Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisAccident: an undesired event that results in loss. Most people give little thought to accidents or their prevention. Health and safety professionals face this challenge, and its associated costs and losses, both human and financial, every day. Cause, Effect, and Control of Accidental Loss with Accident Investigation Kit provides the tools you need for accident prevention in the workplace and during off-site company activities.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Gather Equipment and Instruments. Visit Accident Site, Gather and Record Information. Record the Type of Injury/Damage/Event That Occurred. Do a Risk Assessment. Determine the Type of Injury and Body Part Injured. Determine Accident and Agency Types. Describe the Event. Determine the Sequence of Events. Do an Immediate Cause/Basic Cause Analysis and Inspection Records. Recommend Control Remedies. Follow Up. Signatures. Conclusion. References.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in processing methods are not only improving the quality and yield of lubricant base stocks, they are also reducing the dependence on more expensive crude oil starting materials. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry behind the processes involved in petroleum base stock production from crude oil fractions.This book examines hydroprocessing technologies that, driven by the demand for higher performance in finished lubricants, have transformed processing treatments throughout the industry. The author relates the properties of base stocks to their chemical composition and describes the process steps used in their manufacture. The book highlights catalytic processes, including hydrocracking, hydrofinishing, and catalytic dewaxing. It also covers traditional solvent-based separation methods used to remove impurities, enhance performance, and improve oxidation resistance. The final chapters discuss the prTable of ContentsIntroduction. Viscosity, Pour Points, Boiling Points, and Chemical Structure. Development of the Viscosity Index Concept and Relationship to Hydrocarbon Composition. Compositional Methods. Oxidation Resistance of Base Stocks. Conventional Base Stock Production: Solvent Refining, Solvent Dewaxing and Finishing. Lubes Hydrocracking. Chemistry of Hydroprocessing. Urea Dewaxing and the BP Catalytic Process. Dewaxing by Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization. Technical and Food Grade White Oils and Highly Refined Paraffins. Basestocks from Fischer-Tropsch Wax and the Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Process.

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Book SynopsisThe conservation of skin, leather and related materials is an area that, until now, has had little representation by the written word in book form. Marion Kite and Roy Thomson, of the Leather Conservation Centre, have prepared a text which is both authoritative and comprehensive, including contributions from the leading specialists in their fields, such as Betty Haines, Mary Lou Florian, Ester Cameron and Jim Spriggs.The book covers all aspects of Skin and Leather preservation, from Cuir Bouillie to Bookbindings. There is significant discussion of the technical and chemical elements necessary in conservation, meaning that professional conservators will find the book a vital part of their collection. As part of the Butterworth-Heinemann Black series, the book carries the stamp of approval of the leading figures in the world of Conservation and Museology, and as such it is the only publication available on the topic carrying this immediate Table of ContentsIntroduction; Dedication; Foreward; The nature and properties of leather; Collagen: the leather making protein; The fibre structure of leather; The chemistry of tanning materials; The mechanisms of deterioration in leather; Testing leathers and related materials; The manufacture of leather; The social position of leatherworks; Gilt leather; Cuir bouilli; The tools and techniques of leathermaking; General principles of conservation; Materials and techniques: past and present; Taxidermy; Furs and furriery: history, techniques and conservation; The conservation of exotic, feathered and aquatic skins; Ethnographic leather and skin products; Collagen products, glues, gelatine, gut membrane and sausage casings; The manufacture of parchment; The conservation of parchment; The conservation of leather bookbindings: a mosaic of contemporary techniques; The conservation of archaeological leather; Case histories

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Book SynopsisThis book elucidates the important role of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer, mass transport in solids and fluids, and internal and external fluid flow in the behavior of materials processes. These phenomena are critical in materials engineering because of the connection of transport to the evolution and distribution of microstructural properties during processing. From making choices in the derivation of fundamental conservation equations, to using scaling (order-of-magnitude) analysis showing relationships among different phenomena, to giving examples of how to represent real systems by simple models, the book takes the reader through the fundamentals of transport phenomena applied to materials processing. Fully updated, this third edition of a classic textbook offers a significant shift from the previous editions in the approach to this subject, representing an evolution incorporating the original ideas and extending them to a more comprehensive approach to the Table of Contents1. Introduction to Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing. 2. Steady State Conduction Heat Transfer. 3. Transient Conduction Heat Transfer. 4. Mass Diffusion in the Solid State. 5. Fluid Statics. 6. Mechanical Energy Balance in Fluid Flow. 7. Equations of Fluid Motion. 8. Internal Flows. 9. External Flows. 10. Convection Heat Transfer. 11. Mass Transfer in Fluids. 12. Radiation Heat Transfer.

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Book SynopsisCovering fabrication, characterization, and applications nanofiltration (NF) membranes, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of NF membrane technology over the past decade. It uniquely covers a variety of fabrication techniques, comparing the procedures of each technique to produce polymeric membranes of different morphologies. The book also discusses advances in the materials used in thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane fabrication and their influences on properties with respect to structural and separation characteristics. A comprehensive review on NF characterization methods and techniques is provided, assessing physical and chemical properties and separation characteristics and stability. Technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of NF membranes are also reviewed and the possible approaches to overcome the challenges are provided. The book concludes with relevant case studies on the use of NF membranes in industrial implementation of Trade Review"…readers can easily have an overview of the latest development of nanofiltration membranes." — Takeshi Matsuura, University of Ottawa, Canada"This book is an excellent source of information for someone who wants to know more about nanofiltration membranes. …the publication of this book is timely and should be a good reference book for many scientists and engineers. Each chapter is well explained and discussed, with an extensive list of references. Important figures and tables are provided, which make it easier for readers to understand the important principles and concepts of NF. Overall I found that this reference book is simple enough to understand, but also contains important information necessary to understand NF membranes. I would definitely suggest this book for those who wants to know more about NF." —Abdul Wahab Mohammad, National University of MalaysiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Synthesis of Nanofiltration Membrane. Advanced Materials in Nanofiltration Membrane. Technical Challenges and Approaches in Fabricating Nanofiltration Membrane. Characterization of Nanofiltration Membrane. Applications

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Book SynopsisPractical information usually gained only through years of work experience and word of mouth is presented in this handbook for textile designers, students, interior designers and others who use textiles in their work.

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Book SynopsisBiopharmaceuticals, the term for genetically engineered therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acid-based products, have become an increasing part of the pharmaceutical armament. While this category of drugs accounts for approximately 25% of all new drugs coming to market, very few references exist that review these commercially available products. Until now, accessing data on the list of currently approved biopharmaceuticals has been laborious and patchy.Directory of Approved Biopharmaceutical Products brings together key information on various aspects of these compounds, presenting a brief summary of each biopharmaceutical currently approved for medical use. Each summary includes the scientific and trade name, year and regions approved, approved indications, manufacturer, marketing right, method of manufacture, scientific overview, and therapeutic properties. Based on information gathered from regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical manufacturers, the book presents the most comprehensive data currently available in a single, convenient volume.This comprehensive and consistent approach will save professionals in the pharmaceutical industry hours spent trawling the literature - and provides a singular resource for future reference.Table of ContentsAntibody-based Products. Anticoagulants. Antisense Based Products. Blood Factors. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Colony Stimulating Factors. Erythropoietin. Growth Factors. Hormones. Interferons. Interleukins, Tumour Necrosis Factor and Related Products. Therapeutic Enzymes. Thrombolytic agents. Vaccines.

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Book SynopsisKnowledge of the basic mechanisms of human disease is essential for any student or professional engaged in drug research and development. Functional gene analysis (genomics), protein analysis (proteomics), and other molecular biological techniques have made it possible to understand these cellular processes, opening up exciting opportunities for novel therapeutic possibilities.Molecular Pathomechanisms and New Trends in Drug Research presents an in-depth review of the molecular mechanisms involved in a number of common diseases including cancer, AIDS, inflammation, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with particular emphasis on signal transduction and potential therapeutic strategies. It will be a useful reference text for students and researchers in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine and the pharmaceutical sciences.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Pathomechanisms and Molecular Target Finding. Common Pathway and General Mechanism. Drug Discovery. Molecular Pathomechanism of Cancer. Infectious Diseases. Diseases of the Central and the Peripheral Nervous System. Cardiovascular Diseases. Endocrinal and Gastrointestinal Disorders. Drug Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis volume explains the theory and experimental investigations in the preparation of heterophase polymer network materials through cure reaction-induced microphase separation (CRIMPS). It describes the synthesis of a new family of block- and graft-copolymers with controlled solubility in epoxies and characterizes CRIMPS processes using novel applications of known methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance and photochemistry. The text develops a new method for characterizing the molecular mass distribution (MMD) of linear and network polymers using thermomechanical analysis data, as well as new methods for determining internal stresses and flaw formation during thermoset curing. The CRIMPS theory will be helpful for researchers and engineers designing and improving toughened plastics and other smart heterophase network materials for different applications. The new method for MMD characterization of polymers in bulk will be very useful to quickly analyzTable of ContentsSynthesis of Well-Defined Bifunctional Oligobutadines as Initiated by Dilithium Alkanes Soluble in Hydrocarbons. Theory of Microphase Separation in Curing Systems. Kinetics and Mechanism of Cure Reactions and Reaction-Induced Microphase Separation. Structure Properties Relationship. New Approaches to Polymer Networks Characterization.

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Book SynopsisPharmaceutical Biotechnology offers students taking Pharmacy and related Medical and Pharmaceutical courses a comprehensive introduction to the fast-moving area of biopharmaceuticals.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. 1 Pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals. 1.1 Introduction to pharmaceutical products. 1.2 Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical biotechnology. 1.3 History of the pharmaceutical industry. 1.4 The age of biopharmaceuticals. 1.5 Biopharmaceuticals: current status and future prospects. 2 Protein structure. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of protein structure. 2.3 Higher level structure. 2.4 Protein stability and folding. 2.5 Protein post-translational modifi cation. 3 Gene manipulation and recombinant DNA technology. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Nucleic acids: function and structure. 3.3 Recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. 3.4 Classical gene cloning and identifi cation. 4 The drug development process. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Discovery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.3 The impact of genomics and related technologies upon drug discovery. 4.4 Gene chips. 4.5 Proteomics. 4.6 Structural genomics. 4.7 Pharmacogenetics. 4.8 Initial product characterization. 4.9 Patenting. 4.10 Delivery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.10.3 Nasal, transmucosal and transdermal delivery systems. 4.11 Preclinical studies. 4.12 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 4.13 Toxicity studies. 4.14 The role and remit of regulatory authorities. 4.15 Conclusion. 5 Sources and upstream processing. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sources of biopharmaceuticals. 5.3 Upstream processing. 6 Downstream processing. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Initial product recovery. 6.3 Cell disruption. 6.4 Removal of nucleic acid. 6.5 Initial product concentration. 6.6 Chromatographic purifi cation. 6.7 High-performance liquid chromatography of proteins. 6.8 Purifi cation of recombinant proteins. 6.9 Final product formulation. 7 Product analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Protein-based contaminants. 7.3 Removal of altered forms of the protein of interest from the product stream. 7.4 Detection of protein-based product impurities. 7.5 Immunological approaches to detection of contaminants. 7.6 Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants. 8 The cytokines: The interferon family. 8.1 Cytokines. 8.1.1 Cytokine receptors. 8.1.2 Cytokines as biopharmaceuticals. 8.2 The interferons. 8.3 Interferon biotechnology. 8.4 Conclusion. 9 Cytokines: Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Interleukin-2. 9.3 Interleukin-1. 9.4 Interleukin-11. 9.5 Tumour necrosis factors. 10 Growth factors. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Haematopoietic growth factors. 10.3 Growth factors and wound healing. 11 Therapeutic hormones. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Insulin. 11.3 Glucagon. 11.4 Human growth hormone. 11.5 The gonadotrophins. 11.6 Medical and veterinary applications of gonadotrophins. 11.7 Additional recombinant hormones now approved. 11.8 Conclusion. 12 Recombinant blood products and therapeutic enzymes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Haemostasis. 12.3 Anticoagulants. 12.4 Thrombolytic agents. 12.5 Enzymes of therapeutic value. 13 Antibodies, vaccines and adjuvants. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Traditional polyclonal antibody preparations. 13.3 Monoclonal antibodies. 13.4 Vaccine technology. 13.5 Adjuvant technology. 14 Nucleic-acid- and cell-based therapeutics. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Gene therapy. 14.3 Vectors used in gene therapy. 14.4 Gene therapy and genetic disease. 14.5 Gene therapy and cancer. 14.6 Gene therapy and AIDS. 14.7 Antisense technology. 14.8 Oligonucleotide pharmacokinetics and delivery. 14.9 Aptamers. 14.10 Cell- and tissue-based therapies. 14.11 Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisPharmaceutical Biotechnology offers students taking Pharmacy and related Medical and Pharmaceutical courses a comprehensive introduction to the fast-moving area of biopharmaceuticals.Table of ContentsPreface. Acronyms. 1 Pharmaceuticals, biologics and biopharmaceuticals. 1.1 Introduction to pharmaceutical products. 1.2 Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical biotechnology. 1.3 History of the pharmaceutical industry. 1.4 The age of biopharmaceuticals. 1.5 Biopharmaceuticals: current status and future prospects. 2 Protein structure. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview of protein structure. 2.3 Higher level structure. 2.4 Protein stability and folding. 2.5 Protein post-translational modifi cation. 3 Gene manipulation and recombinant DNA technology. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Nucleic acids: function and structure. 3.3 Recombinant production of therapeutic proteins. 3.4 Classical gene cloning and identifi cation. 4 The drug development process. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Discovery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.3 The impact of genomics and related technologies upon drug discovery. 4.4 Gene chips. 4.5 Proteomics. 4.6 Structural genomics. 4.7 Pharmacogenetics. 4.8 Initial product characterization. 4.9 Patenting. 4.10 Delivery of biopharmaceuticals. 4.10.3 Nasal, transmucosal and transdermal delivery systems. 4.11 Preclinical studies. 4.12 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. 4.13 Toxicity studies. 4.14 The role and remit of regulatory authorities. 4.15 Conclusion. 5 Sources and upstream processing. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sources of biopharmaceuticals. 5.3 Upstream processing. 6 Downstream processing. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Initial product recovery. 6.3 Cell disruption. 6.4 Removal of nucleic acid. 6.5 Initial product concentration. 6.6 Chromatographic purifi cation. 6.7 High-performance liquid chromatography of proteins. 6.8 Purifi cation of recombinant proteins. 6.9 Final product formulation. 7 Product analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Protein-based contaminants. 7.3 Removal of altered forms of the protein of interest from the product stream. 7.4 Detection of protein-based product impurities. 7.5 Immunological approaches to detection of contaminants. 7.6 Endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants. 8 The cytokines: The interferon family. 8.1 Cytokines. 8.1.1 Cytokine receptors. 8.1.2 Cytokines as biopharmaceuticals. 8.2 The interferons. 8.3 Interferon biotechnology. 8.4 Conclusion. 9 Cytokines: Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Interleukin-2. 9.3 Interleukin-1. 9.4 Interleukin-11. 9.5 Tumour necrosis factors. 10 Growth factors. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Haematopoietic growth factors. 10.3 Growth factors and wound healing. 11 Therapeutic hormones. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Insulin. 11.3 Glucagon. 11.4 Human growth hormone. 11.5 The gonadotrophins. 11.6 Medical and veterinary applications of gonadotrophins. 11.7 Additional recombinant hormones now approved. 11.8 Conclusion. 12 Recombinant blood products and therapeutic enzymes. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Haemostasis. 12.3 Anticoagulants. 12.4 Thrombolytic agents. 12.5 Enzymes of therapeutic value. 13 Antibodies, vaccines and adjuvants. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Traditional polyclonal antibody preparations. 13.3 Monoclonal antibodies. 13.4 Vaccine technology. 13.5 Adjuvant technology. 14 Nucleic-acid- and cell-based therapeutics. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Gene therapy. 14.3 Vectors used in gene therapy. 14.4 Gene therapy and genetic disease. 14.5 Gene therapy and cancer. 14.6 Gene therapy and AIDS. 14.7 Antisense technology. 14.8 Oligonucleotide pharmacokinetics and delivery. 14.9 Aptamers. 14.10 Cell- and tissue-based therapies. 14.11 Conclusion. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffering a different approach to other textbooks in the area, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the subject. Divided in three broad parts, the first part deals with building physical models, the second part with developing empirical models and the final part discusses developing process control solutions.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1 Introduction to Process Modelling. 2 Process Modelling Fundamentals. 3 Extended Analysis of Modelling for Process Operation. 4 Design for Process Modelling and Behavioural Models. 5 Transformation Techniques. 6 Linearization of Model Equations. 7 Operating points. 8 Process Simulation. 9 Frequency Response Analysis. References. 10 General Process Behaviour 11 Analysis of a Mixing Process. 12 Dynamics of Chemical Stirred Tank Reactors. 13 Dynamic Analysis of Tubular Reactors. 14 Dynamic Analysis of Heat Exchangers. 15 Dynamics of Evaporators and Separators. 16 Dynamic Modelling of Distillation Columns. 17 Dynamic Analysis of Fermentation Reactors 18 Physiological Modeling: Glucose-Insulin Dynamics and Cardiovascular Modelling. 19 Introduction to Black Box Modelling. 20 Basics of Linear Algebra. 21 Data Conditioning. 22 Principal Component Analysis 23 Partial Least Squares 24 Time-series Identification. 25 Discrete Linear and Non-linear State Space Modelling. 26 Model Reduction. 27 Neural Networks. 28 Fuzzy Modelling. 29 Neuro Fuzzy Modelling. 30 Hybrid Models. 31 Introduction to Process Control and Instrumentation. 32 Behaviour of Controlled Processes. 33 Design of Control Schemes. 34 Control of Distillation Columns. 35 Control of a Fluid Catalytic Cracker. Appendix A. Modelling an Extraction Process. A1: Problem Analysis. A2: Dynamic Process Model Development. A3 Dynamic Process Model Analysis. A4 Dynamic Process Simulation. A5: Process Control Simulation. Hints. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffering a different approach to other textbooks in the area, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the subject. Divided in three broad parts, the first part deals with building physical models, the second part with developing empirical models and the final part discusses developing process control solutions.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1 Introduction to Process Modelling. 2 Process Modelling Fundamentals. 3 Extended Analysis of Modelling for Process Operation. 4 Design for Process Modelling and Behavioural Models. 5 Transformation Techniques. 6 Linearization of Model Equations. 7 Operating points. 8 Process Simulation. 9 Frequency Response Analysis. References. 10 General Process Behaviour 11 Analysis of a Mixing Process. 12 Dynamics of Chemical Stirred Tank Reactors. 13 Dynamic Analysis of Tubular Reactors. 14 Dynamic Analysis of Heat Exchangers. 15 Dynamics of Evaporators and Separators. 16 Dynamic Modelling of Distillation Columns. 17 Dynamic Analysis of Fermentation Reactors 18 Physiological Modeling: Glucose-Insulin Dynamics and Cardiovascular Modelling. 19 Introduction to Black Box Modelling. 20 Basics of Linear Algebra. 21 Data Conditioning. 22 Principal Component Analysis 23 Partial Least Squares 24 Time-series Identification. 25 Discrete Linear and Non-linear State Space Modelling. 26 Model Reduction. 27 Neural Networks. 28 Fuzzy Modelling. 29 Neuro Fuzzy Modelling. 30 Hybrid Models. 31 Introduction to Process Control and Instrumentation. 32 Behaviour of Controlled Processes. 33 Design of Control Schemes. 34 Control of Distillation Columns. 35 Control of a Fluid Catalytic Cracker. Appendix A. Modelling an Extraction Process. A1: Problem Analysis. A2: Dynamic Process Model Development. A3 Dynamic Process Model Analysis. A4 Dynamic Process Simulation. A5: Process Control Simulation. Hints. Index.

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Book SynopsisA consolidated and comprehensive reference on ligand-binding assays Ligand-binding assays (LBAs) stand as the cornerstone of support for definition of the pharmaco-kinetics and toxicokinetics of macromolecules, an area of burgeoning interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Yet, outside of the Crystal City Conference proceedings, little guidance has been available for LBA validation, particularly for assays used to support macromolecule drug development. Ligand-Binding Assays: Development, Validation, and Implementation in the Drug Development Arena answers that growing need, serving as a reference text discussing critical aspects of the development, validation, and implementation of ligand-binding assays in the drug development field. Ligand-Binding Assays covers essential topics related to ligand-binding assays, from pharmacokinetic studies, the development of LBAs, assay validation, statistical LBA aspects, and regulatory aspects, to software for LBAs Trade Review"Ligand-Binding Assays, written by recognized and respected industry experts, covers a wide range of topics that provide valuable information to someone who is new to the field." (News & Analysis, 2011) "Ligand-Binding Assays, edited by Masood Kahn and John Findlay offers a comprehensive, in depth description of all aspects of the subject. The editors are directly involved in the ligand-binding assay field and individual chapters are written by experts with a thorough understanding of the specific topics. The book is easy to read, clear and well illustrated. The emphasis is on biologicals rather than small molecules and this reflects the current application of many of the procedures covered. There is a good overview of assay validation, and this book is highly recommended for those with an interest in the topic." —Robin Thorpe, PhD FRCPath, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control "This book is a collection of valuable articles describing these assays in some detail, both from a historical perspective ..., but also regarding the new developments in the field, such as new technologies to support drug development ... and pharmacokinetic research." (ChemMedChem, July 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Ligand-Binding Assays in Drug Development: Introduction and Historical Perspective (John W.A. Findlay and Masood N. Khan). 1.1 General. 1.2 Historical Review. 1.3 LBAs for Macromolecules. 1.4 Advantages and Limitations of LBAs. 1.5 Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group of AAPS. 1.6 Scope of the Present Volume. References. 2 Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Disposition Studies of Macromolecular Therapeutics (Marian M. Kelley, Marjorie A. Mohler, and John W.A. Findlay). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Differences Between Low Molecular Weight Molecules and Macromolecules. 2.3 LBA Assay Considerations Relative to Research and Development Stage. 2.4 Critical Future Challenges for Ligand-Binding Assays. 2.5 Conclusions. References. 3 Development of Ligand-Binding Assays for Drug Development Support (Masood N. Khan, Proveen D. Dass, John H. Leete, Richard F. Schuman, Michele Gunsior, and Chanchal Sadhu). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Inherent Complexities of Immunoassay Development. 3.3 Steps in the Development of a Validatable Immunoassay. 3.4 Development and Optimization of an Immunoassay. 3.5 Optimization of Commercial Kit-Based Assays. 3.6 Troubleshooting Immunoassays. 3.7. Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 4 Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays to Support Pharmacokinetic Assessments of Biotherapeutics (Binodh S. DeSilva and Ronald R. Bowsher). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Assay Development and Validation Paradigm. 4.3 Prestudy Validation Phase. 4.4 Analytical Performance Characteristics. 4.5 In-Study Validation Phase. 4.6 Partial Validations/Method Transfer/Cross-Validation. 4.7 Documentation. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5 Statistical Considerations in the Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays (Bruno Boulanger, Viswanath Devanarayan, and Walthère Dewé). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Objectives of Assay Validation. 5.3 Validation Criteria. 5.4 Estimating Assay Performance Characteristics. 5.5 Decision Rules and Risk Assessment in Prestudy Validation. 5.6 Decision Rules During In-Study Phase and Associated Risks. 5.7 Reconciling Validation and Routine Decision Rules. 5.8 Conclusions. References. 6 Development and Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays for Biomarkers (Jean W. Lee, Yang Pan, Peter J. O’Brien, and Ren Xu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Preanalytical Considerations and Method Feasibility. 6.3 Method Development and Method Qualification for Exploratory Applications. 6.4 Method Development and Method Validation for Advanced Applications. 6.5 Partial Validation for Change Control. 6.6 Documentation, Record Keeping, and Reporting. 6.7 Regulatory Issues. 6.8 In-study Validation. 6.9 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 7 The Use of Commercial Assay Kits for PK/PD Analysis in Drug Development (John L. Allinson and John D. Chappell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Validation Definitions That May be Interpreted Inconsistently. 7.3 Validation Experiments. 7.4 Stability. 7.5 Reoptimizing Reagent Concentrations. 7.6 The Use of Commercial Kits for PK and TK Assays. 7.7 Matrix Problems. 7.8 Changing Method Protocol. 7.9 Conclusions. References. 8 Development and Validation of Immunogenicity Assays for Preclinical and Clinical Studies (Thomas H. Parish, Deborah Finco, and Viswanath Devanarayan). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Immunogenicity Risk-Based Strategy. 8.3 Regulatory Guidance. 8.4 Assay Design. 8.5 Optimization and Validation: Total Binding Antibody Assays. 8.6 Optimization and Validation: Neutralizing Antibody Assays. 8.7 Assays and Risk Assessment. 8.8 Application and Interpretation of Data. 8.9 Conclusions. 8.10 Appendix 8.A Illustration of Screening Cut Point Evaluation. References. 9 Macromolecular Reference Standards for Biotherapeutic Pharmacokinetic Analysis (Marie T. Rock and Stephen Keller). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 United States Pharmacopeia. 9.3 Characterization of Non-USP Reference Standards. 9.4 The PK Assay. 9.5 Conclusions. References. 10 Strategies for Successful Transfer of Ligand-Binding Assays for Successful Validation and Implementation in GXP Environment (Wolfgang Klump and Howard Hill). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Establishing Successful Working Relationships Between Laboratories. 10.3 Method Transfer. 10.4 Monitoring the Method Transfer Process. 10.5 Auditing CROs. 10.6 Method Troubleshooting. 10.7 Secrets of Successful Method Transfer. Acknowledgments. References. 11 Application of Automation in Ligand-Binding Assays (Chris Morrow). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Implementing Automated Systems. 11.3 Specific Ligand-Binding Assay Automation Systems. 11.4 Automated Sample Dilutors. 11.5 Assay Robots. 11.6 Integration: Tying It All Together. 11.7 Future Directions in Ligand-Binding Assay Automation. 11.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 12 Documentation and Regulatory Compliance (CT. Viswanathan and Jacqueline A. O’Shaughnessy). 12.1 Regulatory Perspectives in the Documentation of Bioanalytical Data and Reports. 12.2 Recommendations for Development, Validation, Implementation, and Reporting Phases. 12.3 Conclusions. References. 13 Alternative and Emerging Methodologies in Ligand-Binding Assays (Huifen F. Wang and John W.A. Findlay). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Dissociation-Enhanced Lanthanide Fluoroimmunoassay. 13.3 Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay. 13.4 Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reaction. 13.5 Electrochemiluminescence-Based Ligand-Binding Assays. 13.6 Hybridization-Based Ligand-Binding Assays. 13.7 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (Synthetic Antibodies). 13.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance Methods. 13.9 Chromatography–Ligand-Binding Assay Coupled Methods, Immunoaffinity Systems, and Online (Flow-Injection) Ligand-Binding Assay Methods. 13.10 Future Trends and Directions for LBATechnologies. 13.11 Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA step-by-step, integrated approach for successful, FDA-approved combination drug products Using a proven integrated approach to combination drug development, this book guides you step by step through all the preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing stages.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv 1 Overview of Combination Products Development and Regulatory Review 1 Evan B. Siegel 2 Detailed Regulatory Approaches to Development, Review, and Approval 5 James Barquest 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 General Background 6 2.2.1 Definitions 6 2.2.2 FDA Organization and Jurisdiction 7 2.2.3 Clinical Investigation and Premarket Review Requirements for Drugs, Biological Products, and Medical Devices 11 2.2.4 FDA Information Resources 15 2.3 Combination Products: Regulatory Background 16 2.3.1 Definition 16 2.3.2 Intercenter Agreements 18 2.3.3 Office of Combination Products 19 2.3.4 Primary Mode of Action 20 2.3.5 Intended Use 30 2.3.6 Strategic Regulatory Considerations 31 2.3.7 The Request for Designation (RFD) Process 34 2.3.8 User Fees 44 2.3.9 FDA Meetings: Successful Regulatory Interactions 50 2.3.10 Current Good Manufacturing Practice for Combination Products 59 2.4 Postmarketing Considerations 67 2.4.1 Adverse Event Reporting 68 2.4.1.1 Device Malfunction Reporting (21 CFR 803.3(r)(2)(ii), 21 CFR 803.20) 68 2.4.1.2 Five-Day MDR Reporting (21 CFR 803.10(c)(2)(i)) 68 2.4.1.3 Drug and Biological Product “Alert” Reporting (21 CFR 314.80(c)(1) and 600.80(c)(1)) 73 2.4.1.4 Blood-Related Deaths (21 CFR 606.170) 73 2.4.2 Other Compliance Issues 73 References 74 3 Nonclinical Recommendations for Successful Characterization and Development of Combination Drug Products 77 Duane B. Lakings 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Pharmacology 79 3.2.1 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 80 3.2.2 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 83 3.2.3 Pharmacology and Safety Pharmacology Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 83 3.3 Pharmacokinetics 84 3.3.1 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 89 3.3.2 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 91 3.3.3 Pharmacokinetic and Drug Metabolism Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 91 3.4 Toxicology 92 3.4.1 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with Multiple Marketed Drugs 98 3.4.2 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with Marketed Drugs and a Single NME 102 3.4.3 Toxicology Recommendations for CDPs with More Than One NME 104 3.5 Conclusions 108 References 109 4 Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Development of Combination Products 113 Chaline Brown 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Postapproval Clinical Safety Reporting 115 4.3 Clinical Development of Drug–Delivery System Combination Products 116 4.3.1 Advantages of a New Delivery Device Drug Product 117 4.3.1.1 Streamlined Regulatory Process Possible 117 4.3.1.2 Improvement in Efficacy over Previously Approved Delivery Routes 117 4.3.1.3 Noninjection Bioavailability for Peptides and Proteins 118 4.3.2 Considerations for a Combination Product with a Novel Delivery Route 119 4.3.2.1 Impact of Infusion Pumps on Pharmacodynamic Effects 119 4.3.2.2 Route-Dependent Pharmaceutical Metabolic Profile 119 4.3.2.3 Inherent Delivery Site Sensitivity 119 4.3.2.4 Addressing Concerns Regarding the Safety of Excipients in Novel Routes of Delivery 120 4.3.2.5 Addressing Concerns of Possible Immune System Reactions During Development 120 4.3.2.6 Addressing Effects Specific to Human Physiology During Development 120 4.3.2.7 Addressing Formulation Changes During Clinical Development 121 4.3.3 Case Study: Exubera® (Pfizer’s inhaled insulin, approved January 2006) 121 4.4 Clinical Development of Drug–Active Device Combination Products 127 4.4.1 Case Study: The Drug-Eluting Stent (DES) 128 4.4.2 Changing Scene for New DES Products 132 4.5 Clinical Development of Co-Packaged Combination Products 134 4.5.1 Co-Packaged Drug and Biologic Case Study: Interferon and Ribavirin for the Treatment of Hepatitis C 135 4.6 Clinical Development of Drug–In Vitro Diagnostic Combination Products 140 4.6.1 Retrospective Changes in Drug Labeling to Incorporate Genetic Tests 143 4.6.2 Prospective Co-Development of Drugs and In Vitro Diagnostics 144 4.6.3 Issues Surrounding Biomarker Development 146 4.6.4 Clinical Trial Design Issues in Drug–In Vitro Diagnostic Co-Development 147 4.6.5 FDA Guidance 149 4.6.6 Case Study: Herceptin® and HercepTest® 150 4.7 Clinical Development of Drug–Biologic Combination Products 153 4.7.1 Case Study 1: Mylotarg® (Monoclonal Antibody Linked to a Cytotoxic Drug) 154 4.7.2 Case Study 2: Bexxar® (Monoclonal Antibody Linked to a Radioisotope) 157 4.8 Clinical Development of Drug–Drug Combinations 160 4.8.1 General Considerations for FDC Efficacy Studies 162 4.8.2 Case Study: CombinatoRx, with Combination Therapy as a Business Model 163 4.9 Conclusion 165 References 165 5 Regulatory Strategy Considerations for Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls: An Integrated Approach 171 Patrick L. DeVillier 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 Office of Combination Products (OCP) and Request for Designation (RFD) 172 5.3 Extent of Regulatory Oversight 173 5.4 Investigational Device Exemption and Investigational New Drug Exemption 174 5.5 Regulatory Compliant Product Development 175 5.6 Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Review Requirements 177 5.7 Drug Component Requirements 178 5.8 Device Component Requirements 179 5.9 Sterilization Considerations 179 5.10 Stability Considerations 180 5.11 Bench Testing and Early Development Considerations 180 5.12 CDP Regulatory Cross-Mapping Guidance and Recommendations 181 5.13 Conclusions 200 References 200 List of Abbreviations 201 Index 205

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Book SynopsisA collection of Papers Presented at the 28th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Ceramics in Energy Storage and Power Conversion Systems.

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Book SynopsisA collection of Papers Presented at the 28th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Ceramics in Energy Storage and Power Conversion Systems.Table of ContentsPreface. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND AEROSPACE MATERIALS. Properties of Rare Earth Oxynitride Glasses and the Implications for High Temperature Behaviour of Silicon Nitride Ceramics (S. Hampshire and M. J. Pomeroy). Mechanical Properties of Porous Silicon Nitride From Fine/Coarse Powder Mixture (M. Ishizaki, M. Ando, N. Kondo and T. Ohji). Production and Characterization of Ultra Refractory HfB2-SiC Composites (F. Monteverde and A. Bellosi). Sintering Behaviour of Dense Nanocrystalline Zirconia Ceramics: A Comparative Investigation (M. Wolff, G. Falk and R. Clasen). Direct Evaluation of Local Thermal Conduction in Silicon Nitrides with Enhanced Grain Growth (A. Okada and T. Hori). Mechanical Properties of Pressureless Sintered SiC-AIN Composites Obtained Without Sintering Bed (C. Magnani and L. Beaulardi). The Influence of Beta Eucryptite Glassceramics on the Structure and Main Properties of Alumina Ceramics (J. A. Geodakyan, A. K. Kostanyan, K. J. Geodakyan, S. T. Sagatelyan and B. V. Petrosyan). Mechanical Behaviour of SiC-Polycrystalline Fiber-Bounded-Ceramics (S. Kajii, K. Matsunaga, M. Sato and T. Ishikawa). Design, Manufacture and Quality Assurance of C/C-SiC Composites for Space Transportation Systems (W. Krenkel, J. L. Hausherr, T. Reimer and M. Frieß). Effect of Fabrication Process on Internal Friction of SiC/SiC Composites (H. Serizawa, S. Sato, H. Araki, T. Noda and A. Kohyama). Effect on Interphase on Transthickness Tensile Strength of High Purity Silicon Carbide Composites (T. Hinoki, Y. Maki, A. Kohyama, E. Lara-Curzio and L. L. Snead). Through-Thickness Properties of 2D Woven SiC/SiC Panels with Various Microstructures (H. M. Yun and J. A. Carlo). An Assessment of Variability in the Average Tensile Properties of a Melt-Infiltrated SiC/SiC Composite (S. Kalluri, A. M. Calomino and D. N. Brewer). Net Shape Manufacturing of Fabric Reinforced Oxide/Oxide Components via Resin Transfer Moulding and Pyrolysis (B. Heidenreich, W. Krenkel, M. Frieß and H. Gedon). In Situ Reaction Deposition Coating of LaPO4 ON Al2O3 Fabric Cloth for Al2O3/Al2)O3 Composites (T. Yano, P. Lee and M. Imai). Effect of Alkali Choice on Geopolymer Properties (W. M. Kriven and J. L. Bell). Thermal Shock Resistance of NEXTEL™610 and NEXTEL™720 Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Mullite Matrix Composites (R. A. Simon and P. Supanic). Tensile Properties of Nextel™ 720-Based Tows and Minicomposites Subjected to High Temperature Soaking (D. M. Pai, S. Yarmolenko, B. Kailasshankar, C. Murphy, J. Sankar and L. P. Zawada). Effect of Monazite Coating on Tensile Behavior of Nextel™ 720 Fibers at High Temperature (D. M. Pai, S. Yarmolenko, E. Freeman, J. Sankar and L. P. Zawada). BN Interphase Processed by LP-CVD from Tris(Dimethylamino) Borane and Characterized Using SiC/SiC Minicomposites (S. Jacques, B. Bonnetor, M. –P. Berthet and H. Vincent). Oxidation Kinetics and Strength Degradation of Carbon Fibers in a Cracked Ceramic Matrix Composite (M. C. Habig). Mechanical Behavior and Oxidation-Resistance of an Orthogonal 3D δ-SIC Fiber/Carbon Matrix Composite (T. Aoki, T. Ogasawara and T. Ishikawa). Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Matrix Composites Exposed to Rig Tests (G. Y. Richardson, C. S. Lei and R. N. Singh). Composition and Microstructural Design for Improved Wear Properties in SiAION Ceramics (M. I. Jones, K. Hirao, Y. Yamauchi and H. Hyuga). Plasma-Treated Silicon Nitrides Exhibiting Ultra-Low Friction (A. Okada, T. Hori, K. Ueoka and J. Ye). Tribiological Properties of Si2N4 / Si3N4-BN Alternate Layered Composites (T. Hirao, K. Hirao and Y. Yamauchi). A Motorcycle Brake System with C/C-SiC Composite Brake Discs (Z. Stadler, M. Kermc, T. Kosma-, and A. Dakskobler). The Tribological Property Effect of Graphite Within a Composite Pad-Cost Iron Baking System (S. Ramouse). High Performance C/C-SiC Brake Pads (W. Krenkel, H. A. El-Hija and M. Kriescher). Sliding Contact Damage of Y- α/β Composite SiALON Ceramics (W. Kanematsu, M. I. Jones and K. Hirao). Processing and Wear Behavior of Cr-Al2O3-ZrO2 and Mo-Al2)3-ZrO2 Composites (R. Janssen, S. Scheppokat, G. De Portu, R. Hannink and N. Claussen). Improving Performance of Polycrystalline Diamond Components in Three Cone Roller Bits Uisng Bibrous Monolith Technology (A. Griffo and D. Belnap). Enhancement of the Fracture Resistance on SiC Fiber (Nicalon™)/SiC Refractory Composites (T. Tanaka, H. Ichikawa, S. Fukumaru and H. Abe). Critical Frontal Process Zone Evaluation of Aluminum Titanate/Aluminia Based Ceramics by SEVNB Technique (C. –H. Chen and H. Awaji). Atomistic Study of Crack Propagation Near the Cu(111)/Al2O3(0001) Interface (S. V. Dmitriev, N. Yoshikawa, M. Hasegawa, Y. Kagawa, M. Kohyama and S. Tanaka). Sensitivity of Silicon Carbide and Other Ceramics to Edge Fracture: Method and Results (G. Gogotsi, S. Mudrik and A. Rendtel). Determination of Elastic Properties of a Ceramic-Based Joint Using a Digital Image Correlation Method (M. Puyo-Pain and J. Lamon). Evaluation of Four Different Experimental Techniques for Determination of Elastic Properties of Solids (M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio and L. Riester). Strength Testing System for Ceramic Grains (K. Breder, E. Lara-Curzio and L. Riester). Characterization of C/Enhanced SiC Composite During Creep Rupture Tests Using an Ultrasonic Guided Wave Scan System (D. J. Roth, M. J. Verrilli, R. E. Martin and L. M. Cosgriff). Design of a High Temperature Test Device for Bidirectional Loading for CMC Samples (I. Fischer, T. Reimer and H. Weihs). Biaxial Strength Test of Discs of Different Size Using the Ball on Three Balls Test (A. Börger, R. Danzer and P. Supancic). Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Surface Degradation Mechanisms of Zirconia Based Ceramics (S. Deville, J. Chevalier, G. Fantozzi, J. F. Bartolomé and J. S. Moya). Internal Pressure Testing of Structural Ceramics Tubes (R. H. Carter and J. J. Swab). Characterization of Si³N4 Bars Extracted From Various Regions of a Billet by Resonance and Flex Testing (G. Ojard, M. Ferber, T. Barnett and K. Johnson). Laser Scattering Characterization of Subsurface Defect/Damage in Silicon-Nitride Ceramic Valves (J. G. Sun, J. M. Zhang and M. J. Andrews). A Model for the Bulk Mechanical Response of Porous Ceramics Exhibiting a Ferroelectric-to-Antiferroelectric Phase Transition During Hydrostatic Compression (S. T. Montgomery and D. H. Zeuch). Random Local Load Sharing in Multifilament Bundles: Modeling and Influence on Ceramic Matrix Composite Failure (V. Calard and J. Lamon). Experimental and Numerical Fluid Structure Investigations of a Generic Bodyflap Region Model (R. Schaefer, A. Mack, B. Esser and A. Guelhan). ADVANCED CERAMIC COATINGS FOR STRUCTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS. Ultra-High-Temperature Tribometer up to 1600°C (M. Gienau, N. Kelling, N. Köhler and M. Woydt). Erosion of Bare and Coated Polymer Matrix Composites by Solid Particle Impingement (K. Miyoshi, J. K. Sutter, R. A. Horan, S. K. Naik and R. J. Cupp). The Effect of Thermal Mismatch on Stresses, Morphology and Failures in Thermal Barrier Coatings (J. Shi, S. Darzens and A. M. Karlsson). Mechanically Induced Delamination Cracking in Thermal Barrier Composites (T. Wakui, J. Malzbender, E. Wessel, R. W. Steinbrech and L. Singheiser). Investigation of Thermal Fatigue Life of Thermal Barrier Coating (Y. Ohtake and T. Natsumura). Evaluation of Two New Thermal Barrier Coating Materials Produced by APS and EB-PVD (B. Saruhan, U.Schultz, R. Vassen, G. Pracht, P. Bengtsson, C. Friedrich, R. Knoedler, O. Lavigne, P. Moretto, C. Siry, F. Taricco, N. Coignard and R. Wing). Low Thermal Conductivity Ceramics for Turbine Blade Thermal Barrier Coating Application (U. Schulz, B. Saint-Ramond, O. Lavigne, P. Moretto, A. vanLieshout and A. Berger). Solution Precursor Plasma Spray: A Promising New Technique for Forming Functional Nanostructured Films and Coatings (X. Ma, J. Roth, T. D. Xiao, L. D. Xie, M. Gell, E. H. Jordan and N. P. Padture). Further Improvement of the Properties of Sprayed TBC Using Hollow PSZ Spheres (G. Bertrand, P. Roy, C. Meunier, M. Mévrel and D. Demange). Effect of Bond Coat Surface Roughness and Pre-Oxidation on the Thermal Cycling Lifetime of Thermal Barrier Coatings (J. Liu and Y. H. Sohn). Chemical Etching of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Surface in Chlorine-Containing Gas Mixtures (A. V. Zinovev, J. F. Moore, J. Hryn, O. Auciello, J. Carlisle and M. J. Pellin). Micromechanisms Affecting Macroscopic Deformation of Plasma-Sprayed TBCs (E. Trunova, R. Herzog, T. Wakui, R. W. Steinbrech, E. Wessel and L. Singheiser). Stability of Silicon Nitride Coated with Lutetium Disilicate in an Oxidative Environment (T. Suetsuna, M. Ando, M. Ishizaki, T. Ohji and M. Asayama). Effect of Scattering on the Combined Reflection and Thermal Radiation Emission of a Typical Semitransparent TBC Material (C. M. Spuckler). Behavior of Sputter Deposited Aluminia Thin Films Under Subcritical Hydrothermal Condition (S. T. Park and R. H. Baney). Stability and Performance of High Emissivity Coatings for Radiation Coupled Thermionic Converters (P. N. Clark, B. H. C. Chen, W. H. Robertson and H. H. Streckert). Functionally Graded CVD Mullite Environmental Barrier Coatings (S. N. Basu and V. K. Sarin). Corrosion Mechanism of Lu2Si2O7 Phase in Static State Water Vapor Environment (S. Ueno, D. D. Jayaseelan, N. Kondo, T, Ohji and S. Kanzaki). Examination of Fracture Process and Environmental Resistance of Ceramic Matrix Composites (SiC/SiC) (M. Okada, I. Yuri, T. Hisamatsu, A. Nitta, T. Kameda and Y. Yasutomi). Corrosion of Ceramic Materials in Hot Gas Environment (H. Klemm, M. Fritsch and B. Schenk). Optimizing Cu-Cr Coatings for Environmental Protection of Copper Alloys (L. Ogbuji). Characterization of Y2O3-Doped La2Zr2O7 Based EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings Using X-Ray Microtomography (CMT) and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) (B. Saruhan, A. Flores Renteria, A. Kulkarni, F. DeCarlo and J. Ilavsky). Growth of Thermally Grown Oxide on (Ni,Pt)Al Bondcoat During Short Term Oxidation (S. Laxman, Y. H. Sohn and K. S. Murphy). Measuring and Modeling Residual Stresses in Air Plasma Spray Thermal Barrier Coatings (X. Chen, J. Price and J. Ahmad). Formation of Environmental Barrier Coating on Si3N4 by Gas Pressure Sintering (D. D. Jayaseelan, S. Ueno, N. Kondo, T. Phji and S. Kanzaki). BOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Wear of a Bioceramic Dental Restorative Material by Tooth Brushing (A. Pallas, H. Engqvist, L. –Å. Lindén and L. Hermansson). Depth-Profiling of Composition and Texture in Human Tooth Enamel – A Functionally Graded Material (I. M. Low). Morphologies of Precipitate in the Carbonate Plus Phosphate Aquenos Solution (W. –Y. Huang and T. –S. Sheu). Calcium Phosphate Ceramics as Substrate for Cartilage Cultivation (R. Janssen, S. Nagel-Heyer, C. Goepfert, R. Pörtner, D. Toykan, O. Krummhauer, M. Morlock, P. A. Adamietz, N. M. Meenen, W. M. Kriven, D. –K. Kim, A. Tampieri and G. Gelotti). Resorbable Polymer Ceramic Composites for Orthopedic Scaffold Applications (R. Vaidyanathan, B. Hecht, A. Studley, T. Phillips and P. D. Calvert). Nanoceramics as Drug Delivery Carriers (W. M. Kriven, S. –Y. Kwak, R. B. Clarkson, B. E. Kitchell, M. A. Wallig and J. –H. Choy). Chemical Processing of Brushite its Conversion to Apatite OR CasP2O7 (A. Cuneyt Tas and S. B. Bhaduri). Chemical Interactions Between Ca-Aluminate Implants and Bone (H. Engqvist, M. Couillard, G. A. Botton, N. Axén, N. O. Ahnfelt and L. Hermansson). Fabrication of Novel Hydroxyapatite/Titanium Composite Coating using rf Reactive Plasma Spraying (Y. Yokogawa, M. Inagaki and T. Kameyama). Manufacturing of Ceramic Dental Components by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition (C. Oetzel, J. Tabellion and R. Clasen). New and Conventional Simulated Body Fluids (H. Takadama, M. T. Hashimoto, Y. Takigawa, M. Mizuno and T. Kokubo). Scratch Testing of a Dental Restorative Material Based on Calcium Aluminate (A. Pallas, H. Engqvist, S. Jacobsson and L. Hermansson). NANOMATERIALS AND BIOMIMETICS. Near-Shape Manufacturing of Complex Silica Glasses by Electrophoretic Deposition of Mixtures of Nanosized and Coarser Particles (J. Tabellion and R. Clasen). Alumina Ceramics by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition of Submicron Powders (A. Braun, M. Wolff, C. Oetzel, J. Tabellion, G. Falk and R. Clasen). Influence of the Synthesis Temperature on the Crystallization Path and Kinetics of YAG Powders (P. Palmero, L. Montanaro, C. Esnouf and G. Fantozzi). High Strenth SiSIC Ceramics Derived From Wood Powders (A. Hofenauer, O. Treusch, F. Tröger, M. Gahr, J. Schmidt, G. Wegener, W. Krenkel and J. Fromm). Development of Screen Printable Sensors with Templated Mesoporous Silica (A. Lindqvist, M. Arenö and E. Carlström). Synthesis and Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived Nanostructured Composite of ZnO/PVP Thin Film as Biosensor (T. Du, H. Song and O. J. Ilgebusi). Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of Carbon Based Films in the System C-N (R. Ramamurti, R. S. Kukreja, L. Guo, V. Shanov and R. N. Singh). Manufacturing of Thick Layers Made From Nanosized SiO2 Powders by Dip-Coating (G. Fehringer and R. Clasen). Mechanical Properties of Ni Embedded Alumina Nanocomposite Thin Films (S. Neralla, D. Kumar, S. Yamolenko and J. Sankar). Synthesis and Crystal Phase Evaluation of Hydroxylapatite Using the Rietveld Maximum Entropy Method (A. V. Chaves de Andrade, J. C. Zurita da Silva, C. O. Paiva-Santos, C. Weber, V. Hizau dos Santos Utuni, S. Mazurek Tebcherani, C. P. Ferreira Borges, E. da Costa and S. Martinez Manent). Processing and Hardness of an Al2O3-MgAl2O4 Nanocomposite (B. W. McEnerney, G. Quinn, V. A. Greenhut, R. K. Sadangi, V. Shukla, B. Kear and D. E. Niesz).

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Book SynopsisAdvances in nanotechnology offer great new promise in new multifunctional systems that experts predict to be a major economic force within the next decade. Ceramic materials enable new developments in such areas as electronics and displays, portable power systems and personnel protection.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Nanoparticle Colloidal Suspension Optimization and Freeze-Cast Forming (Kathy Lu and Chris S. Kessler). Synthesis, Characterization and Measurements of Electrical Properties of Alumina-Titania Nano-Composites (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Barium Strontium Titanate Ceramics (Vikas Somani and Samar J. Kalita). Nanoparticle Hydroxyapatite Crystallization Control by using Polyelectrolytes (Mualla dner and dzlem Dogan). Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Carbide Nanofibers as Composite Reinforcing Materials (Hao Li, Abhishek Kothari, and Brian W. Sheldon). 3-D Microparticles of BaTiO, and Zn,SiO, via the Chemical (Sol-Gel, Acetate, or Hydrothermal) Conversion of Biological (Diatom) Templates (Ye Cai, Michael R. Weatherspoon, Eric Ernst, Michael S. Haluska, Robert L. Snyder, and Kenneth H. Sandhage) Polymer Fiber Assisted Processing of Ceramic Oxide Nano and Submicron Fibers (Satyajit Shukla, Erik Brinley, Hyoung J. Cho, and Sudipta Seal). Phase Development in the Catalytic System V205/Ti02 under Oxidizing Conditions (D. Habel, E. Feike, C. Schroder, H. Schubert, A. Hosch, J.,Stelzer, J. Caro, C. Hess, and A. Knop-Gericke). Synthesis and Characterization of Cubic Silicon Carbide (O-Sic) and Trigonal Silicon Nitride (a-Si,N,) Nanowires (K. Saulig-Wenger, M. Bechelany, D. Cornu, S. Bernard, F. Chassagneux, P. Miele, and T. Epicier). High Energy Milling Behavior of Alpha Silicon Carbide (M. Aparecida Pinheiro dos Santos and C. Albano da.Costa Neto). Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes for Engineering Applications (J. Hurst, D. Hull, and D. Gorican). Comparison of Electromagnetic Shielding in GFR-Nano Composites (W.-K. Jung, S.-H. Ahn, and M.-S. Won). Densification Behavior of Zirconia Ceramics Sintered Using High-Frequency Microwaves (M. Wolff, G. Falk, R. Clasen, G. Link, S. Takayama, and M. Thumm). Manufacturing of Doped Glasses Using Reactive Electrophoretic Deposition (REPD) (D. Jung, J. Tabellion, and R. Clasen). Shaping of Bulk Glasses and Ceramics with Nanosized Particles (J. Tabellion and R. Clasen). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 22-27, 2006, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Organized and sponsored by The American Ceramic Society and The American Ceramic Society's Engineering Ceramics Division in conjunction with the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating Development and Testing. Relation of Thermal Conductivity with Process Induced Anisotropic Void Systems in EB-PVD PYSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings (A. Flores Renteria, B. Saruhan, and J. llavsky). Segmentation Cracks in Plasma Sprayed Thin Thermal Barrier Coatings (Hongbo Guo, Hideyuki Murakami, and Seiji Kuroda). Design of Alternative Multilayer Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings (H. Samadi and T. W. Coyle). Creep Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (Reza Soltani, Thomas W. Coyle, and Javad Mostaghimi). Corrosion Rig Testing of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems (Robert VaOen, Doris Sebold, Gerhard Pracht, and Detlev Stover). Thermal Properties of Nanoporous YSZ Coatings Fabricated by EB-PVD (Byung-Koog Jang, Norio Yamaguchi, and Hideaki Matsubara). Oxidation Behavior and Main Causes for Accelerated Oxidation in Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (Hideyuki Arikawa, Yoshitaka Kojima, Mitsutoshi Okada, Takayuki Yoshioka, and Tohru Hisamatsu). Crack Growth and Delamination of Air Plasma-Sprayed Y203-ZrO, 8 1 TBC After Formation of TGO Layer (Makoto Hasegawa, Yu-Fu Liu, and Yutaka Kagawa). Lanthanum-Lithium Hexaaluminate-A New Material for Thermal Barrier Coatings in Magnetoplumbite Structure-Material and Process Development (Gerhard Pracht, Robert VaOen and Detlev Stover). Modeling and Life Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coatings. Simulation of Stress Development and Crack Formation in APS-TBCS For Cyclic Oxidation Loading and Comparison with Experimental Observations (R. Herzog, P. Bednarz, E. Trunova, V. Shernet, R. W. Steinbrech, F. Schubert, and L. Singheiser). Numerical Simulation of Crack Growth Mechanisms Occurring Near the Bondcoat Surface in Air Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings (A. Casu, J.-L. Marques, R. VaOen, and D. Stover). Comparison of the Radiative Two-Flux and Diffusion Approximations (Charles M. Spuckler). Damage Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coating (Y. Ohtake). Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics. The Water-Vapour Hot Gas Corrosion Behavior of AI,03-Y,03 Materials, Y,SiO, and Y3Al,0,,-Coated Alumina in a Combustion Environment (Marco Fritsch and Hagen Klernm). Evaluation of Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiC/SiC Composites (H. Nakayama, K. Morishita, S. Ochiai, T. Sekigawa, K. Aoyarna, and A. lkawa). Life Limiting Properties of Uncoated and Environmental-Barrier Coated Silicon Nitride at Higher Temperature (Sung R. Choi, Dongrning Zhu, and Rarnakrishna T. Bhatt). Multilayer EBC for Silicon Nitride (C. A. Lewinsohn, Q. Zhao, and B. Nair). Non-Destructive Evaluation of Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings. Characterization of Cracks in Thermal Barrier Coatings Using Impedance Spectroscopy (Lifen Deng, Xiaofeng Zhao, and Ping Xiao). Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for High Temperature Ceramic Coatings (William A. Ellingson, Rachel Lipanovich, Stacie Hopson, and Robert Visher). Nondestructive Evaluation of Environmental Barrier Coatings in CFCC Combustor Liners (J. G. Sun, J. Benz, W. A. Ellingson, J. G. Kimmel, and J. R. Price). Ceramic Coatings for Spacecraft Applications. Charging of Ceramic Materials Due to Space-Based Radiation Environment (Jennifer L. Sample, Ashish Nedungadi, Jordan Wilkerson, Don King, David Drewry, Ken Potocki, and Doug Eng). Spacecraft Thermal Management via Control of Optical Properties in the Near Solar Environment (David Drewry, Don King, Jennifer Sample, Dale Clemons, Keith Caruso, Ken Potocki, Doug Eng, Doug Mehoke, Michael Mattix, Michael Thomas, and Denis Nagle). Multifunctional Coatings and Interfaces. Preparation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon Oxycarbide Composite by Polyphenylsilsesquioxane Impregnation and Their Fracture Behavior (Manabu Fukushima, Satoshi Kobayashi, and Hideki Kita). Interfacial Processing Via CVD For Nicalon Based Ceramic Matrix Composites (Christopher L. Hill, Justin W. Reutenauer, Kevin A. Arpin, Steven L. Suib, and Michael A. Kmetz). Coatings of Fe/FeAIN Thin Films (Yuandan Liu, R. E. Miller, Tao Zhang, Qiquan Feng, W. Votava, Dingqiang Li, L. N. Dunkleberger, X. W. Wang, R. Gray, T. Bibens, J. Helfer, K. Mooney, R. Nowak, P. Lubitz, and Yanwen Zhang). Polymeric and Ceramic-Like Coatings on the Basis of SiN(C) Precursors for Protection of Metals Against Corrosion and Oxidation (M. Gunthner, Y. Albrecht, and G. Motz). Effect of Temperature and Spin-Coating Cycles on Microstructure Evolution for Tb-Substituted SrCeO, Thin Membrane Films (Satyajit Shukla, Mohamed M. Elbaccouch, Sudipta Seal, and Ali T-Raissi). Development of Boridized Passivation Layer for Use in PEM Fuel Cells Bipolar Plates (K. Scott Weil, Jin Yong Kim, Gordon Xia, Jim Coleman, and Z. Gary Yang). Functionally Graded Materials. Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Low Thermal Expansion Ceramic Matrix Composites (C. M. Chan and A. J. Ruys). Development of the Impeller-Dry-Blending Process for the Fabrication of Metal-Ceramic Functionally Graded Materials (D. T. Chavara and A. J. Ruys). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisDue to its many potential benefits, including high electrical efficiency and low environmental emissions, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is the subject of extensive research and development efforts by national laboratories, universities, and private industries.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Overview and Current Status Development of Two Types of Tubular SOFCs at TOT0 3Akira Kawakami, Satoshi Matsuoka, Naoki Watanabe, Takeshi Saito, Akira Ueno, Tatsumi Ishihara, Natsuko Sakai, and Harumi Yokokawa Cell and Stack Development Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Using Lanthanum Gallate-Based Oxide as an Electrolyte 17T. Yamada, N. Chitose, H. Etou, M. Yamada, K. Hosoi, N. Komada, T. Inagaki, F. Nishiwaki, K. Hashino, H. Yoshida, M. Kawano, S. Yamasaki, and T. lshihara Anode Supported LSCM-LSGM-LSM Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 27Alidad Mohammadi, Nigel M. Sammes, Jakub Pusz, and Alevtina L. Smirnova Characterization/Testing Influence of Anode Thickness on the Electrochemical Performance of Single Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 37B. E. Buergler, Y. Santschi, M. Felberbaum, and L. J. Gauckler Investigation of Performance Degradation of SOFC Using Chromium-Containing Alloy Interconnects 47D. R. Beeaff, A. Dinesen, and P. V. Hendriksen Degradation Mechanism of Metal Supported Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 55D. Hathiramani, R. VaOen, J. Mertens, D. Sebold, V. A. C. Haanappel, and D. Stover Effect of Transition Metal Ions on the Conductivity and Stability of Stabilized Zirconia 67D. Lybye and M. Mogensen Thermophysical Properties of YSZ and Ni-YSZ as a Function of Temperature and Porosity 79M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, R. M. Trejo, H. Wang, and W. D. Porter Physical Properties in the Bi2O3-Fe2O3S ystem Containing Y2O3 and CaO Dopants 87Hsin-Chai Huang, Yu-Chen Chang, and Tzer-Shin Sheu Electrical Properties of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 Ceramics Prepared by an Aqueous Process 95Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yasufumi Suzuki, Wataru Sakamoto, and Shin-ichi Hirano Structural Study and Conductivity of BaZr0.90Ga0.10O2.95 105lstaq Ahmed, Elisabet Ahlberg, Sten Eriksson, Christoper Knee, Maths Karlsson, Aleksandar Matic, and Lars Borjesson Hydrogen Flux in Terbium Doped Strontium Cerate Membrane 119Mohamed M. Elbaccouch and Ali T-Raissi A Mechanical-Electrochemical Theory of Defects in Ionic Solids 125Narasimhan Swaminathan and Jianmin Qu Electrodes Nanostructured Ceramic Suspensions for Electrodes and the Brazilian SOFC Network "Rede PaCOS" 139R. C. Cordeiro, G. S. Trindade, R. N. S. H. MagalhSies, G. C. Silva, P. R. Villalobos, M. C. R. S. Varela, and P. E. V. de Miranda Modeling of MlEC Cathodes: The Effect of Sheet Resistance 153David S. Mebane, Erik Koep, and Meilin Liu Cathode Thermal Delamination Study for a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Functional Graded Properties: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Results 161Gang Ju, Kenneth Reifsnider, and Jeong-Ho Kim Electrochemical Characteristics of Ni/Gd-Doped Ceria and Ni/Sm-Doped Ceria Anodes for SOFC Using Dry Methane Fuel 175Caroline Levy, Shinichi Hasegawa, Shiko Nakamura, Manabu Ihara, and Keiji Yamahara Control of Microstructure of NiO-SDC Composite Particles for Development of High Performance SOFC Anodes 183Koichi Kawahara, Seiichi Suda, Seiji Takahashi, Mitsunobu Kawano, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Toru lnagaki Electrochemical Characterization and Identification of Reaction Sites in Oxide Anodes 193T. Nakamura, K. Yashiro, A. Kairnai, T. Otake, K. Sato, G.J . Park, T. Kawada, and J. Mizusaki Interconnects and Protective Coatings Corrosion Performance of Ferritic Steel for SOFC Interconnect Applications 201M. Ziomek-Moroz, G. R. Holcomb, B. S. Covino, Jr., S. J. Bullard, P. D. Jablonski, and D. E. Alrnan High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of Oxidation Resistant Alloys Under SOFC Interconnect Dual Exposures 211Zhenguo Yang, Greg W. Coffey, Joseph P. Rice, Prabhakar Singh, Jeffry W. Stevenson, and Guan-Guang Xia Electro-Deposited Protective Coatings for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects 223Christopher Johnson, Chad Schaeffer, Heidi Barron, and Randall Gemmen Properties of (Mn,Co)3O4 Spinel Protection Layers for SOFC Interconnects 231Zhenguo Yang, Xiao-Hong Li, Gary D. Maupin, Prabhakar Singh, Steve P. Sirnner, Jeffry W. Stevenson, Guan-Guang Xia, and Xiaodong Zhou Fuel Cell Interconnecting Coatings Produced by Different Thermal Spray Techniques 241E. Garcia and T. W. Coyle Surface Modification of Alloys for Improved Oxidation Resistance in SOFC Applications 253David E. Alman, Paul D. Jablonski, and Steven C. Kung Seals Composite Seal Development and Evaluation 265Matthew M. Seabaugh, Kathy Sabolsky, Gene B. Arkenberg, and Jerry L. Jayjohn Investigation of SOFC-Gaskets Containing Compressive Mica Layers Under Dual Atmosphere Conditions 273F. Wiener, M. Brarn, H.-P. Buchkrerner, and D. Sebold Performance of Self-Healing Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 287Raj N. Singh and Shailendra S. Parihar Properties of Glass-Ceramic for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 297S. T. Reis, R. K. Brow, T. Zhang, and P. Jasinski Mechanical Behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Seal Glass-Boron Nitride Nanotubes Composite 305Sung R. Choi, Narottam P. Bansal, Janet B. Hurst, and Anita Garg Mechanical Behaviour of Glassy Composite Seals for IT-SOFC Application 315K. A. Nielsen, M. Solvang, S. B. L. Nielsen, and D. Beeaff Mechanical Property Characterizations and Performance Modeling of SOFC Seals 325Brian J. Koeppel, John S. Vetrano, Ba Nghiep Nguyen, Xin Sun, and Moe A. Khaleel Mechanical Properties Fracture Test of Thin Sheet Electrolytes 339Jurgen Malzbender, Rolf W. Steinbrech, and Lorenz Singheiser Failure Modes of Thin Supported Membranes 347P. V. Hendriksen, J. R. Hprgsberg, A. M. Kjeldsen, B. F. Sorensena, and H. G. Pedersen Comparison of Mechanical Properties of NiO/YSZ by Different Methods 361Dustin R. Beeaff, S. Ramousse, and Peter V. Hendriksen Fracture Toughness and Slow Crack Growth Behavior of Ni-YSZ and YSZ as a Function of Porosity and Temperature 373M. Radovic, E. Lara-Curzio, and G. Nelson Effect of Thermal Cycling and Thermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties of, and Residual Stresses in, Ni-YSZ/YSZ Bi-Layers 383E. Lara-Curzio, M. Radovic, R. M. Trejo, C. Cofer, T. R. Watkins, and K. L. More Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation Tools for Fracture Analysis in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 393Janine Johnson and Jianmin Qu Modeling Electrochemistry and On-Cell Reformation Modeling for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks 409K. P. Recknagle, D. T. Jarboe, K. I. Johnson, V. Korolev, M. A. Khaleel, and P. Singh Modeling of HeaVMass Transport and Electrochemistry of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 419Yan Ji, J. N. Chung, and Kun Yuan Author Index 435

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on recent developments and advances of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for use in fission and fusion reactors, nuclear fuels and alternative energy applications. With the continued increasing demands for energy, nuclear energy has experienced a renewed interest. Recent developments associated with advanced fuel cycles have resulted in new research efforts on nuclear fuel materials. The effects of radiation on the properties of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites are also addressed.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Irradiation Effects in Ceramics. (GenlV) Next Generation Nuclear Power and Requirements for Standards, Codes and Data Bases for Ceramic Matrix Composites (Michael G. Jenkins, Edgar Lara-Curzio, and William E. Windes). Determination of Promising Inert Matrix Fuel Compounds (C. R. Stanek, J. A. Valdez, K. E. Sickafus, K. J. McClellan, and R. W. Grimes). Densification Mechanism and Microstructural Evolution of Sic Matrix in NlTE Process (Kazuya Shimoda, Joon-Soon Park, Tatsuya Hinoki, and Akira Kohyama). Optimization of Sintering Parameters for Nitride Transmutation Fuels (John T. Dunwoody, Christopher R. Stanek, Kenneth J. McClellan, Stewart L. Voit, Thomas Hartmann, Kirk Wheeler, Manuel Parra, and Pedro D. Peralta). Ceramics in Non-Thermal Plasma Discharges for Hydrogen Generation (R. Vintila, G. Mendoza-Suarez, J. A. Kozinski, and R. A. L. Drew). Piezoelectric Ceramic Fiber Composites for Energy Harvesting to Power Electronic Components (Richard Cass, Farhad Mohammadi, and Stephen Leschin). Design Factor Using a SiC/SiC Composites for Core Component of Gas Cooled Fast Reactor. I: Hoop Stress (Jae-Kwang Lee and Masayuki Naganuma). Characterizations of Ti,SiC, as Candidate for the Structural Materials of High Temperature Reactors (Fabienne Audubert, Guillaume Abrivard, and Christophe Tallaron). Influence of Specimen Type and Loading Configuration on the Fracture Strength of Sic Layer in Coated Particle Fuel (T. S. Byun, S. G. Hong, L. L. Snead, and Y. Katoh). Investigation of Aluminides as Potential Matrix Materials for Inert Matrix Nuclear Fuels (Darrin D. Byler, Kenneth J. McClellan, James A. Valdez, Pedro D. Peralta, and Kirk Wheeler). Fluidised Bed Chemical Vapour Deposition of Pyrolytic Carbon (E. Lopez Honorato, P. Xiao, G. Marsh, and T. Abram). Ceramics for Advanced Nuclear and Alternative Energy Applications. Strength Testing of Monolithic and Duplex Silicon Carbide Cylinders in Support of Use as Nuclear Fuel Cladding (Denwood F. Ross, Jr. and William R. Hendrich). Subcritical Crack Growth in Hi-Nicalon Type-S Fiber CVI-SiC/SiC Composites (Charles H. Henager, Jr.). Electrical Conductivity of Proton Conductive Ceramics Under Reactor Irradiation (Tatsuo Shikama, Bun Tsuchiya, Shinji Nagata, and Kentaro Toh). The Effects of Irradiation-Induced Swelling of Constituents on Mechanical Properties of Advanced SiCISiC Composites (Kazumi Ozawa, Takashi Nozawa, and Tatsuya Hinoki, and Akira Kohyama). Behaviors of Radioluminescence of Optical Ceramics for Nuclear Applications (T. Shikama, S. Nagata, K. Toh, 6. Tsuchiya, and A. lnouye). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of ceramics in biological environments and biomedical applications is of increasing importance, as is the understanding of how biology works with minerals to develop strong materials.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. In Vitro Evaluation. Initial In Vitro Interaction of Human Osteoblasts with Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite (NHA) (Xingyuan Guo, Julie Gough, Ping Xiao, Jing Liu, and Zhijian Shen). Osteoblast Response to Zinc-Doped Sintered p-Tricalcium Phosphate (Sahil Jalota, Sarit 8. Bhaduri, and A. Cuneyt Tas). Determination of the Spatial Resolution of Micro-Focus X-Ray CT System with a Standard Specimen (Mineo Mizuno, Yasutoshi Mizuta, Takeharu). Kato, and Yasushi lkeda Processing of Biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite Hybridized with Metal Oxides for Biomedical Applications (Akiyoshi Osaka, Eiji Fujii, Koji Kawabata, Hideyuki Yoshirnatsu, Satoshi Hayakawa, Kanji Tsuru, Christian Bonhornrne, and Florence Babonneau). Preparation of Self-setting Cement-Based Micro- and Macroporous Granules of Carbonated Apatitic Calcium Phosphate (A. Cuneyt Tas). A Self-setting, Monetite (CaHPO,) Cement for Skeletal Repair (Tarang R. Desai, Sarit B. Bhaduri, and A. Cuneyt Tas). Chemically Bonded Ceramics Based on Ca-Aluminates as Biomaterials (L. Herrnansson and H. Engqvist). A Theoretical and Mathematical Basis Towards Dispersing Nanoparticles and Biological Agents in a Non Polar Solvent for Fabricating Porous Materials (Navin J. Manjooran and Gary R. Pickrell). Preparation of Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic Materials from the Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature (Jia-Hui Liao, Yu-Chen Chang, and Tzer-Shin Sheu). Hydroxyapatite Coatings Produced by Plasma Spraying of Organic Based Solution Precursor (E. Garcia, Z. B. Zhang, T. W. Coyle, L. Gan, and R. Pilliar). Visible-Light Photocatalytic Fibers for Inactivation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (P. G. Wu, R. C. Xie, J. Irnlay, and J. K. Shang). Precipitation Mechanisms of Hydroxyapatite Powder in the Different Aqueous Solutions (Yu-Chen Chang and Tzer-Shin Sheu). Conversion of Bioactive Silicate (45S5), Borate, and Borosilicate Glasses to Hydroxyapatite in Dilute Phosphate Solution (Wenhai Huang, Moharned N. Raharnan, and Delbert E. Day). Dental Ceramics. Variable Frequency Microwave (VFM) Processing: A New Tool to Crystallize Lithium Disilicate Glass (Morsi Mahmoud, Diane Folz, Carlos Suchicital, David Clark, and Zak Fathi). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThese proceedings contain current research from industry, academia and government organizations, working on opaque and transparent ceramic armor. Papers on novel materials concepts for both vehicle and body armors are included, as well as papers that explore the relationship between computational modeling and property testing. These papers were presented at the Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 22-27, 2006, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Organized and sponsored by The American Ceramic Society and The American Ceramic Society''s Engineering Ceramics Division in conjunction with the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. A Review of Computational Ceramic Armor Modeling (Charles E. Anderson. Jr.). Silicon Carbide. Biomorphic SiSiC-Materials for Lightweight Armour (Bernhard Heidenreich, Michaela Gahr, Elmar StraDburger, and Ekkehard Lutz). Evaluation of Sic Armor Tile Using Ultrasonic Techniques (J. Scott Steckenrider, William A. Ellingson, Rachel Lipanovich, Jeffrey Wheeler, and Chris Deemer). Spherical Indentation of Sic (A. A. Wereszczak and K. E. Johanns). Damage Modes Correlated to the Dynamic Response of Sic-N (H. Luo and W. Chen). Grain Boundary Chemistry of Sic-Based Armor (Edgardo Pabit, Kerry Siebein, Darryl P. Butt, Helge Heinrich, Darin Ray, Sarbjit Kaur, R. Marc Flinders, and Raymond A. Cutler). Effect of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on the Ballistic Performance of Sic-Based Ceramics (Darin Ray, Marc Flinders, Angela Anderson, Raymond A. Cutler, James Campbell, and Jane W. Adams). Addition of Excess Carbon to Sic to Study its Effect on Silicon Carbide (Sic) Armor (Chris Ziccardi and Richard Haber). Glass and Transparent Ceramics. Analysis of Time-Resolved Penetration of Long Rods into Glass Targets-l I (Charles E. Anderson, Jr., I. Sidney Chocron, and Carl E. Weiss). Response and Characterization of Confined Borosilicate Glass: Intact and Damaged (Kathryn A. Dannemann, Arthur E. Nicholls, Charles E. Anderson, Jr., Sidney Chocron, and James D. Walker). Constitutive Model for Damaged Borosilicate Glass (Sidney Chocron, James D. Walker, Arthur E. Nicholls, Charles E. Anderson, and Kathryn A. Dannemann). Reaction Sintered LiAlON (Raymond A. Cutler and R. Marc Flinders). Large Area EFGTM Sapphire for Transparent Armor (Christopher D. Jones, Jeffrey B. Rioux, John W. Locher, Herbert E. Bates, Steven A. Zanella, Vincent Pluen, and Mattias Mandelartz). Other Opaque Ceramics. Relationship of Microstructure and Hardness for A120, Armor Materials (Memduh Volkan Demirbas and Richard A. Haber). Root Causes of the Performance of Boron Carbide Under Stress (Giovanni Fanchini, Dale E. Niesz, Richard A. Haber, James W. McCauley, and Manish Chhowalla). Analysis of Texture in Controlled Shear Processed Boron Carbide (D. Maiorano, R. Haber, and G. Fanchini). Damage and Testing. Progress in the Nondestructive Analysis of Impact Damage in Ti62 Armor Ceramics (Joseph M. Wells). Elastic Property Determination of WC Spheres and Estimation of Compressive Loads and lmpact Velocities That Initiate Their Yielding and Cracking (A. A. Wereszczak). On the Role of Impact Damage in Armor Ceramic Performance (Joseph M. Wells). The Indentation Size Effect (ISE) for Knoop Hardness in Five Ceramic Materials (Trevor Wilantewicz, W. Roger Cannon, and George Quinn). Influence of Microstructure on the Indentation-Induced Damage in Silicon Carbide (Jeffrey J. Swab, Andrew A. Wereszczak, Justin Pritchett, and Kurt Johanns). Author Index.

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Book SynopsisReviews the science and engineering of high-temperature corrosion and provides guidelines for selecting the best materials for an array of system processes High-temperature corrosion (HTC) is a widespread problem in an array of industries, including power generation, aerospace, automotive, and mineral and chemical processing, to name a few. This book provides engineers, physicists, and chemists with a balanced presentation of all relevant basic science and engineering aspects of high-temperature corrosion. It covers most HTC types, including oxidation, sulfidation, nitridation, molten salts, fuel-ash corrosion, H2S/H2 corrosion, molten fluoride/HF corrosion, and carburization. It also provides corrosion data essential for making the appropriate choices of candidate materials for high-temperature service in process conditions. A form of corrosion that does not require the presence of liquids, high-temperature corrosion occurs due to the inteTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of High Temperature Corrosion 1 1.2 Historical Development 1 1.3 High Temperature Corrosion Phenomena 3 1.4 High Temperature Materials 3 1.5 Corrosive Environments 27 1.6 Films and Scales 31 1.7 Academic Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 33 1.8 Industrial Impact of High Temperature Corrosion 38 1.9 Questions 46 References 46 Further Reading 47 2 Metallurgical Structure and Metals 48 2.1 Imperfections in an Essentially Perfect Structure 48 2.2 Solidification 56 2.3 Alloys 62 2.4 Iron and Steel 72 2.5 Deformation and Recrystallization 79 2.6 Fracture and Fatigue 91 2.7 Questions and Problems 97 References 98 Further Reading 99 3 High Temperature Equilibria 100 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 Thermochemical Analysis 100 3.3 Electrochemical Analysis 119 References 128 Further Reading 129 4 Lattice Defects in Metal Compounds 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Defect Reactions 133 4.3 Defect Equilibria 135 4.4 Equilibrium Constants 141 4.5 Questions 144 References 144 Further Reading 145 5 Diffusion in Solid-State Systems 146 5.1 Introduction 146 5.2 General Theory of Diffusion 146 5.3 Diffusion Coefficients 150 5.4 Matano–Boltzmann Analysis 153 5.5 Kirkendall Effect 154 5.6 Darken Analysis 155 5.7 Factors Influencing Diffusion 156 5.8 Impurity Diffusion in Metals 158 5.9 Grain Boundary Diffusion in Metals 158 5.10 Diffusion in Solid Oxides 160 5.11 Morphology of Reaction Products 163 5.12 Measurement of Diffusion Parameters 164 5.13 Questions and Problems 168 References 168 Further Reading 169 6 High Temperature Electrochemistry 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Electrochemical Nature of Molten Salt Corrosion 171 6.3 The Single Potential of an Electrode 172 6.4 Equilibrium Diagrams 173 6.5 The Tafel Relationship 173 6.6 Corrosion Potential–pO2−Relationship 175 6.7 Electrochemical Polarization and Monitoring 177 6.8 Electrochemical Nature of Metal Oxidation 179 6.9 Usefulness of Electrochemical Cells 181 6.10 Current–Potential Measurements on Solid Electrodes 182 6.11 Simple Concepts of Oxide Semiconductors 183 6.12 Conduction Processes in Ionic Oxides 186 6.13 Common Solid-State Electrochemical Situations 190 References 194 Further Reading 195 7 Oxidation 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 Thermodynamic Considerations 197 7.3 Kinetic Considerations 199 7.4 Defect Structures 201 7.5 Compact Scale Growth 208 7.6 Multilayered Scale Growth 212 7.7 Oxidation Resistance 214 7.8 Oxidation of Engineering Materials 224 7.9 Conclusions 228 7.10 Questions 229 References 229 Further Reading 231 8 Sulfidation 233 8.1 Introduction 233 8.2 The Process of Sulfidation 233 8.3 Sulfidation Kinetics 235 8.4 Sulfidation of Selected Materials 236 8.5 Defect Structures of Metal Sulfides 240 8.6 Questions 243 References 243 Further Reading 244 9 Carburization and Metal Dusting 245 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Carburization 245 9.3 Alloy Resistance to Carburization 251 9.4 Metal Dusting Problem 255 9.5 Metal Dusting Mechanisms 256 9.6 Alloy Resistance to Metal Dusting 260 References 262 Further Reading 263 10 Nitridation 264 10.1 Introduction 264 10.2 Nitridation Mechanisms 264 10.3 Nitridation in Industrial Media 265 10.4 Questions and Problems 273 References 274 Further Reading 275 11 Halogenation 276 11.1 Introduction 276 11.2 Metal–Halogen Reactions 277 11.3 Alloy–Halogen Reactions 279 11.4 Laboratory Studies 280 11.5 Conclusions 282 11.6 Questions 282 References 282 Further Reading 283 12 Corrosion by Hydrogen and Water Vapor 284 12.1 Introduction 284 12.2 Corrosion by Hydrogen 284 12.3 Corrosion by Water Vapor 290 12.4 Conclusions 293 References 294 Further Reading 295 13 Corrosion in Molten Salts 296 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Corrosion Process 296 13.3 Thermodynamic Diagrams 298 13.4 Corrosion Rate Measurements 299 13.5 Test Methods 299 13.6 Fluorides 303 13.7 Chlorides 304 13.8 Nitrates/nitrites 305 13.9 Hydroxides 309 13.10 Carbonates 309 13.11 Vanadates 312 13.12 Sulfates 314 13.13 Prevention of Molten Salt Corrosion 321 13.14 Summary 321 References 322 Further Reading 324 14 Corrosion in Molten Metals 325 14.1 Introduction 325 14.2 Corrosive Processes 326 14.3 Industrial Liquid Metals 332 14.4 Conclusions 338 References 339 Further Reading 339 15 Hot Corrosion 340 15.1 Introduction 340 15.2 Engine Description and Materials 340 15.3 Early Studies 341 15.4 Mechanisms of Hot Corrosion 349 15.5 Hot Corrosion of Gas Turbine Alloys 351 15.6 Methods of Evaluating Hot Corrosion 354 15.7 Prevention of Corrosion 356 15.8 Conclusions 358 15.9 Questions 358 References 359 Further Reading 360 16 Fireside Corrosion 361 16.1 Introduction 361 16.2 Coal-Fired Boilers 362 16.3 Coal-ash Corrosion 371 16.4 Oil-Fired Boilers 373 16.5 Corrosion in Waste Incinerators 379 16.6 Plant Experience with Fireside Corrosion 380 16.7 Conclusions 388 References 389 Further Reading 389 17 Testing and Evaluation 391 17.1 Introduction 391 17.2 Testing Equipment and Monitoring 392 17.3 Optical Microscopy 394 17.4 Thermogravimetry 395 17.5 Spectroscopy 398 17.6 Diffraction Techniques 402 17.7 Electron Microscopy 409 17.8 Electron Spectroscopy and Ion Scattering 416 17.9 Surface Microscopy 424 17.10 Optical Spectroscopy 428 17.11 Nondestructive Inspection Techniques 439 17.12 Traditional Electrochemical Methods 445 17.13 Nontraditional Electrochemical Methods 453 17.14 Combined Electrochemical Methods 459 References 472 Further Reading 475 18 Protective Coatings 477 18.1 Introduction 477 18.2 Coating Systems 477 18.3 Coating Processes 480 18.4 Coating Degradation 496 18.5 Summary and Future Trends 499 18.6 Questions 500 References 500 Further Reading 501 19 Examples of Engineering Importance 502 19.1 Introduction 502 19.2 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 504 19.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 516 19.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells 524 19.5 Nuclear Power Plants 531 References 546 Further Reading 549 20 Case Studies 551 20.1 Making Stainless Steels 551 20.2 Corrosion Protection of Turbine Blades 551 20.3 Oxidation of Silicides for VLSI Applications 556 20.4 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion in Petrochemical Plants 560 20.5 Oxidation of Ceramic Matrix Composites 562 20.6 Shell Corrosion of Rotary Cement Kilns 563 20.7 Corrosion of Steels in a Linear 𝛼Olefin Plant 564 References 565 Further Reading 565 Appendix A 566 List of Acronyms 591 Glossary of Selected Terms Used in High Temperature Corrosion 596 Author Index 615 Subject Index 629

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive and current resource for understanding and working with biodegradable polymers Guides the scientist in designing new materials by exploring the relationship between structure and properties for each category of blends/composites discussed.Trade Review"Combining fundamental science with real-life applications and potential markets, this book is ideal for material and polymer scientists as well as students who are interested in studying and bringing these new environmentally friendly and bio based materials to market." (Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, April 2009)Table of ContentsPART I: NATURAL POLYMER BLENDS AND COMPOSITES. 1. Polymers from Renewable Resources (L. Yu and L. Chen). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Natural Polymers. 1.3 Synthetic Polymers from Natural Monomers. 1.4 Polymers from Microbial Fermentation. 1.5 Summary. 2. Starch - Cellulose Blends (I. S. Arvanitoyannis and A. Kassaveti). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Starch and Starch Derivatives. 2.3 Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. 2.4 Starch-Cellulose Blends. 2.5 Applications. 3. Starch Sodium Caseinate Blends (I. S. Arvanitoyannis and P. Tserkezou). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Starch and Starch Derivatives. 3.3 Sodium Caseinate Derivatives. 3.4 Starch- Sodium Caseinate Blends. 3.5 Applications. 3.6 Comparison between Sodium Caseinate and other Edible films. 4. Novel Plastics and Foams from Starch and Polyurethanes (Y. Lu and L. Tighzert). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Starch-Filled Polyurethane Elastomers and Plastics. 4.3 Starch-Filled Polyurethane Foams. 4.4 Starch Grafted with Polyurethanes. 4.5 Thermoplastic Starch/Polyurethane Blends. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. 5. Chitosan Properties and application (N. Soares). 5.1 Sources. 5.1 Structures. 5.2 Application in Food Industry. 5.3 Antimicrobial Property. 5.4 Others Properties. 5.5 Chitosan derivatives . 6. Blends and Composites Based on Cellulose/Natural Polymers (Y. Wang and L. Zhang). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Cellulose: Structure and Solvents. 6.3 Cellulose/Natural Polymers Blends. 6.4 Cellulose Derivatives/Natural Polymers Blends. 6.5 Promising Application of Cellulose Blends. PART II: ALIPHATIC POLYESTER BLENDS. 7. Stereocomplex between Enantiomeric Poly(lactide)s (H. Tsuji and Y. Ikada). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Stereocomplex formation. 7.3 Methods for inducing stereocomplexation. 7.4 Physical Properties. 7.5 Biodegradation. 7.6 Applications. 8. Polyhydroxyalkanoates Blends and Composities (G. Q. Chen and Tsinghua). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 PHA Blended with Starch or Cellulose. 8.3 PHA Blended with PLA. 8.4 PHA Blended with PCL. 8.5 Blending of Different PHA. 8.6 PHA Blending with other Polymers. 8.7 PHA Composites. PART III: HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC POLYMERIC BLENDS. 9. Starch-Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Composites and Blends (R. Shogren). 9.1 Summary of starch, PHA structure and properties. 9.2 Why blend starch with PHA's?. 9.3 Problems with starch-PHA blends. 9.4 Granular starch-PHA composites. 9.5 Gelatinized starch-PHA blends. 9.6 Thermoplastic Starch/PHA Laminates and Foams. 9.7 Biodegradability, Recycling and Sustainability. 9.8 Applications and Production. 9.9 Future Research Needs and Directions. 10. Biodegradable Blends Based on Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Natural Chitosan (C. Chen and L. Dong). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Preparation and Properties. 10.3 Conclusion. PART IV: NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES. 11. Starch-Cellulose Fibres Composites (A. V’quez and V. Alvarez). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Starch Polymer. 11.3 Starch-Cellulose Fibre Composites. 11.4 Starch Based Blends as Polymer Matrix . 11.5 Starch Based Blend/Natural Fibre Composites . 11.6 Conclusion. 12. PLA/Cellulosic Fiber Composites (M. Shibata). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 PLA/Abaca Composites. 12.3 PLA/Wood Flour Composites. 12.4 PLA/Lyocell Composites. 12.5 Conclusions. 13. Biocomposites of Natural Fibres and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Copolymers: Improved Mechanical Properties Through Compatibilization at the Interface (S. Wong and R. A. Shanks). 13.1 Traditional Composites and Novel Biodegradable Composites. 13.2 Natural Fibres. 13.3 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibres. 13.4 Biodegradable Polymers. 13.5 Major Problems Associated with High Strength Composites. 13.6 Summary. 14. Starch-Fiber Composites (M. A. Hanna and Y. Xu). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Starch-Based Biopolymers. 14.3 Natural Fibers. 14.4 Starch-Natural Fiber Blends. 14.5 Summary. PART V: BIODEGRADABLE NANOCOMPOSITES. 15. Starch based nanocomposites using layered minerals (H.R. Fischer and J.J. de Vlieger). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Starch-montmorillonite nano-composites. 15.3 Starch based nanocomposites using different layered minerals. 15.4 Biodegradable starch-polyester nanocomposite materials. 15.5 Discussion and Conclusions. 16. Polylactide Based Nanocomposites (S. S. Ray and J. Ramontja). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 PLA Nanocomposites based on Clay. 16.3 PLA Nanocomposites based on Carbon Nanotubes. 16.4 PLA Nanocomposites based on other Nanofillers. 16.5 Properties of PLA Nanocomposites. 16.6 Biodegradability. 16.7 Melt Rheology. 16.8 Foam Processing . 16.9 Applications Possibilities and Future Prospect. 17. Advances in Natural Rubber/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites (D. Jia, L. Liu, X. Wang, B. Guo, and Y. Luo). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Materials and Process. 17.3 Characterization. 17.4 Results and Discussions. 17.5 Summary. PART VI: MULTILAYER DESIGNED MATERIALS. 18. Multilayer Coextrusion of Starch/Biopolyester (L. Av’ous). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Materials and Process. 18.3 Characterization. 18.4 Results and Discussions. 18.5 Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis one-of-a-kind reference lists information and contacts for faculty members by geography, school, and specialty at some 500 universities and technical institutes worldwide offering chemical engineering curricula. Information on placement officers and student organizations are also provided.

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Book SynopsisPractical Utility of Biomarkers in Drug Discovery and Development covers all aspects of biomarker research applied to drug discovery and development and contains state-of-the-art appraisals on the practical utility of genomic, biochemical, and protein biomarkers. Case histories and lessons from successful and unsuccessful applications of biomarkers are included along with key chapters on GLP validation, safety biomarkers and proteomics biomarkers. Regulatory agency perspectives and initiatives both in the US and internationally are also discussed.Trade Review“The ability to correlate in vitro and in vivo biomarker information in the process of drug discovery and development lies at the heart of translational research. The goal is to rapidly translate basic discoveries into clinical applications. This book provides state-of-the-art information on this exciting new research approach.” (Doody’s, 8 February 2013) “The text is packed with interesting, comprehensive, and pertinent information, clearly presented with salient points reinforced by inclusion in text boxes . . . This is an admirable textbook for those dealing with drug discovery and development. I enjoyed reading through it and I would recommend it to anyone who has an interest, or is developing an interest, in the field of biomarkers and their, as yet, unfulfilled potential.” (ISSX International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributors xv Part I Biomarkers in Drug Discovery 1 1 The Importance of Biomarkers in Translational Medicine 3 Joseph C. Fleishaker 2 Validation of Biochemical Biomarker Assays used in Drug Discovery and Development: A Review ofChallenges and Solutions 23 Gabriella Szekely-Klepser and Scott Fountain 3 Proteomic Methods to Develop Protein Biomarkers 49 Ruth A. VanBogelen and Diane Alessi 4 Overview of Metabolomics Basics 79 Qiuwei Xu and William H. Schaefer Part II Clinical Application of Biomarkers 139 5 Vascular Biomarkers and Imaging Studies 141 Karin Potthoff, Ulrike Fiedler, and Joachim Drevs 6 Cardiovascular Biomarkers as Examples of Success and Failure in Predicting Safety in Humans 163 Simon Authier, Michael K. Pugsley, Eric Troncy, and Michael J. Curtis 7 The Use of Molecular Imaging for Receptor Occupancy Decision Making in Drug Development 189 Ralph Paul Maguire 8 Biosensors for Clinical Biomarkers 203 Sara Tombelli and Marco Mascini Part III Regulatory Perspectives 229 9 Regulatory Perspectives on Biomarker Development 231 Rajanikanth Madabushi, Lawrence Lesko, and Janet Woodcock 10 Perspectives from the European Regulatory Authorities 255 Ian Hudson 11 Use of Biomarker in Drug Development—Japanese Perspectives 269 Yoshiaki Uyama, Akihiro Ishiguro, Harumasa Nakamura, and Satoshi Toyoshima Part IV Predicting in Vivo 289 12 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations of Hepatic Drug Clearance 291 R. Scott Obach 13 The Potential of In Silico and In Vitro Approaches to Predict In Vivo Drug–Drug Interactions and ADMET/TOX Properties 307 Kenneth Bachmann and Sean Ekins 14 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Drug Discovery and Development: Concepts and Applications inToxicology 331 Rex Denton, Kimberly Brannen, and Bruce D. Car 15 Assessing the Potential for Induction of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Predicting the In Vivo Response 353 Jiunn H. Lin Index 383

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Book SynopsisNew edition covers the latest practices, regulations, and alternative disinfectants Since the publication of the Fourth Edition of White''s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants more than ten years ago, the water industry has made substantial advances in their understanding and application of chlorine, hypochlorite, and alternative disinfectants for water and wastewater treatment. This Fifth Edition, with its extensive updates and revisions, reflects the current state of the science as well as the latest practices. Balancing theory with practice, the Fifth Edition covers such important topics as: Advances in the use of UV and ozone as disinfectants Alternative disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, iodine, and bromine-related products Advanced oxidation processes for drinking water and wastewater treatment New developments and information for the production anTable of Contents Preface xxvii Authors xxix List of Contributors and Reviewers xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxix 1 Chlorine: History, Manufacture, Properties, Hazards, and Uses 1 2 Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine 68 3 Determination of Chlorine Residuals in Water and Wastewater Treatment 174 4 Chlorination of Potable Water 230 5 Chlorination of Wastewater 326 6 Disinfection of Wastewater 363 7 Chlorine Contact Basin Design 404 8 Chlorine Feed Systems 418 9 Hypochlorination—Sodium Hypochlorite 452 10 On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System 528 11 Dechlorination 572 12 Process Controls for Chlorination and Dechlorination 594 13 Operation and Maintenance 678 14 Chlorine Dioxide 700 15 Ozone 767 16 Bromine, Bromine Chloride, BCDMH, and Iodine 848 17 Ultraviolet Light 893 18 Advanced Oxidation Processes 976 Appendix 1003 Index 1009

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Book SynopsisThe complete, hands-on guide to sustainable development Today''s process industries must develop natural resources within an eco-friendly framework that balances current demand with future need. Realizing this goal necessitates global vigilance of three key areaspeople, planet, and prosperityknown as the Triple Bottom Line or, simply, the Triple P. Sustainable Development in the Process Industries details how worldwide implementation of sustainable processes in present-day industries can positively influence the Triple P going forward by lowering poverty, reducing pollution, and conserving resources. This in-depth guide includes: Real-world case studies and examples Individual chapters written by industry experts Application in industries such as petroleum and fuel, food, recycling, mineral processing, and water processing Focus on the micro (molecules, unit operations, processes) to the macTable of ContentsContributors ix Foreword xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 Jan Harmsen 1.1 Reason for This Book, 1 1.2 Scope of the Book, 2 1.3 Use in Education, 2 1.4 Use in Industry, 3 2 Sustainability Metrics, Indicators, and Indices for the Process Industries 5 Joseph B. Powell 2.1 Overview and Scope, 5 2.2 Hierarchy of SD Metrics, Indices, and Indicators, 7 2.3 Practical Tools for the Process Industries, 10 2.4 Summary and Conclusions, 17 References, 19 3 Resource Effi ciency of Chemical Manufacturing Chains: Present and Future 23 Jean-Paul Lange 3.1 Introduction, 23 3.2 Resource Efficiency, 24 3.3 Economic Impact, 32 3.4 Conclusions, 35 References, 35 4 Regional Integration of Processes, Agriculture, and Society 39 Michael Narodoslawsky 4.1 The Formative Character of Raw Materials, 39 4.2 The Systemic Engineering Challenge, 44 4.3 Regional Integration of Technologies, 46 References, 57 5 Eco-industrial Parks in The Netherlands: The Rotterdam Harbor and Industry Complex 59 L. W. Baas and G. Korevaar 5.1 Introduction, 59 5.2 Industrial Ecosystem Programs in Rotterdam, 60 5.3 Conclusions, 76 References, 78 6 By-product Synergy Networks: Driving Innovation Through Waste Reduction and Carbon Mitigation 81 Andrew Mangan and Elsa Olivetti 6.1 Introduction, 81 6.2 BPS Origins, 83 6.3 The BPS Process, 87 6.4 Barriers and Challenges, 94 6.5 Benefi ts and Opportunities, 97 6.6 Examples, 100 6.7 Conclusions, 106 References, 106 7 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass For Energy and Chemicals: Technologies at Various Scales 109 R. H. Venderbosch and W. Prins 7.1 Introduction, 109 7.2 Oil Properties, 114 7.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies, 120 7.4 Mass and Energy Balance for Production of Bio-oil and Char in a 2-ton/h Wood Plant, 136 7.5 Bio-oil Fuel Applications, 139 7.6 Chemicals from Bio-oil, 144 7.7 Economics, 148 7.8 Concluding Remarks, 149 References, 150 8 Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery: A Study in Sustainable Process Development 157 Carina Maria Alles and Robin Jenkins 8.1 Introduction, 157 8.2 Technology Development for an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery, 159 8.3 LCA Results: ICBR Versus Benchmarks, 165 8.4 Final Refl ections, 168 References, 169 9 Cellulosic Biofuels: A Sustainable Option for Transportation 171 Jean-Paul Lange, Iris Lewandowski, and Paul M. Ayoub 9.1 Introduction, 171 9.2 Case Studies, 175 9.3 Sustainability of Biomass Production, 183 9.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D Activities, 194 Note Added in Proof, 196 References, 196 10 Integrated Urea–Melamine Process at DSM: Sustainable Product Development 199 Tjien T. Tjioe and Johan T. Tinge 10.1 Short Summary of Melamine Development, 199 10.2 Current Uses of Melamine, 200 10.3 Urea Production, 201 10.4 Conventional DSM Stamicarbon Gas-Phase Melamine Production Process, 202 10.5 New Integrated Urea–Melamine Process, 205 10.6 Conclusions, 207 References, 207 11 Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts 209 Joseph B. Powell 11.1 Overview, 209 11.2 Historical Perspective, 210 11.3 Innovations in the Age of Sustainability, 212 11.4 Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance, 215 References, 216 12 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Concept of Cleaner Production 219 Johannes Fresner and Jan Sage 12.1 Overview, 219 12.2 Active Strategies for Sustainable Management, 220 12.3 Eloxieranstalt A. Heuberger GmbH: Sustainable Management in an Anodizing Plant, 221 12.4 Analysis of the Results, 226 12.5 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies, 230 Appendix: A Successful Regional Cleaner Production Project, 231 References, 236 13 Sustainable Concepts in Metals Recycling and Mineral Processing 237 Nitosh Kumar Brahma 13.1 Overview, 237 13.2 Bioleaching Process Design and Development, 238 13.3 Bioleaching Reactor Design: Applicability of the Core Particle Model, 241 13.4 Industrial Applications, 243 13.5 Conclusions, 245 References, 246 14 Industrial Ecosystem Principles in Industrial Symbiosis: By-product Synergy 249 Qingzhong Wu 14.1 Introduction, 249 14.2 Relationship Between Industrial Symbiosis and Sustainable Development, 250 14.3 Challenges, Barriers, and Countermeasures in Exploration, Evaluation, and Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis, 252 14.4 What By-Product Synergy Is and Is Not, 253 14.5 Work Process and Successful Cases of Industrial Symbiosis, 254 14.6 Conclusions and Recommendations, 261 References, 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisExtracting and applying knowledge from chemical, biological, and clinical data is one of the biggest problems for the pharmaceutical industry.Trade Review"Its strength is that it gives beginners a good impression of our contemporary data jungle." (ChemMedChem, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART I: DATA MINING IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A GENERAL OVERVIEW. 1 A History of the development of Data Mining in Pharmaceutical Research ( David J. Livingstone and John Bradshaw). 2 Drug Gold and Data Dragons: Myths and Realities of Data Mining in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Barry Robson and Andy Vaithiligam). 3 Application of Data Mining Algorithms in Pharmaceutical Research and Development (Konstantin V. Balakin and Nikolay P. Savchuk). PART II: CHEMOINFORMATICS-BASED APPLICATIONS. 4 Data Mining Approaches for Compound Selection and Iterative Screening (Martin Vogt and Jurgen Bajorath). 5 Prediction of Toxic Effects of Pharmaceutical Agents (Andreas Maunz and Christoph Helma). 6 Chemogenomics-Based Design of GPCR-Targeted Libraries Using Data Mining Techniques (Konstantin V. Balakin and Elena V. Bovina). 7 Mining High-Throughput Screening Data by Novel Knowledge-Based Optimization Analysis (S. Frank Yan, Frederick J. King, Sumit K. Chanda, Jeremy S. Caldwell, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, and Yingyao Zhou). PART III: BIOINFORMATICS-BASED APPLICATIONS. 8 Mining DNA Microarray Gene Expression Data (Paolo Magni). 9 Bioinformatics Approaches for Analysis of Protein-Ligand Interactions (Munazah Andrabi, Chioko Nagao, Kenji Mizuguchi, and Shandar Ahmad). 10 Analysis of Toxicogenomic Databases (Lyle D. Burgoon). 11 Bridging the Pharmaceutical Shortfall: Informatics Approaches to the Discovery of Vaccines, Antigens, Epitopes, and Adjuvants (Matthew N. Davies and Darren R. Flower). PART IV: DATA MINING METHODS IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT. 12 Data Mining in Pharmacovigilance (Manfred Hauben and Andrew Bate). 13 Data Mining Methods as Tools for Predicting Individual Drug Response (Audrey Sabbagh and Pierre Darlu). 14 Data Mining Methods in Pharmaceutical Formulation (Raymond C. Rowe and Elizabeth A Colbourn). PART V: DATA MINING ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES. 15 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Pharmaceutical Data Mining (Igor V. Pletnev, Yan A. Ivanenkov, and Alexey V. Tarasov). 16 Advanced Artificial Intelligence Methods Used in the Design of Pharmaceutical Agents (Yan A. Ivanenkov and Ludmila M. Khandarova). 17 Databases for Chemical and Biological Information (Tudor I. Oprea, Liliana Ostopovici-Halip, and Ramona Rad-Curpan). 18 Mining Chemical Structural Information from the Literature (Debra L. Banville). Index.

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Book SynopsisPapers from The American Ceramic Society''s 31st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 21-26, 2007. Topics include advances in dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials; electroceramic materials for sensors; thermoelectric materials for power conversion applications; and transparent conductive oxides.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials 3 Electroceramic Materials for Sensors 101 Thermoelectric Materials for Power Conversion Applications 151 Transparent Electronic Ceramics 243 Author Index 257

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Book SynopsisDrug Efficacy, Safety, and Biologics Discovery: Emerging Technologies and Tools covers key emerging technologiesin pharmaceutical R & D and how they have substantially impacted (or are currently impacting) drug discovery. The cross-disciplinary collaborations implicit in integrating these technologies with drug discovery operations will fuel the engine for future innovations. This book cuts across the multiple areas of drug discovery, each chapter authored by pioneers in that field, making for a broad appeal to the chemical and biological scientists and technologists involved in drug discovery and development.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART I: DRUG EFFICACY AND SAFETY TECHNOLOGY. 1. Focus on Fundamentals: Towards Better Therapeutic Index Prediction (Jinghai J. Xu and Li J. Yu). 2. High-Throughput Protein-Based Technologies and Computational Models for Drug Development, Efficacy and Toxicity (Leonidas G. Alexopoulos, Julio Saez-Rodriguez and Christopher W. Espelin). 3. Cellular Systems Biology Applied to Pre-Clinical Safety Testing: A Case Study of CellCiphrTM Profiling (Lawrence Vernetti, William Irwin, Kenneth A. Giuliano, Albert Gough, Kate Johnston and D. Lansing Taylor). 4. Systems Pharmacology, Biomarkers and Biomolecular Networks (Aram Adourian, Thomas N. Plasterer, Raji Balasubramanian, Ezra Jennings, Shunguang Wang, Jan van der Greef, Robert McBurney, Pieter Muntendam, and Noubar Afeyan). 5. Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Discovery (Hanbing Zhong, Ning-Ai Liu and Shuo Lin). 6. Toxicity Pathways and Models: Mining for Potential Side Effects (Sean Ekins and Josef Scheiber). 7. Computational Systems Biology Modeling of Dosimetry and Cellular Response Pathways (Qiang Zhang, Yu-Mei Tan, Sudin Bhattacharya and Melvin E. Andersen). 8. Stem Cell Technology for Embryotoxicity, Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity Evaluation (Julio C. Davila, Donald B. Stedman, Sandra J. Engle, Howard I. Pryor II and Joseph P. Vacanti). 9. Telemetry Technology for Preclinical Drug Discovery and Development (Yi Yang). PART II. BIOLOGICS TECHNOLOGY. 10. Nanotechnology to Improve Oral Drug Delivery (Mayank D. Bhavsar, Shardool Jain, and Mansoor M. Amiji). 11. Functional Glycomics and the Future of Glycomic Drugs (Ram Sasisekharan). 12. Modeling Efficacy and Safety of Engineered Biologics (Jeff Chabot and Bruce Gomes). 13. Regulation of Gene Expression by Small, Non-Coding RNAs: Practical Applications (Roman Herrara and Eric Tien). PART III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE. 14. Future Perspectives of Biological Engineering in Pharmaceutical Research: The Paradigm of Modeling, Mining, Manipulation and Measurements (Jinghai J. Xu, Sean Ekins, Michael McGlashen and Douglas Lauffenburger). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a follow-on to the author's bestseller, Principles of Combustion, Second Edition published in 2005. The text covers advanced topics of combustion and flame that are not covered anywhere else.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction and Conservation Equations 1 1.1 Why Is Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion Important?, 3 1.2 Different Applications for Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion, 3 1.2.1 Applications in High Rates of Combustion of Materials for Propulsion Systems, 5 1.2.2 Applications in Power Generation, 7 1.2.3 Applications in Process Industry, 7 1.2.4 Applications in Household and Industrial Heating, 7 1.2.5 Applications in Safety Protections for Unwanted Combustion, 7 1.2.6 Applications in Ignition of Various Combustible Materials, 8 1.2.7 Applications in Emission Control of Combustion Products, 8 1.2.8 Applications in Active Control of Combustion Processes, 8 1.3 Objectives of Combustion Modeling, 8 1.4 Combustion-Related Constituent Disciplines, 9 1.5 General Approach for Solving Combustion Problems, 9 1.6 Governing Equations for Combustion Models, 11 1.6.1 Conservation Equations, 11 1.6.2 Transport Equations, 11 1.6.3 Common Assumptions Made in Combustion Models, 11 1.6.4 Equation of State, 12 1.6.4.1 High-Pressure Correction, 13 1.7 Definitions of Concentrations, 14 1.8 Definitions of Energy and Enthalpy Forms, 16 1.9 Velocities of Chemical Species, 19 1.9.1 Definitions of Absolute and Relative Mass and Molar Fluxes, 20 1.10 Dimensionless Numbers, 23 1.11 Derivation of Species Mass Conservation Equation and Continuity Equation for Multicomponent Mixtures, 23 1.12 Momentum Conservation Equation for Mixture, 29 1.13 Energy Conservation Equation for Multicomponent Mixture, 33 1.14 Total Unknowns versus Governing Equations, 40 Homework Problems, 41 2 Laminar Premixed Flames 43 2.1 Basic Structure of One-Dimensional Premixed Laminar Flames, 46 2.2 Conservation Equations for One-Dimensional Premixed Laminar Flames, 47 2.2.1 Various Models for Diffusion Velocities, 49 2.2.1.1 Multicomponent Diffusion Velocities (First-Order Approximation), 49 2.2.1.2 Various Models for Describing Source Terms due to Chemical Reactions, 54 2.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis, 66 2.3 Analytical Relationships for Premixed Laminar Flames with a Global Reaction, 68 2.3.1 Three Analysis Procedures for Premixed Laminar Flames, 77 2.3.2 Generalized Expression for Laminar Flame Speeds, 80 2.3.2.1 Reduced Reaction Mechanism for HC-Air Flame, 81 2.3.3 Dependency of Laminar Flame Speed on Temperature and Pressure, 82 2.3.4 Premixed Laminar Flame Thickness, 84 2.4 Effect of Flame Stretch on Laminar Flame Speed, 86 2.4.1 Definitions of Stretch Factor and Karlovitz Number, 86 2.4.2 Governing Equation for Premixed Laminar Flame Surface Area, 94 2.4.3 Determination of Unstretched Premixed Laminar Flame Speeds and Markstein Lengths, 95 2.5 Modeling of Soot Formation in Laminar Premixed Flames, 103 2.5.1 Reaction Mechanisms for Soot Formation and Oxidation, 104 2.5.1.1 Empirical Models for Soot Formation, 106 2.5.1.2 Detailed Models for Soot Formation and Oxidation, 108 2.5.1.3 Formation of Aromatics, 109 2.5.1.4 Growth of Aromatics, 110 2.5.1.5 Migration Reactions, 112 2.5.1.6 Oxidation of Aromatics, 113 2.5.2 Mathematical Formulation of Soot Formation Model, 114 Homework Problems, 124 3 Laminar Non-Premixed Flames 125 3.1 Basic Structure of Non-Premixed Laminar Flames, 128 3.2 Flame Sheet Model, 129 3.3 Mixture Fraction Definition and Examples, 130 3.3.1 Balance Equations for Element Mass Fractions, 134 3.3.2 Temperature-Mixture Fraction Relationship, 138 3.4 Flamelet Structure of a Diffusion Flame, 142 3.4.1 Physical Significance of the Instantaneous Scalar Dissipation Rate, 145 3.4.2 Steady-State Combustion and Critical Scalar Dissipation Rate, 147 3.5 Time and Length Scales in Diffusion Flames, 151 3.6 Examples of Laminar Diffusion Flames, 153 3.6.1 Unsteady Mixing Layer, 153 3.6.2 Counterflow Diffusion Flames, 155 3.6.3 Coflow Diffusion Flame or Jet Flames, 165 3.7 Soot Formation in Laminar Diffusion Flames, 172 3.7.1 Soot Formation Model, 173 3.7.1.1 Particle Inception, 174 3.7.1.2 Surface Growth and Oxidation, 174 3.7.2 Appearance of Soot, 175 3.7.3 Experimental Studies by Using Coflow Burners, 176 3.7.3.1 Sooting Zone, 178 3.7.3.2 Effect of Fuel Structure, 182 3.7.3.3 Influence of Additives, 183 3.7.3.4 Coflow Ethylene/Air Laminar Diffusion Flames, 186 3.7.3.5 Modeling of Soot Formation, 191 Homework Problems, 204 4 Background in Turbulent Flows 206 4.1 Characteristics of Turbulent Flows, 210 4.1.1 Some Pictures, 212 4.2 Statistical Understanding of Turbulence, 213 4.2.1 Ensemble Averaging, 214 4.2.2 Time Averaging, 215 4.2.3 Spatial Averaging, 215 4.2.4 Statistical Moments, 215 4.2.5 Homogeneous Turbulence, 216 4.2.6 Isotropic Turbulence, 217 4.3 Conventional Averaging Methods, 217 4.3.1 Reynolds Averaging, 218 4.3.1.1 Correlation Functions, 222 4.3.2 Favre Averaging, 225 4.3.3 Relation between Time Averaged-Quantities and Mass-Weighted Averaged Quantities, 227 4.3.4 Mass-Weighted Conservation and Transport Equations, 228 4.3.4.1 Continuity and Momentum Equations, 228 4.3.4.2 Energy Equation, 230 4.3.4.3 Mean Kinetic Energy Equation, 231 4.3.4.4 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations, 232 4.3.4.5 Turbulence-Kinetic-Energy Equation, 234 4.3.4.6 Turbulent Dissipation Rate Equation, 236 4.3.4.7 Species Mass Conservation Equation, 242 4.3.5 Vorticity Equation, 243 4.3.6 Relationship between Enstrophy and the Turbulent Dissipation Rate, 246 4.4 Turbulence Models, 247 4.5 Probability Density Function, 249 4.5.1 Distribution Function, 250 4.5.2 Joint Probability Density Function, 252 4.5.3 Bayes’ Theorem, 254 4.6 Turbulent Scales, 256 4.6.1 Comment on Kolmogorov Hypotheses, 260 4.7 Large Eddy Simulation, 266 4.7.1 Filtering, 268 4.7.2 Filtered Momentum Equations and Subgrid Scale Stresses, 270 4.7.3 Modeling of Subgrid-Scale Stress Tensors, 274 4.8 Direct Numerical Simulation, 279 Homework Problems, 280 5 Turbulent Premixed Flames 283 5.1 Physical Interpretation, 289 5.2 Some Early Studies in Correlation Development, 291 5.2.1 Damk¨ohler’s Analysis (1940), 292 5.2.2 Schelkin’s Analysis (1943), 295 5.2.3 Karlovitz, Denniston, and Wells’s Analysis (1951), 296 5.2.4 Summerfield’s Analysis (1955), 297 5.2.5 Kovasznay’s Characteristic Time Approach (1956), 298 5.2.6 Limitations of the Preceding Approaches, 299 5.3 Characteristic Scale of Wrinkles in Turbulent Premixed Flames, 304 5.3.1 Schlieren Photographs, 305 5.3.2 Observations on the Structure of Wrinkled Laminar Flames, 305 5.3.3 Measurements of Scales of Unburned and Burned Gas Lumps, 307 5.3.4 Length Scale of Wrinkles, 310 5.4 Development of Borghi Diagram for Premixed Turbulent Flames, 310 5.4.1 Physical Interpretation of Various Regimes in Borghi’s Diagram, 311 5.4.1.1 Wrinkled Flame Regime, 311 5.4.1.2 Wrinkled Flame with Pockets Regime (also Called Corrugated Flame Regime), 311 5.4.1.3 Thickened Wrinkled Flames, 313 5.4.1.4 Thickened Flames with Possible Extinctions/Thick Flames, 314 5.4.2 Klimov-Williams Criterion, 314 5.4.3 Construction of Borghi Diagram, 316 5.4.3.1 Thick Flames (or Distributed Reaction Zone or Well-Stirred Reaction Zone), 318 5.4.4 Wrinkled Flames, 318 5.4.4.1 Wrinkled Flamelets (Weak Turbulence), 320 5.4.4.2 Corrugated Flamelets (Strong Turbulence), 322 5.5 Measurements in Premixed Turbulent Flames, 324 5.6 Eddy-Break-up Model, 324 5.6.1 Spalding’s EBU Model, 335 5.6.2 Magnussen and Hjertager’s EBU Model, 336 5.7 Intermittency, 337 5.8 Flame-Turbulence Interaction, 339 5.8.1 Effects of Flame on Turbulence, 341 5.9 Bray-Moss-Libby Model, 342 5.9.1 Governing Equations, 349 5.9.2 Gradient Transport, 353 5.9.3 Countergradient Transport, 354 5.9.4 Closure of Transport Terms, 357 5.9.4.1 Gradient Closure, 357 5.9.4.2 BML Closure, 358 5.9.5 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations Gradients, 361 5.9.6 Summary of DNS Results, 364 5.10 Turbulent Combustion Modeling Approaches, 368 5.11 Geometrical Description of Turbulent Premixed Flames and G-Equation, 368 5.11.1 Level Set Approach for the Corrugated Flamelets Regime, 371 5.11.2 Level Set Approach for the Thin Reaction Zone Regime, 374 5.12 Scales in Turbulent Combustion, 376 5.13 Closure of Chemical Reaction Source Term, 380 5.14 Probability Density Function Approach to Turbulent Combustion, 381 5.14.1 Derivation of the Transport Equation for Probability Density Function, 386 5.14.2 Moment Equations and PDF Equations, 391 5.14.3 Lagrangian Equations for Fluid Particles, 392 5.14.4 Gradient Transport Model in Composition PDF Method, 395 5.14.5 Determination of Overall Reaction Rate, 397 5.14.6 Lagrangian Monte Carlo Particle Methods, 398 5.14.7 Filtered Density Function Approach, 398 5.14.8 Prospect of PDF Methods, 399 Homework Problems, 400 Project No. 1, 400 Project No. 2, 401 6 Non-premixed Turbulent Flames 402 6.1 Major Issues in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 404 6.2 Turbulent Damk¨ohler number, 406 6.3 Turbulent Reynolds Number, 407 6.4 Scales in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 407 6.4.1 Direct Numerical Simulation and Scales, 411 6.5 Turbulent Non-premixed Combustion Regime Diagram, 414 6.6 Turbulent Non-premixed Target Flames, 418 6.6.1 Simple Jet Flames, 419 6.6.1.1 CH4/H2/N2 Jet Flame, 420 6.6.1.2 Effect of Jet Velocity, 430 6.6.2 Piloted Jet Flames, 432 6.6.2.1 Comparison of Simple Jet Flame and Sandia Flames D and F, 448 6.6.3 Bluff Body Flames, 452 6.6.4 Swirl Stabilized Flames, 455 6.7 Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction, 456 6.7.1 Infinite Chemistry Assumption, 456 6.7.1.1 Unity Lewis Number, 457 6.7.1.2 Nonunity Lewis Number, 458 6.7.2 Finite-Rate Chemistry, 458 6.8 Probability Density Approach for Turbulent Non-premixed Combustion, 462 6.8.1 Physical Models, 465 6.8.2 Turbulent Transport in Velocity-Composition Pdf Methods, 466 6.8.2.1 Stochastic Mixing Model, 467 6.8.2.2 Stochastic Reorientation Model, 468 6.8.3 Molecular Transport and Scalar Mixing Models, 469 6.8.3.1 Interaction by Exchange with the Mean Model, 471 6.8.3.2 Modified Curl Mixing Model, 471 6.8.3.3 Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree Model, 472 6.9 Flamelet Models, 476 6.9.1 Laminar Flamelet Assumption, 477 6.9.2 Unsteady Flamelet Modeling, 478 6.9.3 Flamelet Models and PDF, 479 6.10 Interactions of Flame and Vortices, 480 6.10.1 Flame Rolled Up in a Single Vortex, 482 6.10.2 Flame in a Shear Layer, 483 6.10.3 Jet Flames, 483 6.10.4 K´arm´an Vortex Street/V-Shaped Flame Interaction, 484 6.10.5 Burning Vortex Ring, 484 6.10.6 Head-on Flame/Vortex Interaction, 485 6.10.7 Experimental Setups for Flame/Vortex Interaction Studies, 486 6.10.7.1 Reaction Front/Vortex Interaction in Liquids, 486 6.10.7.2 Jet Flames, 487 6.10.7.3 Counterflow Diffusion Flames, 488 6.11 Generation and Dissipation of Vorticity Effects, 492 6.12 Non-premixed Flame–Vortex Interaction Combustion Diagram, 493 6.13 Flame Instability in Non-premixed Turbulent Flames, 496 6.14 Partially Premixed Flames or Edge Flames, 500 6.14.1 Formation of Edge Flames, 501 6.14.2 Triple Flame Stabilization of Lifted Diffusion Flame, 502 6.14.3 Analysis of Edge Flames, 503 Homework Problems, 506 Project No. 6.1, 506 Project No. 6.2, 507 Project No. 6.3, 507 7 Background in Multiphase flows with Reactions 509 7.1 Classification of Multiphase Flow Systems, 512 7.2 Practical Problems Involving Multiphase Systems, 514 7.3 Homogeneous versus Multi-component/Multiphase Mixtures, 515 7.4 CFD and Multiphase Simulation, 516 7.5 Averaging Methods, 520 7.5.1 Eulerian Average—Eulerian Mean Values, 522 7.5.2 Lagrangian Average—Lagrangian Mean Values, 523 7.5.3 Boltzmann Statistical Average, 524 7.5.4 Anderson and Jackson’s Averaging for Dense Fluidized Beds, 525 7.6 Local Instant Formulation, 533 7.7 Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling, 536 7.7.1 Fluid-Fluid Modeling, 536 7.7.1.1 Closure Models, 538 7.7.2 Fluid-Solid Modeling, 540 7.7.2.1 Closure Models, 541 7.7.2.2 Dense Particle Flows, 547 7.7.2.3 Dilute Particle Flows, 549 7.8 Eulerian-Lagrangian Modeling, 550 7.8.1 Fluid-Solid Modeling, 551 7.8.1.1 Fluid Phase, 551 7.8.1.2 Solid Phase, 552 7.9 Interfacial Transport (Jump Conditions), 555 7.10 Interface-Tracking/Capturing, 561 7.10.1 Interface Tracking, 563 7.10.1.1 Markers on Interface (Surface Marker Techniques), 564 7.10.1.2 Surface-Fitted Method, 567 7.10.2 Interface Capturing, 568 7.10.2.1 Markers in Fluid (MAC Formulation), 568 7.10.2.2 Volume of Fluid Method, 569 7.11 Discrete Particle Methods, 573 Homework Problems, 575 8 Spray Atomization and Combustion 576 8.1 Introduction to Spray Combustion, 578 8.2 Spray-Combustion Systems, 580 8.3 Fuel Atomization, 582 8.3.1 Injector Types, 582 8.3.2 Atomization Characteristics, 584 8.4 Spray Statistics, 584 8.4.1 Particle Characterization, 584 8.4.2 Distribution Function, 585 8.4.2.1 Logarithmic Probability Distribution Function, 588 8.4.2.2 Rosin-Rammler Distribution Function, 588 8.4.2.3 Nukiyama-Tanasawa Distribution Function, 589 8.4.2.4 Upper-Limit Distribution Function of Mugele and Evans, 589 8.4.3 Transport Equation of the Distribution Function, 590 8.4.4 Simplified Spray Combustion Model for Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines, 591 8.5 Spray Combustion Characteristics, 594 8.6 Classification of Models Developed for Spray Combustion Processes, 602 8.6.1 Simple Correlations, 602 8.6.2 Droplet Ballistic Models, 603 8.6.3 One-Dimensional Models, 603 8.6.4 Stirred-Reactor Models, 604 8.6.5 Locally Homogeneous-Flow Models, 605 8.6.6 Two-Phase-Flow (Dispersed-Flow) Models, 605 8.7 Locally Homogeneous Flow Models, 605 8.7.1 Classification of LHF Models, 606 8.7.2 Mathematical Formulation of LHF Models, 609 8.7.2.1 Basic Assumptions, 609 8.7.2.2 Equation of State, 609 8.7.2.3 Conservation Equations, 615 8.7.2.4 Turbulent Transport Equations, 619 8.7.2.5 Boundary Conditions, 620 8.7.2.6 Solution Procedures, 620 8.7.2.7 Comparison of LHF-Model Predictions with Experimental Data, 626 8.8 Two-Phase-Flow (Dispersed-Flow) Models, 634 8.8.1 Particle-Source-in-Cell Model (Discrete-Droplet Model), 637 8.8.1.1 Models for Single Drop Behavior, 639 8.8.2 Drop Breakup Process and Mechanism, 654 8.8.2.1 Drop Breakup Process, 654 8.8.2.2 Multi-component Droplet Breakup by Microexplosion, 659 8.8.3 Deterministic Discrete Droplet Models, 662 8.8.3.1 Gas-Phase Treatment in DDDMs, 664 8.8.3.2 Liquid-Phase Treatment in DDDMs, 666 8.8.3.3 Results of DDDMs, 667 8.8.4 Stochastic Discrete Droplet Models, 669 8.8.5 Comparison of Results between DDDMs and SDDMs, 671 8.8.6 Dense Sprays, 682 8.8.6.1 Introduction, 682 8.8.6.2 Background, 684 8.8.6.3 Jet Breakup Models, 690 8.8.6.4 Impinging Jet Atomization, 699 8.9 Group-Combustion Models of Chiu, 700 8.9.1 Group-Combustion Numbers, 701 8.9.2 Modes of Group Burning in Spray Flames, 703 8.10 Droplet Collison, 706 8.10.1 Droplet-Droplet Collisions, 707 8.10.2 Droplet-Wall Collision, 708 8.10.3 Interacting Droplet in a Many-Droplet System, 710 8.11 Optical Techniques for Particle Size Measurements, 710 8.11.1 Types of Optical Particle Sizing Methods, 711 8.11.2 Single Particle Counting Methods, 711 8.11.2.1 Scattering Ratio Technique, 712 8.11.2.2 Intensity Deconvolution Method, 713 8.11.2.3 Interferometric Method (Phase-Shift Method), 713 8.11.2.4 Visibility Method Using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter LDV, 713 8.11.2.5 Phase Doppler Sizing Anemometer, 713 8.11.3 Ensemble Particle Sizing Techniques, 714 8.11.3.1 Extinction Measurement Techniques, 714 8.11.3.2 Multiple Angle Scattering Technique, 714 8.11.3.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction Particle Analyzer, 715 8.11.3.4 Integral Transform Solutions for Near-Forward Scattering, 716 8.12 Effect of Droplet Spacing on Spray Combustion, 717 8.12.1 Evaporation and Combustion of Droplet Arrays, 717 Homework Problems, 720 Appendix A: Useful Vector and Tensor Operations 723 Appendix B: Constants and Conversion Factors Often Used in Combustion 751 Appendix C: Naming of Hydrocarbons 755 Appendix D: Detailed Gas-Phase Reaction Mechanism for Aromatics Formation 759 Appendix E: Particle Size–U.S. Sieve Size and Tyler Screen Mesh Equivalents 795 Bibliography 799 Index 869

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Book SynopsisProvides a compilation of meeting proceedings pertaining to the processing, properties, and behaviour of structural and multifunctional ceramics and composites, emerging ceramic technologies and applications of engineering ceramics. This CD contains papers that were submitted and accepted from the meeting after a peer review process.

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Book SynopsisThis book helps pharmaceutical and medical researchers better understand, design, and manage clinical trials through its industry-specific viewpoint that shows how adaptive research technology and methods benefit the drug industry.Trade Review"This book certainly brings the relevant issues upfront." (Chemistry & Industry, June 2010) "It is ideal for senior executives who want a strategic view of adaptive methods, managers looking for practical opportunities to significantly improve the efficiency of their operations, and statisticians interested in learning the broader ramifications of their arcane expertise." (Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices, April 2010) "Rosenberg captures the current excitement surrounding adaptive clinical research, and provides a very readable introduction to the methodologies involved in implementing such research." (Journal for Clinical Studies, March 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Opportunity for Efficiency. The Adaptive Solution. An Industrial Success Story. Signs of Trouble Ahead. Converging Challenges. The Struggle to Replace Lost Revenues. Clinical Research is the Key. Behind the High Costs of Clinical Development. High Costs and Increasing Prices. Growing Pressures Mandate Greater Efficiency. The High Risk of Current Development Practices. Economic Consequences of Faster Clinical Development. Thriving in a New Era. References. 2 Defining and Extending the Adaptive Approach. The Adaptive Concept. Knowledge, Time and Decision-Making. The Value of Early Knowledge. The Spectrum of Design and Operational Adaptations. Maximizing the Adaptive Approach: Agile Clinical Development. Measure Performance in Real-time. Metrics in Action. Right Information to the Right Eyes at the Right Time. Make Timely Decisions. Organize Work in Lean Processes. Rework in Clinical Studies. Backflow of Patient Data. Match Technology with Tasks. Objections to Adaptive Methods. Integrity and Validity. The Regulatory Environment. The Complexity of Clinical Research. Conclusion. References. 3 Design Adaptations Part One: Finding the Right Dose. Background. Types of Design Adaptations. Order of Discussion. Dosing Nomenclature. Determining Maximum Safe Dose. Single Arm. Continual Reassessment Method. Other Bayesian Dose-Finding Methods. Determining Optimal Dose (Pruning). Multiple Arms. Improvements over Conventional Approaches to Dose Finding. Dose Selection in Practice. Optimizing Dose Selection. Minimizing Costs versus Maximizing Information. Surrogate Endpoints. Conclusion. References. 4 Design Adaptations Part Two: Additional Design Changes. Sample-Size Reestimation. The Trouble with Planning Estimates. The High Cost of "Underbuilt" Studies. The Benefits of Reestimation and Rightsizing. Reestimation and Trial Stages. Rules to Restrict Reestimation. Adjusting Sample Size for Nuisance Parameters. Seamless Designs: Combining Multiple Phases. When to Consider Seamless Studies. Seamless Phase I/Phase II Trials. Seamless Phase II/Phase III Trials. Planning Issues in Seamless Trials. Phase I-II-III Designs. Adaptive Randomization. Response-Adaptive Randomization. Other Forms of Adaptive Randomization. Other Types of Design Adaptations. Noninferiority-to-Superiority Design. Adaptive Hypotheses and Subpopulations. Treatment Switching. Conclusions. References. 5 Operational Adaptations. Design and Operational Adaptations. The Nature and Significance of Operational Adaptations. Implementing Operational Adaptations. Enrollment and Other Site Issues. Data Quality. Monitoring. Site Closeout and Database Lock. Supporting Functions for Efficient Operations. The Bottom Line. References. 6 Agile Clinical Development. Benefits of Agile Development. A Development Example. Program Planning. Safety Testing (Phase I). Design. Planning. Operational Considerations. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Dose-Finding Study. Dose Finding (Phase II). Design. Planning. Operational Considerations. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Confirmatory Studies. Confirmatory Testing (Phase III). Design. Planning. Operational. Putting the Plan into Action. Benefits Realized. Transition to Regulatory Filings. Summing Up: The Power of Agile Development. 7 Planning Adaptive Programs. Determining Design Adaptations and their Requirements. Determining Operational Requirements to Support Design Adaptations. Ensuring the Ability to Meet Operational Requirements. The Importance of Programmatic Thinking. Looking Ahead. Advisory and Oversight Groups. Optimizing the Planning Process. Regulatory Discussions. Contingency Planning. Planning Tools and Techniques. Decision Trees. Simulation. Uncertainties in Clinical Research. Simulation Tools. Simulation Step by Step. The Limitations of Simulation. Conclusions. References. Sources of Simulation Software. 8 Statistics and Decision Making in Adaptive Research. The Frequentist Approach. What Frequentist Results Say about the Results of a Clinical Study. Using Frequentist Results to Make Decisions Based on Individual Trials. Other Issues with Frequentist Methods. The Bayesian Approach. Prior Distributions. How Bayesian Statistics Works. Bayesian Statistics in the Real World. Bayesian Methods in Clinical Research. Comparing Bayesian and Frequentist Methods. Prior Distributions. The Pharma Context. Learning and Confirming. Ethical and Operational Issues. Regulatory Considerations. Conclusions. Frequentists, Bayesians, and Pragmatists. References. 9 The Agile Platform. Essential Types of Data. Management Cycles in Clinical Studies. The Common Platform for Design and Operational Adaptations. Data Capture. Data-Capture Technologies. The First Generation. The Second Generation. The Third Generation. Data Cleaning and Validation Technology. Data Analysis Tools. Randomization. Site Management. Supply-Chain Management. Communications. Conclusions. References. 10 The Future of Clinical Development. Is Restructuring an Alternative to Improving Clinical Development? Greater Efficiency: Changes that Everyone Can Applaud. Biotechs and Emerging Low-Cost Competitors. Globalization, Offshoring, and Outsourcing. Managing More Complex Trials. Individualized Medicine Demands Greater Efficiency. A More Important Role for Postmarketing Studies. The Reward for Greater Efficiency. Financial Implications of the Agile Approach. Financial Implications of the Agile Approach for the Drug Industry. A Brighter Future for Clinical Development. First Steps toward Agile Development. An Eight-Point Program for Embracing the Adaptive Approach. References. Index.

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Book Synopsis Delivers comprehensive coverage of key subjects in self-assembly and nanotechnology, approaching these and related topics with one unified concept. Designed for students and professionals alike, it explores a variety of materials and situations in which the importance of self-assembly nanotechnology is growing tremendously. Provides clear schematic illustrations to represent the mainstream principles behind each topic. Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments. PART I. SELF-ASSEMBLY. 1. UNIFIED APPROACH TO SELF-ASSEMBLY. 1.1. Self-Assembly through Force Balance. 1.2. General Scheme for the Formation of Self-Assembled Aggregates. 1.3. General Scheme for Self-Assembly Process. 1.4. Concluding Remarks. References. 2. INTERMOLECULAR AND COLLOIDAL FORCES. 2.1. Van der Waals Force. 2.2. Electrostatic Force: Electric Double-Layer. 2.3. Steric and Depletion Forces. 2.4. Solvation and Hydration Forces. 2.5. Hydrophobic Effect. 2.6. Hydrogen Bond. References. 3. MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY IN SOLUTION I: MICELLES. 3.1. Surfactants and Micelles. 3.2. Physical Properties of Micelles. 3.3. Thermodynamics of Micellization. 3.4. Micellization versus General Scheme of Self-Assembly. 3.5. Multicomponent Micelles. 3.6. Micellar Solubilization. 3.7. Applications of Surfactants and Micelles. References. 4. MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY IN SOLUTION II: BILAYERS, LIQUID CRYSTALS, AND EMULSIONS. 4.1. Bilayers. 4.2. Vesicles, Liposomes, and Niosomes. 4.3. Liquid Crystals. 4.4. Emulsions. References. 5. COLLOIDAL SELF-ASSEMBLY. 5.1. Forces Induced by Colloidal Phenomena. 5.2. Force Balance for Colloidal Self-Assembly. 5.3. General Scheme for Colloidal Self-Assembly. 5.4. Micelle-like Colloidal Self-Assembly: Packing Geometry. 5.5. Summary. References. 6. SELF-ASSEMBLY AT INTERFACES. 6.1. General Scheme for Interfacial Self-Assembly. 6.2. Control of Intermolecular Forces at Interfaces. 6.3. Self-Assembly at the Gas–Liquid Interface. 6.4. Self-Assembly at the Liquid–Solid Interface. 6.5. Self-Assembly at the Liquid–Liquid Interface. 6.6. Self-Assembly at the Gas–Solid Interface. 6.7. Interface-Induced Chiral Self-Assembly. References. 7. BIO-MIMETIC SELF-ASSEMBLY. 7.1. General Picture of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly. 7.2. Force Balance Scheme for Bio-mimetic Self-Assembly. 7.3. Origin of Morphological Chirality and Diversity. 7.4. Symmetric Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.5. Gels: Networked Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.6. Properties of Bio-mimetic Self-Assembled Aggregates. 7.7. Future Issues. References. PART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY. 8. IMPLICATIONS OF SELF-ASSEMBLY FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY. 8.1. General Concepts and Approach to Nanotechnology. 8.2. Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Share the Same Building Units. 8.3. Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Are Governed by the Same Forces. 8.4. Self-Assembly versus Manipulation for the Construction of Nanostructures. 8.5. Self-Aggregates and Nanotechnology Share the Same General Assembly Principles. 8.6. Concluding Remarks. References. 9. NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS. 9.1. What Are Nanostructured Materials? 9.2. Intermolecular Forces During the Formation of Nanostructured Materials. 9.3. Sol–Gel Chemistry. 9.4. General Self-Assembly Schemes for the Formation of Nanostructured Materials. 9.5. Micro-, Meso-, and Macroporous Materials. 9.6. Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials. 9.7. Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials. 9.8. Microporous and Macroporous Materials. 9.9. Applications of Nanostructured and Nanoporous Materials. 9.10. Summary and Future Issues. References. 10. NANOPARTICLES: METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND OXIDES. 10.1. What are Nanoparticles? 10.2. Intermolecular Forces During the Synthesis of Nanoparticles. 10.3. Synthesis of Nanoparticles. 10.4. Properties of Nanoparticles. 10.5. Applications of Nanoparticles. 10.6. Summary and Future Issues. References. 11. NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS. 11.1. What Is Nanostructured Film? 11.2. General Scheme for Nanostructured Films. 11.3. Preparation and Structural Control of Nanostructured Films. 11.4. Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Films. 11.5. Summary and Future Issues. References. 12. NANOASSEMBLY BY EXTERNAL FORCES. 12.1. Force Balance and the General Scheme of Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.3. Molecular Self-Assembly Under External Forces. 12.4. Applications of Colloidal Aggregates. 12.5. Summary and Future Issues. References. 13. NANOFABRICATION. 13.1. Self-Assembly and Nanofabrication. 13.2. Unit Fabrications. 13.3. Nanointegrated Systems. 13.4. Summary and Future Issues. References. 14. NANODEVICES AND NANOMACHINES. 14.1. General Scheme of Nanodevices. 14.2. Nanocomponents: Building Units for Nanodevices. 14.3. Three Element Motions: Force Balance at Work. 14.4. Unit Operations. 14.5. Nanodevices: Fabricated Nanocomponents to Operate. 14.7. Summary and Future Issues. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisKoretsky helps students understand and visualize thermodynamics through a qualitative discussion of the role of molecular interactions and a highly visual presentation of the material. By showing how principles of thermodynamics relate to molecular concepts learned in prior courses, Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, 2e helps students construct new knowledge on a solid conceptual foundation. Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, 2e is designed for Thermodynamics I and Thermodynamics II courses taught out of the Chemical Engineering department to Chemical Engineering majors. Specifically designed to accommodate students with different learning styles, this text helps establish a solid foundation in engineering and chemical thermodynamics. Clear conceptual development, worked-out examples and numerous end-of-chapter problems promote deep learning of thermodynamics and teach students how to apply thermodynamics to real-world engineering problTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Measured Thermodynamic Properties and Other Basic Concepts 1 Learning Objectives 1 1.1 Thermodynamics 2 1.2 Preliminary Concepts—The Language of Thermo 3 Thermodynamic Systems 3 Properties 4 Processes 5 Hypothetical Paths 6 Phases of Matter 6 Length Scales 6 Units 7 1.3 Measured Thermodynamic Properties 7 Volume (Extensive or Intensive) 7 Temperature (Intensive) 8 Pressure (Intensive) 11 The Ideal Gas 13 1.4 Equilibrium 15 Types of Equilibrium 15 Molecular View of Equilibrium 16 1.5 Independent and Dependent Thermodynamic Properties 17 The State Postulate 17 Gibbs Phase Rule 18 1.6 The PʋT Surface and Its Projections for Pure Substances 20 Changes of State During a Process 22 Saturation Pressure vs. Vapor Pressure 23 The Critical Point 24 1.7 Thermodynamic Property Tables 26 1.8 Summary 30 1.9 Problems 31 Conceptual Problems 31 Numerical Problems 34 CHAPTER 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 36 Learning Objectives 36 2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 37 Forms of Energy 37 Ways We Observe Changes in U 39 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 40 Work and Heat: Transfer of Energy Between the System and the Surroundings 42 2.2 Construction of Hypothetical Paths 46 2.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 48 Reversible Processes 48 Irreversible Processes 48 Efficiency 55 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems 55 Integral Balances 55 Differential Balances 57 2.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems 60 Material Balance 60 Flow Work 60 Enthalpy 62 Steady-State Energy Balances 62 Transient Energy Balance 63 2.6ThermochemicalData For U and H 67 Heat Capacity: cʋ and cP 67 Latent Heats 76 Enthalpy of Reactions 80 2.7 Reversible Processes in Closed Systems 92 Reversible, Isothermal Expansion (Compression) 92 Adiabatic Expansion (Compression) with Constant Heat Capacity 93 Summary 95 2.8 Open-System Energy Balances on Process Equipment 95 Nozzles and Diffusers 96 Turbines and Pumps (or Compressors) 97 Heat Exchangers 98 Throttling Devices 101 2.9 Thermodynamic Cycles and the Carnot Cycle 102 Efficiency 104 2.10 Summary 108 2.11 Problems 110 Conceptual Problems 110 Numerical Problems 113 CHAPTER 3 Entropy and the Second Law Of Thermodynamics 127 Learning Objectives 127 3.1 Directionality of Processes/Spontaneity 128 3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes (Revisited) and their Relationship to Directionality 129 3.3 Entropy, the Thermodynamic Property 131 3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 140 3.5 Other Common Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 142 3.6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed and Open Systems 143 Calculation of Δs for Closed Systems 143 Calculation of Δs for Open Systems 147 3.7 Calculation of Δs for an Ideal Gas 151 3.8 The Mechanical Energy Balance and the Bernoulli Equation 160 3.9 Vapor-Compression Power and Refrigeration Cycles 164 The Rankine Cycle 164 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 169 3.10 Exergy (Availability) Analysis 172 Exergy 173 Exthalpy—Flow Exergy in Open Systems 178 3.11 Molecular View of Entropy 182 Maximizing Molecular Confi gurations over Space 185 Maximizing Molecular Confi gurations over Energy 186 3.12 Summary 190 3.13 Problems 191 Conceptual Problems 191 Numerical Problems 195 CHAPTER 4 Equations of State and Intermolecular Forces 209 Learning Objectives 209 4.1 Introduction 210 Motivation 210 The Ideal Gas 211 4.2 Intermolecular Forces 211 Internal (Molecular) Energy 211 The Electric Nature of Atoms and Molecules 212 Attractive Forces 213 Intermolecular Potential Functions and Repulsive Forces 223 Principle of Corresponding States 226 Chemical Forces 228 4.3 Equations of State 232 The van der Waals Equation of State 232 Cubic Equations of State (General) 238 The Virial Equation of State 240 Equations of State for Liquids and Solids 245 4.4 Generalized Compressibility Charts 246 4.5 Determination of Parameters for Mixtures 249 Cubic Equations of State 250 Virial Equation of State 251 Corresponding States 252 4.6 Summary 254 4.7 Problems 255 Conceptual Problems 255 Numerical Problems 257 CHAPTER 5 The Thermodynamic Web 265 Learning Objectives 265 5.1 Types of Thermodynamic Properties 265 Measured Properties 265 Fundamental Properties 266 Derived Thermodynamic Properties 266 5.2 Thermodynamic Property Relationships 267 Dependent and Independent Properties 267 Hypothetical Paths (revisited) 268 Fundamental Property Relations 269 Maxwell Relations 271 Other Useful Mathematical Relations 272 Using the Thermodynamic Web to Access Reported Data 273 5.3 Calculation of Fundamental and Derived Properties Using Equations of State and Other Measured Quantities 276 Relation of ds in Terms of Independent Properties T and ʋ and Independent Properties T and P 276 Relation of du in Terms of Independent Properties T and ʋ 277 Relation of dh in Terms of Independent Properties T and P 281 Alternative Formulation of the Web using T and P as Independent Properties 287 5.4 Departure Functions 290 Enthalpy Departure Function 290 Entropy Departure Function 293 5.5 Joule-Thomson Expansion and Liquefaction 298 Joule-Thomson Expansion 298 Liquefaction 301 5.6 Summary 304 5.7 Problems 305 Conceptual Problems 305 Numerical Problems 307 CHAPTER 6 Phase Equilibria I: Problem Formulation 315 Learning Objectives 315 6.1 Introduction 315 The Phase Equilibria Problem 316 6.2 Pure Species Phase Equilibrium 318 Gibbs Energy as a Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium 318 Roles of Energy and Entropy in Phase Equilibria 321 The Relationship Between Saturation Pressure and Temperature: The Clapeyron Equation 327 Pure Component Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium: The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 328 6.3 Thermodynamics of Mixtures 334 Introduction 334 Partial Molar Properties 335 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation 340 Summary of the Different Types of Thermodynamic Properties 342 Property Changes of Mixing 343 Determination of Partial Molar Properties 357 Relations Among Partial Molar Quantities 366 6.4 Multicomponent Phase Equilibria 367 The Chemical Potential—The Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium 367 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of μi 370 6.5 Summary 372 6.6 Problems 373 Conceptual Problems 373 Numerical Problems 377 CHAPTER 7 Phase Equilibria II: Fugacity 391 Learning Objectives 391 7.1 Introduction 391 7.2 The Fugacity 392 Definition of Fugacity 392 Criteria for Chemical Equilibria in Terms of Fugacity 395 7.3 Fugacity in the Vapor Phase 396 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Pure Gases 396 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Species i in a Gas Mixture 403 The Lewis Fugacity Rule 411 Property Changes of Mixing for Ideal Gases 412 7.4 Fugacity in the Liquid Phase 414 Reference States for the Liquid Phase 414 Thermodynamic Relations Between γi 422 Models for γi Using gE 428 Equation of State Approach to the Liquid Phase 449 7.5 Fugacity in the Solid Phase 449 Pure Solids 449 Solid Solutions 449 Interstitials and Vacancies in Crystals 450 7.6 Summary 450 7.7 Problems 452 Conceptual Problems 452 Numerical Problems 454 CHAPTER 8 Phase Equilibria III: Applications 466 Learning Objectives 466 8.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) 467 Raoult’s Law (Ideal Gas and Ideal Solution) 467 Nonideal Liquids 475 Azeotropes 484 Fitting Activity Coeffi cient Models with VLE Data 490 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 495 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Using the Equations of State Method 501 8.2 Liquid 1a2—Liquid 1b2 Equilibrium: LLE 511 8.3 Vapor–Liquid 1a2— Liquid 1b2 Equilibrium: VLLE 519 8.4 Solid–Liquid and Solid–Solid Equilibrium: SLE and SSE 523 Pure Solids 523 Solid Solutions 529 8.5 Colligative Properties 531 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression 531 Osmotic Pressure 535 8.6 Summary 538 8.7 Problems 540 Conceptual Problems 540 Numerical Problems 544 CHAPTER 9 Chemical Reaction Equilibria 562 Learning Objectives 562 9.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 563 9.2 Chemical Reaction and Gibbs Energy 565 9.3 Equilibrium for a Single Reaction 568 9.4 Calculation of K from Thermochemical Data 572 Calculation of K from Gibbs Energy of Formation 572 The Temperature Dependence of K 574 9.5 Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and the Concentrations of Reacting Species 579 The Equilibrium Constant for a Gas-Phase Reaction 579 The Equilibrium Constant for a Liquid-Phase (or Solid-Phase) Reaction 586 The Equilibrium Constant for a Heterogeneous Reaction 587 9.6 Equilibrium in Electrochemical Systems 589 Electrochemical Cells 590 Shorthand Notation 591 Electrochemical Reaction Equilibrium 592 Thermochemical Data: Half-Cell Potentials 594 Activity Coeffi cients in Electrochemical Systems 597 9.7 Multiple Reactions 599 Extent of Reaction and Equilibrium Constant for R Reactions 599 Gibbs Phase Rule for Chemically Reacting Systems and Independent Reactions 601 Solution of Multiple Reaction Equilibria by Minimization of Gibbs Energy 610 9.8 Reaction Equilibria of Point Defects in Crystalline Solids 612 Atomic Defects 613 Electronic Defects 616 Effect of Gas Partial Pressure on Defect Concentrations 619 9.9 Summary 624 9.10 Problems 626 Conceptual Problems 626 Numerical Problems 628 APPENDIX A Physical Property Data 639 APPENDIX B Steam Tables 647 APPENDIX C Lee–Kesler Generalized Correlation Tables 660 APPENDIX D Unit Systems 676 APPENDIX E ThermoSolver Software 680 APPENDIX F References 685 Index 687

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Book SynopsisTransport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition, builds on integrated transport courses in chemical engineering curricula, demonstrating the underlying unity of mass and momentum transport processes. It describes how these processes underlie the mechanics common to both pollutant transport and pollution control processes.Trade Review"This is indeed a significant contribution to the literature and is a useful book for students, scientists, and engineers interested in mathematical modeling in typical environmental situations." (Environ Earth Sci, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Symbols. 1 Conservation Laws and Continua. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Conservation Laws: Systems Approach. 1.3. Conservation Laws: Control Volume Approach. 1.4. Conservation Laws: Differential Element Approach. 1.5. Continua. 1.6. Sources, Sinks, Reactions, and Box Models. 1.7. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 2 Low-Concentration Particle Suspensions and Flows. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Drag on a Sphere. 2.3. Drag Force on Nonspherical Particles. 2.4. Low Reynolds Number Particle Dynamics and Stokes’ Law. 2.5. Particle Motions in Electric Fields. 2.6. Quiescent and Perfect-Mix Batch Sedimentation. 2.7. Continuous Sedimentation Processes. 2.8. Inertial Forces on Particles and Stopping Distance. 2.9. Inertial Forces in Particle Flows. 2.10. Rotating Flows. 2.11. Centrifugation. 2.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 3 Interactions of Small Charged Particles. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Importance of Surface. 3.3. Acquisition of Surface Charge. 3.4. Particle Size, Shape, and Polydispersity. 3.5. The Double Layer and Colloidal Stability. 3.6. The Schulze-Hardy Rule. 3.7. Electrophoresis and Zeta Potential. 3.8. Particle Collision and Fast Coagulation. 3.9. Slow Coagulation. 3.10. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 4 Adsorption, Partitioning, and Interfaces. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Accumulation of Solutes at Interfaces. 4.3. Adsorption at Solid-Liquid and Solid-Gas Interfaces. 4.4. Adsorption Isotherms. 4.5. Linear Equilibrium Partitioning Between Two Phases. 4.6. Partitioning and Separation in Flow Systems. 4.7. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 5 Basic Fluid Mechanics of Environmental Transport. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. The Joy of Fluid Mechanics. 5.3. The Navier-Stokes Equations. 5.4. Fluid Statics and the Buoyancy Force. 5.5. Capillarity and Interfacial Tension. 5.6. The Modified Pressure and Free-Surface Flows. 5.7. Steady Unidirectional Circular Streamline Flows. 5.8. Fluid Shear Stresses and the Viscosity of Newtonian Fluids. 5.9. Slip Flow. 5.10. Field-Flow Fractionation. 5.11. Nonsteady Unidirectional Flows: Stokes' First Problem. 5.12. Low Reynolds Number Flows. 5.13. Ideal Fluids, Potential Flows, and Stream Functions. 5.14. The Bernoulli Equation. 5.15. Steady Viscous Momentum Boundary Layers. 5.16. Turbulent Flows. 5.17. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 6 Diffusive Mass Transport. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Thermodynamics of Diffusion. 6.3. Fick’s First Law and General Diffusive Transport. 6.4. The Diffusion Coefficient. 6.5. Steady-State Diffusion Problems with No Overall Diffusive Mass Transfer. 6.6. Steady-State Mass Balances Over Differential Elements. 6.7. Fick’s Second Law and Nonsteady-State Diffusion. 6.8. Effective Diffusion Coefficients in Porous Media. 6.9. Hindered Diffusion. 6.10. When Chemicals Diffuse Against a Concentration Gradient. 6.11. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 7 Convective Diffusion, Dispersion, and Mass Transfer. 7.1. Introduction and Simple Example of Convective Diffusion. 7.2. The Convective-Diffusion Equation. 7.3. Mass Transport in Steady Laminar Flow in a Cylindrical Tube. 7.4. Taylor-Aris Dispersion. 7.5. Turbulent Dispersion: The Lagrangian Approach. 7.6. Turbulent Dispersion: The Eulerian Approach. 7.7. Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow Along Reacting or Dissolving Solid Surfaces. 7.8. Mass-Transfer Coefficients, Models, and Correlations for Laminar and Turbulent Flows. 7.9. Interphase Mass Transport and Resistance Models. 7.10. Summary. Exercises. References. 8 Filtration and Mass Transport in Porous Media. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Porosity, Velocity, and Porous Media Continua. 8.3. Coefficients of Mechanical, Molecular, and Hydrodynamic Dispersion. 8.4. Porous Media Dispersion Equation in a Homogeneous Isotropic Medium. 8.5. Solution of the Dispersion Equation in an Infinite One-Dimensional Medium. 8.6. Analytical Chromatography. 8.7. Filtration. 8.8. Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis. 8.9. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 9 Reaction Kinetics. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. First-Order Reactions. 9.3. Second-Order Reactions. 9.4. Pseudo-First-Order Reactions. 9.5. Zero-Order Reactions. 9.6. Elementary and Nonelementary Reactions. 9.7. Simple Series and Parallel Reactions. 9.8. Reversible Reactions. 9.9. Characteristic Reaction Times. 9.10. Arrhenius' Law and the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate. 9.11. The Fastest Reactions: Diffusion-Controlled Reactions. 9.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. 10 Mixing and Reactor Modeling. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Simple Closed-Reactor and Residence-Time Distributions. 10.3. Measurement of Residence-Time Distributions. 10.4. Residence-Time Distributions from Discrete Data. 10.5. Perfect Mixing and Ideal Plug Flow. 10.6. F, W, and Disinfection. 10.7. Moments of Residence-Time Distributions. 10.8. Other Residence-Time Models. 10.9. Axial-Dispersion Model. 10.10. Fitting Residence-Time Distributions to Data. 10.11. Mixing and Reactions. 10.12. Summary. Exercises. References. Bibliography. Appendix I. S I Units and Physical Constants. Bibliography. Appendix II. Review of Vectors. Bibliography. Appendix III. Equations of Fluid Mechanics and Convective Diffusion in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates. Bibliography. Appendix IV. Physical Properties of Water and Air. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book gives students and young researchers a resource on zinc enzymes, some of which were intensively studied for more than six decades and translated into model success stories of the pharmaceutical industry.Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. PART I: INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction to Zinc Enzymes as Drug Targets (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). PART II: DRUG DESIGN OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS. 2. Carbonic Anhydrases as Drug Targets: General Presentation (Claudiu T. Supuran). 3. Zinc Binding Functions in the Design of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Jean-Yves Winum, Jean-Louis Montero, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 4. X-Ray Crystallography of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Its Importance in Drug Design (Vincenzo Alterio, Anna Di Fiore, Katia D’Ambrosio, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Giuseppina De Simone). 5. Antiglaucoma Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Ophthalomologic Drugs (Francesco Mincione, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 6. Diuretics with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Activity: Toward Novel Applications for Sulfonamide Drugs (Daniela Vullo, Alessio Innocenti, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 7. Drug Design of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Anticonvulsant Agents (Anne Thiry, Jean-Michel Dogne, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Bernard Masereel). 8. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Cancer: Therapeutic, Immunologic, and Diagnostic Tools Targeting Isoforms IX and XII (Silvia Pastorekova, Monika Barathova, Juraj Kopacek, and Jaromir Pastorek). 9. Fluorescent- and Spin-Labeled Sulfonamides as Probe for Carbonic Anhydrase IX (Alessandro Cecchi, Laura Ciani, Sandra Ristori, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 10. Drug Design of Antiobesity Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Giuseppina De Simone and Claudiu T. Supuran). 11. Dual Carbonic Anhydrase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition (Jean-Michel Dogne, Anne Thiry, Bernard Masereel, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 12. Advances in the Inhibitory and Structural Investigations on Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes XIII and XV (Mika Hilvo, Giuseppina De Simone, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Seppo Parkkila). 13. Mechanism and Inhibition of the b-Class and c-Class Carbonic Anhydrases (James G. Ferry and Claudiu T. Supuran). 14. Fungal and Nematode Carbonic Anhydrases: Their Inhibition in Drug Design (Rebecca A. Hall and Fritz. A. M€uhlschlegel). 15. Crystallographic Studies on Carbonic Anhydrases from Fungal Pathogens for Structure-Assisted Drug Development (Uta-Maria Ohndorf, Christine Schlicker, and Clemens Steegborn). 16. Malaria Parasite Carbonic Anhydrase and Its Inhibition in the Development of Novel Therapies of Malaria (Jerapan Krungkrai, Sudaratana R. Krungkrai, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 17. Inhibitors of Helicobacter pylori a- and b-Carbonic Anhydrases as Novel Drugs for Gastroduodenal Diseases (Isao Nishimori, Hiroaki Takeuchi, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 18. QSAR of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Their Impact on Drug Design (Adriano Martinelli and Tiziano Tuccinardi). 19. Selectivity Issues in the Design of CA Inhibitors (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). 20. Bicarbonate Transport Metabolons (Danielle E. Johnson and Joseph R. Casey). 21. Metal Complexes of Sulfonamides as Dual Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Marc A. Ilies). 22. Drug Design Studies of Carbonic Anhydrase Activators (Claudia Temperini, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). PART III DRUG DESIGN OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS. 23. Matrix Metalloproteinases: An Overview (Hideaki Nagase and Robert Visse). 24. MMP Inhibitors Based on Earlier Succinimide Strategies: From Early to New Approaches (M. Amelia Santos). 25. Drug Design of Sulfonylated MMP Inhibitors (Armando Rossello and Elisa Nuti). 26. ADAMs and ADAMTs Selective Synthetic Inhibitors (Armando Rossello, Elisa Nuti, and Alfonso Maresca). 27. QSAR Studies of MMP Inhibitors (Tiziano Tuccinardi and Adriano Martinelli). PART IV DRUG DESIGN OF BACTERIAL ZINC PROTEASE INHIBITORS. 28. Bacterial Zinc Proteases as Orphan Targets (Claudiu T. Supuran). 29. Botulinus Toxin, Tetanus Toxin, and Anthrax Lethal Factor Inhibitors (Antonio Mastrolorenzo and Claudiu T. Supuran). 30. Clostridium histolyticum Collagenase Inhibitors in the Drug Design (Claudiu T. Supuran). 31. Other Bacterial Zinc Peptidases as Potential Drug Targets (Kunihiko Watanabe). PART V DRUG DESIGN STUDIES OF OTHER ZINC-CONTAINING ENZYMES. 32. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (Ana Camara-Artigas, Vicente Jara-Perez, and Montserrat Andujar-Sanchez). 33. P-III Metalloproteinase (Leucurolysin-B) from Bothrops leucurus Venom: Isolation and Possible Inhibition (Eladio F. Sanchez and Johannes A. Eble). 34. CaaX-Protein Prenyltransferase Inhibitors (Martin Schlitzer, Regina Ortmann, and Mirko Altenkamper). 35. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (Paul W. Finn). 36. Recent Development of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Targeting Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) (Youngjoo Byun, Ronnie C. Mease, Shawn E. Lupold, and Martin G. Pomper). 37. Targeting HIV-1 Integrase Zinc Binding Motif (Mario Sechi, Mauro Carcelli, Dominga Rogolino, and Nouri Neamati). 38. Inhibitors of Histidinol Dehydrogenases as Antibacterial Agents (Pascale Joseph, Franc¸ois Turtaut, Stephan K€ohler, and Jean-Yves Winum). 39. Dihydroorotase Inhibitors (Mihwa Lee, Megan J. Maher, Richard I. Christopherson, and J. Mitchell Guss). 40. APOBEC3G: A Promising Antiviral Target (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). Index.

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Book SynopsisState-of-the-art techniques for tapping the vast potential of polymers The use of specific non-covalent interactions to control polymer structure and properties is a rapidly emerging field with applications in diverse disciplines. Molecular Recognition and Polymers covers the fundamental aspects and applications of molecular recognitionin the creation of novel polymeric materials for use in drug delivery, sensors, tissue engineering, molecular imprinting, and other areas. This reference begins by explaining the fundamentals of supramolecular polymers; it progresses to cover polymer formation and self-assembly with a wide variety of examples, and then includes discussions of biomolecular recognition using polymers. With chapters contributed by the foremost experts in their fields, this resource: Provides an integrated resource for supramolecular chemistry, polymer science, and interfacial science Covers advanced, state-of-the-art technTrade Review"This book is an excellent up-to-date source for scientists in the field, as well as for teachers and graduate students of advanced organic chemistry or material science. Industrial researchers might also find the thorough reviews of emerging field stimulating ... The book should serve as a very valuable source and reference in any institutional or personal library." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, February 4, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Contributors. List of Figures. List of Tables. Editor Biographies. PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS. 1. A Brief Introduction to Supramolecular Chemistry in a Polymer Context1 (Raymond J. Thibault and Vincent M. Rotello). 1.1 Introduction and Background. 1.2 Main-chain versus Side-chain Supramolecular Polymers. References. 2. Molecular Recognition Using Amphiphilic Macromolecules (Malar A Azagarsamy, K. Krishnamoorthy, and S. Thayumanavan). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. 2.2.1 Non-Specific Interactions. 2.2.2 Specific Interactions. 2.3 Amphiphilic Homopolymers. 2.3.1 Container Properties. 2.4 Amphiphilic Dendrimers. 2.5 Conclusions. 2.6 Acknowledgements. References. 3. Supramolecular Control of Mechanical Properties in Single Molecules, Interfaces and Macroscopic Materials (David M. Loveless, Farrell R. Kersey and Stephen L. Craig). 3.1 Introduction and Background. 3.2 Mechanical Properties of Linear Supramolecular Polymers. 3.3 Mechanical Properties of Supramolecular Polymer Networks. 3.4 Mechanical Properties in Supramolecular Polymers at Interfaces. 3.5 Mechanical Forces and Supramolecular Interactions. 3.6 Conclusions. References. PART II: POLYMER FORMATION AND SELF-ASSEMBLY. 4. Hydrogen Bond Functionalized Block Copolymers and Telechelic Oligomers (Brian D. Mather and Timothy E. Long). 4.1 Scientific Rationale and Perspective. 4.2 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Macromolecular Design. 4.2.1 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Bonding. 4.2.2 Performance Advantages of Hydrogen Bond Containing Polymers. 4.3 Hydrogen Bond Containing Block Copolymers. 4.4 Telechelic Hydrogen Bond Functional Polymers. 4.5 Combining Hydrogen Bonding with other Non-Covalent Interactions. 4.6 Reversible Attachment of Guest Molecules via Hydrogen Bonding. 4.7 Conclusions and Summary. References. 5. NonCovalent Side Chain Modification (Kamlesh P. Nair and Marcus Weck). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Strategies Towards Noncovalent Side-Chain Functionalization of Polymeric Scaffolds. 5.3 Noncovalent Multifunctionalization of the Side-Chains of Polymeric Scaffolds. 5.4 Applications of Noncovalently Functionalized Side-Chain Copolymers. 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook. 5.6 Acknowledgements. References. 6. Polymer-Mediated Assembly of Nanoparticles Using Engineered Interactions (Hung-Ting Chen, Yuval Ofir, and Vincent M. Rotello). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of Nanoparticles and Polymers. 6.3 Self-Assembly Polymer-particle Nanocomposites. 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 7. Metallosupramolecular Polymers, Networks, and Gels (Blayne M. McKenzie and Stuart J. Rowan). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Metal-Ligand Binding Motifs. 7.3 Linear and Macrocyclic Main-Chain Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers. 7.4 Metallo-Supramolecular Networks and Gels. 7.5 Conclusion and Outlook. References. 8. Polymeric Capsules: Catalysis and Drug Delivery (Brian P. Mason, Jeremy L. Steinbacher, and D. Tyler McQuade). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Methods of Encapsulation. 8.3 Catalyst Encapsulation. 8.4 Drug Delivery with Microcapsules. 8.5 Conclusion. References. 9. Sequence-Specific Hydrogen-Bonded Units for Directed Association, Assembly and Ligation (Bing Gong). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 General Design: Information-Storing Molecular Duplexes Based on the Recombination of H-Bond Donors and Acceptors. 9.3 Quadruply H-Bonded Duplexes with Sequence-Independent Stability. 9.4 Tuning Binding Strength by Varying the Number of Interstrand H-Bonds. 9.5 Probing Sequence-Specificity. 9.6 Unexpected Discovery: Duplexes Containing Folded Strands. 9.7 Directed Assembly: Formation of β-sheets and Supramolecular Block Copolymers. 9.8 Integrating Non-covalent and Covalent Interactions: Directed Olefin Metathesis and Disulfide Bond Formation. 9.9 Conclusions and Future Perspective. 9.10 Acknowledgements. References. 10. Bioinspired Supramolecular Design in Polymers for Advanced Mechanical Properties (Zhibin Guan). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Biomimetic Concept of Modular Polymer Design. 10.3 Results and Discussion. 10.4 Summary and Perspective. 10.5 Acknowledgements. References. 11. The Structure and Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers in Water (Hui Shao and Jon R. Parquette). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Structure. 11.3 Self-Assembly and Aggregation. 11.4 Folded Amphiphilic Dendrimers. 11.5 Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers. 11.6 Conclusion. References. PART III: BIOMOLECULAR RECOGNITION USING POLYMERS. 12. Colorimetric Sensing and Biosensing Using Functionalized Conjugated Polymers (Amit Basu). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Polydiacetylene. 12.3 Polythiophenes. 12.4 Other Materials. 12.5 Summary. References. 13. Glycodendrimers and Other Macromolecules Bearing Multiple Carbohydrates (Mary J. Cloninger). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Dendrimers to Glycodendrimers. 13.3 Multivalency. 13.4 Heteromultivalent Carbohydrate Systems. 13.5 Comments Regarding the Synthesis of Heteromultivalent Carbohydrate Systems. 13.6 EPR Characterization of Heterogeneously Functionalized Dendrimers. 13.7 Conclusions and Outlook. 13.8 Acknowledgement. References. 14. Supramolecular Polymerization of Peptides and Peptide Derivatives: Nanofibrous Materials (He Dong, Virany M. Yuwono, and Jeffrey D. Hartgerink). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Self-Assembly of Nanofibers Based on Alpha-Helices. 14.3 Nanofibers Self-Assembled from Beta-Sheets. 14.4 Collagen Mimetics. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15. Molecular Imprinting for Sensor Applications (Xiangyang Wu and Ken D. Shimizu). 15.1 Introduction to Sensing Platforms. 15.2 Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. 15.3 Recognition Properties of MIPs. 15.4 Polymer Formats and Morphologies. 15.5 Application of MIPs in Sensing. 15.6 Conclusions and Outlook. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPharmaceutical and Biomedical Portfolio Management in a Changing Global Environment explores some of the critical forces at work today in the complex endeavour of pharmaceutical and medical product development. Written by experienced professionals, and including real-world approaches and best practice examples, this new title addresses three key areas small molecules, large molecules, and medical devices - and provides hard-to-find, consolidated information relevant to and needed by pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device company managers.Table of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. CONTRIBUTORS. ABBREVIATIONS. PART I: OVERVIEW. 1: Project Leadership for Biomedical Industries (Scott D. Babler). PART II: MANAGING MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROJECTS. 2: Medical Devices – Components, Systems, and their Integration (Dennis F. Marr). 3: The Role of Project Management in the Development of In Vitro Diagnostics (David Kern and Diane M. Ward). 4: Drug Development Project Management (Dirk L. Raemdonck and Bradford A. Burns). PART III: EFFECT OF BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS ON MANAGING LARGE PROJECTS. 5: Outsourcing of Project Activities (Jonathan D. Lee and Trisha Dobson). 6: The Unique Aspects of Alliance Projects (Andrew S. Eibling). Case Study: Management of Outsourcing for Biomedical Companies (Jeffery W. Frazier, Jennifer A. Hewitt and Andy Myslicki). 7: A Roadmap for Successful Technology Transfers (Nipun Davar, Sangita Ghosh, Nandan Oza). 8: Challenges for the Team Leader of Multifunctional Product Teams in an International Environment (Hartwig Hennekes). 9: Lessons Learned from Inter-Organizational Collaboration Projects (Andrea Jahn). Case Study: Project Management in Non-Profit Drug Development (Autumn Ehnow). PART IV: MANAGING UNIQUE PROJECT COMPLEXITIES. 10: Clinical Trials and Project Management (Scott E. Smith, Carol A. Connell and Dirk L. Raemdonck). 11: Role of Project Management in Quality Planning and Functions Throughout the Product Lifecycle (Thomas Dzierozynski and Ian Fleming). 12: Regulatory Strategies and Submissions in an International Product Environment (Louise Johnson). 13: Risk Management - A Practical Approach (Courtland R. LaVallee). PART V: PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE PLANNING. 14: Managing Successful Product Portfolio Creation and R&D Pipelines (Sue E. Steven). 15: Effective Strategies for Project Resource Planning and Utilization (Eduardo Rojas and Scott D. Babler). 16: Stage Gate Product Development Processes and Lifecycle Management (Karen E. Coulson). PART VI: TRENDS IN BMI PROJECT MANAGEMENT. 17: The Future of Medical Devices (Ronald L. Kirschner). 18: The Next Wave of Managing Biomedical Projects (Scott D. Babler). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis book teaches the fundamentals of fluid flow by including both theory and the applications of fluid flow in chemical engineering. It puts fluid flow in the context of other transport phenomena such as mass transfer and heat transfer, while covering the basics, from elementary flow mechanics to the law of conservation.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. I. Introduction to Fluid Flow. 1. History of Chemical Engineering—Fluid Flow. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Fluid Flow. 1.3 Chemical Engineering. References. 2. Units and Dimensional Analysis. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Dimensional Analysis. 2.3 Buckingham Pi (π) Theorem. 2.4 Scale-Up and Similarity. References. 3. Key Terms and Definitions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Definitions. References. 4. Transport Phenomena Versus Unit Operations. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Differences. 4.3 What is Engineering? References. 5. Newtonian Fluids. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity. 5.3 Viscosity Measurements. 5.4 Microscopic Approach. References. 6. Non-Newtonian Flow. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids. 6.3 Microscopic Approach. References. II. Basic Laws. 7. Conservation Law for Mass. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Conversation of Mass. 7.3 Microscopic Approach. References. 8. Conservation Law for Energy. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Conservation of Energy. 8.3 Total Energy Balance Equation. References. 9. Conservation Law for Momentum. 9.1 Momentum Balances. 9.2 Microscopic Approach: Equation of Momentum Transfer. References. 10. Law of Hydrostatics. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Pressure Principles. 10.3 Manometry Principles. Reference. 11. Ideal Gas Law. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws. 11.3 The Ideal Gas Law. 11.4 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior. References. III. Fluid Flow Classification. 12. Flow Mechanisms. 12. 1 Introduction. 12.2 The Reynolds Number. 12.3 Strain Rate, Shear Rare, and Velocity Profile. 12.4 Velocity Profile and Average Velocity. Reference. 13. Laminar Flow in Pipes. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Friction Losses. 13.3 Tube Size. 13.4 Other Considerations. 13.5 Microscopic Approach. References. 14. Turbulent Flow in Pipes. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Describing Equations. 14.3 Relative Roughness in Pipes. 14.4 Friction Factor Equations. 14.5 Other Cosiderations. 14.6 Flow Through Several Pipes. 14.7 General Predictive and Design Approaches. 14.8 Microscopic Approach. References. 15. Compressible and Sonic Flow. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Compressible Flow. 15.3 Sonic Flow. 15.4 Pressure Drop Equations. References. 16. Two-Phase Flow. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2. Gas (G)-Liquid (L) Flow Principles: Generalized Approach. 16.3 Gas (Turbulent) Flow—Liquid (Turbulent) Flow. 16.4 Gas (Turbulent) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow. 16.5 Gas (Viscous) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow. 16.6 Gas – Solid Flow. References. IV. Fluid Flow Transport and Applications. 17. Prime Movers. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Fans. 17.3 Pumps. 17.4 Compressors. References. 18. Valves and Fittings. 18.1 Valves. 18.2 Fittings. 18.3 Expansion and Contraction Effects. 18.4 Calculating Losses of Valves and Fittings. 18.5 Fluid Flow Experiment: Data and Calculations. References. 19. Flow Measurement. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Manometry and Pressure Measurements. 19.3 Pitot Tube. 19.4 Venturi Meter. 19.5 Orifice Meter. 19.6 Selection Process. Reference. 20. Ventilation. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Indoor Air Quality. 20.3 Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison. 20.4 Industrial Ventilation Systems. References. 21. Academic Applications. References. 22. Industrial Applications. References. V. Fluid-Particle Applications. 23. Particle Dynamics. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Particle Classification and Measurement. 23.3 Drag Force. 23.4 Particle Force Balance. 23.5 Cunningham Correction. 23.6 Liquid-Particle Systems. 23.7 Drag on a Flat Plate. References. 24. Sedimentation, Centrifugation, Flotation. 24.1 Sedimentation. 24.2 Centrifugation. 24.3 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation. 24.4 Flotation. References. 25. Porous Media and Packed Beds. 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Definitions. 25.3 Flow Regimes. References. 26. Fluidization. 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Fixed Beds. 26.3 Permeability. 26.4 Minimum Fluidization Velocity. 26.5 Bed Height, Pressure Drop and Porosity. 26.6 Fluidization Modes. 26.7 Fluidization Experiment Data and Calculations. References. 27. Filtration. 27.1 Introduction. 27.2 Filtration Equipment. 27.3 Describing Equations. 27.4 Filtration Experimental Data and Calculations. References. VI. Special Topics. 28. Environmental Management. 28.1 Introduction. 28.2 Environmental Management History. 28.3 Environmental Management Topics. 28.4 Applications. References. 29. Accident and Emergency Management. 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Legislation. 29.3 Health Risk Assessment. 29.4 Hazard Risk Assessment. 29.5 Illustrative Examples. References. 30. Ethics. 30.1 Introduction. 30.2 Teaching Ethics. 30.3 Case Study Approach. 30.4 Integrity. 30.5 Moral Issues. 30.6 Guardianship. 30.7 Engineering and Environmental Ethics. 30.8 Applications. References. 31. Numerical Methods. 31.1 Introduction. 31.2 Early History. 31.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations. 31.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. 31.5 Numerical Integration. References. 32. Economics and Finance. 32.1 Introduction. 32.2 The Need for Economic Analyses. 32.3 Definitions. 32.4 Principles of Accounting. 32.5 Applications. References. 33. Biomedical Engineering. 33.1 Introduction. 33.2 Definitions. 33.3 Blood. 33.4 Blood Vessels. 33.5 Heart. 34.6 Plasma/Cell Flow. 34.7 Biomedical Engineering Opportunities. References. 34. Open-Ended Problems. 34.1 Introduction. 34.2 Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking. 34.3 Creativity. 34.4 Brainstorming. 34.5 Inquiring Minds. 34.6 Angels on a Pin. 34.7 Applications. References. Appendix. Index.

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