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Book SynopsisHeat and Cold Storage 2 focuses on thermochemical sorption storage processes that is, absorption, adsorption and chemical sorption. This book first analyzes the principles of sorption and defines the criteria for selecting the materials to be used, before presenting the three sorption storage technologies. It details the functioning of the absorption cycle in order to highlight the future challenges of this method. Next, the book examines storage by physical adsorption. Then, it presents the fundamentals of this phenomenon and a description of solid-gas adsorption cycles and systems, followed by a number of examples of prototype installations. Finally, the book describes the phenomenon of heat storage by chemical sorption from the scale of the reactive material to the scale of the process, before putting the state of the art of possible improvements into perspective and illustrating various applications.

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Book SynopsisThe Updated Third Edition Provides a Systems Approach to Sustainable Green Energy Production and Contains Analytical Tools for the Design of Renewable Microgrids The revised third edition ofDesign of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systemsintegrates three areas of electrical engineering: power systems, power electronics, and electric energy conversion systems. The book also addresses the fundamental design of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy microgrids as part of smart-bulk power-grid systems. In order to demystify the complexity of the integrated approach, the author first presents the basic concepts, and then explores a simulation test bed in MATLAB in order to use these concepts to solve a basic problem in the development of smart grid energy system. Each chapter offers a problem of integration and describes why it is important. Then the mathematical model of the problem is formulated, and the solution steps are outlined. This step is followed by deTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvi About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy and Civilization 1 1.1 Introduction: Motivation 1 1.2 Fossil Fuel 2 1.3 Energy Use and Industrialization 2 1.4 Nuclear Energy 4 1.5 Global Warming 5 1.6 The Age of the Electric Power Grid 9 1.7 Green and Renewable Energy Sources 10 1.8 Hydrogen 11 1.9 Solar and Photovoltaic 11 1.9.1 Wind Power 12 1.9.2 Geothermal 13 1.10 Biomass 13 1.11 Ethanol 13 1.12 Energy Units and Conversions 13 1.13 Estimating the Cost of Energy 17 1.14 New Oil Boom–Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking) 20 1.15 Estimation of Future CO2 21 1.16 The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC 22 1.17 Energy Utilization and Economic Growth 23 1.18 Conclusion 23 Problems 24 Further Reading 26 2 Power Grids 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Electric Power Grids 29 2.2.1 Background 29 2.2.2 The Construction of a Power Grid System 29 2.3 Basic Concepts of Power Grids 33 2.3.1 Common Terms 33 2.3.2 Calculating Power Consumption 33 2.4 Load Models 49 2.5 Transformers in Electric Power Grids 53 2.5.1 A Short History of Transformers 54 2.5.2 Transmission Voltage 54 2.5.3 Transformers 55 2.6 Modeling a Microgrid System 59 2.6.1 The Per Unit System 60 2.7 Modeling Three-Phase Transformers 69 2.8 Tap-Changing Transformers 72 2.9 Modeling Transmission Lines 74 Problems 87 References 92 3 Modeling of Converters in Power Grid Distributed Generation Systems 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Single-Phase DC/AC Inverters with Two Switches 94 3.3 Single-Phase DC/AC Inverters with a Four-Switch Bipolar Switching Method 106 3.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation with Unipolar Voltage Switching for a Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter 110 3.4 Three-Phase DC/AC Inverters 113 3.5 Pulse Width Modulation Methods 114 3.5.1 The Triangular Method 114 3.5.2 The Identity Method 119 3.6 Analysis of DC/AC Three-Phase Inverters 120 3.7 Microgrid of Renewable Energy Systems 130 3.8 DC/DC Converters in Green Energy Systems 133 3.8.1 The Step-Up Converter 134 3.8.2 The Step-Down Converter 144 3.8.3 The Buck–Boost Converter 151 3.9 Rectifiers 156 3.10 Pulse Width Modulation Rectifiers 160 3.11 A Three-Phase Voltage Source Rectifier Utilizing Sinusoidal PWM Switching 163 3.12 The Sizing of an Inverter for Microgrid Operation 167 3.13 The Sizing of a Rectifier for Microgrid Operation 169 3.14 The Sizing of DC/DC Converters for Microgrid Operation 170 Problems 171 References 176 4 Smart Power Grid Systems 177 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 Power Grid Operation 178 4.3 Vertically and Market-Structured Power Grid 184 4.4 The Operations Control of a Power Grid 187 4.5 Load Frequency Control 187 4.6 Automatic Generation Control 193 4.7 Operating Reserve Calculation 198 4.8 Basic Concepts of a Smart Power Grid 199 4.9 The Load Factor 206 4.10 The Load Factor and Real-Time Pricing 209 4.11 A Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid 212 4.12 Smart Grid Development 214 4.13 Smart Microgrid Renewable and Green Energy Systems 216 4.14 A Power Grid Steam Generator 223 4.15 Power Grid Modeling 234 Problems 240 References 245 5 Solar Energy Systems 247 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 The Solar Energy Conversion Process: Thermal Power Plants 251 5.3 Photovoltaic Power Conversion 253 5.4 Photovoltaic Materials 253 5.5 Photovoltaic Characteristics 255 5.6 Photovoltaic Efficiency 258 5.7 The Design of Photovoltaic Systems 262 5.8 The Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module 277 5.9 The Measurement of Photovoltaic Performance 278 5.10 The Maximum Power Point of a Photovoltaic Array 278 5.11 A Battery Storage System 292 5.12 A Storage System Based on a Single-Cell Battery 294 5.13 The Energy Yield of a Photovoltaic Module and the Angle of Incidence 317 5.14 The State of Photovoltaic Generation Technology 318 Problems 318 References 326 6 Microgrid Wind Energy Systems 328 6.1 Introduction 328 6.2 Wind Power 329 6.3 Wind Turbine Generators 331 6.4 The Modeling of Induction Machines 334 6.4.1 Calculation of Slip 343 6.4.2 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine 343 6.5 Power Flow Analysis of an Induction Machine 346 6.6 The Operation of an Induction Generator 351 6.7 Dynamic Performance 366 6.8 The Doubly Fed Induction Generator 372 6.9 Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems 375 6.10 Variable-Speed Permanent Magnet Generators 376 6.11 A Variable-Speed Synchronous Generator 377 6.12 A Variable-Speed Generator with a Converter Isolated from the Grid 378 Problems 380 References 384 7 Load Flow Analysis of Power Grids and Microgrids 386 7.1 Introduction 386 7.2 Voltage Calculation in Power Grid Analysis 387 7.3 The Power Flow Problem 391 7.4 Load Flow Study as a Power System Engineering Tool 392 7.5 Bus Types 392 7.6 General Formulation of the Power Flow Problem 397 7.7 Algorithm for Calculation of Bus Admittance Model 400 7.7.1 The History of Algebra, Algorithm, and Number Systems 400 7.7.2 Bus Admittance Algorithm 402 7.8 The Bus Impedance Algorithm 403 7.9 Formulation of the Load Flow Problem 404 7.10 The Gauss–Seidel YBUS Algorithm 407 7.11 The Gauss–Seidel ZBUS Algorithm 412 7.12 Comparison of the YBUS and ZBUS Power Flow Solution Methods 419 7.13 The Synchronous and Asynchronous Operation of Microgrids 420 7.14 An Advanced Power Flow Solution Method: The Newton–Raphson Algorithm 422 7.14.1 The Newton–Raphson Algorithm 425 7.15 General Formulation of the Newton–Raphson Algorithm 430 7.16 The Decoupled Newton–Raphson Algorithm 434 7.17 The Fast Decoupled Load Flow Algorithm 435 7.18 Analysis of a Power Flow Problem 436 Problems 448 References 461 8 Power Grid and Microgrid Fault Studies 462 8.1 Introduction 462 8.2 Power Grid Fault Current Calculation 464 8.3 Symmetrical Components 468 8.4 Sequence Networks for Power Generators 473 8.5 The Modeling of Wind and PV Generating Stations 476 8.6 Sequence Networks for Balanced Three-Phase Transmission Lines 477 8.7 Ground Current Flow in Balanced Three-Phase Transformers 479 8.8 Zero Sequence Network 481 8.8.1 Transformers 481 8.8.2 Load Connections 482 8.8.3 Power Grid 484 8.9 Fault Studies 487 8.9.1 Balanced Three-Phase Fault Analysis 490 8.9.2 Unbalanced Faults 508 8.9.3 Single-Line-to-Ground Faults 508 8.9.4 Double-Line-to-Ground Faults 511 8.9.5 Line-to-Line Faults 513 Problems 527 References 533 9 Smart Devices and Energy Efficiency Monitoring Systems 534 9.1 Introduction 534 9.2 Kilowatt-Hour Measurements 535 9.3 Current and Voltage Measurements 536 9.4 Power Measurements at 60 or 50HZ 537 9.5 Analog-to-Digital Conversions 538 9.6 Root Mean Square (RMS) Measurement Devices 538 9.7 Energy Monitoring Systems 539 9.8 Smart Meters 539 9.9 Power Monitoring and Scheduling 540 9.10 Communication Systems 541 9.11 Network Security and Software 543 9.12 Smartphone Applications 546 9.13 Summary 546 Problems 547 Further Reading 548 10 Load Estimation and Classification 549 10.1 Introduction 549 10.2 Load Estimation of a Residential Load 549 10.3 Service Feeder and Metering 557 10.3.1 Assumed Wattages 557 Problems 560 References 562 11 Energy Saving and Cost Estimation of Incandescent and Light-Emitting Diodes 563 11.1 Building Lighting with Incandescent Bulbs 563 11.2 Comparative Performance of LED, Incandescent, and LFC Lighting 564 11.3 Building Load Estimation 566 11.4 Led Energy Saving 569 11.5 Return on Investment on LED Lighting 571 11.6 Annual Carbon Emissions 572 Problems 572 References 572 Appendix A Complex Numbers 573 Appendix B Transmission Line and Distribution Typical Data 576 Appendix C Energy Yield of Photovoltaic Panels and Angle of Incidence 581 Appendix D Wind Power 594 Index 599

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Book SynopsisA revised and updated text that explores the fundamentals of the physics of electric power handling systems The revised and updated second edition of Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use offers an innovative and comprehensive approach to the fundamentals of electric power. The author a noted expert on the topic provides a thorough grounding in electric power systems, with an informative discussion on per-unit normalisations, symmetrical components and iterative load flow calculations. The text covers the most important topics within the power system, such as protection and DC transmission, and examines both traditional power plants and those used for extracting sustainable energy from wind and sunlight. The text explores the principles of electromechanical energy conversion and magnetic circuits and synchronous machines the most important generators of electric power. The book also contains information on power electroniTrade ReviewIt is a must-read book for everyone who feels interested in area of electric power system. This book covers almost every essential item that falls in this area. By reading this book, you can expect to explore all the key components in electric power system, such as energy source, transmission line, protection mechanism, load flow, electric machine, etc. All the key concepts are discussed from fundamental physics and elaborated steps by steps. Real world examples with pictures are given in the right place to visualize the discussed items. Problem sets are included in each chapter to strengthen the learnt concepts. I am quite sure everyone from all levels can follow and understand all the contents without much difficulty. In this second edition, a new chapter on energy storage and some other updated information are added. As a teacher and researcher in power engineering, I would say this book must be one of the best books in this area. Christopher H. T. Lee, Assistant Professor, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Electric Power Systems 1 1.1 Electric Utility Systems 2 1.2 Energy and Power 3 1.2.1 Basics and Units 3 1.3 Sources of Electric Power 5 1.3.1 Heat Engines 5 1.3.2 Power Plants 6 1.3.2.1 Environmental Impact of Burning Fossil Fuels 7 1.3.3 Nuclear Power Plants 8 1.3.4 Hydroelectric Power 9 1.3.5 Wind Turbines 10 1.3.6 Solar Power Generation 12 1.4 Electric Power Plants and Generation 14 1.5 Problems 15 2 AC Voltage, Current, and Power 17 2.1 Sources and Power 17 2.1.1 Voltage and Current Sources 17 2.1.2 Power 18 2.1.3 Sinusoidal Steady State 18 2.1.4 Phasor Notation 19 2.1.5 Real and Reactive Power 19 2.1.5.1 Root Mean Square (RMS) Amplitude 20 2.2 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors 20 2.2.1 Reactive Power and Voltage 22 2.2.1.1 Example 22 2.2.2 Reactive Power Voltage Support 22 2.3 Voltage Stability and Bifurcation 23 2.3.1 Voltage Calculation 24 2.3.2 Voltage Solution and Effect of Reactive Power 25 2.4 Problems 26 3 Transmission Lines 33 3.1 Modeling: Telegrapher’s Equations 33 3.1.1 Traveling Waves 35 3.1.2 Characteristic Impedance 35 3.1.3 Power 36 3.1.4 Line Terminations and Reflections 36 3.1.4.1 Examples 37 3.1.4.2 Lightning 38 3.1.4.3 Inductive Termination 39 3.1.5 Sinusoidal Steady State 41 3.2 Problems 44 4 Polyphase Systems 47 4.1 Two-phase Systems 47 4.2 Three-phase Systems 48 4.3 Line–Line Voltages 51 4.3.1 Example: Wye- and Delta-connected Loads 52 4.3.2 Example: Use of Wye–Delta for Unbalanced Loads 53 4.4 Problems 55 5 Electrical and Magnetic Circuits 59 5.1 Electric Circuits 59 5.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 59 5.1.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 60 5.1.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm’s Law 60 5.2 Magnetic Circuit Analogies 62 5.2.1 Analogy to KCL 62 5.2.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force 62 5.2.3 Analogy to Ohm’s Law: Reluctance 63 5.2.4 Simple Case 64 5.2.5 Flux Confinement 64 5.2.6 Example: C-Core 65 5.2.7 Example: Core with Different Gaps 66 5.3 Problems 66 6 Transformers 71 6.1 Single-phase Transformers 71 6.1.1 Ideal Transformers 72 6.1.2 Deviations from an Ideal Transformer 73 6.1.3 Autotransformers 75 6.2 Three-phase Transformers 76 6.2.1 Example 78 6.2.2 Example: Grounding or Zigzag Transformer 80 6.3 Problems 81 7 Polyphase Lines and Single-phase Equivalents 87 7.1 Polyphase Transmission and Distribution Lines 87 7.1.1 Example 89 7.2 Introduction to Per-unit Systems 90 7.2.1 Normalization of Voltage and Current 90 7.2.2 Three-phase Systems 91 7.2.3 Networks with Transformers 92 7.2.4 Transforming from One Base to Another 92 7.2.5 Example: Fault Study 93 7.2.5.1 One-line Diagram of the Situation 93 7.3 Appendix: Inductances of Transmission Lines 95 7.3.1 Single Wire 95 7.3.2 Mutual Inductance 96 7.3.3 Bundles of Conductors 97 7.3.4 Transposed Lines 98 7.4 Problems 98 8 Electromagnetic Forces and Loss Mechanisms 103 8.1 Energy Conversion Process 103 8.1.1 Principle of Virtual Work 104 8.1.1.1 Example: Lifting Magnet 106 8.1.2 Co-energy 107 8.1.2.1 Example: Co-energy Force Problem 107 8.1.2.2 Electric Machine Model 108 8.2 Continuum Energy Flow 109 8.2.1 Material Motion 110 8.2.2 Additional Issues in Energy Methods 111 8.2.2.1 Co-energy in Continuous Media 111 8.2.2.2 Permanent Magnets 112 8.2.2.3 Energy in the Flux–Current Plane 113 8.2.3 Electric Machine Description 115 8.2.4 Field Description of Electromagnetic Force: The Maxwell Stress Tensor 117 8.2.5 Tying the Maxwell Stress Tensor and Poynting Approaches Together 119 8.2.5.1 Simple Description of a Linear Induction Motor 120 8.3 Surface Impedance of Uniform Conductors 122 8.3.1 Linear Case 123 8.3.2 Iron 125 8.3.3 Magnetization 126 8.3.4 Saturation and Hysteresis 126 8.3.5 Conduction, Eddy Currents, and Laminations 129 8.3.5.1 Complete Penetration Case 129 8.3.6 Eddy Currents in Saturating Iron 131 8.4 Semi-empirical Method of Handling Iron Loss 133 8.5 Problems 136 References 141 9 Synchronous Machines 143 9.1 Round Rotor Machines: Basics 144 9.1.1 Operation with a Balanced Current Source 145 9.1.2 Operation with a Voltage Source 145 9.2 Reconciliation of Models 147 9.2.1 Torque Angles 148 9.3 Per-unit Systems 148 9.4 Normal Operation 149 9.4.1 Capability Diagram 150 9.4.2 Vee Curve 150 9.5 Salient Pole Machines: Two-reaction Theory 151 9.6 Synchronous Machine Dynamics 155 9.7 Synchronous Machine Dynamic Model 155 9.7.1 Electromagnetic Model 156 9.7.2 Park’s Equations 157 9.7.3 Power and Torque 160 9.7.4 Per-unit Normalization 160 9.7.5 Equivalent Circuits 163 9.7.6 Transient Reactances and Time Constants 164 9.8 Statement of Simulation Model 165 9.8.1 Example: Transient Stability 166 9.8.2 Equal Area Transient Stability Criterion 166 9.9 Appendix 1: Transient Stability Code 169 9.10 Appendix 2: Winding Inductance Calculation 172 9.10.1 Pitch Factor 175 9.10.2 Breadth Factor 175 9.11 Problems 177 10 System Analysis and Protection 181 10.1 The Symmetrical Component Transformation 181 10.2 Sequence Impedances 184 10.2.1 Balanced Transmission Lines 184 10.2.2 Balanced Load 185 10.2.3 Possibly Unbalanced Loads 186 10.2.4 Unbalanced Sources 187 10.2.5 Rotating Machines 189 10.2.6 Transformers 189 10.2.6.1 Example: Rotation of Symmetrical Component Currents 190 10.2.6.2 Example: Reconstruction of Currents 191 10.3 Fault Analysis 192 10.3.1 Single Line–Neutral Fault 192 10.3.2 Double Line–Neutral Fault 193 10.3.3 Line–Line Fault 193 10.3.4 Example of Fault Calculations 194 10.3.4.1 Symmetrical Fault 195 10.3.4.2 Single Line–Neutral Fault 195 10.3.4.3 Double Line–Neutral Fault 196 10.3.4.4 Line–Line Fault 197 10.3.4.5 Conversion to Amperes 198 10.4 System Protection 198 10.4.1 Fuses 199 10.5 Switches 199 10.6 Coordination 200 10.6.1 Ground Overcurrent 200 10.7 Impedance Relays 201 10.7.1 Directional Elements 202 10.8 Differential Relays 202 10.8.1 Ground Fault Protection for Personnel 203 10.9 Zones of System Protection 203 10.10 Problems 204 11 Load Flow 211 11.1 Two Ports and Lines 211 11.1.1 Power Circles 212 11.2 Load Flow in a Network 214 11.3 Gauss–Seidel Iterative Technique 216 11.4 Bus Types 217 11.5 Bus Admittance 217 11.5.1 Bus Incidence 217 11.5.2 Example Network 218 11.5.3 Alternative Assembly of Bus Admittance 219 11.6 Newton–Raphson Method for Load Flow 220 11.6.1 Generator Buses 222 11.6.2 Decoupling 222 11.6.3 Example Calculations 223 11.7 Problems 223 11.8 Appendix: Matlab Scripts to Implement Load Flow Techniques 226 11.8.1 Gauss–Seidel Routine 226 11.8.2 Newton–Raphson Routine 228 11.8.3 Decoupled Newton–Raphson Routine 230 12 Power Electronics and Converters in Power Systems 233 12.1 Switching Devices 233 12.1.1 Diodes 234 12.1.2 Thyristors 234 12.1.3 Bipolar Transistors 235 12.2 Rectifier Circuits 236 12.2.1 Full-wave Rectifier 237 12.2.1.1 Full-wave Bridge with Resistive Load 237 12.2.1.2 Phase-control Rectifier 238 12.2.1.3 Phase Control into an Inductive Load 240 12.2.1.4 AC Phase Control 242 12.2.1.5 Rectifiers for DC Power Supplies 242 12.3 DC–DC Converters 243 12.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation 246 12.3.2 Boost Converter 247 12.3.2.1 Continuous Conduction 247 12.3.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction 249 12.3.2.3 Unity Power Factor Supplies 250 12.4 Canonical Cell 251 12.4.1 Bidirectional Converter 251 12.4.2 H-Bridge 252 12.5 Three-phase Bridge Circuits 254 12.5.1 Rectifier Operation 254 12.5.2 Phase Control 257 12.5.3 Commutation Overlap 257 12.5.4 AC Side Current Harmonics 259 12.5.4.1 Power Supply Rectifiers 261 12.5.4.2 PWM Capable Switch Bridge 262 12.6 Unified Power Flow Controller 264 12.7 High-voltage DC Transmission 267 12.8 Basic Operation of a Converter Bridge 268 12.8.1 Turn-on Switch 268 12.8.2 Inverter Terminal 269 12.9 Achieving High Voltage 270 12.10 Problems 271 13 System Dynamics and Energy Storage 277 13.1 Load–Frequency Relationship 277 13.2 Energy Balance 277 13.2.1 Natural Response 278 13.2.2 Feedback Control 279 13.2.3 Droop Control 280 13.2.4 Isochronous Control 281 13.3 Synchronized Areas 282 13.3.1 Area Control Error 282 13.3.2 Synchronizing Dynamics 283 13.3.3 Feedback Control to Drive ACE to Zero 284 13.4 Inverter Connection 285 13.4.1 Overview of Connection 286 13.4.2 Filters 287 13.4.3 Measurement 288 13.4.4 Phase Locked Loop 289 13.4.5 Control Loops 290 13.4.6 Grid-following (Slave) Inverter 291 13.4.7 Grid-forming (Master) Inverter 291 13.4.8 Droop-controlled Inverter 292 13.5 Energy Storage 292 13.5.1 Time Scales 293 13.5.2 Batteries 293 13.5.2.1 Simplest Battery Model 294 13.5.2.2 Diffusion Model 294 13.5.2.3 Model Including State of Charge 295 13.6 Problems 296 14 Induction Machines 299 14.1 Introduction 299 14.2 Induction Machine Transformer Model 301 14.2.1 Operation: Energy Balance 307 14.2.1.1 Simplified Torque Estimation 309 14.2.1.2 Torque Summary 310 14.2.2 Example of Operation 310 14.2.3 Motor Performance Requirements 312 14.2.3.1 Effect of Rotor Resistance 312 14.3 Squirrel-cage Machines 313 14.4 Single-phase Induction Motors 314 14.4.1 Rotating Fields 314 14.4.2 Power Conversion in the Single-phase Induction Machine 315 14.4.3 Starting of Single-phase Induction Motors 316 14.4.3.1 Shaded Pole Motors 317 14.4.3.2 Split-phase Motors 317 14.4.4 Split-phase Operation 318 14.4.4.1 Example Motor 319 14.5 Induction Generators 321 14.6 Induction Motor Control 322 14.6.1 Volts/Hz Control 323 14.6.2 Field-oriented Control 323 14.6.3 Elementary Model 324 14.6.4 Simulation Model 325 14.6.5 Control Model 326 14.6.6 Field-oriented Strategy 327 14.7 Doubly-fed Induction Machines 329 14.7.1 Steady-state Operation 331 14.8 Appendix 1: Squirrel-cage Machine Model 334 14.8.1 Rotor Currents and Induced Flux 334 14.8.2 Squirrel-cage Currents 335 14.9 Appendix 2: Single-phase Squirrel-cage Model 339 14.10 Appendix 3: Induction Machine Winding Schemes 341 14.10.1 Winding Factor for Concentric Windings 344 14.11 Problems 345 References 350 15 DC (Commutator) Machines 351 15.1 Geometry 351 15.2 Torque Production 352 15.3 Back Voltage 353 15.4 Operation 354 15.4.1 Shunt Operation 355 15.4.2 Separately Excited 356 15.4.2.1 Armature Voltage Control 357 15.4.2.2 Field Weakening Control 357 15.4.2.3 Dynamic Braking 358 15.4.3 Machine Capability 358 15.5 Series Connection 359 15.6 Universal Motors 361 15.7 Commutator 362 15.7.1 Commutation Interpoles 362 15.7.2 Compensation 364 15.8 Compound-wound DC Machines 365 15.9 Problems 367 16 Permanent Magnets in Electric Machines 371 16.1 Permanent Magnets 371 16.1.1 Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Circuits 373 16.1.2 Load Line Analysis 373 16.1.2.1 Very Hard Magnets 374 16.1.2.2 Surface Magnet Analysis 375 16.1.2.3 Amperian Currents 376 16.2 Commutator Machines 376 16.2.1 Voltage 378 16.2.2 Armature Resistance 379 16.3 Brushless PM Machines 380 16.4 Motor Morphologies 380 16.4.1 Surface Magnet Machines 380 16.4.2 Interior Magnet, Flux-concentrating Machines 381 16.4.3 Operation 382 16.4.3.1 Voltage and Current: Round Rotor 382 16.4.4 A Little Two-reaction Theory 384 16.4.5 Finding Torque Capability 387 16.4.5.1 Optimal Currents 388 16.4.5.2 Rating 389 16.5 Problems 393 Reference 396 Index 397

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Book SynopsisThis latest volume includes contributions on the latest advances in energy research. Chapter One discusses heat transfer in micro-ducts. Chapter Two addresses the description and analysis of volume holographic elements for solar concentrating systems based on the detailed simulation of the energy amount and profile along with the spectral distribution delivered onto the solar receiver. Chapter Three reviews the impact of using thin alloyed capping layers (CLs) for InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) solar cells. Chapter Four examines the development of soap based thermal insulation for buildings as a sustainable alternative to the petroleum based counterparts, whilst decreasing the associated environmental costs. Chapter Five analyzes the simulation of spark plasma sintering for the preparation of inhomogeneous thermoelectric materials for energy generators. Chapter Six proposes a new maximum power point tracking algorithm for generators based on the suggested accurate electro-thermal model for them. Chapter Seven focuses on signal processing based mechanical fault prognosis and diagnosis of operating wind turbines in wind farms.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors first present a study in which computational design is performed, using empirical data, to fit physical models to extract transport and material parameters (which are then used in 1D continuum and 3D particle models of charge transport) to validate against empirical measurement and each other prior to use in extrapolation studies. Next, the book aims to discuss and illustrate the key trends behind the current international and European Union energy and climate policy. The authors provide insights into current dynamics, enabling a better understanding of future developments and indicating that unless a global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is made, emissions will continue to rise. The authors also present a computer algorithm based on type-1 fuzzy logic control strategies to manage the flow of energy in stand-alone PV/Wind/Battery hybrid systems. The solar and wind energies were combined together to increase systems efficiency and batteries were used to ensure the availability of power on demand and improve the dynamic behavior of the system. Both traditional and state-of-the-art proteomics techniques used for quantification of corn stover hydrolyzing enzymes are presented in the following chapter. The quantitative expression of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes secreted by different microbes during corn stover hydrolysis is discussed, and an attempt is made to link the substrate complexity and quantitative composition of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by microbes. Later, an algorithm based on artificial neural network (ANN) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) is proposed for analyzing and assessing industrial sectors for energy potential. For illustrative purposes, energy use in the South African industrial sector between 1993 and 2025 was presented as a case study. The closing study reviews the merits of these Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Data Envelopment Analysis to develop a new hybrid model to determine how much energy could be conserved in the residential sector. The model was applied to the United States residential sector from 1984 to 2010 and it was discovered that 7.5% of energy consumed could be conserved.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the main waste heat sources that come from the industrial, electric, commercial, residential and transportation sectors of society. The wide applications of waste heat through heat pumps are then detailed, mainly including gas heating, hot water production, and steam production (for sterilization, distillation, rectification, etc.). A summary of the main findings and trends in the area of ejector-enhanced efficiency of waste heat recovery cycles and systems using low boiling point working fluids. Following a brief overview of the ejector, selected configurations of interest are presented and discussed in a variety of applications. The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a concise overview of waste heat availability and energy capturing potential, and the different technologies available for its recovery as well as their advantages and challenges. In closing, the different types of waste heat recovery technologies that are used in cement plants to produce electricity are reviewed, and the potential for electricity production from heat exhaust gases of three cement plants by using waste heat recovery technology is discussed.Table of ContentsPreface; Uses of Waste Heat via Heat Pump; Ejector Enhanced Waste Heat Recovery Systems Efficiency; Waste Heat Recovery Technologies in Industrial and Building Applications; Waste Heat Recovery for the Cement Sector; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to answer the following questions: 1. What is? 2. Why is the momentum order? 3. When and where does irreversibility occur? 4. How can the matter become more orderly? In a relatively well-understood field of my research, the new concepts will be used to explain some of the problems that have puzzled people for about 150 years. The is a type of energy that is missing, not the heat extracted from known energy. It is the potential energy of the spatial configuration of the momentum at the location of the material in the system constructed under known forces. There are two potential energies in the mechanics system. Boltzmann entropy is to calculate the total number of microscopic states by the number of momentum counted in the statistical system. So it must be the order of momentum, instead of the spatial position arrangement of the witnessed substances. The entropy of the ideal gas in the wall-less space can be proved to be equal to considering spatial degeneracy due to space distinguishable of molecule momentum. The gas state equation hides the principle of interaction invariance. One force has two kinds of potential energy. The certainty of the statistical system stems from the order of momentum. The Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics is that heat spontaneously flows from a high temperature object to a low temperature one. The Boltzmann entropy of this process is decreased, which is in contrast to the increase of Clausius entropy of the process. This shows that there are two kinds of entropy and two kinds of entropy criteria. The world around us often becomes more orderly. The vortex in the fluid is due to the combination of the angular momentum number and the order flow structure generated spontaneously. When the electrons in the Hydrogen atom form a covalent bond of the molecule, the degeneracy of the electron microscopic states is caused by quantum entanglement. This merge is not only a spontaneous process, but also the molecule is a more ordered material state. Since the mixing process is also a spontaneous process of ÎSB reduction, the mixture is in a more ordered state. These help us understand that a large number of high molecular compounds are crowded into cells to construct highly ordered life activities. Of course, the orderly process is conditional. We can expect to discover more in the application of the second law of thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPreface; New Ideas and Concepts; Questions of Motion on Molecular Level in Condensed Matter; Problems of Motion on Continuous Media Level; TSB Potential Energy of Quantum State in Atoms and Molecules; Ordered Lives are Produced Spontaneously; Discussion and Prospect; Index.

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Book SynopsisVolume 33 begins with a focus on gas hydrates, also known as methane hydrates, which are formed due to high hydraulic pressures present under the cold seabed over long periods of time. Following this, an exploratory method using semi-structured interviews was undertaken to investigate the barriers and drivers for implementing energy efficiency measures in South Africa's cement finishing mill. To address the large energy consumption of microalgae dewatering and to increase revenues from microalgae, a novel process for the prior sustainable extraction of carotenoids from wet microalgae biomass is proposed. The authors describe the evolution of smart grids in some developing countries, highlighting the challenges and trends for the next years. For this purpose, reference cases corresponding to different developing countries of Africa and America are used. Additionally, the basics of high efficiency cogeneration and the mathematical model used to calculate the amount of electricity in cogeneration are discussed. In one study, the impedance of the diffusion and reaction processes in an electrochemical cell is modelled by means of transmission line equivalent electric circuits. To discuss the applications of common techniques to control the efficiency and costs of underground ventilation, detailed information on current practices is collected through discussions with miners to identify relevant problems. The authors go on to explore barriers and enablers which impact the durability of solar street lighting systems in rural India to create a renewable energy eco-system in rural poor communities. Later, it is proposed that statistical control charts can assist in controlling energy consumption in universities, and the rate of energy consumption flow is used to diagnose high-energy consumption. The closing research is an analysis of problems found during the operation of the biogas power system at Baiturrahman boarding school, West Java, Indonesia, and recommendations to enhance the system performance are provided.Table of ContentsPreface; A Global Survey of Gas Hydrate Development and Reserves Specifically in Marine Field; Drivers and Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of South Africas Cement Finishing Mill Plant; Novel Biorefinery Concept for Integral Use of Wet Microalgae Using Renewable Solvent; Smart Grids in Developing Countries: Current Status, Challenges and Upcoming Trends; Techno-Economic Assessment of High Efficiency Cogeneration; Electrical Networks Modelling the Impedance of the Diffusion and Reaction Processes in Electrochemical Systems; An Overview on Cost Control Techniques Used in Underground Ventilation in Brazil; Barriers and Enablers Affecting Durability of Solar Street Lighting Systems in Rural India; Controlling Energy Consumption Rates at Higher Learning Institutions; Evaluation of Biogas Power System Performance at Baiturrahman Boarding School, West Java, Indonesia; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a better understanding of Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks and various other techniques seem very well suited for modelling and controlling a real system. Energy is of major importance to civilisation, because it is driving force which binds human race. The estimation of energy in the form of renewable and sustainable is one of the important aspects to understand the how resources are harnessed and to predict what might happen under various possible future conditions. Using available modelling techniques to generate the best algorithms, the objective is to determine the best solution in terms of comparing the performances of the solutions through different parameters for a specific case. Consumption of Fossil fuels at a rapid pace has generated an alarming situation and with the subsequent increase in the number of vehicle the pollution level has reached well beyond human's control. This is frightening enough to observe the fact that the pollution level has surpassed all records and the need of the hour is to find an alternate fuel which can really be of great assistance in reducing the exhaust emission and augment the performance parameters of engine. Major researches are carried out on various engines to draw closer towards a realistic solution. Experiments performed on various engines are considered to be time consuming and the expenses met to perform these experiments are too costly, so the need of soft computing techniques involved in this area. Soft computing can be better described as the process to find the solution to an inexact problem. Soft computing has showed lot of potential in giving the researchers the exact solution may be in case of validating or predicting the performance and emission parameters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS), Fuzzy Expert System (FES), Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are the various soft computing techniques widely used. This book focuses on to carry out the comprehensive review and various other experimental works of various researchers who have carried out the work on these various soft computing techniques on various engines with various alternative fuels on the basis of modelling techniques, time is saved to a great extent and the capital investment involved is comparably very low. Various modelling techniques are being readily used to predict the performance parameters for various engines and modelling techniques have become the readily available tool to compare and validate the experimental work being carried out by researchers to get accurate matching with the experimental data. The benefit of this issue will be at large in connecting with varieties of work done in the field of Biomass which includes wood and wood waste, municipal solid waste. Landfill gas and biogas. Ethanol, Biodiesel, Hydropower, Geothermal, Wind, Solar. Thus soft computing techniques are fast and reliable hence, they can be a substitute for conventional experiments.Table of ContentsPreface; Investigation of Wind and Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Daily Load Dispatch on Reconfigurable Microgrid through Hybrid Fuzzy-MFO; Biomass; Hydrogen: Present and Future Energy; Safety Aspects in Handling and Storage of Ultra High Purity Gaseous Hydrogen; Review on the Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of Butanol-Diesel Mixes in Compression Ignition Engine; Specific Soft Computing Strategies for Evaluating the Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blended Fuels: A Comprehensive Analysis; Energy Conservation Techniques for Food Processing and Manufacturing Industries; Effect of Biodiesel on Performance, Emissions and Combustion; Sustainable Development through Learning Climate Change: Adaptation Mitigation and Finance; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a textbook that provides an excellent focus on the advanced topics of the power system and gives exciting analysis methods and a cover of the important applications in the power systems. At the beginning of each chapter, an abstract that states the chapter objectives. And then the introduction for each chapter. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. and In each chapter, the authors present some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program. Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLAB and ATP version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) are encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLAB is introduced in Appendix C and applied gradually throughout the book. Each illustrative example is immediately followed by practice problems. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. These practice problems test students'' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. The book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering departments, and appropriate for Graduate Students Industry Professionals, Researchers, and Academics The book has more than 11 categories and millions of power readers, and it can use in more than 400 electrical engineering departments at the top of universities all over the world. Based on this information, targeted lists of the Engineers from which specific disciplines will purchase: Electrical engineers; Computer engineers; Power Control engineers; Electronics engineers; Technical power system engineers; Protection engineers; Design engineers; Distribution engineers. The book gives rich information for the industrial engineer and electric control engineer because it is contents more details about control of power flow and the design of distribution networks. The reader will able to modeling, designing, and implement different parts of the power system after he/she finishes reading this book. The book''s strengths: The book using for various academic and industrial levels; The book is giving rich and essential information about power systems and give the fundamental study for the next book (power system protection and control); The book includes a lot of solved examples and problems in each chapter; The results were obtained from the MATLAB program and ATP- EMTP program for different topics; Power system protection and control will include in the next part of the book. After finish reading the book, the reader will be able to manage and control the power system parameters, and it will help him in power station work and control centers. The book will assist the researchers in their field of power system track. The student will be able to Improved coordination between power demand and generation, and Use of modern information technology and program.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation first describes a system wherein a high-nuclear high-temperature reactor supplies constant power to a thermal energy storage unit of molten lithium chloride salt, which provides the required thermal energy for a closed energy conversion system. Next, a compact power generation-storage system is constructed using a direct current-alternating current inverter, spherical Si solar cells, and a lithium-ion battery integrated into a single module. The authors discuss how, since a number of different countries' electric power utilities are adding capacity, there is an opportunity to introduce a new, longer-lasting design for a wind turbine system. A method to reduce the consumption of high-pressure steam and cool fluid in the ethanol process is presented, as well as a plan to reduce the emission of environmental pollutants from the H-501 furnace in the maleic anhydride process. Energy optimization is carried out for the condensation stabilization component of Ilam gas refinery. The closing study focuses on techniques such as the adjacent tree-bounded hop algorithm that may be used to reduce the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, whether static or dynamic.Table of ContentsPreface; Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen Using Electrodeposited Electrocatalysts: Basic Principles and Some Recent Case Studies; Construction of Compact Photovoltaic Power Generation System Using SiC Inverter with MPPT; New Technologies in Wind Energy Sector and Possibilities to Use Them in Kosovo; Optimizing the Energy of the Ethanol Process Using the Concept of Pinch; Optimization of H-501 Furnace Maleic Anhydride Process Using Pinch Analysis; Energy Optimization of Ilam Gas Refinery Unit 200by Using HYSYS Refinery Software; Energy Saving in Wireless Sensor Networks; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an approach, in the wider theoretical considerations on scientific research and study, of issues relating to energy resources and energy security and, at the same time, it is a case study on Eastern Mediterranean energy security. The Mediterranean has been known since ancient times as a large semi-enclosed sea, surrounded by more than two states as it lies between three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. However, developments in the 21st century have necessitated viewing it conceptually as a distinct "new" region with specific characteristics. Comprised by Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Turkey, Italy the region is assuming increased significance in world affairs. More specifically, the region of the Eastern Mediterranean is currently of vital importance for the EU, due to several prospects and challenges, such as migration flows, energy, security and sustainability of the region. The individual objectives are the recognition of energy actions and resources, forms of energy, energy security and in general, all actions at the energy level mentioned in the specific area. Research this study will focus on the qualitative method to the subject. The structure of the present study was developed as follows: The Preface provides a general presentation of the topic. The first chapter presents an overview of eastern Mediterranean and energy issues. The second chapter reports on energy resources and it focuses on energy security and its basic principles. The third chapter is about energy and security. The fourth Chapter offers discussion on European Union's energy policy development and on the EU interests, strategy and policy regarding the Eastern Mediterranean region. The fifth chapter presents the changes in the East Mediterranean energy map and data on geopolitical chessboard. The last chapter presents the conclusions. A useful tool in completing this study was the understanding of the delicate ethnocultural and religious synthesis of the region, the current challenges and underlying controversies, considering the interlinked nature of interests and the importance of cross-border affiliations. All the findings of the study demonstrate certain dimensions of a reality, which are expected to be dynamic, creating risk but also future opportunities. The main finding of the study points out not only the strong correlation between energy, power, economics and politics but also the increased dependence of the latter two on the former, thus creating a hotbed of tensions, rivalries, and conflicts every time the existing relationship between economy and energy are destabilized. The shifting to energy sources, which are safe and eco-friendly, is a one-way process, the only means of survival and safe development for humanity. Generating energy based on economic, safe, cost-efficient and renewable criteria is the current ecological and technological challenge if, firstly, the vast interests in the energy sector are dealt with successfully. Finally, this book will be of key interest to scholars and students, for researchers in the fields of Energy Economics, Policy, and Security, Energy Law, Business, Regulation and Policy, Geopolitics, who aim to have a better understanding of the current trends or research in the relevant fields, for professionals in EU politics and foreign policy, energy policy and security, and more broadly to security studies, European politics and international relations and newcomers in the profession of energy security, and for policymakers who intend to apply the collective knowledge included into this volume into policy and decision -making.Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations and Acronyms; Preface; An Overview of Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East and Energy Issues; Energy, Energy Resources, Energy Security and its Basic Principles; Analyzing Energy Security; The Eastern Mediterranean in the European Union Foreign and Energy Policy; Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean; Conclusions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of the renewable energy technologies environment and sustainable development; earth temperatures, heat pumps and systems design; the energy crisis and the role of renewables and global warming; energy and demand study of heating and cooling equipment; feedstocks for lignocellulosic biofuels; energy efficient technologies for refrigeration and air conditioning; and the principles of ground source energy.

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Book SynopsisWe are facing a crisis that threatens the sustainability of the entire planet. Civilisation has been defined up to now by how efficiently we handle our energy needs. The focus on short-term and tangibles obscures the true vision of technology users. Perpetual justifications of progressively less efficient technologies as panaceas has become a rampant source of the profoundest disinformation. No sector has fallen bigger victim to this disinformation campaign than the petroleum industry. Today, the most efficient naturally processed fuel (fossil fuel) production is synonymous with unsustainability and compatibility with nature and the environment. Accompanying this slogan is the environmentalists'' drumbeat about "renewable" energy. Everywhere people are sold on the idea that even genetically altered vegetable oil is sustainable and efficient whereas natural crude oil exploitation is not. With this slogan, it has become fashionable to replace the agricultural industry with "renewable" energy production and try to replace fossil fuel energy with nuclear energy. The industry that single-handedly served mankind a globalisation panacea on a silver platter has now become a villain worthy of being replaced with the makers of nuclear bombs and DDT. Similarly, carbon dioxide -- the essence of life and energy, through photosynthesis -- has become the other villain that must be "sequestered" and possibly replaced by hydrogen and even radioactive nuclear spent fuel.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors around the globe, including recent research in new technologies associated with the construction of nuclear power plants; oil disperse systems study using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMRR); low energy consumption for cooling and heating systems; experimental investigation of the performance of a ground-source heat pump system for buildings heating and cooling; sustainable development of bioenergy from agricultural wastes and the environment; hazard identification and parametric analysis of toxic pollutants dispersion from large liquid hydrocarbon fuel-tank fires; maintenance benchmarking in petrochemicals plants by means of a multicriteria model; wind energy development innovation; power, people and pollution; nature and technology of geothermal energy and clean sustainable energy for the benefit of humanity and the environment; and soil thermal properties and the effects of groundwater on closed loops.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the types, design and efficiency of wind turbines. Topics discussed include modelling ice accretion and its effects on wind turbine blades; the challenges and possible solutions towards public acceptability of horizontal axis wind turbines as a clean energy solution for the future; optimising high-rise facade-integrated wind rotors; and wind energy extraction and storage by a modified VAWT.

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Book SynopsisA U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) study estimated that in 2005, total U.S. freshwater withdrawals for thermoelectric power generation amounted to approximately 146 billion gallons per day (BGD), while freshwater consumption was 3.7 BGD. Coal-fired power plants use water for cooling water systems, flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) makeup, boiler makeup, ash handling, wastewater treatment, and general plant wash down. As the population continues to increase, electric and water demands are expected to grow. Thermoelectric power generation requires a large quantity of freshwater to support operations. In regions of the country with limited freshwater supplies, thermoelectric power generation may be competing with other uses for dwindling freshwater supplies. This book focuses on the research that has been done to date for the non-traditional sources of process and cooling water components. Studies in this research area focus on identifying potential new water sources, including brackish and saline water supplies and various domestic and industrial wastewaters. In particular, these studies focus on understanding the location, volumes, and quality of different non-traditional waters, as well as treatment technologies to reduce the scaling, biofouling, and corrosion potential of available impaired waters that would not otherwise be useful in a cooling water system or other processes within a thermoelectric plant.

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Book SynopsisThis first volume of "Climate, Energy, and Environment: Issues, Analyses, and Developments" presents current topical research in the study of the challenges that affect whether actions to preserve forests could make a cost-effective contribution to reducing global emissions of greenhouse gases; the potential of ocean fertilisation for climate change mitigation; the energy and economic impacts of U.S. federal energy and water conservation standards adopted from 1987 through 2011; and Klamath Basin settlement agreements.

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Book SynopsisElectricity today is widely viewed as a commodity. As a commodity, electricity is bought and sold as both power and energy, with various attributes being traded in electricity markets. However, electricity has some unique characteristics which distinguish it from almost all other commodities. In this book, the authors discuss the recent issues in market structure and energy trading in the electricity markets and provide a handbook of energy market basics.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents results from the first U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored, bottom-up data-collection and analysis of non-hardware balance-of-system costs -- often referred to as "business process" or "soft" costs -- for residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems. It quantifies the indirect corporate costs required to install distributed PV systems as well as the transactional costs associated with arranging third-party financing. It accompanies the recent National Renewable Energy Laboratory soft cost benchmarking report (Friedman et al 2013), which quantifies all the non-hardware balance-of-system costs associated with building a residential or commercial PV system.

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Book SynopsisBiodiesel, which consists of long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from renewable lipids such as those in vegetable oils or animal fat can be used as both an alternative fuel and an additive for petroleum diesel. This book gathers research from across the globe in the study of biodiesel blends, properties and applications. Topics discussed include biodiesel purification methods; exhaust emissions study of biodiesel operated garbage trucks; the heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of triglycerides into biodiesel; valorisation of wastes and by-products derived from biodiesel manufacturing and biodiesel production using cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous acid catalyst.

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Book SynopsisEnergy storage technologies (such as pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage, various types of batteries, flywheels, electrochemical capacitors, etc.) provide for multiple applications that include energy management, backup power, load levelling, frequency regulation, voltage support, and grid stabilisation. Importantly, not every type of storage is suitable for every type of application, motivating the need for a portfolio strategy for energy storage technology. There are four challenges related to the widespread deployment of energy storage. The challenges are cost competitive energy storage technologies (including manufacturing and grid integration), validated reliability and safety, equitable regulatory environment, and industry acceptance. This book sets out potential options to improve energy storage. It also presents a number of specific actions that could help maintain both scientific advancements and a pipeline of project deployments.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. energy service company (ESCO) industry is an example of a private sector business model where energy savings are delivered to customers primarily through the use of performance-based contracts. ESCO has largely been a successful model for the cost-effective delivery of energy-efficient technologies and services to public/institutional sector customers. This book analyzes the market size, growth projections and industry trends in ESCO, drawing on information from interviews with ESCO executives conducted in late 2012. It also provides a preliminary estimate of remaining ESCO market potential in terms of the onetime project investment potential and annual blended energy savings remaining in U.S. buildings typically addressed by ESCOs, based on market penetration estimates provided by ESCOs and industry experts. The book reports the range of impacts of the U.S. economic recession on ESCOs'' state and local institutional projects and their use of incentives, tax credits, and financing mechanisms.

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Book SynopsisThe Long Island Solar Farm project came together as a joint effort of five very different interest groups: a federal agency, a research institution, an electric utility, a private business, and the general public. The project is remarkable for three major reasons: first, it is the largest utility-scale solar power plant in the Eastern United States; second, it is a commercial project built on federally administered public lands; and third, the project was very unlikely to have started in the first place. The process by which the Long Island Solar Farm was developed is intricate and unusual. This reflects many of the nuanced conditions that made siting the solar farm on federal property a unique opportunity for very different groups. This book discusses project concepts; the process involved in executing the projects; and also provides an environmental assessment for the BP solar array project from the Brookhaven National Laboratory.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, the number of utilities across the country offering incentives to encourage customers to adopt solar power has grown substantially. Often this is because utilities are required to meet solar energy mandates or generation targets. Utilities have voluntarily encouraged the adoption of solar energy or established incentive programs to meet internal clean energy goals. While solar photovoltaic (PV) system costs are rapidly falling, costs for distributed systems are still above retail rates in most jurisdictions, and require incentives to support customer adoption. This book explores best practices for designing and implementing incentives for small and mid-sized residential and commercial distributed solar energy projects.

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Book SynopsisSince 2004, the federal government has made efforts to facilitate demand-response activities, including expanding their use in wholesale electricity markets. Among these efforts, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued regulatory orders affecting Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO)entities that operate the transmission system and administer wholesale markets in some parts of the country. For example, FERC issued orders approving RTO rules for quantifying the extent of demand-response activities and compensating consumers for their demand-response activities. This book provides an update since 2004 and discusses federal efforts to facilitate demand-response activities; FERC efforts to collect and report data on demand response activities; changes in the extent of demand-response activities; key benefits and challenges of current efforts.

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Book SynopsisUnder Executive Order 12866, agencies are required, to the extent permitted by law, "to assess both the costs and the benefits of the intended regulation and, recognising that some costs and benefits are difficult to quantify, propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination that the benefits of the intended regulation justify its costs". The purpose of the "social cost of carbon" (SCC) estimates presented here is to allow agencies to incorporate the social benefits of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into cost-benefit analyses of regulatory actions that have small, or "marginal", impacts on cumulative global emissions. The estimates are presented with an acknowledgement of the many uncertainties involved and with a clear understanding that they should be updated over time to reflect increasing knowledge of the science and economics of climate impacts. This book presents a summary of the interagency process that developed these SCC estimates.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights recent advances in energy research. The chapters included in this volume include research on nuclear power reactors, specifically small modular reactors (SMRs) for electricity generation; stakeholder participation in local energy-planning and the possible ways of integrating stakeholder participation in current energy planning practices; a comprehensive review of energy sources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore these energy sources; the modeling and analysis of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fired CCHP system, compared to the conventional method of generating useful energy, which is assumed to be a centralized electricity-only power plant; electrospray deposition method for fabricating organic photovoltaic cells; the application of energy-saving, passive strategies in occupied school building spaces; an evaluation of energy consumption in buildings with complex topology equipped with a HVAC system; and an evaluation of solar thermal technologies and applications.

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Book SynopsisAlmost four decades ago, in response to the Arab oil embargo and recession it triggered, Congress passed legislation restricting crude oil exports and establishing the SPR to release oil to the market during supply disruptions and protect the U.S. economy from damage. After decades of generally falling U.S. crude oil production, technological advances have contributed to increasing U.S. production. This book examines what is known about price implications of removing crude oil export restrictions; other key potential implications; and implications of recent changes in market conditions on the SPR. This book also discusses and describes the status of applications to export liquefied natural gas-natural gas cooled to a liquid state for transport- and the Department of Energy''s process to review them; and the status of applications to build LNG export facilities and FERC''s process to review them.

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Book SynopsisThe people who use Federal buildings Federal employees, operations and maintenance staff, and the general public can significantly impact a building''s environmental performance and the consumption of energy, water, and materials. Many factors influence building occupants'' use of resources (use behaviors) including work process requirements, ability to fulfill agency missions, new and possibly unfamiliar high-efficiency/high-performance building technologies; a lack of understanding, education, and training; inaccessible information or ineffective feedback mechanisms; and cultural norms and institutional rules and requirements, among others. While many strategies have been used to introduce new occupant use behaviors that promote sustainability and reduced resource consumption, few have been verified in the scientific literature or have properly documented case study results. This book documents validated strategies that have been shown to encourage new use behaviors that can result in significant, persistent, and measureable reductions in resource consumption. This book also presents guidance and recommendations on the benefits and complexities in the use of submetering technologies for new and existing buildings.

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Book SynopsisThis latest volume includes contributions on the latest advances in energy research. Chapters include research on a Multi Agent System (MAS) design for fault location, isolation and service restoration (FLISR) in power distribution systems; coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs in China, their properties and strategies in which to reduce formation damage; a comprehensive review of energy sources; energy efficiency and ways to alleviate environmental impacts of the building sector; small-scale energy converters; current conditions, limitations and opportunities of existing carbon dioxide emissions; progress on tidal current technology in the UK and elsewhere as well as key design issues and options; and finally, the occurrence and properties of Mongolian bituminous coal which is presented and discussed in relation to its characterisations, petrography, pyrolysis and minerals.

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Book SynopsisProduction of oil and natural gas from leased federal lands and waters is a significant source of revenue for the federal government. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has issued many reports on Interior''s management of federal oil and gas resources, including its programs for verifying oil and gas production volumes and ensuring accurate royalty collections. These reports raised questions about whether the government was collecting all the revenue it was due and included 36 recommendations to strengthen royalty collection, among other things. In 2011, GAO added Interior''s management of federal oil and gas resources to its list of programs at high risk of fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement. This book examines efforts Interior has taken since fiscal year 2009 and the reasonableness and completeness of Interior''s royalty data. The book also assesses the extent to which Interior''s production verification regulations and policies provide reasonable assurance that oil and gas are accurately measured; the extent to which Interior''s offshore and onshore production accountability inspection programs consistently set and meet program goals and address key factors affecting measurement accuracy; and Interior''s management of its production verification programs. Finally, it provides a descriptive update on Interior''s Minerals Management Service''s (MMS) key efforts to improve the accuracy of oil and gas royalty data; the assessment of the completeness and reasonableness of fiscal years 2006 and 2007 oil and gas royalty datathe latest data available; and factors identified by oil and gas companies that affect their ability to accurately report royalties owed to the federal government.

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Book SynopsisThe future of oil and natural gas production in Mexico is of importance for both Mexico''s economic growth, as well as for U.S. energy security, a key congressional interest. Mexico is a top trade partner and the 3rd largest crude oil supplier to the United States. Mexico''s state oil company, Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) remains an important source of government revenue even as it is struggling to counter declining oil production and reserves. Due to an inability to meet rising demand, Mexico has also significantly increased natural gas imports from the United States. Still, gas shortages have hindered the country''s economic performance. This book provides an overview of Pemex and the content and prospects for Mexico''s energy reforms, before discussing specific issues facing Mexico''s oil and gas industry. It then examines the U.S.-Mexico energy relationship through the lenses of trade and energy cooperation. It concludes by suggesting several oversight issues for Congress related to what the enactment of energy reform might portend for Mexico''s economic development, the U.S. energy matrix, and bilateral or North American energy cooperation.

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Book SynopsisThis latest volume includes contributions on the latest advances in energy research. Chapter One introduces photovoltaic-green (PV-green) roofing systems according to three different approaches: critical review about crucial factors which influence the performance of a PV-green roof; experimental; and environmental/Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Chapter Two discusses the benefits of green roof systems. Chapter Three provides an introduction to the composition and the functioning of building management systems (BMS), as well as shows some of the available systems in the market, specifically those that are related to the automatic control of lighting and shading devices according to sunlight intensity, climate control and the monitoring of energy consumption in a service building. Chapter Four reviews both the experimental and numerical work that has been conducted on encapsulated phase change material (EPCM) thermal energy storage (TES) systems with applications in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Chapter Five presents the effect of thermal energy storage on the performance of combined heat and power (CHP) systems under different operational strategies. Chapter Six studies the effects of different levels of water flow rate and temperature on the performance of an induced draft cooling tower. Chapter Seven reviews the harvesting of power from bamboo charcoal. Chapter Eight investigates the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere coupling and the effect of geomagnetic activity on meteorological processes in the atmosphere.

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Book SynopsisDuring energy utilization and conversion, thermal energy is either an intermediate product or a byproduct; that is, thermal transport plays a critical role on efficiency, reliability, and safety of the energy systems. Recent development in nanotechnologies enabled significant improvement of the thermal energy storage performance, fuel cell, battery and thermoelectric devices. To meet the ever increasing challenges posed by energy systems, innovative and transformative measures must be taken to significantly improve the performance of these devices. Such measures will not be possible without a thorough understanding of thermal transport at molecular, nano-and microscale levels because physical phenomena occurring at the molecular, nano- and microscale will have profound effects on the performance at the system level. Understanding of multiscale thermal transport in the energy system is essential to improve their performance.

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Book SynopsisThe Department of Defense (DOD) collects information on how Energy Conservation Investment Program (ECIP) projects are expected to perform when operational, including anticipated returns on investment and energy or water savings. DOD established ECIP, which funds projects at military installations that are designed to conserve energy or water, generate electricity from renewable sources, promote energy security, or accomplish a combination of these goals. This book assesses the extent to which DOD has reported anticipated returns on investment or reduced energy use from ECIP-funded projects; found that completed ECIP projects have resulted in cost savings or lower energy use; and developed and implemented a strategic vision for ECIP.

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Book SynopsisThis volume includes six chapters that detail recent advancements in energy research. Chapter One describes a method for optimizing the efficiency of energy storage systems in applications like electric vehicles, thus reducing battery aging and cost of ownership. Chapter Two provides an overview of existing technologies for the production of hydrogen from biomass and discusses their pros and cons. Chapter Three addresses the main challenges, perspectives and innovations related to the use of different biomasses for the generation of clean energy through distinct thermal processes in the Brazilian Northeast. Chapter Four deals with China's role in the expansion of nuclear energy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Chapter Five gives a rundown of the latest developments in organic-inorganic perovskite nanogenerators, such as piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators. Lastly, Chapter Six explains smart grid technology for maintaining the functioning of a wind-solar electric system.Table of ContentsPrologue; Optimization of Energy Storage System for Mobile or Stationary Applications using Model Predictive Control through Pareto-Front Analysis; Hydrogen Production from Biomass; Challenges of the Use of Different Biomasses in Brazilian Northeast for the Clean Energy Production; Chinas Role in the Expansion of Nuclear Energy in Latin America and the Caribbean; Organic-Inorganic Perovskites Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting Applications; Smart Grid Technology for Maintaining the Functioning of a Wind-Solar Electric System; Index.

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Book SynopsisTEDDY is an annual publication by TERI since 1986, offering comprehensive data on energy supply, demand sectors, and environment in India. It covers coal, petroleum, power, renewables, agriculture, industry, transport, residential, commercial sectors, and government policies.

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