Energy Books

Book SynopsisThe electricity industry, one of the largest and most vital sectors of the US economy, has changed dramatically over years. This book explores the difficult questions surrounding deregulation and urges Americans to continue the transition to a market-based model.Trade ReviewThe excellent book Electric Choices describes the promises of electricity deregulation, the mistakes made in the past, and the path to workable competition in this industry. Highly recommended. -- Richard J. Gilbert, former U.S. Deputy Assistant Attorney GeneralThis excellent book provides an agenda out of the impasse in which the U.S. has found itself following the California energy debacle and the wider crisis in electric power. Electric Choices is a must read. -- Pablo T. Spiller, Professor of Business and Technology, University of California, BerkeleyElectric Choices should be mandatory reading for anyone interested in the electricity industry, and who wants to learn from the mistakes California made. These leading experts explain why and how well-run markets are the best deal electricity customers are going to find. -- G. Mitchell Wilk, former President, California Public Utilities CommissionElectric Choices is a superb book that addresses what we have learned from restructuring experiences to date and presents important methods from economics with which to analyze these basic questions. -- Peter Cramton, Professor of Economics, University of MarylandElectric Choices provides theoretical, experimental, and empirical support for forging ahead to achieve efficiencies that will not come about in a regulated environment where utilities expect to recover their costs plus profit and have few incentives to respond energetically to customer demand. This book will move the reader beyond the electricity-restructuring impasse in the aftermath of the California debacle and the Northeast Blackout to find areas where deregulation is likely to be desirable. -- Peter M. Schwarz, Global Institute of Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina at CharlotteElectric Choices is a first-rate book featuring some of the nation's leading energy analysts and belongs on the bookshelf of every scholar, policy wonk, and utility executive. -- Ahmad Faruqui, principal, The Brattle GroupThis collection by leading authorities on electricity industry restructuring should be valuable reading for those interested in learning from previous successes and failures in this important area of public policy. It contains both broader analytical pieces and case studies in the U.S. and abroad. The papers provide not only specific policy reforms but also methods by which to design and evaluate them. The coverage is broad, including creation of pricing innovations, demand-side behavior, the role of coordinating agents, investment decisions, distributed generation, and reliability. The volume should be of interest to analysts, business managers in a variety of industries, electricity customers, and public-policy makers. I recommend this book to all those interested in exploring both the larger issues and the subtleties of the topic, no matter which side of the policy debate they favor. -- Adam Rose, Professor of Energy, Environmental and Regional Economics, Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State UniversityThis insightful work covers the major challenges still facing electricity restructuring, showing both the dangers and possibilities associated with regulatory change. Its breadth is impressive, as there are contributions on such diverse topics as market design, wholesale market power, transmission investment, system reliability, demand-side management, and the role of distributed generation. -- James D. Reitzes, Principal, The Brattle GroupContributors to this volume are of high qualtiy and offer signicant insight into the way forward in the electric utility industry. This publication should be of interest to scholars, utility executives, and policy makers. Highly recommended. * CHOICE *Table of ContentsChapter 1 1 Introduction Chapter 2 2 Can Electricity Restructuring Survive? Lessons from California and Pennsylvania Chapter 3 3 The Role of Retail Pricing in Electricity Restructuring Chapter 4 4 Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity Chapter 5 5 The Alberta Experience Chapter 6 6 Transactions Costs and the Organization of Coordination Activities in Power Markets Chapter 7 7 Market-Based Transmission Investments and Competitive Electricity Markets Chapter 8 8 Checking for Market Power in Electricity: The Perils of Price-Cost Margins Chapter 9 9 The Role of Distributed Energy Resources in a Restructured Power Industry Chapter 10 10 Blackout Economics

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Book SynopsisExtensively using experimental and numerical illustrations, Combustion Phenomena: Selected Mechanisms of Flame Formation, Propagation, and Extinction provides a comprehensive survey of the fundamental processes of flame formation, propagation, and extinction. Taking you through the stages of combustion, leading experts visually display, mathematically explain, and clearly theorize on important physical topics of combustion. After a historical introduction to the field, they discuss combustion chemistry, flammability limits, and spark ignition. They also study counterflow twin-flame configuration, flame in a vortex core, the propagation characteristics of edge flames, instabilities, and tulip flames. In addition, the book describes flame extinction in narrow channels, global quenching of premixed flames by turbulence, counterflow premixed flame extinction limits, the interaction of flames with fluids in rotating vessels, and turbulent flames. The final chapterTable of ContentsChallenges in Combustion. Measurements to Unravel Combustion Chemistry. Flammability Limits, Ignition of a Flammable Mixture, and Limit Flame Extinction. Influence of Boundary Conditions on Flame Propagation. Instability Phenomena during Flame Propagation. Different Methods of Flame Quenching. Turbulent Flames. Other Interesting Cases of Combustion and Flame Formation. Index.

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Book SynopsisHydrostatic Testing, Corrosion, and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion: A Field Manual for Control and Prevention teaches industry professionals, managers, and researchers how to combat corrosion failure associated with hydrotesting. It discusses how a test liquid must be selected, how corrosion by bacteria should be controlled, and how to eliminate the risk of leakage. Rather than teaching how hydrotests should be conducted, it helps the reader evaluate the quality of a hydrotest thatâs already been conducted in terms of oxygen scavenger use, biocide testing, inhibitor addition, and water quality and explains the tasks that top and middle management must ensure are taken with respect to corrosion assessment of hydrotesting. The manual also discusses microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) as the main corrosion mechanism related to post-hydrotesting and offers essential knowledge on combating this corrosion process. In addition to being a manual for top and middle management on how to deal with corrosion, this book also:Trade Review"This book offers the best available guidance on how to avoid microbially influenced corrosion in pipelines and similar equipment. The authors also provide very useful information on locations within complex equipment where corrosion problems are to be expected. This is very useful information for anyone planning on conducting hydrostatic testing programs or dealing with the corrosion problems associated with improper controls of these operations."—Bob Heidersbach, Dr. Rust, Inc., Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA"The book is very useful for professionals to be aware of some neglected issues and their consequences." —Abdelkader Meroufel, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Saudi Arabia"A good introduction of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) to engineers working with hydrostatic testing. It provides a rational and systematic way to detect and deal with potential MIC."—Johannes Johansson, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Stockholm, SwedenTable of ContentsA Review of Essentials of Corrosion Needed to Assess Hydrotesting. Microbiology of Corrosion. Assessment Procedure. Closing Remarks. Abbreviations. Annex 1: MIC Risk Factors and Their Relative Weights. Annex 2: A list of Biocides and Their Pros and Cons.

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Book SynopsisOil exploration requires proper understanding of the geological set-up of any area to make the process economical and effective. This involves geological, geophysical, geochemical surveys including studying the lateral variations in litho-stratigraphic units in the adjoining areas surrounding the bore-hole, done through study of Dipmeter logs. This book Dipmeter Surveys in Petroleum Exploration' giving all the required backup of the other allied subjects for easy and meaningful interpretations of the Dipmeter data, so that drilling of dry wells is avoided to maximum possible extent and new discoveries to be made, thereby enhancing the oil resource of a particular geographical location. Table of ContentsDipmeter surveys. Dip Computation. Structural interpretation. Folds sedimentary. Faults. Fractures. Unconformity. Texture of the rocks. Sedimentary rock-structures. Stratigraphic interpretation. Fluvial system. Deltas. Inter-Deltaic environments. Carbonate sediments, Reefs and other buried topography. Continental shelf sands. Deep water deposition. Dip Scatter as an environmental indicator. Pre-requisites and rules for interpretation of DipMeter data. Practical examples. References and bibliography.

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Book SynopsisExponential growth of the worldwide population requires increasing amounts of water, food, and energy. However, as the quantity of available fresh water and energy sources directly affecting cost of food production and transportation diminishes, technological solutions are necessary to secure sustainable supplies. In direct response to this reality, this book focuses on the water-energy-food nexus and describes in depth the challenges and processes involved in efficient water and energy production and management, wastewater treatment, and impact upon food and essential commodities. The book is organized into 4 sections on water, food, energy, and the future of sustainability, highlighting the interplay among these topics. The first section emphasizes water desalination, water management, and wastewater treatment. The second section discusses cereal processing, sustainable food security, bioenergy in food production, water and energy consumption in food processing, and mathematical mTable of ContentsSection I: Water 1. Desalination 1.1 Model-Based Techniques in Desalination Processes: A Review 1.2 Addressing the Global Water–Energy Challenge through Energy-Efficient Desalination 1.3 Forward Osmosis for Irrigation Water Supply Using Hybrid Membrane System for Draw Solution Regeneration 2. Water Management 2.1 Toward Sustainable Water Management in Industrial Cities 2.2 Optimal Water Network Synthesis [Munawar A. Shaik] 2.3 Rationalization of Water Quality Monitoring Network 3. Wastewater Treatment 3.1 Appropriate Interventions and Technologies for Providing Safe Drinking Water to Rural and Underprivileged Communities 3.2 Toward the Synthesis of Wastewater Recovery Facilities Using Enviroeconomic Optimization 3.3 Water Conservation, Reuse, and Challenges: A Case Study Performed at Amul Dairy 3.4 Occurrence, Effects, and Treatment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Water Section II: Food 4. Advances in Cereal Processing: An Approach for Energy and Water Conservation 5. Clean Energy Technologies for Sustainable Food Security 6. Bioenergy and Food Production: Appropriate Allocation for Future Development 7. Uses of Water and Energy in Food Processing 8. A General Model for Food Cooking Undergoing Phase Changes Section III: Energy 9. Fossil Fuel 9.1 Energy Efficient Thermal Retrofit Options for Crude Oil Transport in Pipelines 9.2 Process Industry Economics of Crude Oil and Petroleum Derivatives for Scheduling, Planning, and Feasibility Studies 10. Bio Fuel 10.1 Environmentally Benign Biodiesel Production from Renewable Sources 10.2 Process for Synthesis of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil: Feasibility and Experimental Studies 11. Synthetic Fuel and Renewable Energy 11.1 Gas-to-liquid (GTL)-Derived Synthetic Fuels: Role of Additives in GTL-Derived Diesel Fuels 11.2 The Role of Alternative Aviation Fuels on Reducing the Carbon Footprint 11.3 Integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Generation with Customer-End Energy Management System for Effective Smart Distribution Grid Operation 11.4 Evaluation and Modeling of Demand and Generation at Distribution Level for Smart Grid Implementation 11.5 A Process to Model Fischer–Tropsch Reactors 12. Carbon Capture 12.1 Application of Rotating Packed Bed Technology for Intensified Postcombustion CO2 Capture Based on Chemical Absorption 12.2 Process Simulation and Integration of Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Power Plant Integrated with Chemical Absorption Carbon Capture and Compression 12.3 Postcombustion CO2 Capture Based on Chemical Absorption in Power Plants 12.4 Operation of Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant (SCPP) Integrated with CO2 Capture under the UK Grid Code 12.5 Whole System Experimental and Theoretical Modeling Investigation of the Optimal CO2 Stream Composition in the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Chain 12.6 Performance of Porous Covalent Organic Polymers for CO2 Capture at Elevated Pressure 12.7 Postcombustion Carbon Capture Using Polymeric Membrane Section IV: Sustainable Future 13. The Role of Molecular Thermodynamics in Developing Industrial Processes and Novel Products That Meet the Needs for a Sustainable Future 14. Green Engineering in Process Systems: Case Study of Chloromethanes Manufacturing 15. Fundamental Aspect of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 16. Photoelectrochemical Approaches to Solar-H2 Generation 17. Design and Operating Strategy Innovations for Energy-Efficient Process Operation 18. Evaluating Sustainability of Process, Supply Chain, and Enterprise: A Bio-Based Industry Case Study

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Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Environmental, cost, and fuel consumption issues add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume One Fundamentals gives you a strong understanding of the basic concepts and theory.Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top combustion engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine the interdisciplinary fundamentalsincluding chemistry, fluid flow, and heat transferas they apply to industrial combustion.What's New in This Edition Expanded to three volumes, with Volume One focusing on fundamentals Extensive updates and revisions throughout UpdTable of ContentsIntroduction. Refining and Petrochemical Industries. Fuels. Combustion Fundamentals. Solid Fuel Combustion in Suspension. Catalytic Combustion. Heat Transfer. Flare Radiation. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics. Oil Atomization. Cold Flow Modeling. Thermal Efficiency. CFD-Based Combustion Modeling. Pollutant Emissions. NOx Emissions. Noise. Combustion Training. Index.

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Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 3 Applications offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of equipment used in the process and power generation industries.Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine industry applications such as process burners, boiler burners, process flares, thermal oxidizers, and vapor control. This volume builds on the concepts covered in the first two volumes and shows how they are used in combustion applications. The book also features a wealth of color illustratiTable of ContentsProcess Burners. Oil Burners. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Process Heaters. Air Heaters. Thermal Oxidizer Basics. Thermal Oxidizer Control and Configurations. Selected Pollution Control Equipment. Flares. Flare Ignition Systems. Biogas Flaring. Flare Gas Recovery. Hydrocarbon Vapor Control Technology. Marine and Offshore Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe rigorous treatment of combustion can be so complex that the kinetic variables, fluid turbulence factors, luminosity, and other factors cannot be defined well enough to find realistic solutions. Simplifying the processes, The Coen & Hamworthy Combustion Handbook provides practical guidance to help you make informed choices about fuels, burners, and associated combustion equipmentand to clearly understand the impacts of the many variables. Editors Stephen B. Londerville and Charles E. Baukal, Jr, top combustion experts from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion and the Coen Company, supply a thorough, state-of-the-art overview of boiler burners that covers Coen, Hamworthy, and Todd brand boiler burners.A Refresher in Fundamentals and State-of-the-Art Solutions for Combustion System ProblemsRoughly divided into two parts, the book first reviews combustion engineering fundamentals. It then uses a building-block approach to present spTrade Review"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and Process"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and ProcessTable of ContentsIntroduction. Engineering Fundamentals. Combustion Fundamentals. Fuels. Oil Atomization. Solid Fuel Combustion in Suspension. Heat Transfer. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics. CFD-Based Combustion Modeling. Pollutant Emissions. Noise. Combustion Controls, Burner Management, and Safety Systems. Blowers for Combustion Systems. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Air Heaters. Marine and Offshore Applications. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisFor the Movers, Shakers, and Policy Makers in Energy Engineering and Related IndustriesThe latest version of a bestselling reference, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Handbook, Second Edition covers the foremost trends and technologies in energy engineering today. This new edition contains the latest material on energy planning and policy, with a focus on renewable and sustainable energy sources. It also examines nuclear energy and its place in future energy systems, includes a chapter on natural gas, and provides extensive coverage of energy storage for numerous forms of energy generation. The text also provides energy supply, demand, and pricing factor projections for the future.Explore the Future of Global EnergyThe authors address problems that industry now faces, including the limited availability of conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and considers renewTrade Review"Excellent text. Covers the ground very well. An excellent companion when you are on a learning journey in Energy. A good handbook to hold hands with!"—Prof Ajith P. de Alwis, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Coordinating Secretariat for Science Technology and Innovation (COSTI) Sri Lanka"The book provides a very comprehensive and clear description of present, immediate future and future sources, technologies and systems for a sustainable energy use in all countries of the world. The book also deals with the aspects of Energy Infrastructure and Storage necessary for Distributed Energy Systems with smart grid integration."—Professor N.K.Bansal, CEPT University Ahmedabad"Overall, this is an interesting and comprehensive book that summarises well various information. It is a great reference point and can be used by both practitioners involved in RET and EE and students learning about sustainable built environment. It deals with RET and EE from technical, financial and governance points of view based on the examples from all over the world."—Ksenia Chmutina, Loughborough University"This is the most comprehensive and complete treatment I’ve seen of the issue of energy and our society. The international coverage adds a great deal to the discussion which is generally western-focused. The coverage of technologies is extremely balanced, providing a valid reference frame on which engineers, individuals and policy makers can base solid decisions."—John Gardner, Professor, Boise State University"A comprehensive handbook which covers the most cut edge improvement technologies of energy efficiency for energy generation and transportation facilities using either conventional petroleum-based energy or renewable energy. … The handbook could be beneficial to both experienced researchers / engineers as a guide or reference book and novices / university students as a textbook in energy related fields."—Prof. Cherng-Yuan Lin, National Taiwan Ocean University"Overall, the book covers a wide range of topics on energy efficiency and renewable energy. This will serve as a good Reference for practicing engineers, policy makers, and the students working in the area of Energy."—Prof. Kaushik Rajashekara, University of Texas at DallasTable of ContentsGLOBAL ENERGY SYSTEMS, POLICY, AND ECONOMICS. Global Energy Systems. Sound Finance Policies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. State and Federal Policies for Renewable Energy. Strategies and Instruments for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Internationally, in Europe, and in Germany. Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Policies in China. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in India. Renewable Energy Policies in Brazil: Bioenergy, Photovoltaic Generation, and Transportation. Energy in Israel: A Case for Renewables. Renewable Energy in Australia. Japan’s Post-Fukushima Energy Policy. Policies for Distributed Energy Generation. Economics Methods. Environmental Impacts and Costs of Energy. ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH 2025. Distributed Generation Technologies through 2025. Demand-Side Management. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035. Outlook for U.S. Energy Consumption and Prices, 2011-2040. ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE. Transportation. Infrastructure Risk Analysis and Security. Electricity Infrastructure Resilience and Security. Electrical Energy Management in Buildings. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Control Systems. Stirling Engines. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Residential and Commercial Sectors. Energy-Efficient Technologies: Major Appliances and Space Conditioning Equipment. Heat Pumps. Electric Motor Systems Efficiency. Industrial Energy Efficiency and Energy Management. Process Energy Efficiency: Pinch Technology. Analysis Methods for Building Energy Auditing. Cogeneration. Energy Storage Technologies. Advanced Concepts in Transmission and Distribution. Smart Grid Technology. RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES. Solar Energy Resources. Wind Energy Resource. Municipal Solid Waste. Biomass Properties and Resources. Active Solar Heating Systems. Passive Solar Heating, Cooling, and Daylighting. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power. Wind Energy Conversion. Photovoltaics. Thin-Film PV Technology. Concentrating PV Technologies. Waste-to-Energy Combustion. Energy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion Process. BIOMASS ENERGY SYSTEMS. Biomass Conversion to Heat and Power. Biomass Conversion to Fuels. Geothermal Power Generation. Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisSodium Fast Reactors with Closed Fuel Cycle delivers a detailed discussion of an important technology that is being harnessed for commercial energy production in many parts of the world. Presenting the state of the art of sodium-cooled fast reactors with closed fuel cycles, this book: Offers in-depth coverage of reactor physics, materials, design, safety analysis, validations, engineering, construction, and commissioning aspects Features a special chapter on allied sciences to highlight advanced reactor core materials, specialized manufacturing technologies, chemical sensors, in-service inspection, and simulators Addresses design essentials with a focus on reactor assembly including core and coolant circuits, fuel handling, instrumentation and control, energy conversion, and containment systems Provides design codes and standards with sufficient background information to ensure a solid understanding of the underlying mechanics SuppliTrade Review"…I think this book will be useful for students and post-graduate students having specializations in various areas of SFR technology. …Chapters include a lot of world experience related to SFR designing and construction and are well illustrated… I will be glad to have this book on my table."—Yury Ashurko, State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation – Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (SSC RF-IPPE) "A comprehensive source book providing information about various aspects of fast reactors and their associated fuel cycles would be of significant value for experts, as well as for younger-generation professionals aspiring to take up challenging R&D programs in designing and building fast reactor systems. I am delighted that such a book on fast reactors has been made a reality by my colleagues, Dr. Baldev Raj, Dr. P. Chellapandi, and Dr. P.R. Vasudeva Rao. I congratulate them for their fine efforts in preparing this comprehensive treatise on this important subject."—R.K. Sinha, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy and Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, Mumbai, India "… provides authoritative information from a team that has recently built a fast reactor. … covers the full fuel cycle for sodium-cooled fast reactors and includes valuable construction experience. … a very important topic and the inclusion of the entire fuel cycle (including recycling) should make this book very valuable to the fast reactor professional community."—Dr. Alan E. Waltar, Director, Nuclear Energy, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington, USA (Retired) and Professor and Head, Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA (Retired) Table of ContentsBasis and Concepts. Design of Sodium Fast Reactors. Safety. Construction and Commissioning. International SFR Experiences. Fuel Cycle for SFRs. Decommissioning Aspects. Domains of High Relevance to SFR: Typical Examples. Economics of SFRs with a Closed Fuel Cycle.

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Book SynopsisAlternative energy sources are becoming increasingly important in a world striving for energy independence, clean air, and a reprieve from global warming. Solar cells, wind power, and biofuels are some of the competing alternative energy sources hoping to gain a foothold in our future energy mix, and the economic advantages of these technologies are continually increasing as costs are reduced and efficiencies increased. Alternative Energy Technologies: An Introduction with Computer Simulations explores the science and engineering behind a number of emerging alternative energy technologies, including polymer solar cells, algae biofuels, and artificial leaves. It also addresses the environmental need for these technologies. However, unlike its predecessors, this book employs simple computer models implemented within spreadsheet environments to simulate different aspects of the alternative energy technologies and therefore teach the subject matter. This unique apprTrade Review"This book seamlessly meshes modeling concepts with alternative energy concepts and provides the reader with interesting real world simulation examples and exercises. The use of Excel as a modeling platform provides beginners with an easy-to-use framework from which they can visualize each step in the simulation process while checking their results for each step."–Dr. Tony Kerzmann, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania, USATable of ContentsIntroduction to Alternative Energy Sources. Introduction to Computer Modeling. Global Warming and Pollution. Solar Cells. Wind Power. Biofuels. Hydrogen Production and Fuel Cells.

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Book SynopsisA Comprehensive Review of Developing Environmentally Friendly LubricantsA push from environmentally savvy consumers along with recent changes in governmental regulations have paved the way for a marketplace of products with high levels of environmental performance. Fueled by the growing demand for biobased lubricants, Environmentally Friendly and Biobased Lubricants highlights the development of environmentally friendly additives that are compatible with environmental regulations and describes the approaches being used in this emerging area.Derived from research topics shared over the years at various technical sessions of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) Annual Meetings, the book includes a critical assessment of gaps and weaknesses in the field of environmentally friendly fluids and biobased lubricants. Each chapter is written by authors selected from the environmentally friendly fluids and biobased lubricants sessions of STLE and aTrade Review"… a novel reference for R&D activities and suitable feed stocks to be used for the preparation of bio based lubricants."—Dr. A. S. Sarpal, Inmetro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"… a very thorough book on a current active scientific area. The editors have done a good job in selecting authors with expertise in their subject."—Joseph M. Perez, Professor Emeritus, Tribology Group, Chemical Engineering Department,Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA"… a useful book for all who are working in this fascinating and important area of renewables. Full of references and novel approaches."—Manfred Schneider, Bergische Universität, Wuppertal, Germany"This book attempts to focus on recent developments in the field, building on accumulated knowledge over the years. Diversity in content and depth of research material discussed, this edition is uniquely positioned to appeal to new researchers in the field and subject matter experts alike." —Dr. Atanu Adhvaryu, Afton Chemical Corporation"… a broad spectrum of cutting-edge reports with interesting findings, based on innovative approaches and sound concepts."—Svajus Joseph Asadauskas, Institute of Chemistry, CPST, Vilnius, Lithuania"This book brings up-to-date information regarding biolubricants under one roof. Provides easy access to other relevant references. Brings topics that are not as well-known into discussion and consideration. A valuable addition to the lubricant world." —Selim Erhan, Ph.D."…a superb reference for those who are new to or work in the field of environmentally fluids with the goal of producing cost-effective commercial products with performance properties equivalent to—or perhaps in some areas—even better properties than the corresponding petroleum-based products." —Tribology & Lubrication Technology, December 2016"The range of biobased products presenteTable of ContentsAdvanced Environmentally Friendly Base Oils And Feedstocks. Biobased Hydraulic Lubricants and Biodegradability. Chemically/Enzymatically Modified Environmentally Friendly Base Oils. Vegetable Oil–Based Environmentally Friendly Fluids. Additives for Environmentally Friendly Fluids.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive overview of methods of characterizing the mechanical properties of engineering materials using specimen sizes in the micro-scale regime (0.3-5.0 mm). A range of issues associated with miniature specimen testing like correlation methodologies for data transferability between different specimen sizes, use of numerical simulation/analysis for data inversion, application to actual structures using scooped out samples or by in-situ testing, and more importantly developing a common code of practice are discussed and presented in a concise manner. Trade ReviewThe book covers ALL aspects of miniature specimen testing methods along with specimen designs and limitations for those which are now currently well established with many being also considered for ASTM standards. This book will be an invaluable source for graduate students and researchers involved with small specimen testing in various engineering and science disciplines. In addition, this book is a must-to-have for personnel involved with various technologies where limited amounts of materials are available and/or interested in characterization of damage accumulated in various structures of interest.—K. Linga Murty, North Carolina State UniversityThe book is a very good summary and collection of existing works on miniaturized mechanical testing techniques. The book covers relevant and essential topics that are needed in designing, instrumenting and implementing miniature testing methodologies. The book also provides sound insight on the science behind each of the testing methodologies.— Frank Liou, Missouri University of Science and Technology"This book brings the experience of the authors who have spent more than one decade in the determination of mechanical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties and fracture properties through the use of small volume specimen testing methods. Being the first of its kind from India, this book serves the needs of young researchers to sensitize them on the fundamental issues relating to small specimen testing methods. The materials considered are structural materials that are used in the power plant industries and the test methods cover all the basic properties required for material’s mechanical property characterization."— Raghu V. Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Miniature specimens for tensile and flow properties. Miniature specimens for Fatigue and Fracture properties. Critical Issues in Small scale testing. Applications of small scale testing – Case Studies. Towards industrial Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all facets involving the production and use of ethanol. Topics include the optimization of raw materials, energy, capital, process model-based computer control, and human resources to produce ethanol. It compares and contrasts processes to prepare ethanol using biotechnology processes to prepare ethanol from chemical synthesis. Matters of optimization of ethanol use as fuel/fuel components are addressed based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and usage. It also discusses pollutants produced from ethanol and mixtures containing ethanol, the status of ways to control these pollutants, and what can be done to minimize the harm to the earth's ecosystems due to ethanol and gasoline reactions.Trade Review"The main strength of this book is its multidisciplinary approach to treating the ethanol sector: biology (biocatalysis and biotechnology), thermodynamics, cost analysis, etc. Readers from different scientific communities will find interesting information. Another main strength is the treatment of different parts of the ethanol sector: production and use, minimization of pollution, raw materials resources, etc. So this book can be interesting for engineers who design a new process, but also who would like to find the best process and feedstock for given countries." — Olivier Potier, University of Lorraine, Nancy, FranceTable of ContentsIntroductionYeast Biology and Bulk Manufacture of EthanolProcesses to prepare ethanol using biotechnologyYeast biology developmentDeveloping yeast strains to produce ethanolNutrients and conditionsOptimization of Ethanol Use as a FuelIntroduction to the basis of fuel use in the internal combustion engineLinkage of friction reduction to ethanol fuel useThermodynamics of friction dependence on system variablesCoupling of combustion reaction kinetics and thermodynamicsSample CalculationConsiderations of piston expansion in regard to forces and frictionComputer-based Optimization of the Ethanol ProcessIntroduction Specifications for Control of the Ethanol ProcessApplication of Computer-based Process Control to EthanolOptimization ExampleRaw Material Resources to produce EthanolPlant Raw Material ResourcesBiocatalyst Systems for Ethanol ManufactureBiocatalyst Systems and Processes to isolate and convert Starch and Lignocellulose ComponentsBiocatalyst Systems for Isolation and Conversion of Starch and CelluloseBiocatalyst Systems to act on Lignocellulose and its componentsEthanol Process Synthesis for Cost AnalysisCost Analysis for Optimal Ethanol ManufactureCost Analysis objectives to improve ethanol prospectsCost analysis and Sources of EthanolCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn wet milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn dry milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from lignocellulose sourcesContrast in Costs to produce Ethanol from FeedstocksProcess Optimization and Cost Reduction to reach Commercial ObjectivesConsiderations for Minimization of PollutionIntroduction to Pollution ConsiderationsA Sequence of Historical Events that helped to popularize EthanolPollutants in ethanol manufacture and combustionImpurities in ethanol and gasoline, and in the products of their combustionSpecific Actions on Pollution and JustificationEthanol Co-Products and Derived ProductsIntroduction to Co-Products and derived ProductsCarbon Dioxide Products and ApplicationsEthanol Derived Products and Applications Petrochemicals as a Source of EthanolConclusions, Recommendations, Research, and Business Directions

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Book SynopsisCommercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a transition and end game fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructTrade Review"Considering the importance of natural and synthetic gas in the current and future energy scenario, this book will be an important addition in this area. While books on some aspects of production and use of natural and synthetic gas are available, there is no book which covers all the aspects that are included in this book."—Deepak Kunzru, Ahmedabad University, India"If you have a focused interest in the field of utilization and chemical transformation of natural and/or synthetic gas, this is one book you cannot live without. Two thumbs up!"—Sunggyu Lee, Ohio University, USA"This will be a first of its kind book which provides information on natural gas as well as synthesis gas. As the world is moving towards cleaner fuels, the use of natural gas and synthesis gas is going to increase rapidly. The book can serve as a knowledge base for students or researchers interested or working in this area."—Sandeep Kumar, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Natural Gas. Synthesis Gas by Thermal Gasification. Biogas and Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Digestion. Hydrothermal Gasification. Gas Reforming. Gas Processing, Purification, and Upgrading. Gas Storage and Transport Infrastructure. Natural and Synthetic Gas for Productions of Liquid Fuels and Their Additives. Gas for Heat, Electricity, and Mobile Applications.

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Book SynopsisPost-earthquake fire is one of the most complicated problems resulting from earthquakes and presents a serious risk to urban structures. Most standards and codes ignore the possibility of post-earthquake fire; thus it is not factored in when determining the ability of buildings to withstand load. This book describes the effects of post-earthquake fire on partially damaged buildings located in seismic urban regions. The book quantifies the level of associated post-earthquake fire effects, and discusses methods for mitigating the risk at both the macro scale and micro scale. The macro scale strategies address urban regions while the micro scale strategies address building structures, covering both existing buildings and those that are yet to be designed. Table of ContentsIntroduction to post-earthquake fire. Performance-based approach. Fire definition. Heat transfer and materials behavior under elevated temperature. Seismic analysis. Post-earthquake fire analysis in structures. Risk management strategies for post-earthquake fire.

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Book SynopsisInnovation through specific and rational design and functionalization has led to the development of a wide range of mesoporous materials with varying morphologies (hexagonal, cubic, rod-like), structures (silicates, carbons, metal oxides), and unique functionalities (doping, acid functionalization) that currently makes this field one of the most exciting in materials science and energy applications. This book focuses primarily on the rapid progress in their application in energy conversion and storage technologies, including supercapacitor, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, solar cells, and photocatalysis (water splitting) and will serve as a valuable reference for researchers in the fieldTable of ContentsFunctional mesoporous carbons from template methods for energy storage and conversion. Nanoporous carbon for capacitive energy storage. Mesoporous structured materials as new proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Mesoporous structured electrocatalysts for fuel cells. Mesoporous materials for batteries. Recent advances in mesoporous materials for lithium batteries. Controlling the photoanode mesostructure for dye-sensitized and perovskite-sensitized solar cells.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, novel families of materials have been discovered and significant improvements in classical thermoelectric materials have been made. Thermoelectric generators are now being used to harvest industrial heat waste and convert it into electricity. This is being utilized in communal incinerators, large smelters, and cement plants. Leading car and truck companies are developing thermoelectric power generators to collect heat from the exhaust systems of gasoline and diesel engines. Additionally, thermoelectric coolers are being used in a variety of picnic boxes, vessels used to transport transplant organs, and in air-conditioned seats of mid-size cars. Consisting of twenty-one chapters written by top researchers in the field, this book explores the major advancements being made in the material aspects of thermoelectricity and provides a critical assessment in regards to the broadening of application opportunities for thermoelectric energy conversion. Table of ContentsDiscovery and Design of New Thermoelectric Materials. Tetradymites: Bi2Te3-Related Materials. Growth and Transport Properties of Tetradymite Thin Films. All-Scale Hierarchical PbTe: From Nanostructuring to a Panoscopic Material. Thermoelectric Properties of Magnesium Silicide–Based Solid Solutions and Higher Manganese Silicides. Clathrate-Based Thermoelectrics. Advances in Nanostructured Half-Heusler Alloys for Thermoelectric Applications. Thermoelectric Properties of Cu2−δX (X = S, Se, and Te). BiCuSeO: A Promising Thermoelectric Material. Phase Diagram Study in n-CoSb3 Skutterudites. Chain-Forming A3MPn3 and A5M2Pn6 Zintl Phases. Thallium-Based Chalcogenides as Thermoelectrics. Higher Manganese Silicides. Boron-Based Materials. Complex Chalcogenides: Pseudo-Hollandites, Structures and Properties. Tetrahedrites: Earth-Abundant Thermoelectric Materials with Intrinsically Low Thermal Conductivity. Organic Thermoelectric Materials. Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Superlattice Materials. Recent Progress in Skutterudites. SHS-Processed Thermoelectric Materials. Prospective Thermoelectrics among Topological Insulators.

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Book SynopsisAs the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals experienced in conventional oil and gas exploitation and development to acquire practical knowledge of the unconventional realm.Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources. With an emphasis on shale, this book: Addresses all aspects of the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues Offers in-depth coverage of sub-surface measurements (geological, geophyTrade Review"This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia "This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia The authors of this book have provided a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources with emphasis on the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues. The viewpoints of internationally respected experts and researchers from leading E&P companies and academic institutions are offered, as are potential technologies for unconventional resources development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development will be useful to geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, geomechanic specialists, and drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and reservoir engineers in the environmentally safe exploitation and development of unconventional resources like shale.—Oil and Gas International, July 2016 Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources. The Unconventional Basins and Plays—North America, the Rest of the World, and Emerging Basins. Unconventional Resources Workflow—Exploitation and Development. Seismic Reservoir Characterization Applications for Unconventional Resources. Pilot Projects in Unconventional Resources Development. Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs. Role of Geomechanical Engineering in Unconventional Resources Developments. Laboratory Tests and Considerations to Complement the Overall Reservoir Understanding. Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Oil and Gas. The Art of Data Mining and Its Impact on Unconventional Reservoir Development. Unconventional Reserves and Resources Accounting and Booking. Production Evaluation and Forecasting. Drilling Systems for Unconventionals. Multistage Completion Systems for Unconventionals. Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs. Flow Assurance. Artificial Lift Technologies. Monitoring Technologies—Microseismic, Fiber Optic, and Tracers. Rejuvenating Unconventional Resources. Environmental Issues in Unconventional Oil and Gas Resource Development. Case Studies, Accessing JewelSuite™ Software and Data. New Considerations and Future Trends in Reservoir Technologies for Unconventional Resources Development.

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Book SynopsisThe more than 90 refereed papers in this volume continue a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy research and development, these state-of-the-art will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry and technical personnel in military, energy and environmental government agencies.Table of ContentsSection 1. Strategies: Now and in the Future Section 2. Gas Combustion Section 3. Oil Combustion Section 4. Coal Combustion Section 5. Wood Combustion Section 6. Combustion of Alternative Fuels Section 7. Co-Combustion and Co-Gasification Section 8. Catalytic Combustion Section 9. NO, SO, Soot Fundamentals Section 10. Advanced Diagnostics Section 11. Burners Section 12. Fluidised Bed Combustion Section 13. Incineration Section 14. Engines Section 15. Advanced Cycles Section 16. Gas Clean Up Section 17. Control Strategy Section 18. Clean Combustion in Process Industries

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Book SynopsisAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.Table of ContentsAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.

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Book SynopsisDISCOVER ENERGY INDEPENDENCE WITH YOUR OWN SOLAR-POWERED MICROGRID You seek convenience and efficiency in your daily life. You want personalized control tailored to your needs—but how is energy to keep pace? In this updated second edition, you’ll find the answer that more and more American residents, businesses, and organizations are finding—solar microgrid technology. The bright future that was on the horizon just a few short years ago is now here for energy independence. The power to control energy can lie in your hands, not those of a large corporation. Solar energy harnesses progress, freedom, ingenuity—the spirit of America—and a nation of limitless innovation. With solar plus storage, take your first step towards energy independence and with it—a cleaner tomorrow, and a brighter future—for all of us.

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Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The information contained in this compendium volume sets the stage for the future's large-scale production of biofuels. Biomass is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock for producing fuel. First-generation biofuels gained attention for their problems, but the authors of this book demonstrate that they are well on their way to creating practical and sustainable second-generation biofuels.The book begins with an introduction to synthetic biology. Next, it covers pretreatment technologies, advanced microbial technologies, genetic engineering as it relates to biofuel technologies, and nanotechnology and chemical engineering in relation to biofuels.Well-respected in his field, the editor's firsthand experience gives him the perspective to create a thorough review of the relevant literature. Each chapter is written by experts in biotechnologies, offering graduate and post-doctorate students, as well as other scientific researchers, a wide-angle look at biofuel technologies. At the same time, this volume points to promising directions for new research.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Introduction. Part II: Pretreatment Technologies. Part III: Advanced Microbial Technologies. Part IV: Genetic Engineering. Part V: Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering. Index.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch fasst wichtige Veröffentlichungen zu Wasserkraftprojekten aus der Fachzeitschrift WasserWirtschaft zusammen. Dabei werden neuere Analysen zum Wasserkraftpotenzial dargestellt sowie über Entwicklungen und technische Besonderheiten berichtet. Beiträge über aktuelle Projekte runden die Zusammenstellung ab.In diesem Rahmen wird gleichfalls der Konflikt Ausbau der regenerativen Stromerzeugung und Anforderungen durch Richtlinien, Gesetze und Biodiversitätsstrategien thematisiert.Über die technischen und rechtlichen Aspekte hinaus werden auch Themen der Arbeitssicherheit, der Ökonomie und die Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Aspekte in Wasserkraftprojekte erörtert.Mit einem Geleitwort des AGAW Vorsitzenden (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Alpine Wasserkraft) Herrn Molinari.Trade Review“ ... ist ein im-doppelten Wortsinn vielseitiges Buch entstanden, welches eine hervorragende Beispielsammlung für Ingenieure und Planer, Akteure der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft, für vertieft Studierende sowie für Mitarbeiter in der Verwaltung darstellt ...“ (Prof. Dr. Reinhard Pohl, in: Wasser Wirtschaft, Jg. 105, Heft 6 2015)Table of ContentsPotenziale.- Entwicklungen.- Projekte.- Pumpspeicherkraftwerke.- Ökologie / Rahmenbedingungen.​

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Book SynopsisDie Autoren beschreiben praxisnah die wichtigsten Formen der technischen Nutzung regenerativer Energieträger. Sie stellen deren Potentiale unter Berücksichtigung der globalen Energieprobleme und der thermodynamischen Grenzen von Energiewandlungsprozessen dar und diskutieren ihren Beitrag zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem.Das Buch behandelt Photovoltaik, Solar- und Geothermie, Biomasse, Wind- und Wasserkraft und berücksichtigt damit sowohl Systeme zur Elektrizitäts- als auch zur Wärmebereitstellung. In den einzelnen Kapiteln werden - ausgehend von den natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen - die Funktionsweise der zentralen Komponenten sowie deren Verknüpfung zu Systemen dargestellt. Konkrete Planungs- und Auslegungsbeispiele verbinden die theoretischen Grundlagen mit einer handlungsorientierten Lehre. Der Integration regenerativer Energieanlagen in die bereits vorhandenen Systeme für Elektrizität, Wärme und Transport ist jeweils ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet.Der InhaltEinleitung.- Kontext.- Energieeffizienz.- Regenerative Energiequellen.- Photovoltaik.- Solarthermie.- Geothermie.- Biomasse.- Windkraftanlagen.- Wasserkraftanlagen.- Energiespeicher.- Elektrische Energiesysteme.- Thermische Energiesysteme.- Mobilität.- Thermodynamische Bewertung Regenerativer Energieumwandlungen.- Apokryphen.Die ZielgruppenDas Buch richtet sich an Ingenieure und Praktiker auf dem Gebiet der erneuerbaren Energien und an Studierende der Energietechnik.Die AutorenProf. Dr.-Ing. Viktor Wesselak, Lehrgebiet Regenerative Energiesysteme Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Schabbach, Lehrgebiet Thermische Energiesysteme <Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Link, Lehrgebiet Kraft- und ArbeitsmaschinenProf. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Fischer, Lehrgebiet BioenergiesystemeInstitut für Regenerative Energiesysteme (in.RET), Hochschule NordhausenTable of ContentsEinleitung.- Kontext.- Energieeffizienz.- Regenerative Energiequellen.- Photovoltaik.- Solarthermie.- Geothermie.- Biomasse.- Windkraftanlagen.- Wasserkraftanlagen.- Energiespeicher.- Elektrische Energiesysteme.- Thermische Energiesysteme.- Mobilität.- Thermodynamische Bewertung Regenerativer Energieumwandlungen.- Apokryphen.

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Book SynopsisDas Handbuch behandelt die Technologie von Windkraftanlagen systematisch und umfassend. Nach einem Abriss der historischen Entwicklung werden die physikalisch-technischen Grundlagen der Windenergiewandlung sowie Konstruktion, Einsatzkonzeptionen und Betriebseigenschaften von Windkraftanlagen, ihre Umweltverträglichkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit analysiert und an Beispielen dargestellt. Die 5. Auflage wurde um neueste technische Entwicklungen ergänzt, die Offshore-Nutzung wird ausführlich besprochen. Der Band enthält viele detaillierte Abbildungen.Table of ContentsWindmühlen und Windräder.- Strom aus Wind–Die ersten Versuche.- Bauformen von Windkraftanlagen.- Physikalische Grundlagen der Windenergiewandlung.- Aerodynamik des Rotors.- Belastungen und Strukturbeanspruchungen.- Rotorblätter.- Mechanischer Triebstrang und Maschinenhaus.- Elektrisches System.- Regelung und Betriebsführung.- Schwingungsverhalten.- Der Turm.- Windverhältnisse.- Leistungsabgabe und Energielieferung.- Umweltverfahren.- Anwendungskonzeptionen und Einsatzbereiche.- Windenergienutzung im Küstenvorfeld der Meere.- Planung, Errichtung und Betrieb.- Kosten von Windkraftanlagen und Anwendungsprojekten.- Wirtschaftlichkeit der Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie.- Glossar.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThe seventy-five refereed papers in this volume represent the second in a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy R&D, these state-of-the-art contributions will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry, and technical personnel in military, energy, and environmental agencies of government.Table of Contents1. Strategies 2. Pulverized Coal Combustion 3. Oil Combustion 4. Gas Combustion 5. Gas Fired Systems 6. Biomass Combustion 7. Fluidized Bed Combustion 8. Incinerators 9. Internal Combustion Engines 10. New Power Generation Cycles or Concepts 11. Control Technologies and Clean Technologies in Process Industries

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword: Postwar America’s Nuclear Paradox / Paul S. Sutter Acknowledgments Introduction | Nature and the Nuclear Consensus in Postwar America Part One | First Reactions 1. Leslie Groves, Report on the Trinity Test, 1945 2. Harry S. Truman, White House Statement on the Bombing of Hiroshima, 1945 3. Nagasaki Mushroom Cloud, 1945 4. Joseph H. Willits, “Social Adjustments to Atomic Energy,” 1946 5. Headline Comics, Atomic Man, 1946 6. Arthur H. Compton, “The Atomic Crusade and Its Social Implications,” 1947 7. H. M. Parker, “Speculations on Long-Range Waste Disposal Hazards,” 1948 8. General Advisory Committee Reports on Building the H-Bomb, 1949 9. Lewis L. Strauss to Harry S. Truman, 1949 Part Two | Building Consensus 1. National Security Council Report 68, 1950 2. Federal Civil Defense Administration, This Is Civil Defense, 1951 3. Federal Civil Defense Administration, Women in Civil Defense, 1952 4. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Address before the General Assembly of the United Nations on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,” 1953 5. Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, “What does Atomic Energy really mean to you?” 1953 6. Lewis L. Strauss, “My Faith in the Atomic Future,” 1955 7. Heinz Haber, The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom, 1956 8. Bureau of Public Roads, A Preliminary Report on Highway Needs for Civil Defense, 1956 9. Walter Reuther, Atoms for Peace: A Separate Opinion, 1956 Part Three | Challenging Consensus 1. Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, “The Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” 1955 2. Roger Revelle and Milner B. Schaefer, “General Considerations Concerning the Ocean as a Receptacle for Artificially Radioactive Materials,” 1957 3. Atomic Energy Commission, Atomic Tests in Nevada, 1957 4. National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, “We Are Facing a Danger Unlike Any Danger That Has Ever Existed,” 1957 5. Atomic Energy Commission, Atoms for Peace U.S.A., 1958 6. Barry Commoner, “The Fallout Problem,” 1958 7. Edward Teller, “The Plowshare Program,” 1959 8. Office of Civil Defense and Mobilization, Fallout Maps, 1959 9. Herman Kahn and H. H. Mitchell, The Postattack Environment, 1961 10. Margaret Mead, “Are Shelters the Answer?” 1961 11. Women Strike for Peace Milk Campaign, 1961 12. Atomic Energy Commission, Annual Report, 1962 13. John F. Kennedy, “Commencement Address at American University,” 1963 14. David E. Lilienthal, Change, Hope, and the Bomb, 1963 15. John F. Kennedy, “Address to the American People on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” 1963 Part Four | Confronting Paradox 1. Glenn T. Seaborg, “Environmental Effects of Producing Electric Power,” 1969 2. Minnesota Environmental Control Citizens Association, Anti-Nuclear Pamphlet, ca. 1969 3. Lenore Marshall, “The Nuclear Sword of Damocles,” 1971 4. Calvert Cliffs’ Coordinating Committee, Inc., v. United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1971 5. William R. Gould, “The State of the Atomic Industry,” 1974 6. Committee on the Present Danger, “Common Sense and the Common Danger,” 1976 7. Ralph W. Deuster, “Rx for the ‘Back’ of the Cycle,” 1976 8. Leonard Rifas, All-Atomic Comics, 1976 9. David N. Merrill, “Nuclear Siting and Licensing Process,” 1978 10. Helen Caldicott, Nuclear Madness, 1978 11. Abalone Alliance, “Declaration of Nuclear Resistance,” 1978 12. Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, 1979 13. Gloria Gregerson, Radiation Exposure and Compensation, 1981 Part Five | Renewal 1. David E. Lilienthal, Atomic Energy: A New Start, 1980 2. Ronald Reagan, “Address to Members of the British Parliament,” 1982 3. Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 4. Jonathan Schell, The Fate of the Earth, 1982 5. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security,” 1983 6. Carl Sagan, “The Nuclear Winter,” 1983 7. Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Power in an Age of Uncertainty, 1984 8. Campaign for a Nuclear Free Future, ca. 1984 9. Bernard Lown, “A Prescription for Hope,” 1985 10. Elizabeth Macias, High-Level Nuclear Waste Issues, 1987 11. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the 42nd Session of the United Nations,” 1987 12. Editors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “A New Era,” 1991 Epilogue | The Nuclear Present 1. David Albright, Kathryn Buehler, and Holly Higgins, “Bin Laden and the Bomb,” 2002 2. Allison M. Macfarlane, “Yucca Mountain and High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 2006 3. Oregon Department of Energy, Hanford Cleanup: The First Twenty Years, 2009 4. Mark Z. Jacobson, “Nuclear Power Is Too Risky,” 2010 5. President’s Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, Report to the Secretary of Energy, 2012 6. Nuclear Energy Institute, “Nuclear Energy: Powering America’s Future,” 2013 7. Ken Caldeira, Kerry Emanuel, James Hansen, and Tom Wigley, “To Those Influencing Environmental Policy but Opposed to Nuclear Power,” 2013 8. Latuff Cartoons, Fukushima Cartoon, 2014 9. John Asafu-Adjaye et al., “An Ecomodernist Manifesto,” 2015 Index

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Book SynopsisChanging Energy outlines how humanity came to its current energy economy through three previous energy transitions and now stands poised for a necessary fourth one. Despite the immense benefits conferred by a global energy economy based primarily on coal, oil, gas, and uranium, societies must now rebuild their energy economies to rely as much as possible on renewable energy used efficiently. This imperative to change comes from the risks of climate change plus the dangers of geopolitical tensions, health and environmental effects, and the long-term prospects for ever depleting sources of today's energy sources. Changing Energy argues that sustainability of the benefits from energy services will come from investments made in the technologies of the fourth transition. Perkins envisions a viable post-fossil fuel energy economy and outlines the barriers that must be resolved to reach it.Table of ContentsPreface Prologue 1. The Invisible Keystone of the Modern World 2. Energy and Energy Services 3. Energy and the Modern State 4. Primary Fuels and Energy Efficiency 5. Energy Systems 6. Climate Change 7. Geopolitical Tensions, Health and Environmental Effects, and Depletion 8. The Fourth Energy Transition: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 9. Energy Sources: Criteria for Acceptability 10. Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Energy Sources 11. Barriers and Challenges Epilogue Appendix 1. Units for Measuring Energy and Power Appendix 2. Production of Heat by Combustion and Fission Notes Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisIn this important new primer, Dustin Mulvaney makes a passionate case for the significance of solar power energy and offers a vision for a more sustainable and just solar industry for the future. The solar energy industry has grown immensely over the past several years and now provides up to a fifth of California's power. But despite its deservedly green reputation, solar development and deployment may have social and environmental consequences, from poor factory labor standards to landscape impacts on wildlife. Using a wide variety of case studies and examples that trace the life cycle of photovoltaics, Mulvaney expertly outlines the state of the solar industry, exploring the ongoing conflicts between ecological concerns and climate mitigation strategies, current trade disputes, and the fate of toxics in solar waste products. This exceptional overview will outline the industry's current challenges and possible futures for students in environmental studies, energy policy, environmeTrade Review“Provides a valuable addition to the literature on the generation of electricity using solar panels. . . . This is a useful text that addresses the growth and impact of solar power in a range of contexts.” * CHOICE *"Mulvaney’s approach to solar development provides a template for how this type of research could — and undoubtedly should — be applied to other types of electricity generation, especially those that reduce carbon emissions and for whom growth is anticipated. That said, to provide a primer that is aspirational, critical and meticulously researched is no easy task. Solar Power achieves just that." * Nature Climate Change *"Would be useful for industry insiders and policy makers. . . . Solar Power is a well-researched, effective contribution to the literature on a just energy transition." * Human Ecology *"The even keel of the tone and content of this text are necessary to “argue[s] that photovoltaics as ethical, green products are not subject to enough critical examination.” This book is that examination." * Electronic Green Journal *"An excellent new book." * Cultures of Energy Podcast, Rice University *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Solar Power 2. Green New Deal 3. Innovations in Photovoltaics 4. Recycling and Product Stewardship 5. Green Civil War 6. The Western Solar Plan 7. Breakthrough Technologies and Solar Trade Wars 8. Solar Power and a Just Transition Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHow are communities uniting against fracking and tar sands to change our energy future?Working across Lines offers a detailed comparative analysis of climate justice coalitions in California and Idahotwo states with distinct fossil fuel histories, environmental contexts, and political cultures. Drawing on ethnographic evidence from 106 in-depth interviews and three years of participant observation, Corrie Grosse investigates the ways people build effective energy justice coalitions across differences in political views, race and ethnicity, age, and strategic preferences. This book argues for four practices that are critical for movement building: focusing on core values of justice, accountability, and integrity; identifying the roots of injustice; cultivating relationships among activists; and welcoming difference. In focusing on coalitions related to energy and climate justice, Grosse provides important models for bridging divides to reach common goals. These lessons are more relevant than ever. Table of ContentsContents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Energy and Political Landscape: Climate Crisis, Extreme Energy, and the Climate Justice Movement 2. The Organizing Landscape: Research Context 3. Idaho Part 1: Talking across Political Lines by Building Relationships 4. Idaho Part 2: Talking across Political Lines by Agreeing to Disagree 5. Working across Intersectional Lines: Youth Values and Relationships 6. Working across Organizational Lines: Grassroots and Grasstops Tensions and Possibilities 7. Two Tales of Struggle: Coalition Building against Big Oil 8. Lessons from Measure P and the Megaloads: Native–Non-Native and Latinx-White Coalition Outcomes Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"From the first we realize Fuel is not a traditional academic essay, but a fantastic dictionary, full of tall tales, craziness, real history, fake history, anticipations of the future, segues from one fuel form or fantasy to another, and sheer nonsense tied to hard truths. In this sense it's like fuel—there at the beginning and still with us, kicking and screaming, to the bitter end."—Allan Stoekl, Pennsylvania State University"With a nod to dictionary mania of Jules Verne, Fuel maps what starts as the common law right to a small bundle of wood but becomes an ever more dangerous dream of the power of pure fuel-less energy. Air, amber, bitumen . . . coal, cobalt, coke . . . Pinkus brilliantly punctures this gaseous utopian fantasy of an immaterial fuel and gestures toward a present less addicted to future fuels."—Elizabeth A. Povinelli, Columbia University"Pinkus totes a toolbox packed with allegory and alchemy, theories and thinkers with which to prod her materials. The fuels catalogued range from the (seemingly) obvious – wood, coal, oil, uranium – through the more fictional-imaginative – the philosopher’s stone, dilithium crystals – to the (seemingly) absurd – albatrosses, goats, the arrow of Eros, patriotism."—New Scientist"An illuminating read for those engaging in interdisciplinary work on the concerns of climate change."—CHOICE"A heroic effort to remind us that sustainability is often an illusion caused by our human-sized view of the world."—The Manchester Review of Books"Inventive and engaging."—Los Angeles Review of Books "Pinkus’s innovative and eccentric book proves to be the perfect gateway to analyze underrepresented perspectives of the energy world, destabilizing existing narratives about fuels." —PoLARTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsFuel: A Speculative DictionaryNotesBibliography

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisThe comprehensive guide to engineering alternative and renewable energy systems and applicationsupdated for the latest trends and technologies This book was designed tohelp engineers develop new solutions for the current energy economy. To that end it provides technical discussions, along with numerous real-world examples of virtually all existing alternative energy sources, applications, systems and system components. All chapters focus on first-order engineering calculations, and consider alternative uses of existing and renewable energy resources. Just as important, the author describes how to apply these concepts to the development of new energy solutions. Since the publication of the critically acclaimed first edition of this book, the alternative, renewable and sustainable energy industries have witnessed significant evolution and growth. Hydraulic fracturing, fossil fuel reserve increases, the increasing popularity of hybrid and all-electric vehicles, andTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1 1.1 Energy and Power 1 1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1 1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4 1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7 1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17 1.6 Efficiencies 19 1.7 Closure 21 References 21 2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23 2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23 2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23 2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23 2.4 Example Problems 28 2.5 Closure 33 References 33 Further Reading 33 3 Hydropower 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35 3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39 3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44 3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48 3.6 Closure 57 References 60 Further Reading 61 4 Wind Energy 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64 4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72 4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78 4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83 4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88 4.7 Closure 90 References 92 Further Reading 92 5 Combustion Turbines 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93 5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95 5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96 5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104 5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105 5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106 5.6.2 GE Energy 107 5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110 5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112 5.7 Closure 113 References 113 Further Reading 113 6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Radiation Heat Transfer Review 115 6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126 6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131 6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137 6.6 Closure 140 References 140 7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148 7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152 7.4 The f-Chart Method 159 7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165 7.6 Closure 166 References 167 8 Passive Solar Energy 169 8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169 8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172 8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176 8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177 8.5 Daylighting 178 8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180 8.7 Closure 181 References 181 9 Photovoltaic Systems 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183 9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190 9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196 9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201 9.6 Closure 202 References 203 10 Fuel Cells 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205 10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207 10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213 10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220 10.6 Closure 223 References 223 11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227 11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231 11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236 11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240 11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241 11.7 Closure 245 References 246 12 Biomass 249 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Biomass Availability 250 12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253 12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255 12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255 12.5.1 Ethanol 255 12.5.2 Methanol 261 12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261 12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263 12.5.5 Biogas 264 12.5.6 Producer Gas 265 12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267 12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270 12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270 12.7 Closure 278 References 278 Further Reading 280 13 Geothermal Energy 281 13.1 Introduction 281 13.2 Geothermal Resources 281 13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286 13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286 13.3.2 Geopressurized 295 13.3.3 Magma 296 13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297 13.4 Geothermal Examples 297 13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300 13.6 Closure 304 References 305 Further Reading 306 14 Ocean Energy 307 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307 14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308 14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312 14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315 14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315 14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315 14.3 Tidal energy 319 14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324 14.4.1 Rotating devices 330 14.5 Closure 331 References 332 15 Nuclear Energy 333 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334 15.3 Nuclear Power 339 15.3.1 Chernobyl 348 15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350 15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351 15.4 Fusion Power 354 15.5 Closure 359 References 359 16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361 16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361 16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364 16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370 16.4 Closure 375 References 375 17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377 17.1 Introduction 377 17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377 17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381 17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386 17.5 The New Reality 392 17.6 Closure 399 References 399 Further Reading 400 Appendix A 401 Appendix B 415 Index 431

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Book SynopsisLearn the fundamentals of smart photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology with this insightful one-stop resource Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities presents a comprehensive coverage of smart PV inverter technologies in alleviating grid integration challenges of solar PV systems and for additionally enhancing grid reliability. Accomplished author Rajiv Varma systematically integrates information from the wealth of knowledge on smart inverters available from EPRI, NREL, NERC, SIWG, EU-PVSEC, CIGRE, IEEE publications; and utility experiences worldwide. The book further presents a novel, author-developed and patented smart inverter technology for utilizing solar PV plants both in the night and day as a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller STATCOM, named PV-STATCOM. Replete with case studies, this book includes over 600 references and 280 illustrations. Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities' features include: ConcepTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii 1 Impacts of High Penetration of Solar PV Systems and Smart Inverter Developments 1 2 Smart Inverter Functions 35 3 Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Smart PV Inverters 73 4 PV-STATCOM: A New Smart PV Inverter and a New FACTS Controller 107 5 PV-STATCOM Applications in Distribution Systems 145 6 PV-STATCOM Applications in Transmission Systems 205 7 Increasing Hosting Capacity by Smart Inverters – Concepts and Applications 301 8 Control Coordination of Smart PV Inverters 369 9 Emerging Trends with Smart Solar PV Inverters 431 Index 465

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Book SynopsisIntroduces readers to micro and local power markets and their use for local initiatives, grid integration, and future applications This book provides the basis for understanding micro power markets, emphasizing its application for local initiatives, the grid integration of renewable-based generation, and facilitating the decarbonization of the future electrical networks. It gives readers a comprehensive overview of the market operation, and highlights the basis of the design of local and micro markets. Micro and Local Power Markets starts by covering the economics and basic principle of power markets, including the fundamentals of the power trading (for both wholesale and local markets). Following a definition of both micro and local (technical and economic aspects) power markets, the book then looks at the organization of such markets. It describes the design of those power markets, isolated from the wholesale markets, and examines the methodologies of the interaction between theseTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Power Market Fundamentals 1Íngrid Munné-Collado, Pol Olivella-Rosell and Andreas Sumper 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Design of Power Markets 5 1.2.1 Organization 5 1.2.1.1 Monopoly 5 1.2.1.2 Purchasing Agency 5 1.2.1.3 Wholesale Market 5 1.2.1.4 Retail Competition 7 1.2.2 Bilateral Contracts and Auctions 7 1.2.3 Clearing 10 1.2.4 Settlement or Pricing 10 1.2.5 Example 11 1.3 Mechanism for Auctions 13 1.3.1 Why Auctions in Energy Markets? 13 1.3.2 Auction Basics 13 1.3.2.1 The Revenue Equivalence Theorem 14 1.3.3 Types of Auctions 15 1.3.3.1 The English or Ascending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.2 The Dutch or Descending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.3 The First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.4 The Second-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 16 1.3.4 Auction Mechanisms Applied to Electricity Products 16 1.3.4.1 Sealed-Bid Auctions 16 1.3.4.2 Descending Clock Auction 17 1.3.4.3 Hybrid Auctions 18 1.3.4.4 Combinatorial Auctions 19 1.3.4.5 Two-Sided Auction Mechanisms 19 1.3.5 Auction Characteristics in Power Markets 19 1.3.6 Auction Design 20 1.3.6.1 Objectives Establishment 20 1.3.6.2 Object Identification 20 1.3.6.3 Participation Encouragement 21 1.3.6.4 Vulnerabilities in the Auction Mechanism 21 1.3.7 Example 23 1.4 Markets for Futures, Energy, and Balancing 27 1.4.1 Forward and Futures Markets 27 1.4.2 Spot Markets 28 1.4.3 Day-Ahead Markets 29 1.4.4 Intraday Markets 30 1.4.5 Balancing Markets 32 1.5 Conclusions and Further Reading 33 References 34 2 Local and Micro Power Markets 37Íngrid Munné-Collado, Eduard Bullich-Massagué, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba and Pol Olivella-Rosell 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Why Local and Micro? 38 2.3 The Evolution of Power Systems 40 2.4 Introduction to Microgrids 41 2.4.1 Microgrid Definition 41 2.4.2 Microgrid Components 43 2.4.3 Microgrid Operation Modes 45 2.4.3.1 Microgrid Connected to an External Distribution Grid 45 2.4.3.2 Microgrid Connected to Another Microgrid 46 2.4.3.3 Isolated Microgrid 48 2.5 Local and Micro Power Market Concepts 49 2.5.1 Local and Micro Power Market Definitions 49 2.5.2 Comparative Analysis 52 2.6 Local Market Design 59 2.6.1 Involved Agents and Stakeholders 60 2.6.2 Approach 63 2.6.2.1 Centralized (Pool-based) Approach 64 2.6.2.2 Peer-To-Peer 66 2.6.3 Services 68 2.6.3.1 Energy 68 2.6.3.2 Flexibility 70 2.6.4 Local Market Services and Approach Review 77 2.6.5 Local Market Interaction 81 2.7 Conclusions and Discussion 84 References 85 3 Micro Markets in Microgrids 97Bernt Bremdal and Iliana Ilieva 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Basic Definitions of Micro Market Functions in Microgrids 99 3.2.1 Island Mode Versus Connected Mode 99 3.2.2 Market Approach for Resource Allocations 101 3.2.3 The Importance of Ownership, Business Focus, and Responsibilities 102 3.2.4 Capacity Design and Physical Laws 105 3.2.5 Resource Efficiency 105 3.2.6 Prerequisites for a Liberal Market 108 3.2.7 Basic Organizational Structures 109 3.2.8 Single Seller–Single Buyer 110 3.2.9 Multiple Sellers–Single Buyer 110 3.2.10 Single Seller–Multiple Buyers 112 3.2.11 Multiple Sellers–Multiple Buyers 112 3.3 Operational Characteristics of Microgrid-based Micro Markets 113 3.3.1 Types of Microgrid 114 3.3.2 Degree of Connectivity to Main Supply 114 3.3.3 Geography 119 3.3.4 Ownership 120 3.3.5 Business Models 120 3.3.6 Physical Control and Communication System 121 3.3.7 Management of the Microgrid 122 3.3.8 Number of Independent Buyers and Sellers 123 3.3.9 Type of Supply 123 3.3.10 Type of Loads 124 3.3.11 Storage Capacity and Reserve Power 124 3.3.12 Exchange and Trade Concepts 125 3.3.13 Pricing and Settlement 126 3.3.14 Contract Types 127 3.3.15 Market Efficiency and Economic Welfare Considerations 129 3.3.16 The Role of ICT 129 3.4 Market Models 130 3.4.1 Introduction 130 3.4.2 Model 1: Central Control and Optimization 130 3.4.3 Model 2: Central Control – Distributed Decision Making 132 3.4.4 Model 3: Central Market Management and Double Auction 136 3.4.5 Model 4: Distributed Control – Peer-to-Peer Trade 142 3.4.6 Model 5: Non-competitive Allocation of Energy 150 3.5 Conclusions 158 References 160 4 Coupled Local Power Markets 165Pol Olivella-Rosell, Shahab Shariat Torbaghan and Madeleine Gibescu 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Local and Wholesale Market Coupling 167 4.2.1 Flexibility Definition 169 4.2.2 Services and Products Traded 171 4.2.3 Market Participants 172 4.2.3.1 The Local Market Operator 173 4.2.3.2 BRP and Local Markets 175 4.2.3.3 DSO and Local Markets 176 4.2.3.4 Prosumers and Local Markets 176 4.2.4 LFM Interaction Timeline 177 4.3 Local Market Clearing Mechanism in Coupled Markets 178 4.3.1 Day-ahead Scheduling 180 4.3.2 Intraday Scheduling 183 4.3.3 Quarterly Scheduling 186 4.4 Conclusions and Discussion 186 References 188 5 Digital Business Models for Local and Micro Power Markets 193Emmanuelle Reuter, Moritz Loock and Julia Cousse 5.1 What are Digital Business Models? 193 5.1.1 Digital Technology Enables Value and Money Flow to be Decoupled 194 5.1.2 Prosumption as Co-creation 194 5.2 Local Power Markets and Digital Business Models 196 5.2.1 Decentralization and Local Power Markets 196 5.2.2 Digitalization and the Rise of Platform Business Models 199 5.2.3 Case Examples of Platform Business Models 201 5.2.3.1 Case Example 1: Next Kraftwerke 202 5.2.3.2 Case Example 2: LichtBlick 202 5.2.3.3 Case Example 3: Piclo 202 5.2.3.4 Case Example 4: Change38 203 5.3 The EMPOWER Platform and Business Models 204 5.4 Social Acceptance of Local Power Markets 206 5.4.1 Citizen-level Acceptance 207 5.4.1.1 Key Drivers for Participation 208 5.4.1.2 Key Means for Participation 209 5.4.1.3 Key Barriers for Participation 212 5.4.2 Utility-Level Acceptance 213 5.4.3 Cooperative-Level Acceptance 215 5.5 Conclusion 219 References 220 6 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 223Dirk Kuiken 6.1 Power Market Regulation 223 6.1.1 Definition: What and Why 224 6.1.2 Development 225 6.1.3 Regulators 227 6.1.4 Forms, Instruments, and Types 228 6.2 Common Power Market Regulation 230 6.2.1 Generation (Production) 231 6.2.2 Networks (Transportation and Distribution) 232 6.2.3 Trade 233 6.2.4 Consumption 234 6.3 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 235 6.3.1 Definition 237 6.3.2 Isolated vs Interconnected Markets 238 6.3.2.1 Isolated Markets 239 6.3.2.2 Interconnected Markets 241 6.3.3 General Requirements 242 6.3.4 Existing Legal Frameworks 243 6.4 Trade Settings 245 6.4.1 Bilateral Agreements 245 6.4.1.1 Parties 245 6.4.1.2 Services 246 6.4.1.3 Terms and Conditions 247 6.4.2 Market Platforms 249 6.4.2.1 Market Operator 249 6.4.2.2 Market Rules 249 6.5 Further Discussion 253 Acknowledgements 254 References 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisProvides an original, detailed, and practical description of current interruption transients, origins, and the circuits involved, and shows how they can be calculated Based on a course that has been presented by the author worldwide, this book teaches readers all about interruption transients calculationshowing how they can be calculated using only a hand calculator and Excel. It covers all the current interruption cases that occur on a power system and relates oscillatory circuit (transients) and symmetrical component theory to the practical calculation of current interruption transients as applied to circuit breaker application. The book explains all cases first in theory, and then illustrates them with practical examples. Topics featured inCurrent Interruption Transients Calculation, Second Edition include: RLC Circuits; Pole Factor Calculation; Terminal Faults; Short Line Faults; Inductive Load Switching; and Capacitive Load Switching. The book also fTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Short-Circuit Rating Basis for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 2 1.3 Current Interruption Terminology 4 Further Reading 7 2 RLC Circuits 9 2.1 General 9 2.2 Series RLC Circuit with Step Voltage Injection 9 2.3 Source-Free Series RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 15 2.4 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 18 2.5 Parallel RLC Circuit with Ramp Current Injection 21 2.6 Alternative Equations 27 2.7 Traveling Wave Basics 28 2.8 Summary 34 References 34 Further Reading 34 3 Pole Factor Calculation 35 3.1 General 35 3.2 Pole Factors: Effectively Earthed Systems 44 3.3 Pole Factors: Non-Effectively Earthed Systems 52 3.4 Alternative Pole Factor Calculation Method 56 3.5 Three-Phase Test Circuit Arrangement 59 3.6 Summary 60 Further Reading 61 4 Terminal Faults 63 4.1 General Considerations 63 4.2 Standard TRV Derivation 65 4.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 73 4.4 Effect of Added Resistance 85 4.5 Effect of Series Reactors 88 4.6 Out-of-Phase Switching 96 4.7 Asymmetrical Currents 97 4.8 Double Earth Faults 105 4.9 Summary 108 Further Reading 109 5 Short Line Faults 111 5.1 General 111 5.2 Line Side Voltage Calculation 111 5.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 119 5.4 Discussion 122 Further Reading 123 6 Inductive Load Switching 125 6.1 General 125 6.2 General Shunt Reactor Switching Case 128 6.3 Shunt Reactors with Isolated Neutrals 135 6.4 Shunt Reactors with Neutral Reactor Earthed Neutrals 139 6.5 Shunt Reactors with Earthed Neutrals 140 6.6 Reignitions 141 6.7 Unloaded Transformer Switching 142 6.8 Discussion 143 6.9 Summary 143 Further Reading 146 7 Capacitive Load Switching 147 7.1 General 147 7.2 Shunt Capacitor Banks 147 7.2.1 Energization 147 7.2.1.1 Inrush Current 148 7.2.1.2 Limiting Inrush Current 154 7.2.2 De-Energization 156 7.2.2.1 General Considerations 156 7.2.2.2 Recovery Voltages 156 7.2.2.3 Reignitions and Restrikes 157 7.2.3 Outrush 163 7.3 Transmission Lines 164 7.4 Cables 167 7.5 Special Case: Interrupting Small Capacitance Currents 170 7.6 Summary 173 References 174 Further Reading 174 8 Circuit Breaker Type Testing 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Circuit Breaker Interrupting Time 175 8.3 Inherent Transient Recovery Voltages 182 8.4 Inductive Load Switching 182 8.5 Capacitive Current Switching 183 Further Reading 183 Appendix A: Differential Equations 185 Appendix B: Principle of Duality 195 Appendix C: Useful Formulae 201 Appendix D: Euler’s Formula 205 Appendix E: Asymmetrical Current-Calculating Areas Under Curves 209 Appendix F: Shunt Reactor Switching – First-Pole-to-Clear Circuit Representation 213 Appendix G: Special Case: Generator Circuit Breakers TRVs 219 Appendix H: Evolution of Transient Recovery Voltages 239 Appendix I: Equation Plotting Using Excel 261 Index 277

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Book SynopsisA handbook of sustainable energy, covering entire energy aspects from present status to future alternatives under one umbrella This book takes an interdisciplinary system approach to evaluating energy systems so that readers can gain the necessary technical foundation to perform their own performance evaluations and understand their interactions with socioeconomic indicators. Topics include the current and future availability of primary sources, energy supply chain, conversion between different forms of energy, security of energy supply, and efficient end-use of energy sources. Each chapter provides readers with comprehensive background information, an outline of the current technologies, and potential future developments. The book also examines the global, economic, societal, ethical, and environmental issues associated with currently used energy technologies. Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users starts with ageneral overview of energyTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii How Was This Book Born? xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Elements of an Energy System 4 1.3 Fundamental Concepts 7 1.3.1 Work, Energy, and Power 7 1.3.2 Energy Conservation and Transformation 10 1.4 Energy Statistics 11 1.5 Primary Sources 12 1.5.1 Renewable Sources 13 1.5.2 Non-renewable Sources 14 1.6 Secondary Sources 15 1.6.1 Processed Fuels 15 1.6.1.1 Solid Fuels 16 1.6.1.2 Liquid Fuels 16 1.6.1.3 Gaseous Fuels 16 1.6.2 Electric Power 17 1.7 Energy Carriers 18 1.7.1 Electric Transmission 18 1.7.2 Steam 18 1.7.3 Water, Air, and Heat Transfer Fluids 19 1.7.4 Hydrogen 19 1.8 End Use of Energy 19 1.8.1 Consumption by Sectors 19 1.8.2 Primary Sources Consumed by End-users 21 1.9 Energy Balance 23 1.10 Energy Indicators 24 1.11 Energy and Society 29 1.11.1 Energy Sector 29 1.11.2 Geopolitical Challenges 31 1.12 Energy Engineering 32 1.13 Chapter Review 32 Further Reading 36 References 36 2 Energy Conversion and Storage 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Work, Energy, and Power 38 2.2.1 Work 39 2.2.2 Energy 39 2.2.3 Power 39 2.3 Conservation Laws 40 2.3.1 Conservation of Mass 41 2.3.2 Conservation of Momentum 41 2.3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 2.3.4 Equivalence of Energy and Mass 42 2.4 Transformation Between Energy Forms 42 2.5 Thermal Energy 44 2.5.1 Temperature and Phase Changes 45 2.5.2 Production of Heat 47 2.5.2.1 Combustion 47 2.5.2.2 Nuclear Reactions 49 2.5.2.3 Electric Heating 49 2.5.3 Heat Transfer 50 2.5.3.1 Conduction 50 2.5.3.2 Convection 51 2.5.3.3 Radiation 51 2.5.4 Thermodynamics 51 2.6 Mechanical Energy 52 2.6.1 Potential Energy 52 2.6.2 Kinetic Energy 52 2.6.3 Potential and Kinetic Energy Exchanges 53 2.6.4 Mechanical Power 54 2.6.5 Mechanical Energy Balance in Incompressible Fluids 54 2.7 Electrical Energy 55 2.7.1 Voltage and Current 56 2.7.2 Electric Power and Energy 56 2.8 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 58 2.9 Photothermal Energy Conversion 59 2.10 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 60 2.11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 61 2.11.1 Batteries 61 2.11.2 Fuel Cells 62 2.12 Energy Storage 65 2.12.1 Fuel Storage 66 2.12.2 Potential Energy Storage 67 2.12.3 Kinetic Energy Storage 68 2.12.4 Thermal Energy Storage 69 2.12.5 Compressed Air Storage 71 2.12.6 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 71 2.12.7 Electrical Energy Storage 72 2.12.8 Properties of Energy Storage Systems 73 2.13 Chapter Review 74 Review Quiz 76 References 78 3 Fossil Fuels 81 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Resources and Reserves 83 3.3 Physical Properties of Fossil Fuels 85 3.4 Coal 86 3.4.1 Properties of Coal 87 3.4.2 Coal Reserves 89 3.4.3 Coal Mining 89 3.4.3.1 Underground (Deep) Mining 90 3.4.3.2 Surface (Opencast) Mining 91 3.4.4 Preparation, Handling, and Transportation 91 3.4.5 Coal Production and Consumption 92 3.4.6 Transportation of Coal 93 3.4.7 Environmental Impacts of Coal Production 93 3.4.8 Coal Related Issues 95 3.4.9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Consumption 96 3.5 Petroleum 97 3.5.1 Types of Petroleum Formations 98 3.5.2 Properties of Crude Oil 99 3.5.3 World Oil Resources 101 3.5.4 Oil Exploration 103 3.5.5 Well Drilling Techniques 104 3.5.5.1 Planning 104 3.5.5.2 Vertical Drilling 105 3.5.5.3 Directional Drilling 105 3.5.5.4 Hydraulic Fracturing 106 3.5.5.5 Offshore and Deep Water Drilling 107 3.5.6 Recovery of Conventional Oil Deposits 108 3.5.6.1 Light Tight Oil Recovery 108 3.5.6.2 Sand Oil Recovery 110 3.5.7 Crude Oil Production 114 3.5.8 Fuel Conversions 115 3.5.9 Oil Transportation and Distribution 117 3.5.10 Challenges of the Petroleum Industry 117 3.5.10.1 Oil Well Tragedies 117 3.5.10.2 Oil Transport Hazards 118 3.6 Natural Gas 120 3.6.1 Purification and Processing of Natural-Gas 121 3.6.2 Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 123 3.6.3 Unconventional Natural Gas 123 3.6.4 Natural Gas Transportation 125 3.6.5 Storage of Natural Gas 126 3.6.6 Natural Gas Consumption 127 3.6.7 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Consumption 128 3.7 Chapter Review 129 Review Quiz 130 Research Topics and Problems 133 Recommended Web Sites 135 References 135 4 Nuclear Energy 139 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 141 4.2.1 Basic Definitions 142 4.2.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 143 4.3 Nuclear Reactions 145 4.3.1 Fusion Reaction 145 4.3.2 Fission Reaction 146 4.3.3 Radioactive Decay 149 4.3.4 Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation 151 4.4 Nuclear Fuels 153 4.4.1 Resources, Reserves, Production, and Consumption 153 4.4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 155 4.4.2.1 Fuel Preparation 155 4.4.2.2 Uranium Enrichment 155 4.4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Assembly 156 4.4.2.4 Critical Mass for Sustained Chain Reaction 156 4.4.2.5 Disposal of Used Nuclear Material 157 4.5 Nuclear Reactors 157 4.5.1 Reactor Core 159 4.5.2 Fuel Assembly 160 4.5.3 Moderator 160 4.5.4 Control Rods 161 4.5.5 Cooling System 161 4.5.6 Reactor Types 162 4.5.6.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 162 4.5.6.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 163 4.5.6.3 Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor (PHWR) 164 4.5.6.4 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) 165 4.5.6.5 Light Water-Cooled Graphite Reactor (LWGR) 165 4.5.6.6 Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) 165 4.6 Safety of Nuclear Power Plants 166 4.6.1 Nuclear Safety Concepts 167 4.6.2 Reactor Protection Systems 168 4.6.3 Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 168 4.6.3.1 Three Mile Island Accident 169 4.6.3.2 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident 170 4.6.3.3 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident 171 4.6.4 Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 171 4.7 Status of Commercial Nuclear Power 173 4.8 Outlook for Commercial Reactors 178 4.9 Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 179 4.10 Chapter Review 182 References 187 5 Renewable Energy Sources 189 5.1 Introduction 190 5.2 Common Features of Renewables 191 5.3 Energy Supply from Renewable Sources 193 5.3.1 Installed Renewable Power Capacity 193 5.3.2 Capacity Factor 197 5.4 Renewable Resource Potential 197 5.4.1 Assessment of Non-combustible Resources 198 5.4.2 Assessment of Biomass Resources 198 5.5 Benefits and Challenges of Renewable Energy 199 5.6 Solar Energy 203 5.6.1 Solar Resource Potential 203 5.6.2 End-use of Solar Energy 204 5.6.2.1 Passive Solar Buildings 207 5.6.2.2 Heat Production 207 5.6.2.3 Solar Electric Generation 208 5.6.3 Strengths and Challenges of Solar Energy 208 5.7 Wind Energy 209 5.7.1 Electric Generation Potential of Wind Resource 210 5.7.2 Strengths and Challenges of Wind Energy 213 5.7.3 Environmental Impacts of Wind Powered Generation 214 5.7.3.1 Visual Impact 214 5.7.3.2 Impacts on Wildlife 215 5.7.3.3 Audible Noise 215 5.8 Hydraulic Energy 215 5.8.1 Hydroelectric Potential 216 5.8.2 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Generation 217 5.9 Geothermal Energy 221 5.9.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy 222 5.9.2 Geothermal Energy Potential 223 5.9.3 End-uses of Geothermal Energy 223 5.9.3.1 Geothermal Heating 224 5.9.3.2 Geothermal Power Generation 225 5.9.4 Strengths and Challenges of Geothermal Energy 228 5.10 Biomass Energy 229 5.10.1 Biomass Sources 229 5.10.2 Energy Potential of Biomass Resources 232 5.10.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies 233 5.10.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.2 Physicochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.3 Biological Conversion 234 5.10.4 Strengths and Challenges of Bioenergy 235 5.11 Future Trend of Renewable Energy Development 236 5.12 Chapter Review 237 5.13 Review Quiz 239 References 243 6 Electric Energy Systems 245 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 Evolution of Electric Power Systems 246 6.2.1 Early Electrification Systems 248 6.2.2 Development of Transmission Options for Growing Needs 250 6.2.3 Interconnected Grid 252 6.3 Fundamental Concepts of Electric Circuit Analysis 254 6.3.1 Basic Definitions 254 6.3.2 Fundamental Laws 255 6.3.3 DC Circuits 256 6.3.4 AC Circuits 257 6.3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 257 6.3.4.2 Phasor Quantities 258 6.3.5 Three Phase Electric System 260 6.3.6 Per-Phase Analysis 263 6.4 AC Power 263 6.4.1 Power in Single-Phase Circuits 263 6.4.2 Power Factor Considerations 265 6.4.3 Power in Three-Phase Systems 267 6.5 Electromagnetic Field 268 6.5.1 Ampere’s Law 268 6.5.2 Magnetic Flux 268 6.5.3 Magnetic Properties of Substances 269 6.5.4 Magnetic Circuits 270 6.5.5 Faraday’s Law 272 6.6 Transformers 274 6.6.1 Operation Principle 274 6.6.2 Industrial Transformer Tests 277 6.6.2.1 Open-circuit (No-load) Test 277 6.6.2.2 Short-circuit Test 277 6.6.3 Three-phase Transformers 278 6.7 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 280 6.7.1 Basic Motor and Generator 281 6.7.2 Efficiency of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 282 6.8 Electric Generation 284 6.8.1 Synchronous Generators 284 6.8.1.1 Single-Phase Generation 285 6.8.1.2 Three-phase Generation 285 6.8.1.3 Motor Operation 286 6.8.1.4 Rotating Magnetic Field 287 6.8.2 Induction Machines 288 6.8.2.1 Induction Motor 288 6.8.2.2 Induction Generator 290 6.9 Electric Transmission and Distribution 292 6.9.1 Transmission Line Parameters 293 6.9.1.1 Line Resistance 294 6.9.1.2 Line Inductance 295 6.9.1.3 Line Capacitance 295 6.9.2 Representation of Transmission Lines 296 6.9.3 Short Transmission Lines 297 6.9.3.1 Resistive Losses 297 6.9.4 DC Transmission and Distribution 299 6.9.4.1 Voltage Regulation 300 6.10 Electric Loads 300 6.11 Chapter Review 301 References 305 7 Thermal Power Generation 307 7.1 Introduction 308 7.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 309 7.2.1 Heat and Temperature 309 7.2.1.1 Common Temperature Scales 309 7.2.1.2 Absolute Temperature Scale 310 7.2.2 Internal Energy 312 7.2.3 Laws of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy 312 7.2.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Direction of Heat Flow 313 7.2.4 Entropy 313 7.2.5 Enthalpy 314 7.2.6 Reversibility of Energy Flow 315 7.2.7 State of a System 315 7.3 Thermodynamic Processes 315 7.3.1 Isothermal Process 316 7.3.2 Adiabatic Process 316 7.3.3 Carnot Cycle 317 7.3.4 Carnot Heat Engine 318 7.4 Efficiency and Heat Rate 318 7.4.1 Carnot Efficiency 318 7.4.2 Heat Rate of Thermoelectric Generation Units 319 7.5 Steam Turbines 320 7.5.1 Evaporation Properties of Water 321 7.6 Carnot Heat Engine 324 7.7 Rankine Cycle 328 7.8 Improved Efficiency Steam Turbines 331 7.9 Gas Turbines 332 7.9.1 Brayton (Joule) Cycle 333 7.10 Improved Efficiency Thermal Systems 335 7.10.1 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) 336 7.10.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 336 7.11 Chapter Review 337 References 342 8 Hydropower 343 8.1 Introduction 344 8.2 Basic Concepts of Hydrodynamics 344 8.2.1 Density and Specific Mass 344 8.2.2 Pressure 345 8.2.3 Flow Rate 345 8.2.4 Conservation of Mass in Steady Liquid Flow 346 8.3 Bernoulli’s Principle 346 8.4 Euler’s Turbomachine Equation 347 8.5 Hydraulic Turbines 348 8.5.1 Pelton Turbine 350 8.5.2 Francis Turbine 351 8.5.3 Kaplan Turbine 353 8.6 Hydroelectric Generation 354 8.7 Turbine Selection 356 8.8 Hydroelectric Station Types 356 8.9 Dam Structures 357 8.10 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Power Plants 358 8.11 Chapter Review 360 References 364 9 Wind Energy Systems 365 9.1 Introduction 366 9.2 Sources of Wind 367 9.3 Wind Shear 369 9.4 Wind Regimes 371 9.4.1 Site Wind Profile 372 9.4.2 Weibull Distribution 374 9.4.3 Rayleigh Distribution 376 9.5 Wind Turbine Types 377 9.5.1 Maximum Turbine Power and Torque 379 9.5.2 Performance Coefficients 381 9.5.3 Blade Aerodynamics 383 9.5.3.1 Pitch Angle 383 9.5.3.2 Lift and Drag Forces 385 9.5.3.3 Chord Length 387 9.5.4 Blade Design 388 9.6 Wind-powered Electric Generation 389 9.6.1 Turbine-Generator Characteristics 389 9.6.2 Output Power Control 390 9.6.2.1 Pitch Control 390 9.6.2.2 Stall Control 391 9.6.3 Generator Types 391 9.6.3.1 Synchronous Generators 392 9.6.3.2 Asynchronous (Induction) Generators 393 9.6.3.3 Stand-Alone Operation 394 9.6.3.4 Grid Connected Operation 394 9.6.4 Grid Integration of Wind Powered Generation 395 9.7 Energy Output Estimation 395 9.8 Chapter Review 398 References 403 10 Solar Energy Systems 405 10.1 Introduction 406 10.2 Solar Radiation 407 10.2.1 Solar Constant 407 10.2.2 Effect of Clear Atmosphere on Solar Radiation 409 10.2.3 Solar Geometry 409 10.2.4 Solar Time 412 10.2.5 Incident Solar Radiation on a Collecting Surface 413 10.2.6 Estimation of Total Irradiance on an Inclined Surface 414 10.2.6.1 Estimation of Direct-Beam Radiation 415 10.2.6.2 Estimation of Diffuse Radiation 415 10.2.6.3 Reflected Radiation 415 10.2.7 Solar Array Orientation 416 10.3 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion 416 10.3.1 Solar Collector Types 416 10.3.2 Solar Collector Performance and Efficiency 418 10.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 419 10.4.1 Structure of Silicon Crystal 419 10.4.2 Operation of a PV Cell 420 10.4.3 Output Characteristic and Delivered Power 423 10.4.4 PV Technologies and Cell Efficiency 425 10.5 PV Generation Systems 426 10.5.1 PV Generation System Configurations 428 10.6 Concentrated Solar Power 429 10.7 Chapter Review 430 References 435 11 Energy Security 437 11.1 Introduction 438 11.2 Aspects of Energy Security 439 11.2.1 Types of Energy Security Concerns 440 11.2.2 Short-term Energy Security 441 11.2.3 Mid-term Energy Security 442 11.2.4 Long-term Energy Security 442 11.2.5 Energy Security Indicators 443 11.3 Cost of Electric Outages 444 11.4 Resource Availability 447 11.5 Energy Interdependence 449 11.6 Chapter Review 452 References 455 12 Energy and Sustainable Development 457 12.1 Introduction 458 12.2 Sustainable Development Goals 458 12.3 Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems 460 12.3.1 Ground Level Air Pollution 460 12.3.2 Acid Rain 461 12.3.3 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change 461 12.3.4 Carbon Footprint of Consumers 465 12.4 Energy, Water, and Food Interactions 468 12.4.1 Water Sources 470 12.4.2 Water Use for Energy 470 12.4.3 Energy Use for Water 472 12.4.4 Energy Invested for Energy 475 12.5 Energy Management 478 12.5.1 Resource Coordination 479 12.5.2 Supply-side Energy Management 480 12.5.3 Load-side Energy Management 483 12.5.4 Site Energy and Source Energy 486 12.5.4.1 Direct Use of Fuels 487 12.5.4.2 Use of Grid Electricity 488 12.5.4.3 On-site Electric Generation 490 12.6 Chapter Review 491 References 495 Appendix A: Unit Conversion Factors 499 Appendix B: Calorific Values of Common Fuels 503 Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms 507 Glossary 513 Index 519

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Book SynopsisACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Discover the major issues, solutions, techniques, and applications of active electrical distribution networks with this edited resource Active Electrical Distribution Network: A Smart Approach delivers a comprehensive and insightful guide dedicated to addressing the major issues affecting an often-overlooked sector of the electrical industry: electrical distribution. The book discusses in detail a variety of challenges facing the smart electrical distribution network and presents a detailed framework to address these challenges with renewable energy integration. The book offers readers fulsome analyses of active distribution networks for smart grids, as well as active control approached for distributed generation, electric vehicle technology, smart metering systems, smart monitoring devices, smart management systems, and various storage systems. It provides a treatment of the analysis, modeling, and impTable of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Contributors xvii List of Abbreviations xix Part I Electrical Distribution Network: Conventional vs Smart 1 1 Electricity Distribution Structures and Business Models Considering Smart Grid Perspectives 3Baidyanath Bag Part II Existing Issues in the Electrical Distribution Network 19 2 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 1: Distribution Feeder Segregation 21Baidyanath Bag 3 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 2: Technical, Economical, and Environmental 39Shilpa Kalambe, Sanjay Jain, Bhojraj N. Kale, and Ujwala B. Malkhandale Part III Harmonics Mitigation in the Smart Distribution Network 51 4 Power Quality Mitigation in a Distribution Network Using a Battery Energy Storage System 53Gajendra Singh Chawda, Om Prakash Mahela, and Bhuynesh Rathmore 5 Grid Power Quality Improvement Using a Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger in Smart City Scenario 69Rajesh Kumar Lenka, Anup Kumar Panda, and Man Mohan Garg Part IV Toward Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 87 6 Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 89Yashwnat Sawle, Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, and Ashwini Ramachandran Nair Part V Energy Management of an Active Distribution Network 125 7 Active Distribution Management System 127Mohammad Gholami, Sajjad Fattaheinan-Dehkordi, Hessam Mazaheri, and Ali Abbaspour Tehrani-Fard 8 Role of Volt-VAr-W Control in Energy Management 145Baidyanath Bag 9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 155Hooman Firoozi, Mohamad Amin Rajabi Nezhad, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen Part VI Phasor Measurement Unit Placement 177 10 Enhancing the Performance of the State Estimation Algorithm Through Optimally Placed Phasor Measurement Units 179Kinfe Negash, Baseem Khan, P. Sanjeevikumar, and Esayas Gidey Part VII Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 201 11 Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 203M. Thirunavukkarasu and Sawle Yashwant 12 Control Algorithms for Energy Storage Systems to Reduce Distribution Power Loss of Microgrids 237Yun Yang, Siew-Chong Tan, and Shu-Yuen Ron Hui 13 Higher Levels of Wind Energy Penetration into the Remote Grid: Challenges and Solutions 261Gajendra Singh Chawda, Abdul Gafoor Shaik, and Om Prakash Mahela 14 Internet of Things and Machine Learning for Improving Solar-PV Plant Efficiency: Forecasting Aspects 279Pankaj Kumar, Gajendra Singh Chawda, and Om Prakash Mahela 15 Modular Design of Nonlinear Controllers for Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Systems 297Meher Preetam Korukonda, Man Mohan Garg, and Laxmidhar Behera Part VIII Electric Vehicle Technology 311 16 Vehicle-to-Grid Challenges and Potential Benefits for Smart Microgrids 313Mohd Tayyab Saeed Part IX Reconfiguration of a Smart Distribution Network 329 17 Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Systems: Test System 331Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Baseem Khan 18 Distribution System Reconfiguration: Case Studies 433Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Josep M. Guerrero 19 Genetic Algorithm Application in Distribution System Reconfiguration 479Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Part X Demand Side Management Mechanisms and a Smart Home Energy Management System 517 20 Demand Response Techniques and Smart Home Energy Management Systems 519Hooman Firoozi, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen 21 A Sustainable Building Lightning Solution for Energy Conservation in Different Geographical Conditions 539Sunil Kumar Goyal, Bharat Bharatia, Amit Saraswat, Bhuwan Pratap Singh, and Om Prakash Mahela Part XI Smart Meter Technology 573 22 Smart Metering: Transforming from One-Way to Two-Way Communication 575Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, Ashwini Ramachandran Nair, and Yashwnat Sawle Index 597

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Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisElectric Power Systems with Renewables Concise, balanced, and fundamentals-based resource providing coverage of power system operation and planning, including simulations using PSSE software Electric Power Systems with Renewables provides a comprehensive treatment of various topics related to power systems with an emphasis on renewable energy integration into power systems. The updated use cases and methods in the book build upon the climate change science and renewables currently being integrated with the grid and the ability to manage resilience for electrifying transportation and related power systems as societies identify more ways to move towards a carbon-free future. Simulation examples and software support are provided by integrating the educational version of PSSE. The newly revised edition includes new topics on the intelligent use of PSSE simulation software, presents a short introduction to Python (a widely usedTable of ContentsPreface xiii Table of Simulations Using Pss®e, Python, and Matlab/simulink® xv About the Companion Website xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Systems: a Changing Landscape 1 1.1 Nature of Power Systems 2 1.2 Changing Landscape of Power Systems Due to Utility Deregulation 4 1.3 Integration of Renewables Into the Grid 5 1.4 Topics in Power Systems 6 References 9 Problems 9 Chapter 2 Review of Basic Electric Circuits and Electromagnetic Concepts 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Phasor Representation in a Sinusoidal Steady State 12 2.3 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor 16 2.4 Three-Phase Circuits 22 2.5 Real and Reactive Power Transfer between AC Systems 30 2.6 Equipment Ratings, Base Values, and Per-Unit Quantities 32 2.7 Energy Efficiencies of Power System Equipment 33 2.8 Electromagnetic Concepts 34 Reference 44 Problems 44 Appendix 2A 47 Chapter 3 Electric Energy and the Environment 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Choices and Consequences 51 3.3 Hydropower 53 3.4 Fossil-Fuel-Based Power Plants 53 3.5 Nuclear Power 55 3.6 Renewable Energy 58 3.7 Distributed Generation (DG) 66 3.8 Environmental Consequences and Remedial Actions 66 References 68 Problems 68 Chapter 4 Ac Transmission Lines and Underground Cables 71 4.1 Need for Transmission Lines and Cables 71 4.2 Overhead AC Transmission Lines 72 4.3 Transposition of Transmission-Line Phases 73 4.4 Transmission-Line Parameters 74 4.5 Distributed-Parameter Representation of Transmission Lines in a Sinusoidal Steady State 82 4.6 Surge Impedance Z c and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) 84 4.7 Lumped Transmission-Line Models in a Steady State 86 4.8 Cables 88 References 89 Problems 90 Appendix 4A Long Transmission Lines 92 Chapter 5 Power Flow in Power System Networks 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Description of the Power System 96 5.3 Example Power System 97 5.4 Building the Admittance Matrix 98 5.5 Basic Power-Flow Equations 100 5.6 Newton-Raphson Procedure 101 5.7 Solution of Power-Flow Equations Using the Newton-Raphson Method 104 5.8 Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson Method for Power Flow 109 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis 110 5.10 Reaching the Bus VAR Limit 110 5.11 Synchronized Phasor Measurements, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS), and Wide-Area Measurement Systems 111 5.12 dc Power Flow 111 References 112 Problems 112 Appendix 5A Gauss-Seidel Procedure for Power-Flow Calculations 113 Appendix 5B Remote Bus Voltage Control by Generators 114 Chapter 6 Transformers in Power Systems 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Basic Principles of Transformer Operation 119 6.3 Simplified Transformer Model 125 6.4 Per-Unit Representation 127 6.5 Transformer Efficiencies and Leakage Reactances 131 6.6 Regulation in Transformers 131 6.7 Autotransformers 132 6.8 Phase Shift Introduced by Transformers 134 6.9 Three-Winding Transformers 135 6.10 Three-Phase Transformers 136 6.11 Representing Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios, Taps, and Phase Shifts 137 6.12 Transformer Model in PSS®E 140 References 141 Problems 141 Chapter 7 Grid Integration of Inverter-based Resources (ibrs) and Hvdc Systems 145 7.1 Climate Crisis 146 7.2 Interface Between Renewables/Batteries and The Utility Grid 146 7.3 High-Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems 152 7.4 IEEE P2800 Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems 156 References 157 Problems 157 Appendix 7A Operation of Voltage Source Converters (vscs) [7a1] 157 Appendix 7B Operation of Thyristor-Based Line- Commutated Converters (LCCS) 161 Chapter 8 Distribution System, Loads, and Power Quality 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Distribution Systems 173 8.3 Power System Loads 174 8.4 Power Quality Considerations 180 8.5 Load Management 191 References 192 Problems 192 Chapter 9 Synchronous Generators 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Structure 196 9.3 Induced EMF in the Stator Windings 200 9.4 Power Output, Stability, and The Loss of Synchronism 204 9.5 Field Excitation Control to Adjust Reactive Power 206 9.6 Field Exciters for Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) 208 9.7 Synchronous, Transient, and Subtransient Reactances 208 9.8 Generator Modeling in PSS®E 211 References 213 Problems 213 Chapter 10 Voltage Regulation and Stability in Power Systems 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Radial System as an Example 215 10.3 Voltage Collapse 218 10.4 Preventing Voltage Instability 220 References 227 Problems 228 Chapter 11 Transient and Dynamic Stability Of Power Systems 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Principle of Transient Stability 229 11.3 Transient Stability Evaluation in Large Systems 238 11.4 Dynamic Stability 239 References 240 Problems 241 Appendix 11A Inertia, Torque, and Acceleration in Rotating Systems 241 Chapter 12 Control of Interconnected Power Systems and Economic Dispatch 245 12.1 Control Objectives 245 12.2 Voltage Control by Controlling Excitation and Reactive Power 246 12.3 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 247 12.4 Economic Dispatch and Optimum Power Flow 257 References 262 Problems 262 Chapter 13 Transmission Line Faults, Relaying, And Circuit Breakers 265 13.1 Causes of Transmission Line Faults 265 13.2 Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis 266 13.3 Types of Faults 269 13.4 System Impedances for Fault Calculations 273 13.5 Calculating Fault Currents in Large Networks 276 13.6 Protection Against Short-Circuit Faults 277 References 286 Problems 287 Chapter 14 Transient Overvoltages, Surge Protection, and Insulation Coordination 289 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Causes of Overvoltages 289 14.3 Transmission-Line Characteristics and Representation 292 14.4 Insulation to Withstand Overvoltages 294 14.5 Surge Arresters and Insulation Coordination 296 References 296 Problems 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisNet-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector Guide to choosing and investing in decarbonization technologies for the energy sector Net-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector proposes mature (high technology readiness level) net-zero and low carbon pathways and technologies in the energy sector, discussing net-/near-zero solutions for producing and storing power, heat, biofuel, and hydrogen, and highlighting various pathways and processes to achieve net-zero targets and address climate concerns. Each chapter provides a relevant case study to aid in the practical application of concepts, covering decarbonization solutions that have high potential to be used in the near future, such as solar-hybrid systems for net-zero power generation, CCUS-hybrid systems for low carbon power generation, pumped hydropower for power storage, commercial concentrating solar power plants for heat generation, gasification with CCUS for biofuel production,

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Book SynopsisPHYSICS OF SOLAR ENERGY AND ENERGY STORAGE Join the fight for a renewable world with this indispensable introduction Solar energy is one of the most essential tools in the fight to create a sustainable future. A wholly renewable and cost-effective energy source capable of providing domestic, business, and industrial energy, solar energy is expected to become a $223 billion a year industry by 2026. The future of global energy production demands researchers and engineers who understand the physics of harnessing, storing, and distributing solar energy. Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage begins to meet this demand, with a thorough, accessible overview of the required fundamentals. Now fully updated to reflect the past decade of research amidst a growing understanding of the scale of our collective challenge, it promises to train the next generation of researchers and engineers who will join this vital effort. Readers of the second edition of Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Shaping a More Livable World 1 1.1.1 Fossil Fuels and Beyond 2 1.1.2 The Paris Agreement 4 1.1.3 Phasing Out Coal-Generated Power 5 1.1.4 Phasing Out ICE Vehicles 6 1.1.5 Economics of Renewable Energy 7 1.2 Solar Energy 9 1.3 Solar Photovoltaics 12 1.3.1 Birth of Modern Solar Cells 12 1.3.2 Basic Terms and Concepts on Solar Cells 14 1.3.3 Types of Solar Cells 15 1.4 A Rechargeable Battery Primer 16 1.4.1 Whittingham’s Initial Invention 17 1.4.2 Goodenough’s Improved Cathode 18 1.4.3 Yoshino’s Improved Anode 19 1.4.4 Current Status 20 1.5 Other Renewable Energy Resources 21 1.5.1 Hydroelectric Power 21 1.5.2 Wind Power 23 1.5.3 Biomass and Bioenergy 26 1.5.4 Shallow Geothermal Energy 31 1.5.5 Deep Geothermal Energy 32 1.5.6 Tidal Energy 34 Chapter 2: Nature of Solar Radiation 37 2.1 Light as Electromagnetic Waves 37 2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 38 2.1.2 Vector Potential and Scalar Potential 39 2.1.3 Electromagnetic Waves 40 2.1.4 Plane Waves and Polarization 41 2.1.5 Sinusoidal Waves 42 2.2 Interface Phenomena 43 2.2.1 Relative Dielectric Constant and Refractive Index 43 2.2.2 Energy Balance and Poynting Vector 45 2.2.3 Fresnel Formulas 46 2.2.4 Optics of metals 48 2.3 Blackbody Radiation 51 2.3.1 Rayleigh–Jeans Law 52 2.3.2 Planck Formula and Stefan–Boltzmann’s Law 55 2.4 Photoelectric Effect and Concept of Photons 58 2.4.1 Einstein’s Theory of Photons 59 2.4.2 Millikan’s Experimental Verification 61 2.4.3 Electron as a Field 61 2.5 Einstein’s Derivation of Blackbody Formula 63 Chapter 3: Origin of Solar Energy 67 3.1 Basic Parameters of the Sun 68 3.1.1 Distance 68 3.1.2 Mass 68 3.1.3 Radius 68 3.1.4 Emission Power 69 3.1.5 Surface Temperature 69 3.1.6 Composition 70 3.2 Kelvin–Helmholtz Time Scale 70 3.3 Energy Source of the Sun 72 3.3.1 The p − p Chain 73 3.3.2 Carbon Chain 74 3.3.3 Internal Structure of the Sun 74 Chapter 4: Tracking Sunlight 77 4.1 Rotation of Earth: Latitude and Longitude 77 4.2 Celestial Sphere 78 4.2.1 Coordinate Transformation: Cartesian Coordinates 80 4.2.2 Coordinate Transformation: Spherical Trigonometry 82 4.3 Treatment in Solar Time 84 4.3.1 Obliquity and Declination of the Sun 84 4.3.2 Sunrise and Sunset Time 86 4.3.3 Direct Solar Radiation on an Arbitrary Surface 87 4.3.4 Direct Daily Solar Radiation Energy 88 4.3.5 The 24 Solar Terms 92 4.4 Treatment in Standard Time 94 4.4.1 Sidereal Time and Solar Time 94 4.4.2 Right Ascension of the Sun 95 4.4.3 Time Difference Originated from Obliquity 96 4.4.4 Aphelion and Perihelion 98 4.4.5 Time Difference Originated from Eccentricity 98 4.4.6 Equation of Time 99 4.4.7 Declination of the Sun 102 4.4.8 Analemma 102 Chapter 5: Interaction of Sunlight with Earth 105 5.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 105 5.1.1 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmittivity 105 5.1.2 Emissivity and Kirchhoff’s Law 106 5.1.3 Bouguer–Lambert–Beer’s Law 106 5.2 Interaction of Sunlight with Atmosphere 108 5.2.1 AM1.5 Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance 109 5.2.2 Annual Insolation Map 110 5.3 Penetration of Solar Energy into Earth 111 Chapter 6: Thermodynamics of Solar Energy 117 6.1 Definitions 117 6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 118 6.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 121 6.3.1 Carnot Cycle 121 6.3.2 Thermodynamic Temperature 124 6.3.3 Entropy 125 6.4 Thermodynamic Functions 125 6.4.1 Free Energy 126 6.4.2 Enthalpy 126 6.4.3 Gibbs Free Energy 127 6.4.4 Chemical Potential 127 6.5 Ideal Gas 127 6.6 Ground Source Heat Pump and Air Conditioning 131 6.6.1 Theory 131 6.6.2 Coefficient of Performance 133 6.6.3 Vapor-Compression Heat Pump and Refrigerator 133 6.6.4 Ground Heat Exchanger 136 Chapter 7: A Quantum Mechanics Primer 139 7.1 The Static Schrödinger Equation 140 7.1.1 Wavefunctions in a One-Dimensional Potential Well 142 7.1.2 The Bra-and-Ket Notations 144 7.1.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 146 7.1.4 The Hydrogen Atom 151 7.1.5 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 159 7.1.6 Nomenclature of Atomic States 160 7.1.7 Degeneracy and Wavefunction Hybridization 160 7.2 Many-Electron Systems 163 7.2.1 The Self-Consistent Field (SCF) Method 164 7.2.2 Slater Determinates and the Hartree-Fock Method 165 7.2.3 Density-Functional Theory (DFT) 165 7.2.4 HOMO and LUMO 166 7.3 The Chemical Bond 169 7.3.1 Bonding Energy and Antibonding Energy 169 7.3.2 The Hydrogen Molecular Ion 170 7.3.3 Types of Chemical Bonds 171 7.4 The Solid State 174 7.4.1 Bloch Waves and Energy Bands 174 7.4.2 Effective Mass 177 7.4.3 Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator 177 7.4.4 Semiconductors 179 7.4.5 The Band Structure of Silicon 180 7.5 The Dynamic Schrödinger Equation 181 7.5.1 A Heuristic Derivation 181 7.5.2 Reduction to Static Schrödinger’s Equation 184 7.5.3 Meaning of the Time-Dependent Phase Factor 184 7.5.4 Interaction with Radiation 185 Chapter 8: pn-Junctions 189 8.1 Semiconductors 189 8.1.1 Electrons and Holes 189 8.1.2 p-Type and n-Type Semiconductors 191 8.2 Formation of a pn-Junction 194 8.3 Analysis of pn-Junctions 198 8.3.1 Effect of Bias Voltage 199 8.3.2 Lifetime of Excess Minority Carriers 199 8.3.3 Junction Current 200 8.3.4 Shockley Equation 201 8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes for Illumination 202 8.4.1 Invention of the Blue LED 203 8.4.2 The Working Principle 204 8.4.3 Wavelength Engineering 206 8.4.4 The Freestanding GaN Substrate 208 8.4.5 A Brief Sketch of History 208 Chapter 9: Semiconductor Solar Cells 211 9.1 Basic Concepts 211 9.1.1 Generating Electric Power 214 9.1.2 Solar Cell Equation 215 9.1.3 Maximum Power and Fill Factor 215 9.2 The Shockley–Queisser Limit 217 9.2.1 Ultimate Efficiency 218 9.2.2 Role of Recombination Time 220 9.2.3 Detailed-Balance Treatment 220 9.2.4 Nominal Efficiency 223 9.2.5 Shockley–Queisser Efficiency Limit 223 9.2.6 Efficiency Limit for AM1.5 Radiation 224 9.3 Nonradiative Recombination Processes 225 9.3.1 Auger Recombination 227 9.3.2 Trap-State Recombination 227 9.3.3 Surface-State Recombination 228 9.4 Antireflection Coatings 228 9.4.1 Matrix Method 229 9.4.2 Single-Layer Antireflection Coating 231 9.4.3 Double-Layer Antireflection Coatings 233 9.5 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 234 9.5.1 Production of Pure Silicon 235 9.5.2 Solar Cell Design and Processing 236 9.5.3 Module Fabrication 237 9.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells 238 9.6.1 CdTe Solar Cells 238 9.6.2 CIGS Solar Cells 239 9.6.3 Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells 240 9.7 Tandem Solar Cells 241 Chapter 10: Solar Photochemistry 245 10.1 Physics of Photosynthesis 245 10.1.1 Chlorophyll 246 10.1.2 ATP: Universal Energy Currency of Life 248 10.1.3 NADPH and NADP + 248 10.1.4 Calvin Cycle 249 10.1.5 C4 Plants versus C3 Plants 250 10.1.6 Chloroplast 250 10.1.7 Efficiency of Photosynthesis 251 10.2 Artificial Photosynthesis 253 10.3 Genetically Engineered Algae 253 10.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 253 10.5 Bilayer Organic Solar Cells 256 Chapter 11: Solar Thermal Energy 259 11.1 Early Solar Thermal Applications 259 11.2 Solar Heat Collectors 262 11.2.1 Selective Absorption Surface 262 11.2.2 Flat-Plate Collectors 266 11.2.3 All-Glass Vacuum-Tube Collectors 268 11.2.4 Thermosiphon Solar Heat Collectors 269 11.2.5 High-Pressure Vacuum Tube Collectors 271 11.3 Solar Water Heaters 271 11.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems 272 11.4.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator 273 11.4.2 Central Receiver with Heliostats 274 11.4.3 Paraboloidal Dish Concentrator with Stirling Engine 274 Chapter 12: Physical Energy Storage 278 12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage 278 12.2 Sensible Heat Energy Storage 279 12.2.1 Water 281 12.2.2 Solid Sensible Heat Storage Materials 282 12.2.3 Synthetic Oil in Packed Beds 283 12.3 Phase Transition Thermal Storage 283 12.3.1 Water–Ice Systems 284 12.3.2 Paraffin Wax and Other Organic Materials 286 12.3.3 Salt Hydrates 286 Chapter 13: Rechargeable Batteries 288 13.1 An Electrochemistry Primer 288 13.1.1 Basic Terms and Definitions 288 13.1.2 Oxidation State 290 13.1.3 Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials 291 13.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 292 13.2.1 Benefit to Humankind 292 13.2.2 Intercalation of Metal Ions 294 13.2.3 The Cathode Materials 296 13.2.4 The Anode Materials 299 13.2.5 Electrolytes 300 13.2.6 The Separator 301 13.2.7 Packaging 302 13.2.8 Mineral Resource of Lithium 305 13.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 306 13.3.1 The Cathode Materials 307 13.3.2 The Anode Materials 309 13.3.3 Rest of the System 310 13.4 Traditional Rechargeable Batteries 310 13.4.1 Lead–Acid Batteries 310 13.4.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 311 Chapter 14: Building with Sunshine 313 14.1 Early Solar Architecture 314 14.1.1 Ancient Solar Architecture 314 14.1.2 Holistic Architecture in Rural China 314 14.2 Building Materials 315 14.2.1 Thermal Resistance 316 14.2.2 Specific Thermal Resistance 316 14.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient: The U-Value 317 14.2.4 Thermal Mass 318 14.2.5 Glazing 318 14.3 Example of Holistic Design 320 Appendix A: Energy Unit Conversion 325 Appendix B: Spherical Trigonometry 327 B.1 Spherical Triangle 327 B.2 Cosine Formula 328 B.3 Sine Formula 329 B.4 Formula C 331 Appendix C: Vector Analysis and Determinants 333 C.1 Vector Analysis 333 C.2 Determinants 334 Appendix D: Real Spherical Harmonics 336 D.1 The Spherical Coordinate System 336 D.2 Spherical Harmonics 337 Appendix E: Complex Numbers 341 E.1 Definition of Complex Numbers 341 E.2 The Euler Formula 342 Appendix F: Statistics of Particles 343 F.1 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistics 344 F.2 Fermi–Dirac Statistics 345 F.3 Bose–Einstein Statistics 346 Appendix G: Measurement in Quantum Mechanics 347 G.1 The Measurement Postulate 347 G.2 Experiments in Position Detection 349 G.3 Tomographic Imaging of Wavefunctions 351 G.4 Einstein’s Opinion on Quantum Mechanics 353 G.5 A Modern View of Schrödinger’s Cat 353 G.6 A Natural Presentation of Quantum Mechanics 354 Bibliography 357 Index 365

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