Geophysics Books

Book SynopsisThis book covers all aspects of inertial navigation systems (INS), including the sensor technology and the estimation of instrument errors, as well as their integration with Global Navigation Satellite Systems, specifically the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic applications. The text is of interest to geodesists, including surveyors, mappers, and photogrammetrists; to engineers in aviation, navigation, guidance, transportation, and robotics; and to scientists involved in aerogeophysics and remote sensing. The most recent developments are covered with this second edition that also features an updated treatment of the classical material. Detailed mathematical derivations of the principles of measurement and data processing of inertial measurement units for both stabilized and strapdown systems. Complete treatment of the error dynamics from a statistical viewpoint, including the Kalman filter. A self-contained description of GPS with emphasis on kinematic applications. Key concepts supported by illustrations and numerical examples.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book describing the glorious geology of Iceland’s Golden Circle and four additional excursions:(1) the beautiful valleys and mountains of the fjord of Hvalfjördur, (2) the unique landscape and geothermal fields of the Hengill Volcano, (3) the explosion craters, volcanic fissures, and lava fields of the Reykjanes Peninsula, and (4) the volcanoes (Hekla, Eyjafjallajökull, Katla), waterfalls, sandur plains, and rock columns of South Iceland. The Golden Circle offers a unique opportunity to observe and understand many of our planet’s forces in action. These forces move the Earth’s tectonic plates, rupture the crust, and generate earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, channels for rivers and waterfalls, and heat sources for hot springs and geysers. The Golden Circle includes the famous rifting and earthquake fracture sites at Thingvellir, the hot springs of the Geysir area, the waterfall of Gullfoss, and the Kerid volcanic crater. As the book is primarily intended for people with no background in geosciences, no geological knowledge is assumed and technical terms are avoided as far as possible (those used are explained in a glossary). With more than 240 illustrations – mostly photographs – explaining geological structures and processes, it is also a useful resource for geoscientists. Trade Review“This travel guide in Springer’s ‘GeoGuide’ series is an excellent companion for exploring Iceland’s iconic geological features, all accessible within a day’s drive of the capital, Reykjavik. Its compact size, water and dirt resistant cover, and sturdy binding are all designed for rigorous outdoor use. … The book is profusely illustrated with maps, diagrams, and an abundance of color photographs of geological features. … Highly recommended. All readers.” (W. L. Cressler III, Choice, Vol. 55 (12), August, 2018)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Keflavik to Reykjavik.- Reykjavik.- Reykjavik to Thingvellir.- Thingvellir.- Thingvellir to Geysir.- Geysir.- Gullfoss.- Gullfoss-Kerid-Reykjavik.- Other one-day geological excursions from Reykjavik.- Reykjavik-Hvalfjördur.- Reykjavik-Hengill.- Reykjavik-Kleifarvatn-Reykjanes.- Reykjavik-Eyjafjallajökull-Reynisfjara.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Physikalische Grundlagen zur Wärmeleitung.- 1.1 Temperatur und Temperaturgradient.- 1.2 Wärmeflußdichte, Wärme- und Temperaturleitfähigkeit.- 1.3 Die Wärmeleitungsgleichung.- 2. Thermische Eigenschaften von gebirgsbildenden Gesteinen.- 2.1 Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit.- 2.1.1 Temperatureinfluß auf die Wärmeleitfähigkeit.- 2.1.2 Druckeinfluß auf die Wärmeleitfähigkeit.- 2.1.3 Wärmeleitfähigkeit anisotroper Körper.- 2.1.4 Wärmeleitfähigkeit poröser Gesteine.- 2.2 Die spezifische Wärme.- 2.3 Die radiogene Wärmeproduktion.- 2.3.1 Die Gesteinsradioaktivität an der Erdoberfläche.- 2.3.2 Methoden zur Abschätzung der radiogenen Wärmeproduktion im Erdinnern.- 3. Analytische Behandlung von konduktiven Temperaturausgleichsvorgängen in der Erdkruste.- 3.1 Temperaturausgleich im homogenen Halbraum.- 3.1.1 Der Halbraum mit einer Grenzfläche.- 3.1.2 Untergrund mit Lavabedeckung.- 3.2 Temperaturausgleich im Modellkörpern.- 3.2.1 Abkühlung von Eruptivgängen.- 3.2.2 Abkühlung von kugelförmigen Intrusionen.- 3.2.3 Abkühlung von quaderförmigen Intrusionen.- 4. Der thermische Zustand des Erdinnern.- 4.1 Der thermische Zustand der oberen Erdkruste.- 4.1.1 Der Einfluß von Klimaschwankungen auf die Oberflächentemperatur.- 4.1.1.1 Der Tages- und Jahresgang der Oberflächentemperatur.- 4.1.1.2 Langfristige Temperaturschwankungen.- 4.1.2 Der topographische Einfluß auf das Temperaturfeld im Untergrund.- 4.1.3 Veränderungen des Temperaturfeldes durch Wasserbewegungen.- 4.1.4 Das Temperaturfeld in verschiedenartigen geologischen Strukturen.- 4.1.5 Die terrestrische Wärmflußdichte.- 4.1.5.1 Die regionale Variation der Wärmeflußdichte.- 4.1.5.2 Die zeitliche Variation der Wärmeflußdichte.- 4.2 Der thermische Zustand in der unteren Kruste und im tieferen Erdinnern.- 4.2.1 Der thermische Zustand in der unteren Kruste und im oberen Mantel.- 4.2.2 Zum thermischen Zustand des unteren Erdmantels.- 4.2.3 Zum thermischen Zustand des Erdkerns.- 4.3 Thermische Aspekte bei der Plattentektonik.- 5. Methoden der Temperaturermittlung.- 5.1 Geothermometer zur Bestimmung von Reaktionstemperaturen.- 5.1.1 Lösungsgleichgewichte als Temperaturindikatoren.- 5.1.1.1 Das SiO2-Thermometer.- 5.1.1.2 Das Na-K-Ca-Thermometer.- 5.1.2 Isotopenverhältnisse als Geothermometer.- 5.1.3 Spurenelemente in Salzen und Erzen.- 5.1.4 Das Granat-Pyroxen-Thermometer.- 5.1.5 Der Inkohlungsgrad organischer Einschlüsse in Sedimentgesteinen.- 5.2 Geophysikalische Methoden der Temperaturbestimmung.- 5.2.1 Direkte Messung an der Oberfläche und im Bohrloch.- 5.2.2 Indirekte Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Temperatur.- 5.2.2.1 Temperaturermittlung aus gravimetrischen Messungen.- 5.2.2.2 Temperaturermittlung aus geoelektrischen Messungen.- 5.2.2.3 Ergebnisse der Magnetotellurik als Temperaturindikatoren.- 5.2.2.4 Die CURIE-Fläche als Isotherme.- 5.2.2.5 Temperaturermittlung aus seismischen Ergebnissen.- 6. Erdwärme als Energiequelle.- 6.1 Prospektionsmethoden auf Wärmereservoire.- 6.1.1 Geochemische und geologische Methoden.- 6.1.1.1 Kartierung hydrothermaler Gesteinsveränderungen.- 6.1.1.2 Thermalwasseruntersuchungen.- 6.1.1.3 Spurenelemente im Boden.- 6.1.1.4 Veränderung kohliger Substanzen im Sedimentgestein.- 6.1.2 Geophysikalische Methoden.- 6.1.2.1 Infrarotmessungen.- 6.1.2.2 Messungen der Oberflächentemperatur und der Wärmeflußdichte.- 6.1.2.3 Gravimetrische Messungen.- 6.1.2.4 Geoelektrische Messungen.- 6.1.2.5 Seismische Methoden.- 6.2 Nutzung der geothermischen Energie.- 6.2.1 Thermalwassernutzung in Bädern.- 6.2.2 Thermalwässer zur Raumbeheizung.- 6.2.3 Umwandlung in elektrische Energie.- 6.2.3.1 Nutzung von Dampfvorkommen.- 6.2.3.2 Trockene heiße Gesteine als Energiequelle.- 6.2.3.3 Nutzung von heißem Wasser.- 6.2.4 Umweltbelastung bei der Nutzung geothermischer Energie.- 7. Anhang.- 8. Literaturverzeichnis.- 9. Sachregister.

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Book SynopsisAstronomie mit dem PC vermittelt dem Leser eine fundierte Einführung in die Welt der himmelsmechanischen Berechnungen, die für die astronomische Beobachtungspraxis von besonderer Bedeutung sind.Von den theoretischen Grundlagen der Astronomie und Numerik bis zur Erstellung schneller und präziser Anwendungsprogramme vermittelt das Buch die notwendigen Kenntnisse und Softwarelösungen für die Bestimmung und Vorhersage von:- Positionen der Sonne, des Mondes und der Planeten- Auf- und Untergangszeiten- physischen Ephemeriden der Sonne und der großen Planeten- Kometen- und Kleinplanetenpositionen (mit Störungen)- Mondphasen- Zentrallinie und lokalen Umständen von Sonnenfinsternissen - Sternbedeckungen durch den Mond- Bahnelementen aus drei Beobachtungen (auch mehrere Lösungen)- Koordinaten aus Himmelsaufnahmen. Die Verwendung der weitverbreiteten objektorientierten Programmiersprache CC++ ermöglicht die effiziente Realisierung eigener Anwendungen auf der Basis einer leistungsfähigen Modul-Bibliothek. Die Begleit-CD enthält neben den vollständigen, ausgiebig dokumentierten und kommentierten Quelltexten auch die ausführbaren Programme - damit können Leser ohne Programmierkenntnisse alle im Buch beschriebenen Programme ebenfalls nutzen. Zusätzlich befinden sich zwei Sternkataloge (Position und Proper Motion Katalog und Zodialkatalog) sowie die Lowell-Datenbank aktueller Kleinplaneten-Bahnelemente auf der CD, die den Nutzwert der entsprechenden Programme weiter erhöhen. Die vorliegende 4. Auflage stellt, neben einigen Überarbeitungen der Texte und Bilder, die ausführbaren Programme für die Betriebssysteme Windows 98/2000/XP und LINUX sowie die akualisierten Kataloge und Datenbanken zur Verfügung.Table of ContentsEinführung.- Koordinatensysteme.- Auf- und Untergangsrechnung.- Kometenbahnen.- Störungsrechnung.- Planetenbahnen.- Physische Planetenephemeriden.- Die Mondbahn.- Sonnenfinsternisse.- Sternbedeckungen.- Bahnbestimmung.- Astrometrie.

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Book SynopsisThe editors present a state-of-the-art overview on the Physics of Space Weather and its effects on technological and biological systems on the ground and in space. It opens with a general introduction on the subject, followed by a historical review on the major developments in the field of solar terrestrial relationships leading to its development into the up-to-date field of space weather. Specific emphasis is placed on the technological effects that have impacted society in the past century at times of major solar activity. Chapter 2 summarizes key milestones, starting from the base of solar observations with classic telescopes up to recent space observations and new mission developments with EUV and X-ray telescopes (e.g., STEREO), yielding an unprecedented view of the sun-earth system. Chapter 3 provides a scientific summary of the present understanding of the physics of the sun-earth system based on the latest results from spacecraft designed to observe the Sun, the interplanetary medium and geospace. Chapter 4 describes how the plasma and magnetic field structure of the earth's magnetosphere is impacted by the variation of the solar and interplanetary conditions, providing the necessary science and technology background for missions in low and near earth's orbit. Chapter 5 elaborates the physics of the layer of the earth's upper atmosphere that is the cause of disruptions in radio-wave communications and GPS (Global Positioning System) errors, which is of crucial importance for projects like Galileo. In Chapters 6-10, the impacts of technology used up to now in space, on earth and on life are reviewed. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The volume surveys the broad expanse of space weather through 14 chapters contributed by 20 expert practitioners. … its extensive reference lists at the end of each chapter are extremely valuable. I believe the book functions best by sitting on the library reference shelf where it can be readily consulted as needed." (Thomas J. Bogdan, Physics Today, December 2007) "Space Weather: Physics and Effects is an attempt to summarize the entire field of space weather. … It is generally well produced, includes an exhaustive table of contents and has nearly 40 pages of prefatory materials including a four-page list of acronyms, and what seems like an adequate index." (W. Jeffrey Hughes, EOS, March, 2009)Table of Contents1. Introduction,- 2. Space Weather Forecasting Historically Viewed through the Lens of Meterology,- 3. The Solar and Interplanetary Drivers of Space and Storms,- 4. The Coupling of the Solar Wind to the Earth's Magnetosphere,- 5. Major Radiation Environments in the Heliosphere and their Implications for Interplanetary Travel,- 6. Radiation Belts and Ring Currents,- 7. Ionospheric Response,- 8. Solar Effects in the Middle and Lower Stratosphere and Probable Associations with the Troposphere,- 9. Space Weather Effects on Communications,- 10. Space Weather Effects on Power Grids,- 11. Space Weather Impacts on Space Radiation,- 12. Effects on Spacecraft Hardware and Operations,- 13. Effects on Satellite Navigation,- 14. Forecasting Space Weather,-15. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisVolcanic eruptions are the clear and dramatic expression of dynamic processes in planet Earth. The author, one of the most profound specialists in the field of volcanology, explains in a concise and easy to understand manner the basics and most recent findings in the field. Based on over 300 color figures and the model of plate tectonics, the book offers insight into the generation of magmas and the occurrence and origin of volcanoes. The analysis and description of volcanic structures is followed by process oriented chapters discussing the role of magmatic gases as well as explosive mechanisms and sedimentation of volcanic material. The final chapters deal with the forecast of eruptions and their influence on climate. Students and scientists of a broad range of fields will use this book as an interesting and attractive source of information. Laypeople will find it a highly accessible and graphically beautiful way to acquire a state-of-the-art foundation in this fascinating field. "Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject… In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features… "I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism… I have shared Volcanism with my colleagues to their significant benefit, and I am more convinced of its value for a broad range of Earth and planetary scientists. Undoubtedly, I will use Volcanism for my upcoming courses in volcanology. I will never hesitate to recommend it to others. Many geoscientists from very different subdisciplines will benefit from adding the book to their personal libraries. Schmincke has done us all a great service by undertaking the grueling task of writing the book – and it is much better that he alone wrote it." Stanley N. Williams, ASU Tempe, AZ (Physics Today, April 2005) "Schmincke is a German volcanologist with an international reputation, and he has done us all a great favour because he sensibly channelled his fascination with volcanoes into writing this beautifully illustrated book... [he] tackles the entire geological setting of volcanoes within the earth and the processes that form them... And, with more than 400 colour illustrations, including a huge number of really excellent new diagrams, cutaway models and maps, plus a rich glossary and references, this book is accessible to anyone with an interest in the subject." New Scientist (March 2004) "The science of volcanology has made tremendous progress over the past 40 years, primarily because of technological advances and because each tragic eruption has led researchers to recognize the processes behind such serious hazards. Yet scientists are still learning a great deal because of photographs that either capture those processes in action or show us the critical factors left behind in the rock record.Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject. I found myself wishing that I had had the photo of Nicaragua’s Masaya volcano, which was the subject of my dissertation, but it was Schmincke who was able to include it in his book. In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features. The book’s paper is of such high quality that at times I felt I had turned two pages rather than one. I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism. I was disappointed that the text did not arrive on my desk until last August, when it was too late for me to choose it for my course in volcanology. I am also disappointed about another fact—the book’s binding is already becoming tattered because of my intense use of it! Schmincke is a volcanologist who, in 1967, first published papers on sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin, the direction traveled by lava flows millions of years ago, and the structures preserved in explosive ignimbrites, or pumice-flow deposits, that reveal important details of their formation. Since then, his studies in Germany’s Laacher See, the Canary Islands, the Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus, and many other regions have forged great fundamental advances. Such contributions have been recognized with his receipt of several international awards and clearly give him a strong base for writing the book. However, as a scientist who has focused on the challenges of monitoring the very diverse activities of volcanoes, I think that the text’s overriding emphasis on the rock record has its cost. The group of scientists who are struggling with their goals to reduce or mitigate the hazards of the eruptions of tomorrow need to learn more about the options of technology, instrumentation, and methodology that are currently available. More than 500 million people live near the more than 1500 known active volcanoes and are constantly facing serious threats of eruptions. An extremely energetic earthquake caused the horrific tsunamis of 2004. However, the tsunamis of 1792, 1815, and 1883, which were caused by the eruptions of Japan’s Unzen volcano and Indonesia’s Tambora and Krakatau volcanoes, each took a similar toll. " ( Stanley N. Williams, PHYSICS TODAY, April 2005)Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject… In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features… "I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism… I have shared Volcanism with my colleagues to their significant benefit, and I am more convinced of its value for a broad range of Earth and planetary scientists. Undoubtedly, I will use Volcanism for my upcoming courses in volcanology. I will never hesitate to recommend it to others. Many geoscientists from very different subdisciplines will benefit from adding the book to their personal libraries. Schmincke has done us all a great service by undertaking the grueling task of writing the book – and it is much better that he alone wrote it." Stanley N. Williams, ASU Tempe, AZ (Physics Today, April 2005) "This book comes from a lifetime of volcanological field experience all over the world from a leading professor of volcanology … . The book is based on the author’s lecture materials … . figures make this volume exceptionally valuable to students and instructors. The photographs, historic figures, and charts and figures … are done thoughtfully and carefully and will be very widely used. … would be appropriate as a text for an upper-level college class in volcanology. … It could attract newcomers to this highly interdisciplinary field … ." (William I. Rose, Journal of Geology, May, 2005) "This outstanding handbook has the power to incite any geologist or interested layman to become a volcanologist himself … . It is … lavishly illustrated with superb photographs and excellent cartoons of models, schematic cross-sections or contour maps, with easy to consult references, glossary and indexes. ... It is highly recommended to all those interested in earth sciences in general and should be present in every earth science library. … definitely will raise the fascination for the earth as a complex system among many." (Michiel Dusar, Geologica Belgica, Vol. 8 (1-2), 2005) "The book by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke … is alluring for several reasons. Firstly, it deals with topics which … are potentially attractive for all, regardless of ones age and educational level. Secondly, it is perfectly balanced in providing a professional level of science … . Thirdly, it contains a wealth of colourful photos … . the most spectacularly illustrated one I have recently read. … the text is written with passion and with a superb knowledge of the subject … . Students and scientists … will find this excellent book an indispensable source of information … ." (Marek Lewandowski, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 162, 2005) "Hans-Ulrich Schmincke … has done us all a great favour because he sensibly channelled his fascination with volcanoes into writing this beautifully illustrated book. Volcanism, however, is much more than pretty pictures. … It inspires you to explore … . And, with more than 400 colour illustrations, including a huge number of really excellent new diagrams, cutaway models and maps, plus a rich glossary and references, this book is accessible to anyone with an interest in the subject." (Douglas Palmer, New Scientist, March, 2004) "The book succeeds for the most part on the generalized level of providing a bridge between the technical and popular literature on volcanoes, and as such can be recommended. … The strengths of the Schmincke volume lie in its overall coverage of volcanic topics, readability, and in the large number of almost entirely excellent-quality photographs and diagrams that make it an easy book to dip into." (Colin Wilson, Economic Geology, Vol. 100 (3), 2005)Table of ContentsPlate Tectonics.- Magma.- Rheology, Magmatic Gases, Bubbles and Triggering of Eruptions.- Mid-Ocean Ridges.- Seamounts and Volcanic Islands.- Continental Intraplate Volcanoes.- Subduction Zone Volcanoes.- Volcanic Edifices and Volcanic Deposits.- Strombolian, Hawaiian and Plinian Eruptions and the Mount St. Helens Eruption 1980.- Pyroclastic Flows, Block and Ash Flows, Surges and the Laacher See Eruption.- Fire and Water.- Volcanic Hazards, Volcanic Catastrophes, and Disaster Mitigation.- Volcanoes and Climate.- Man and Volcanoes: The Benefits.- 16 Physical Units and Abbreviations.- 17 Glossary.- 18 References.- 19 Subject Index.- 20 Index of Geographical Names.- 21 Index of Names.

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Book SynopsisThis sourcebook to the prodigious literature on applications of computers and statistics to geology contains over 2000 references. The glossary provides succinct explanations of most statistical and mathematical terms. Computer topics include hardware, software, programming languages, databases, and communications graphics, CAO/CAM, CAI, GIS and expert systems. Statistical topics range from elementary properties of numbers through univariate, bivariate to multivariate methods. The brief notes on each method provide a general guide to what the technique does, and are illustrated with worked examples from a wide range of geological disciplines. Students and researchers will find the book useful in coping with the explosion of information which has taken place in geology, and to make the best possible use of computers in interpreting acquired data.Table of ContentsList of symbols and abbreviations used.- Section I. Introduction to geological computer use.- Section II. The behavior of numbers: Elementary statistics.- Section III: Interpreting data of one variable: Univariate statistics.- Section IV. Interpreting data with two variable: Bivariate statistics.- Section V: Some Special types of geological data.- Section VI: Advanced techniques.- Selective bibliography of numerical geology.

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Book SynopsisGeophysics operations in archaeology have become well known through exposure on television. However, the technique is presented as the action of specialists and something of a mystery, where people walk about with strange contraptions, and results appear from a computer. This is not the case, however. Some scientific knowledge is needed in order to understand how the machines work and what they detect but otherwise it is only necessary to know how to handle the instruments, how to survey a field and how to interpret the computer results. This book provides all the relevant information. It explains geophysics operations in archaeology, describes the science that gives the soil properties to measure and the means by which the instruments make their measurements. Dr John Oswin is in charge of the geophysics operation of the Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society and his work has recently been the subject of a television programme. He has taught many students how to use geophysical equipment.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “In his new work, Oswin (head, geophysics operations, Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society, UK) provides an excellent introduction to geophysics as applied to archaeological survey. … The appendixes are also quite useful as ‘user manuals’ for four common instruments and three popular data processing software programs. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels.” (L. D. Frame, Choice, Vol. 47 (5), January, 2010)Table of Contents1 Introduction, 1.1 Geophysics in Archaeology, 1.2 Geophysics and geology,1.3 What the pictures tell, 1.4 What this book aims to do, 2 The basic science, 2.1 Electricity, 2.2 Magnetism, 2.3 Electromagnetic waves, 3 The instruments, 3.1 Resistance meters, 3.2 Magnetometers, 3.3 Electromagnetic devices, 3.4 Ground radar, 3.5 Electronic distance measurement and GPS, 4 Understanding the results, 4.1 Download software,4.2 Pattern recognition, 4.3 Interpretation, 5 Setting up a survey, 5.1 Finding a site, 5.2 Logistics, 5.3 Laying out a grid, 5.4 Making the measurements, 5.5 Showing the results, 6 Examples, 6.1 Looking at landscapes, 6.2 Roman villas, 6.3 Sorting out periods, Glossary, Bibliographical note, Appendix A. Some real equipment controls, Appendix B. A kit list for a survey

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Book SynopsisThe study of heat transfer mechanisms in hydrothermal systems is important for understanding the basic physics behind orebody formation and mineralization in the upper crust (Bickle and Mckenzie 1987; Bjorlykke et al. 1988; Brady 1988; England and Thompson 1989; Hoisch 1991; Connolly 1997). Generally, heat energy may be transferred within the crust in the following forms: conduction, advection (including forced convection) where the heat is carried by a moving mass of rock during def- mation or by a moving uid, convection (i. e. , free convection, natural convection, buoyancy driven convection, temperature gradient driven convection) and a com- nation of these processes. Since advective ow is usually generated by a pore- uid pressure gradient, heat transfer due to advective ow is largely dependent on the pore- uid pressure gradient distribution in hydrothermal systems. A typical ex- ple of this advective ow is the upward through ow caused by lithostatic pore- uid pressure gradients within the lower crust. Extensive studies (Connolly and Ko 1995; Etheridge et al. 1983; England et al. 1987; Fyfe et al. 1978; Walther and Orville 1982; Peacock 1989; Yardley and Bottrell 1992; Hanson 1992; Yardley and Lloyd 1995; Norton and Knapp 1970) have shown that lithostatic pore- uid pressure can be built up by metamorphic uids arising from devolatilization and dehydration - actions, if the permeability is low enough to control uid ow in the lower crust.Table of ContentsDistribution of Pore-Fluid Pressure Gradient in the Crust with Temperature Neglected.- Pore-Fluid Pressure Gradients in the Crust with Heat Conduction and Advection.- Convective Heat Transfer in a Homogeneous Crust.- Convective Heat Transfer in a Heterogeneous Crust.- Pore-Fluid Focusing within Two-Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales with No Temperature Effects: Solutions Expressed in a Local Coordinate System.- Pore-Fluid Focusing within Two-Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales with No Temperature Effects: Solutions Expressed in a Global Coordinate System.- Pore-Fluid Flow Focused Transient Heat Transfer within and around Two-Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales.- Convective Heat Transfer within Three-Dimensional Vertical Faults Heated from Below.- Convective Heat Transfer within Three-Dimensional Inclined Faults Heated from Below.- Double-Diffusion Driven Convective Heat Transfer within Three-Dimensional Vertical Faults Heated from Below.- Convection Induced Ore Body Formation and Mineralization within the Upper Crust of the Earth.

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Book SynopsisSonar performance modelling (SPM) is concerned with the prediction of quantitative measures of sonar performance, such as probability of detection. It is a multi-disciplinary subject, requiring knowledge and expertise in the disparate fields of underwater acoustics, acoustical oceanography, sonar signal processing and statistical detection theory. No books have been published on this subject, however, since the 3rd edition of Urick’s classic work 25 years ago and so Dr Ainslie’s book will fill a much-needed gap in the market. Currently, up-to-date information can only be found, in different forms and often with conflicting information, in various journals, conference and textbook publications. Dr Michael Ainslie is eminently qualified to write this unique book. He has worked on sonar performance modeling problems since 1983. He has written many peer reviewed research articles and conference papers related to sonar performance modeling, making contributions in the fields of sound propagation and detection theory.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book attempts to provide a combination of information and understanding of the physics and detection theory to enable the reader to address sonar performance issues. … this book is most useful for those who need to build models of aspects of sonar performance. It will also be useful for those who need to specify, test, or evaluate models. … a source of material for someone preparing a course on underwater acoustics or sonar performance modelling. … a good reference book for an acoustics library.” (Adrian Brown, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 17 (1), 2012)Table of ContentsIntroduction Essential Background The Sonar Equations Sonar Oceanography Underwater Acoustics (I): theory Sonar Signal Processing Statistical Detection Theory Underwater Acoustics (II): sources and scatterers of sound Underwater Acoustics (III): propagation effects Sonar Characteristics The Sonar Equations Revisited The Future of Sonar Performance Modelling Appendix 1: Special functions and mathematical operations Appendix 2: Units and nomenclature Appendix 3: Fish and their swim bladders.

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Book SynopsisGeophysics operations in archaeology have become well known through exposure on television. However, the technique is presented as the action of specialists and something of a mystery, where people walk about with strange contraptions, and results appear from a computer. This is not the case, however. Some scientific knowledge is needed in order to understand how the machines work and what they detect but otherwise it is only necessary to know how to handle the instruments, how to survey a field and how to interpret the computer results. This book provides all the relevant information. It explains geophysics operations in archaeology, describes the science that gives the soil properties to measure and the means by which the instruments make their measurements. Dr John Oswin is in charge of the geophysics operation of the Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society and his work has recently been the subject of a television programme. He has taught many students how to use geophysical equipment.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “In his new work, Oswin (head, geophysics operations, Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society, UK) provides an excellent introduction to geophysics as applied to archaeological survey. … The appendixes are also quite useful as ‘user manuals’ for four common instruments and three popular data processing software programs. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels.” (L. D. Frame, Choice, Vol. 47 (5), January, 2010)Table of Contents1 Introduction, 1.1 Geophysics in Archaeology, 1.2 Geophysics and geology,1.3 What the pictures tell, 1.4 What this book aims to do, 2 The basic science, 2.1 Electricity, 2.2 Magnetism, 2.3 Electromagnetic waves, 3 The instruments, 3.1 Resistance meters, 3.2 Magnetometers, 3.3 Electromagnetic devices, 3.4 Ground radar, 3.5 Electronic distance measurement and GPS, 4 Understanding the results, 4.1 Download software,4.2 Pattern recognition, 4.3 Interpretation, 5 Setting up a survey, 5.1 Finding a site, 5.2 Logistics, 5.3 Laying out a grid, 5.4 Making the measurements, 5.5 Showing the results, 6 Examples, 6.1 Looking at landscapes, 6.2 Roman villas, 6.3 Sorting out periods, Glossary, Bibliographical note, Appendix A. Some real equipment controls, Appendix B. A kit list for a survey

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Book SynopsisRecent progress in numerical methods and computer science allows us today to simulate the propagation of seismic waves through realistically heterogeneous Earth models with unprecedented accuracy. Full waveform tomography is a tomographic technique that takes advantage of numerical solutions of the elastic wave equation. The accuracy of the numerical solutions and the exploitation of complete waveform information result in tomographic images that are both more realistic and better resolved. This book develops and describes state of the art methodologies covering all aspects of full waveform tomography including methods for the numerical solution of the elastic wave equation, the adjoint method, the design of objective functionals and optimisation schemes. It provides a variety of case studies on all scales from local to global based on a large number of examples involving real data. It is a comprehensive reference on full waveform tomography for advanced students, researchers and professionals.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Numerical Solution of the Elastic Wave Equation.- Computing Sensitivity Kernels.- Seismological Data Functionals and their Associated Adjoint Sources.- Iterative Optimisation.- Full Waveform Tomography for Upper-mantle Structure in Australasian Region.- A Comparative Study of Local-scale full Waveform Tomographies.- Source Staking and Data Reduction in Global full Waveform Tomography.

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Book SynopsisIn the past two decades a succession of direct observations by satellites, and of extensive computer simulations, has led to the realization that the polar ionosphere plays a principal role in large-scale magnetospheric processes - a manifestation of the physics linkage involved in solar-terrestrial interactions. Spatial/temporal variations in high-latitude electromagnetic phenomena, such as dynamic aurorae, electric fields and currents, have proved to be extremely complex. Now the challenge is to comprehend the vast amount of complicated measurements made in this magnetosphere-ionosphere sysstem of the Earth. This book addresses the electrical coupling between the hot, but dilute, magnetospheric plasma and the cold, but dense, plasma in the ionosphere. In five major chapters, this book presents: - basic properties of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling; - morphology of electric fields and currents at high latitudes; - global modeling of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling; - modeling of ionospheric electrodynamics; - current issues, such as auroral particle acceleration, substorms, penetration of high-latitude fields into low latitudes.Table of Contents1 Implications of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 1.1 Solar Wind, Magnetosphere, and Ionosphere.- 1.1.1 Entry of Energy into the Magnetosphere.- 1.1.2 Dissipation of Energy in Substorms.- 1.2 Basic Properties of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 1.2.1 Global and Local Coupling Processes.- 1.2.2 Plasma Convection.- 1.2.3 Theoretical Approach.- 2 Morphology of Electric Fields and Currents at High Latitudes.- 2.1 Large-Scale Current Systems.- 2.1.1 Convection Electrojets.- 2.1.2 Substorm Current Wedge.- 2.1.3 Polar Cap and Cusp Currents.- 2.1.4 Eastward Current in the Dawn Sector.- 2.1.5 Current Closure in the Magnetosphere.- 2.1.6 Charge Carriers of Field-Aligned Currents.- 2.2 Electric Field and Currents Associated with Auroral Forms.- 2.2.1 Auroral Arcs.- 2.2.2 Westward Traveling Surges.- 2.2.3 Auroral Omega Bands.- 2.2.4 Pulsating Auroral Patches.- 3 Global Modeling of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 3.1 Basic Concepts.- 3.2 Simulation of Magnetospheric Convection.- 3.2.1 Global Convection Model.- 3.2.2 Plasma Transport Model.- 3.3 Reproduction of Observed Features.- 3.4 Coupling Models with Specific Physical Aspects.- 4 Modeling of Ionospheric Electrodynamics.- 4.1 Ionospheric Parameters Controlled by Field-Aligned Currents.- 4.1.1 Basic Algorithm.- 4.1.2 Quiet Periods.- 4.1.3 Substorm Times.- 4.1.4 Cusp Structure.- 4.2 Magnetogram-Inversion Technique.- 4.2.1 Essence of the Scheme.- 4.2.2 Advantages and Limitations.- 4.2.3 Global Distribution of Ionospheric Parameters.- 4.2.4 Recent Improvements.- 4.3 Formation of Auroral Arcs.- 5 Current Issues in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.- 5.1 The Westward Traveling Surge.- 5.1.1 Dynamics.- 5.1.2 Distortion of Convection Pattern.- 5.1.3 Pulsations.- 5.2 Auroral Particle Acceleration and Parallel Electric Fields.- 5.2.1 Observations.- 5.2.2 Theories and Computer Simulations.- 5.3 Penetration of High-Latitude Electric Fields / into Low Latitudes.- 5.3.1 Substorm Effects.- 5.3.2 Source Mechanisms.- 5.3.3 Global Patterns of Ionospheric Fields.- 5.3.4 Shielding of Convection Fields in the Magnetosphere.- 5.4 Relative Importance of Conductivities and Electric Fields..- 5.4.1 Simultaneous Measurements of Ionospheric Parameters.- 5.4.2 Two Electrojet Modes.- 5.4.3 Latitudinal Cross-Sections of the Auroral Electrojets.- 5.4.4 Implications for Substorm Dynamics.- 5.4.5 Future Problems.- References.

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Book SynopsisIn the Spring of 2000 the idea of a consortium of Mediterranean countries support- ing the Italian bid to host the 32nd International Geological Congress took off during ageological fieldtrip on the slopes ofMountVesuviushosted byProf. Bruno D'Argenio (University of Naples) with the sponsorship of SMED(the UNESCO-CNR Office for Scientific and Technological Cooperation with Mediterranean Countries). On that st occasion, the head of the Italian delegation to the coming 31 IGCProf. Gian Battista Vaichampionedthe notionthat - had the bid been accepted - such cooperationshould have not only translated into the participation of the Mediterranean countries in the organization of the future congress, but also should have been a springboard for launching a scientific project focused on the Mediterranean region and whose re- sults had to be presented at the congress. st During the 31 IGCin Riode Janeiro,after the designation of Florence bythe lUGS nd Council as the venue for the 32 IGC,the Mediterranean Consortium was set up. In its full configuration, the Consortium was an association of thirty-one Mediterra- nean and nearbycountries. Alongwith Italy,they are:Albania,Algeria,Austria, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya,Macedonia, Malta,Morocco,Palestine, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain, Switzerland, Syria,Tunisia, and Turkey. Each member country nominated a National Representative who served as a liai- son between his/her national geological community and the IGCOrganizing Commit- tee.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "It provides the current state-of-the-art on the geodynamic architecture and history of the Mediterranean region … . The TRANSMED Atlas is a very interesting work for those who are working in the Mediterranean and are in need of a concise overview of the current ideas on the geodynamic evolution of this particular region. … A great asset of this atlas is the extensive, up-to-date reference list. The atlas is very well illustrated. The CD-ROM is, moreover, very user friendly." (Manuel Sintubin, Geologica Belgica, Vol. 8 (3), 2005) Table of ContentsOne — Printed Volume.- 1 The Mediterranean Area and the Surrounding Regions: Active Processes, Remnants of Former Tethyan Oceans and Related Thrustbelts.- Abstract.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Mediterranean Fold-and-thrust Belts.- 1.3 Mediterranean Marine Basins.- 1.4 Geological-geophysical Baseline.- 1.4.1 Heat Flow.- 1.4.2 Crustal and Lithospheric Structure.- 1.4.3 Gravity.- 1.4.4 Magnetic Field.- 1.4.5 Seismicity.- 1.4.6 Geodetic Data.- 1.4.7 Stress Field.- 1.5 Global Dynamics and Active Processes Exemplified in the Mediterranean.- 1.5.1 Subduction of the Eastern Mediterranean Lithosphere beneath the Calabrian and Aegean.- 1.5.2 Rifting and Passive Margin Development in Back-arc Regions and Other MediterranRelated to Tectonic Wedges, Tilted Blocks and Sedimentary Loadingean Domains.- 1.5.3 Mud and Salt Diapirism (Eastern Mediterranean Ridge, Alboran Sea, Nile Delta).- 1.5.4 Sea-level Changes, Salinity Crisis, Flooding (Messinian Mediterranean versus Pleistocene Black Sea).- 1.6 Record of Ancient Dynamics of the Tethyan Oceans, Ophiolitic Sutures, Mantle Tomography versus Paleogeography of the Mediterranean Realm.- 1.6.1 Collisional vs. Intracontinental Thrust Belts and Oceanic Sutures.- 1.6.2 Plate Dynamics and Palinspastic Restorations: Demise of the Concept of a Single Tethys.- 1.6.3 Cenozoic Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region.- 1.7 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- 2 A Tomographic View on Western Mediterranean Geodynamics.- Abstract.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Global Tomography Model BS2000.- 2.3 Interpretation of Model BS2000 for the Western Mediterranean Mantle.- 2.3.1 Alps, Apennines, and the Western Mediterranean.- 2.3.2 The Betic-Rif and Alboran Region.- 2.4 Analysis: the Geodynamic Evolution of the Western Mediterranean.- 2.4.1 Tomographic Evidence for Slab Roll-back.- 2.4.2 Northern Apennines and Alpine-Tethys Subduction.- 2.4.3 Slab Detachment beneath the Central-southern Apennines.- 2.4.4 Calabria Subduction.- 2.4.5 The North African Margin.- 2.4.6 Betic-Rif and Alboran Region: I. Subduction and Roll-back of Predominantly Oceanic Lithosphere.- 2.4.7 Betic-Rif and Alboran Region: II. Development of Arc Geometry and Subduction Roll-back.- 2.4.8 Synthesis of Tomographic Constraints on the Geodynamic Evolution of the Western Mediterranean Region.- 2.5 Summary.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix 1 (CD-ROM).- Appendix 2 (CD-ROM).- 3 The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain.- Abstract.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Western Tethys Main Plate Tectonic Constraints.- 3.2.1 The East Mediterranean-Neotethys Connection.- 3.2.2 The Apulia-Adria Problem.- 3.3 The Geodynamic Evolution of Greater Apulia and Surrounding Regions.- 3.3.1 Paleotethys Evolution (Figs. 3.2–3.6).- 3.3.2 Cimmerian Events and Triassic Marginal Oceans (Figs. 3.6–3.9).- 3.3.3 The Jurassic Oceans: Alpine Tethys, Central Atlantic and Vardar (Figs. 3.8–3.11).- 3.3.4 The Cretaceous Oceans: North Atlantic and the Pyrenean Domain (Figs. 3.10–3.14).- 3.4 The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time.- 3.4.1 Transects I-II-III West.- 3.4.2 Transects IV-V-VI.- 3.4.3 Transects III East, VII and VIII.- 3.5 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix 3 (CD-ROM).- References: Preface, Chapters 1, 2 and 3.- References: CD-ROM.- Transect I: Iberian Meseta — Guadalquivir Basin — Betic Cordillera — Alboran Sea — Rif — Moroccan Meseta — High Atlas — Sahara Domain.- Transect II: Aquitaine Basin — Pyrenees — Ebro Basin — Catalan Coastal Ranges — Valencia Trough — Balearic Promontory — Algerian Basin — Kabylies — Atlas — Saharan Domain.- Transect III: Massif Central — Provence — Gulf of Lion — Provençal Basin — Sardinia — Tyrrhenian Basin — Southern Apennines — Apulia — Adriatic Sea — Albanian Dinarides — Balkans — Moesian Platform.- Transects IV, V and VI: The Alps and Their Forelands.- Transect VII: East European Craton — Scythian Platform — Dobrogea — Balkanides — Rhodope Massif — Hellenides — East Mediterranean — Cyrenaica.- Transect VIII: Eastern European Craton — Crimea — Black Sea — Anatolia C2014; Cyprus — Levant Sea — Sinai — Red Sea.

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Book SynopsisThe existence of neutron stars was not only a brilliant theoretical prediction, but also one of the most unexpected and astonishing discoveries of all heavenly bodies. Twenty-five years after the remarkable event of their discovery, neutron stars, which are the densest, the most strongly magnetized, and the most rapid­ ly rotating bodies in the Galaxy, remain objects of intense interest. This book is a revised and enlarged version of the original Russian edition. The last five years were marked by the discovery of a supernova in the closest galaxy and dozens of X-ray sources and millisecond pulsars, which apparently confirm the validity of the basic ideas underlying these discoveries. The author has concentrated on the astrophysical manifestations of neutron stars, which are believed mainly to be associated with the nature of their interaction with their surroundings. Naturally, this approach does not leave much room for a detailed description of the internal structure of these stars. Fortunately, there exists an excellent monograph by S. L. Shapiro and S. A. Teukolsky (Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars, Wiley, New York 1985) which deals mainly with the purely physical problems. Moreover, the publication of such a book in the West partly makes amends for the lack of information about the work being done by Soviet scientists in this field.Table of Contents1. Theoretical and Observational Principles of the Astrophysics of Neutron Stars.- 1.1 Prediction.- 1.2 Accretion.- 1.3 Rotation and Magnetic Field.- 1.4 Radiopulsars.- 1.5 New Ideas.- 1.6 X-Ray Pulsars.- 1.7 X-Ray Bursters.- 1.8 Bursts and Other Sources of Gamma Rays.- 1.9 General View.- 2. Structure of Neutron Stars.- 2.1 Equilibrium of Stars.- 2.2 Exact Equilibrium Equations for Cold Stars.- 2.3 Physical Conditions Inside Neutron Stars.- 2.4 Parameters of Neutron Stars.- 2.5 Mass of Neutron Stars.- 2.6 Rotational Effects.- 3. Fluid Dynamics of Accretion.- 3.1 Spherically Symmetric Accretion.- 3.2 The Role of Radiation and Ejection.- 3.3 Spherical Accretion to a Neutron Star Without a Magnetic Field.- 3.4 Capture of Matter by a Moving Star.- 3.5 Fluid Dynamics of Cylindrical Accretion.- 3.6 Disk Accretion.- 3.7 Luminosity and Spectrum of Accretion Disks.- 3.8 Supercritical Disk Accretion.- 3.9 Accretion in Binary Systems.- 3.9.1 Overflow Through the Inner Lagrangian Point.- 3.9.2 Accretion from Stellar Wind.- 3.10 Two-Stream Accretion.- 3.11 Accretion of Magnetic Fields.- 4. Classification of Neutron Stars.- 4.1 Magnetic Dipole.- 4.2 Stopping Radius.- 4.3 Stopping Radius in the Supercritical Case.- 4.4 The Effect of a Magnetic Field.- 4.5 Gravimagnetic Parameter.- 4.6 Corotation Radius.- 4.7 Nomenclature.- 4.8 Critical Periods. The p-y and p-L Diagrams.- 5. Boundaries. Magnetospheres of Slowly Rotating Neutron Stars.- 5.1 Physical Conditions in the Alfvén Zone.- 5.2 Formulation of the Problem.- 5.3 Simple Configurations.- 5.4 Magnetosphere in Spherically Symmetric Accretion.- 5.5 Pascal’s Pressure Law.- 5.5.1 Two-Dimensional Solutions.- 5.5.2 Three-Dimensional Solutions.- 5.6 A Dipole Confined by an Ideally Conducting Disk.- 5.6.1 Two-Dimensional Model.- 5.6.2 Three-Dimensional Problem.- 5.6.3 Dipole Rotation.- 5.7 Magnetosphere in a Plane-parallel Plasma Flow.- 5.7.1 Two-Dimensional Solution.- 5.7.2 Three-Dimensional Solution.- 5.8 Two-Stream Accretion.- 6. Accreting Neutron Stars.- 6.1 Boundary Stability.- 6.1.1 Spherically Symmetric Accretion.- 6.1.2 Disk Accretion onto a Magnetized Neutron Star.- 6.1.3 Torsion of an Accretion Disk by Magnetic Forces.- 6.1.4 Magnetosphere Boundary Stability for Two-Stream Accretion.- 6.2 The Polar Column.- 6.3 Spin-up, Spin-down and Induced Precession of Accreting Stars.- 6.3.1 Spin-up Torque.- 6.3.2 Spin-down Torque.- 6.3.3 Analytical Model of Torques Applied to a Magnetized Accreting Star.- 6.3.4 Equilibrium Period.- 6.4 Observed Properties of X-Ray Pulsars.- 6.5 Energy Parameters of Pulsars and Transport of Matter in Binary Systems.- 6.6 Spectrum and Magnetic Fields.- 6.7 Periods of X-Ray Pulsars and Their Variation.- 6.7.1 Equilibrium of X-Ray Pulsars.- 6.7.2 Magnetic Fields of X-Ray Pulsars.- 6.7.3 Reasons Behind the Average Spin-up of X-Ray Pulsars.- 6.7.4 Rapid Fluctuation of Periods and Internal Structure of Neutron Stars.- 6.8 Variability of X-Ray Sources. Transients.- 6.9 Generation of Relativistic Particles.- 6.10 X-Ray Bursters.- 6.10.1 Localization and Spatial Distribution.- 6.10.2 Periodic Variations of X-Ray Flux. X-Ray Eclipses.- 6.10.3 Luminosity and Spectra of Bursters.- 6.11 Nuclear Burning at the Surface of Neutron Stars. Spherically Symmetric Model.- 6.12 Accretion to X-Ray Bursters.- 6.12.1 Accretion for ? Stars.- 7. The “Propeller” Regime.- 7.1 Quasistatic Shells.- 7.1.1 Supersonic Propeller.- 7.1.2 Subsonic Propeller.- 7.1.3 Very Rapid Propeller.- 7.1.4 Nongravitating Propeller.- 7.2 Spinning-down in the Boundary Layer.- 7.3 Two-Stream Flow Formation due to the Propeller Effect.- 7.3.1 Stationary Flow from Disks.- 7.3.2 Time-Dependent Solution.- 7.4 Dead Disks and Accumulator Disks.- 7.5 Nonstationary Disk Accretion. Model of Transient X-Ray Sources.- 7.6 Relativistic Propeller.- 7.7 Objects That Can Become Propellers.- 7.7.1 Binary Systems.- 7.7.2 Single Neutron Stars.- 8. Ejecting Stars.- 8.1 Observed Characteristics of Radiopulsars.- 8.1.1 Periods and Their Variation.- 8.1.2 Pulse Structure.- 8.1.3 Spectrum and Luminosity.- 8.1.4 Distribution of Pulsars in Space.- 8.1.5 Spatial Velocity of Radiopulsars.- 8.1.6 Pulsars and Binary Systems.- 8.2 Radiopulsars as Ejecting Neutron Stars.- 8.3 Pulsar Electrodynamics and Generation of Relativistic Particles.- 8.3.1 Vacuum Approximation.- 8.3.2 Magnetosphere in the Presence of Plasma.- 8.4 Mechanisms of Radiation.- 8.5 Caverns Around Neutron Stars.- 8.5.1 Caverns in Binary Systems.- 8.5.2 Caverns Around a Single Neutron Star.- 8.5.3 Effect of Relativistic Wind on Accretion Flow Parameters.- 8.6 Change in Radiopulsar Period.- 8.6.1 Spin-down of Pulsars and Their Magnetic Fields.- 8.6.2 Spin-up Episodes and Internal Structure of Neutron Stars.- 8.7 Evolution of Radiopulsars.- 8.7.1 Origin and Age of Pulsars.- 8.7.2 Evolution of the Radiopulsar Period.- 8.8 Spatial Velocities of Radiopulsars.- 8.9 Ejecting Stars in Binary Systems.- 8.9.1 Radiopulsars Forming Pairs with Degenerate Stars.- 8.9.2 “Reflection” Effect.- 8.9.3 Observational Evidence of the Existence of Ejecting Stars in Binary Systems.- 9. Supercritical Regimes.- 9.1 Superaccretor.- 9.1.1 Accretion Pattern.- 9.1.2 Neutrino Pulsar.- 9.1.3 Spin-up and Spin-down.- 9.2 Superejectors and Superpropellers.- 9.3 Is SS 433 a Superaccretor?.- 9.4 Other Candidates.- 10. Stars with an Anomalously Low Value of Gravimagnetic Parameter.- 10.1 Georotators.- 10.2 Binary Magnetic Systems (Magnetors).- 11. Evolution of Stars.- 11.1 Normal Stars.- 11.1.1 Single Stars.- 11.1.2 Binary Stars.- 11.2 Evolution of Neutron Stars.- 11.2.1 Evolution Equation.- 11.2.2 Statistical Description of the Ensemble of Neutron Stars.- 11.3 Neutron Star Tracks.- 11.4 Numerical Simulation of the Joint Evolution of Normal and Neutron Stars.- 11.4.1 Computational Method.- 11.4.2 Evolutionary Tracks.- 11.4.3 Simulation of X-Ray Pulsars (Stage IIA) and the Choice of Optimal Parameters.- 11.4.4 Abundance of Different Types of Systems in the Galaxy.- 11.4.5 Physical Characteristics of Neutron Stars at Various Stages of Evolution.- 11.4.6 Two Types of Radiopulsars.- 11.5 Possible Candidates.- 11.5.1 “Runaway” Stars.- 11.5.2 The SS 433 Object.- 11.5.3 “Single” Wolf-Rayet Stars.- 11.5.4 Collapse Anisotropy.- 11.5.5 Other Numerical Models.- Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities.- Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) Instability.- Commutation Instability.- References.

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Book SynopsisBy the year 2000, the number of people at risk from volcanic hazards is likely to increase to around half a billion. Since 1980, significant advances have been made in volcano monitoring, the data from which provides the sole scientific basis for eruption prediction. Here, internationally renowned and highly experienced specialists provide 25 comprehensive articles covering a wide range of related topics: monitoring techniques and data analysis; modelling of monitoring data and eruptive phenomena; volcanic hazards and risk assessment; and volcanic emergency management. Selected case histories of recent volcanic disasters, such as Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, demonstrate that effective communication - between scientists, civil authorities, the media and the population at risk - is essential to reducing the danger.Table of ContentsI Volcano Monitoring: Techniques and Case Histories.- A Review of Volcano Geophysics and Volcano-Monitoring Methods.- New Methods and Future Trends in Seismological Volcano Monitoring.- Seismic Monitoring and Eruption Forecasting of Volcanoes: A Review of the State-of-the-Art and Case Histories.- Ground-Deformation Methods and Results.- Microgravity Monitoring.- Chemical Characters of the Gaseous Phase in Different Stages of Volcanism: Precursors and Volcanic Activity.- Chemical Composition of Volcanic Gases.- Satellite Monitoring of Volcanoes.- Detection of Explosive Eruptions and Regional Tracking of Volcanic Ash Clouds with Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS).- The Integrated Mobile Volcano-Monitoring System Used by the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP).- II Modeling of Monitoring Data and Eruptive Phenomena.- Ground Deformation Modeling in Volcanic Areas.- Physical Modeling of Collapsing Volcanic Columns and Pyroclastic Flows.- Modeling of Tephra Fallout from Explosive Eruptions.- Physical Modeling of Eruptive Phenomena: Lahars.- Patterns and Predictability in the Emplacement of Subaerial Lava Flow and Flow Fields.- III Volcano Hazards and Risk Assessment.- Hazards of Large Volcanic Debris Avalanches and Associated Eruptive Phenomena.- Hazardous Crater Lakes.- Long-Term Probabilistic Analysis of Future Explosive Eruptions.- Quantitative Reconstruction of Recent Volcanic Activity: A Contribution to Forecasting of Future Eruptions.- Volcanic Hazards Risk Assessment.- IV Volcanic Emergency Management.- Mitigation Measures and Preparedness Plans for Volcanic Emergencies.- The Management of Volcano Emergencies: Nevado del Ruiz.- The Problem of Volcanic Unrest: The Campi Flegrei Case History.- Volcanic Emergency Management in Japan: Case Histories of Izu-Oshima and Unzen.- The Narrow Margin of Successful Volcanic-Risk Mitigation.

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Book SynopsisA thorough introduction to the computation of celestial mechanics, covering everything from astronomical and computational theory to the construction of rapid and accurate applications programs. The book supplies the necessary knowledge and software solutions for determining and predicting positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, minor planets and comets, solar eclipses, stellar occultations by the Moon, phases of the Moon and much more. This completely revised edition takes advantage of C++, and individual applications may be efficiently realized through the use of a powerful module library. The accompanying CD-ROM contains the complete, fully documented and commented source codes as well as executable programs for Windows 98/2000/XP and LINUX.Table of Contents1 Introduction.- 2 Coordinate Systems.- 3 Calculation of Rising and Setting Times.- 4 Cometary Orbits.- 5 Special Perturbations.- 6 Planetary Orbits.- 7 Physical Ephemerides of the Planets.- 8 The Orbit of the Moon.- 9 Solar Eclipses.- 10 Stellar Occultations.- 11 Orbit Determination.- 12 Astrometry.- A.1 The Accompanying CD-ROM.- A.1.1 Contents.- A.1.2 System Requirements.- A.1.3 Executing the Programs.- A.2 Compiling and Linking the Programs.- A.2.1 General Advice on Computer-Specific Modifications.- A.2.2 Microsoft Visual C++ for Windows 98/2000/XP.- A.2.3 GNU C++ for Linux.- A.3 List of the Library Functions.- Symbols.

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Book SynopsisDas Handbuch vermittelt die Grundlagen wie das thermische Regime der Erde, die oberflächennahe Geologie, geologisch-geophysikalische Grundlagen, zugrunde liegende mathematische Methoden, Risikomanagement und Bohrtechniken. In den angewandten Kapiteln geht es konkret um Geothermieprojekte aus der Sicht eines Bauherren, u.a. um Heizlastberechnung und die hydraulische Abgleichung, daneben um das Projektmanagement, zu berücksichtigende Umweltaspekte, Finanzierung und Fördermöglichkeiten und die Dimensionierung von Anlagen. Auch Verfahrenstechnische Grundlagen, die Maschinentechnik, die Qualitätssicherung und Fragen der Kommunikation und Akzeptanz wie auch der Arbeitssicherheit und des Gesundheitsschutzes werden behandelt. Auch wenn der Schwerpunkt des Handbuches auf Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz liegt, so wird auch auf die Oberflächennahe Geothermiebranche weltweit eingegangen und Herausforderungen wie auch Chancen und Perspektiven aufgezeigt.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on the principles and applications of electric logging, sonic logging, nuclear logging, production logging and NMR logging, especially LWD tools, Sondex production logging tools and other advanced image logging techniques, such as ECLIPS 5700, EXCELL 2000 etc. that have been developed and used in the last two decades. Moreover, it examines the fundamentals of rock mechanics, which contribute to applications concerning the stability of borehole sidewall, safety density window of drilling fluid, fracturing etc. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a wide range of readers, including students majoring in petrophysics, geophysics, geology and seismology, and engineers working in well logging and exploitation.Table of ContentsElectrical Logging.- Sonic Logs.- Nuclear Logs.- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- Production Logging(PL).- Logging While Drilling(LWD).- The Advanced Well Logging Technology.- Rock Mechanics.- Integrated Interpretation of Well Logging Data.

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Book SynopsisSelbstkonsistente Darstellung von Schlüssel- und Transfermethodologien vom Realitätsraum geodätischer Messungen und Beobachtungen in den Modellraum mathematischer Strukturen und Lösungen und zurück, neue Perspektiven und Forschungstrends im Bereich Mathematischer Geodäsie.Table of ContentsBackground.- Special Functions Based Methods.- Statistical Methods.- Approximation and Numerical Methods.- Reference Systems and Monitoring Methods.- Inverse Problems and Least Squares Methods.- Inverse Problems and Multiscale Methods.- Methods for Satellite and Space Techniques.

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Book SynopsisKräften und Spannungen der Erde auf der Spur Kräfte aus dem Inneren der Erde bauen Spannungen in den Kontinenten und den Böden der Ozeane auf. Gesteine werden zerbrochen, gegeneinander geschoben, übereinander gestapelt und gefaltet. So entstehen tektonische Strukturen, die den Bau und die Entwicklung von Gebirgen und Meeresbecken charakterisieren. Claus-Dieter Reuther erklärt klar und verständlich die theoretischen Grundlagen der Tektonik – Kräfte und Spannungen – sowie die Deformationsarten und die Mechanismen der Verformung, die damit verbunden sind. Anschaulich beschreibt und erklärt er die daraus resultierenden tektonischen Strukturen: Klüfte, Abschiebungen, Horizontalverschiebungen, Aufschiebungen, Falten etc. Hervorzuheben sind die zahlreichen farbigen Grafiken und Fotos. Kenntnisse über die Entstehung tektonischer Strukturen finden ihre praktische Anwendung z. B. in der Exploration und Analyse bestimmter Lagerstätten oder in der Messung aktueller Spannungszustände an tektonischen Strukturen, die Hinweise auf mögliche Gefahren, z. B. an Gebirgshängen und in Erdbebengebieten, geben. Das Buch wendet sich an eine geologisch interessierte Leserschaft, insbesondere an Studierende der geowissenschaftlichen Bachelor-Studiengänge.Table of ContentsA Die Erde als dynamischer Körper.- 1 Grundlagen der Tektonik und Strukturgeologie.- 2 Kräfte in der Lithosphäre.- 2.1 Körperkräfte und Oberflächenkräfte.- 2.2 Abriss zur dynamischen Entwicklung unserer Erde.- B Tektonische Strukturen.- 3 Brüche.- 3.1 Definition und Mechanismen der Bruchausbreitung.- 3.2 Bruchmechanik.-3.2.1 Entstehung von Zugbrüchen.- 3.2.2 Entstehung von Extensionsbrüchen.- (Longitudinales „splitting“).- 3.2.3 Entstehung von Scherbrüchen.- 4 Klüfte.- 4.1 Definition zu Klüften und Kluftsystemen.- 4.2 Kluftstrukturen.- 4.2.1 Haupt- und Nebenklüfte.- 4.2.2 Besenstrukturen.- 4.3 Kluftentstehung im lokal- und regional-geologischen Kontext.- 4.3.1 Nicht-tektonische Klüfte.- 4.3.2 Tektonische Klüfte.- 4.4 Kluftanalyse.- 4.4.1 Geometrische Beziehung von Klüften zueinander.- 4.4.2 Übergang zwischen verschiedenen Klufttypen.- 4.5 Gänge.- 4.5.1 Entstehung magmatischer Gänge.- 4.5.2 Sedimentäre Gänge.- 5 Verwerfungen.- 5.1 Terminologie von Verwerfungen.- 5.2 Bewegungssinn von Verwerfungen.- 5.3 Zusammenhang zwischen Verwerfungsart und Hauptspannungsrichtungen.- 5.4 Verwerfungen im krustalen Spannungsfeld.- 6 Abschiebungen.- 6.1 Definition.- 6.2 Dehnungstektonik und ihre Ursachen.- 6.3 Nomenklatur und Geometrie von Abschiebungen.- 6.4 Schichtverbiegungen und Faltung an Abschiebungen.- 7 Horizontalverschiebungen.- 7.1 Terminologie.- 7.2 Horizontal verschiebungstektonik und ihre Ursachen.- 7.2.1 Transformstörungen.- 7.2.2 Horizontalverschiebungen (transcurrent.- faults).- 7.3 Mechanik von Horizontalverschiebungen.- 7.3.1 Horizontalverschiebung bei reiner Scherung.- 7.3.2 Horizontalverschiebung bei einfacher Scherung.- 7.3.3 Verbindungsstrukturen.- 7.3.4 Transpression und Transtension.- 8 Auf- und Überschiebungen.- 8.1 Definitionen.- 8.2 Auf- und Überschiebungstektonik.- 8.2.1 Plattentektonische Konvergenzzonen.- 8.2.2 Weitere Ursachen von Auf- und Überschiebungen.- 8.3 Klassifikation und Kinematik von Auf- und Überschiebungen.- 8.4 Nomenklatur von Auf- und Überschiebungen.- 9 Inversionstektonik – Reaktivierung präexistenter Krustenstrukturen.- 9.1 Definition.- 9.2 Positive Inversion.- 9.3 Negative Inversion.- 9.4 Reaktivierung von Grabenstrukturen als Horizontalverschiebungen.- 10 Falten.- 10.1 Definition.- 10.2 Tektonischer Rahmen und Mechanismus von Faltung.- 10.2.1 Elemente und Geometrie von Falten.- 10.2.2 Faltungsmechanismen.- 10.2.3 Zusammenwirken verschiedener Faltungsmechanismen bei der Entwicklung von Sekundärstrukturen in Falten.- 10.3 Falten und Spalten.- 10.4 Atektonische Falten.- 10.4.1 Fließfalten.- 10.4.2 Rutschfalten.- 11 Foliation und Lineationen.- 11.1 Definition.- 11.2 Tektonite.- 11.3 Foliationen.- 11.3.1 Mechanismen zur Entstehung von Schieferungen.- 11.3.2 Morphologische Klassifizierung von Schieferungen.- 11.3.3 Die Beziehungen zwischen Schieferung und Falten.- 11.3.4 Geometrische Beziehungen zwischen Faltenbildung und gleichzeitiger Schieferung.- 11.3.5 Schieferung in duktilen Scherzonen.- 11.4 Lineationen.- 11.4.1 Strukturelle Lineationen.- 11.4.2 Boudin-Linien und Boudinage.- 11.4.3 Mullions.- 11.4.4 Minerallineationen.- 11.4.5 Nicht-penetrative Lineationen.- 12 Diapirismus.- 12.1 Definition.- 12.2 Gneis-Dome.- 12.3 Salzstöcke.- 12.3.1 Übersicht der Salzstrukturen.- 12.3.2 Salztektonik.- 12.3.3 Gravitativ bedingte Salzbewegung.- 12.4 Halotektonischer Diapirismus.- 12.4.1 Tektonische Extension und Salzdiapirismus.- 12.4.2 Tektonische Kompression und Salzdiapirismus.- 12.4.3 Salzdecken.- 12.4.4 Passiver Salzdiapirismus.- 12.4.5 Salzbewegungen durch gravitativ bedingte Extension und Kompression2.- 13 Neotektonik.- 13.1 Defintion.- 13.2 Wechselbeziehungen zu geowissenschaftlichen Nachbardisziplinen.- 13.2.1 Fernerkundung.- 13.2.2 Geodäsie.- 13.2.3 Tektonische Geomorphologie / Morphotektonik.- 13.2.4 Paläoseismologie.- 13.2.5 Seismotektonik.- 13.2.6 Weitere geophysikalische Verfahren.- 13.2.7 Felsmechanik.- 13.3 In situ-Bestimmung aktiver Gesteinsspannungen.-13.3.1 Messungen an der Oberfläche.- 13.3.2 Oberflächennahe Messungen in flachen Bohrlöchern.- 13.3.3 Spannungs bestimmungen in tiefen Bohrlöchern.- 13.4 Ermittlung von potentiell aktiven Verwerfungen mit Radon-Messungen im Bodengas.- 13.5 Neotektonik und Georisiken.- 13.5.1 Tsunamis.- 13.5.2 Bergstürze und Massenbewegungen.- 13.5.3 Erdfälle in der Folge von Salztektonik.- 13.6 Altersbestimmung in der Neotektonik.- 14 Tektonik und Klima.- 14.1 Wechselwirkungen zwischen Tektonik und Klima.- 14.2 Regionale Beispiele.- 14.2.1 Die Anden.- 14.2.2 Das Ostafrikanische Grabensystem.- 14.3 Plattentektonik und Klima.- C Theorie und Auswertung.- 15 Spannungen.- 15.1 Allgemeine Definition von Spannung.- 15.2 Der Spannungsbegriff.- 15.3 Spannungszustand an einem Punkt.- 15.3.1 Spannungsellipsoid.- 15.4 Der Mohr’sche Spannungskreis.- 15.4.1 Maximale Scherspannung.- 15.4.2 Reine Scherspannung.- 15.5 Grenzen der Spannung.- 15.5.1 Der Bruch des Gesteins.- 15.5.2 Reibung.- 15.5.3 Bruchkriterium für Zugbrüche.- 15.5.4 Auswirkungen von Porenflüssigkeiten auf das Bruchverhalten und Reibungsgleiten von Gesteinen.- 16 Deformation.- 16.1 Definition.- 16.2 Arten der Deformation.- 16.2.1 Translation, Rotation, interne Deformation und Volumenänderung.- 16.2.2 Homogene Deformation und inhomogene Deformation.- 16.3 Deformationsanalyse.- 16.3.1 Lineare Deformation.- 16.3.2 Winkelscherung ψ und Scherverformung γ.- 16.3.3 Volumenverformung.- 16.3.4 Deformationsellipsoid.- 16.3.5 Allgemeine Verformung von Linien.- 16.3.6 Infinitesimale Verformung und finite Deformation.- 16.3.7 Die Deformationsgleichungen.- 16.3.8 Der Mohr’sche Deformationskreis.- 16.3.9 Reine versus einfache Scherung.- 16.3.10 Teilchenbewegung bei progressiver Deformation.- 17 Verformungsverhalten.- 17.1 Zusammenhang zwischen Spannung und Deformation.- 17.1.1 Elastische Verformung.- 17.1.2 Viskose Verformung.- 17.1.3 Plastische Verformung.- 17.1.4 Spröde und duktile Gesteinsdeformation.- 17.1.5 Spannung und Gesteinsdeformation.- 17.2.1 Elastizitätsmodul.- 17.2.2 Poisson-Zahl.- D Anwendung in der Praxis.- 18 Angewandte Tektonik.- 18.1 Tektonische Strukturen und Lagerstätten.- 18.1.1 Strukturbedingte Erzlagerstätten und nichtmetallische Minerallagerstätten.- 18.1.2 Strukturbedingte Erdöl- und ErdgasLagerstätten.- 18.2 Tektonische Strukturen und Grundwasser.- 18.2.1 Überblick Grundwasser.- 18.2.2 Strukturgeologische Beispiele.- 18.3 Tektonische Strukturen und.- Geothermie.- 18.3.1 Überblick Geothermie.- 18.3.2 Tektonik und Geothermie.- 18.4 Tektonische Strukturen und.- Baugeologie.- 19 Einmessung und graphische Darstellung von Flächen und Linearen.- 19.1 Messungen mit dem Geologenkompass im Gelände.- 19.2 Graphische Darstellung von Flächen und Linearen.- 19.3 Eintragung von Flächen und Linearen in das Schmidt’sche Netz.- Literatur.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch stellt das Grundwissen der Mineralogie knapp und verständlich dar. Als Studierende der Mineralogie, Geowissenschaften, Werkstoff-/ Materialwissenschaften und benachbarter Fachrichtungen, werden Ihnen die essentiellen physikalisch-chemischen Grundlagen in diesem Lehrbuch übersichtlich vorgestellt. Als Absolventen dient Ihnen diese kurze Zusammenstellung hervorragend zum Nachschlagen der wichtigsten Fakten.Es werden vier große Kernbereiche behandelt:Die Kristallographie, von den Grundlagen der Symmetrie bis hin zum Realkristall, vom Feinbau der Kristalle über die Bravais Gitter, röntgenographische Grundlagen bis zum Realbau der Kristalle.Die Kristallchemie, mit den grundlegenden Prinzipien, chemischen Variationen und ausgewählten Begrifflichkeiten.Die Mineralphysik, mit einem Überblick der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Kristallen. Und die Phasenlehre mit geometrischer Betrachtung und Interpretation von unären, binären und ternären Systemen allgemeiner Art.Table of ContentsKristallographie.- Kristallchemie.- Mineralphysik/Materialphysik.- Phasenlehre - heterogene Gleichgewichte.

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Book SynopsisWas treibt den Klimawandel voran? Welche Auswirkungen hat er auf die Ökosysteme der Erde, unsere Umwelt und uns? Was kann ich tun? Dieses Buch erklärt verständlich und übersichtlich die Zusammenhänge, Einflussfaktoren und Auswirkungen zur größten Herausforderung der Menschheit: dem Klimawandel.Das Autorenteam stellt in klarer Sprache über 100 Aspekte auf jeweils einer Doppelseite dar. Mit eindrucksvollen Sketchnotes illustriert und veranschaulicht Professorin und Sketchnoterin Katharina Theis-Bröhl die manchmal einfachen, manchmal komplizierten Sachverhalte immer verständlich. Denn: Sketchnotes sind nicht nur schön anzusehen – sie sind auch eine effektive Merkhilfe, ein Strukturmittel und eine Hilfe, das Wesentliche herauszukristallisieren. Verständliche Begleittexte von Cecilia Scorza-Lesch und Harald Lesch runden das jeweilige Thema informativ ab.Mit diesem Buch können Sie die Ursachen des Klimawandels verstehen, die physikalischen Zusammenhänge entdecken und sowohl lokale als auch globale Auswirkungen erkennen. Sie erfahren, welche Rolle unsere Lage im Sonnensystem spielt, welche Rückkopplungsprozesse es bei der Erderwärmung gibt und was es bedeutet, wenn die Ozeane versauern. Und letztendlich wird die Frage gestellt: Wie viel Zeit haben wir noch, zu handeln? Aus dem Inhalt: Wie besonders ist die Erde? Den Treibhauseffekt verstehen Das Klimasystem der Erde Der Klimawandel Auswirkungen des Klimawandels Was kann ich tun? Zukunftsblick Trade Review“Obwohl man meinen könnte, dass zum Thema Klimawandel schon genug gesagt und publiziert worden ist, darf dieses Buch meiner Meinung nach in keiner Bücherei fehlen. Es vermittelt umfassend und fundiert wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, die dabei helfen, den Klimawandel zu verstehen. ... Ich denke, dass sich das Buch an alle Altersklassen richtet und auch vorgelesen werden kann ...” (Sophia Dietzel, in: Buchprofile medienprofile, Jg. 67, Heft 2, 2022)Table of ContentsWie besonders ist die Erde?.- Den Treibhauseffekt verstehen.- Das Klimasystem der Erde.- Der Klimawandel.- Auswirkungen des Klimawandels.- Was kann ich tun?.- Zukunftsblick.

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