Grammar, syntax and morphology Books

Book SynopsisThis book is intended primarily for undergraduate students of English, though it will also be useful for undergraduates in linguistics focusing on English. It shows how a restricted set of principles can account for a wide range of the phenomena of English syntax.Trade Review"English Grammar: A Generative Perspective is a very useful survey of the major syntactic structures of English, as well as an excellent and accessible introduction to the fundamental ideas and methods of generative grammar. I am especially impressed by the extensive sets of relevant, stimulating exercises, which will be of great pedagogical benefit." Howard Lasnik, University of MarylandTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. The Structure of English Sentences. 2. Movement and Locality. 3. Developments in the Analysis of the Clause. 4. Aspects of the Syntax of Noun Phrases. 5. From Structure to Interpretation. 6. The New Comparative Syntax. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdopting the objectives of Chomsky's "Principles and Parameters" approach to universal grammar, this book provides an overview and critical evaluation of major research findings in second language syntactic development.Trade Review"This book is remarkably clear in its exposition, exhaustive in coverage and intelligent in its argumentation. It will find its niche in the burgeoning field of Second Language Acquisition." Antonella Sorace, University of Edinburgh "This is a fine text. The material is well-chosen and presented in an accessible and engaging manner. The exercises add utility and interest. Moreover, the author's unassuming authorial voice and lack of dogmatism make the book a valuable contribution." Margaret Thomas, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. A Framework for Studying Second Language Syntax. 2. The Second Language Acquisition of Grammatical Morphology. 3. The Second Language Acquisition of Negation and Verb Movement. 4. The Second Language Acquisition of Word Order. 5. The Second Language Acquisition of Subjects, Objects and Other Participants in Clauses. 6. The Second Language Acquisition of Nominal Phrases. 7. Constraints on Syntactic Representations and Second Language Acquisition. 8. The Construction of a Theory of Second Language Syntax: Some Issues and Controversies. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAdopting the objectives of Chomsky''s Principles and Parameters approach to Universal Grammar, Second Language Syntax takes the reader through the main research findings in second language grammatical development. For each area, empirical findings are linked to proposals made by linguists working within the Principles and Parameters framework, with the aim of developing a theory of second language syntax.Trade Review"This book is remarkably clear in its exposition, exhaustive in coverage and intelligent in its argumentation. It will find its niche in the burgeoning field of Second Language Acquisition." Antonella Sorace, University of Edinburgh "This is a fine text. The material is well-chosen and presented in an accessible and engaging manner. The exercises add utility and interest. Moreover, the author's unassuming authorial voice and lack of dogmatism make the book a valuable contribution." Margaret Thomas, Boston CollegeTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. A Framework for Studying Second Language Syntax. 2. The Second Language Acquisition of Grammatical Morphology. 3. The Second Language Acquisition of Negation and Verb Movement. 4. The Second Language Acquisition of Word Order. 5. The Second Language Acquisition of Subjects, Objects and Other Participants in Clauses. 6. The Second Language Acquisition of Nominal Phrases. 7. Constraints on Syntactic Representations and Second Language Acquisition. 8. The Construction of a Theory of Second Language Syntax: Some Issues and Controversies. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAnaphora: A Reference Guide is a collection of essays that report on the major results of recent research in anaphora and set the stage for further inquiry. Reports on the major results of recent research in anaphora and sets the stage for further inquiry. Features contributions from among the world''s leading researchers on anaphora. Presents an exciting picture of how broad the phenomenon of anaphora is and how it can reveal many mysterious properties of language. Includes articles of interest to many disciplines, including philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, cognitive science, linguistics, language studies, cognitive psychology, and psycholinguistics. Trade Review‘Andrew Barss's Anaphora is a dynamic contribution, full of interesting and insightful essays. I recommend it in the highest possible terms.’ David Lebeaux, NEC Research Institute ‘This is an outstanding book. Relating linguistics to other cognitive domains in a non-trivial way, it clearly addresses an impressive number of issues important for our understanding of the design and nature of language.’ Pierre Pica, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France "Andrew Narss has done Linguistics and its related fields a good service by putting together a collection of papers that address a number of important issues in the study of anaphora. The major selling point of the book under considersation is two fold. First the articles contained in the volume are of high quality ... Secondly, the book represents a welcome attempt to relate linguistics to cognitive science, thus helping to shed new light on our quest to attain a better understanding of human cognition ... the book deserves to be read by anyone who is seriously interested in the study of anaphora." Linguistics, volume 42 2006, Cambridge University PressTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Timing Puzzles in Anaphora and Interpretation (Andrew Barss). 2. Two Types o0f Scrambling Constructions in Japanese (Ayumi Ueyama). 3. The Psycholinguistics of Anaphora (Janet L. Nicol and David A. Swinney). 4. Two Pronominal Mysteries in the Acquisition of Binding and Control (Dana McDaniel). 5. Reference Transfers and the Giorgione Problem (Mario Montalbetti). 6. Tense and Anaphora: Is There a Tense-Specific Theory of Coreference (Karen Zagona). 7. Surface and Deep Anaphora, Sloppy Identity, and Experiments in Syntax (Hajime Hoji). 8. The Logic of Reflexivity and Reciprocity (D. Terence Langendoen and Joel Magloire). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAnaphora: A Reference Guide is a collection of essays that report on the major results of recent research in anaphora and set the stage for further inquiry. Reports on the major results of recent research in anaphora and sets the stage for further inquiry. Features contributions from among the world''s leading researchers on anaphora. Presents an exciting picture of how broad the phenomenon of anaphora is and how it can reveal many mysterious properties of language. Includes articles of interest to many disciplines, including philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, cognitive science, linguistics, language studies, cognitive psychology, and psycholinguistics. Trade Review‘Andrew Barss's Anaphora is a dynamic contribution, full of interesting and insightful essays. I recommend it in the highest possible terms.’ David Lebeaux, NEC Research Institute ‘This is an outstanding book. Relating linguistics to other cognitive domains in a non-trivial way, it clearly addresses an impressive number of issues important for our understanding of the design and nature of language.’ Pierre Pica, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France "Andrew Narss has done Linguistics and its related fields a good service by putting together a collection of papers that address a number of important issues in the study of anaphora. The major selling point of the book under considersation is two fold. First the articles contained in the volume are of high quality ... Secondly, the book represents a welcome attempt to relate linguistics to cognitive science, thus helping to shed new light on our quest to attain a better understanding of human cognition ... the book deserves to be read by anyone who is seriously interested in the study of anaphora." Linguistics, volume 42 2006, Cambridge University PressTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Timing Puzzles in Anaphora and Interpretation (Andrew Barss). 2. Two Types o0f Scrambling Constructions in Japanese (Ayumi Ueyama). 3. The Psycholinguistics of Anaphora (Janet L. Nicol and David A. Swinney). 4. Two Pronominal Mysteries in the Acquisition of Binding and Control (Dana McDaniel). 5. Reference Transfers and the Giorgione Problem (Mario Montalbetti). 6. Tense and Anaphora: Is There a Tense-Specific Theory of Coreference (Karen Zagona). 7. Surface and Deep Anaphora, Sloppy Identity, and Experiments in Syntax (Hajime Hoji). 8. The Logic of Reflexivity and Reciprocity (D. Terence Langendoen and Joel Magloire). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding English Grammar presents a linguistic introduction to the structure of English that is accessible to students who have had little or no opportunity to study the language. Familiarizes students with the essential structural characteristics of English. Features accessible coverage of syntax, morphology, and phonology, as well as basic linguistic concepts. Includes numerous examples, exercises, and an indexed glossary. Trade Review"As a linguistics author writing for the more general student audience, Wardhaugh has that uncommon ability to explain in a clear and readable style the essentials of English grammar." William Rutherford, University of Southern California "The profession desperately needs introductory texts that bring linguistics to students in a readable style without compromising the integrity of linguistic enquiry. Understanding English Grammar is such a text." Walt Wolfram, North Carolina State University "This is ideal for a full discussion of sentence complexity within a one-semester English grammar course." Bethany Dumas, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. Preface to the Second Edition. 1. Preliminaries. 2. Word Classes. 3. Constituents and Phrases. 4. Basic Clauses. 5. Coordination and Embedding. 6. Clausal Variation. 7. Underlying Relationships. 8. Rules and Principles. 9. Sounds and Systems. 10. Phonetic Realization. 11. Word Formation. 12. Words and Sounds. 13. Sounds in Context. 14. Further Reading. Indexed Glossary.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding English Grammar presents a linguistic introduction to the structure of English that is accessible to students who have had little or no opportunity to study the language. Familiarizes students with the essential structural characteristics of English. Features accessible coverage of syntax, morphology, and phonology, as well as basic linguistic concepts. Includes numerous examples, exercises, and an indexed glossary. Trade Review"As a linguistics author writing for the more general student audience, Wardhaugh has that uncommon ability to explain in a clear and readable style the essentials of English grammar." William Rutherford, University of Southern California "The profession desperately needs introductory texts that bring linguistics to students in a readable style without compromising the integrity of linguistic enquiry. Understanding English Grammar is such a text." Walt Wolfram, North Carolina State University "This is ideal for a full discussion of sentence complexity within a one-semester English grammar course." Bethany Dumas, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. Preface to the Second Edition. 1. Preliminaries. 2. Word Classes. 3. Constituents and Phrases. 4. Basic Clauses. 5. Coordination and Embedding. 6. Clausal Variation. 7. Underlying Relationships. 8. Rules and Principles. 9. Sounds and Systems. 10. Phonetic Realization. 11. Word Formation. 12. Words and Sounds. 13. Sounds in Context. 14. Further Reading. Indexed Glossary.

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Book SynopsisThis work presents the results of recent research on two much discussed topics in Chinese linguistics: word-order change and grammaticalization. It describes the data on which the study is based and discusses the history of Chinese word-order change of prepositional phrases.Trade Review“This is a very important work, the first book in English on the historical grammar of Chinese. The scholarship is excellent, and besides discovering and presenting fresh data, the author also makes significant contributions to theoretical analysis.”—Alain Peyraube, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences SocialesTable of Contents1. Grammaticalization and the history of Chinese syntax; 2. Word-order change in prepositional phrases; 3. The BA construction and the grammaticalization of BA; 4. The history of LE; 5. The history of DE; 6. The historical syntax and the history of Chinese.

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Book SynopsisIn contrast to current orthodoxy, the author of this work argues that grammar is not autonomous with respect to semantics, but rather reduces to patterns for the structuring and symbolization of conceptual content.Trade Review"It represents important changes in the thrust of linguistic approaches to language . . . It is rich, full, and thought-provoking . . . The issues it raises are significant and will be much debated in the future." -- Linguistic Anthropology"Understanding Langacker's grammar is made easier by the fact that, instead of using mathematical formalisms to prove his points, he uses common knowledge of language to persuade the reader . . . The book is valuable for several factors in addition to its clarification of grammar. The insights into verbal thought and meaning are prime reasons for recommending the book to the semantically inclined." -- Et cetera"It is impossible within the limits of a review to discuss, or even do justice to, the wealth of information and genuine insights that the book contains . . . Let us look forward to seeing the continuation of this promising approach to language. Langacker has written a highly stimulating first part; it will be exciting to see the sequel." -- Canadian Journal of LinguisticsTable of ContentsReview and introduction Part I. Nominal Structure: 1. Nouns 2. Nominals: functional organization 3. Nominals: grounding and quantification 4. Nominal Constructions Part II. Clause Structure: 5. The auxiliary: clausal head 6. The auxiliary: grounding 7. Transitivity and grammatical relations 8. Marked clause structure 9. Ergativity and case Part III. Beyond the Clause: 10. Complex sentences 11. Further issues 12. Theoritical discussion Glossary References Index.

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Book SynopsisIn contrast to current orthodoxy, the author of this work argues that grammar is not autonomous with respect to semantics, but rather reduces to patterns for the structuring and symbolization of conceptual content.Trade Review"The amount of data and the wealth of analyses presented is impressive. . . . Langacker has again succeeded in producing a very stimulating and coherent piece of work. And the material analyses offered deserve much more careful attention and reflection than is possible within the limits of a review." -- Canadian Journal of LinguisticsTable of ContentsReview and introduction Part I. Nominal Structure: 1. Nouns 2. Nominals: functional organization 3. Nominals: grounding and quantification 4. Nominal Constructions Part II. Clause Structure: 5. The auxiliary: clausal head 6. The auxiliary: grounding 7. Transitivity and grammatical relations 8. Marked clause structure 9. Ergativity and case Part III. Beyond the Clause: 10. Complex sentences 11. Further issues 12. Theoritical discussion Glossary References Index.

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Book SynopsisThe primary native language of central Mexico before and after the Spanish conquest, Nahuatl was used from the mid-sixteenth century forward in an astounding array of alphabetic written documents. James Lockhart, an eminent historian of early Latin America, is the leading interpreter of Nahuatl texts. One of his main tools of instruction has been Horacio Carochi''s monumental 1645 Arte de la lengua mexicana, the most influential work ever published on Nahuatl grammar. This new edition includes the original Spanish and an English translation on facing pages. The corpus of examples, source of much of our knowledge about vowel quality and glottal stop in Nahuatl, is presented once in its original form, once in a rationalized manner. Copious footnotes provide explanatory commentary and more literal translations of some of Carochi''s examples. The volume is an indispensable pedagogical tool and the first critical edition of the premier monument of Nahuatl grammatical literature.Trade Review"James Lockhart, an eminent historian of early Latin America, is the leading interpreter of Nahuatl texts and has trained many students in older Nahuatl. One of his main tools of instruction has been Horacio Carochi's monumental 1645 Arte de la lengua mexicana, the most influential work every published on Nahuatl grammar. The best recent grammars of Nahuatl have been based on that of Carochi, but they have not exhausted what remains an important reference work in its own right. . . . The volume is at once an indispensable pedagogical tool and the first critical edition of the premier monument of Nahuatl grammatical literature."—Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts"[Grammar of the Mexican Language and Nahuatl as Written] are important additions to our repertoire of materials on Nahuatl. The Carochi grammar is a work of transcendent importance. The translation and editing by Lockhart are a significant contribution."—The Americas"If other usable texts exist that students and interested scholars can use to undertake study of this challenging language, Carochi's text, in combination with Lockhart's workbook, ranks among the most accessible and useful, especially for those working without the benefit of a linguist to explain intricacies of vowel length, verb tenses, and the complex matters of word formation and order."—Latin American Research Review"Hoarcio Carochi's Arte de la lengua is an important and indispensable work on Nahuatl grammar. This edition of the original 1645 Arte de la lengua includes the Spanish version on one side and the English translation on the facing page In this edition Lockhart provides the translation and essential explicatory comments and notes for this volume. This bilingual, critical edition is an important and fundamental work for the student and expert interested in Nahuatl."—Colonial Latin American History ReviewTable of ContentsContents

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Book SynopsisThis work examines the use of Chinese characters in East Asia. It tackles the issue from many different perspectives, along the way deflating several popular fallacies.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the grammatical features of Oceanid, Papuan and Australian languages as well as to the semantic structures of these languages. The text gives a brief introduction to descriptive linguistics for those without a formal linguistic background.

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Book Synopsisn account of the grammar of Bislama as it is used by ordinary Ni-Vanuatu. It does not aim to describe any kind of artificial written norm butto capture a range of different kinds of ways that Ni-Vanuatu will say things in various contexts.

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Book SynopsisProvides a functional and empirically-based study of the morphology of Tungho Saisiyat in an attempt to clarify the morphological units, morphological processes, major lexical categories of this language and further discuss its nominal and verbal morphology.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAuthor's Note xi Note to Instructors xii List of Abbreviations xiii Part 1 Understanding Morphology 1 1 Defining Morphology 3 0. Preliminaries 3 1. Wordhood 4 2. Doing Morphology 6 3. Theories of Morphology 11 4. Conclusions 13 5. Organization of This book 13 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 13 Further Reading 15 General Problem Sets 16 Challenge Problem Sets 19 2 Types of Morphemes 20 0. Preliminaries 20 1. General Types of Morphemes 21 2. Morphological Universals 26 3. Category 27 4. Glossing Conventions 32 5. The Morphological Process 34 6. Conclusions 37 Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 38 Further Reading 39 General Problem Sets 40 Challenge Problem Sets 43 3 Basic Morphology Analysis 44 0. Preliminaries 44 1. Sources of Data 45 2. Approaching the Data 46 3. Basic Morphological Analysis 50 4. Conclusions 56 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 56 Further Reading 57 General Problem Sets 57 Challenge Problem Sets 59 4 Morphophonology 60 0. Preliminaries 60 1. Defining Phonology 60 2. Basic Concepts in Phonology 61 3. Defining Morphophonology 74 4. Conclusions 78 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 79 Further Reading 80 General Problem Sets 81 Challenge Problem Sets 83 5 Advanced Morphological Analysis 85 0. Preliminaries 85 1 Syllable Structure 86 2 Markedness 91 3 Dissimilation 93 4 Pivots: Reduplication and Infixation 95 5 Conclusions 98 Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 99 General Problem Sets 100 Further Reading 99 Challenge Problem Sets 105 Part 2 Building a Framework 107 6 Features 109 0. Preliminaries 109 1. Features and the Subset Principle 110 2. Impoverishment 118 3. Defining and Constraining Features 120 4. Doing Featural Analysis 126 5. Conclusions 132 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 133 Further Reading 135 General Problem Sets 135 Challenge Problem Sets 137 Contents ix 7 Morphology and Syntax 143 0. Preliminaries 143 1. Syntax 144 2. A Generative Lexicon and the Mirror Principle 146 3. Morphology as Syntax 147 4. Syntactic Operations 156 5. Post-Syntactic Morphological Operations 159 6. Conclusions 169 Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 169 Further Reading 171 General Problem Sets 171 Challenge Problem Sets 173 8 Lexical Semantics 176 0. Preliminaries 176 1. Lexical Semantics and Structure 176 2. Argument Structure 183 3. Conclusions 185 Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 186 Further Reading 186 General Problem Sets 187 Challenge Problem Sets 187 9 Root and Pattern Morphology 190 0 Preliminaries 190 1 A Tiered Approach 192 2 Root and Pattern in the Syntax 194 3 Conclusions 197 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 198 Further Reading 198 General Problem Sets 198 Challenge Problem Sets 200 10 Incorporation and Compounding 201 0. Preliminaries 201 1. Incorporation 202 2. Compounding 204 3. Conclusions 207 Concepts, Ideas, Rules and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 207 Further Reading 207 General Problem Sets 208 Challenge Problem Sets 210 11 Non-compositionality 211 0. Preliminaries 211 1. Defining Non-Compositionality 212 2. Deriving Non-Compositionality 214 3. Expanding the Model 216 4. Conclusions 220 Concepts, Ideas, Rules, and Principles Introduced in This Chapter 220 Further Reading 220 General Problem Sets 221 Challenge Problem Sets 223 12 Concluding Remarks 224 0. Distributed Morphology and Linguistic Theory 224 Final Model of Distributed Morphology 227 Problems and Discussion 228 Further Reading 230 IPA Quick Guide 240 Language Glossary 242 Glossary 266 References 277 Index 287

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Book SynopsisGet Andrew Carnie's Syntax: A Generative Introduction, Fourth Edition, and The Syntax Workbook, Second Edition, in a combined set This set includes both the newly revised fourth edition of Syntax: A Generative Introduction and the new second edition of The Syntax Workbook. For a generation of students, Andrew Carnie's introduction to syntax has provided a valuable first step into the study of sentence structure through clear, student-friendly descriptions and examples. The workbook provides extensive opportunity to practice and apply the lessons from the textbook. This combined book set provides students with all material needed for a full course in syntax. In this set, students receive: The newest editions of Andrew Carnie's textbook, updated with new material on Chomsky's Merge and with new problem sets The newest edition of the workbook, which has been updated and revised to support the fourth edition of the textbook Access to the companion website for additional practice sets, videos, and other supplementary material This combined set is ideal for undergraduates in syntax courses who will either need both texts for their courses or who wish to supplement the primary textbook with the workbook and companion website for further at-home practice.

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a comprehensive view of the current issues in contemporary syntactic theory. Written by an international assembly of leading specialists in the field, these 23 original articles serve as a useful reference for various areas of grammar.Trade Review"The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory is an extraordinary accomplishment. Baltin and Collins have succeeded in assembling a sizeable number of the world's leading syntacticians, each of whom has produced a readable overview of the issues in his or her area of specialization. It is to the credit of the editors that this book is valuable both as a reference work and as a critical evaluation of current thinking. All linguists, not just syntacticians, stand to benefit from having a copy within reach." Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington "Here is yet another impressive addition to Blackwell's series of Handbooks in Linguistics" Canadian Journal of LinguisticsTable of ContentsContributors. Introduction. Part I: Derivation Versus Representation:. 1. Explaining Morphosyntactic Competition: Joan Bresnan (Stanford University). 2. Economy Conditions in Syntax: Chris Collins (Cornell University). 3. Derivation and Representation in Modern Transformational Syntax: Howard Lasnik (University of Connecticut). 4. Relativized Minimality Effects: Luigi Rizzi (Université de Geneve). Part II: Movement:. 5. Head Movement: Ian Roberts (University of Stuttgart). 6. Object Shift and Scrambling: Höskuldur Thráinsson (University of Iceland). 7. Wh-in-situ Languages: Akira Watanabe (University of Tokyo). 8. A-Movements: Mark Baltin (New York University). Part III: Argument Structure and Phrase Structure:. 9. Thematic Relations in Syntax: Jeffrey S. Gruber (independent scholar). 10. Predication: John Bowers (Cornell University). 11. Case: Hiroyuki Ura. 12. Phrase Structure: Naoki Fukui (University of California). 13. The Natures of Nonconfigurationality: Mark C. Baker (McGill University). 14. What VP Ellipsis Can Do, and What it Can't, but not Why: Kyle Johnson (University of Massachusetts at Amherst). Part IV: Functional Projections:. 15. Agreement Projections: Adriana Belletti (Universitá di Siena). 16. Sentential Negation: Raffaella Zanuttini (Georgetown University). 17. The DP Hypothesis: Identifying Clausal Properties in the Nominal Domain: Judy B. Bernstein (Syracuse University). 18. The Structure of DPs: Some Principles, Parameters and Problems: Giuseppe Longobardi (University of Trieste). Part V: Interface With Interpretation:. 19. The Syntax of Scope: Anna Szabolcsi (New York University). 20. Deconstructing Binding: Eric Reuland and Martin Everaert (both Utrecht Institute of Linguistics). 21. Syntactic Reconstruction Effects: Andrew Barss (University of Arizona). Part VI: External Evaluation of Syntax:. 22. Syntactic Change: Anthony S. Kroch (University of Pennsylvania). 23. Setting Syntactic Parameters: Janet Dean Fodor (City University of New York). Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisStructuring Events presents a novel semantic theory of lexical aspect for anyone interested in the study of verb meanings. Provides an introduction to aspectual classes and aspectual distinctions. Utilizes case studies to present a novel semantic theory of lexical aspect and compare it with alternative theories. Useful for students and scholars in semantics and syntax as well as the neighboring fields of pragmatics and philosophy of language. Trade Review"This is the most important book on lexical aspect since David Dowty's seminal Word Meaning and Montague Grammar." Angelika Kratzer, University of Massachusetts–Amherst "As well as providing a clear introduction to the subject, this excellent book extends our knowledge of the lexical aspectual properties of verbs and verb phrases in new and original directions. Rothstein's careful exploitation of the flexibility of event-based semantics in providing a solid foundation for the interpretation of verbal aspect establishes the theory as central to any explanation of this often difficult – but ever fascinating – topic." Ronnie Cann, University of Edinburgh "This outstanding book represents a new breakthrough in the general theory of lexical aspect. The discussions of the previous research are distinguished by clarity as well as new challenges and insights. In a highly engaging way Rothstein also advances new solutions to some of the most thorny issues – including aspectual shifts, progressive achievements, and resultative predication – which will shape the future research in lexical aspect." Hana Filip, Stanford University "Rothstein’s book contains many observations, deep intuitions and exciting analyses which will doubtless be very influential in a variety of areas. Empirically, the book contains a treasure trove of interesting data that will no doubt be mulled over for years to come." LinguaTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Verb Classes and Aspectual Classification:. Introduction. Aspectual Classes of Verbs. The four aspectual classes. Testing for temporal constitution. Semelfactives. Can verbs, as opposed to VPs be aspectually categorized?. 2. Progressive Achievements:. Introduction. Progressive achievements and the imperfective paradox. Achievements are not accomplishments. Temporal Modification. Progressive achievements are different from progressive accomplishments. Deriving Progressive Achievements. Explanations. 3. Resultative Predication:. Introduction. The syntax of secondary predication – a fast review. The semantic interpretation of secondary predication. Secondary predication as a summing operation. Semantic constraints on the secondary predication operation. The semantic interpretation of depictive predication. Object-oriented depictive predication. Subject oriented secondary predication. The semantics of resultatives. The interpretation of simple resultatives. The direct object restriction. Non-accomplishment resultatives. Type shifting in non-accomplishment resultatives. The rest of the questions. Dethematicised resultatives. Why do resultatives not occur with achievements or states?. Fake reflexives. Subject-oriented resultatives. Conclusions and the next set of questions. 4. The Structure of Accomplishments:. Incremental Themes and the notion of 'extent'. Introduction. 'Measuring out' and incrementality. Krifka's theory of quantization. A Theory of Accomplishments. What Are Incremental Themes?. Culminations. Incremental processes and incremental relations. Answering Some Questions about Accomplishments. Aspectual ambiguity with wipe and read. The incremental role of the incremental theme. Kennedy and Levin: Telicity in terms of degree measurements. 5. The Interpretation of Derived Accomplishments:. Aspectual Shift in Resultatives. Transitive Accomplishments. Intransitive resultatives. Why do resultatives have a 'result' meaning?. PPs as paths and PPs as results. Aspectual Shift in Progressive Achievements. The structure of the shift operation. The content of the activity and BECOME events. 6. Quantization, Telicity and Change:. Quantization. Krifka's theory of quantization. Telicity and Change. 7. Telicity and Atomicity:. Telicity and atomicity. Events have their denotation in the count domain. Homogeneity and S-cumulativity in the domain of individuals. Defining sets of atoms. Atomic structure in the domain of events. Atomicty and BECOME events. A note on degree predicates. For a time and in a time. 8. Event Structure and Aspectual Classification:. What are semelfactives?. Why does S-cumulativity characterise states and activities?. Why do we have the lexical aspectual classes that we do?. The general picture: lexical aspect and the structure of the domain of events. References. Index

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Book SynopsisStructuring Events presents a novel semantic theory of lexical aspect for anyone interested in the study of verb meanings. Provides an introduction to aspectual classes and aspectual distinctions. Utilizes case studies to present a novel semantic theory of lexical aspect and compare it with alternative theories. Useful for students and scholars in semantics and syntax as well as the neighboring fields of pragmatics and philosophy of language. Trade Review"This is the most important book on lexical aspect since David Dowty's seminal Word Meaning and Montague Grammar." Angelika Kratzer, University of Massachusetts–Amherst "As well as providing a clear introduction to the subject, this excellent book extends our knowledge of the lexical aspectual properties of verbs and verb phrases in new and original directions. Rothstein's careful exploitation of the flexibility of event-based semantics in providing a solid foundation for the interpretation of verbal aspect establishes the theory as central to any explanation of this often difficult – but ever fascinating – topic." Ronnie Cann, University of Edinburgh "This outstanding book represents a new breakthrough in the general theory of lexical aspect. The discussions of the previous research are distinguished by clarity as well as new challenges and insights. In a highly engaging way Rothstein also advances new solutions to some of the most thorny issues – including aspectual shifts, progressive achievements, and resultative predication – which will shape the future research in lexical aspect." Hana Filip, Stanford University "Rothstein’s book contains many observations, deep intuitions and exciting analyses which will doubtless be very influential in a variety of areas. Empirically, the book contains a treasure trove of interesting data that will no doubt be mulled over for years to come." LinguaTable of ContentsPreface vii 1. Verb Classes and Aspectual Classification 1 2. Progressive Achievements 36 3. Resultative Predication 59 4. The Structure of Accomplishments 91 5. The Interpretation of Derived Accomplishments 123 6. Quantization, Telicity and Change 148 7. Telicity and Atomicity 157 8. Event Structure and Aspectual Classification 183 References 198 Index 202

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Book SynopsisThis essential Middle English textbook, now in its third edition, introduces students to the wide range of literature written in England between 1150 and 1400. New, thoroughly revised edition of this essential Middle English textbook. Introduces the language of the time, giving guidance on pronunciation, spelling, grammar, metre, vocabulary and regional dialects. Now includes extracts from ''Pearl'' and Chaucer''s ''Troilus and Criseyde''. Bibliographic references have been updated throughout. Each text is accompanied by detailed notes. Trade Review"Classroom experience with this authoritative and accessible introduction to Middle English confirms that this is now our best available vademecum to the subject. The appearance of a third edition of Burrow and Turville-Petre's Book of Middle English is good news to teachers and students of Middle English." Fred Robinson, Yale University "Currently the most lucid and illuminating introduction to the language of Middle English, with an excellent selection of literary texts chosen and annotated to suggest the interest, sophistication, and variety of Middle English writing from the Peterborough Chronicle through the works of Chaucer and his contemporaries." Andrew Galloway, Cornell University Table of ContentsList of Illustrations ix Preface to the Third Edition xi Abbreviations xii Part one 1 Introducing Middle English 3 1.1 The Period 3 1.1.1 From Old to Middle English 3 1.1.2 From Middle to Modern English 4 1.2 Varieties of Middle English 5 1.2.1 Regional Dialects 5 1.2.2 Early and Late Middle English 8 1.2.3 Spelling 8 2 Pronouncing Middle English 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Vowels 10 2.2.1 The Long Vowels 10 2.2.2 The Short Vowels 11 2.2.3 Unstressed Final -e 11 2.2.4 The Diphthongs 12 2.3 Consonants 12 2.4 Stress 13 3 Vocabulary 14 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Scandinavian 14 3.3 English, French and Latin 15 3.4 Latin Loan-Words 17 3.5 French Loan-Words 18 4 Inflexions 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.1.1 The Inflexional System 19 4.1.2 Loss of Inflexional Endings 19 4.2 Nouns 20 4.2.1 Introduction 20 4.2.2 Noun Inflexions: Early Southern Texts 21 4.2.3 Developments in Noun Inflexions 22 4.2.4 Genitive Singular Without Ending 23 4.2.5 Unchanged Plurals 23 4.2.6 Mutated Plurals 23 4.3 Pronouns and Articles 24 4.3.1 Forms of the Personal Pronouns 24 4.3.2 First and Second Person Pronouns 24 4.3.3 Third Person Pronouns: Masculine and Neuter Singular 25 4.3.4 Third Person Pronouns: Feminine Singular 25 4.3.5 Third Person Pronouns: Plural 26 4.3.6 The Definite Article 26 4.3.7 Demonstratives 27 4.3.8 The Indefinite Article 27 4.4 Adjectives and Adverbs 27 4.4.1 Definite and Indefinite Inflexions 27 4.4.2 Inflexions for Case 28 4.4.3 Comparison of Adjectives 29 4.4.4 Comparison of Adverbs 29 4.5 Verbs 30 4.5.1 Introduction 30 4.5.2 Present Tense 30 4.5.3 Past Tense and Past Participle 32 4.5.4 Past of Weak Verbs 324.5.5 The Verbs ‘Have’ and ‘Say’ 33 4.5.6 Past of Strong Verbs 34 4.5.7 Irregular Verbs 35 4.5.8 The Verb ‘To Be’ 36 5 Syntax 38 5.1 Gender 38 5.2 Number 38 5.3 Use of Cases 39 5.3.1 Nominative and Accusative 39 5.3.2 Genitive 39 5.3.3 Dative 40 5.4 Pronouns and Articles 41 5.4.1 Jou and 4e 41 5.4.2 Non-expression of Personal Pronouns 41 5.4.3 Man 42 5.4.4 Self 42 5.4.5 Reflexive Pronouns 42 5.4.6 Relative Pronouns 43 5.4.7 The Articles 44 5.5 Adjectives and Adverbs 44 5.5.1 Position 44 5.5.2 Comparatives and Superlatives 44 5.5.3 Adjectives as Nouns 45 5.6 Verbs 45 5.6.1 Use of Present Tense 45 5.6.2 Use of Past Tense 45 5.6.3 Auxiliaries of the Past 46 5.6.4 Auxiliaries of the Future: shall and will 46 5.6.5 The Infinitive 47 5.6.6 The Subjunctive 48 5.6.7 The Imperative 50 5.6.8 Impersonal Verbs 50 5.6.9 Verbs of Motion 51 5.6.10 The Passive 51 5.7 Negation 52 5.8 Questions 52 5.9 Word-Order 53 5.9.1 Inversion 53 5.9.2 The Object 54 5.9.3 Prepositions 54 5.9.4 Relative Clauses 54 5.9.5 Adverbial Phrases 54 5.9.6 Verb in Final Position 55 5.10 Recapitulation and Anticipation 55 6 Metre 56 6.1 Introduction 56 6.2 Rhymed Verse 56 6.3 Alliterative Verse 59 6.4 La3amon’s Brut 61 7 From Manuscript to Printed Text 62 8 Select Bibliography 65 8.1 Bibliographies and Indexes 65 8.2 Language Studies 65 8.3 General Studies of the Literature 67 8.4 Studies of Particular Genres 69 8.5 Historical and Social Studies 70 Part two: prose and verse texts Note on Treatment of Texts 74 1 The Peterborough Chronicle 1137 75 2 The Owl and the Nightingale 81 3 La3amon: Brut 96 4 Ancrene Wisse 106 5 Sir Orfeo 112 6 The Cloud of Unknowing 132 7 William Langland: Piers Plowman 141 8 Patience 162 9 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 182 10 Pearl 202 11 St Erkenwald 221 12 John Trevisa: Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk 235 13 John Gower: Confessio Amantis 243 14 Lyrics 255 15 The York Play of the Crucifixion 272 16 Geoffrey Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls 283 17 Geoffrey Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde 309 18 Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 327 18a The Reeve’s Tale 328 18b The Prioress’s Tale 346 Textual Notes 356 Glossary 363

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Book SynopsisThinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis is a textbook designed to teach introductory students the skills of relating data to theory and theory to data. Helps students develop their thinking and argumentation skills rather than merely introducing them to one particular version of syntactic theory. Structured around a wide range of exercises that use clear and compelling logic to build arguments and lead up to theoretical proposals. Data drawn from current media sources, including newspapers, books, and television programs, to help students formulate and test hypotheses. Generative in spirit, but does not focus on specific theoretical approaches but enables students to understand and evaluate different approaches more easily. Written by an established author with an international reputation. Trade Review"This is a strikingly original book. With her usual flair and a host of attested examples, Liliane Haegeman has provided a painless and perceptive introduction to the science of syntax." Neil Smith, University College London "Linguists' partners complain that they pay no attention to what they say, only to how they say it. Haegeman makes a virtue of this, shows where it leads and how remarkable the human capacity for language is once one thinks of it formally. She has a wonderful eye and many of her examples are drawn from newspapers and novels." David Lightfoot, National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic SciencesTable of ContentsPreface. 1: Introduction: The Scientific Study of Language. Discussion. Exercises. 2: Diagnostics for Syntactic Structure. Discussion. Exercises. 3: Lexical Projections and Functional Projections. Discussion. Exercises. 4: Refining Structures: From One Subject Position to Many. Discussion. Exercises. 5: The Periphery of the Sentence. Discussion. Exercises. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis is a textbook designed to teach introductory students the skills of relating data to theory and theory to data. Helps students develop their thinking and argumentation skills rather than merely introducing them to one particular version of syntactic theory. Structured around a wide range of exercises that use clear and compelling logic to build arguments and lead up to theoretical proposals. Data drawn from current media sources, including newspapers, books, and television programs, to help students formulate and test hypotheses. Generative in spirit, but does not focus on specific theoretical approaches but enables students to understand and evaluate different approaches more easily. Written by an established author with an international reputation. Trade Review"This is a strikingly original book. With her usual flair and a host of attested examples, Liliane Haegeman has provided a painless and perceptive introduction to the science of syntax." Neil Smith, University College London "Linguists' partners complain that they pay no attention to what they say, only to how they say it. Haegeman makes a virtue of this, shows where it leads and how remarkable the human capacity for language is once one thinks of it formally. She has a wonderful eye and many of her examples are drawn from newspapers and novels." David Lightfoot, National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic SciencesTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments vi 1 Introduction: The Scientific Study of Language 1 Discussion 1 Exercises 47 2 Diagnostics for Syntactic Structure 65 Discussion 65 Exercises 123 3 Lexical Projections and Functional Projections 155 Discussion 155 Exercises 210 4 Refining Structures: From One Subject Position to Many 237 Discussion 237 Exercises 268 5 The Periphery of the Sentence 305 Discussion 305 Exercises 354 Bibliography 370 Index 381

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Book SynopsisThis book is the final version of the widely-circulated 1993 Technical Report that introduces a conception of grammar in which well-formedness is defined as optimality with respect to a ranked set of universal constraints. Final version of the widely circulated 1993 Technical Report that was the seminal work in Optimality Theory, never before available in book format. Serves as an excellent introduction to the principles and practice of Optimality Theory. Offers proposals and analytic commentary that suggest many directions for further development for the professional. Trade Review“This is a very important book. Optimality Theory has transformed the field of linguistics more than almost any other development of the past half-century, and Prince and Smolensky started it all.” John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst "OT does not need to permanently influence linguistic theory: it has already done so. Between 1993 and 2004, Prince and Smolensky’s Optimality Theory was by far the most widely circulated manuscript among phonologists. Fortunately, it is now available for a larger audience in this text edition." René Kager, Utrecht UniversityTable of ContentsPrefactory Note. Acknowledgments. 1. Preliminaries:. Background and Overview. Optimality. Overall Structure of the Argument. Overview of Part I. 2. Optimality in Grammar: Core Syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber:. The Heart of Dell & Elmedlaoui. Optimality Theory. Summary of discussion to date. 3. Generalization-Forms in Domination Hierarchies IBlocking and Triggering: Profuseness and Economy:. Epenthetic Structure. Do Something Only When: The Failure of Bottom-up Constructionism. 4. Generalization-Forms in Domination Hierarchies IIDo Something Except When: Blocking, or The Theory of Profuseness:. Edge-Oriented Infixation. Interaction of Weight Effects with Extrametricality. Background: Prominence-Driven Stress Systems. The Interaction of Weight and Extrametricality: Kelkar’s Hindi/Urdu. Nonfinality and Nonexhaustiveness. Nonfinality and the Laws of Foot Form: Raw Minimality. Nonfinality and the Laws of Foot Form:Extended Minimality Effects. Summary of Discussion of the Except When Effect. Except meets Only: Triggering and Blocking in a Single Grammar. 5. The Construction of Grammar in Optimality Theory:. Construction of Harmonic Orderings from Phonetic and Structural Scales. The Theory of Constraint Interaction. Comparison of Entire Candidates by a Single Constraint. Ons: Binary constraints. Hnuc: Non-binary constraints. Comparison of Entire Candidates by an Entire Constraint Hierarchy. Discussion. Non-locality of interaction. Strictness of domination. Serial vs. Parallel Harmony Evaluation and Gen. Binary vs. Non-binary constraints. Pâòini’s Theorem on Constraint Ranking. Overview of Part II. 6. Syllable Structure Typology I: the CV Theory:. The Jakobson Typology. The Faithfulness Interactions. Groundwork. Basic CV Syllable Theory. Onsets. Codas. The Theory of Epenthesis Sites. 7. Constraint Interaction in Lardil Phonology:. The Constraints. The Ranking. Some Ranking Logic. Ranking the Constraints. Verification of Forms. Consonant-Final Stems. Vowel Final Stems. Discussion. 8. Universal Syllable Theory II: Ordinal Construction of C/V and Onset/Coda Licensing Asymmetry:. Associational Harmony. Deconstructing Hnuc: Berber, Take 1. Restricting to Binary Marks. Reconstructing the C and V Classes: Emergent Parameter Setting via Constraint Ranking. Harmonic Completeness of Possible Onsets and Peaks. Peak- and Margin-Affinity. Interactions with Parse. Restricting Deletion and Epenthesis. Further Necessary Conditions on Possible Onsets and Nuclei. Sufficient Conditions on Possible Onsets and Nuclei. The Typology of Onset, Nucleus, and Coda Inventories. The Typology of Onset and Nucleus Inventories. Onset/Coda Licensing Asymmetries. An Example: Berber, Take 2. Simplifying the Theory by Encapsulating Constraint Packages. Encapsulating the Association Hierarchies. An Example: Berber, Take 3. Sufficiency and Richness of the Encapsulated Theory. 9. Inventory Theory and the Lexicon:. Language-Particular Inventories. Harmonic Bounding and Nucleus, Syllable, and Word Inventories. Segmental Inventories. Universal Inventories. Segmental Inventories. Syllabic Inventories. Optimality in the Lexicon. 10. Foundational Issues and Theory-Comparisons:. Thinking about Optimality. Fear of Optimization. The Reassurance. The Connectionism Connection, and other Computation-based Comparisons. Why Optimality Theory has nothing to do with connectionism. Why Optimality Theory is deeply connected to connectionism. Harmony Maximization and Symbolic Cognition. Analysis of ‘Phonotactics+Repair’ Theories. CV Syllable Structure and Repair. General Structure of the Comparisons: Repair Analysis. Persistent Rule Theory. English Closed Syllable Shortening. Shona Tone Spreading. Summary. The Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies. Appendix. A.1 The Cancellation and Cancellation/Domination Lemmas. A.2 CV Syllable Structure. A.3 Pâòini's Theorem on Constraint-ranking. References. Index of Constraints. Index of Languages. General Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is the final version of the widely-circulated 1993 Technical Report that introduces a conception of grammar in which well-formedness is defined as optimality with respect to a ranked set of universal constraints. Final version of the widely circulated 1993 Technical Report that was the seminal work in Optimality Theory, never before available in book format. Serves as an excellent introduction to the principles and practice of Optimality Theory. Offers proposals and analytic commentary that suggest many directions for further development for the professional. Trade Review“This is a very important book. Optimality Theory has transformed the field of linguistics more than almost any other development of the past half-century, and Prince and Smolensky started it all.” John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst "OT does not need to permanently influence linguistic theory: it has already done so. Between 1993 and 2004, Prince and Smolensky’s Optimality Theory was by far the most widely circulated manuscript among phonologists. Fortunately, it is now available for a larger audience in this text edition." René Kager, Utrecht UniversityTable of ContentsPrefatory Note ix Acknowledgments x Part I Optimality and Constraint Interaction 11 Part II Syllable Theory 101 Part III Issues and Answers in Optimality Theory 203 Appendix 258 References 266 Index of Constraints 281 Index of Languages 283 General Index 284

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Minimalist Syntax introduces the logic of the Minimalist Program by analyzing well-known descriptive generalizations about long-distance dependencies. An introduction to the logic of the minimalist program - arguably the most important branch of syntax Proposes a new theory of how long-distance dependencies are formed, with implications for theories of locality, and the minimalist program as a whole Introduces the logic of the minimalist program by analyzing well-known descriptive generalizations about long-distance dependencies, and asks why they should be true of natural languages Rich in empirical coverage, which will be welcomed by experts in the field, yet accessible enough for students looking for an introduction to the minimalist program. Trade Review“In the space of just 150 pages Boeckx provides an accessible and assured introduction to minimalism; a terrific critical review of the evidence for cyclic movement; a sympathetic yet powerful critique of phase theory; and a new approach to the cycle based on an intuitively natural version of Least Effort. This really is a tour de force and can be read profitably by expert and neophyte alike.” Norbert Hornstein, University of Maryland “The book investigates the venerable topic of successive cyclic movement in order to shed light on the nature of the minimalist program. It is a truly impressive achievement which draws important conclusions regarding the most fundamental issues of the minimalist program and puts back the phenomenon of successive cyclic movement in the center of syntactic theorizing. It should have a strong impact on the field.” Željko Bošković, University of Connecticut “This is a concise study of how locality and anti-locality effects can be handled within minimalism: it is up-to-date, thought-provoking and full of insightful and original ideas – ideal for use as a ‘specialist topic’ on an advanced syntax course.” Andrew Radford, University of EssexTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1 Introductory Remarks 1 1.1 The Framework 1 1.2 Outline of the Book: Goals and Structure 4 2 The Marks of Successive Cyclicity (The What-Question) 9 2.1 Subjacency and the Emergence of Successive Cyclicity 9 2.2 The Evidence 11 2.2.1 Syntax 11 2.2.2 Morphology 14 2.2.3 Phonology 22 2.2.4 Semantics 23 2.2.5 Morpho-syntactic evidence from overtly stranded pieces 26 2.3 A-movement 29 2.4 Conclusion 34 3 The Distribution of Intermediate Landing Sites (The Where-Question) 39 3.1 Punctuated vs. Uniform Paths 40 3.2 The Difficulties Faced by Punctuated Path Hypotheses 43 3.2.1 Phases: an overview 44 3.2.2 Conceptual arguments for phases 46 3.2.3 Arguments against phases 48 3.2.4 Old problems for phases 50 3.2.5 No empirical argument for phases 54 3.3 Conclusion 61 4 The Timing of Intermediate Steps of Movement (The When-Question) 64 4.1 Early vs. Late Successive Cyclicity 64 4.2 Takahashi (1994) 66 4.3 The Evidence for Early Successive Cyclic Movement 70 4.3.1 Background information on applicatives 71 4.3.2 The need for early successive cyclic movement 76 4.4 Potential Arguments for Late Successive Cyclic Movement 80 4.4.1 Sub-extraction out of a moved element 80 4.4.2 Intervening traces 82 4.4.3 Object agreement 83 4.5 Conclusion 86 5 The Motivation for Intermediate Movement Steps (The Why-Question) 90 5.1 Last Resort 90 5.2 Problematic Cases 91 5.2.1 Concord 91 5.2.2 Successive cyclicity 92 5.3 Anti-locality 101 5.4 Anti-locality and Successive Cyclicity 106 5.5 Anti-locality and Last Resort 110 5.6 The Why-Question 113 5.7 Conclusion 117 6 Alternative Views on Successive Cyclicity 119 6.1 TAG-based Accounts 119 6.2 An Agreement-based Account 125 6.3 Prolific Domains 129 6.4 Greed-based Approaches 129 6.5 Conclusion 132 7 Successive Cyclicity and Other Aspects of Locality 133 7.1 The Standard View on Islands 134 7.2 Puzzles for the Standard View 136 7.2.1 Movement, freezing, and escape hatch 136 7.2.2 Island by default? 137 7.2.3 Island-obviation 137 7.3 Ross’s View 145 7.4 Agreement and Islandhood 145 7.5 Conclusion 148 8 Concluding Remarks 150 References 152 Index 167

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Book SynopsisLexical-Functional Syntax, 2nd Edition, the definitive text for Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) with a focus on syntax, is updated to reflect recent developments in the field. Provides both an introduction to LFG and a synthesis of major theoretical developments in lexical-functional syntax over the past few decades Includes in-depth discussions of a large number of syntactic phenomena from typologically diverse languages Features extensive problem sets and solutions in each chapter to aid in self-study Incorporates reader feedback from the 1st Edition to correct errors and enhance clarity Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgments xvii I Motivation for the LFG Architecture 1 1 Nonconfigurationality 3 Further reading 10 2 Movement Paradoxes 11 2.1 Theoretical assumptions 15 Further reading and discussion 19 3 Lexicality and Argument Structure 21 3.1 Two approaches to passive relation changes 21 3.2 The lexicality of relation changes 23 3.2.1 English passive verb forms 24 3.2.2 Adjectives versus verbs 24 3.2.3 Participle–adjective conversion 25 3.2.4 Passive participles convert to adjectives 25 3.2.5 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives explained 27 3.2.6 Differences between adjectival and verbal passives unexplained 28 3.2.7 Conclusion: passivization is lexical 32 3.3 Passivization with and without movement 32 Further reading and discussion 36 II Formally Modeling the Architecture 39 4 A Formal Model of Syntactic Structure 41 4.1 Design principles 41 4.1.1 Principle I: variability 41 4.1.2 Principle II: universality 42 4.1.3 Principle III: monotonicity 43 4.2 The definition of f-structures 44 4.3 The description of f-structures 46 4.4 The correspondence between c- and f-structures 48 4.5 The solution algorithm 54 Problems 58 4.6 Defining versus constraining equations 59 4.7 Completeness and coherence 62 Problems 63 4.8 Functional uncertainty 63 4.9 Sets of f-structures 70 4.10 Conclusion 71 Further reading 72 5 Monotonicity and Some of Its Consequences 73 5.1 Monotonicity 73 5.2 Relation changes and monotonicity 76 5.3 Information and form 79 5.3.1 The fragmentability of language 79 5.3.2 The nonconfigurationality of language 82 5.3.3 Apparent information flow through external structure 83 5.3.4 Noncompositionality 84 5.4 Conclusion 85 III Inflectional Morphology and Phrase Structure Variation 87 6 A Theory of Structure–Function Mappings 89 6.1 Grammatical functions 94 6.1.1 Basics of grammatical functions 94 6.1.2 Classification of grammatical functions 100 6.2 The organization of c-structure categories 101 6.2.1 Endocentricity and X′ structures 101 6.2.2 Endocentric mapping to f-structure 104 Problems 111 6.3 Exocentric categories 112 6.3.1 Lexocentricity and S 112 6.3.2 S and endocentricity 115 6.3.3 Nonprojecting words 116 6.3.4 Summary of the structure–function principles 117 6.4 Toward a typology 118 6.5 Effects of economy of expression 119 Further reading and discussion 124 Appendix: X′ theory 125 7 Endocentricity and Heads 129 7.1 Head mobility 129 7.1.1 Verb order in Welsh 130 7.2 Endocentricity and extended heads 135 7.3 Distributed exponence 138 7.3.1 Wambaya c-structure 139 7.3.2 The Wambaya tense system 144 7.4 Conclusion 146 Problems 147 Exercise 147 8 Pronoun Incorporation and Agreement 151 8.1 Chichewˆ a 157 8.1.1 Word order 161 8.1.2 Independent pronouns 162 8.1.3 Contrastive focus 164 8.1.4 Interrogatives and relatives 165 8.1.5 Other syntactic and phonological differences 166 8.1.6 Functional ambiguity of subject and topic 167 8.2 Navajo 171 Exercise 1 180 Exercise 2 180 8.3 Plains Cree and inverse agreement 182 Exercise 3 185 Problems 186 8.4 Two types of agreement: index and concord 186 Exercise 4 192 8.5 Conclusion 192 Further reading and discussion 193 9 Topicalization and Scrambling 196 9.1 English topicalization 196 9.2 Russian topicalization 199 9.3 Economy of expression 205 Problems 207 9.4 Topicalization versus scrambling 207 9.5 Detecting empty categories 210 Exercise 223 Further reading and discussion 223 The crossover effect 223 Two types of null pronominals 224 Generalization to operator complexes 225 Other factors 226 IV On Functional Structures: Binding, Predication, and Control 227 10 Basic Binding Theory 229 10.1 Basic concepts 229 10.2 A toy binding theory 231 10.3 Principle C 239 Further reading and discussion 246 10.4 Formalization of the binding constraints 247 11 Types of Bound Anaphors 254 11.1 Dimensions of anaphoric binding 254 11.2 Icelandic: subjective and anti-subjective pronouns 256 11.3 Norwegian: subjective/nuclear pronouns 259 11.4 Logophoricity versus subjectivity 261 Further reading and discussion 273 11.5 The typology of reflexives and the origins of nuclearity 275 Further reading and discussion 283 11.6 Formalization 284 12 Predication Relations 286 12.1 Predicate complements versus adjuncts 286 12.2 F-structures of xcomps 289 Exercise 1 295 Exercise 2 295 12.3 F-structure of PP complements 295 12.4 C-structure of predicate complements 301 12.5 Raising 304 Further reading and discussion 307 13 Anaphoric Control 309 13.1 Gerundive versus participial VPs in English 309 13.2 Structure of gerundive VPs 311 13.3 Anaphoric control versus functional control 319 13.4 Conclusion 323 Problems 323 Further reading and discussion 323 14 From Argument Structure to Functional Structure 324 14.1 What is argument structure? 326 14.2 The theory of a-structures 329 14.3 Mapping a-structures to syntactic functions 333 14.4 Examples and consequences 334 14.4.1 Unaccusatives 334 14.4.2 Resultatives 336 14.4.3 “Fake” reflexives and “nonsubcategorized objects” 336 14.4.4 Word order of internal/external arguments 337 14.4.5 Ditransitives 337 14.4.6 Interactions of passive and raising 340 14.4.7 Morphology that adds or suppresses a-structure roles 341 Problems 344 Further reading and discussion 344 Problem Sets and Solutions 349 Problem Set 1 351 Problem Set 2 354 Problem Set 3 370 Problem Set 4 375 Problem Set 5 391 Problem Set 6 417 Solutions to Selected Problems 436 References for the Problems 461 References 464 Language Index 501 Subject Index 503

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Book SynopsisHighly readable and eminently practical, Syntactic Analysis: The Basics focuses on bringing students with little background in linguistics up to speed on how modern syntactic analysis works. A succinct and practical introduction to understanding sentence structure, ideal for students who need to get up to speed on key concepts in the field Introduces readers to the central terms and concepts in syntax Offers a hands-on approach to understanding and performing syntactic analysis and introduces students to linguistic argumentation Includes numerous problem sets, helpfully graded for difficulty, with model answers provided at critical points Prepares readers for more advanced work with syntactic systems and syntactic analyses Trade Review“Ultimately, I would argue that this book succeeds with its goals by laying a broad, basic, and clear foundation in the philosophy of generative syntax, thus allowing undergraduates to learn the nature of scientific inquiry with languages in a trimester/quarter system or supporting graduate students with little or distant background to read and respond to primary literature with more confidence and understanding.” (Linguist, 27 August 2012)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introductory Notes and References 1 1 Doing Science with Language: Introductory Concepts 5 This chapter introduces hypothesis formation and testing in the realm of human language and discusses the paradox of language acquisition. It offers an initial sketch of the Principles&Parameters approach and the innateness hypothesis. 2 The Structure and Classification of Words 12 Words are analyzed into roots and affixes. A system of generative word formation is introduced involving morphemes and word formation rules. Also discussed are criteria for identifying the lexical class of roots, stems, and words. Finally, a discussion of the “meaning” of particular affixes leads to the conclusion that affixes do not have “simple” meanings, but instead participate with a constellation of other factors to determine meaning, something referred to as “compositional” semantics. 3 Determining the Structure of Sentences 29 Tests of phrasehood are introduced, indicating the presence of hierarchic structure within sentences. Also presented is some of the core terminology of syntactic relations among phrases. 4 Rules of Sentence Structure: A First Approximation 38 Phrase structure rules are introduced as a means of explaining the presence of hierarchic structure within sentences. Beyond basic phrasal structure, key concepts such as structural ambiguity and recursion are presented as further evidence of the efficacy of the phrase structure approach to the analysis of sentences. Recursion is noted as the key to explaining “linguistic creativity.” 5 Assigning Meaning in Sentences 53 Presented here is the system of determining grammatical function (subject, object, or adjunct) based on structural position. Building on this, theta roles and argument structure are introduced, offering an explanation both of how arguments (subjects, objects, etc.) get their explicit meanings, and how verbs “choose” the correct complementation pattern. 6 Some Category-Neutral Processes 63 Here, the notion of “category-neutral” processes is first introduced, paving the way for the generally category-neutral system of X-bar syntax presented later. The processes discussed here are coordination and proform insertion. 7 How Structure Affects Pronoun Reference 71 This chapter introduces c-command and some of the phenomena that ccommand has been crucial for explaining, including the distribution of negative polarity items, and the Binding Principles, the distribution and semantics of anaphors and pronominals, and referring expressions. The presence of such mechanisms as the Binding Principles in the theory of syntax points offers further support for the innateness hypothesis. 8 Complex Verb Forms 82 The case is made here that auxiliary verbs each head a VP, so that sentences with multiple verbs involve a recursive VP architecture. Also, the first transformation, Affix Hopping, is introduced, opening the discussion of transformational grammar, and the levels deep structure and surface structure. 9 Real vs. Apparent Sentence Structure 90 Tense affixes are argued here to originate in the same position as modal verbs do, leading to the claim that deep structure is “abstract,” that is, consistently different in its alignment of elements from that seen in surface forms. Also discussed is the position of negation and the head movement rule V-to-T, which raises an auxiliary verb to the position of tense. All of this expands the transformational view of syntax. Arguments are presented for the presence of a “null” tense affix in sentences like “They like beans,” making the system of affixation fully general. 10 Generalizing Syntactic Rules 104 Arguments are advanced that phrases headed by themajor lexical categories NP, VP, AjP, and PP share the same internal architecture, pointing toward the conclusion that the rules of the syntactic system are category-neutral rather than category-specific – instead of having separate rules for NP or VP, a single, general rule set explains the internal architecture of all major phrase types. 11 Functional Categories 116 The category-neutral analysis is extended here to functional categories such as T and C, leading to the conclusion that the system of syntax is completely category-neutral. The rules of syntax are few and simple. The specific details of derivations are largely driven by the features and argument structure of the words/morphemes employed in the derivation. The concept of parameter setting is developed further. 12 Questions, Relative Clauses, and WH Movement 127 A number of apparent anomalies raised in the detailed consideration of WH questions and relative clauses are resolved by addition of the transformation “WHmovement.”WHmovement exemplifies phrase movement to a non-argument position. Apparent “long”WHmovement is shown to be composed of series of “short” moves. The WH Island Effect is introduced in connection with this discussion. The syntactic system is argued to be “constructionless”, since its rules apply broadly, across different construction types. 13 NP Movement 144 Arguments are advanced for the VP-internal subject hypothesis, the idea that the subject of a sentence originates low, in SpecVP, rather than in its higher surface position, SpecTP. This indicates the existence of a rule,NP movement, which searches for an NP low in the structure to fill the SpecTP position. This leads easily into the analysis of passive sentences, where no subject appears in SpecVP (due to theta role suppression), so that Move NP must find another (non-subject) argument to fill the SpecTP position. NP movement is also central to explaining subject-to-subject-raising constructions, where a higher clause may “steal” the subject of a lower clause. Like WH movement, NP movement participates in deriving a range of constructions, supporting further the view that the syntactic system is both category-neutral and construction-neutral. 14 Things to Come: Various Aspects of “Current Theory” 160 Here, three further significant aspects of syntactic analysis are sketched out, anticipating further studies in syntax. These include the unaccusative hypothesis (the idea that the subject of certain apparently intransitive verbs actually starts as an object), theVP shell hypothesis (the idea thatmultiple complements are not “flat” but involve asymmetrical c-command), and the DP hypothesis (the theory that “traditional” NPs are in fact DPs, phrases headed by the functional category D). Appendix 1: Minor Grammatical Categories 167 Appendix 2: Argument Structures 171 Index 174

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Book SynopsisA Grammar of Southern Pomo is the first comprehensive description of the Southern Pomo language, one of seven Pomoan languages once spoken in the vicinity of Clear Lake and the Russian River drainage of California. Trade Review"A Grammar of Southern Pomo is the most extensive treatment of the language to date."—William Salmon, Native American and Indigenous Studies“This detailed grammar of recently extinct Southern Pomo is an important contribution to our understanding of the Indigenous languages of North America and a fitting tribute to the language’s speakers and to the community in which it was once spoken.”—Bernard Comrie, Distinguished Faculty Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara “This is a beautiful, sophisticated description of a language of extraordinary phonological and morphological complexity. The Southern Pomo language is described in a remarkably accessible way, always with attention to its cultural and historical context.”—Marianne Mithun, professor of linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara“A Grammar of Southern Pomo is a remarkable contribution to the scholarship on Indigenous languages of California. It is full of rich, well-illustrated phenomena at every level and should be of interest to anyone concerned with American Indigenous cultures.”—Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker, associate professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa and director of Kaipuleohone, the University of Hawai‘i Digital Language Archive “Clearly written and well argued, this is undoubtedly a major contribution to our knowledge of Indigenous languages of North America.”—Alexandra Aikhenvald, Distinguished Professor and Australian Laureate at James Cook University Table of ContentsList of Illustrations and Tables Preface Introduction List of Abbreviations 1. The Cultural, Ecological, and Sociolinguistic Context of the Language 1.1. The Name of the Language 1.2. Previous Research 1.3. Demography at Contact 1.3.1. History after Contact 1.4. The Natural Setting 1.5. Material Culture 1.6. Genetic and Areal Affiliations 1.7. Dialects 1.8. Sociolinguistic Situation 1.8.1. Viability 1.8.2. Loan Words 1.9. The Corpus 1.9.1. Consultants and Other Sources 1.9.2. Presentation of Data 2. Word Structure 2.1. Typological Sketch 2.2. Phonological Inventory and Orthography 2.2.1. Consonants 2.2.2. Vowels 2.2.3. Stress 2.3. Phonetics 2.3.1. Voicing Distinction in Obstruents 2.3.2. Phonemic Status of the Glottal Stop 2.4. Syllable Structure 2.5. Word Structure 2.6. Major Phonological and Morphophonemic Processes 2.6.1. Vowel Harmony 2.6.2. Vowel Deletion 2.6.3. Consonant Alternations 2.6.4. Consonant Assimilation and Dissimilation 2.6.5. Consonant Deletion 2.6.6. Laryngeal Increments 2.7. Relaxed Speech Rules and Contractions 2.8. Word Classes 2.8.1. Nouns 2.8.2. Pronouns 2.8.3. Verbs 2.8.4. Modifiers 2.8.5. Adverbs 2.8.6. The Auxiliary ||yo|| ~ ||=ʔyo|| 2.8.7. Particles or Other Minor Word Classes 2.9. The Noun Phrase 2.9.1. Case-Marking NP Enclitics 2.9.2. Other NP Enclitics 2.9.3. Alienable and Inalienable Possession 3. Sentence Structure 3.1. Intransitives 3.2. Transitives 3.3. Ditransitives 3.4. Grammatical Relations 3.4.1. Agent/Patient Case System 3.4.2. Subject/Object Determiner Enclitics 3.5. Voice and Valence-Related Constructions 3.6. Tense/Aspect/Modality and Evidentials 3.7. Constituent Order 3.8. Negation 3.8.1. Bound Negative Morphemes (and Response Particle) 3.8.2. Words with Inherently Negative Meaning 3.9. Questions 3.10. Clause Combinations 3.10.1. Complement Clauses 3.10.2. Switch-Reference 3.10.3. Nominalized Clauses 3.10.4. Coordination Appendix 1: 2012 Visit with Olive Fulwider and Photographs Appendix 2: Sample Text Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisIn 1997, Eisenbrauns published the highly-regarded two-volume Phonologies of Asia and Africa, edited by Alan Kaye with the assistance of Peter T. Daniels, and the book rapidly became the standard reference for the phonologies of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Now the concept has been extended, and Kaye has assembled nearly 50 scholars to write essays on the morphologies of the same language group. The coverage is complete, copious, and again will likely become the standard work in the field. Contributors are an international Who's Who of Afro-Asiatic linguistics, from Appleyard to Leslau to Voigt. It is with great sadness that we report the death of Alan Kaye on May 31, 2007, while these volumes were in the final stages of preparation for the press. Alan was diagnosed with bone cancer on May 1 while on research leave in the United Arab Emirates and was brought home to Fullerton by his son on May 22.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents the author's view of the scope of linguistic description, insofar as the field of linguistics touches on questions of the meanings of sentences. Fillmore takes the subject matter of linguistics, in its grammatical, semantic and pragmatic sub-divisions, to include the full catalogue of knowledge which the speakers of a language can be said to possess about the structure of the sentences in their language, and their knowledge about the appropriate use of these sentences. In the author's view, the special explanatory task of linguistics is to discover the principles which underlie such knowledge. Fillmore chooses to study the range of information which the speakers of a language possess about the sentences in their language by thoroughly examining one simple English sentence.Table of Contents1. 'May we come in?'; 2. Space; 3. Time; 4. Deixis I; 5. Coming and going; 6. Deixis II.

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Book SynopsisWagiman is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by about ten people in the top end of the Northern Territory. It possesses an unusual open class of words which Wilson calls 'coverbs'. Coverbs are responsible for conveying a wide range of mostly verbal and adjectival meanings. They are most frequently paired with an inflecting verb from a closed class to form a complex predicate: the coverb and inflecting verb jointly determine the verbal semantics and argument structure of the clause. This book provides a descriptive and analytical account of the behaviour of coverbs in Wagiman, especially their role in complex predicate formation. The author seeks to discover what governs which pairings of coverbs and inflecting verbs are possible, and how the meaning of the whole can be derived from the meanings of the parts. Wilson pursues a formal account of Wagiman complex predicates within Lexical Functional Grammar, seeing complex predicate formation as the fusion of Lexical Conceptual Structures.

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Book SynopsisThe thrust of this book is to provide a model of lexical relations which reconciles the lexicon's idiosyncratic and productive aspects. Building on work in Head-Driven Phrase-Structure Grammar, an organization of lexical knowledge is proposed called the Type Underspecified Hierarchical Lexicon through which partial regularities, medium-size generalization, and truly productive processes receive a unified model. Its basic thesis is that all lexical relations reduce to categorization (the membership of the two related lexemes in a common category) and that category intersection is the only mechanism needed to model lexical processes provided lexical items can be stored partially underspecified as to their category membership. Aside from the conceptual simplification that results from this move, the book demonstrates that several empirical and theoretical benefits accrue to this architecture; in particular, many salient properties of morphological processes are shown to reduce to inherent, formal properties of the organization of the lexicon.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Two kinds of lexical relations; 3. On-line type construction; 4. A typed constituent structure-based morphology; 5. The and/or nature of morphological processes; 6. Conclusion; Appendix; Type declarations; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisRapid innovations in digital technology deeply influence views on language and information processing. Any new developments raise many questions for researchers, and can help shed new light on old approaches. Logic is a tool that researchers can use to gain insight into investigations of the relation between form and content, the ways that linguistic utterances change information content and the dynamics of information change. This text presents a broad range of logical investigations into language and information processing. Topics covered include: the notion of "reasonable belief" in commonsense reasoning, perpetual reports in natural languages, the logic of creation and modification of objects, the verification of temporal aspects of reactive systems, analysis of scope by combining model theory and situation semantics, and semantic analysis of the information articulation of linguistic statements.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a unique synthesis of past and current work on the structure, meaning, and use of negation and negative expressions, a topic that has engaged thinkers from Aristotle and the Buddha to Freud and Chomsky. Horn's masterful study melds a review of scholarship in philosophy, psychology, and linguistics with original research, providing a full picture of negation in natural language and thought; this new edition adds a comprehensive preface and bibliography, surveying research since the book's original publication.

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Book SynopsisDescriptive grammarians and typologists often encounter unusual constructions or unfamiliar variants of otherwise familiar construction types. Many of these phenomena are puzzling from the perspective of linguistic theories: they neither predict these "anomalies" nor, arguably, provide the tools to describe them insightfully. This book analyzes an unusual type of relative clause found in many related and unrelated languages of Eurasia. While providing a detailed case study of Tundra Nenets, it broadens this inquiry into a detailed typological exploration of this relative clause type. The authors argue that an understanding of this construction requires exploring the (type of) grammar system in which it occurs in order to identify the (set of) independent constructions that motivate its existence. The resulting insights into grammar organization illustrate the usefulness of a construction-theoretic syntax and morphology informed by a developmental systems perspective for the understanding of complex grammatical phenomena.

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Book SynopsisDescriptive grammarians and typologists often encounter unusual constructions or unfamiliar variants of otherwise familiar construction types. Many of these phenomena are puzzling from the perspective of linguistic theories: they neither predict these "anomalies" nor, arguably, provide the tools to describe them insightfully. This book analyzes an unusual type of relative clause found in many related and unrelated languages of Eurasia. While providing a detailed case study of Tundra Nenets, it broadens this inquiry into a detailed typological exploration of this relative clause type. The authors argue that an understanding of this construction requires exploring the (type of) grammar system in which it occurs in order to identify the (set of) independent constructions that motivate its existence. The resulting insights into grammar organization illustrate the usefulness of a construction-theoretic syntax and morphology informed by a developmental systems perspective for the understanding of complex grammatical phenomena.

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Book SynopsisThe separation of syntax and morphology is a major principle in contemporary lexicalist theories. The syntactic theory of Lexical-Functional Grammar recognizes this separation on a structural level but argues that both are equal, interacting, and competing contributors in a functional setting. This book discusses the relationship between morphology and LFG, reintroducing two seminal papers on the theory's impact on morphology and presenting new material on current morphological issues, including the nature of morphosyntactic paradigms and the role of optimality theory.

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Book SynopsisCilungu is an underrepresented language spoken in northern Zambia and Tanzania whose future is far from certain, given ongoing urbanization and the ascendancy of other regional languages. The product of over fifteen years of fieldwork, "Cilungu Phonology" presents a comprehensive description and analysis of this endangered language. Featuring a reference grammar and formal analysis of Cilungu, this volume will be a major contribution to our understanding of tonology, since several of the forty-four processes analyzed appear to be unique to the language. It also includes a discussion of morphology, both nominal and verbal.

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Book SynopsisNgalakgan is a non-configurational, polysynthetic, and agglutinative language of the Gunwinyguan family. "Word Structure in Ngalakgan" is the first major theoretical work on the phonology and morphology of this intriguing Australian language in twenty years.Baker demonstrates that Optimality Theory must take account of differences in the productivity of morphological relations in the input, in order to maintain the simplest analysis. This volume examines the syllabification of the language, among other aspects, arguing that Ngalakgan has a quantity-sensitive stress system that is hitherto undescribed and that contradicts the predictions of current Moraic Theory.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the descriptive facts of English, this volume provides a systematic introduction to English syntax for students with no prior knowledge of English grammar or syntactic analysis. "English Syntax" aims to help students appreciate the various sentence patterns available in the language, understand insights into core data of its syntax, develop analytic abilities to further explore the patterns of English, and learn precise ways of formalizing syntactic analysis for a variety of English data and major constructions such as agreement, raising and control, the auxiliary system, passive, wh-questions, relative clauses, extrapolation, and clefts.

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Book SynopsisThe Core and the Periphery is a collection of papers inspired by the linguistics career of Ivan A. Sag (1949-2013), written to commemorate his many contributions to the field. Sag was professor of linguistics at Stanford University from 1979 to 2013; served as the director of the Symbolic Systems Program from 2005 to 2009; authored, co-authored, or edited fifteen volumes on linguistics; and was at the forefront of non-transformational approaches to syntax. The papers collected here tackle a range of grammar-related issues and share the perspective that the best theories of grammar attempt to account for the full diversity and complexity of language data.

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Book SynopsisThis study uses modern linguistic theory to analyze a frequently recurring syntactic phenomenon in the Hebrew Bible that has thus far resisted explanation: כי אם.The combination of the two particles כי and אם produces a construction that is notoriously difficult to describe, analyze syntactically, and translate. Dictionaries of Biblical Hebrew offer a dizzying variety of translations for this construction, including “that if,” “except,” “unless,” “but,” “but only,” and “surely,” among other possibilities. In this book, Grace J. Park provides a new approach that strives for greater precision and consistency in translation. Park argues that כי אם is used in three patterns: the “full focus” pattern, the “reduced focus” pattern, and the less common “non-focus” pattern. Her syntactic analysis of all 156 occurrences of the כי אם construction in the Bible lends greater clarity to the contested passages.Drawing on recent linguistic research into the typology of clausal nominalization as well as previous work on contrastive focus, this innovative project provides important new insight into the syntax of Biblical Hebrew. It will be especially valuable for scholars seeking to translate כי אם more consistently and accurately.Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsTechnical TermsChapter 1. Introduction1.1. Introduction1.2. Previous Explanations of כי אם1.3. The Focus כי אם Pattern 1.3.1. Change in Word Order in Part C 1.3.2. Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) 1.3.3. Negative Polarity Items in the Focus כי אם Pattern1.4. Problems with Previous Analyses of כי אם as a Unit1.5. Contrastive Focus with a Change in Word Order 1.5.1. Different Types of Word Order Change in Biblical Hebrew 1.5.2. Change of Word Order in Part C 1.5.3. Contrastive Focus1.6. PlanChapter 2. כי in the Focus כי אם Pattern2.1. Introduction2.2. Stand-Alone Nominalization 2.2.1 Evans’s Use of Ellipsis 2.2.2. Mithun’s Notion of Extension 2.2.3. Ellipsis vs. Extension for the Analysis of Biblical Hebrew2.3. Clausal Nominalizations Formed with כי : Sentence Level vs. Discourse Level 2.3.1. Contextual Effects at the Sentence Level 2.3.2. Assertion as a Contextual Effect at the Discourse Level 2.3.3. Interrogative (Rhetorical Question) as a Contextual Effect at the Discourse Level 2.3.4. Mirativity as a Contextual Effect at the Discourse Level 2.3.5. Contrastive Focus as a Contextual Effect at the Discourse Level2.4. SummaryChapter 3. אם in the Focus כי אם Pattern3.1. Introduction3.2. Antithetic Conditional Protases3.3. Ellipsis in the Pseudo-F ocus כי אם Pattern3.4. Ellipsis after אם in the Focus כי אם Pattern3.5. Ellipsis of אם or כי אם in the Focus כי אם Pattern3.6. SummaryChapter 4. The Full and Reduced Focus כי אם Pattern4.1. Introduction4.2. Parallelism between Part A and Part B + C4.3. Repetition of Verbal Phrases in the Full Focus כי אם Pattern 4.3.1. Typical Examples of the Full Focus כי אם Pattern 4.3.2. Semantically Equivalent Verbal Phrases in Part A and Part C4.4. The Reduced Focus כי אם Pattern: Ellipsis of the Repeated Verbal Phrase in Part C4.5. Ellipsis in Part A 4.5.1. Ellipsis of the Negated Element in Part A 4.5.2. Ellipsis of Part A in Its Entirety4.6. Ellipsis and Its Constraints 4.6.1. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint on Coordinate Structures 4.6.2. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint on Forward Ellipsis 4.6.3. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint of the Semantic Relations of Nonelided Constituents 4.6.4. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint on Content Identity 4.6.5. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint on Context Identity 4.6.6. The Focus כי אם Pattern and the Constraint on Local Proximity4.7. SummaryChapter 5. Right Dislocation in Part C5.1. Introduction5.2. Right Dislocation in the Full Focus כי אם Pattern 5.2.1. Jer 9:22–23 5.2.2. Jer 7:22–23 5.2.3. Deut 7:2c–5 5.2.4. Parenthetical Units and the Focus כי אם Pattern5.3. Right Dislocation in the Reduced Focus כי אם Pattern 5.3.1. 2 Sam 13:33 5.3.2. Jer 16:14–15 and Jer 31:29–30 5.3.3. Ezek 12:23 5.3.4. Deut 12:4–7 5.3.5. 2 Chr 25:7b–8a 5.3.6. Isa 65:17–18 5.3.7. 1 Sam 8:195.4. SummaryChapter 6. Different Ways to Express Negation in Part A6.1. Introduction6.2. Rhetorical Questions Formed with אם 6.3. Rhetorical Questions Formed with אם in Oaths 6.3.1. Conditional אם Clauses vs. Rhetorical Questions Formed with אם 6.3.2. The כּהֹ יעַשֲֶׂה Oath Formula and Right Dislocation 6.3.3. The כּהֹ יעַשֲֶׂה Oath Formula as a Parenthetical Unit6.4. Rhetorical Questions Introduced by אם in Part A 6.4.1. Ezek 33:11 and Gen 42:15 6.4.2. Num 14:30–316.5. Rhetorical Questions with Interrogative Pronouns in Part A 6.5.1. Deut 10:12–13 and Eccl 5:10 6.5.2. Isa 42:19a and 2 Chr 2:56.6. Unmarked Rhetorical Question in Part A6.7. Embedded Negation in Part A 6.7.1. Deut 12:13–14 and 2 Kgs 10:23 6.7.2. 2 Kgs 5:15 and Eccl 3:126.8. SummaryChapter 7. The Multiple Focus כי אם Pattern7.1. Introduction7.2. Typical Examples of the Multiple Focus כי אם Pattern 7.2.1. Deut 12:13–14 7.2.2. 2 Kgs 17:35–37 7.2.3. Deut 12:17–18 7.2.4. Ps 1:1–27.3. Multiple Focus כי אם Pattern in Reduced Form 7.3.1. Resumptive Elements in the Focus כי אם Pattern 7.3.2. Lev 21:1b–37.4. Ezek 44:9b–16 as a Multiple Focus כי אם Pattern 7.4.1. Previous Readings of Ezek 44:9b–16 הֵמּהָ . 7.4.2 in Ezek 44:9b–16 7.4.3. Redefinition of the Extent of the אשר Clauseיבָוֹא אלֶ־מקִדְָּשׁיִ . 7.4.4 in Part A and Part C 7.4.5. Parenthetical Unit: vv. 12–147.5. SummaryChapter 8. The Precondition Focus כי אם Pattern8.1. Introduction8.2. The Full Precondition Focus כי אם Pattern8.3. The Reduced Precondition Focus כי אם Pattern 8.3.1. 2 Kgs 4:24 8.3.2. 2 Kgs 23:9 8.3.3. Isa 55:10–11 8.3.4. Isa 59:1–28.4. Rhetorical Precondition Focus כי אם Pattern 8.4.1. Judg 15:7 (Full Form) 8.4.2. Isa 65:6 (Reduced Form) 8.4.3. Gen 47:18 (Reduced Form) 8.4.4. 2 Sam 5:6 (Reduced Form) 8.5. Summary Chapter 9. The Nonfocus כי אם Pattern9.1. Introduction כי אם . 9.2 with a Conditional Protasis Formed with אםאם . 9.2.1 Clause Repeating the Preceding Passage אם . 9.2.2 Clause that Negates the Preceding Passage אם . 9.2.3 Clause that Neither Repeats Nor Negates the Preceding Passage כי אם . 9.3 with a Concessive אם Clause כי אם . 9.4 with a Temporal אם Clauseכי אם . 9.5 with Rhetorical Questions Formed with אם 9.5.1. Rhetorical Questions Beginning with כי אם in Oaths 9.5.2. Rhetorical Questions Beginning with כי אם in Nonoath Contexts 9.6. SummaryChapter 10. Possible Examples of the Focus כי אם Pattern10.1. Introduction 10.2. The Ellipsis of אם in Part B 10.2.1. Some Examples of the לא . . . כי Construction 10.2.2. Rhetorical Questions in Part A 10.3. The Ellipsis of כי אם in Part B 10.4. The Ellipsis of אם in Part B as well as the Entirety of Part A 10.5. SummaryChapter 11. ConclusionAppendix A: The Full Focus כי אם PatternAppendix B: The Reduced Focus כי אם PatternAppendix C: The Nonfocus כי אם PatternBibliographyAncient Sources IndexSubject Index

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