Grammar, syntax and morphology Books

Book SynopsisNorwegian: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Norwegian (the Bokmål standard). The Grammar is an essential source for the serious student of Norwegian, and for students of comparative linguistics. It is ideal for use in colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.The volume is organised to promote a thorough understanding of Norwegian grammar. It presents the complexities of Norwegian in a concise and readable form. Explanations are full, clear and free of jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Norwegian as used by present-day native speakers.An extensive index, numbered paragraphs, cross-references and summary charts provide readers with easy access to the information they require.Trade ReviewThe grammar encourages questions about the understanding and description of grammatical categories in language. In my view, it makes a valuable and practical contribution to presenting Norwegian to an international au-dience, and it should undoubtedly be on a nearby shelf of every student inter-ested in modern Norwegian and comparative linguistics.-- Bukowska, E. (2020), Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift, (1). Tilgjengelig på: http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NLT/article/view/1796 (åpnet: 9mars2021).Table of ContentsPreface ; Symbols and abbreviations; Introduction: What is Norwegian?; Chapter 1 Nouns; Chapter 2 Adjectives; Chapter 3 Numerals; Chapter 4 Pronouns and determiners; Chapter 5 Verbs; Chapter 6 Adverbs; Chapter 7 Prepositions; Chapter 8 Interjections; Chapter 9 Conjunctions and subjunctions; Chapter 10 Sentence structure and word order; Chapter 11 Word formation; Chapter 12 Orthography; Chapter 13 Punctuation; Appendix 1 Linguistic terms; Appendix 2 English–Norwegian and Norwegian–English linguistic terms; Bibliography; Index

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Book SynopsisA revised and updated edition of the iconic grammar guide for the 21st century.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended primarily for undergraduate students of English, though it will also be useful for undergraduates in linguistics focusing on English. It shows how a restricted set of principles can account for a wide range of the phenomena of English syntax. While the main focus of the book is empirical, it introduces important theoretical concepts: theta theory, X-bar theory, case theory, locality, binding theory, economy, full interpretation, functional projections. In doing so it prepares the student for more advanced theoretical work. The authors integrate many recent insights into the nature of syntactic structure into their discussion. They present information in a gradual way: hypotheses developed in early chapters are reviewed and modified in subsequent ones. The authors also pay attention to the relation between structure and interpretation and to language variation, and particularly to register variation. They include a wide range of diverse exercises, giving the stTrade Review"English Grammar: A Generative Perspective is a very useful survey of the major syntactic structures of English, as well as an excellent and accessible introduction to the fundamental ideas and methods of generative grammar. I am especially impressed by the extensive sets of relevant, stimulating exercises, which will be of great pedagogical benefit." Howard Lasnik, University of MarylandTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. The Structure of English Sentences. 2. Movement and Locality. 3. Developments in the Analysis of the Clause. 4. Aspects of the Syntax of Noun Phrases. 5. From Structure to Interpretation. 6. The New Comparative Syntax. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers an systematic introduction to semantics as applied to transformational grammars of the 'Government-Binding' model. This book covers the fundamental constructions with analyses, and also provides discussion of quantification, binding and anaphora, and ellipsis. It is intended for graduate level introductory courses in semantics.Trade Review"The reader gets the immediate impression that they are being invited to contribute to real work, which is inspiring. The style is easy to read and the exposition of many difficult and confusing topics is very clear. Semantics in Generative Grammer is really an advanced introduction, and is a good example of how advanced-level texts should be organized...essential reading" Jennifer Spenader, University of Groningen, The Netherlands "This elegant and thorough text will take the reader through many of the advances in linguistic semantics during the past 25 years of generative grammar. It is a fine achievement by two of the most prominent researchers, and teachers, of the subject." James Higginbotham, University of Oxford "This book shows that natural language semantics has reached its maturity. A careful and enlightening discussion guides the reader through the intricacies of argument structure, quantification, and binding, some of the very central topics in semantics and in the syntax/semantics interface. Traditional techniques from logic are presented in a way aimed at bringing out what is really important to the study of language. An excellent introduction for the linguist-to-be." Gennaro Chierchia, University of Milan "This superb new introduction to formal semantics in linguistic theory helps and invites teh serious beginner to think through arguments among potential alternatives right from the start. It's a great textbook." Barbara Partee, University of MassachusettsTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Truth-conditional Semantics and the Fregean Program 1 2 Executing the Fregean Program 13 3 Semantics and Syntax 43 4 More of English: Nonverbal Predicates, Modifiers, Definite Descriptions 61 5 Relative Clauses, Variables, Variable Binding 86 6 Quantifiers: Their Semantic Type 131 7 Quantification and Grammar 178 8 Syntactic and Semantic Constraints on Quantifier Movement 209 9 Bound and Referential Pronouns and Ellipsis 239 10 Syntactic and Semantic Binding 260 11 E-Type Anaphora 277 12 First Steps Towards an Intensional Semantics 299 Index 313

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Book SynopsisRevised edition of this successful introduction to English syntax.Trade Review'A second, extended, edition has appeared of Jim Miller's An Introduction to English Syntax, which offers a clear and concise introduction to its topic.[...] As in the first edition, this second edition contains useful exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a discussion of the exercises at the end of the book.' Year's Work in English Studies 'A second, extended, edition has appeared of Jim Miller's An Introduction to English Syntax, which offers a clear and concise introduction to its topic.[...] As in the first edition, this second edition contains useful exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a discussion of the exercises at the end of the book.'Table of Contents1. Heads and modifiers 2. Constituent structure 3. Constructions 4. Word classes 5. The Lexicon 6. Clauses and sentences 7. Clauses main and subordinate 8. Clauses finite and non-finite 9. Grammatical functions 10. Syntactic linkage 11. Heads and modifiers revisited 12. Roles 13. Clauses, sentences and text 14. Grammar and semantics: aspect, tense, voice Discussion of the exercises Further reading

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Book SynopsisThis accessible supplementary textbook presents 30 illustrative exegetical insights from the Hebrew Bible, showing students how the grammatical concepts they are learning affect interpretation.Table of ContentsContents Introduction 1. Hebrew Language and Literature Ezekiel 9:4 2. Textual Criticism Genesis 22:13 3. Word Studies Genesis 29:17a 4. Construct Phrases Genesis 29:17b 5. Definiteness Proverbs 31:1 6. Adjectives Haggai 1:4 7. Pronouns 1 2 Kings 8:1b 8. Pronouns 2 2 Kings 8:1a 9. Verb Conjugations 1: qatal = wayyiqtol Exodus 16:34-35 10. Verb Conjugations 2: waqatal = yiqtol Leviticus 16:1-9 11. Verb Conjugations 3: Jussives Ruth 1:8 12. Verb Conjugations 4: Imperatives Leviticus 16:2 13. Verb Conjugations 5: Cohortatives 2 Samuel 24:14 14. Verb Conjugations 6: Active and Passive Participles Jeremiah 20:9 15. Verb Conjugations 7: Infinitive Construct Jeremiah 27:10 16. Verb Conjugations 8: Infinitive Absolute Jeremiah 7:9-10 17. Stative and Fientive Verbs Psalm 93:1 18. Indefinite Subjects and Impersonal Verbs 1 Kings 1:1 19. Verb Stems 1: Voice and Valency Genesis 12:1-3 20. Verb Stems 2: Semantics 2 Samuel 7:1 21. Negations Genesis 3:4; 2:17 22. Prepositions 1: 000 1 Sam. 13:14 23. Prepositions 2: 000 Genesis 2:17 24. Directive 000 Exodus 13:21 25. Verbless Clauses Deuteronomy 6:4 26. Interrogatives Joshua 5:13 27. Particles: 000 Deuteronomy 14:24 28. Temporal Clauses Ruth 1:1 29. Relative Clauses Psalm 119:85 30. Pragmatics: 000 Genesis 1:31 Index

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Book Synopsis''Understanding Grammar in Scotland Today'' explains basic concepts and presents a method of analysis that is systematic and suitable for complete beginners with no previous experience or formal grammatical study.

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Book SynopsisThis Element gives an overview of the origin and the current state of the art of constructionist approaches, focusing, on the one hand, on basic concepts like the notion of constructions, while also offering an in-depth discussion of current research trends and open questions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Discovering idiomaticity: the case for constructions; 3. From sign-based to radical: 'Flavors' of Construction Grammar; 4. Connecting the dots: the construct-i-con; 5. Creativity, multimodality, individual differences: recent developments in Construction Grammar; 6. Conclusion and outlook.

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Book SynopsisIn a coordination construction, two or more syntactic constituents are combined, with or without an overt coordinator. This Element examines how coordinate structures are derived syntactically, focussing on the syntactic operations involved, including constraints on both their operations and the representations they produce.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The syntactic relations between conjuncts; 3. More about the syntax of coordinators; 4. Removing construction-specific syntactic operations; 5. Movement modes in deriving certain coordinate constructions; 6. Conclusions and theoretical considerations.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for students with no prior experience in linguistics, this is an engaging guide to the rich variety and typology of world languages. This fourth edition has been revised with new problem sets, an updated glossary and index, and new sections, including one on the languages of the Caribbean.Trade Review'A fine panoramic view of the rich variety of the world's languages.' Greville G. Corbett, Distinguished Professor of Linguistics, Surrey Morphology Group, University of Surrey'Reading this book reminds me of why I became a linguist. Pereltsvaig provides a fascinating overview of human languages, exploring their diversity, commonalities, and history. This book is accessible to anyone who is curious about language but is also detailed and extensive enough to be a valuable resource for linguistic scholars, teachers, and students.' Diane Massam, Professor Emeritus, University of TorontoTable of ContentsPrologue; 1. Introduction; 2. Languages of Europe; 3. Languages of Iran and South Asia; 4. Languages of Northern Eurasia; 5. Languages of the Caucasus; 6. Languages of the greater Middle East; 7. Languages of sub-Saharan Africa; 8. Languages of eastern Asia; 9. Languages of the Pacific; 10. Aboriginal languages of New Guinea and Australia; 11. Indigenous languages of Canada and the US; 12. Indigenous languages of Latin America; Epilogue; Glossary; Bibliography; Index of Languages; Index of Terms.

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Book SynopsisWe are all familiar with coming across a new word, whether it has just been invented or whether we have just not met it before. How do we invent new words? How do we understand words that we have never heard before? What are the limits on the kinds of words we produce? How have linguists and grammarians dealt with the phenomenon of creating new words, and how justified are their ways of viewing such words? In this concise and compelling book, Professor Bauer, one of the world''s best-known morphologists, looks back over fifty years of his work, seeking out overlooked patterns in word-formation, and offering new solutions to recurrent problems. Each section deals with a different morphological problem, meaning that the book can either be read from start to finish, or alternatively used as a concise reference work on the key issues and problems in the field.

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Book SynopsisThe Right Periphery in L2 Chinese is among the first books to try to incorporate both advanced linguistic and acquisition perspectives to show how eight sentence-final particles are represented in English-speaking learners' L2 Chinese. This book will inform researchers of the general construction of the right periphery in L2 grammars. Drawing on up-to-date theoretical frameworks and findings from advanced empirical studies, it sketches the general picture of the periphery that these particles occupy in English-Chinese interlanguages. Readers will grasp the problems and difficulties, and particularly the ambiguities, which learners of Chinese must grapple with in the process of acquiring sentence-final particles. Possible influential factors underlying the acquisition process are explicitly discussed as well. Researchers will also find insights in the advanced methodologies and statistics that are used to study Chinese. The book will be illuminating for researcTable of ContentsList of figuresList of tablesList of boxesPrefaceAcknowledgementsList of abbreviations1 Introduction2 Core concepts in SFP and L2 theories2.1 Chinese SFPs in CP2.1.1 SFPs in split-CP2.1.2 Relationship with other CP elements2.1.3 Head-directionality2.1.4 Homomorphous SFP: one SFP or several SFPs2.2 CP in English2.3 Feature in generative theories2.3.1 Feature2.3.2 Feature in L1 and L2 acquisition2.4 Theoretical frameworks in SLA2.4.1 L1 transfer2.4.2 Feature Reassembly Hypothesis2.4.3 Dormant Feature Hypothesis2.4.4 Form-meaning connections2.4.5 Interface Hypothesis2.5 Summary3 SFP1 layer: cluster of tense and aspects3.1 SFP le3.1.1 Features attached to the SFP le3.1.2 L2 acquisition of the SFP le3.2 SFP ne13.2.1 Features attached to the SFP ne13.2.2 L2 acquisition of the SFP ne13.3 Methodological issues3.4 Summary4 SFP2 layer: force and clause-typing 4.1 SFP ma4.1.1 Features attached to the SFP ma4.1.2 Typing yes-no questions in L2 grammars4.2 SFP ba14.2.1 Features attached to the SFP ba14.2.2 Imperative force in L2 grammars4.3 SFP ne24.3.1 Features attached to the SFP ne24.3.2 L2 acquisition of the SFP ne24.4 Methodological issues4.5 Summary5 SFP3 layer: attitudes and discourses5.1 SFP ba25.1.1 Features attached to the SFP ba25.1.2 Behaviors of the SFP ba2 in L2 grammar5.2 SFPs a and ne35.2.1 Features attached to the SFP a and the SFP ne35.2.2 Behaviors of the SFPs a and ne3 in L2 grammars5.3 Methodological issues5.4 Summary6 Interaction among layers and SFPs in terms of their similarities6.1 Homomorphous SFPs6.1.1 SFP ba1 and SFP ba26.1.2 SFP ne1, SFP ne2, and SFP ne36.2 SFPs with similar features6.2.1 SFP ma and SFP ba26.2.2 SFP a and SFP ne36.3 Co-occurrence of SFPs6.3.1 Behaviors and reasons for the (non)co-occurrence of SFPs6.3.2 Co-occurrence of SFPs in L2 grammars6.4 Summary7 Conclusions7.1 Establishment of the right periphery7.2 Factors affecting the building of the blocks7.2.1 L1 transfer7.2.2 L2 effect7.2.3 Feature reassembly and feature dormancy7.2.4 Interfaces7.2.5 Form-meaning connections7.3 The role of sentence-final particles in L2 Chinese7.4 Future directions and pedagogical implications7.4.1 Future directions for the study of Chinese SFPs7.4.2 Pedagogical implications7.5 SummaryBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisA Frequency Dictionary of British English provides information about the frequency and distribution of words in British English.The dictionary presents rich information about word frequencies and distributions in an accessible manner. In addition to textual and numerical information, the dictionary offers a range of visualisations to help understand the statistical properties of words. These visualisations are especially important for pedagogical uses of the book. This book also includes vocabulary exercises for learners of English to activate their vocabulary with the help of the dictionary. The dictionary is based on extensive research on current British English using the British National Corpus 2014, a 100-million-word corpus of contemporary British English developed at Lancaster University. The corpus represents a wide range of genres/registers of spoken and written English, including informal speech, fiction, newspapers, academic writing and e-language. ATrade Review"If you want to know how frequently words are used in different contexts across speech and writing and with what other words these are associated, you might be interested in a new dictionary ... This dictionary is based on the British National Corpus 2014, a large balanced dataset developed at Lancaster University that represents current British English usage. The dictionary will appeal to those interested in British English for research, as well as for the purposes of language learning and teaching. For students and teachers in particular, this dictionary offers a wide range of exercises to activate vocabulary knowledge ... The dictionary is accompanied by a website Lancslex that allows active engagement with frequency and distribution information about words in British English. The website’s user-friendly interface facilitates effortless word searches and text analysis for examining lexical sophistication."- Words, words, words: A new Frequency Dictionary of British English, CASS, ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social ScienceTable of ContentsSeries prefaceAcknowledgementsAbbreviations Introduction Frequency wordlist Alphabetical wordlistFrequency wordlist according to word classes New General Service List (New GSL) Vocabulary exercises

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Book SynopsisModern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide, third edition, is an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume.The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammar points such as phrase order, and the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and situations such as: Asking questions Communication strategies Making comparisons Giving orders and making requests Expressing apologies, regrets, and sympathy The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. The Grammar is coordinated with the Workbook, which provides grammar-focused and situation-focused exercises to facilitate practice and reinforce language use.All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples presented in simplified and traditional characters and Pinyin romanization, with a strong emphasis on contemporary usage. This third edition includes new sections on character structure, social media, speaker perspective, and more, as well as updated illustrative sentences and an expanded index. Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar is ideal for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, from beginner to intermediate and advanced students.Table of ContentsPart A Structures1 Overview of Pronunciation and Pinyin Romanization2 Syllable, Meaning, and Word3 The Chinese Writing System: An Overview4 Phrase order in the Mandarin sentence 5 Nouns6 Numbers7 Specifiers and Demonstratives8 Classifiers9 Noun Phrases10 Adjectives and Adjectival Verbs11 Stative Verbs12 Modal Verbs13 Action Verbs14 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases15 Adverbs16 Conjunctions17 Aspect18 Resulative verbs 19 Directional verbs 20 把 ba sentences: The 'disposal' construction21 The passivePart B Situations and Functions22 Names, Kinship Terms, Titles, and Terms of Address23 Introductions24 Greetings and Goodbyes25 Basic Strategies for Communication26 Telecommunications and e-communications: Telephones, the internet, and social media27 Negating Information28 Asking questions, answering questions, and reporting questions29 Expressing Identification, Possession, and Existence 30 Describing People, Places, and Things31 Describing How Actions are Performed32 Indicating Result, Conclusion, Potential, and Extent33 Making Comparisons34 Talking About the Present35 Talking About Habitual Actions36 Talking About the Future37 Indicating Completion and Talking About the Past38 Talking About Change, New Situations, and Changing Situations39 Talking About Duration and Frequency 40 Expressing Additional Information41 Expressing Contrast42 Expressing Sequence43 Expressing Simultaneous Situations44 Expressing Cause and Effect or Reason and Result45 Expressing Conditions46. Expressing both, all, every, any, none, not any, and no matter how47 Expressing Location and Distance48 Talking about Movement, Directions, and Means of Transportation49 Talking about Clock Time and Calendar Time 50 Expressing Obligation and Prohibitions51 Expressing Commands and Permission52 Expressing Ability and Possibility53 Expressing Desires, Needs, Preferences, and Willingness54 Expressing Knowledge, Advice, and Opinions55 Expressing Fear, Worry, and Anxiety56 Expressing Speaker Attitudes and Perspectives with interjections and final particles57 Topic, Focus, and Emphasis58 Guest and Host59 Giving and Responding to Compliments 60 Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction61 Expressing Gratitude and Responding to Expressions of Gratitude62 Invitations, Requests, and Refusals63 Expressing Apologies, Regrets, Sympathy, and bad news64 Expressing Congratulations and Good WishesIndex

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Book SynopsisLong trusted as the most comprehensive, upâtoâdate, and userâfriendly grammar book available, French Grammar and Usage is a complete guide to French as it is written and spoken today. It includes clear descriptions of all the main grammatical phenomena of French and their uses, illustrated by numerous examples taken from contemporary French, and distinguishes the most common forms of usage, both formal and informal.This bookâs key features are as follows: comprehensive content, covering all the major structures of contemporary French userâfriendly organisation offering easyâtoâfind sections with crossâreferencing and indexes of English words, French words, and grammatical terms clear and illuminating examples to help students at all stages of their degree useful indications of what cannot be written or said as well as what can Revised and updated throughout, this new edition offers updated examples to reflect current

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Book SynopsisUnlike traditional Japanese particle reference books, âEssential Single-Syllable Japanese Particlesâ is a revolutionary hybrid: a functionality-based guide and workbook designed to deconstruct and conquer the complexities of the 14 most-commonly used single-syllable Japanese particles, such as ã/wa, ãŒ/ga, ã/de, ã/no, and ã/ni. Unlike their easily translatable multi-syllable counterparts like ãã/kara meaning from or ãã/node because, these single-syllable powerhouses often defy direct translation and carry a variety of functions, even sometimes within the same sentence. Readers are encouraged to dive deep into their multiple roles, understand their nuances, and master them through targeted exercises. This innovative approach unlocks the secrets of these multifaceted particles, paving the way for confident and fluent Japanese communication. This book is for teachers and learners alike, and comes with many MP3 audio resources to further engage the learning process.

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Book SynopsisThe Psycholinguistics of Words, Sentences and Discourse introduces the way words, sentences and discourse live in the mind. Actual language use is about putting together words into syntactic frames that make sense in a specific context. This book provides an overview of the many mental processes involved in that, explaining how the mind conjures up specific words and syntactic structures in a particular situation of discourse.The book: Offers an overview of historic research milestones as well as more recent developments and research in psycholinguistics Introduces how words, sentences and discourse are processed in the mind Answers questions such as what is needed to develop a linguistic capacity, and how current technology can help us enter the linguistic mind with a chapter on AI and language Includes definitions of key linguistic terms, chapter outlines, discussion questions, suggestions for further reading, and summaries of key points This entertaining and informed introduction to the psychological reality of the human language faculty will be of interest to students and researchers in psycholinguistics, experimental psychology and artificial intelligence.

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Book SynopsisTeaching Elementary Grammar with Mentor Texts: Ready to Use Lesson Plans for Grades 3-5 contains detailed grammar lesson plans for teachers in grades three, four, and five. The thorough plans in this book will help teachers put the best practices of grammar instruction into action in concrete, practitioner-oriented ways.

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Book SynopsisOne of the most intriguing features of languages is that speakers can produce novel grammatical utterances that they have never heard before. Consequently, most linguists agree that the mental grammars of speakers are complex systems that must be more abstract than the input they are exposed to. Yet, linguists differ as to how general and abstract speakers'' mental representations have to be to allow this grammatical creativity. This book addresses this issue by empirically investigating one specific construction, English comparative correlatives (e.g., the more you eat, the fatter you get). Drawing on authentic corpus data from Old English to Present-day English varieties around the world, it shows how input frequency and domain-general cognitive principles affect the complex mental network of constructions that underlies speakers'' linguistic behaviour. This pioneering and original study will be of interest to scholars and students of English syntax and English historical linguisticsTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Previous research; 3. The diachronic evolution of English CCs: a constructionist account; 4. Synchronic properties of the standard British and American English CC construction network; 5. A contrastive view: German versus English comparative correlatives; 6. Variation and mental grammars: the view from World Englishes; Conclusion: the role of constructional networks.

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Book SynopsisThis Element aims to address the complexity of metalinguistic awareness to achieve a thorough account of its impacts on second language (L2) reading development and promote an in-depth understanding of the factors regulating the influence of first language (L1) metalinguistic awareness on L2 reading.Table of Contents1. What are the Key Concepts?; 2. Evidence from Previous Meta-Analytic and Critical Reviews; 3. A Scoping Review of Empirical Research between 2009 and 2021; 4. A Meta-Analysis of the Transfer Facilitation Effects of L1 Phonological, Orthographic, and Morphological awareness in L2 Word Decoding; 5. Concluding Remarks; Appendix A. Meta-Analyses and Critical Reviews Screened during the Literature Search; Appendix B. Primary Studies Included in This Element.

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Book SynopsisLithuanian: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Lithuanian grammar. It includes detailed treatment of all grammatical structures and parts of speech, and their semantic and grammatical categories: gender, number, case of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs; tense, mood, person, transitivity, aspect and voice of verbs.The morphology chapters describe the formation, inflection and use of the different forms of every part of speech. Under syntax the syntactic relations and types of sentences, the expression of questions and negation, comparison, word order and interpolation are described. All grammatical phenomena are illustrated with examples from the modern language. Descriptions of phonetics and accentuation as well as orthography and punctuation are also included.Lithuanian: A Comprehensive Grammar is an essential reference for learners and users of Lithuanian. It is suitablTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionAbbreviations and SymbolsChapter 1 PhoneticsChapter 2 NounsChapter 3 AdjectivesChapter 4 PronounsChapter 5 NumeralsChapter 6 VerbsChapter 7 AdverbsChapter 8 PrepositionsChapter 9 ConjunctionsChapter 10 ParticlesChapter 11 InterjectionsChapter 12 Onomatopoeic wordsChapter 13 Simple sentence Chapter 14 Composite sentenceChapter 15 QuestionsChapter 16 NegationChapter 17 ComparisonChapter 18 Word orderChapter 19 Direct and indirect speechChapter 20 InterpolationChapter 21 AccentuationChapter 22 OrthographyChapter 23 PunctuationLinguistic termsTablesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisCambodian: An Essential Grammar is an accessible guide to the grammatical themes, patterns, and structures of the Cambodian language.Across 14 chapters, the book introduces both basic and more complex examples in the written and spoken language. With its use of plain language and avoidance of complicated linguistic jargon, this is an accessible and user-friendly grammar. Examples are presented in Cambodian, English, and Romanized transliteration scripts, and draw on up-to-date data from the colloquial speech of Cambodian people in a wide variety of contexts.This is a key reference for all students, professionals, researchers, and general readers wishing to advance their Cambodian grammar from beginner level and is designed for both independent and class-based studies.

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Book SynopsisThis unique guide to teaching English Language empowers teachers to lead a successful course that will encourage students to be independent and analytical linguists. Covering all areas of linguistic investigation across different exam board specifications and rooted in theoretical perspectives, this accessible text is underpinned by years of teaching experience and is full of practical ideas for classroom activities.Now in its second edition, this bestselling title has been fully updated to consider changes to English Language A level, including a new chapter on unseen texts and writing for the exams. Additional material includes a greater focus on accent and dialect, language acquisition, and language and the media, including discussions of post-truth' and alternative facts'. The authors outline frameworks of linguistic analysis and provide clear guidance on how to approach different topics. Chapters are full of interesting extracts for textual analysis and ideas to gTable of Contents1. An introductory sequence of lessons 2. Audience, purpose and context 3. General frameworks 4. Conventions of written and spoken texts 5. Language in society 6. Found texts and answering exam questions 7. Original writing 8. Language change 9. Language acquisition 10. Language investigation

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Book SynopsisBasic German: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume.The book introduces German people and culture through the medium of the language used today, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first years of learning German.Each of the 29 units presents one or more related grammar topics, illustrated by examples which serve as models for the exercises that follow. These wide-ranging and varied exercises enable the student to master each grammar point thoroughly.Features include: Clear grammatical explanations with examples in both English and German Authentic language samples from a range of media Checklists at the end of each unit to reinforce key points Cross-referencing to other grammar chapters Full exercise answer key Did you know?' sections with extra learning tips on specific grammar points and insights into cTable of Contents1 What’s different in German? Basic tips and patterns 2 Verbs in the present tense 3 Verb variations and irregular verbs 4 Irregular verbs: haben and sein 5 Separable verbs in the present tense 6 Imperatives 7 Questions 8 Articles 9 Nouns and gender 10 Plural of nouns 11 The four cases 12 The nominative case 13 The accusative case 14 The dative case 15 The genitive case 16 Personal pronouns 17 Possessive adjectives 18 Reflexive verbs 19 Negatives 20 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 21 Modal verbs 22 The present perfect tense 23 The simple past tense 24 The future tense 25 Prepositions 26 Adjective endings 27 Numbers and dates 28 Conjunctions and clauses 29 Word order

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Book SynopsisThis thoroughly revised third edition of Finnish: An Essential Grammar is grounded in fundamental insights of modern linguistics and incorporates some of the latest achievements in the description of written and spoken Finnish.It gives a systematic account of the structures of the written language and offers increased attention to the key characteristics of present-day colloquial Finnish. No prior knowledge is assumed on the part of the reader and grammatical rules are clearly explained without jargon.Features of this new edition include:â pronunciation guide, including the tendencies in present-day colloquial Finnishâ thorough descriptions of morphology (word structure) and syntax (sentence structure)â clear rules and an abundance of concrete examples, from both written and colloquial Finnishâ updated vocabulary in the examplesâ an effective new scheme for detecting the morphological structure of any word formâ subject Table of ContentsPreface. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction 2. Pronunciation and sound structure 3. Word structure 4. Two important sound alternations 5. The declension of nominals 6. The conjugation of verbs 7. Sentence structure 8. The nominative case and the partitive case 9. The genitive case, total objects and possessive suffixes 10. The six local cases 11. Other cases 12. Numbers and numerals 13. Pronouns 14. Tenses 15. Moods 16. The passive 17. Infinitives 18. Participles 19. Comparison of adjectives 20. Other word classes and clitics 21. Word formation 22. The colloquial spoken language Appendix 1. Appendix 2.

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Book SynopsisThe world''s best-selling grammar series for learners of English. Essential Grammar in Use German edition is a self-study reference and practice book for elementary-level learners (A1-B1). The book is simple, easy-to-use and is perfect for independent study, covering all the areas of grammar you need at this level. Every unit includes a translation exercise, allowing you to translate examples of each grammar point from German into English. This new edition, with updated content, also comes with an interactive ebook. The ebook is in English, with the same grammar explanations and exercises found in the printed book, plus other great features such as audio and an easy-to-use answer key.

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Book SynopsisThis engaging introduction to generative syntax leads students through the theory from the very beginning, assuming no prior knowledge. Examples are chosen to be easily understood, and a comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions of all key terms introduced. An ideal resource for instructors and beginning undergraduate students of syntax.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction: what linguistics is about and what syntax is about; 1. Tacit knowledge (or: several things you didn't know you knew about English); 2. Constituents and categories; 3. Phrase structure rules and constituency tests; 4. X'-theory; 5. Movement; 6. Binding; 7. Syntax beyond English; 8. The architecture of grammar; Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisBringing together an international group of scholars and based on data from a number of typologically-distinct languages, this volume represents the state-of-the-art in theoretical and empirical research into countability. It will appeal to a wide audience of advanced students and specialists in formal semantics and pragmatics.

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Book SynopsisThis is an engaging introduction to the study of language for undergraduate or beginning graduate students, aimed especially at those who would like to continue further linguistic study. It introduces students to analytical thinking about language, but goes beyond existing texts to show what it means to think like a scientist about language, through the exploration of data and interactive problem sets. A key feature of this text is its flexibility. With its focus on foundational areas of linguistics and scientific analysis, it can be used in a variety of course types, with instructors using it alongside other information or texts as appropriate for their own courses of study. The text can also serve as a supplementary text in other related fields (Speech and Hearing Sciences, Psychology, Education, Computer Science, Anthropology, and others) to help learners in these areas better understand how linguists think about and work with language data. No prerequisites are necessary. While eaTrade Review'Thinking like a Linguist is an excellent text for introducing students to the scientific methods and core areas of linguistics. Clear and crisply written by two experienced professors, the book focuses on the analysis of sound, structure, and meaning – phonetics to pragmatics – and how to do linguistic analysis. With up-to-date coverage, interesting applications, and well-thought-out activities and exercises from a variety of languages, this is a versatile, sensitive, and intellectually engaging text, suitable for undergraduate and graduate introductions to linguistic analysis.' Edwin Battistella, Southern Oregon University'A fresh and flexible approach to the study of linguistics. Because the three central chapters can be read in any order, instructors are free to adapt the book to their course and teaching style. A wide variety of activities encourage students to not only practice concepts from the text, but also to create connections between the textbook material and their own experiences.' Patti Kurtz, Minot State University'This textbook offers a refreshing approach to linguistics, and cultivates an excitement for the study of language. It engages students by leading them through the formal aspects of linguistic analysis, and its enriching exercises encourage them to consider language from a range of perspectives.' Sam Rosenthal, Oakland University'This clear introduction covers sound, structure, and meaning at a level appropriate for undergraduates coming to linguistics for the first time. With a steady progression, well-chosen exercises, and an engaging style, it shows beginners how to think about language scientifically. The final chapter demonstrates how linguists use the thinking introduced in the main three chapters to explore language in social settings.' Mikael Thompson, independent scholarTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introducing Language Analysis; 2. Analyzing Sound: Phonetics and Phonology; 3. Analyzing Structure: Morphology and Syntax; 4. Analyzing Meaning: Semantics and Pragmatics; 5. Analyzing Language: Putting It All Together; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisFully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday''s Introduction to Functional Grammar explains the principles of systemic functional grammar, enabling the reader to understand and apply them in any context. Halliday''s innovative approach of engaging with grammar through discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon in linguistics.Updates to the new edition include:  Recent uses of systemic functional linguistics to provide further guidance for students, scholars and researchers More on the ecology of grammar, illustrating how each major system serves to realise a semantic system A systematic indexing and classification of examples More from corpora, thus allowing for easy access to data Halliday''s Introduction to Functional Grammar, Fourth Edition, is the standard reference text for systemic functional linguistics and an ideal introduction for students and scholars interested in the relation betweenTrade Review'...an invaluable presentation of, and rationale for, the central descriptive apparatus of Halliday's systemic-functional grammar of English...essential reading for all students of English textual structure, teeming with insights.' - Michael Toolan, University of Birmingham, UK'Anyone who claims any interst in practical grammar and its relationship to theoretical grammar should certainly familiarise themselves with it.' - Studies in Second Language Acquisition'It is hard to imagine anyone in the field of applied linguistics or ‘linguistics applied’ that does not recognise the ever increasing insights that this 4th edition of SFG continues to give in seeing language from so many different perspectives. Its value for teachers and reseachers is immeasurable.' - J.A. Foley, Assumption University, BangkokTable of ContentsPrefacePART I: THE CLAUSEChapter 1: The architecture of languageChapter 2: Towards a functional grammarChapter 3: Clause as messageChapter 4: Clause as exchangeChapter 5: Clause as representationPART II: ABOVE, BELOW AND BEYOND THE CLAUSEChapter 6: Below the clause: groups and phasesChapter 7: Above the clause: the clause complexChapter 8: Group and phrase complexesChapter 9: Around the clause: cohesion and discourseChapter 10: Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expressionReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisAppropriate for beginning and advanced students of Biblical Hebrew, this easy-to-use reference provides a concise summary of basic grammar concepts in an accessible format. Condensed into a six-page trifold format, the Biblical Hebrew Grammar Card neatly presents topics such as prefixes, nouns, adjectives, and suffixes, as well as numbers, weights, and measures. The verb charts are straightforward and comprehensive, with hundreds of examples organized according to stem, tense, and root.

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Book SynopsisThough not without its rivals, Latin stood at the apex of Western culture from the Renaissance until relatively recently. Françoise Waquet offers an enthralling, original history of the language's uses, its detractors and defenders, and the social hierarchies its practitioners inscribed. Granted a new lease of life by the Humanists and the Catholic Church, Latin was the form in which generations of schoolchildren were taught to read, millions of people worshipped, and an international community of scholars communicated with one another. It conveyed sacredness, but also obscenity; learning, as well as pedantry; science, but also trickery and mumbo-jumbo. Few individuals even among the clergy or the most learned scholars have ever managed to speak it with any degree of correctness or fluency, let alone elegance. Why, despite rationalist criticisms that Latin was inaccessible to the great majority of people, and inconvenient and time-consuming for the rest, did it maintain such a strong presence - some would say a tyranny - for so long?Trade ReviewA splendid book: original in method, suggestive in argument, and a pleasure to read. -- Anthony Grafton * London Review of Books *... [a] fascinating and lively survey of the place of Latin western culture during the past 400 years. * Independent *... richly researched and delightful ... with scholars of Waquet's generosity and ability, the old language might yet have a future. * New Criterion *... detailed and wide-ranging ... * Los Angeles Times Book Review *... an eloquent obituary ... * Spectator *Fascinating. -- A.C. Grayling * Guardian, Summer Choice *Latin is dead and this book is its epitaph ... it is the merit and interest of Waquet's survey that she finds Latin not only deployed for the liturgy, but also to describe things carnal, pornographic, or otherwise shameful. * Daily Telegraph *A wonderful survey. -- A. N. Wilson

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Book SynopsisUpdated to accompany the second edition of Reading Greek, a best-selling one-year introductory course in ancient Greek, this Study Guide includes notes on and translations of the Greek texts that appear in the Text and Vocabulary volume and answers to the exercises in the Grammar and Exercises volume.Trade Review'The quality of this course is now very hard to match indeed.' Journal of Classics TeachingTable of ContentsPreface; 1. The insurance fraud; 2. The glorious past; 3. Athens and Sparta; 4. Lawlessness in Athenian life; 5. 'Socrates corrupts the young'; 6. Socrates and Strepsiades; 7. Socrates and intellectual inquiry; 8. Aristophanes' Birds; 9. Aristophanes' Wasps; 10. Aristophanes' Lysistrata; 11. Aristophanes' Akharnians; 12. Neaira as slave; 13. Neaira as married woman; 14. Guarding a woman's purity; 15. Alkestis in Euripides' play; 16. Official justice: ships, state and individuals; 17. Private justice: trouble down at the farm; 18. How Zeus gave justice to men; 19. The story of Adrastos; 20. Odysseus and Nausikaa.

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Book SynopsisIn a compact, easy-to-use format, this new book offers a convenient guide to grammar for any student of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the version of Arabic most commonly used in journalism, formal writing, and litera-ture. Drawing on over a decade of experience as a full-time teacher of Arabic, Azza Hassanein explains the rules in straight-forward English, illustrating usage with examples throughout. The book covers all the rules of grammar and morphology that students require for elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels of Arabic. As a compact guide, it is an ideal auxiliary, no matter what textbook the student is using. While students of the language will find Modern Standard Arabic Grammar extremely helpful, it is also a valuable tool for linguists who want to acquire a clear idea about the skeletal structure of the language, as well as translators who are working with written Arabic. Covering all the important grammatical rules of MSA, from nisba adjectives and nominal and verbal sentences to more complex constructions such as condi-tional sentences and the subjunctive, this unique handbook fills a real need for the growing number of people worldwide learning Arabic.Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Derivation and the Pattern System2. The Definite Article and Solar and Lunar Letters3. Interrogative Particles4. Case5. Singular, Dual, and Plural6. Demonstratives7. Nasab Adjectives8. Idaafa Construction9. Pronouns: Separate Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes10. Prepositions11. Followers12. Types of Sentences13. Verbs14. Verb Conjugations15. Kana and Its Sisters16. Inna and Its Sisters17. Kada and Its Sisters18. Passive Voice19. Jussive and Subjunctive20. Negation21. Relative Pronouns22. The Five Nouns23. Abbreviated and Defective Nouns24. Diptotes25. Verbal Nouns26. Active Participles27. Passive Participles28. Nouns of Place29. Accusative of State30. Accusative of Cognate31. Accusative of Cause or Purpose32. Adverbials of Time and Place33. Accusative of Specification34. Comparatives and Superlatives35. Exceptions36. Vocative37. Wonder Construction38. Absolute Negation39. Conditional Sentence40. Sentences that Function as Words41. Types of Laa42. Types of Maa43. Types of Hatta

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Book SynopsisOne of the fundamental properties of human language is movement, where a constituent moves from one position in a sentence to another position. Syntactic theory has long been concerned with properties of movement, including locality restrictions.Smuggling in Syntax investigates how different movement operations interact with one another, focusing on the special case of smuggling. First introduced by volume editor Chris Collins in 2005, the term ''smuggling'' refers to a specific type of movement interaction. The contributions in this volume each describe different areas where smuggling derivations play a role, including passives, causatives, adverb placement, the dative alternation, the placement of measure phrases, wh-in-situ, and word order in ergative languages. The volume also addresses issues like the freezing constraint on movement and the acquisition of smuggling derivations by children.In this work, Adriana Belletti and Chris Collins bring together leading syntacticians to presTrade ReviewSmuggling in Syntax brings together an impressive array of diverse and enriching papers by authorities in the field who all demonstrate convincingly the impact of smuggling as a component of sentence derivation. With a range of languages represented, the papers collected here combine empirical wealth with theoretical depth. I am convinced that this volume will become a stimulating source of inspiration for many."-Liliane Haegeman, Professor Emerita, University of GhentThe volume is an impressive collection of case studies documenting the pervasive role of 'smuggling.' From its original application to passive, smuggling is convincingly shown here to play a crucial role in such diverse domains as causatives, tough-movement, dative alternations, the can't seem construction and still others. A striking step forward in our comprehension of syntactic derivations. * Guglielmo Cinque, Ca' Foscari University, Venice *An idea of growing importance to syntactic theory, smuggling has yielded an explosion of exciting research. Collected here is some of the best. * William Snyder, University of Connecticut *Table of Contents1. Introduction by Adriana Belletti and Chris Collins 2. Ways of smuggling in Syntactic Derivations by Adriana Belletti 3. Punctual Time Adverbials in Italian by Valentina Bianchi 4. On Smuggling, the Freezing Ban, Labels, and Tough-constructions by Zeljko Boskovic 5. A Smuggling Approach to the Dative Alternation by Chris Collins 6. On Measure Phrase Alternation and Smuggling by Norbert Corver 7. Canonical and Reverse Predication in the Syntax of the Active/Passive Diathesis Alternation by Marcel den Dikken 8. On the Syntax of the can't seem Construction in English by Hilda Koopman 9. On Children's Late Acquisition of Raising seem and Control promise by Victoria Mateu and Nina Hyams 10. Remnant Movement and Smuggling in Some Romance Interrogative Clauses by Cecilia Poletto and Jean-Yves Pollock 11. Smuggling, Ergativity, and the Final-Over-Final Condition by Ian Roberts

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a detailed introduction to the development of the German language from prehistory to the present. This second edition has been extensively revised to include coverage of syntactic change, sociolinguistics, language variation, and language contact, as well as more detailed definitions and background information for beginners.Trade ReviewReview from previous edition Joseph Salmons has produced a brilliant and challenging book that is already spurring fruitful discussion and collaboration. This project will give students a real sense of our dynamic field, with its lively debates and intriguing open questions. For many students, Salmonss book and website will be their first taste of Germanic historical linguistics and perhaps their first exposure to linguistics of any kind. It will not be long before many young colleagues start telling us that what first turned them on to the serious study of language was A History of German. * David Fertig. Language, 07/07/14 *an insightful, informative, and inspiring work of scholarship ... A History of German is a major contribution to the fields of historical Germanic linguistics and historical linguistics in general, and it will certainly be useful to readers for many years to come. * John D. Sundquist, Journal of Germanic Linguistics 05/06/15 *The book had its origin in material prepared for university courses, and the authors enthusiasm for the subject, his estimable command of current research, and his desire to communicate it to students are evident throughout. * Martin Durrell, The Modern Language Review 16/04/2014 *I strongly recommend this book to everybody interested in learning and/or teaching the history of German. * Barbara Schlücker, Morphology 18/09/13 *a most welcome addition to the existing literature on the history of the German language ... a joy to read ... an excellent volume. * Tonya Kim Dewey, Beitraege zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 12/06/15 *Table of Contents1: Introduction: aims and scope 2: The depths of prehistory: up to Indo-European 3: The dawn of history: Germanic up to the earliest direct attestation 4: From Germanic to Old High German: early textual evidence 5: Middle High German: the High Middle Ages 6: Early New High German: richer structural evidence and socio-historical context 7: New High German: recent and ongoing change 8: Conclusion: interpreting the significance of the past for us References

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Book SynopsisThis fast-track introduction to syntax assumes no prior knowledge of linguistic theory. It is designed for specialist undergraduates and for those coming to linguistics for the first time as graduates, including students in computational science, artificial intelligence, and psychology.Trade ReviewAdger truly manages to achieve a good balance between a formal theoretical model and its empirical coverage. Each chapter includes excellent problem sets and a list of further readings... The author takes a lot of time to illustrate each derivation step by step, thus helping students to see the workings of a formal syntactic system. Another very positive characteristic is the approach to crosslinguistic variation, which is given consistently in terms of features.... I would definitely recommend this book to anyone who wants a text that presents minimalist syntax in a clear way and with data from a vast array of languages." * Artemis Alexiadou, Language *This book is intended as an introduction to three things. Firstly, the fact that syntax should be carried out using a consistent set of theoretical assumptions. Secondly, as the title says, 'core' areas of syntax are covered. Finally, the methodology of theory formation is emphasised as well. Overall I would say that the book has accomplished these aims admirably. I have found this to be an excellent introduction to Minimalist Syntax, and to syntactic theorising in general. All the ideas are presented clearly. Something I found particularly good was the way examples are worked through in detail, with each instance of feature checking specified. Also, the exercises were well presented, with some particularly difficult areas such as binding dealt with clearly ... This is a high quality textbook, which I would certainly recommend. * Linguist List *Table of Contents1. Core Concepts ; 2. Morphosyntactic Features ; 3. Constituency and Theta Roles ; 4. Representing Phrase Structure ; 5. Functional Categories I: TP ; 6. Subjects and Objects ; 7. Functional Categories II: the DP ; 8. Functional Categories III: CP ; 9. Wh Movement ; 10. Locality

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Book SynopsisFor the past decade, the dominant transformational theory of syntax has produced the most interesting insights into syntactic properties. Over the same period another theory, systemic grammar, has been developed very quietly as an alternative to the transformational model. In this work Richard A. Hudson outlines daughter-dependency theory, which is derived from systemic grammar, and offers empirical reasons for preferring it to any version of transformational grammar. The goal of daughter-dependency theory is the same as that of Chomskyan transformational grammarto generate syntactic structures for all (and only) syntactically well-formed sentences that would relate to both the phonological and the semantic structures of the sentences. However, unlike transformational grammars, those based on daughter-dependency theory generate a single syntactic structure for each sentence. This structure incorporates all the kinds of information that are spread, in a transformational grammar, over to

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Book SynopsisIn this important work of linguistic analysis, Paul M. Postal addresses a paradigm anomaly in French that has hitherto resisted explanation. A general restriction limiting the form of direct objects in complex infinitival constructions with main verbs like faire fails to hold with certain subordinate verbs, especially connaitre. Marshaling extensive evidence, Postal argues that this apparent irregularity is a symptom of a deeper regularity. Rather than being an ordinary transitive complement, the subordinate clause in these cases is actually an Inversion structure, one in which the logical subject demotes to indirect object. However, since this demotion induces no word order change or other direct morphological consequences, the inversion is masked, and revealed only by several types of apparent anomalies. This analysis has significant consequences for contemporary syntactic theories. First, the arguments support the view that a sentence's superficial structure cannot be identified wit

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Book SynopsisThis collection of nine original syntactic studies carried out within the framework for syntactic theory and description known as Relational Grammar provides a state-of-the-art survey of this and allied fields. In relational theory, grammatical relations such as subject, direct object, and predicate are taken to be theoretical primitives which permit the definition of formal objects called Arcs, the fundamental building blocks of syntactic structures. Edited by Paul M. Postal and Brian D. Joseph, this volume is the third in a series highlighting work in Relational Grammar. It extends the foundational studies of the first two volumes to refine and modify the insights, analyses, and theoretical devices developed in earlier connections, while at the same time providing support for some of the earlier constructs and claims. Of the nine papers, four treat various aspects of advancements to and demotions from indirect object; three deal with raising and clause union constructions, in which i

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Book SynopsisHow does a parser, a device that imposes an analysis on a string of symbols so that they can be interpreted, work? More specifically, how does the parser in the human cognitive mechanism operate? Using a wide range of empirical data concerning human natural language processing, Bradley Pritchett demonstrates that parsing performance depends on grammatical competence, not, as many have thought, on perception, computation, or semantics. Pritchett critiques the major performance-based parsing models to argue that the principles of grammar drive the parser; the parser, furthermore, is the apparatus that tries to enforce the conditions of the grammar at every point in the processing of a sentence. In comparing garden path phenomena, those instances when the parser fails on the first reading of a sentence and must reanalyze it, with occasions when the parser successfully functions the first time around, Pritchett makes a convincing case for a grammar-derived parsing theory.

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Book Synopsis[Ruwet] raises fundamental questions about the place of grammar in the study of language and provides several studies which suggest the possibility that some core data are outside the realm of grammatical explanation. A very remarkable book, in which the breadth of Ruwet's reflection is both challenging and deeply rewarding.Denis Bouchard, University of Quebec, Montreal

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