Energy Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review"From the first we realize Fuel is not a traditional academic essay, but a fantastic dictionary, full of tall tales, craziness, real history, fake history, anticipations of the future, segues from one fuel form or fantasy to another, and sheer nonsense tied to hard truths. In this sense it's like fuel—there at the beginning and still with us, kicking and screaming, to the bitter end."—Allan Stoekl, Pennsylvania State University"With a nod to dictionary mania of Jules Verne, Fuel maps what starts as the common law right to a small bundle of wood but becomes an ever more dangerous dream of the power of pure fuel-less energy. Air, amber, bitumen . . . coal, cobalt, coke . . . Pinkus brilliantly punctures this gaseous utopian fantasy of an immaterial fuel and gestures toward a present less addicted to future fuels."—Elizabeth A. Povinelli, Columbia University"Pinkus totes a toolbox packed with allegory and alchemy, theories and thinkers with which to prod her materials. The fuels catalogued range from the (seemingly) obvious – wood, coal, oil, uranium – through the more fictional-imaginative – the philosopher’s stone, dilithium crystals – to the (seemingly) absurd – albatrosses, goats, the arrow of Eros, patriotism."—New Scientist"An illuminating read for those engaging in interdisciplinary work on the concerns of climate change."—CHOICE"A heroic effort to remind us that sustainability is often an illusion caused by our human-sized view of the world."—The Manchester Review of Books"Inventive and engaging."—Los Angeles Review of Books "Pinkus’s innovative and eccentric book proves to be the perfect gateway to analyze underrepresented perspectives of the energy world, destabilizing existing narratives about fuels." —PoLARTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsFuel: A Speculative DictionaryNotesBibliography

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Book SynopsisExtensively using experimental and numerical illustrations, Combustion Phenomena: Selected Mechanisms of Flame Formation, Propagation, and Extinction provides a comprehensive survey of the fundamental processes of flame formation, propagation, and extinction. Taking you through the stages of combustion, leading experts visually display, mathematically explain, and clearly theorize on important physical topics of combustion. After a historical introduction to the field, they discuss combustion chemistry, flammability limits, and spark ignition. They also study counterflow twin-flame configuration, flame in a vortex core, the propagation characteristics of edge flames, instabilities, and tulip flames. In addition, the book describes flame extinction in narrow channels, global quenching of premixed flames by turbulence, counterflow premixed flame extinction limits, the interaction of flames with fluids in rotating vessels, and turbulent flames. The final chapterTable of ContentsChallenges in Combustion. Measurements to Unravel Combustion Chemistry. Flammability Limits, Ignition of a Flammable Mixture, and Limit Flame Extinction. Influence of Boundary Conditions on Flame Propagation. Instability Phenomena during Flame Propagation. Different Methods of Flame Quenching. Turbulent Flames. Other Interesting Cases of Combustion and Flame Formation. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on third European Conference on Energy from Biomass held in Venice. It covers energy security, environmental aspects, relieving the overproduction in some agricultural sectors and creation of jobs in rural areas.Table of Contents1. Opening Session 2. Session I: The European Scene 3. Session II: Technical Sessions 4. Session III: Implementation 5. Summaries of Round Tables 6. Summaries of Round Tables 7. Contributed Papers

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides essential understanding of flows in fire and smoke dynamics in enclosures, covering combustion, heat transfer and fire suppression in more detail than other introductory books. It moves from the basic equations for turbulent flows with combustion, through a discussion of the structure of flames, to fire and smoke plumes and their interaction with enclosure boundaries. This is then applied to fire dynamics and smoke and heat control in enclosures. This new edition provides considerably more on the fluid mechanics of the effect of water, and on fire dynamics modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Presents worked examples taken from practical, everyday fire-related problems Covers a broad range of topics, from the basics to state-of-the-art computer simulations of fire and smoke-related fluid mechanics, including the effect of water Provides extensive treatment of the interaction of water sprays with a fire-driven flow Table of Contents1 Introduction. 2 Turbulent Flows with Chemical Reaction. 3 Turbulent Flames and Fire Plumes. 4 Smoke Plumes. 5 Fire and Smoke Dynamics in Enclosures. 6 Driving Forces in Smoke and Heat Control. 7 Impact of Water on Fire and Smoke Dynamics. 8 Introduction to Fire Modelling in Computational Fluid Dynamics.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Nuclear Engineering serves as an accompanying study guide for a complete, introductory single-semester course in nuclear engineering. It is structured for general class use, alongside fundamental nuclear physics and engineering textbooks, and it is equally suited for individual self-study.The book begins with basic modern physics with atomic and nuclear models. It goes on to cover nuclear energetics, radioactivity and decays, and binary nuclear reactions and basic fusion. Exploring basic radiation interactions with matter, the book finishes by discussing nuclear reactor physics, nuclear fuel cycles, and radiation doses and hazard assessment. Each chapter highlights basic concepts, examples, problems with answers, and a final assessment.The book is intended for first-year undergraduate and graduate engineering students taking Nuclear Engineering and Nuclear Energy courses.Table of Contents1. Basic Units and the Atom. 2. Basic Modern Physics. 3. Atomic and Nuclear Models including Chart of Nuclides. 4. Nuclear Energetics I—Binding Energy and Separation Energy. 5. Nuclear Energetics II—Nuclear Reactions and Q-values. 6. Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay. 7. Binary Nuclear Reactions. 8. Radiation Interactions with Matter. 9. Neutrol Chain Reactions and Basic Nuclear Reactor Physics. 10. Nuclear Reactors, Power, and Fuel Cycles. 11. Radiation Doses and Hazards. Appendix I. Appendix II.

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Book SynopsisThe petrochemical industry is a scientific and engineering field that encompasses the production of a wide range of chemicals and polymers. The purpose of this book is not only to provide a follow-on to form the later chapters of the highly successful Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th Edition but also provides a simplified approach to a very diverse chemical subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. Following from the introductory chapters, this book provides the readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. Provides readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis Introduces the reader to the various petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary peTable of ContentsContents Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv About the Author............................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1 The Petrochemical Industry..........................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................1 1.2 Historical Aspects and Overview..................................................................... 10 1.3 The Petrochemical Industry............................................................................. 11 1.4 Petrochemicals.................................................................................................. 17 1.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals...................................................................... 19 1.4.2 Products and End Use......................................................................... 19 1.5 Production of Petrochemicals...........................................................................20 1.6 The Future........................................................................................................24 References...................................................................................................................29 Chapter 2 Feedstock Composition and Properties....................................................................... 31 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Natural Gas....................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Composition and Properties................................................................ 33 2.2.2 Natural Gas Liquids............................................................................ 42 2.2.3 Gas Condensate................................................................................... 43 2.2.4 Gas Hydrates.......................................................................................44 2.2.5 Other Types of Gases..........................................................................46 2.2.5.1 Biogas.................................................................................. 47 2.2.5.2 Coalbed Methane.................................................................48 2.2.5.3 Coal Gas..............................................................................49 2.2.5.4 Geopressurized Gas............................................................. 51 2.2.5.5 Landfill Gas......................................................................... 51 2.2.5.6 Refinery Gas........................................................................ 53 2.2.5.7 Synthesis Gas....................................................................... 57 2.2.5.8 Tight Gas............................................................................. 58 2.3 Petroleum.......................................................................................................... 59 2.3.1 Composition and Properties................................................................ 59 2.3.1.1 Opportunity Crude Oil........................................................ 61 2.3.1.2 High Acid Crude Oil........................................................... 61 2.3.1.3 Foamy Oil............................................................................ 62 2.3.1.4 Tight Oil............................................................................... 62 2.3.2 Other Petroleum-Derived Feedstocks.................................................63 2.3.2.1 Naphtha................................................................................63 2.3.2.2 Kerosene..............................................................................64 2.3.2.3 Fuel Oil................................................................................65 2.3.2.4 Gas Oil................................................................................. 67 2.3.2.5 Residua................................................................................. 67 2.3.2.6 Used Lubricating Oil...........................................................68 2.4 Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen.......................................68 2.4.1 Heavy Oil............................................................................................69 2.4.2 Extra Heavy Oil...................................................................................69 2.4.3 Tar sand Bitumen................................................................................ 71 References................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 3 Other Feedstocks—Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass..................................................... 79 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 79 3.2 Coal.................................................................................................................. 81 3.2.1 Coal Feedstocks..................................................................................82 3.2.2 Properties and Composition................................................................83 3.2.3 Conversion...........................................................................................83 3.2.4 Coal Tar Chemicals.............................................................................85 3.3 Oil Shale...........................................................................................................90 3.3.1 Shale Oil Production...........................................................................90 3.3.2 Shale Oil Properties............................................................................ 91 3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Products.........................................................92 3.3.2.2 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.......................................93 3.3.2.3 Oxygen-Containing Compounds.........................................94 3.3.2.4 Sulfur-Containing Compounds...........................................94 3.4 Biomass............................................................................................................94 3.4.1 Biomass Feedstocks............................................................................97 3.4.1.1 Carbohydrates......................................................................99 3.4.1.2 Vegetable Oils......................................................................99 3.4.1.3 Plant Fibers..........................................................................99 3.4.2 Biorefining......................................................................................... 100 3.4.2.1 Pyrolysis............................................................................ 103 3.4.2.2 Gasification........................................................................ 103 3.4.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion.......................................................... 107 3.4.2.4 Fermentation...................................................................... 110 3.4.3 Chemicals from Biomass.................................................................. 111 3.4.3.1 Gaseous Products............................................................... 111 3.4.3.2 Liquid Products.................................................................. 112 3.4.3.3 Solid Products.................................................................... 114 3.5 Waste.............................................................................................................. 114 References................................................................................................................. 115 Chapter 4 Feedstock Preparation............................................................................................... 119 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 119 4.2 Gas Streams.................................................................................................... 120 4.2.1 Sources.............................................................................................. 121 4.2.1.1 Gas Streams from Natural Gas.......................................... 121 4.2.1.2 Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas........... 123 4.2.1.3 Gas Streams from Crude Oil.............................................124 4.2.2 Gas Processing.................................................................................. 127 4.2.2.1 Acid Gas Removal............................................................. 128 4.2.2.2 Recovery of Condensable Hydrocarbon Derivatives......... 137 4.2.2.3 Water Removal.................................................................. 142 4.2.2.4 Nitrogen Removal.............................................................. 145 4.2.2.5 The Claus Process.............................................................. 145 4.3 Petroleum Streams.......................................................................................... 147 4.3.1 Refinery Configuration...................................................................... 149 4.3.2 Cracking Processes........................................................................... 150 4.3.2.1 Thermal Cracking Processes............................................. 150 4.3.2.2 Catalytic Cracking Processes............................................ 153 4.3.3 Dehydrogenation Processes............................................................... 155 4.3.4 Dehydrocyclization Processes........................................................... 157 4.4 Streams from Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass.................................................. 158 4.4.1 Coal................................................................................................... 158 4.4.1.1 Coal Gas............................................................................ 158 4.4.1.2 Coal Liquids...................................................................... 158 4.4.2 Oil Shale............................................................................................ 159 4.4.2.1 Oil Shale Gas..................................................................... 159 4.4.2.2 Shale Oil............................................................................ 160 4.4.3 Biomass............................................................................................. 161 4.4.3.1 Biogas................................................................................ 161 4.4.3.2 Bio-liquids......................................................................... 161 References................................................................................................................. 162 Chapter 5 Feedstock Preparation by Gasification...................................................................... 165 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 165 5.2 Gasification Chemistry................................................................................... 168 5.2.1 General Aspects................................................................................ 169 5.2.2 Pretreatment...................................................................................... 170 5.2.3 Reactions........................................................................................... 171 5.2.3.1 Primary Gasification.......................................................... 174 5.2.3.2 Secondary Gasification...................................................... 174 5.2.3.3 Water-Gas Shift Reaction.................................................. 176 5.2.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification............................................. 177 5.2.3.5 Hydrogasification............................................................... 178 5.2.3.6 Methanation....................................................................... 178 5.3 Gasification Processes.................................................................................... 179 5.3.1 Gasifiers............................................................................................. 180 5.3.2 FT Synthesis...................................................................................... 181 5.3.3 Feedstocks......................................................................................... 183 5.3.3.1 Heavy Feedstocks.............................................................. 183 5.3.3.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms............................................. 184 5.3.3.3 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch...................................................... 184 5.3.3.4 Petroleum Coke.................................................................. 186 5.3.3.5 Coal.................................................................................... 188 5.3.3.6 Biomass.............................................................................. 189 5.3.3.7 Solid Waste........................................................................ 191 5.3.3.8 Black Liquor...................................................................... 193 5.4 Gasification in a Refinery............................................................................... 193 5.4.1 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks..................................................... 195 5.4.2 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Coal.................................... 195 5.4.3 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Biomass.............................. 196 5.4.4 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Waste.................................. 198 5.5 Gas Production and Other Products............................................................... 198 5.5.1 Gaseous Products.............................................................................. 199 5.5.1.1 Synthesis Gas..................................................................... 199 5.5.1.2 Low Btu Gas......................................................................200 5.5.1.3 Medium Btu Gas................................................................200 5.5.1.4 High Btu Gas..................................................................... 201 5.5.2 Liquid Products................................................................................. 201 5.5.3 Solid Products...................................................................................202 5.6 The Future......................................................................................................202 References.................................................................................................................204 Chapter 6 Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons...................................................................209 6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................209 6.2 Methane.......................................................................................................... 211 6.2.1 Physical Properties............................................................................ 212 6.2.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................................... 213 6.2.3 Chemicals from Methane.................................................................. 215 6.2.3.1 Carbon Disulfide................................................................ 216 6.2.3.2 Ethylene............................................................................. 217 6.2.3.3 Hydrogen Cyanide............................................................. 218 6.2.3.4 Chloromethane Derivatives............................................... 218 6.2.3.5 Synthesis Gas.....................................................................220 6.2.3.6 Urea....................................................................................223 6.2.3.7 Methyl Alcohol..................................................................223 6.2.3.8 Formaldehyde....................................................................226 6.2.3.9 Aldehyde Derivatives.........................................................229 6.2.3.10 Ethylene Glycol..................................................................229 6.2.3.11 Nitration.............................................................................230 6.2.3.12 Oxidation...........................................................................230 6.2.3.13 Carboxylic Acids............................................................... 231 6.2.3.14 Alkylation.......................................................................... 231 6.2.3.15 Thermolysis....................................................................... 232 6.2.4 Oxidative Coupling........................................................................... 233 6.3 Ethane............................................................................................................. 235 6.3.1 Physical Properties............................................................................ 235 6.3.2 Chemical Properties..........................................................................236 6.3.3 Chemicals from Ethane..................................................................... 237 6.4 Propane...........................................................................................................238 6.4.1 Physical Properties............................................................................238 6.4.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................................... 239 6.4.3 Chemicals from Propane...................................................................240 6.4.3.1 Oxidation...........................................................................240 6.4.3.2 Chlorination.......................................................................240 6.4.3.3 Dehydrogenation................................................................ 241 6.4.3.4 Nitration............................................................................. 247 6.5 Butane Isomers............................................................................................... 247 6.5.1 Physical Properties............................................................................249 6.5.2 Chemical Properties..........................................................................249 6.5.3 Chemicals from Butane.....................................................................250 6.5.3.1 Oxidation...........................................................................250 6.5.3.2 Production of Aromatics.................................................... 252 6.5.3.3 Isomerization..................................................................... 252 6.5.4 Chemicals from Isobutane................................................................ 252 6.6 Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues...................................................... 252 6.6.1 Naphtha.............................................................................................254 6.6.1.1 Physical Properties............................................................254 6.6.1.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................... 255 6.6.1.3 Chemicals from Naphtha...................................................256 6.6.2 Kerosene............................................................................................ 257 6.6.2.1 Physical Properties............................................................ 257 6.6.2.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................... 257 6.6.2.3 Chemicals from Kerosene................................................. 258 6.6.3 Gas Oil.............................................................................................. 258 6.6.3.1 Physical Properties............................................................ 258 6.6.3.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................... 259 6.6.3.3 Chemicals from Gas Oil.................................................... 259 6.6.4 Fuel Oil..............................................................................................260 6.6.4.1 Physical Properties............................................................ 261 6.6.4.2 Chemical Properties.......................................................... 261 6.6.4.3 Chemicals from Fuel Oil................................................... 262 6.6.5 Resids................................................................................................ 262 6.6.5.1 Physical Properties............................................................263 6.6.6 Used Lubricating Oil.........................................................................263 6.6.7 Naphthenic Acids..............................................................................263 6.6.8 Chemicals from Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues..............264 6.6.8.1 Oxidation...........................................................................265 6.6.8.2 Chlorination.......................................................................265 6.6.8.3 Sulfonation.........................................................................265 6.6.8.4 Other Products...................................................................266 References.................................................................................................................266 Chapter 7 Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons......................................................................269 7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................269 7.2 Chemicals from Ethylene............................................................................... 271 7.2.1 Alcohols............................................................................................ 273 7.2.2 Alkylation.......................................................................................... 275 7.2.3 Halogen Derivatives.......................................................................... 276 7.2.4 Oxygen Derivatives...........................................................................277 7.2.4.1 Ethylene Glycol.................................................................. 279 7.2.4.2 Ethoxylates......................................................................... 281 7.2.4.3 Ethanolamines...................................................................282 7.2.4.4 1,3-Propanediol..................................................................282 7.2.4.5 Acetaldehyde.....................................................................283 7.2.5 Carbonylation....................................................................................285 7.2.6 Chlorination......................................................................................286 7.2.6.1 Vinyl Chloride...................................................................286 7.2.6.2 Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene..........................287 7.2.7 Hydration...........................................................................................287 7.2.8 Oligomerization.................................................................................288 7.2.9 Polymerization..................................................................................289 7.2.10 1 -Butylene..........................................................................................290 7.2.11 Polymerization..................................................................................290 7.3 Chemicals from Propylene............................................................................. 291 7.3.1 Oxidation...........................................................................................294 7.3.2 Ammoxidation...................................................................................296 7.3.3 Oxyacylation......................................................................................299 7.3.4 Chlorination......................................................................................300 7.3.5 Hydration...........................................................................................300 7.3.6 Addition of Organic Acids................................................................302 7.3.7 Hydroformylation..............................................................................302 7.3.8 Disproportionation............................................................................303 7.3.9 Alkylation..........................................................................................303 7.4 Chemicals from C4 Olefins.............................................................................303 7.4.1 Butylene.............................................................................................304 7.4.1.1 Oxidation...........................................................................306 7.4.1.2 Hydration...........................................................................308 7.4.1.3 Isomerization.....................................................................309 7.4.1.4 Metathesis..........................................................................309 7.4.1.5 Oligomerization................................................................. 310 7.4.2 Isobutylene........................................................................................ 310 7.4.2.1 Oxidation........................................................................... 311 7.4.2.2 Epoxidation........................................................................ 311 7.4.2.3 Addition of Alcohols......................................................... 312 7.4.2.4 Hydration........................................................................... 312 7.4.2.5 Carbonylation.................................................................... 312 7.4.2.6 Dimerization...................................................................... 312 7.5 Chemicals from Diolefins............................................................................... 313 7.5.1 Chemicals from Butadiene................................................................ 313 7.5.1.1 Adiponitrile........................................................................ 314 7.5.1.2 Hexamethylenediamine..................................................... 314 7.5.1.3 Adipic Acid........................................................................ 314 7.5.1.4 Butanediol.......................................................................... 315 7.5.1.5 Chloroprene....................................................................... 315 7.5.1.6 Cyclic Oligomers............................................................... 316 7.5.2 Isoprene............................................................................................. 316 7.6 Chemicals from Acetylene............................................................................. 316 References................................................................................................................. 321 Chapter 8 Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons................................................................. 323 8.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 323 8.2 Chemicals from Benzene............................................................................... 331 8.2.1 Alkylation.......................................................................................... 334 8.2.2 Chlorination...................................................................................... 339 8.2.3 Hydrogenation...................................................................................340 8.2.4 Nitration............................................................................................ 342 8.2.5 Oxidation........................................................................................... 343 8.3 Chemicals from Toluene................................................................................. 343 8.3.1 Carbonylation.................................................................................... 345 8.3.2 Chlorination...................................................................................... 345 8.3.3 Dealkylation...................................................................................... 347 8.3.4 Disproportionation............................................................................348 8.3.5 Nitration............................................................................................348 8.3.6 Oxidation........................................................................................... 350 8.4 Chemicals from Xylene Isomers.................................................................... 352 8.5 Chemicals from Ethylbenzene....................................................................... 355 References................................................................................................................. 357 Chapter 9 Chemicals from Non-hydrocarbons.......................................................................... 359 9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 359 9.2 Ammonia........................................................................................................360 9.2.1 Production......................................................................................... 361 9.2.2 Properties and Uses........................................................................... 362 9.3 Carbon Black.................................................................................................. 363

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Book SynopsisDesigning offshore wave energy converter (WEC) devices requires a thorough understanding of many aspects of science and engineering, namely, wave hydrodynamics, wave-WEC interactions, mechanical design, analysis tools, and conducting experiments. This book provides the tools for understanding these complex systems and addresses the basic concepts of WECs through detailed analysis and design. A few devices developed and experimentally investigated are discussed in detail, some of which are considered highly novel and still in the preliminary stages of study in the existing literature.FEATURES Offers numerous detailed design methods and practical model studies Presents analysis of the dynamic response behavior of WECs based on experimental studies on scale models Covers the most recent and novel innovations in the field Includes a discussion of offshore wind farms as a green energy alternatTable of Contents1. Ocean Waves and Wind Forces: Basics 2. Perforated Cylinders and Applications 3. Floating Wave Energy Converter 4. Double-Rack Mechanical Wave Energy Converter 5. Offshore Wind Turbines

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Book SynopsisConcern for the environment and for the impacts of environmental pollution has brought about the need to shift from the reliance on hydrocarbons to energy sources that are nearly pollution neutral and renewable. The Science of Wind Power is designed to provide a fundamental understanding for wind technicians and students alike, essentially examining how to harness the wind to produce energy for transmission and use, while keeping environmental impacts in mind. Wind power is one of the fastest-growing energy sources, as it offers many advantages such as being sustainable and a renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the global environment compared to fossil fuels. It is important to point out, however, that like wind itself, wind power has a good and bad side, advantages, and disadvantages (challenges), and these different aspects are discussed in detail herein.Features:Examines the mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and electronic aspects

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate text aimed primarily at high schoolers and lower level undergraduates focuses on explaining how the various forms of renewable energy work and the current ongoing research. It includes sections on non-scientific aspects that should be considered such as availability of resources. A final chapter covers methods of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Renewable energy is currently on everyone's mind in the context of climate change. This text provides students with an introduction into the science behind the various types of renewable energy enabling them to access review literature in the field and options that  that should be considered when selecting methods. Features Collates the most relevant and up to date information on renewable energy systems in a user friendly format for undergraduate and high school students. Focuses on power production technologies from renewable energy sources. <Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Solar Energy2.1. Photovoltaic (solar) cells 2.1.1 Semiconductors2.1.2. The p-n junction2.1.3. Materials 2.1.4. Other solar cells 2.2. Other Considerations 2.3. Solar thermal panels 2.3.1 Materials2.3.2 Other Considerations Questions 3. Wind power 3.1. Wind turbines 3.2. Electrical generators 3.3. Materials 3.4. Other Considerations Questions 4. Water power4.1. Hydroelectric dams 4.2. River turbines 4.3. Wave power 4.4. Tidal power 4.5. Material 4.6. Other Considerations Questions 5. Geothermal Energy 5.1. The origin of geothermal energy 5.2. Accessing geothermal energy5.2.1 Using geothermal energy for heating5.2.2 Using geothermal energy to produce electricity 5.3. Considerations Questions 6. Hydrogen 6.1. Hydrogen production 6.1.1. Electrolysis6.1.2. Chemical Reactions6.1.3. Biohydrogen production 6.2. Storage and transport 6.3. Hydrogen use 6.3.1. Fuel cells 6.4. Considerations Questions 7. Biomass 7.1. How is energy produced from biomass? 7.2. Why is energy derived from biomass considered renewable? 7.3. Types of biomass 7.3.1. Wood7.3.2. Crops and Grasses7.3.3. Algae7.3.4. Waste 7.4. Considerations Questions8. Energy storage 8.1. How rechargeable batteries work 8.2. Batteries for storage 8.2.1 Kead-acid batteries8.2.2. Lithium-ion batteries8.2.3. Sodium based batteries8.2.4. Redox flow batteries8.3. Batteries for transport8.3.1. Lithium-based batteries 8.4. Capacitors 8.5. Pumped storage hydropower Questions 9. Carbon capture, storage and conversion 9.1. Carbon capture and storage 9.1.1. Trees and peat bogs9.1.2. Construction materials and minerals9.1.3. Porous solids9.1.4. Absorbance by liquids 9.2. Conversion of captured carbon dioxide 9.2.1. Mineralisation9.2.2 Chemicals and Fuels Questions

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Biomass Energy Conversions explores biomass energy conversions and characterization using practical examples and real-world scenarios. It begins with biomass resource estimation and extends to commercialization pathways for economical biomass conversion into high-value materials, chemicals, and fuels.With extended discussions of new sustainability issues in biofuels production, such as carbon capture and sequestration, the second edition has been updated with carbon footprint work life cycle analysis, the growing circular economy, and newer research directions of biomass resources, such as graphene production from biochar. This book covers thermo-chemical conversion processes, including torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification and advanced gasification, biomass liquefaction, and combustion.This book is intended for senior undergraduate students taking Renewable Energy Conversions, Bio Energy, Biomass Energy, Introduction to Biofuels, and SustainabTable of Contents1. Biomass as an Energy Source. 2. Biomass Conversion Processes. 3. Biomass Properties for Thermal Conversion. 4. Biomass Properties for Biological Conversion. 5. Biodiesel Production. 6. Bioethanol Production. 7. Biogas Production. 8. Torrefaction. 9. Pyrolysis. 10. Gasification. 11. Advanced Gasification. 12. Biomass Liquefaction. 13. Biomass Combustion. 14. Biomass Sustainability Issues. Appendix A. Appendix B.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the recent advances, from theoretical and applied perspectives, addressing the major issues associated with renewable energy systems, with each chapter covering fundamental issues and latest developments. This book covers important themes, including solar energy equipment, wind and solar energy systems, energy storage and bioenergy applications, hybrid renewable energy systems, as well as the measurement techniques that are used for these systems. Further, it focusses on original research outcomes on various technological developments and provides insights to taxonomy of challenges, issues, and research directions in renewable energy applications.Features: Covers research and technological developments in wind and solar energy applications Proposes resolution of limitations and performance issues of existing system models and design Incorporates the challenges of adoption of renewable energies system Provides hypotheses, mTable of Contents1 Investigation of Offshore Wind Energy Potential across Three Southern Coastal Regions in India; 2 Power Quality Enhancement of Fixed- and Variable-Speed WEGS Using HSAPF Based on 5-Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Fuzzy Logic Controller; 3 Forecasting of Wind Power Using Hybrid Machine Learning Approach; 4 Improving Power Quality of Modern Hybrid Polygeneration SOFC- and PMSG-Based WES Using ANN-Controlled UPQC; 5 Review on Reconfiguration Techniques to Track Down the Maximum Power Under Partial Shadings; 6 Electric Vehicles – Past, Present, and Future; 7 Onboard Electric Vehicle Charger in G2V and V2G Modes Based on PI, PR, and SMC Controllers with Solar PV Charging Circuit; 8 Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collector System; 9 Concentrated Solar Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wastes and Algal Feedstock: Recent Advances and Challenges; 10 Integrated PV-Wind-Battery-Based Single-Phase System; 11 Modeling of Power Management Strategy Using Hybrid Energy Generating Sources; 12 Photovoltaic Transformerless Inverter Topologies for Grid-Integrated High-Efficiency Applications; 13 Performance Analysis of Rooftop Grid-Connected Solar PV System Under Net Metering System: A Case Study; 14 Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) Converter for Photovoltaic System: An Overview; 15 Sustainable Energy Management in Lighting Urban Public Places; 16 A Review on Multiobjective Control Schemes of Conventional Hybrid DC/AC Microgrid; 17 Recent Advancements in Solar Thermal Technology for Heating and Cooling Applications; 18 Developments in Wide-Area Monitoring for Major Renewables: Wind and Solar Energy; 19 Solving Issues of Grid Integration of Solar and Wind Energy Models by Using a Novel Power Flow Algorithm; 20 Multifunctional PV-Integrated Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger Targeting Smart Cities; 21 Integration of Wind, Solar, and Pumped Hydro Renewable Energy Sources in Rayalaseema Region: A Case Study; 22 Photovoltaic-Based Hybrid Integration of DC Microgrid into Public Ported Electric Vehicle; 23 Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles; 24 Alternative Wind Energy Turbines; 25 MPPT Controller for Partially Shaded Solar PV System; 26 Adaptive Control of Smart Microgrid Using AI Techniques

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Book SynopsisGrid-Forming Power Inverters: Control and Applications is the first book dedicated to addressing the operation principles, grid codes, modelling and control of grid-forming power inverters. The book initially discusses the need for this technology due to the substantial annual integration of inverter-based renewable energy resources. The key differences between the traditional grid-following and the emerging grid-forming inverters technologies are explained. Then, the book explores in detail various topics related to grid-forming power inverters, including requirements and grid standards, modelling, control, damping power system oscillations, dynamic stability under large fault events, virtual oscillator-controlled grid-forming inverters, grid-forming inverters interfacing battery energy storage, and islanded operation of grid-forming inverters.Features: Explains the key differences between grid-following and grid-forming inverters ETable of Contents1 Introduction to Grid-Forming Inverters. 2 Requirements and Grid Standards for Grid-Forming Inverters. 3 Power System Requirements for Grid-Forming Converters. 4 Towards Performance-Based Requirements and Generic Models for Grid-Forming Inverters. 5 An Overview of Modelling and Control of Grid-Forming Inverters. 6 Small-Signal Modeling and Validation including State-Space and Admittance Models of the Virtual Synchronous Machine. 7 Grid-Forming Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators. 8 Damping Power System Oscillations Using Grid-Forming Converters. 9 Grid-Forming Dynamic Stability under Large Fault Events – Application to 100% Inverter-Based Irish Power System. 10 Virtual Oscillator-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverters Incorporating Online Parametric Grid Impedance Identification. 11 Grid-Forming Inverters Interfacing Battery Energy Storage Systems. 12 Operation of Grid-Forming Inverters in Islanded Mode.

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the state-of-the-art green piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) technology. It highlights different aspects of PEH, starting right from the materials, their synthesis, and characterization techniques to applications. Various types of materials, including ceramics, polymers, composites, and bio-inspired compounds in nano, micro, and meso scale and their recent advancements are captured in detail with special focus on lead-free systems. Different challenges and issues faced while designing a PEH are also included.Features: Guides on how to harvest piezoelectric energy in a sustainable manner Describes related figures of merit for piezoelectric energy harvesting Covers synthesis of piezoelectric materials in the form of bulk, single crystal, nano, and thin/thick film Includes pertinent advanced characterization techniques Reviews piezo-energy harvesting devices and structures This book is aimed at researcTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Piezoelectric Figure of Merits 3. Materials for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 4. Synthesis/Fabrication Techniques for Piezoelectric Materials 5. Characterization and Properties of Piezoelectric Materials 6. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Structure and Mechanism 7. Applications: Sources and Devices 8. Summary and Future Scope

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Book SynopsisThe growing demand of space services for imaging, mobile communication, global positioning systems and disaster management, life extension of satellites by fueling, space station operations, deflecting incoming asteroids, and reducing debris from orbits, requires reusable rockets. The chapters in the book cover understanding of the universe, history of rockets, space missions, satellites, the principle of rocketry, its design and development, rocket technology, the solar system, the environment and protection of earth, and thoughts on Earth 2.0. Features: Explores the link between universe, space exploration, and rocketry. Discusses topics such as protection of the Earth from asteroids, debris, and global warming. Includes basic methodology to be adopted to design rockets for various applications. Covers use of multi-objective optimisation to realise a system and differences in design philosophies for Table of Contents1: Introduction. 2: Understanding the Universe. 3: Brief History of Rockets. 4: Rocket Principles. 5: Rocket Systems Development. 6: Rocket Design Methodology, Test & Evaluation, World Launch Sites. 7: Satellite, Orbits and Missions. 8: Advances in Space Technologies. 9: Environment: Protection of Earth, and Geo-spatial Technologies. 10: Exoplanets, Earth 2.0.

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Book SynopsisRemediation of Legacy Hazardous and Nuclear Industrial Sites provides an overview of the key elements involved in remediating complex waste sites using the Hanford nuclear site as a case study. Hanford is one of the most complex waste sites in the world and has examples of most, if not all, characteristics of the complex waste sites that exist globally. This book is aimed at a non-technical audience and describes the stages of remediation based on general RCRA/CERCLA processes, from establishing a strategy that includes all stakeholders to site assessment, waste treatment and disposal, and long-term monitoring.Features: Informs a non-technical audience of the important elements involved in complex waste site remediation Employs the Hanford Site as a case study throughout to explain real-world applications of remediation steps Connects the human element to the technical aspects through interviews with key current and retired individua

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Book SynopsisThis new book, Advances in Energy Materials and Environment Engineering, covers the timely issue of green applications of materials. It covers the diverse usages of carbon nanotubes for energy, for power, for the protection of the environment, and for new energy applications. The diverse topics in the volume include energy saving technologies, renewable energy, clean energy development, nuclear engineering and hydrogen energy, advanced power semiconductors, power systems and energy and much more. This timely book addresses the need of the hour and will prove to be valuable for environmentally conscious industry professionals, faculty and students, and researchers in materials science, engineering, and environment with interest in energy materials.Table of ContentsEnergy materials and chemical properties structure researchEnergy utilization and energy-saving energy storage technologyEnvironmental pollution prevention and green ecological restorationUrban environmental engineering and environmental monitoring planning

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Book SynopsisGenerally, sources for power generation are broken down into two categories: thermal and non-thermal. Thermal sources for power generation include combustion, geothermal, solar, nuclear, and waste heat, which essentially provide heat as a means for power generation. This book examines non-thermal (mechanical, electrochemical, nanoscale self-powered, and hybrid) sources of power generation and emphasizes recent advances in distributed power generation systems.Key Features Details recent advances made in wind power, including onshore, offshore, fixed and floating platform, and air wind energy systems, and offers detailed assessments of progress Covers advances in generation of hydropower, exploring dam hydropower, novel wave energy converters, and novel systems and turbines for hydrokinetic energy conversion to power Examines all types of fuel cells and their multi-functional roles, along with hybrid fuel cell systems in complete detaTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Advanced Wind Power Systems Chapter 3 Advances in Hydroelectricity Chapter 4 Advances in Fuel Cells for Power Generation Chapter 5 Advances in Multi-Functional and Hybrid Fuel Cells Chapter 6 Self-Powered Electrochemical Systems and Nanogenerators

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Book SynopsisEnergy: The Basics offers a concise and engaging introduction to energy, answering critical questions and providing accessible definitions of essential concepts and developments in the field.People rarely stop to think about where the energy they use to power their everyday lives comes from and when they do it is often to ask a worried question: is mankindâs energy usage killing the planet? How do we deal with nuclear waste? What happens when the oil runs out? Energy: The Basics answers these questions, but it also does much more. In this engaging yet even-handed introduction, readers are introduced to:â the concept of âenergyâ and what it really meansâ the ways energy is currently generated and the sources usedâ new and emerging energy technologies such as solar power and biofuelsâ the impacts of energy use on the environment including climate changeThis new edition has been updated throughout and includes a new chapter on ene

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise overview of the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from a theoretical and computational perspective. It focuses on computational studies to understand the behavior of lithium ions in different ionic liquids and to optimize the performance of ionic liquid-based electrolytes. The main features of the book are as follows:â Provides a thorough understanding of the theoretical and computational aspects of using ionic liquids as electrolytes in LIBs, including the evaluation and reproducibility of the theoretical paths.â Covers various computational methods such as density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and quantum mechanics that have been used to study the behavior of lithium ions in different solvents and to optimize the performance of ionic liquid-based electrolytes.â Discusses recent advances such as new computational methods for predicting the properties of ionic liquid-based electrolytes, new

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a detailed description of the transition from the traditional power system to the Microgrid (MG) system.

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Book SynopsisDuring the last five decades, computational aerodynamics has emerged as an engineering field that creates new horizons for aerodynamic simulation via sophisticated numerical algorithms. This book is a unique reference on the foundations, methods, and applications of this rapidly developing field. It is designed for a wide audience, from graduate students to experienced researchers and professionals in the aerospace engineering field. The book opens with a presentation of the essential elements of computational aerodynamics, including the relevant mathematical methods of fluid flow and numerical methods for partial differential equations. The introductory chapters are followed by a comprehensive presentation of stability theory, shock capturing schemes, viscous flow, and time integration. The final chapters treat more advanced topics. The book is a rich source of information that is essential for further fundamental research, with applications in aeronautics and a wide range of other fields, such as automotive design, wind turbines, and astrophysics--Trade Review'This is a clear, detailed, and thorough treatment of a complex subject. Professor Jameson masterfully weaves together the ingredients needed for the simulation of aerodynamic flows, starting from a mathematical understanding of the model equations and presenting the numerical methods with detail and rigor. It is a deeply enjoyable book that will be valuable to those in the Computational Aerodynamics community as well as many other computational scientists.' Sigal Gottlieb, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth'Professor Jameson's text is accessible, timely, well structured, and complete. Initially, it runs through historical methods and finishes with modern state-of-the-art Computational Aerodynamics approaches. The latter includes high-order methods, which are especially timely. This excellent book is a must-have for anyone who wants a classical grounding in modern Computational Aerodynamics. It is suitable for both those based in academia and industry. I could not recommend a book more highly.' Paul Tucker, University of Cambridge'Antony Jameson has created a classic on Computational Aerodynamics that encapsulates his pioneering contributions to the development and application of methods for simulating aerodynamic flows using computers. By sharing his vast knowledge of the foundational elements of today's computational aerodynamics in this one volume, Professor Jameson has made a lasting contribution to aerospace literature. Students, as well as researchers and experienced practitioners engaged in this particular discipline, must have a copy of this masterpiece book in their library.' Pradeep Raj, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Virginia Tech'This book is a goldmine for CFD researchers and developers. For over five decades, the author has been the nexus of CFD development. While the schemes and tricks he invented made their way into virtually all academic, government, and commercial CFD software, Professor Jameson has constantly been incorporating methods developed in the community into his series of CFD codes, often making significant improvements. This book contains a collection of the most valuable techniques and ideas that have enabled modern CFD. It is helpful to anyone who wants to understand and improve state- of-the-art Computational Aerodynamics approaches.' Qiqi Wang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'This is a scholarly book, one that is expected from one of the most distinguished luminaries in the field. The book covers almost every topic in CFD for flows that can be modeled as an ideal gas. Its strength is in addressing the tough issues on the accuracy and efficiency of CFD methods in predicting steady and unsteady subsonic and supersonic flows in aerodynamics and in providing the thinking processes that led to the development and evolution of those methods.' Tom Shih, Purdue University'the text could be used for a graduate course in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and by researchers who need to develop this field further. CFD professionals and graduate students will especially value this work … Recommended.' A. M. Strauss, ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction and background; 2. Mathematical models of fluid flow; 3. Numerical methods for the solution of partial differential equations; 4. Fundamental Stability Theory; 5. Shock capturing schemes I; 6. Shock capturing schemes II; 7. Discretization schemes for flows in complex domains; 8. The calculation of viscous flow; 9. Overview of time integration methods; 10. Steady state problems; 11. Time accurate methods for unsteady flow; 12. Energy stability for nonlinear problems; 13. High-order methods for structured meshes; 14. High-order methods for unstructured meshes; 15. Aerodynamic shape optimization; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E; Appendix F; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisKevin E. Trenberth emphasizes the fundamental role of energy flows in the climate system and anthropogenic climate change. The distribution of heat, or more generally, energy, is the main determinant of weather patterns in the atmosphere and their impacts. The topics addressed cover many facets of climate and the climate crisis. These include the diurnal cycle; the seasons; energy differences between the continents and the oceans, the poles and the tropics; interannual variability such as Niño; natural decadal variability; and ice ages. Human-induced climate change rides on and interacts with all of these natural phenomena, and the result is an unevenly warming planet and changing weather extremes. The book emphasizes the need to not only slow or stop climate change, but also to better prepare for it and build resilience. Students, researchers, and professionals from a wide range of backgrounds will benefit from this deeper understanding of climate change.Trade Review'Kevin Trenberth is one of the world's premier climate scientists … [He] has an extraordinary ability to take the complicated scientific dynamics of global warming and communicate what's happening in a clear and compelling way … I highly value the way he not only informs, but also motivates action … an essential read to understand the underlying scientific dynamics of the climate crisis.' Al Gore, former Vice President; from the Foreword to the book'Nobody has contributed more to our understanding of climate change than Kevin Trenberth. In this book, Trenberth uses the concept of energy flows to explain, in accessible terms, how Earth's climate system operates and how it's being profoundly impacted by human-generated carbon emissions. Read this book to be informed about the basic science underlying the defining challenge of our time.' Michael E. Mann, Penn State University; author of The New Climate War: The Fight to Take Back Our Planet'Authoritative, rigorous, well written, and nicely illustrated, Trenberth's book is a welcome addition to the non-specialist literature on climate change. It should be suitable as a possible textbook for graduate courses in climate change and climate dynamics, and appealing to the reader willing to invest the time and effort required to understand the scientific principles that determine how the climate system will respond to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.' John M. Wallace, University of Washington'Trenberth is the world's greatest master-gatherer of climate data; he orders and translates it into beautifully rendered illustrations that can be followed by everyone. If you do not understand a figure, just go to his accompanying prose and you will. He understands every contour of the data. He teaches us through the lens of energetic reservoirs and fluxes among the various climate system components and how they are forced to move about, grow or shrink. What a treat it is.' Gerald R. North, Texas A&M University'Trenberth's The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System is an important new textbook on global warming. It is highly accessible and includes a wide range of informative color figures. The introductory chapters give a broad overview of the Earth's climate system that will complement other textbooks on the subject. The chapters on flows of energy go beyond many other publications and provide a deeper understanding of topics such as patterns of natural variability. It is an up-to-date and timely publication, coinciding as it does with the latest Assessment Report from the IPCC.' Matt Smith, University of Worcester'Understanding the changes occurring in the Earth's energy budget underlies understanding of our changing climate. This excellent book builds on the many highly acknowledged research papers Kevin has written on this and related topics of the physics associated with our climate system to explain the depths of the science, while doing it in a way that it readable by the non-expert. And yet, there is much in it of value to all of us, including the experienced scientist.' Donald J. Wuebbles, University of Illinois'I read Kevin's book in August 2021 while visiting family in Greece, away from my home in California, at a time when both regions were devastated by fires following persistent drought and the worst heat waves in decades. Kevin's book emphasizes physical concepts behind these accelerating extremes. He very nicely describes the need to 'stabilize the energy flow of our climate system' and build resilience for the disasters ahead. The easy-to-read style of Kevin's book is a welcome and very timely addition for scientists, non-scientists and decision-makers, alike. He reminds us that it is only by the people of the world working together that we can address this crisis and save humanity on our Spaceship Earth.' Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, University of California, Irvine'Kevin Trenberth is not only one of the world's foremost scholars on climate change, but also among the best at communicating this science. Kevin doesn't just take the reader through the science, but also does a masterful job at laying the foundation upon which the climate change story is built. This is a perfect book for atmospheric and climate science students, as well as for scientifically literate members of the general public who want a true dive into the fundamentals of climate change.' Paul Gross, CCM, CBM; WDIV-TV Meteorologist; Fellow, American Meteorological Society'… a highly accessible treatment of contemporary climate science … Ideal for non-experts, this volume avoids overly technical language yet still describes complex climate system changes … Highly recommended.' J. Schoof, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Earth and Climate System; 2. Earth's Energy Imbalance and Climate Change; 3. Earth's Energy Balance; 4. The Sun-Earth System; 5. Observations of Temperature, Moisture, Precipitation and Radiation; 6. The Climate System; 7. The Weather Machine; 8. The Dynamic Ocean; 9. Poleward Heat Transports by the Atmosphere and Ocean; 10. The Changing Hydrological Cycle; 11. Teleconnections and Patterns of Variability; 12. El Niño; 13. Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity; 14. Earth's Energy Imbalance Estimates; 15. Attribution and the Hiatus; 16. Prediction and Projection; 17. Emissions and Information; 18. Climate Change and Environmental Issues; References and further reading; Bibliography; Glossary; Acronyms; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe comprehensive guide to engineering alternative and renewable energy systems and applicationsupdated for the latest trends and technologies This book was designed tohelp engineers develop new solutions for the current energy economy. To that end it provides technical discussions, along with numerous real-world examples of virtually all existing alternative energy sources, applications, systems and system components. All chapters focus on first-order engineering calculations, and consider alternative uses of existing and renewable energy resources. Just as important, the author describes how to apply these concepts to the development of new energy solutions. Since the publication of the critically acclaimed first edition of this book, the alternative, renewable and sustainable energy industries have witnessed significant evolution and growth. Hydraulic fracturing, fossil fuel reserve increases, the increasing popularity of hybrid and all-electric vehicles, andTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1 1.1 Energy and Power 1 1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1 1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4 1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7 1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17 1.6 Efficiencies 19 1.7 Closure 21 References 21 2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23 2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23 2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23 2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23 2.4 Example Problems 28 2.5 Closure 33 References 33 Further Reading 33 3 Hydropower 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35 3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39 3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44 3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48 3.6 Closure 57 References 60 Further Reading 61 4 Wind Energy 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64 4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72 4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78 4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83 4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88 4.7 Closure 90 References 92 Further Reading 92 5 Combustion Turbines 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93 5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95 5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96 5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104 5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105 5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106 5.6.2 GE Energy 107 5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110 5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112 5.7 Closure 113 References 113 Further Reading 113 6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Radiation Heat Transfer Review 115 6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126 6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131 6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137 6.6 Closure 140 References 140 7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148 7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152 7.4 The f-Chart Method 159 7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165 7.6 Closure 166 References 167 8 Passive Solar Energy 169 8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169 8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172 8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176 8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177 8.5 Daylighting 178 8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180 8.7 Closure 181 References 181 9 Photovoltaic Systems 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183 9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190 9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196 9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201 9.6 Closure 202 References 203 10 Fuel Cells 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205 10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207 10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213 10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220 10.6 Closure 223 References 223 11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227 11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231 11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236 11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240 11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241 11.7 Closure 245 References 246 12 Biomass 249 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Biomass Availability 250 12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253 12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255 12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255 12.5.1 Ethanol 255 12.5.2 Methanol 261 12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261 12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263 12.5.5 Biogas 264 12.5.6 Producer Gas 265 12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267 12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270 12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270 12.7 Closure 278 References 278 Further Reading 280 13 Geothermal Energy 281 13.1 Introduction 281 13.2 Geothermal Resources 281 13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286 13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286 13.3.2 Geopressurized 295 13.3.3 Magma 296 13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297 13.4 Geothermal Examples 297 13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300 13.6 Closure 304 References 305 Further Reading 306 14 Ocean Energy 307 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307 14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308 14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312 14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315 14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315 14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315 14.3 Tidal energy 319 14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324 14.4.1 Rotating devices 330 14.5 Closure 331 References 332 15 Nuclear Energy 333 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334 15.3 Nuclear Power 339 15.3.1 Chernobyl 348 15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350 15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351 15.4 Fusion Power 354 15.5 Closure 359 References 359 16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361 16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361 16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364 16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370 16.4 Closure 375 References 375 17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377 17.1 Introduction 377 17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377 17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381 17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386 17.5 The New Reality 392 17.6 Closure 399 References 399 Further Reading 400 Appendix A 401 Appendix B 415 Index 431

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Book SynopsisLearn the fundamentals of smart photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology with this insightful one-stop resource Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities presents a comprehensive coverage of smart PV inverter technologies in alleviating grid integration challenges of solar PV systems and for additionally enhancing grid reliability. Accomplished author Rajiv Varma systematically integrates information from the wealth of knowledge on smart inverters available from EPRI, NREL, NERC, SIWG, EU-PVSEC, CIGRE, IEEE publications; and utility experiences worldwide. The book further presents a novel, author-developed and patented smart inverter technology for utilizing solar PV plants both in the night and day as a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller STATCOM, named PV-STATCOM. Replete with case studies, this book includes over 600 references and 280 illustrations. Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities' features include: ConcepTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii 1 Impacts of High Penetration of Solar PV Systems and Smart Inverter Developments 1 2 Smart Inverter Functions 35 3 Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Smart PV Inverters 73 4 PV-STATCOM: A New Smart PV Inverter and a New FACTS Controller 107 5 PV-STATCOM Applications in Distribution Systems 145 6 PV-STATCOM Applications in Transmission Systems 205 7 Increasing Hosting Capacity by Smart Inverters – Concepts and Applications 301 8 Control Coordination of Smart PV Inverters 369 9 Emerging Trends with Smart Solar PV Inverters 431 Index 465

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Book SynopsisProvides an original, detailed, and practical description of current interruption transients, origins, and the circuits involved, and shows how they can be calculated Based on a course that has been presented by the author worldwide, this book teaches readers all about interruption transients calculationshowing how they can be calculated using only a hand calculator and Excel. It covers all the current interruption cases that occur on a power system and relates oscillatory circuit (transients) and symmetrical component theory to the practical calculation of current interruption transients as applied to circuit breaker application. The book explains all cases first in theory, and then illustrates them with practical examples. Topics featured inCurrent Interruption Transients Calculation, Second Edition include: RLC Circuits; Pole Factor Calculation; Terminal Faults; Short Line Faults; Inductive Load Switching; and Capacitive Load Switching. The book also fTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Short-Circuit Rating Basis for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 2 1.3 Current Interruption Terminology 4 Further Reading 7 2 RLC Circuits 9 2.1 General 9 2.2 Series RLC Circuit with Step Voltage Injection 9 2.3 Source-Free Series RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 15 2.4 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 18 2.5 Parallel RLC Circuit with Ramp Current Injection 21 2.6 Alternative Equations 27 2.7 Traveling Wave Basics 28 2.8 Summary 34 References 34 Further Reading 34 3 Pole Factor Calculation 35 3.1 General 35 3.2 Pole Factors: Effectively Earthed Systems 44 3.3 Pole Factors: Non-Effectively Earthed Systems 52 3.4 Alternative Pole Factor Calculation Method 56 3.5 Three-Phase Test Circuit Arrangement 59 3.6 Summary 60 Further Reading 61 4 Terminal Faults 63 4.1 General Considerations 63 4.2 Standard TRV Derivation 65 4.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 73 4.4 Effect of Added Resistance 85 4.5 Effect of Series Reactors 88 4.6 Out-of-Phase Switching 96 4.7 Asymmetrical Currents 97 4.8 Double Earth Faults 105 4.9 Summary 108 Further Reading 109 5 Short Line Faults 111 5.1 General 111 5.2 Line Side Voltage Calculation 111 5.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 119 5.4 Discussion 122 Further Reading 123 6 Inductive Load Switching 125 6.1 General 125 6.2 General Shunt Reactor Switching Case 128 6.3 Shunt Reactors with Isolated Neutrals 135 6.4 Shunt Reactors with Neutral Reactor Earthed Neutrals 139 6.5 Shunt Reactors with Earthed Neutrals 140 6.6 Reignitions 141 6.7 Unloaded Transformer Switching 142 6.8 Discussion 143 6.9 Summary 143 Further Reading 146 7 Capacitive Load Switching 147 7.1 General 147 7.2 Shunt Capacitor Banks 147 7.2.1 Energization 147 7.2.1.1 Inrush Current 148 7.2.1.2 Limiting Inrush Current 154 7.2.2 De-Energization 156 7.2.2.1 General Considerations 156 7.2.2.2 Recovery Voltages 156 7.2.2.3 Reignitions and Restrikes 157 7.2.3 Outrush 163 7.3 Transmission Lines 164 7.4 Cables 167 7.5 Special Case: Interrupting Small Capacitance Currents 170 7.6 Summary 173 References 174 Further Reading 174 8 Circuit Breaker Type Testing 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Circuit Breaker Interrupting Time 175 8.3 Inherent Transient Recovery Voltages 182 8.4 Inductive Load Switching 182 8.5 Capacitive Current Switching 183 Further Reading 183 Appendix A: Differential Equations 185 Appendix B: Principle of Duality 195 Appendix C: Useful Formulae 201 Appendix D: Euler’s Formula 205 Appendix E: Asymmetrical Current-Calculating Areas Under Curves 209 Appendix F: Shunt Reactor Switching – First-Pole-to-Clear Circuit Representation 213 Appendix G: Special Case: Generator Circuit Breakers TRVs 219 Appendix H: Evolution of Transient Recovery Voltages 239 Appendix I: Equation Plotting Using Excel 261 Index 277

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Book SynopsisA handbook of sustainable energy, covering entire energy aspects from present status to future alternatives under one umbrella This book takes an interdisciplinary system approach to evaluating energy systems so that readers can gain the necessary technical foundation to perform their own performance evaluations and understand their interactions with socioeconomic indicators. Topics include the current and future availability of primary sources, energy supply chain, conversion between different forms of energy, security of energy supply, and efficient end-use of energy sources. Each chapter provides readers with comprehensive background information, an outline of the current technologies, and potential future developments. The book also examines the global, economic, societal, ethical, and environmental issues associated with currently used energy technologies. Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users starts with ageneral overview of energyTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii How Was This Book Born? xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Elements of an Energy System 4 1.3 Fundamental Concepts 7 1.3.1 Work, Energy, and Power 7 1.3.2 Energy Conservation and Transformation 10 1.4 Energy Statistics 11 1.5 Primary Sources 12 1.5.1 Renewable Sources 13 1.5.2 Non-renewable Sources 14 1.6 Secondary Sources 15 1.6.1 Processed Fuels 15 1.6.1.1 Solid Fuels 16 1.6.1.2 Liquid Fuels 16 1.6.1.3 Gaseous Fuels 16 1.6.2 Electric Power 17 1.7 Energy Carriers 18 1.7.1 Electric Transmission 18 1.7.2 Steam 18 1.7.3 Water, Air, and Heat Transfer Fluids 19 1.7.4 Hydrogen 19 1.8 End Use of Energy 19 1.8.1 Consumption by Sectors 19 1.8.2 Primary Sources Consumed by End-users 21 1.9 Energy Balance 23 1.10 Energy Indicators 24 1.11 Energy and Society 29 1.11.1 Energy Sector 29 1.11.2 Geopolitical Challenges 31 1.12 Energy Engineering 32 1.13 Chapter Review 32 Further Reading 36 References 36 2 Energy Conversion and Storage 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Work, Energy, and Power 38 2.2.1 Work 39 2.2.2 Energy 39 2.2.3 Power 39 2.3 Conservation Laws 40 2.3.1 Conservation of Mass 41 2.3.2 Conservation of Momentum 41 2.3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 2.3.4 Equivalence of Energy and Mass 42 2.4 Transformation Between Energy Forms 42 2.5 Thermal Energy 44 2.5.1 Temperature and Phase Changes 45 2.5.2 Production of Heat 47 2.5.2.1 Combustion 47 2.5.2.2 Nuclear Reactions 49 2.5.2.3 Electric Heating 49 2.5.3 Heat Transfer 50 2.5.3.1 Conduction 50 2.5.3.2 Convection 51 2.5.3.3 Radiation 51 2.5.4 Thermodynamics 51 2.6 Mechanical Energy 52 2.6.1 Potential Energy 52 2.6.2 Kinetic Energy 52 2.6.3 Potential and Kinetic Energy Exchanges 53 2.6.4 Mechanical Power 54 2.6.5 Mechanical Energy Balance in Incompressible Fluids 54 2.7 Electrical Energy 55 2.7.1 Voltage and Current 56 2.7.2 Electric Power and Energy 56 2.8 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 58 2.9 Photothermal Energy Conversion 59 2.10 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 60 2.11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 61 2.11.1 Batteries 61 2.11.2 Fuel Cells 62 2.12 Energy Storage 65 2.12.1 Fuel Storage 66 2.12.2 Potential Energy Storage 67 2.12.3 Kinetic Energy Storage 68 2.12.4 Thermal Energy Storage 69 2.12.5 Compressed Air Storage 71 2.12.6 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 71 2.12.7 Electrical Energy Storage 72 2.12.8 Properties of Energy Storage Systems 73 2.13 Chapter Review 74 Review Quiz 76 References 78 3 Fossil Fuels 81 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Resources and Reserves 83 3.3 Physical Properties of Fossil Fuels 85 3.4 Coal 86 3.4.1 Properties of Coal 87 3.4.2 Coal Reserves 89 3.4.3 Coal Mining 89 3.4.3.1 Underground (Deep) Mining 90 3.4.3.2 Surface (Opencast) Mining 91 3.4.4 Preparation, Handling, and Transportation 91 3.4.5 Coal Production and Consumption 92 3.4.6 Transportation of Coal 93 3.4.7 Environmental Impacts of Coal Production 93 3.4.8 Coal Related Issues 95 3.4.9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Consumption 96 3.5 Petroleum 97 3.5.1 Types of Petroleum Formations 98 3.5.2 Properties of Crude Oil 99 3.5.3 World Oil Resources 101 3.5.4 Oil Exploration 103 3.5.5 Well Drilling Techniques 104 3.5.5.1 Planning 104 3.5.5.2 Vertical Drilling 105 3.5.5.3 Directional Drilling 105 3.5.5.4 Hydraulic Fracturing 106 3.5.5.5 Offshore and Deep Water Drilling 107 3.5.6 Recovery of Conventional Oil Deposits 108 3.5.6.1 Light Tight Oil Recovery 108 3.5.6.2 Sand Oil Recovery 110 3.5.7 Crude Oil Production 114 3.5.8 Fuel Conversions 115 3.5.9 Oil Transportation and Distribution 117 3.5.10 Challenges of the Petroleum Industry 117 3.5.10.1 Oil Well Tragedies 117 3.5.10.2 Oil Transport Hazards 118 3.6 Natural Gas 120 3.6.1 Purification and Processing of Natural-Gas 121 3.6.2 Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 123 3.6.3 Unconventional Natural Gas 123 3.6.4 Natural Gas Transportation 125 3.6.5 Storage of Natural Gas 126 3.6.6 Natural Gas Consumption 127 3.6.7 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Consumption 128 3.7 Chapter Review 129 Review Quiz 130 Research Topics and Problems 133 Recommended Web Sites 135 References 135 4 Nuclear Energy 139 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 141 4.2.1 Basic Definitions 142 4.2.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 143 4.3 Nuclear Reactions 145 4.3.1 Fusion Reaction 145 4.3.2 Fission Reaction 146 4.3.3 Radioactive Decay 149 4.3.4 Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation 151 4.4 Nuclear Fuels 153 4.4.1 Resources, Reserves, Production, and Consumption 153 4.4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 155 4.4.2.1 Fuel Preparation 155 4.4.2.2 Uranium Enrichment 155 4.4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Assembly 156 4.4.2.4 Critical Mass for Sustained Chain Reaction 156 4.4.2.5 Disposal of Used Nuclear Material 157 4.5 Nuclear Reactors 157 4.5.1 Reactor Core 159 4.5.2 Fuel Assembly 160 4.5.3 Moderator 160 4.5.4 Control Rods 161 4.5.5 Cooling System 161 4.5.6 Reactor Types 162 4.5.6.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 162 4.5.6.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 163 4.5.6.3 Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor (PHWR) 164 4.5.6.4 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) 165 4.5.6.5 Light Water-Cooled Graphite Reactor (LWGR) 165 4.5.6.6 Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) 165 4.6 Safety of Nuclear Power Plants 166 4.6.1 Nuclear Safety Concepts 167 4.6.2 Reactor Protection Systems 168 4.6.3 Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 168 4.6.3.1 Three Mile Island Accident 169 4.6.3.2 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident 170 4.6.3.3 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident 171 4.6.4 Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 171 4.7 Status of Commercial Nuclear Power 173 4.8 Outlook for Commercial Reactors 178 4.9 Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 179 4.10 Chapter Review 182 References 187 5 Renewable Energy Sources 189 5.1 Introduction 190 5.2 Common Features of Renewables 191 5.3 Energy Supply from Renewable Sources 193 5.3.1 Installed Renewable Power Capacity 193 5.3.2 Capacity Factor 197 5.4 Renewable Resource Potential 197 5.4.1 Assessment of Non-combustible Resources 198 5.4.2 Assessment of Biomass Resources 198 5.5 Benefits and Challenges of Renewable Energy 199 5.6 Solar Energy 203 5.6.1 Solar Resource Potential 203 5.6.2 End-use of Solar Energy 204 5.6.2.1 Passive Solar Buildings 207 5.6.2.2 Heat Production 207 5.6.2.3 Solar Electric Generation 208 5.6.3 Strengths and Challenges of Solar Energy 208 5.7 Wind Energy 209 5.7.1 Electric Generation Potential of Wind Resource 210 5.7.2 Strengths and Challenges of Wind Energy 213 5.7.3 Environmental Impacts of Wind Powered Generation 214 5.7.3.1 Visual Impact 214 5.7.3.2 Impacts on Wildlife 215 5.7.3.3 Audible Noise 215 5.8 Hydraulic Energy 215 5.8.1 Hydroelectric Potential 216 5.8.2 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Generation 217 5.9 Geothermal Energy 221 5.9.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy 222 5.9.2 Geothermal Energy Potential 223 5.9.3 End-uses of Geothermal Energy 223 5.9.3.1 Geothermal Heating 224 5.9.3.2 Geothermal Power Generation 225 5.9.4 Strengths and Challenges of Geothermal Energy 228 5.10 Biomass Energy 229 5.10.1 Biomass Sources 229 5.10.2 Energy Potential of Biomass Resources 232 5.10.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies 233 5.10.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.2 Physicochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.3 Biological Conversion 234 5.10.4 Strengths and Challenges of Bioenergy 235 5.11 Future Trend of Renewable Energy Development 236 5.12 Chapter Review 237 5.13 Review Quiz 239 References 243 6 Electric Energy Systems 245 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 Evolution of Electric Power Systems 246 6.2.1 Early Electrification Systems 248 6.2.2 Development of Transmission Options for Growing Needs 250 6.2.3 Interconnected Grid 252 6.3 Fundamental Concepts of Electric Circuit Analysis 254 6.3.1 Basic Definitions 254 6.3.2 Fundamental Laws 255 6.3.3 DC Circuits 256 6.3.4 AC Circuits 257 6.3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 257 6.3.4.2 Phasor Quantities 258 6.3.5 Three Phase Electric System 260 6.3.6 Per-Phase Analysis 263 6.4 AC Power 263 6.4.1 Power in Single-Phase Circuits 263 6.4.2 Power Factor Considerations 265 6.4.3 Power in Three-Phase Systems 267 6.5 Electromagnetic Field 268 6.5.1 Ampere’s Law 268 6.5.2 Magnetic Flux 268 6.5.3 Magnetic Properties of Substances 269 6.5.4 Magnetic Circuits 270 6.5.5 Faraday’s Law 272 6.6 Transformers 274 6.6.1 Operation Principle 274 6.6.2 Industrial Transformer Tests 277 6.6.2.1 Open-circuit (No-load) Test 277 6.6.2.2 Short-circuit Test 277 6.6.3 Three-phase Transformers 278 6.7 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 280 6.7.1 Basic Motor and Generator 281 6.7.2 Efficiency of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 282 6.8 Electric Generation 284 6.8.1 Synchronous Generators 284 6.8.1.1 Single-Phase Generation 285 6.8.1.2 Three-phase Generation 285 6.8.1.3 Motor Operation 286 6.8.1.4 Rotating Magnetic Field 287 6.8.2 Induction Machines 288 6.8.2.1 Induction Motor 288 6.8.2.2 Induction Generator 290 6.9 Electric Transmission and Distribution 292 6.9.1 Transmission Line Parameters 293 6.9.1.1 Line Resistance 294 6.9.1.2 Line Inductance 295 6.9.1.3 Line Capacitance 295 6.9.2 Representation of Transmission Lines 296 6.9.3 Short Transmission Lines 297 6.9.3.1 Resistive Losses 297 6.9.4 DC Transmission and Distribution 299 6.9.4.1 Voltage Regulation 300 6.10 Electric Loads 300 6.11 Chapter Review 301 References 305 7 Thermal Power Generation 307 7.1 Introduction 308 7.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 309 7.2.1 Heat and Temperature 309 7.2.1.1 Common Temperature Scales 309 7.2.1.2 Absolute Temperature Scale 310 7.2.2 Internal Energy 312 7.2.3 Laws of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy 312 7.2.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Direction of Heat Flow 313 7.2.4 Entropy 313 7.2.5 Enthalpy 314 7.2.6 Reversibility of Energy Flow 315 7.2.7 State of a System 315 7.3 Thermodynamic Processes 315 7.3.1 Isothermal Process 316 7.3.2 Adiabatic Process 316 7.3.3 Carnot Cycle 317 7.3.4 Carnot Heat Engine 318 7.4 Efficiency and Heat Rate 318 7.4.1 Carnot Efficiency 318 7.4.2 Heat Rate of Thermoelectric Generation Units 319 7.5 Steam Turbines 320 7.5.1 Evaporation Properties of Water 321 7.6 Carnot Heat Engine 324 7.7 Rankine Cycle 328 7.8 Improved Efficiency Steam Turbines 331 7.9 Gas Turbines 332 7.9.1 Brayton (Joule) Cycle 333 7.10 Improved Efficiency Thermal Systems 335 7.10.1 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) 336 7.10.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 336 7.11 Chapter Review 337 References 342 8 Hydropower 343 8.1 Introduction 344 8.2 Basic Concepts of Hydrodynamics 344 8.2.1 Density and Specific Mass 344 8.2.2 Pressure 345 8.2.3 Flow Rate 345 8.2.4 Conservation of Mass in Steady Liquid Flow 346 8.3 Bernoulli’s Principle 346 8.4 Euler’s Turbomachine Equation 347 8.5 Hydraulic Turbines 348 8.5.1 Pelton Turbine 350 8.5.2 Francis Turbine 351 8.5.3 Kaplan Turbine 353 8.6 Hydroelectric Generation 354 8.7 Turbine Selection 356 8.8 Hydroelectric Station Types 356 8.9 Dam Structures 357 8.10 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Power Plants 358 8.11 Chapter Review 360 References 364 9 Wind Energy Systems 365 9.1 Introduction 366 9.2 Sources of Wind 367 9.3 Wind Shear 369 9.4 Wind Regimes 371 9.4.1 Site Wind Profile 372 9.4.2 Weibull Distribution 374 9.4.3 Rayleigh Distribution 376 9.5 Wind Turbine Types 377 9.5.1 Maximum Turbine Power and Torque 379 9.5.2 Performance Coefficients 381 9.5.3 Blade Aerodynamics 383 9.5.3.1 Pitch Angle 383 9.5.3.2 Lift and Drag Forces 385 9.5.3.3 Chord Length 387 9.5.4 Blade Design 388 9.6 Wind-powered Electric Generation 389 9.6.1 Turbine-Generator Characteristics 389 9.6.2 Output Power Control 390 9.6.2.1 Pitch Control 390 9.6.2.2 Stall Control 391 9.6.3 Generator Types 391 9.6.3.1 Synchronous Generators 392 9.6.3.2 Asynchronous (Induction) Generators 393 9.6.3.3 Stand-Alone Operation 394 9.6.3.4 Grid Connected Operation 394 9.6.4 Grid Integration of Wind Powered Generation 395 9.7 Energy Output Estimation 395 9.8 Chapter Review 398 References 403 10 Solar Energy Systems 405 10.1 Introduction 406 10.2 Solar Radiation 407 10.2.1 Solar Constant 407 10.2.2 Effect of Clear Atmosphere on Solar Radiation 409 10.2.3 Solar Geometry 409 10.2.4 Solar Time 412 10.2.5 Incident Solar Radiation on a Collecting Surface 413 10.2.6 Estimation of Total Irradiance on an Inclined Surface 414 10.2.6.1 Estimation of Direct-Beam Radiation 415 10.2.6.2 Estimation of Diffuse Radiation 415 10.2.6.3 Reflected Radiation 415 10.2.7 Solar Array Orientation 416 10.3 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion 416 10.3.1 Solar Collector Types 416 10.3.2 Solar Collector Performance and Efficiency 418 10.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 419 10.4.1 Structure of Silicon Crystal 419 10.4.2 Operation of a PV Cell 420 10.4.3 Output Characteristic and Delivered Power 423 10.4.4 PV Technologies and Cell Efficiency 425 10.5 PV Generation Systems 426 10.5.1 PV Generation System Configurations 428 10.6 Concentrated Solar Power 429 10.7 Chapter Review 430 References 435 11 Energy Security 437 11.1 Introduction 438 11.2 Aspects of Energy Security 439 11.2.1 Types of Energy Security Concerns 440 11.2.2 Short-term Energy Security 441 11.2.3 Mid-term Energy Security 442 11.2.4 Long-term Energy Security 442 11.2.5 Energy Security Indicators 443 11.3 Cost of Electric Outages 444 11.4 Resource Availability 447 11.5 Energy Interdependence 449 11.6 Chapter Review 452 References 455 12 Energy and Sustainable Development 457 12.1 Introduction 458 12.2 Sustainable Development Goals 458 12.3 Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems 460 12.3.1 Ground Level Air Pollution 460 12.3.2 Acid Rain 461 12.3.3 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change 461 12.3.4 Carbon Footprint of Consumers 465 12.4 Energy, Water, and Food Interactions 468 12.4.1 Water Sources 470 12.4.2 Water Use for Energy 470 12.4.3 Energy Use for Water 472 12.4.4 Energy Invested for Energy 475 12.5 Energy Management 478 12.5.1 Resource Coordination 479 12.5.2 Supply-side Energy Management 480 12.5.3 Load-side Energy Management 483 12.5.4 Site Energy and Source Energy 486 12.5.4.1 Direct Use of Fuels 487 12.5.4.2 Use of Grid Electricity 488 12.5.4.3 On-site Electric Generation 490 12.6 Chapter Review 491 References 495 Appendix A: Unit Conversion Factors 499 Appendix B: Calorific Values of Common Fuels 503 Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms 507 Glossary 513 Index 519

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Book SynopsisACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Discover the major issues, solutions, techniques, and applications of active electrical distribution networks with this edited resource Active Electrical Distribution Network: A Smart Approach delivers a comprehensive and insightful guide dedicated to addressing the major issues affecting an often-overlooked sector of the electrical industry: electrical distribution. The book discusses in detail a variety of challenges facing the smart electrical distribution network and presents a detailed framework to address these challenges with renewable energy integration. The book offers readers fulsome analyses of active distribution networks for smart grids, as well as active control approached for distributed generation, electric vehicle technology, smart metering systems, smart monitoring devices, smart management systems, and various storage systems. It provides a treatment of the analysis, modeling, and impTable of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Contributors xvii List of Abbreviations xix Part I Electrical Distribution Network: Conventional vs Smart 1 1 Electricity Distribution Structures and Business Models Considering Smart Grid Perspectives 3Baidyanath Bag Part II Existing Issues in the Electrical Distribution Network 19 2 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 1: Distribution Feeder Segregation 21Baidyanath Bag 3 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 2: Technical, Economical, and Environmental 39Shilpa Kalambe, Sanjay Jain, Bhojraj N. Kale, and Ujwala B. Malkhandale Part III Harmonics Mitigation in the Smart Distribution Network 51 4 Power Quality Mitigation in a Distribution Network Using a Battery Energy Storage System 53Gajendra Singh Chawda, Om Prakash Mahela, and Bhuynesh Rathmore 5 Grid Power Quality Improvement Using a Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger in Smart City Scenario 69Rajesh Kumar Lenka, Anup Kumar Panda, and Man Mohan Garg Part IV Toward Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 87 6 Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 89Yashwnat Sawle, Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, and Ashwini Ramachandran Nair Part V Energy Management of an Active Distribution Network 125 7 Active Distribution Management System 127Mohammad Gholami, Sajjad Fattaheinan-Dehkordi, Hessam Mazaheri, and Ali Abbaspour Tehrani-Fard 8 Role of Volt-VAr-W Control in Energy Management 145Baidyanath Bag 9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 155Hooman Firoozi, Mohamad Amin Rajabi Nezhad, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen Part VI Phasor Measurement Unit Placement 177 10 Enhancing the Performance of the State Estimation Algorithm Through Optimally Placed Phasor Measurement Units 179Kinfe Negash, Baseem Khan, P. Sanjeevikumar, and Esayas Gidey Part VII Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 201 11 Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 203M. Thirunavukkarasu and Sawle Yashwant 12 Control Algorithms for Energy Storage Systems to Reduce Distribution Power Loss of Microgrids 237Yun Yang, Siew-Chong Tan, and Shu-Yuen Ron Hui 13 Higher Levels of Wind Energy Penetration into the Remote Grid: Challenges and Solutions 261Gajendra Singh Chawda, Abdul Gafoor Shaik, and Om Prakash Mahela 14 Internet of Things and Machine Learning for Improving Solar-PV Plant Efficiency: Forecasting Aspects 279Pankaj Kumar, Gajendra Singh Chawda, and Om Prakash Mahela 15 Modular Design of Nonlinear Controllers for Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Systems 297Meher Preetam Korukonda, Man Mohan Garg, and Laxmidhar Behera Part VIII Electric Vehicle Technology 311 16 Vehicle-to-Grid Challenges and Potential Benefits for Smart Microgrids 313Mohd Tayyab Saeed Part IX Reconfiguration of a Smart Distribution Network 329 17 Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Systems: Test System 331Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Baseem Khan 18 Distribution System Reconfiguration: Case Studies 433Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Josep M. Guerrero 19 Genetic Algorithm Application in Distribution System Reconfiguration 479Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Part X Demand Side Management Mechanisms and a Smart Home Energy Management System 517 20 Demand Response Techniques and Smart Home Energy Management Systems 519Hooman Firoozi, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen 21 A Sustainable Building Lightning Solution for Energy Conservation in Different Geographical Conditions 539Sunil Kumar Goyal, Bharat Bharatia, Amit Saraswat, Bhuwan Pratap Singh, and Om Prakash Mahela Part XI Smart Meter Technology 573 22 Smart Metering: Transforming from One-Way to Two-Way Communication 575Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, Ashwini Ramachandran Nair, and Yashwnat Sawle Index 597

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Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisElectric Power Systems with Renewables Concise, balanced, and fundamentals-based resource providing coverage of power system operation and planning, including simulations using PSSE software Electric Power Systems with Renewables provides a comprehensive treatment of various topics related to power systems with an emphasis on renewable energy integration into power systems. The updated use cases and methods in the book build upon the climate change science and renewables currently being integrated with the grid and the ability to manage resilience for electrifying transportation and related power systems as societies identify more ways to move towards a carbon-free future. Simulation examples and software support are provided by integrating the educational version of PSSE. The newly revised edition includes new topics on the intelligent use of PSSE simulation software, presents a short introduction to Python (a widely usedTable of ContentsPreface xiii Table of Simulations Using Pss®e, Python, and Matlab/simulink® xv About the Companion Website xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Systems: a Changing Landscape 1 1.1 Nature of Power Systems 2 1.2 Changing Landscape of Power Systems Due to Utility Deregulation 4 1.3 Integration of Renewables Into the Grid 5 1.4 Topics in Power Systems 6 References 9 Problems 9 Chapter 2 Review of Basic Electric Circuits and Electromagnetic Concepts 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Phasor Representation in a Sinusoidal Steady State 12 2.3 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor 16 2.4 Three-Phase Circuits 22 2.5 Real and Reactive Power Transfer between AC Systems 30 2.6 Equipment Ratings, Base Values, and Per-Unit Quantities 32 2.7 Energy Efficiencies of Power System Equipment 33 2.8 Electromagnetic Concepts 34 Reference 44 Problems 44 Appendix 2A 47 Chapter 3 Electric Energy and the Environment 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Choices and Consequences 51 3.3 Hydropower 53 3.4 Fossil-Fuel-Based Power Plants 53 3.5 Nuclear Power 55 3.6 Renewable Energy 58 3.7 Distributed Generation (DG) 66 3.8 Environmental Consequences and Remedial Actions 66 References 68 Problems 68 Chapter 4 Ac Transmission Lines and Underground Cables 71 4.1 Need for Transmission Lines and Cables 71 4.2 Overhead AC Transmission Lines 72 4.3 Transposition of Transmission-Line Phases 73 4.4 Transmission-Line Parameters 74 4.5 Distributed-Parameter Representation of Transmission Lines in a Sinusoidal Steady State 82 4.6 Surge Impedance Z c and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) 84 4.7 Lumped Transmission-Line Models in a Steady State 86 4.8 Cables 88 References 89 Problems 90 Appendix 4A Long Transmission Lines 92 Chapter 5 Power Flow in Power System Networks 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Description of the Power System 96 5.3 Example Power System 97 5.4 Building the Admittance Matrix 98 5.5 Basic Power-Flow Equations 100 5.6 Newton-Raphson Procedure 101 5.7 Solution of Power-Flow Equations Using the Newton-Raphson Method 104 5.8 Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson Method for Power Flow 109 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis 110 5.10 Reaching the Bus VAR Limit 110 5.11 Synchronized Phasor Measurements, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS), and Wide-Area Measurement Systems 111 5.12 dc Power Flow 111 References 112 Problems 112 Appendix 5A Gauss-Seidel Procedure for Power-Flow Calculations 113 Appendix 5B Remote Bus Voltage Control by Generators 114 Chapter 6 Transformers in Power Systems 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Basic Principles of Transformer Operation 119 6.3 Simplified Transformer Model 125 6.4 Per-Unit Representation 127 6.5 Transformer Efficiencies and Leakage Reactances 131 6.6 Regulation in Transformers 131 6.7 Autotransformers 132 6.8 Phase Shift Introduced by Transformers 134 6.9 Three-Winding Transformers 135 6.10 Three-Phase Transformers 136 6.11 Representing Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios, Taps, and Phase Shifts 137 6.12 Transformer Model in PSS®E 140 References 141 Problems 141 Chapter 7 Grid Integration of Inverter-based Resources (ibrs) and Hvdc Systems 145 7.1 Climate Crisis 146 7.2 Interface Between Renewables/Batteries and The Utility Grid 146 7.3 High-Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems 152 7.4 IEEE P2800 Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems 156 References 157 Problems 157 Appendix 7A Operation of Voltage Source Converters (vscs) [7a1] 157 Appendix 7B Operation of Thyristor-Based Line- Commutated Converters (LCCS) 161 Chapter 8 Distribution System, Loads, and Power Quality 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Distribution Systems 173 8.3 Power System Loads 174 8.4 Power Quality Considerations 180 8.5 Load Management 191 References 192 Problems 192 Chapter 9 Synchronous Generators 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Structure 196 9.3 Induced EMF in the Stator Windings 200 9.4 Power Output, Stability, and The Loss of Synchronism 204 9.5 Field Excitation Control to Adjust Reactive Power 206 9.6 Field Exciters for Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) 208 9.7 Synchronous, Transient, and Subtransient Reactances 208 9.8 Generator Modeling in PSS®E 211 References 213 Problems 213 Chapter 10 Voltage Regulation and Stability in Power Systems 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Radial System as an Example 215 10.3 Voltage Collapse 218 10.4 Preventing Voltage Instability 220 References 227 Problems 228 Chapter 11 Transient and Dynamic Stability Of Power Systems 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Principle of Transient Stability 229 11.3 Transient Stability Evaluation in Large Systems 238 11.4 Dynamic Stability 239 References 240 Problems 241 Appendix 11A Inertia, Torque, and Acceleration in Rotating Systems 241 Chapter 12 Control of Interconnected Power Systems and Economic Dispatch 245 12.1 Control Objectives 245 12.2 Voltage Control by Controlling Excitation and Reactive Power 246 12.3 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 247 12.4 Economic Dispatch and Optimum Power Flow 257 References 262 Problems 262 Chapter 13 Transmission Line Faults, Relaying, And Circuit Breakers 265 13.1 Causes of Transmission Line Faults 265 13.2 Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis 266 13.3 Types of Faults 269 13.4 System Impedances for Fault Calculations 273 13.5 Calculating Fault Currents in Large Networks 276 13.6 Protection Against Short-Circuit Faults 277 References 286 Problems 287 Chapter 14 Transient Overvoltages, Surge Protection, and Insulation Coordination 289 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Causes of Overvoltages 289 14.3 Transmission-Line Characteristics and Representation 292 14.4 Insulation to Withstand Overvoltages 294 14.5 Surge Arresters and Insulation Coordination 296 References 296 Problems 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisNet-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector Guide to choosing and investing in decarbonization technologies for the energy sector Net-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector proposes mature (high technology readiness level) net-zero and low carbon pathways and technologies in the energy sector, discussing net-/near-zero solutions for producing and storing power, heat, biofuel, and hydrogen, and highlighting various pathways and processes to achieve net-zero targets and address climate concerns. Each chapter provides a relevant case study to aid in the practical application of concepts, covering decarbonization solutions that have high potential to be used in the near future, such as solar-hybrid systems for net-zero power generation, CCUS-hybrid systems for low carbon power generation, pumped hydropower for power storage, commercial concentrating solar power plants for heat generation, gasification with CCUS for biofuel production,

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Book SynopsisHydrostatic Testing, Corrosion, and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion: A Field Manual for Control and Prevention teaches industry professionals, managers, and researchers how to combat corrosion failure associated with hydrotesting. It discusses how a test liquid must be selected, how corrosion by bacteria should be controlled, and how to eliminate the risk of leakage. Rather than teaching how hydrotests should be conducted, it helps the reader evaluate the quality of a hydrotest thatâs already been conducted in terms of oxygen scavenger use, biocide testing, inhibitor addition, and water quality and explains the tasks that top and middle management must ensure are taken with respect to corrosion assessment of hydrotesting. The manual also discusses microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) as the main corrosion mechanism related to post-hydrotesting and offers essential knowledge on combating this corrosion process. In addition to being a manual for top and middle management on how to deal with corrosion, this book also:Trade Review"This book offers the best available guidance on how to avoid microbially influenced corrosion in pipelines and similar equipment. The authors also provide very useful information on locations within complex equipment where corrosion problems are to be expected. This is very useful information for anyone planning on conducting hydrostatic testing programs or dealing with the corrosion problems associated with improper controls of these operations."—Bob Heidersbach, Dr. Rust, Inc., Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA"The book is very useful for professionals to be aware of some neglected issues and their consequences." —Abdelkader Meroufel, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Saudi Arabia"A good introduction of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) to engineers working with hydrostatic testing. It provides a rational and systematic way to detect and deal with potential MIC."—Johannes Johansson, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Stockholm, SwedenTable of ContentsA Review of Essentials of Corrosion Needed to Assess Hydrotesting. Microbiology of Corrosion. Assessment Procedure. Closing Remarks. Abbreviations. Annex 1: MIC Risk Factors and Their Relative Weights. Annex 2: A list of Biocides and Their Pros and Cons.

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Book SynopsisClean energy technologies are poised to play an important role in overcoming fossil fuel exhaustion and global pollution. Among these technologies, electrochemical energy storage and conversion are considered to be the most feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are prime examples of electrochemical energy conversion technologies in action. Believed to be ideal sources of clean power, PEM fuel cells are replacing internal combustion and diesel engines in vehicles, as well as Pb-acid batteries and diesel generators in the emergency backup of telecommunications base stations and computer centers.Written by an industry-leading scientist, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells explains the theoretical foundations of PEM fuel cells in relation to practical design and operation to not only help beginners grasp the essentials, but also guide industry professionals in tackling technical challenges. Useful to scientists, reseTrade Review"This book covers the essentials of theory, with a focus on providing tools and techniques engineers can use during the design process. This is a balance that can only be achieved by the author’s extensive industry experience and credentials."––Chuck Carlstrom, R & D Director, Lydall, Manchester, Connecticut, USA; Former Director of Stack Development at Plug Power, Latham, New York, USA"This book is written by a scientist with broad knowledge of PEM fuel cells, ranging from the fundamental chemistry to commercial development and applications. …Its unique insider’s perspective displays an intimate knowledge of PEM fuel cell systems, testing methods, and commercial requirements."––Professor Peter G. Pickup, Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada"…this book apparently helps not only newcomers but also experts for their technology review."––Dr. Fumio Ueno, Chairman of IEC Technical Committee 105: Fuel Cell Technologies; Technology Executive, Micro Fuel Cell Display Devices & Components Control Center, Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan"The author combines a clear and thorough understanding of the theoretical foundations of fuel cells with a sound application of these to the practical considerations and challenges of designing and operating fuel cell systems for a variety of applications."––Dr. John F. Elter, President of Sustainable Systems LLC, Albany, New York, USA; Former Vice-President and CTO at Plug Power, Latham, New York, USA"…it is a good reference for all levels of fuel cell developers. …The analysis on key issues for PEMFC applications is in-depth and thorough."––Dr. Hao Tang, Chief Scientist, R&D Director, Alternative Energy Institute, China Eastern Electric Corp., Sichuan, China"It provides information useful to beginners and experienced researchers alike. …It is a more comprehensive book [than] I have ever seen."––Professor Pucheng Pei, Director, Institute of Automotive Power, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaTable of ContentsPreface. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Thermodynamics and Kinetics. Hydrogen H2. Evaluation. Stationary Power. Motive Power. Portable Power. Perspectives. References. Appendix 1: Terminology. Appendix 2: Brief Introduction to Fuel Cell Developers. Subject Index. Bio.

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