression from simple to complex topics and to better introduce the applied mathematics that is needed both to understand classical results and to model novel systems. A common set of formulation, simplification, and solution methods is applied first to heat or mass transfer in stationary media and then to fluid mechanics, convective heat or mass transfer, and systems involving various kinds of coupled fluxes.FEATURES: * Explains classical methods and results, preparing students for engineering practice and more advanced study or research* Covers everything from heat and mass transfer in stationary media to fluid mechanics, free convection, and turbulence* Improved organization, including the establishment of a more integrativeTrade Review"Deen is the gold standard for teaching graduate-level transport phenomena to chemical engineers." -Yossef Elabd, Drexel UniversityTable of ContentsPreface ; List of Symbols ; CHAPTER 1. DIFFUSIVE FLUXES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ; 1.1 INTRODUCTION ; 1.2 BASIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS ; 1.3 DIFFUSIVITIES FOR ENERGY, SPECIES, AND MOMENTUM ; 1.4 MAGNITUDES OF TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS ; 1.5 MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION OF TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS ; 1.6 LIMITATIONS ON LENGTH AND TIME SCALES ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ; 2.1 INTRODUCTION ; 2.2 GENERAL FORMS OF CONSERVATION EQUATIONS ; 2.3 CONSERVATION OF MASS ; 2.4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: THERMAL EFFECTS ; 2.5 HEAT TRANSFER AT INTERFACES ; 2.6 CONSERVATION OF CHEMICAL SPECIES ; 2.7 MASS TRANSFER AT INTERFACES ; 2.8 MOLECULAR VIEW OF SPECIES CONSERVATION ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 3. FORMULATION AND APPROXIMATION ; 3.1 INTRODUCTION ; 3.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL EXAMPLES ; 3.3 ORDER-OF-MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION AND SCALING ; 3.4 <"DIMENSIONALITY>" IN MODELING ; 3.5 TIME SCALES IN MODELING ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 4. SOLUTION METHODS BASED ON SCALING CONCEPTS ; 4.1 INTRODUCTION ; 4.2 SIMILARITY METHOD ; 4.3 REGULAR PERTURBATION ANALYSIS ; 4.4 SINGULAR PERTURBATION ANALYSIS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 5. SOLUTION METHODS FOR LINEAR PROBLEMS ; 5.1 INTRODUCTION ; 5.2 PROPERTIES OF LINEAR BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS ; 5.3 FINITE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD ; 5.4 BASIS FUNCTIONS ; 5.5 FOURIER SERIES ; 5.6 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR RECTANGULAR GEOMETRIES ; 5.7 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES ; 5.8 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR SPHERICAL GEOMETRIES ; 5.9 POINT-SOURCE SOLUTIONS ; 5.10 MORE ON SELF-ADJOINT EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS AND FFT ; SOLUTIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 6. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS ; 6.1 INTRODUCTION ; 6.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ; 6.3 TOTAL STRESS, PRESSURE, AND VISCOUS STRESS ; 6.4 FLUID KINEMATICS ; 6.5 CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR VISCOUS STRESS ; 6.6 FLUID MECHANICS AT INTERFACES ; 6.7 FORCE CALCULATIONS ; 6.8 STREAM FUNCTION ; 6.9 DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS AND FLOW REGIMES ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 7. UNIDIRECTIONAL AND NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW ; 7.1 INTRODUCTION ; 7.2 STEADY FLOW WITH A PRESSURE GRADIENT ; 7.3 STEADY FLOW WITH A MOVING SURFACE ; 7.4 TIME-DEPENDENT FLOW ; 7.5 LIMITATIONS OF EXACT SOLUTIONS ; 7.6 NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 8. CREEPING FLOW ; 8.1 INTRODUCTION ; 8.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOW ; 8.3 UNIDIRECTIONAL AND NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLUTIONS ; 8.4 STREAM-FUNCTION SOLUTIONS ; 8.5 POINT-FORCE SOLUTIONS ; 8.6 PARTICLES AND SUSPENSIONS ; 8.7 CORRECTIONS TO STOKES' LAW ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 9. LAMINAR FLOW AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER ; 9.1 INTRODUCTION ; 9.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOW ; 9.3 IRROTATIONAL FLOW ; 9.4 BOUNDARY LAYERS AT SOLID SURFACES ; 9.5 INTERNAL BOUNDARY LAYERS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 10. FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONFINED LAMINAR FLOWS ; 10.1 INTRODUCTION ; 10.2 PECLET NUMBER ; 10.3 NUSSELT AND SHERWOOD NUMBERS ; 10.4 ENTRANCE REGION ; 10.5 FULLY DEVELOPED REGION ; 10.6 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: MECHANICAL EFFECTS ; 10.7 TAYLOR DISPERSION ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 11. FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN UNCONFINED LAMINAR FLOWS ; 11.1 INTRODUCTION ; 11.2 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CREEPING FLOW ; 11.3 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS ; 11.4 SCALING LAWS FOR NUSSELT AND SHERWOOD NUMBERS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 12. TRANSPORT IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOW ; 12.1 INTRODUCTION ; 12.2 BUOYANCY AND THE BOUSSINESQ APPROXIMATION ; 12.3 CONFINED FLOWS ; 12.4 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS ; 12.5 UNCONFINED FLOWS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 13. TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT FLOW ; 13.1 INTRODUCTION ; 13.2 BASIC FEATURES OF TURBULENCE ; 13.3 TIME-SMOOTHED EQUATIONS ; 13.4 EDDY DIFFUSIVITY MODELS ; 13.5 OTHER APPROACHES FOR TURBULENT-FLOW CALCULATIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 14. SIMULTANEOUS ENERGY AND MASS TRANSFER AND MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ; 14.1 INTRODUCTION ; 14.2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ; 14.3 SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ; 14.4 INTRODUCTION TO COUPLED FLUXES ; 14.5 STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS ; 14.6 GENERALIZED DIFFUSION IN DILUTE MIXTURES ; 14.7 GENERALIZED STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 15. TRANSPORT IN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS ; 15.1 INTRODUCTION ; 15.2 FORMULATION OF MACROSCOPIC PROBLEMS ; 15.3 MACROSCOPIC EXAMPLES ; 15.4 EQUILIBRIUM DOUBLE LAYERS ; 15.5 ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ; References ; Problems ; APPENDIX A. VECTORS AND TENSORS ; A.1 INTRODUCTION ; A.2 REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS AND TENSORS ; A.3 VECTOR AND TENSOR PRODUCTS ; A.4 VECTOR-DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ; A.5 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS ; A.6 POSITION VECTORS ; A.7 ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES ; A.8 SURFACE GEOMETRY ; References ; APPENDIX B. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ; B.1 INTRODUCTION ; B.2 FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS ; B.3 EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS ; B.4 BESSEL AND SPHERICAL BESSEL EQUATIONS ; B.5 OTHER EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. An overview of some futurist advanced biofuels and their conversion technologies 2. Advanced Biofuels: Perspectives and Possibilities 3. Biomass Feedstocks for Advanced Biofuels: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management 4. Microalgal Biofuels – Challenges, Status and Scope 5. Biodiesel and green diesel 6. Development of 2nd generation ethanol technologies in India: Current status of commercialization 7. Biomass characterisation 8. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production 9. Recent developments in cellulolytic enzymes for ethanol production 10. Yeast mediated ethanol fermentation from lignocellulosic pentosan 11. Pyrolytic bio oil- production and applications 12. Biomass gasification Thermo-chemical route to energetic bio-chemicals 13. Progress and Trends in Renewable Jet Fuels 14. Recent advances in lignin valorisation 15. Bio-waste to hydrogen production technologies 16. Biorefinery approach for production of some high value chemicals 17. Biofuels and bioproducts from seaweeds 18. Anaerobic Gas Fermentation: A Carbon Refining Process for the Production of Sustainable Fuels, Chemicals, and Food 19. Cyanobacteria: a source of biofuel production and platform chemicals 20. Current Technical Advancement in Biogas Production and Indian Status 21. Regulations and specifications for biofuels 22. Life cycle and techno-economic assessment of microalgal biofuels

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Hazard Identification Techniques 3. HAZOP Techniques 4. Automated HAZOP 5. Case Study 2: HIPPS Studies 6. How Complexity applies to HAZOP 7. Multivariable Process Monitoring for HAZOP 8. Artificial Intelligence for HAZOP 4.0 9. Case Study 1: HAZOP of Complex Styrene Polymerization Plant 10. Digital Twins for PSM 4.0

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to Process Intensification 2. Micro actor and Micro reaction technology 3. Reactive Distillation & Reactive Separation Processes 4. Use of Alternative Energy Sources for the Initiation and Execution of Chemical Reactions and Processes 5. Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis 6. Compact heat exchangers 7. Dividing Wall Column 8. Spinning Disc Reactor 9. Super critical Fluids 10. Inline and High-Intensity Mixers

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Book SynopsisAdvances in processing methods are not only improving the quality and yield of lubricant base stocks, they are also reducing the dependence on more expensive crude oil starting materials. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry behind the processes involved in petroleum base stock production from crude oil fractions.This book examines hydroprocessing technologies that, driven by the demand for higher performance in finished lubricants, have transformed processing treatments throughout the industry. The author relates the properties of base stocks to their chemical composition and describes the process steps used in their manufacture. The book highlights catalytic processes, including hydrocracking, hydrofinishing, and catalytic dewaxing. It also covers traditional solvent-based separation methods used to remove impurities, enhance performance, and improve oxidation resistance. The final chapters discuss the prTable of ContentsIntroduction. Viscosity, Pour Points, Boiling Points, and Chemical Structure. Development of the Viscosity Index Concept and Relationship to Hydrocarbon Composition. Compositional Methods. Oxidation Resistance of Base Stocks. Conventional Base Stock Production: Solvent Refining, Solvent Dewaxing and Finishing. Lubes Hydrocracking. Chemistry of Hydroprocessing. Urea Dewaxing and the BP Catalytic Process. Dewaxing by Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization. Technical and Food Grade White Oils and Highly Refined Paraffins. Basestocks from Fischer-Tropsch Wax and the Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Process.

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Book SynopsisThe conservation of skin, leather and related materials is an area that, until now, has had little representation by the written word in book form. Marion Kite and Roy Thomson, of the Leather Conservation Centre, have prepared a text which is both authoritative and comprehensive, including contributions from the leading specialists in their fields, such as Betty Haines, Mary Lou Florian, Ester Cameron and Jim Spriggs.The book covers all aspects of Skin and Leather preservation, from Cuir Bouillie to Bookbindings. There is significant discussion of the technical and chemical elements necessary in conservation, meaning that professional conservators will find the book a vital part of their collection. As part of the Butterworth-Heinemann Black series, the book carries the stamp of approval of the leading figures in the world of Conservation and Museology, and as such it is the only publication available on the topic carrying this immediate Table of ContentsIntroduction; Dedication; Foreward; The nature and properties of leather; Collagen: the leather making protein; The fibre structure of leather; The chemistry of tanning materials; The mechanisms of deterioration in leather; Testing leathers and related materials; The manufacture of leather; The social position of leatherworks; Gilt leather; Cuir bouilli; The tools and techniques of leathermaking; General principles of conservation; Materials and techniques: past and present; Taxidermy; Furs and furriery: history, techniques and conservation; The conservation of exotic, feathered and aquatic skins; Ethnographic leather and skin products; Collagen products, glues, gelatine, gut membrane and sausage casings; The manufacture of parchment; The conservation of parchment; The conservation of leather bookbindings: a mosaic of contemporary techniques; The conservation of archaeological leather; Case histories

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Book SynopsisThis book elucidates the important role of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer, mass transport in solids and fluids, and internal and external fluid flow in the behavior of materials processes. These phenomena are critical in materials engineering because of the connection of transport to the evolution and distribution of microstructural properties during processing. From making choices in the derivation of fundamental conservation equations, to using scaling (order-of-magnitude) analysis showing relationships among different phenomena, to giving examples of how to represent real systems by simple models, the book takes the reader through the fundamentals of transport phenomena applied to materials processing. Fully updated, this third edition of a classic textbook offers a significant shift from the previous editions in the approach to this subject, representing an evolution incorporating the original ideas and extending them to a more comprehensive approach to the Table of Contents1. Introduction to Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing. 2. Steady State Conduction Heat Transfer. 3. Transient Conduction Heat Transfer. 4. Mass Diffusion in the Solid State. 5. Fluid Statics. 6. Mechanical Energy Balance in Fluid Flow. 7. Equations of Fluid Motion. 8. Internal Flows. 9. External Flows. 10. Convection Heat Transfer. 11. Mass Transfer in Fluids. 12. Radiation Heat Transfer.

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Book SynopsisCovering fabrication, characterization, and applications nanofiltration (NF) membranes, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of NF membrane technology over the past decade. It uniquely covers a variety of fabrication techniques, comparing the procedures of each technique to produce polymeric membranes of different morphologies. The book also discusses advances in the materials used in thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane fabrication and their influences on properties with respect to structural and separation characteristics. A comprehensive review on NF characterization methods and techniques is provided, assessing physical and chemical properties and separation characteristics and stability. Technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of NF membranes are also reviewed and the possible approaches to overcome the challenges are provided. The book concludes with relevant case studies on the use of NF membranes in industrial implementation of Trade Review"…readers can easily have an overview of the latest development of nanofiltration membranes." — Takeshi Matsuura, University of Ottawa, Canada"This book is an excellent source of information for someone who wants to know more about nanofiltration membranes. …the publication of this book is timely and should be a good reference book for many scientists and engineers. Each chapter is well explained and discussed, with an extensive list of references. Important figures and tables are provided, which make it easier for readers to understand the important principles and concepts of NF. Overall I found that this reference book is simple enough to understand, but also contains important information necessary to understand NF membranes. I would definitely suggest this book for those who wants to know more about NF." —Abdul Wahab Mohammad, National University of MalaysiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Synthesis of Nanofiltration Membrane. Advanced Materials in Nanofiltration Membrane. Technical Challenges and Approaches in Fabricating Nanofiltration Membrane. Characterization of Nanofiltration Membrane. Applications

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisWritten by leading international scientists the Handbook of Conductive Molecules and Polymers covers a vast range of organic materials, their chemical and physical properties, technology, and applications. Drawing on two decades of pioneering research, this is the first book to emphasise the multidisciplinary nature of the subject. As the subject continues to evolve it has an inevitable impact on related fields. Hence the publication of this work--the first multi-disciplinary handbook of conductive molecules and polymers.Table of ContentsVolume 4 Transport in Conducting PolymersE. Conwell Charge Transport in Conducting PolymersR. Menon Photochemical Processes of Conductive PolymersM. Abdou and S. Holdcroft Photorefractive PolymersL. Yu, et al. Electropolymerized Phthalocyanines and Their ApplicationsT. Guarr Characterization and Applications of Poly(p-phenylene) and Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)C. Kvarnstrom and A. Ivaska Artificial Muscles, Electrodissolution and Redox Processes in Conducting PolymersT. Otero Conducting Polymers for Batteries, Supercapacitors and Optical DevicesC. Arbizzani, et al. Photoelectric Conversion by Polymeric and Organic MaterialsM. Kaneko Index

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Book SynopsisThe drug discovery and development process is getting longer, more expensive, and no better. The industry suffers from the same clinical attrition and safety-related market withdrawal rates today as it did 20 years ago. Industrialization of Drug Discovery: From Target Selection Through Lead Optimization scrutinizes these problems in detail, contrasting the promise of technology and industrialization with the challenges of using the tools available to their best advantage. The book explores early successes, examines the current state of the art, and provides a strategic analysis of the issues currently facing drug discovery.Introducing the historical background and current status of the industry, the book delineates the basic tenets underlying modern drug discovery, how they have evolved, and their use in various approaches and strategies. It examines, in detail, the regulations, requirements, guidelines, and draft documents that guide so many FDA actions. The editor devotes the remainder of the discussion to industrialization, compound and knowledge management functions, the drug screening process, collaboration, and finally, ethical issues. Drawing on real-life, from-the-trenches examples, the book elucidates a new approach to drug discovery and development. This modern-day, back-to-basics approach includes three steps: understand the science, unravel the story, and then intelligently apply the technology, bringing to bear the entire armamentarium of industrialization techniques, not just automation, to the discovery process. Using these steps, you can meet the goals of more specific targets, more selective compounds, and decreased cycle times. In effect, you can look for a bigger needle in a smaller haystack. Daniel E. Levy, editor of the Drug Discovery Series, is the founder of DEL BioPharma, a consulting service for drug discovery programs. He also maintains a blog that explores organic chemistry.Trade Review“The book comprises of 10 well-defined chapters. Detailed discussion on historical background to drug discovery in modern age consists of basic concepts, how they have evolved and various approaches and strategies in modern drug discovery. … The book provides a very good review on all aspects of industrialization of drug discovery. … the book is of particular interest since it gives a systematic and in depth account of related topics to transform research into industrialization. This is a very good book of relevance to anyone interested in drug discovery and more, so for all personnel working in drug discovery.” —K. S. Laddha, Reader in Pharmacognosy, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, in Chemical Industry Digest, February 2007"Chapter 4, the best part of the book, is an extensive and excellent discussion of aspects of compound- library management. The authors of this chapter have considered all basic aspects of this important component of drug discovery . . . well written with extensive references." – Robert Goodnow, Hoffmann-LaRoche, in ChemMedChem, 2006, No. 3Table of ContentsDrug Discovery in the Modern Age: How We Got Here and Where Do We Go?. The Regulatory Age. Industrialization Not Automation. Compound Management. High Throughput Screening. Parallel Lead Optimization. Knowledge Management. ROI – How to Measure It? How to Get It?. Collaboration in a Virtual and Global Environment. From Genome to Drug: Ethical Issues.

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Book SynopsisPresents discussions on a range of approaches for molecular imprinting. This book offers experimental protocols that exemplify specific techniques, as well as surveys on molecular imprinting research and applications. It offers instruction on methods to design and optimize molecularly imprinted polymers.Trade Review"The editors have done an excellent job in soliciting chapters on specific topics and organizing them thematically to provide a volume in which the chapters compliment each other." JACS, 2005Table of ContentsMolecular Imprinting - An Introduction. A Brief History of the "New Era" of Molecular Imprinting. The Non-Covalent Approach. The covalent and other stoichiometric approaches. The Semi-covalent Approach. The Use of Metal Coordination for Controlling the Microenvironment of Imprinted Polymers. Synthesis and Selection of Functional and Structural Monomers. Combinatorial Approaches to Molecular Imprinting. Surface Imprinting. Scaffold Imprinting. Imprinting in Inorganic Matrices. Post Modification of Imprinted Polymers. Molecular Imprinting Using Hybrid Materials as Host Matrices. Thermodynamic Considerations and the Use of Molecular Modeling as a Tool for Predicting MIP Performances. Selectivity in Molecularly Imprinted Matrices Binding Isotherms. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Films and Membranes. Micromonoliths and Microfabricated Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Chromatographic Techniques. Capillary Electrophoresis. Metal Ion selective Molecularly Imprinted Materials. Solid Phase Extraction and Byproduct Removal. Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Materials as Enzyme Mimics. Application of MIPs as Antibody Mimics in Immunoassays. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Elements in Sensors: Mass and Electrochemical Sensors. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Elements in Optical Sensors

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Book SynopsisExtensively revised and updated to keep abreast of recent advances, Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, Third Edition continues to provide a broad-based, high-information text at an introductory, reader-friendly level that illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of polymer science. Adding or amending roughly 50% of the material, this new edition strengthens its aim to contribute a comprehensive treatment by offering a wide and balanced selection of topics across all aspects of the chemistry and physics of polymer science, from synthesis and physical properties to applications. Although the basics of polymer science remain unchanged, significant discoveries in the area of control over molecular weight, macromolecular structure and architecture, and the consequent ability to prepare materials with specific properties receive extensive mention in the third edition. Expanded chapters include controlled radical polymerizations, metallocene chemistry, and the preparTrade Review". . . continues the tradition of a well-known respected textbook . . ." – Mark Moloney, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, in Reviews, June 2008, Vol. 9, No. 16, Issue 1Table of ContentsIntroduction, Step-Growth Polymerization, Free-Radical, Ionic Polymerization , Linear Copolymers and Other Architectures, Polymer Stereochemistry, Polymerization Reactions Initiated by Metal Catalysts and Transfer Reactions, Polymers in Solution, Polymer Characterization - Molar Masses, Polymer Characterization - Chain Dimensions, Structures, and Morphology, The Crystalline State and Partially Ordered Structures, Rheology and Mechanical Properties, The Elastomeric State, Structure-Property Relations, Polymers for the Electronics Industry, Index

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Book SynopsisNumerical methods are a cornerstone of modern engineering. This lucid textbook strikes a balance between theory and analysis of numerical methods and their practical applications in engineering. Each chapter starts with the formulation and graphical representation of the numerical method. This is followed by the algorithms required to create computer assisted solutions and simulations, which are then applied on real-world examples and case studies to show how exactly they are used. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the numerical method under discussion is explained, thus helping the reader choose the best method for a specific problem at hand. Using extensive mathematical problems, illustrative examples and industrially relevant case studies, the book gives the readers physical insights into the ground realities of engineering applications, particularly in areas like heat transfer, fluid mechanics, mass transfer, transport phenomena, and thermodynamics.

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Book SynopsisA concise treatment of the fundamentals of thermodynamics is presented in this book. In particular, emphasis is placed on discussions of the second law, a unique feature of thermodynamics, which states the limitations of converting thermal energy into mechanical energy. The entropy function that permits the loss in the potential of a real thermodynamic process to be assessed, the maximum possible work in a process, and irreversibility and equilibrium are deduced from the law through physical and intuitive considerations. They are applicable in mitigating waste heat and are useful for solving energy, power, propulsion and climate-related issues.The treatment is not restricted to properties and functions of ideal gases. The ideal gas assumption is invoked as a limiting case. Reversible paths between equilibrium states are obtained using reversible heat engines and reversible heat pumps between environment and systems to determine the entropy changes and the maximum work. The coTable of Contents1. Fundamental Concepts. 2. Equation of State. 3. First Law of Thermodynamics. 4. Second Law of Thermodynamics. 5. Entropy. 6. Reversible Work, Availability and Irreversibility. 7. Thermodynamic State Functions. 8. Thermodynamic Coefficients and Specific Heats. 9. Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 10. Equilibrium of Species in a Chemically Reacting System. 11. Statistical Thermodynamics.

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Book SynopsisA well-rounded and articulate examination of polymer properties at the molecular level, this book focuses on fundamental principles based on underlying chemical structures, polymer synthesis, characterization, and properties.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Chain Molecules. Step-Growth Polymerization. Chain-Growth Polymerization. Controlled Polymerization. Copolymers, Microstructure, and Stereoregularity. Polymer Conformations. Thermodynamics of Polymer Mixtures. Light Scattering by Polymer Solutions. Dynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions. Networks, Gels, and Rubber Elasticity. Linear Viscoelasticity. Glass Transition. Crystalline Polymers. Apendix.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisSPREADSHEET APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY USING MICROSOFT EXCEL Find step-by-step tutorials on scientific data processing in the latest versions of Microsoft Excel The Second Edition of Spreadsheet Applications in Chemistry Using Microsoft Excel delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of the application of scientific data processing in Microsoft Excel. Written to incorporate the latest updates and changes found in Excel 2021, as well as later versions, this practical textbook is tutorial-focused and offers simple, step-by-step instructions for scientific data processing tasks commonly used by undergraduate students. Readers will also benefit from an online repository of experimental datasets that can be used to work through the tutorials to gain familiarity with data processing and visualization in Excel. This latest edition incorporTable of Contents Introduction to Excel Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data Regression Analysis Calibration Plots in Analytical Chemistry Visualizing concepts in Physical Chemistry Regression Analysis using Solver

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Book SynopsisA practical and accessible approach to machinery troubleshooting Unique Methods for Analyzing Failures and Catastrophic Events is designed to assist practicing engineers address design and fabrication problems in manufacturing equipment to support safe process operation. Throughout the book, a wealth of real-world case studies and easy-to-understand illustrated examples demonstrate how to use simplified failure analysis methods to produce insights for a wide range of engineering problems. Dr. Anthony Sofronas draws from his five decades of industry experience to help engineers better understand the science behind a particular problem, evaluate the failure analysis of an outside consultant, and recommend the best path forward to management. The author distills sophisticated engineering analysis approaches into compact, user-friendly methodologies that can be easily applied to the readers' own situations to avoid costly failures. Each chapter includes a thorough suTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Engineering Suggestions Based on Experience 1 1.1 What Should We Learn from This Book? 1 1.1.1 Summary 3 Reference 3 1.2 We All Contribute to Each Other’s Success 3 1.2.1 Summary 5 Reference 5 1.3 Why Performing Calculations is Important to an Engineer’s Career 5 1.3.1 Summary 7 Reference 8 1.4 How an Engineering Consultant Can Help Your Company 8 1.4.1 Summary 10 1.5 The Benefit of Keeping Complex Problems Simple 10 1.5.1 Summary 14 1.6 Taking Risks and Making High-Level Presentations 15 1.6.1 Summary 16 1.7 Searching the Literature for Data 16 1.7.1 Equations 17 1.7.2 Facts 17 1.7.3 Credibility 17 1.7.4 Accuracy of the Data 17 1.7.5 Sources to Search 18 1.7.6 Summary 18 References 19 1.8 Cautions to New to Industry Technical Personnel 19 1.8.1 The Wrong Frequency 19 1.8.2 Using the Incorrect Measuring Technique 20 1.8.3 Never Under-Estimate the Value of Experienced People 20 1.8.4 Check and Double Check Your Design 20 1.8.5 Some Understand the Equipment Much Better Than You 21 1.8.6 Summary 22 1.9 A Method for Analyzing Catastrophic Type Failures 22 References 24 2 Evaluating Failures and Designs 25 2.1 Twenty Rules to Remember 25 2.1.1 Summary 28 2.2 How to Avoid Being Overwhelmed in a Failure Situation 29 2.2.1 Summary 31 2.3 Catastrophic Failures and the Human Factor 31 2.3.1 Summary 35 References 35 2.4 The Importance of Alliances and Networking 35 2.4.1 Summary 36 2.5 Personal Checklists are Important 37 2.6 Checklist for Vibration Analysis 37 2.6.1 Summary 39 Reference 40 2.7 Checklist for New Piping System Installations 40 2.8 Checklists for Pumps and Compressors 40 2.9 Understanding What the Failure Data Is Telling You 41 2.9.1 Gear Damage 41 2.9.2 Shaft Failures 42 2.9.3 Weld Failures 43 2.9.4 Bolt Failures 43 2.9.5 Brittle Fracture Failures 45 2.9.6 Anti-Friction Bearing Failures 46 2.9.7 Spring Failures 46 2.9.8 Drilled Holes 47 2.9.9 Summary 48 2.10 Phantom Failures and Their Dilemma 49 2.10.1 Summary 50 2.11 Various Types of Equipment and Their Failure Loads 50 2.11.1 Summary 52 3 Mechanical Failures 53 3.1 Preventing Crankshaft Failures in Large Reciprocating Engines 53 3.1.1 Summary 57 3.2 Structural Collapse of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge 57 3.2.1 Summary 61 Reference 61 3.3 Failure Analysis Computations Differ from Design 61 3.3.1 Summary 64 3.4 Crack Growth and the Bending Failures of a Hollow Shaft 64 3.4.1 An In-Service Failure Example 66 3.4.2 The Assumptions and Comparisons 67 3.4.3 Summary 68 Reference 68 3.5 Why Did a Small Piece of Foam Cause the Shuttle Columbia to Crash? 68 3.5.1 Summary 71 Reference 71 3.6 Can the Aircraft Cowling Contain a Broken Turbine Blade? 71 3.6.1 Summary 72 References 72 3.7 Why Did My Car Windshield Break from a Very Small Stone? 73 3.7.1 Summary 73 3.8 Momentum or Why a Car Is Harder to Push and Then Easier When Rolling 73 3.8.1 Summary 75 3.9 Bearing Failure Due To Design Error 75 3.9.1 Summary 76 3.10 What Is the Shortest Stopping Distance for My Car? 76 3.10.1 Summary 76 3.11 How Hot Do Brake Disks Get in a Panic Stop? 77 3.11.1 Summary 78 3.12 Will the Turbocharger Disk Go Through its Housing? 78 3.12.1 Summary 80 3.13 Failure of an Agitator Gearbox 80 3.13.1 Summary 82 3.14 Failure of an Extruder Screw 82 3.14.1 Summary 83 Reference 83 3.15 Failure of a Steam Turbine Blade 84 3.15.1 Summary 87 3.16 How Long Will It Last? 87 3.16.1 Summary 90 Reference 90 3.17 Gear Life With a Load 90 3.17.1 Summary 92 3.18 Analyzing the Life of a Gear 93 3.18.1 Summary 94 3.19 Predicting the Cause of a Gear Tooth Crack Growth Past and Future 94 References 96 3.20 Nonlinear and Linear Impact Problems 97 3.20.1 Summary 100 3.21 Phantom Failure of an Expander–Dryer 100 3.21.1 Summary 103 3.22 Cracking of a Rail Hopper Car Due to Couple-Up 103 Reference 106 3.23 Loss of Oil Supply and Gear Set Destruction 106 References 109 3.24 Analyzing the Total Collapse of a Multi-Story Building 110 References 115 4 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Examples 116 4.1 Addressing Heat Exchanger Tube Leaks 116 4.1.1 Summary 118 4.2 Explaining Flow Through Piping Using the Poiseuille Equation 119 4.2.1 Summary 120 4.3 A Local Flooding Event at a Plant Site 120 4.3.1 Summary 122 Reference 122 4.4 Examining Fan System Pulsations 122 4.4.1 Summary 125 References 126 4.5 The Dynamics of How an Aircraft Flies 126 4.5.1 Summary 129 4.6 How Much Wind Does It Take to Blow Over a Motor Coach? 129 4.6.1 Summary 131 4.7 How Much Wind Force to Buckle an Aircraft Hanger Door? 131 4.7.1 Summary 132 4.8 How Much Water on a Road to Float a Car? 132 4.8.1 Summary 133 4.9 How Fast Does an Object Hit the Ground? 133 4.9.1 Summary 135 4.10 Collapse of a Bubble and the Excitation Force on a Structure 135 4.10.1 Summary 139 4.11 Failure of a Cooling Tower Pump Due to Water Hammer 139 4.11.1 Summary 142 References 142 4.12 Braking Resistor Burn-Out on a Locomotive 142 4.12.1 Summary 144 4.13 Will a Small Ice Air Conditioner Work? 144 4.13.1 Summary 148 References 148 4.14 Prototype of Smallest Air Ice Cooler 148 4.14.1 Summary 149 5 Sports Examples 151 5.1 Why Does a Baseball Curve? 151 5.1.1 Summary 153 5.2 How Far Does a Baseball Go When Hit with Drag? 153 5.2.1 Summary 154 5.3 What Is the Force of a Batted Baseball? 154 5.3.1 Summary 155 5.4 Why Doesn’t a Baseball Catcher’s Arm Break with a 100-mph Fastball? 155 5.4.1 Some Data 156 5.4.2 Summary 157 5.5 Dynamics of a Billiard Ball 157 5.5.1 Summary 158 5.6 How Far Can a Golf Ball Go? 158 5.6.1 Summary 159 5.7 What Causes an Ice Skater to Spin so Fast? 159 5.7.1 Summary 160 5.8 Why Don’t High Divers Get Injured? 160 5.8.1 Summary 162 References 162 5.9 How Hard Is a Boxers Punch? 163 5.9.1 Summary 164 6 Gas Explosion Events 165 6.1 Energy in Steam Boiler Explosions 165 6.1.1 Summary 167 References 167 6.2 Delayed Fireball-Type Explosions 167 6.2.1 Summary 171 References 171 6.3 Method for Investigating Hydrocarbon Explosions 171 6.3.1 Summary 178 References 178 6.4 Pipeline Explosion Critical Zone 179 6.4.1 Summary 179 6.5 Pneumatic Explosion Debris Range 180 6.5.1 Summary 181 6.6 How Are the Effect of Massive Energy Releases Compared? 182 6.6.1 Summary 183 6.7 Engine Air Intake Manifold Explosion 183 6.7.1 Summary 185 Reference 185 7 Vibration and Impact: The Cause of Failures 186 7.1 Investigating a Possible Cause for a Coupling Failure in a Centrifugal Compressor 186 7.1.1 Summary 192 References 192 7.2 Sudden Power Interruption to a System 193 7.2.1 Summary 195 7.3 Effect of Liquid Slug in a Centrifugal Compressor 195 7.3.1 Summary 198 Reference 198 7.4 Weld Failures in Vibrating Equipment 198 7.4.1 Summary 201 References 201 7.5 Effect of Gear Chatter on Pinion Teeth Impact 202 7.5.1 Summary 202 7.6 Holzer Method for Calculating Torsional Multi-mass Systems 203 7.6.1 Summary 204 7.7 What to do When the Vibration Levels Increase on Large Gearboxes 204 7.7.1 Summary 209 Reference 209 7.8 How Vibratory Torque Relates to Bearing Cap Vibration in a Gearbox 209 7.8.1 Summary 211 Reference 211 7.9 Vibration of a Polymer Extruder Gearbox 211 7.9.1 Summary 212 References 213 7.10 Processing and Wear Load Increase in a Polymer Extruder 213 7.10.1 Summary 214 Reference 214 7.11 Vibration Charts Can Give Faulty Information 214 7.11.1 Summary 215 7.12 Have Torsional Vibrations Caused the Gearbox Pinion to Fail? 216 7.12.1 Summary 218 8 Examining the Human Body 219 8.1 What Causes Football Brain Injuries? 219 8.1.1 Summary 223 References 223 8.2 Life Assessment Diagrams 223 8.2.1 Summary 224 8.3 Assessing the Cumulative Damage Done by Head Impacts 224 8.3.1 Summary 228 References 228 8.4 What Happens When I Hit My Head and See Stars? 229 8.4.1 Summary 230 8.5 How Does the Body Keep Cool? 230 8.5.1 Summary 232 8.6 How Do Our Muscles Work? 232 8.6.1 Summary 234 8.7 Why Do People Die from Heatstroke in a 75 ∘ FCar? 234 8.7.1 Summary 235 8.8 What Damage Can a Safety Airbag Do to a Human? 236 8.8.1 Summary 236 8.9 How Is Blood Pressure Measured? 236 8.9.1 Summary 237 8.10 How Does the Heart Work? 237 8.10.1 Summary 241 8.11 Restricting the Spread of a Virus 241 8.11.1 Summary 244 Reference 245 8.12 Why Do Some Survive a Freefall Out of an Aircraft? 246 8.12.1 Summary 246 9 Other Curious Catastrophic Failures Related to Earth 247 9.1 Can an Asteroid Be Deflected from Hitting Earth? 247 9.1.1 Summary 249 9.2 What Size Crater Does a Large Asteroid Make When It Hits Earth? 250 9.2.1 Summary 253 9.3 What Is an Earthquake? 253 9.3.1 Summary 255 9.4 Earthquakes Are so Strong Why Don’t They Do More Damage? 256 9.4.1 Summary 258 9.5 Concerns on the Super-Volcano Under Yellowstone National Park 258 9.5.1 Summary 260 References 261 9.6 What Is a Tsunami and How Do They Form? 261 9.6.1 Summary 262 Reference 262 9.7 What Is a Tornado? 262 9.7.1 Summary 264 Reference 264 9.8 Can a Tornado Really Lift a House? 264 9.8.1 Summary 265 9.9 Can Straw Penetrate a Tree in a Tornado? 265 9.9.1 Summary 266 Reference 266 9.10 What Is a Hurricane? 266 9.10.1 Summary 267 10 Strange Occurrences and Other Interesting Items 268 10.1 What in the Force of a Ship Hitting a Whale? 268 10.1.1 Summary 269 Reference 270 10.2 How Much Wind to Blow Over a Tree 270 10.2.1 Summary 272 10.3 Why Do Objects Appear Smaller Than They Are? 273 10.3.1 Summary 274 10.4 Do We Feel a Force When Near Large Objects? 274 10.4.1 Summary 275 10.5 Why Does the Moon Sometimes Appear So Big on the Horizon? 275 10.5.1 Summary 276 10.6 How Does an Air Conditioner Operate? 276 10.6.1 Summary 277 Reference 277 10.7 How Fast to Heat Up a Room? 278 10.7.1 Summary 278 10.8 How Do I Size an Air Conditioner for a Garage? 278 10.8.1 Summary 279 10.9 At What Speed Does a Locomotive Become De-railed? 279 10.9.1 Summary 280 10.10 Are Those Huge Cruise Ships Stable? 280 10.10.1 Summary 281 10.11 Why Are Arches Used? 281 10.11.1 Summary 285 10.12 Why Don’t Bighorn Sheep Die When Banging Their Heads? 285 10.12.1 Summary 286 10.13 Why Can’t We Walk on Water? 286 10.13.1 Summary 288 Reference 288 10.14 How to Predict the Outcome of the Stock Market 288 10.14.1 Summary 292 10.15 Things Aren’t as Random as They May Appear 293 Reference 294 10.15.1 Summary 295 10.16 Why Do Certain Events Seem to Happen Quite Often? 295 10.16.1 Summary 295 10.17 Occurrences on Machines and Structures 295 10.17.1 Summary 298 10.18 How Long Does It Take to Thaw a Frozen Turkey and to Cook It? 298 10.18.1 Summary 300 11 Magic Tricks Using Engineering Principles 301 11.1 Surface Tension and Floating Metal 301 11.1.1 Summary 304 11.2 Acceleration of Gravity and the Money Challenge 304 11.2.1 Summary 305 11.3 The Jumping Coin 305 11.3.1 Summary 306 11.4 The Belt Balancing Act 306 11.4.1 Summary 307 11.5 How Can It Be Held Up by Threads? 308 11.5.1 Summary 309 11.6 Pulling the Tablecloth 310 11.6.1 Summary 311 12 Useful Forms of the Equations Used in this Book 312 12.1 The Equations of Motion 312 12.2 Newton’s First Law of Force 312 12.3 Newton’s Second Law of Force 313 12.4 Newton’s Third Law of Force 313 12.5 Newton’s Gravitation Theory 313 12.6 Static Equilibrium 314 12.7 Momentum and Impulse 314 12.8 Kinetic Energy 314 12.9 Potential Energy 315 12.10 Conservation of Energy 315 12.11 Bernoulli’s Equation 315 12.12 Specific Heat Equation 316 12.13 Conduction Equation 316 12.14 Convection Equation 316 12.15 Radiation Equation 317 12.16 Theories of Material Failure 317 12.17 Archimedes Principle 317 12.18 Centrifugal Force 318 12.19 What Is Enthalpy? 318 13 A Little About Some Famous Scientists Mentioned in This Book 319 13.1 Isaac Newton (1642–1726 AD) 319 13.2 Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782 AD) 320 13.3 Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) 320 13.4 William Rankine (1820–1872 AD) 321 13.5 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519 AD) 321 13.6 Heinrich Holzer 321 13.7 Stephan Timoshenko (1878–1972) 322 Reference 322 13.8 Jacob P. Den Hartog (1901–1989) 322 References 322 13.9 Wilson, Ker, William 322 Index 325

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Book SynopsisMicrobes in the Food Industry This newest volume in the groundbreaking new series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, focuses on the latest processes, industrial applications, and leading research on microbes in the food industry, for engineers, scientists, students, and other industry professionals. Microbes in the Food Industry, the latest volume in the series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, is focused on different aspects in food microbiology, food science and related subjects for individuals in the food industry, researchers, academics, and students. Microbes are key components of the food processing industry, and this book concentrates on topics that incorporate ideas and applications from various fields to address concerns relating to food safety, quality, and sensory attributes. Researchers around the globe will be able to use this information as a guide in establishing the direction of future research on food processing considering various aspects related to microbes. The maiTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Techniques 1Raina Jain, Prashant Bagade, Kalpana Patil-Doke and Ganesh Ramamurthi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Food Microbiology: A Historical Perspective 2 1.3 Beneficial Microbes in Food 4 1.4 Harmful Microbes in Food 8 1.5 Classical Food Microbiological Techniques 16 1.6 Advances in Food Microbiological Techniques 21 1.7 Regulations Governing Food Microbiology 30 1.8 Conclusions 33 2 Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention 39Monalisa Sahoo, Pramod Aradwad, Nikita Sanwal, Jatindra Kumar Sahu, Vivek Kumar and S. N. Naik 2.1 Fermentation 40 2.2 Traditional Fermented Food 45 2.3 Application of Fermentation to Food 45 2.4 Effects of Fermentation on Nutrients 54 2.5 Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages 60 2.6 Food Safety and Quality Control 63 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 66 3 Probiotic Dairy Foods 87Gökçe Eminoglu, H. Ceren Akal and H. Barbaros Ozer 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Classification and Phylogenetic Properties of Probiotic Microorganisms 90 3.3 Probiotics in the Dairy Matrix 100 3.4 Probiotic Dairy Products 102 4 Dairy Probiotic Products 139Callebe Camelo Silva, Silvani Verruck, Marco Di Luccio, Tatiana C. Pimentel, Marcia Cristina Silva, Erick Almeida Esmerino and Adriano Gomes da Cruz 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Fermented Milks 141 4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 5 Design Schematics, Operational Characteristics and Process Applications of Bioreactors 217Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal, Shubham Jadhav, Sunil Kundu, Namita Singh and Navnidhi Chhikara 5.1 Introduction 218 5.2 Fermenter Design and Operations 220 5.3 Fermenter Configuration 223 5.4 Types of Fermenter 227 5.5 Factors Influencing Operation of Fermenters 238 5.6 Conclusion 241 6 Enzymes in Food Industry and Their Regulatory Oversight 249Megha Dhingra and Jasvir Singh 6.1 Introduction 250 6.2 Production of Enzymes 250 6.3 Applications of Enzymes in Food Industry 258 6.4 Safety Evaluation of Enzymes 263 6.5 Global Regulatory Frameworks 269 6.6 Regulatory Framework in India 270 7 Functional and Nutraceutical Potential of Fruits and Vegetables 275Samandeep Kaur, Umexi Rani and Parmjit Singh Panesar 7.1 Introduction 276 7.2 Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables 277 7.3 Nutritional Composition of Fruits and Vegetable By-Products 287 7.4 Extraction of Bioactives from Fruits and Vegetables 288 7.5 Processing Methods Used for Development of Functional Foods from Fruits and Vegetables 297 7.5.1 Fermentation 297 7.6 Fruits and Vegetable-Based Nutraceuticals 304 7.7 Influence of Processing Methods on Functional Ingredients 307 7.8 Influence of Storage on Functional Ingredients 309 7.9 Future of Functional Foods 311 8 Microbes as Bio-Factories for the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes 321Shivali Banerjee and Amit Arora 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Microbial Bio-Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 322 8.3 Valuable Commodities from Fruit and Vegetable Waste 325 8.4 Technical Challenges, Economics and Future Prospective 339 8.5 Conclusion 340 9 Solid-State Fermentation 355Manish Tiwari, Rashmin Dhingani, Nandani Goyal, Bhavesh Joshi and R.V. Prasad 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 History of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 359 9.3 Factors Affecting SSF 360 9.4 Types of Solid-State Fermentation 365 9.5 Application of SSF Carried Out on Inert Support Materials 368 9.6 Modern Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation 373 9.7 Challenges to SSF 384 9.8 Conclusions 385 10 Pigments Produced by Fungi and Bacteria from Extreme Environments 393Graciéle Cunha Alves de Menezes, Tiago Daniel Madureira de Medeiros, Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima, Maurício Bernardo da Silva, Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz, Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte, Valéria Maia de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique Rosa and Juliano Lemos Bicas 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Extreme Environments 397 10.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms 398 11 Commercially Available Databases in Food Microbiology 441Priyanka Rohilla, Anju Kumari, Sapna Birania and Monika 11.1 Introduction 442 11.2 Functions of a Databases 442 11.3 Need for Databases 443 11.4 Predictive Microbiology in Foods 444 11.5 Predictive Microbiology and Its Models 446 11.6 Rapid Methods of Data Generation 448 11.7 Predictive Models 449 11.8 Guidelines for Modeling the Shelf Life of Foods 459 11.9 Databases in Foods 460 11.10 QMRA (Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment) 462 11.11 Other Databases 463 11.12 Future Prospects 463 References 464 Index 469

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Book SynopsisIntroduces Machine Learning Techniques and Tools and Provides Guidance on How to Implement Machine Learning Into Chemical Safety and Health-related Model Development There is a growing interest in the application of machine learning algorithms in chemical safety and health-related model development, with applications in areas including property and toxicity prediction, consequence prediction, and fault detection. This book is the first to review the current status of machine learning implementation in chemical safety and health research and to provide guidance for implementing machine learning techniques and algorithms into chemical safety and health research. Written by an international team of authors and edited by renowned experts in the areas of process safety and occupational and environmental health, sample topics covered within the work include: An introduction to the fundamentals of machine learning, including regression, classification and cross-validatTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Pingfan Hu and Qingsheng Wang 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Current State 5 1.2.1 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship 5 1.2.2 Consequence Prediction Using Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship 6 1.2.3 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 6 1.2.4 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 7 1.2.5 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 7 1.2.6 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 7 1.2.7 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 8 1.2.8 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 8 1.2.9 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 8 1.3 Software and Tools 9 1.3.1 R 9 1.3.2 Python 12 References 13 2 Machine Learning Fundamentals 19 Yan Yan 2.1 What Is Learning? 19 2.1.1 Machine Learning Applications and Examples 20 2.1.2 Machine Learning Tasks 21 2.2 Concepts of Machine Learning 22 2.3 Machine Learning Paradigms 24 2.4 Probably Approximately Correct Learning 25 2.4.1 Deterministic Setting 26 2.4.2 Stochastic Setting 29 v 0005453285.3D 5 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 2.5 Estimation and Approximation 31 2.6 Empirical Risk Minimization 32 2.6.1 Empirical Risk Minimizer 32 2.6.2 VC-dimension Generalization Bound 33 2.6.3 General Loss Functions 34 2.7 Regularization 35 2.7.1 Regularized Loss Minimization 35 2.7.2 Constrained and Regularized Problem 36 2.7.3 Trade-off Between Estimation and Approximation Error 37 2.8 Maximum Likelihood Principle 38 2.8.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 39 2.8.2 Cross Entropy Minimization 40 2.9 Optimization 41 2.9.1 Linear Regression: An Example 42 2.9.2 Closed-form Solution 42 2.9.3 Gradient Descent 43 2.9.4 Stochastic Gradient Descent 45 References 46 3 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using QSPR Modeling 47 Yong Pan and Juncheng Jiang 3.1 Introduction 47 3.1.1 Flammability Characteristics 47 3.1.2 QSPR Application 48 3.1.2.1 Concept of QSPR 48 3.1.2.2 Trends and Characteristics of QSPR 48 3.2 Flowchart for Flammability Characteristics Prediction 49 3.2.1 Dataset Preparation 51 3.2.2 Structure Input and Molecular Simulation 52 3.2.3 Calculation of Molecular Descriptors 53 3.2.4 Preliminary Screening of Molecular Descriptors 54 3.2.5 Descriptor Selection and Modeling 55 3.2.6 Model Validation 57 3.2.6.1 Model Fitting Ability Evaluation 57 3.2.6.2 Model Stability Analysis 59 3.2.6.3 Model Predictivity Evaluation 60 3.2.7 Model Mechanism Explanation 61 3.2.8 Summary of QSPR Process 61 3.3 QSPR Review for Flammability Characteristics 62 3.3.1 Flammability Limits 62 3.3.1.1 LFLT and LFL 62 3.3.1.2 UFLT and UFL 64 3.3.2 Flash Point 65 3.3.3 Auto-ignition Temperature 68 3.3.4 Heat of Combustion 69 vi Contents 0005453285.3D 6 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 3.3.5 Minimum Ignition Energy 70 3.3.6 Gas-liquid Critical Temperature 70 3.3.7 Other Properties 72 3.4 Limitations 72 3.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 73 References 73 4 Consequence Prediction and Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 81 Zeren Jiao and Qingsheng Wang 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Conventional Consequence Prediction Methods 82 4.2.1 Empirical Method 82 4.2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Method 83 4.2.3 Integral Method 84 4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning-Based Consequence Prediction Models 84 4.4 Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 86 4.4.1 Consequence Database 88 4.4.2 Property Descriptors 89 4.4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 89 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 90 References 91 5 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 93 Ming Yang ,Hao Sun and Rustam Abubarkirov 5.1 Opportunities and Threats 93 5.2 State-of-the-Art Reviews 95 5.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 95 5.2.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 97 5.2.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 97 5.3 Case Study of Asset Integrity Assessment 98 5.4 Data-Driven Model of Asset Integrity Assessment 105 5.4.1 Condition Monitoring Data Collection 106 5.4.2 Data Processing and Storage 106 5.4.3 Data Mining for Risk Quantification and Monitoring Control 107 5.4.4 AIM Application 107 5.4.5 The Application of the Framework 108 5.5 Conclusion 109 References 109 6 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 113 Rajeevan Arunthavanathan, Salim Ahmed, Faisal Khan and Syed Imtiaz 6.1 Background 113 6.2 Machine Learning Approaches in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 114 6.3 Supervised Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 115 Contents vii 0005453285.3D 7 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 6.3.1 Neural Network 115 6.3.1.1 Neural Network Theory and Algorithm 115 6.3.1.2 Neural Network Learning for Fault Classification 117 6.3.1.3 Algorithm for Fault Classification Using Neural Network 118 6.3.2 Support Vector Machine 118 6.3.2.1 Support Vector Machine Theory and Algorithm 118 6.3.3 Support Vector Machine Model Selection and Algorithm 120 6.3.4 Support Vector Machine Multiclass Classification 121 6.4 Unsupervised Learning Models for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 122 6.4.1 K-Nearest Neighbors 122 6.4.2 One-Class Support Vector Machine 123 6.4.3 One-Class Neural Network 124 6.4.4 Comparison Between Deep Learning with Machine Learning in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 126 6.5 Intelligent FDD Using Machine Learning 127 6.5.1 Model Development 127 6.5.2 Data Collection 129 6.5.2.1 Model Development Steps 129 6.5.2.2 Result Comparison 130 6.6 Concluding Remarks 134 References 134 7 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 139 Denglong Ma 7.1 Introduction 139 7.1.1 Development of Detecting Gas Emission 139 7.1.2 Development of Source Term Identification 140 7.2 Intelligent Methods for Recognizing Gas Emission 141 7.2.1 Leakage Recognition of Sequestrated CO2 in the Atmosphere 141 7.2.1.1 Gas Leakage Recognition for CO2 Geological Sequestration 142 7.2.1.2 Case Studies for CO2 Recognition 144 7.2.2 Emission Gas Identification with Artificial Olfactory 149 7.2.2.1 Features of Responses in AOS 150 7.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine Models for Gas Identification 150 7.2.2.3 Deep Learning Models for Gas Identification 155 7.3 Intelligent Methods for Identifying Emission Sources 158 7.3.1 Source Estimation with Intelligent Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.1 Principle of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.2 Case Studies of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 159 7.3.2 Source Estimation with MRE-PSO Method 159 7.3.2.1 Principle of PSO-MRE for Source Estimation 161 7.3.2.2 Case Studies 163 7.3.3 Source Estimation with PSO-Tikhonov Regulation Method 164 7.3.3.1 Principle of PSO-Tikhonov Regularization Hybrid Method 164 7.3.3.2 Case Study 167 viii Contents 0005453285.3D 8 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 7.3.4 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 168 7.3.4.1 Forward Gas Dispersion Model Based on MLA 168 7.3.4.2 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 169 7.3.4.3 Case Study 172 7.4 Conclusions and Future Work 173 7.4.1 Conclusions 173 7.4.2 Limitations and Future Work 177 References 178 8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 183 Pingfan Hu, Changjie Cai, Yu Feng and Qingsheng Wang 8.1 Introduction 183 8.1.1 Machine Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.1.2 Deep Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.2 CNN-Based Models for Classification 184 8.2.1 ResNet50 184 8.2.2 YOLOv4 (Darknet53) 185 8.2.3 Grad-CAM 186 8.3 Case Study 186 8.3.1 Background 186 8.3.2 Study Design 187 8.3.3 Training and Testing Database Preparation 187 8.3.4 Results 190 8.3.4.1 Classification Performance of the Modified ResNet50 Model 190 8.3.4.2 Classification Performance of the YOLOv4 Model 190 8.3.4.3 Post-Processing Via Grad-CAM Model and HSV 193 8.3.5 Conclusion 194 8.4 Limitations and Future Work 194 References 195 9 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 199 Bilal M. Khan and Yoram Cohen 9.1 Predictive Nanotoxicology 199 9.1.1 Introduction 199 9.1.2 Nano Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) 200 9.1.3 Importance of Data for Nanotoxicology 204 9.2 Machine Learning Modeling for Predictive Nanotoxicology 205 9.2.1 Overview 205 9.2.2 Unsupervised Learning 211 9.2.2.1 Data Exploration Via Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) 211 9.2.2.2 Evaluating Associations among Sublethal Toxicity Responses 214 9.2.3 Supervised Learning 215 9.2.3.1 Random Forest Models 216 Contents ix 0005453285.3D 9 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 9.2.3.2 Support Vector Machines 216 9.2.3.3 Bayesian Networks 216 9.2.3.4 Supervised Classification and Regression-Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 218 9.2.4 Predictive Nano-(Q)SARs for the Assessment of Causal Relationships 220 9.3 Development of Machine Learning Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 224 9.3.1 Overview 224 9.3.1.1 Data-Driven Models 224 9.3.1.2 Mechanistic/Theoretical Models 225 9.3.2 Data Generation, Collection, and Preprocessing 225 9.3.3 Descriptor Selection 226 9.3.4 Model Selection and Training 229 9.3.5 Model Validation 230 9.3.5.1 Descriptor Importance 231 9.3.5.2 Applicability Domain 231 9.3.6 Model Diagnosis and Debugging 231 9.4 Nanoinformatics Approaches to Predictive Nanotoxicology 234 9.5 Summary 235 References 238 10 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 251 Gregory L. Watson 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Environmental Exposure Modeling 252 10.3 Machine Learning Exposure Models 254 10.4 Model Evaluation 257 10.5 Case Study 258 10.6 Other Topics 260 10.6.1 Bias and Fairness 260 10.6.2 Wearable Sensors 260 10.6.3 Interpretability 260 10.6.4 Extreme Events 260 10.7 Conclusion 261 References 261 11 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 267 Lan Gao, Changjie Cai and Xiao-Ming Hu 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Air Quality and Climate Data Acquisition 269 11.2.1 Earth Satellite Observation Datasets 269 11.2.1.1 Basics of Earth Satellite Observations 269 11.2.1.2 Earth Satellite Products 270 11.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Observation Datasets 276 11.2.2.1 Basics of the Ground-Based In Situ Observations 276 11.2.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Products 277 11.3 Applications of Machine Learning in Air Quality Study 279 x Contents 0005453285.3D 10 30/8/2022 8:51:34 PM 11.3.1 Shallow Learning 280 11.3.2 Deep Learning 280 11.4 An Application Practice Example 281 11.4.1 Satellite Data Acquisition and Variable Selections 282 11.4.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 282 References 283 12 Current Challenges and Perspectives 289 Changjie Cai and Qingsheng Wang 12.1 Current Challenges 289 12.1.1 Data Development and Cleaning 289 12.1.2 Hardware Issues 290 12.1.3 Data Confidentiality 290 12.1.4 Other Challenges 291 12.2 Perspectives 291 12.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Forecast of Chemical Hazards 291 12.2.2 Toolkits for Dummies 292 12.2.3 Physics-Informed Machine Learning 292 References 293 Index 000

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