Energy Books

Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive overview of methods of characterizing the mechanical properties of engineering materials using specimen sizes in the micro-scale regime (0.3-5.0 mm). A range of issues associated with miniature specimen testing like correlation methodologies for data transferability between different specimen sizes, use of numerical simulation/analysis for data inversion, application to actual structures using scooped out samples or by in-situ testing, and more importantly developing a common code of practice are discussed and presented in a concise manner. Trade ReviewThe book covers ALL aspects of miniature specimen testing methods along with specimen designs and limitations for those which are now currently well established with many being also considered for ASTM standards. This book will be an invaluable source for graduate students and researchers involved with small specimen testing in various engineering and science disciplines. In addition, this book is a must-to-have for personnel involved with various technologies where limited amounts of materials are available and/or interested in characterization of damage accumulated in various structures of interest.—K. Linga Murty, North Carolina State UniversityThe book is a very good summary and collection of existing works on miniaturized mechanical testing techniques. The book covers relevant and essential topics that are needed in designing, instrumenting and implementing miniature testing methodologies. The book also provides sound insight on the science behind each of the testing methodologies.— Frank Liou, Missouri University of Science and Technology"This book brings the experience of the authors who have spent more than one decade in the determination of mechanical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties and fracture properties through the use of small volume specimen testing methods. Being the first of its kind from India, this book serves the needs of young researchers to sensitize them on the fundamental issues relating to small specimen testing methods. The materials considered are structural materials that are used in the power plant industries and the test methods cover all the basic properties required for material’s mechanical property characterization."— Raghu V. Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Miniature specimens for tensile and flow properties. Miniature specimens for Fatigue and Fracture properties. Critical Issues in Small scale testing. Applications of small scale testing – Case Studies. Towards industrial Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all facets involving the production and use of ethanol. Topics include the optimization of raw materials, energy, capital, process model-based computer control, and human resources to produce ethanol. It compares and contrasts processes to prepare ethanol using biotechnology processes to prepare ethanol from chemical synthesis. Matters of optimization of ethanol use as fuel/fuel components are addressed based on thermodynamics, kinetics, and usage. It also discusses pollutants produced from ethanol and mixtures containing ethanol, the status of ways to control these pollutants, and what can be done to minimize the harm to the earth's ecosystems due to ethanol and gasoline reactions.Trade Review"The main strength of this book is its multidisciplinary approach to treating the ethanol sector: biology (biocatalysis and biotechnology), thermodynamics, cost analysis, etc. Readers from different scientific communities will find interesting information. Another main strength is the treatment of different parts of the ethanol sector: production and use, minimization of pollution, raw materials resources, etc. So this book can be interesting for engineers who design a new process, but also who would like to find the best process and feedstock for given countries." — Olivier Potier, University of Lorraine, Nancy, FranceTable of ContentsIntroductionYeast Biology and Bulk Manufacture of EthanolProcesses to prepare ethanol using biotechnologyYeast biology developmentDeveloping yeast strains to produce ethanolNutrients and conditionsOptimization of Ethanol Use as a FuelIntroduction to the basis of fuel use in the internal combustion engineLinkage of friction reduction to ethanol fuel useThermodynamics of friction dependence on system variablesCoupling of combustion reaction kinetics and thermodynamicsSample CalculationConsiderations of piston expansion in regard to forces and frictionComputer-based Optimization of the Ethanol ProcessIntroduction Specifications for Control of the Ethanol ProcessApplication of Computer-based Process Control to EthanolOptimization ExampleRaw Material Resources to produce EthanolPlant Raw Material ResourcesBiocatalyst Systems for Ethanol ManufactureBiocatalyst Systems and Processes to isolate and convert Starch and Lignocellulose ComponentsBiocatalyst Systems for Isolation and Conversion of Starch and CelluloseBiocatalyst Systems to act on Lignocellulose and its componentsEthanol Process Synthesis for Cost AnalysisCost Analysis for Optimal Ethanol ManufactureCost Analysis objectives to improve ethanol prospectsCost analysis and Sources of EthanolCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn wet milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from corn dry milling facilitiesCost of Ethanol produced using feedstock from lignocellulose sourcesContrast in Costs to produce Ethanol from FeedstocksProcess Optimization and Cost Reduction to reach Commercial ObjectivesConsiderations for Minimization of PollutionIntroduction to Pollution ConsiderationsA Sequence of Historical Events that helped to popularize EthanolPollutants in ethanol manufacture and combustionImpurities in ethanol and gasoline, and in the products of their combustionSpecific Actions on Pollution and JustificationEthanol Co-Products and Derived ProductsIntroduction to Co-Products and derived ProductsCarbon Dioxide Products and ApplicationsEthanol Derived Products and Applications Petrochemicals as a Source of EthanolConclusions, Recommendations, Research, and Business Directions

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Book SynopsisMicroorganisms are ubiquitously present in petroleum reservoirs and the facilities that produce them. Pipelines, vessels, and other equipment used in upstream oil and gas operations provide a vast and predominantly anoxic environment for microorganisms to thrive. The biggest technical challenge resulting from microbial activity in these engineered environments is the impact on materials integrity. Oilfield microorganisms can affect materials integrity profoundly through a multitude of elusive (bio)chemical mechanisms, collectively referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC is estimated to account for 20 to 30% of all corrosion-related costs in the oil and gas industry.This book is intended as a comprehensive reference for integrity engineers, production chemists, oilfield microbiologists, and scientists working in the field of petroleum microbiology or corrosion. Exhaustively researched by leaders from both industry and academia, this book discussTrade Review"This is an authoritative book, written by world leaders in the field of MIC from both academia and industry. The book is suitable for a broad readership from engineers in the oil and gas industry, to microbiological researchers. There is a good mix of figures and tables, which makes the book very engaging. It has a clear approach to explaining the complex nature of MIC in upstream processing. The information presented is very current making it an excellent resource for all in the field."— Corinne Whitby, University of Essex, United Kingdom"This book encompasses all of the key aspects of MIC in the upstream oil & gas industry such as the importance of materials, key microbial processes involved in MIC, and the importance of effective MIC management – all exemplified by a number of excellent case studies. This book will be of great use to both newcomers to MIC and experts in the field!" — Lisa Gieg, University of Calgary, Canada"I believe this to be a good, comprehensive and up to date overview of pertinent MIC topics that should appeal to researchers and to practitioners of MIC responsible for performing root cause analyses, failure analyses, and coordinating corrosion management plans for oil and gas companies." — Gary Jenneman, GJ Microbial Consulting, LLC, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA"This book contains a group of very distinguished scientists and engineers of international caliber with impressive working experience and track record on the topic of their writing. The book contents have a very good balance between basic research and applications and cases, offering valuable important information to practitioners."— Ji-Dong Gu, University of Hong Kong, China"If anybody is interested in the topic of MIC or has to deal with its consequences in the field, then this book is a must-have for them. A very thorough and well-thought book with up-to-date and practical content."—Ali Morshed, Freelance Consultant, Corrosion Engineer, and Author & Trainer, United KingdomTable of ContentsSection I: Materials and Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production. Section II: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Fundamentals: Microorganisms and Mechanisms. Section III: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Management. Section IV: Field Cases and Laboratory Studies.

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Book SynopsisCommercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a transition and end game fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructTrade Review"Considering the importance of natural and synthetic gas in the current and future energy scenario, this book will be an important addition in this area. While books on some aspects of production and use of natural and synthetic gas are available, there is no book which covers all the aspects that are included in this book."—Deepak Kunzru, Ahmedabad University, India"If you have a focused interest in the field of utilization and chemical transformation of natural and/or synthetic gas, this is one book you cannot live without. Two thumbs up!"—Sunggyu Lee, Ohio University, USA"This will be a first of its kind book which provides information on natural gas as well as synthesis gas. As the world is moving towards cleaner fuels, the use of natural gas and synthesis gas is going to increase rapidly. The book can serve as a knowledge base for students or researchers interested or working in this area."—Sandeep Kumar, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Natural Gas. Synthesis Gas by Thermal Gasification. Biogas and Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Digestion. Hydrothermal Gasification. Gas Reforming. Gas Processing, Purification, and Upgrading. Gas Storage and Transport Infrastructure. Natural and Synthetic Gas for Productions of Liquid Fuels and Their Additives. Gas for Heat, Electricity, and Mobile Applications.

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Book SynopsisPost-earthquake fire is one of the most complicated problems resulting from earthquakes and presents a serious risk to urban structures. Most standards and codes ignore the possibility of post-earthquake fire; thus it is not factored in when determining the ability of buildings to withstand load. This book describes the effects of post-earthquake fire on partially damaged buildings located in seismic urban regions. The book quantifies the level of associated post-earthquake fire effects, and discusses methods for mitigating the risk at both the macro scale and micro scale. The macro scale strategies address urban regions while the micro scale strategies address building structures, covering both existing buildings and those that are yet to be designed. Table of ContentsIntroduction to post-earthquake fire. Performance-based approach. Fire definition. Heat transfer and materials behavior under elevated temperature. Seismic analysis. Post-earthquake fire analysis in structures. Risk management strategies for post-earthquake fire.

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Book SynopsisInnovation through specific and rational design and functionalization has led to the development of a wide range of mesoporous materials with varying morphologies (hexagonal, cubic, rod-like), structures (silicates, carbons, metal oxides), and unique functionalities (doping, acid functionalization) that currently makes this field one of the most exciting in materials science and energy applications. This book focuses primarily on the rapid progress in their application in energy conversion and storage technologies, including supercapacitor, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, solar cells, and photocatalysis (water splitting) and will serve as a valuable reference for researchers in the fieldTable of ContentsFunctional mesoporous carbons from template methods for energy storage and conversion. Nanoporous carbon for capacitive energy storage. Mesoporous structured materials as new proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Mesoporous structured electrocatalysts for fuel cells. Mesoporous materials for batteries. Recent advances in mesoporous materials for lithium batteries. Controlling the photoanode mesostructure for dye-sensitized and perovskite-sensitized solar cells.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, novel families of materials have been discovered and significant improvements in classical thermoelectric materials have been made. Thermoelectric generators are now being used to harvest industrial heat waste and convert it into electricity. This is being utilized in communal incinerators, large smelters, and cement plants. Leading car and truck companies are developing thermoelectric power generators to collect heat from the exhaust systems of gasoline and diesel engines. Additionally, thermoelectric coolers are being used in a variety of picnic boxes, vessels used to transport transplant organs, and in air-conditioned seats of mid-size cars. Consisting of twenty-one chapters written by top researchers in the field, this book explores the major advancements being made in the material aspects of thermoelectricity and provides a critical assessment in regards to the broadening of application opportunities for thermoelectric energy conversion. Table of ContentsDiscovery and Design of New Thermoelectric Materials. Tetradymites: Bi2Te3-Related Materials. Growth and Transport Properties of Tetradymite Thin Films. All-Scale Hierarchical PbTe: From Nanostructuring to a Panoscopic Material. Thermoelectric Properties of Magnesium Silicide–Based Solid Solutions and Higher Manganese Silicides. Clathrate-Based Thermoelectrics. Advances in Nanostructured Half-Heusler Alloys for Thermoelectric Applications. Thermoelectric Properties of Cu2−δX (X = S, Se, and Te). BiCuSeO: A Promising Thermoelectric Material. Phase Diagram Study in n-CoSb3 Skutterudites. Chain-Forming A3MPn3 and A5M2Pn6 Zintl Phases. Thallium-Based Chalcogenides as Thermoelectrics. Higher Manganese Silicides. Boron-Based Materials. Complex Chalcogenides: Pseudo-Hollandites, Structures and Properties. Tetrahedrites: Earth-Abundant Thermoelectric Materials with Intrinsically Low Thermal Conductivity. Organic Thermoelectric Materials. Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Superlattice Materials. Recent Progress in Skutterudites. SHS-Processed Thermoelectric Materials. Prospective Thermoelectrics among Topological Insulators.

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of a bestseller, this book is one of the leading educational resources for energy manager or energy professional as well as new people enter the field of energy management and energy engineering. It is the most widely used college and university textbook, as well as one of the most widely used books for professional development training. New topics include energy auditing, energy bills, life cycle costing, electrical distribution systems, boilers, steam distribution systems, control systems and computers, energy systems maintenance, insulation, compressed air, renewable energy sources and water management, distributed generation, and creating green buildings.

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Book SynopsisAs the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals experienced in conventional oil and gas exploitation and development to acquire practical knowledge of the unconventional realm.Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources. With an emphasis on shale, this book: Addresses all aspects of the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues Offers in-depth coverage of sub-surface measurements (geological, geophyTrade Review"This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia "This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia The authors of this book have provided a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources with emphasis on the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues. The viewpoints of internationally respected experts and researchers from leading E&P companies and academic institutions are offered, as are potential technologies for unconventional resources development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development will be useful to geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, geomechanic specialists, and drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and reservoir engineers in the environmentally safe exploitation and development of unconventional resources like shale.—Oil and Gas International, July 2016 Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources. The Unconventional Basins and Plays—North America, the Rest of the World, and Emerging Basins. Unconventional Resources Workflow—Exploitation and Development. Seismic Reservoir Characterization Applications for Unconventional Resources. Pilot Projects in Unconventional Resources Development. Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs. Role of Geomechanical Engineering in Unconventional Resources Developments. Laboratory Tests and Considerations to Complement the Overall Reservoir Understanding. Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Oil and Gas. The Art of Data Mining and Its Impact on Unconventional Reservoir Development. Unconventional Reserves and Resources Accounting and Booking. Production Evaluation and Forecasting. Drilling Systems for Unconventionals. Multistage Completion Systems for Unconventionals. Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs. Flow Assurance. Artificial Lift Technologies. Monitoring Technologies—Microseismic, Fiber Optic, and Tracers. Rejuvenating Unconventional Resources. Environmental Issues in Unconventional Oil and Gas Resource Development. Case Studies, Accessing JewelSuite™ Software and Data. New Considerations and Future Trends in Reservoir Technologies for Unconventional Resources Development.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Rocket Science and Engineering, Second Edition, presents the history and basics of rocket science, and examines design, experimentation, testing, and applications. Exploring how rockets work, the book covers the concepts of thrust, momentum, impulse, and the rocket equation, along with the rocket engine, its components, and the physics involved in the generation of the propulsive force. The text also presents several different types of rocket engines and discusses the testing of rocket components, subsystems, systems, and complete products. The final chapter stresses the importance for rocket scientists and engineers to creatively deal with the complexities of rocketry.Trade Review"This book is an excellent reference for the rocket enthusiast and for anyone interested in participating in any kind of rocket competition. It is a very useful complement to the library of anyone teaching a rocket class."— Riccardo Bonazza, University of Wisconsin – Madison, USATable of ContentsWhat Are Rockets? Why Are Rockets Needed? How Do Rockets Work? How Do Rocket Engines Work? Are All Rockets the Same? How Do We Test Rockets? Are We Thinking Like Rocket Scientists and Engineers? Suggested Reading for Rocket Scientists and Engineers. Index.

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Book SynopsisInstrumentation, Measurements, and Experiments in Fluids, Second Edition is primarily focused on essentials required for experimentation in fluids, explaining basic principles, and addressing the tools and methods needed for advanced experimentation. It also provides insight into the vital topics and issues associated with the devices and instruments used for fluid mechanics and gas dynamics experiments. The second edition adds exercise problems with answers, along with PIV systems of flow visualization, water flow channel for flow visualization, and pictures with Schlieren and shadowgraphfrom which possible quantitative information can be extracted. Ancillary materials include detailed solutions manual and lecture slides for the instructors.Table of ContentsNeed and Objective of Experimental Study. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Wind Tunnels. Flow Visualisation. Hot-Wire Anemometry. Analogue Methods. Pressure Measurement Techniques. Velocity Measurement. Temperature Measurement. Measurement of Wall Shear Stress. Mass and Volume Flow Measurements. Special flows. Data Acquisition and Processing. Uncertainity.

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Book SynopsisThe latest edition features a new chapter on implementation and operation of an integrated smart grid with updates to multiple chapters throughout the text. New sections on Internet of things, and how they relate to smart grids and smart cities, have also been added to the book. It describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry and discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative. The book identifies the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions and describes the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort. With chapters written by leading experts in the field, the text explains how to plan, integrate, implement, and operate a smart grid.Trade Review"It is a great introduction to the Smart Grid, both knowledge and its practice."— Xiaolin Ge, Black & Veatch, USA"The first two chapters of this second edition provide an accurate history of how electric grid modernization has progressed in the last 10 – 15 years and lay out the current challenges and opportunities that customers, utilities, regulators, and new entrants to the electric supply and delivery industry are facing. It is helpful that economic, political, policy and business drivers for the changes have been explained."— Tom Weaver, American Electric Power, USATable of ContentsOverview of the Electric Utility Industry. Smart Grid Challenges and Transformations. Smart Energy Resources: Supply and Demand. Communications Systems. Real-Time Grid Management. Advanced Protection and Control for the Smart Grid. Automatic Restoration Systems and Outage Management. Volt/VAr Optimization. Monitoring and Diagnostics. Asset Management. Geospatial Technologies. Mobile Workforce Management. Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure. Convergence of Technologies and IT/OT Integration. Data Analytics for the Smart Grid. High-Performance Computing for Advanced Smart Grid Applications. Cybersecurity for the Smart Grid. FACTS and HVDC. Microgrids. The Dynamics of Wholesale and Distributed Energy Markets. Transactive Energy. Smart Grid Standardization Work. The Smart Grid IoT. Smart Cities. Refining a Holistic View of Grid Modernization.

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Book SynopsisThe federal government first supported a program for energy storage and electric power system technology during the 1970s, before the establishment of the Department of Energy (DOE). In the early days, the program was focused mainly on energy storageespecially to even out the variable power production from wind and solar technologiesbut also to support large coal and nuclear power plants. The development of computer capacity and miniaturisation has expanded the ability of grid operators to monitor and control electric power flows. The subsequent increase in networking of computerised devices for grid data collection and control advanced the ability of operators to anticipate, avoid, and otherwise mitigate potential power crises, such as blackouts. However, in more recent years, the computerisation and networking have become vulnerable to unwanted computer-driven intrusions and disruptions, revealing a new cybersecurity challenge for electric power system technology. The nations energy infrastructure is diverse and complex. It includes distributed networks, varied system structures (electricity, oil, and natural gas), an array of operating models (public and private), and different systems in both the physical space and cyberspace. The energy sector consists of thousands of electricity, oil, and natural gas assets1 that are geographically dispersed and provide for all nationally important systems and networks. Thus, interdependency within the sector and across the nations critical infrastructure sectors is significant. Coordinating the security and resilience of energy assets is complicated by the borderless nature of energy and reliance on predominantly privately owned infrastructure. This book examines the federal oversight of electricity delivery and security. It also discusses activities and funding of electricity delivery and security.

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Book SynopsisStand-off pads and animal housing practices (i.e., animal confinement) are increasingly being used in animal grazing systems; these methods are introduced to avoid crop and soil damage, and because it makes herd management easier. The use of animal houses and stand-off pads to avoid grazing during the risk periods for nitrogen (N) losses could be an effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation technology, and contribute to the overall goal to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture. However, there is uncertainty about unintended consequences (or pollution swapping) from these farm systems. Such consequences include potential nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) losses from the animal confinement facilities themselves, and following land application of effluent/manure collected from these facilities. In this book, impacts of the use of stand-off pads and animal housing on farm system GHG emissions and N losses are assessed. A literature review and targeted field surveys were conducted to investigate animal confinements and their use in the New Zealand grazing dairy farming systems (Chapter One). Data was collected from published literature and unpublished reports to assess GHG emissions, including N2O, NH3 and CH4, from animal confinements and the collection, storage and subsequent land application of the manure that was generated (Chapters Two-Four). Some potential management practices and technologies for reducing GHG emissions from animal confinements and the land application of animal manure and slurry were also evaluated (Chapters Two-Six). System analyses and life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of restricted grazing technologies were reviewed to identify the carbon footprints and cost-effectiveness of whole-farm systems associated with animal confinements (Chapters Seven and Nine). Additionally, the LCA methodology and cost effectiveness analysis were used to assess the total GHG emissions of dairy farm systems involving off-paddock facilities over the winter in Waikato and Southland in New Zealand (Chapters Eight and Ten).

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Book SynopsisThis latest volume includes contributions on the latest advances in energy research. Chapter One discusses heat transfer in micro-ducts. Chapter Two addresses the description and analysis of volume holographic elements for solar concentrating systems based on the detailed simulation of the energy amount and profile along with the spectral distribution delivered onto the solar receiver. Chapter Three reviews the impact of using thin alloyed capping layers (CLs) for InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) solar cells. Chapter Four examines the development of soap based thermal insulation for buildings as a sustainable alternative to the petroleum based counterparts, whilst decreasing the associated environmental costs. Chapter Five analyzes the simulation of spark plasma sintering for the preparation of inhomogeneous thermoelectric materials for energy generators. Chapter Six proposes a new maximum power point tracking algorithm for generators based on the suggested accurate electro-thermal model for them. Chapter Seven focuses on signal processing based mechanical fault prognosis and diagnosis of operating wind turbines in wind farms.

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Book SynopsisSustainable development is triggering a re-assessment of innovation and technological change in all fields, and energy is no exception. A key challenge of energy sustainability is to examine the range of credible potential pathways of combined social, environmental and technological systems under conditions of uncertainty, stagger, personal preferences and complication. Conventional energy resources essentially fossil fuels are becoming limited because of the swift increase in energy demand. This disparity in energy demand and supply has placed enormous coercion not only on consumer prices, but also on the natural world; this requires mankind to look for sustainable energy resources. Sreekanth. K J, PhD begins this book by first describing the energy efficiency and emission reduction characteristics of the road transportation sector in Chapter One. Chapter Two proposes the costs of renewable energy promotion and benefits through an analysis of the European case by Margarita Ortega Izquierdo and Pablo Del Río. Next, Chapter Three, by Jiang Yu and Zheng Fang, presents a review on residential electricity price policies in China. In Chapter Four, Fotouh Al-Ragom discusses the behavior change approach with a metric to promote and sustain energy efficiency. The Nigerian electricity market and its future is explained in Chapter Five by Karen Maguire and Kolawole Olaniyi. The institutionalization of the common gas market in the context of institutional evolution of the Eurasian economic union by Elena Shadrina is explained in Chapter Six.

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Book SynopsisEnergy is one of the main determinants of economic growth, but the high dependence of electricity production by fossil fuels could be a brake for the development of countries which do not have a sufficient level of richness and/or which possess a high level of environmental sensitivity. Countries tend to contrast these limits to growth using a higher percentage of renewable sources for electricity generation, though the technological limits still suffer. Renewable energy sources are appreciated worldwide for their ability to limit significantly the impact of anthropic activities on energy production and counter the gradual appreciation of the raw materials used in the process of traditional generation based on gas and/or oil power plants. Moreover, renewable generation can encourage off-grid generation in the underdeveloped countries. The attention to environmental issues has led several countries to ratify international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, Durban Protocol and, more recently, the Paris Agreement; these mandates pledge to reduce emissions of pollutants and to increase the share of energy produced through the use of renewable sources, but the results obtained so far are not encouraging. The relevance of the renewable energy generation and the increase in the investments in a newly installed capacity lead many scholars to investigate the relationship between economic growth and the key factors of the investments in RES. With this volume, the authors want to explore and analyze the causes and consequences of fragmentation and discussing policy responses on promoting renewable energy generation by shedding light on the policies proposed to promote the renewable generation and enhance energy efficiency, their effectiveness in reducing environmental degradation and the promotion of decarbonization, and discussing how developing countries do and should continue to invest in green generation.

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Book SynopsisIn this compilation, the authors first present a study in which computational design is performed, using empirical data, to fit physical models to extract transport and material parameters (which are then used in 1D continuum and 3D particle models of charge transport) to validate against empirical measurement and each other prior to use in extrapolation studies. Next, the book aims to discuss and illustrate the key trends behind the current international and European Union energy and climate policy. The authors provide insights into current dynamics, enabling a better understanding of future developments and indicating that unless a global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is made, emissions will continue to rise. The authors also present a computer algorithm based on type-1 fuzzy logic control strategies to manage the flow of energy in stand-alone PV/Wind/Battery hybrid systems. The solar and wind energies were combined together to increase systems efficiency and batteries were used to ensure the availability of power on demand and improve the dynamic behavior of the system. Both traditional and state-of-the-art proteomics techniques used for quantification of corn stover hydrolyzing enzymes are presented in the following chapter. The quantitative expression of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes secreted by different microbes during corn stover hydrolysis is discussed, and an attempt is made to link the substrate complexity and quantitative composition of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by microbes. Later, an algorithm based on artificial neural network (ANN) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) is proposed for analyzing and assessing industrial sectors for energy potential. For illustrative purposes, energy use in the South African industrial sector between 1993 and 2025 was presented as a case study. The closing study reviews the merits of these Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Data Envelopment Analysis to develop a new hybrid model to determine how much energy could be conserved in the residential sector. The model was applied to the United States residential sector from 1984 to 2010 and it was discovered that 7.5% of energy consumed could be conserved.

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Book SynopsisIn face of the increasingly obvious need to ensure the sustainability of the environment, alternative and renewable energy sources are no longer just the concern of environmentalists and have become commitments of governments virtually everywhere in the world. In this context, ethanol emerges as an excellent substitute for petroleum derivatives. This green alternative fuel is sustained by its own burning because when CO2 serves as a carbon source for the growth of plants, it will allow the carbohydrates to be fermented. In addition, currently different generations of this fuel are being proposed, considering the utilization of their own waste. However, challenges still need to be overcome to enable the second, third and fourth generations of ethanol. At the same time, other renewable fuel alternatives emerge to compete with it. The automobile industry, for example, has been developing new engines, hybrids or not, that can be powered by electricity or H2. In this regard, this book addresses, under different aspects, the main strategies to surpass the remaining obstacles, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol as a fuel of the future. In this context, the "Ethanol as a Green Alternative Fuel" book shows present and future scenarios about bioethanol and perspective in their chain, considering the economic and environmental impact mitigations approach.

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Book SynopsisThe universe is in a period of accelerated expansion; and the observational evidence such as supernova of Ia type, Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) confirm this accelerating expansion [1-3]. Despite the great number of observational evidence, the responsible mechanism for this accelerating expansion is still unknown, and thus several models have been proposed for this phenomenon[4-18]. The simplest proposed model in the general relativity is a cosmic model with a dominant component that is considered as a fluid with negative pressure and constant density[8] (means Dark Energy component) . In this book, we consider effects of Dark Energy content on the universe. Accordingly, structure of discussions in the present book was on four chapters as follows: chapter 1 : Dark Energy, Motivation and Candidates, chapter 2 : The Equivalence Principle Applicability Boundaries,Measurability, Gravity and Dark Energy Problem, chapter 3 : The Behaviors of a Candidate for Dark Energy from ur-Higgs Boson , and chapter 4 : Non-equilibrium Evolution of Quantum Fields During Inflation and Late Accelerating Expansion . However, I hope this collection of context will be useful for readers to understand more accurately the dark energy idea.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive analysis of existing examples in international practice regarding methods for massive implementation of renewable energy technology is provided. Following this, the authors assess alternative pathways for a future European energy system through the active involvement of relevant stakeholders according to their performance in key areas, such as the regulatory framework, market maturity, economic factors and stakeholder awareness towards a sustainable energy system, by using a multicriteria decision aid method. Recent developments in the field of electricity generation and distribution in Germany are presented, and decentralized forms of electricity generation and distribution are analyzed. As the consumption of power is increasing day by day, the power generation requirement is also increasing. As such, the authors discuss how renewable systems may be very useful in remote areas. The concluding paper studies the failure modes of wind turbine gearboxes and their causes. Factors affecting the gearbox reliability in both design and manufacturing processes are then analysed.Table of ContentsPreface; Guidelines for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Terms of Knowledge-Based Economy; Transformation Pathways Towards a Clean, Secure and Efficient European Energy System: A MCDA Approach; Electricity Transitions in Germany: The Transformation of a Strategic Action Field; Techno-Economic Analysis of Standalone Hybrid Energy System; Design and Manufacturing Approaches to Improve Reliability of Wind Turbine Gearboxes: A Review; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book summarises research progress in anode and cathode binders of lithium ion batteries in the past 20 years. So far, the binders reported in the literature involve polymers, natural extracts, conductive binders and self-healing binders. Additionally, the authors provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art progress in graphite-silicon anodes, from novel structure design to electrode fabrication, from half-coin-cell testing to pouch-full-cell evaluation, and from fundamental mechanistic studies to applied research. High-performance polymeric separators, which serve as an important component in lithium-ion batteries, are also attracting increased attention. The requirements for the separators, their types, preparation methods and latest developments are summarized. Following this, recent advancements in ab initio screening of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries by the construction of activity-stability Volcano plots are summarised. The underlying approach may also be applied in the investigation of catalytic reactions. In closing, the authors examine the diffusion equation in curvilinear coordinates by using the method of characteristics. This method is commonly applied to solve first order partial differential equations.

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Energy Research. Volume 32 opens with a comprehensive review of technologies for the reutilisation of waste cryogenic energy from the liquefied natural gas regasification process at terminals and on marine vessels. The authors discuss the primary renewable energy source in Cuba; biomass. Although sugarcane biomass has the most significant energy potential, some other biomass energy sources are also relevant at the local level and are convenient from an environmental standpoint. Invisibility cloaks of various types have been researched extensively in recent years with one of the first being the electrostatic cloak, so-named because it effectively screens an internal volume from, and offers no disturbance to, an external static electric field. As such, this compilation explores this phenomenon and whether the cloaked object (or the cloak itself) could be detected by various means. The concluding study explores how, in order to reduce the consumption of oil for electricity generation by 20% in Cuba, the country should build a total of 13 wind farms with a capacity of 633 MW.

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Book SynopsisNowadays, biomass presents itself as a very viable alternative for the production of energy, both electrical and thermal, quickly recovering its role, both in the universe of domestic and industrial use. With growing concerns about climate change, it is becoming increasingly urgent to use environmentally harmful forms of energy production that contribute to the decarbonization of the economy. Biomass is capable of making a significant contribution to achieving this overall objective, since its use proves to be neutral from the point of view of the emission of carbon dioxide. However, the simple production of energy from biomass presents and encompasses a large number of variables, which justify its study for a better understanding. The aim that the editors intend to achieve with this book is to take an inclusive approach to all components that cover the use of biomass for energy production. At present, this form of energy production has been studied and used in an increasingly intensive way. However, in all the studies and research that can be found, what is verified is a traditional approach, based on an economy of a linear type, purely technical, both in terms of use and in terms of logistics. This book aims to address the issue of energy production from biomass in a circular economy perspective, in all its aspects, namely in all components of the supply chain, production organization, new technologies of use and reuse and revaluation of biomass forms from a circular economy perspective.Table of ContentsPreface; Do Policies Environmental Concerns Affect Biomass Energy Consumption?; New Methodologies for Bioenergy Decision Plan under Circular Economy Business Models: Real Options and Game Theory Approaches; Biomass Energy Source through the Process of Development; The Case Study of Sand Removed from Fluidized Bed Boilers in the Portuguese Paper Industry; Thermal Treatment of Biomass for the Circular Economy; Biomass Production Management in the Energy Sector: Storage Control and Efficiency Analysis; A Review of Fundamentals of Paulownia sp. Stands Concerning Field Environment and Biomass, Biochemicals and Timber Production and Conversion; Biomass Production Management in the Energy Sector: Process Control; Wood Pellet as a Sustainable Material and Its Role on Circular Economy; Biomass Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology in the Path of a Circular Economy; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the main waste heat sources that come from the industrial, electric, commercial, residential and transportation sectors of society. The wide applications of waste heat through heat pumps are then detailed, mainly including gas heating, hot water production, and steam production (for sterilization, distillation, rectification, etc.). A summary of the main findings and trends in the area of ejector-enhanced efficiency of waste heat recovery cycles and systems using low boiling point working fluids. Following a brief overview of the ejector, selected configurations of interest are presented and discussed in a variety of applications. The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a concise overview of waste heat availability and energy capturing potential, and the different technologies available for its recovery as well as their advantages and challenges. In closing, the different types of waste heat recovery technologies that are used in cement plants to produce electricity are reviewed, and the potential for electricity production from heat exhaust gases of three cement plants by using waste heat recovery technology is discussed.Table of ContentsPreface; Uses of Waste Heat via Heat Pump; Ejector Enhanced Waste Heat Recovery Systems Efficiency; Waste Heat Recovery Technologies in Industrial and Building Applications; Waste Heat Recovery for the Cement Sector; Index.

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Book SynopsisDetermination of the exergy of biomass is the first step to evaluate and study the fuel characteristics, transfer processes and utilization systems of biomass from exergy aspect. This book aims to present up-to-date research on the exergy of biomass. Chapter 1 (Resources and Advantages of Biomass) mainly introduces the definition and classification of biomass as well as the resources and advantages of biomass. Chapter 2 (Equations for Estimating the Exergy of Biomass) mainly presents the various equations proposed or developed to estimate the exergy of biomass and these include the simple, complicated and developed equations. Chapter 3 (Analysis of the Exergy of Biomass) mainly defines the basic knowledge for the exergy characteristics (moisture related exergy, ash related exergy, S related exergy, LHV related exergy and total exergy) and distribution (percentages of moisture related exergy, ash related exergy, S related exergy and LHV related exergy) of biomass. Chapter 4 (Exergy of Woody Biomass) mainly presents the basic properties of woody biomass (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of woody biomass. HHV related relationship, LHV related relationship and ash related relationships are also proposed to estimate the exergy of woody biomass. Chapter 5 (Exergy of Rice Husk) mainly presents the basic properties of rice husk (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of rice husk. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of rice husk. Chapter 6 (Exergy of Rice Straw) mainly presents the basic properties of rice straw (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of rice straw. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of rice straw. Chapter 7 (Exergy of Cereal Straw) mainly presents the basic properties of cereal straw (i.e., moisture content, ash content, ash compositions, elemental compositions, and heating values) as well as the exergy characteristics and distribution of cereal straw. HHV related relationship and LHV related relationship are then proposed to estimate the exergy of cereal straw. Hopefully, the content of this book can supply a good guide to the up-to-date research on the exergy of biomass.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; Resources and Advantages of Biomass; Equations for Estimating the Exergy of Biomass; Analysis of the Exergy of Biomass; Exergy of Woody Biomass; Exergy of Rice Husk; Exergy of Rice Straw; Exergy of Cereal Straw; Index.

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Book SynopsisNowadays, the energy crisis is one of the controversial issues around the world. Regarding the fact that the largest energy end use in the world belongs to the construction and residential sector, it seems necessary to analyze the energy flow in the buildings. The most sustainable energy design technique is to conserve energy as much as possible. There are various methods to reduce the use of conventional energy from fossil fuels to meet the energy requirement for the building. Various strategies including photovoltaic-thermal systems and insulation systems with the aim of minimizing building energy in different climate conditions (Cold-weather/Hot weather) were presented and assessed in the first chapter. A comprehensive work was carried out to investigate the effect of adding nanoparticles as concrete additives on both pore structure and thermophysical properties of the concrete at different ages. Besides, the behavioral models using Genetic Algorithm (GA) programming were developed to describe the time-dependent behavioral characteristics of nanoparticle blended concrete samples in various compressive and tensile stress states. Chapter 3 deals with the traditional energy saving techniques to highlight the potential of learning from traditional architecture and adopting their experiences to fulfill modern expectations. In this regard, Iranian classical architecture, particularly at hot arid climate, is taken into account. On the other hand, geothermal energy as one of the most significant alternative sources of thermal and electrical energy have been discussed. To address the growing demand of power generation and its related challenges of the existing electrical power grid, Smart Grid (SG) systems comes as a solution that lays in taking the world forward to reach energy independence and environmentally sustainable economic growth. The final chapter provides various information about the smart grid systems and the efficiency of such systems is analyzed through a detailed case study.Table of ContentsForeword; Preface; Sustainable Design of Near Zero Energy Buildings; The Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Thermophysical Properties of Concrete Mixtures; Traditional Energy Saving Techniques and Geothermal Heating and Cooling Systems; Smart Grid Systems; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to answer the following questions: 1. What is? 2. Why is the momentum order? 3. When and where does irreversibility occur? 4. How can the matter become more orderly? In a relatively well-understood field of my research, the new concepts will be used to explain some of the problems that have puzzled people for about 150 years. The is a type of energy that is missing, not the heat extracted from known energy. It is the potential energy of the spatial configuration of the momentum at the location of the material in the system constructed under known forces. There are two potential energies in the mechanics system. Boltzmann entropy is to calculate the total number of microscopic states by the number of momentum counted in the statistical system. So it must be the order of momentum, instead of the spatial position arrangement of the witnessed substances. The entropy of the ideal gas in the wall-less space can be proved to be equal to considering spatial degeneracy due to space distinguishable of molecule momentum. The gas state equation hides the principle of interaction invariance. One force has two kinds of potential energy. The certainty of the statistical system stems from the order of momentum. The Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics is that heat spontaneously flows from a high temperature object to a low temperature one. The Boltzmann entropy of this process is decreased, which is in contrast to the increase of Clausius entropy of the process. This shows that there are two kinds of entropy and two kinds of entropy criteria. The world around us often becomes more orderly. The vortex in the fluid is due to the combination of the angular momentum number and the order flow structure generated spontaneously. When the electrons in the Hydrogen atom form a covalent bond of the molecule, the degeneracy of the electron microscopic states is caused by quantum entanglement. This merge is not only a spontaneous process, but also the molecule is a more ordered material state. Since the mixing process is also a spontaneous process of ÎSB reduction, the mixture is in a more ordered state. These help us understand that a large number of high molecular compounds are crowded into cells to construct highly ordered life activities. Of course, the orderly process is conditional. We can expect to discover more in the application of the second law of thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPreface; New Ideas and Concepts; Questions of Motion on Molecular Level in Condensed Matter; Problems of Motion on Continuous Media Level; TSB Potential Energy of Quantum State in Atoms and Molecules; Ordered Lives are Produced Spontaneously; Discussion and Prospect; Index.

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Book SynopsisSolid propellant is the most important energy source for rocket, missile and other weapons to launch, and is the key material to realise the firing range and damage effect of weapons. In order to meet the requirements of weapon application, the overall requirements for the energy performance, combustion performance, mechanical performance, storage performance, safety performance and process performance of solid propellant are put forward. Therefore, there are many challenges to fully meet the requirements of solid propellant and apply it to weapons. In recent years, with the development of material science, computational science and experimental technology, there are many reports about the composition, structure, performance research and prediction of solid propellants. This book reviews the research progress in solid propellant binder, energy performance prediction and thermodynamic calculation, combustion gas flow and combustion performance regulation, material storage performance research and safety performance simulation, and discusses the key development direction. The summary and prospect of this paper are expected to provide guidance, reference and inspiration for relevant researchers to carry out the research of solid propellant. This book is suitable for researchers, technicians and students who are engaged in solid propellant, weapons, chemistry and other work to read, for reference in specific research work. Due to the limited level of editors and short time, some problems are inevitable. We regret for some problems.Table of ContentsPreface; The Overview of Solid Propellants; Research Progress for Binders of Solid Propellants; Recent Simple Methods for Prediction of the Specific Impulse of Energetic Compounds Rather Than Using Complex Computer Codes; On the Thermodynamics of Propellant Solids; Two-Phase Internal Flows in Solid Propellant Environments; Combustion Performance of Solid Propellant; Research Progress on Storage Performance Regulation of Solid Propellant; Molecular Simulation Study of Solid Propellant; Index.

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Book SynopsisVolume 33 begins with a focus on gas hydrates, also known as methane hydrates, which are formed due to high hydraulic pressures present under the cold seabed over long periods of time. Following this, an exploratory method using semi-structured interviews was undertaken to investigate the barriers and drivers for implementing energy efficiency measures in South Africa's cement finishing mill. To address the large energy consumption of microalgae dewatering and to increase revenues from microalgae, a novel process for the prior sustainable extraction of carotenoids from wet microalgae biomass is proposed. The authors describe the evolution of smart grids in some developing countries, highlighting the challenges and trends for the next years. For this purpose, reference cases corresponding to different developing countries of Africa and America are used. Additionally, the basics of high efficiency cogeneration and the mathematical model used to calculate the amount of electricity in cogeneration are discussed. In one study, the impedance of the diffusion and reaction processes in an electrochemical cell is modelled by means of transmission line equivalent electric circuits. To discuss the applications of common techniques to control the efficiency and costs of underground ventilation, detailed information on current practices is collected through discussions with miners to identify relevant problems. The authors go on to explore barriers and enablers which impact the durability of solar street lighting systems in rural India to create a renewable energy eco-system in rural poor communities. Later, it is proposed that statistical control charts can assist in controlling energy consumption in universities, and the rate of energy consumption flow is used to diagnose high-energy consumption. The closing research is an analysis of problems found during the operation of the biogas power system at Baiturrahman boarding school, West Java, Indonesia, and recommendations to enhance the system performance are provided.Table of ContentsPreface; A Global Survey of Gas Hydrate Development and Reserves Specifically in Marine Field; Drivers and Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of South Africas Cement Finishing Mill Plant; Novel Biorefinery Concept for Integral Use of Wet Microalgae Using Renewable Solvent; Smart Grids in Developing Countries: Current Status, Challenges and Upcoming Trends; Techno-Economic Assessment of High Efficiency Cogeneration; Electrical Networks Modelling the Impedance of the Diffusion and Reaction Processes in Electrochemical Systems; An Overview on Cost Control Techniques Used in Underground Ventilation in Brazil; Barriers and Enablers Affecting Durability of Solar Street Lighting Systems in Rural India; Controlling Energy Consumption Rates at Higher Learning Institutions; Evaluation of Biogas Power System Performance at Baiturrahman Boarding School, West Java, Indonesia; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a better understanding of Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks and various other techniques seem very well suited for modelling and controlling a real system. Energy is of major importance to civilisation, because it is driving force which binds human race. The estimation of energy in the form of renewable and sustainable is one of the important aspects to understand the how resources are harnessed and to predict what might happen under various possible future conditions. Using available modelling techniques to generate the best algorithms, the objective is to determine the best solution in terms of comparing the performances of the solutions through different parameters for a specific case. Consumption of Fossil fuels at a rapid pace has generated an alarming situation and with the subsequent increase in the number of vehicle the pollution level has reached well beyond human's control. This is frightening enough to observe the fact that the pollution level has surpassed all records and the need of the hour is to find an alternate fuel which can really be of great assistance in reducing the exhaust emission and augment the performance parameters of engine. Major researches are carried out on various engines to draw closer towards a realistic solution. Experiments performed on various engines are considered to be time consuming and the expenses met to perform these experiments are too costly, so the need of soft computing techniques involved in this area. Soft computing can be better described as the process to find the solution to an inexact problem. Soft computing has showed lot of potential in giving the researchers the exact solution may be in case of validating or predicting the performance and emission parameters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS), Fuzzy Expert System (FES), Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are the various soft computing techniques widely used. This book focuses on to carry out the comprehensive review and various other experimental works of various researchers who have carried out the work on these various soft computing techniques on various engines with various alternative fuels on the basis of modelling techniques, time is saved to a great extent and the capital investment involved is comparably very low. Various modelling techniques are being readily used to predict the performance parameters for various engines and modelling techniques have become the readily available tool to compare and validate the experimental work being carried out by researchers to get accurate matching with the experimental data. The benefit of this issue will be at large in connecting with varieties of work done in the field of Biomass which includes wood and wood waste, municipal solid waste. Landfill gas and biogas. Ethanol, Biodiesel, Hydropower, Geothermal, Wind, Solar. Thus soft computing techniques are fast and reliable hence, they can be a substitute for conventional experiments.Table of ContentsPreface; Investigation of Wind and Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Daily Load Dispatch on Reconfigurable Microgrid through Hybrid Fuzzy-MFO; Biomass; Hydrogen: Present and Future Energy; Safety Aspects in Handling and Storage of Ultra High Purity Gaseous Hydrogen; Review on the Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of Butanol-Diesel Mixes in Compression Ignition Engine; Specific Soft Computing Strategies for Evaluating the Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blended Fuels: A Comprehensive Analysis; Energy Conservation Techniques for Food Processing and Manufacturing Industries; Effect of Biodiesel on Performance, Emissions and Combustion; Sustainable Development through Learning Climate Change: Adaptation Mitigation and Finance; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a textbook that provides an excellent focus on the advanced topics of the power system and gives exciting analysis methods and a cover of the important applications in the power systems. At the beginning of each chapter, an abstract that states the chapter objectives. And then the introduction for each chapter. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. As much as possible, the authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding. and In each chapter, the authors present some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program. Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the concepts covered in the chapter using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLAB and ATP version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) are encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLAB is introduced in Appendix C and applied gradually throughout the book. Each illustrative example is immediately followed by practice problems. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the end of the book for answers. These practice problems test students'' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. The book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering departments, and appropriate for Graduate Students Industry Professionals, Researchers, and Academics The book has more than 11 categories and millions of power readers, and it can use in more than 400 electrical engineering departments at the top of universities all over the world. Based on this information, targeted lists of the Engineers from which specific disciplines will purchase: Electrical engineers; Computer engineers; Power Control engineers; Electronics engineers; Technical power system engineers; Protection engineers; Design engineers; Distribution engineers. The book gives rich information for the industrial engineer and electric control engineer because it is contents more details about control of power flow and the design of distribution networks. The reader will able to modeling, designing, and implement different parts of the power system after he/she finishes reading this book. The book''s strengths: The book using for various academic and industrial levels; The book is giving rich and essential information about power systems and give the fundamental study for the next book (power system protection and control); The book includes a lot of solved examples and problems in each chapter; The results were obtained from the MATLAB program and ATP- EMTP program for different topics; Power system protection and control will include in the next part of the book. After finish reading the book, the reader will be able to manage and control the power system parameters, and it will help him in power station work and control centers. The book will assist the researchers in their field of power system track. The student will be able to Improved coordination between power demand and generation, and Use of modern information technology and program.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation first describes a system wherein a high-nuclear high-temperature reactor supplies constant power to a thermal energy storage unit of molten lithium chloride salt, which provides the required thermal energy for a closed energy conversion system. Next, a compact power generation-storage system is constructed using a direct current-alternating current inverter, spherical Si solar cells, and a lithium-ion battery integrated into a single module. The authors discuss how, since a number of different countries' electric power utilities are adding capacity, there is an opportunity to introduce a new, longer-lasting design for a wind turbine system. A method to reduce the consumption of high-pressure steam and cool fluid in the ethanol process is presented, as well as a plan to reduce the emission of environmental pollutants from the H-501 furnace in the maleic anhydride process. Energy optimization is carried out for the condensation stabilization component of Ilam gas refinery. The closing study focuses on techniques such as the adjacent tree-bounded hop algorithm that may be used to reduce the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks, whether static or dynamic.Table of ContentsPreface; Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen Using Electrodeposited Electrocatalysts: Basic Principles and Some Recent Case Studies; Construction of Compact Photovoltaic Power Generation System Using SiC Inverter with MPPT; New Technologies in Wind Energy Sector and Possibilities to Use Them in Kosovo; Optimizing the Energy of the Ethanol Process Using the Concept of Pinch; Optimization of H-501 Furnace Maleic Anhydride Process Using Pinch Analysis; Energy Optimization of Ilam Gas Refinery Unit 200by Using HYSYS Refinery Software; Energy Saving in Wireless Sensor Networks; Index.

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Book SynopsisPhilosophy of power system Protection and Security, Computer-Aided design and analysis: is a textbook that provides an excellent focus on the advanced topics of power system protection and gives exciting analysis methods and covers the important applications in the power systems relaying. Each chapter opens with a historical profile or career talk, followed by an introduction that states the chapter objectives, links the chapter to the previous ones, and then introduces each chapter. All principles are presented in a lucid, logical, step-by-step approach. The authors avoid wordiness and detail overload that could hide concepts and impede understanding as much as possible. In each chapter, the authors present some of the solved examples and applications using a computer program. Toward the end of each chapter, the authors discuss some application aspects of the chapter''s concepts using a computer program. In recognition of requirements by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) on integrating computer tools, the use of MATLAB is encouraged in a student-friendly manner. MATLAB is introduced and applied gradually throughout the book. Practice problems immediately follow each illustrative example. Students can follow the example step by step to solve the practice problems without flipping pages or looking at the book''s answers. These practice problems test students'' comprehension and reinforce key concepts before moving on to the next section. The book is intended as a textbook for a senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering departments and appropriate for Graduate Students, Industry Professionals, Researchers, and Academics. The book has more than ten categories and millions of power readers. It can use in more than 400 electrical engineering departments at the top of universities worldwide. Based on this information, targeted lists of the Engineers from which specific disciplines -Electrical, Computer, Power Control, Technical power system, Protection, Design, and Distribution engineers. Designed for a threeâhour semester course on power system protection and security is intended as a textbook for a graduate,senior-level undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering. The prerequisites for a course based on this book are knowledge of standard mathematics, including calculus and complex numbers. Based on this information, targeted lists of the Engineers from which specific disciplines will purchase -Electrical engineers -Computer engineers. -Power Control engineers. -Electronics engineers. - Technical power system engineers -Protection engineers -Design engineers. -Distribution engineers. The book gives rich information for the industrial engineer and electric control engineer because it contains more details about power network protection and security. The reader will able to modeling, designing, and implement different parts of the power system relaying after he/she finishes reading this book. The book''s strengths -The book using for various academic and industrial levels. -The book is giving rich and essential information about power systems and provide the fundamental study for the next book (power system protection and control) -The book Including a lot of solved examples and problems in each chapter. -The results were obtained from the MATLAB program for different topics. -Power system protection and control will include in the next part of the book. After finish reading the book, the reader will be able to manage and control the power system parameters, and it will help him in power station work and control centers. The book will assist the researchers in their field of power system track. The student will improve coordination between power demand and generation and use of modern information technology and program.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an approach, in the wider theoretical considerations on scientific research and study, of issues relating to energy resources and energy security and, at the same time, it is a case study on Eastern Mediterranean energy security. The Mediterranean has been known since ancient times as a large semi-enclosed sea, surrounded by more than two states as it lies between three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. However, developments in the 21st century have necessitated viewing it conceptually as a distinct "new" region with specific characteristics. Comprised by Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Turkey, Italy the region is assuming increased significance in world affairs. More specifically, the region of the Eastern Mediterranean is currently of vital importance for the EU, due to several prospects and challenges, such as migration flows, energy, security and sustainability of the region. The individual objectives are the recognition of energy actions and resources, forms of energy, energy security and in general, all actions at the energy level mentioned in the specific area. Research this study will focus on the qualitative method to the subject. The structure of the present study was developed as follows: The Preface provides a general presentation of the topic. The first chapter presents an overview of eastern Mediterranean and energy issues. The second chapter reports on energy resources and it focuses on energy security and its basic principles. The third chapter is about energy and security. The fourth Chapter offers discussion on European Union's energy policy development and on the EU interests, strategy and policy regarding the Eastern Mediterranean region. The fifth chapter presents the changes in the East Mediterranean energy map and data on geopolitical chessboard. The last chapter presents the conclusions. A useful tool in completing this study was the understanding of the delicate ethnocultural and religious synthesis of the region, the current challenges and underlying controversies, considering the interlinked nature of interests and the importance of cross-border affiliations. All the findings of the study demonstrate certain dimensions of a reality, which are expected to be dynamic, creating risk but also future opportunities. The main finding of the study points out not only the strong correlation between energy, power, economics and politics but also the increased dependence of the latter two on the former, thus creating a hotbed of tensions, rivalries, and conflicts every time the existing relationship between economy and energy are destabilized. The shifting to energy sources, which are safe and eco-friendly, is a one-way process, the only means of survival and safe development for humanity. Generating energy based on economic, safe, cost-efficient and renewable criteria is the current ecological and technological challenge if, firstly, the vast interests in the energy sector are dealt with successfully. Finally, this book will be of key interest to scholars and students, for researchers in the fields of Energy Economics, Policy, and Security, Energy Law, Business, Regulation and Policy, Geopolitics, who aim to have a better understanding of the current trends or research in the relevant fields, for professionals in EU politics and foreign policy, energy policy and security, and more broadly to security studies, European politics and international relations and newcomers in the profession of energy security, and for policymakers who intend to apply the collective knowledge included into this volume into policy and decision -making.Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations and Acronyms; Preface; An Overview of Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East and Energy Issues; Energy, Energy Resources, Energy Security and its Basic Principles; Analyzing Energy Security; The Eastern Mediterranean in the European Union Foreign and Energy Policy; Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean; Conclusions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis edited work covers diesel fuel chemistry in a systematic fashion from initial fuel production to the tail pipe exhaust. The chapters are written by leading experts in the research areas of analytical characterization of diesel fuel, fuel production and refining, catalysis in fuel processing, pollution minimization and control, and diesel fuel additives.Table of ContentsSection I.Introduction 1.Introduction to Chemistry of Diesel Fuels Section II.Characterization of Diesel Fuels 2.Molecular Characterization of Diesel Fuels Using Modern Analytical Techniques 3.Rapid Detailed Analysis of Transportation Fuels by GC-FIMS Section III.Production of Clean Diesel Fuesls 4.Catalytic Cracking of C6-C16 Paraffins and Cycloparaffins over a Mesoporous Zeolite-Unstacked H-MCM-22 5.The Use of Hydrocracking Process to Produce High Quality Diesel Oil From Brazil's High Nitrogen Feedstocks 6.H2S and Aromatic Effects on Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophenes over CoMo/C Catalyst 7.Novel Mesoporous Co-Mo/MCM-41 Catalysts for Deep Hydrodesulfurization for Diesel Fuels 8.Performance of Mo Catalysts Supported on TiO2- Based Binary Supports for Distillate Fuel Hydroprocessing 9.Preparation of Surfactants from a Product of Diesel Fuel Biodesulfurization 10.Synthesis of Low Nitrogen Cetane Improvers from the Nitration of Renewable Feedstocks Section V.Emissions and Reduction 11.The Effect of Dimethoxy Methane Fuel Additive on Particle Emissions from a Light Duty Diesel Vehicle 12.The Role of Hydrocarbon Reductant in Metal Loaded Zeolite DeNOx, Catalysis 13.Distribution of PAHS in Burn Residue and Differentiation of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic PAHS. The 1994 and 1997 Mobile Burn Study 14.The Use of Oxygenated Diesel Fuels for Reduction of Particulate Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Indirect Injection Engine 15.Catalytic Activity of Alkali Metal Salts Supported on Perovskite Type Oxide for Carbonaceous Materials Combustion. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe more than 90 refereed papers in this volume continue a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy research and development, these state-of-the-art will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry and technical personnel in military, energy and environmental government agencies.Table of ContentsSection 1. Strategies: Now and in the Future Section 2. Gas Combustion Section 3. Oil Combustion Section 4. Coal Combustion Section 5. Wood Combustion Section 6. Combustion of Alternative Fuels Section 7. Co-Combustion and Co-Gasification Section 8. Catalytic Combustion Section 9. NO, SO, Soot Fundamentals Section 10. Advanced Diagnostics Section 11. Burners Section 12. Fluidised Bed Combustion Section 13. Incineration Section 14. Engines Section 15. Advanced Cycles Section 16. Gas Clean Up Section 17. Control Strategy Section 18. Clean Combustion in Process Industries

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Book SynopsisAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.Table of ContentsAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.

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Book SynopsisAn Expansive Update of a Classic Energy Commodity Trading Primer. Trading in energy futures and options plays a key role in hedging against fluctuations in the price of energy commodities, especially crude oil and natural gas. This long-awaited new edition highlights how exchange-traded futures and options markets work and how companies can successfully use the markets in their overall strategy to increase profitability. This wide-ranging new edition offers valuable insight for young professionals, and students.Discussions on market efficiency, the role of commodities in Modern Portfolio Theory, and the NYMEX introduction of Clearport are all covered in this introduction to futures markets.Features of the new edition: New chapters on swaps and fundamentals Expanded chapters on technical analysis and options The crucial role ETFs and ETNs play in the commodities markets

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Book SynopsisAt the center of San Antonio’s growth from a small pioneering town to a major western metropolis sits CPS Energy, the largest municipally owned energy utility in the United States and an innovator in harnessing, conserving, and capitalizing on natural energy resources.The story of modern energy in San Antonio begins in 1860, when the San Antonio Gas Company started manufacturing gas for streetlights in a small plant on San Pedro Creek, using tree resin that arrived by oxcart. The company grew from a dark, dusty frontier town with more saloons than grocery stores to a bustling crossroads to the West and, ultimately, a twentieth-first-century American city. Innovative city leaders purchased the utility from a New York–based holding company in 1942, and CPS Energy as we know it today was born.In Powering the City, Catherine Nixon Cooke discusses the rise and fall of big holding companies, the impact of the Great Depression and World War II--when 25 percent of the company’s workforce enlisted in the armed forces--on the city’s energy supply, and the emergence of nuclear energy and a nationally acclaimed model for harnessing solar and wind energy.Known and relatively unknown events are recounted, including Samuel Insull’s move to Europe after his empire crashed in 1929; President Franklin Roosevelt’s Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, which made it possible for the city to purchase the San Antonio Public Service Company; the city's competition with the Guadalupe Blanco River Authority, whose champion was Congressman Lyndon Johnson, in which the city emerged victorious in a deal that today returns billions in financial benefit; legal wranglings such as one that led to the establishment of Valero Energy Corporation; and energy’s role in the Southwest Research Institute and the South Texas Medical Center, HemisFair 1968, Sea World, Fiesta Texas, and Morgan’s Wonderland.Images from CPS's archive of historic photographs, some dating as far back as the early 1900s; back issues of its in-house magazine; and the Institute of Texas Cultures provide rich material to illustrate the story.As CPS Energy celebrates seventy-five years of city ownership, the region's industrial, scientific, and technological innovation are due in part to the company’s extraordinary impact on San Antonio.Trade Review“Powering a City is indispensible reading for anyone deeply interested in the life of San Antonio — and its future.”— San Antonio Express-News

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Book SynopsisThe next few decades will see a profound energy transformation throughout the world. By the end of the century, we will shift from fossil fuel dependence to reply primarily on renewable sources like solar, wind biomass, and geothermal power. Driven by the need to avert catastrophic climate change and by the depletion of easily-accessible oil, coal, and natural gas, this transformation will entail a major shift in how we live. What might a 100% renewable future look like? Which technologies will play a critical role in our energy future? What challenges will we face in this transition? And how we can make sure our new system is just and equitable? In Our Renewable Future, expert Richard Heinberg and scientist David Frindley explore the challenges and opportunities presented by the shift to renewable energy. Beginning with a comprehensive overview of our current energy system, the author's survey issues of energy supply and demand in key components of society, including electricity generation, transportation, housing and manufacturing. In their detailed review of each sector, the authors examine the most crucial challenges we face, from intermittency in fuel sources to energy storage and grid redesign. The book concludes with a discussion of energy and equity and a summary of key lessons and steps forward at the individual, community, and national level. The transition to clean energy will not be a simple matter of replacing coal with wind power of oil with solar; it will require society to adapt our energy usage as dramatically as we adapt our energy sources. Our Renewable Future is a clear eyed and urgent guide to this transformation that will be a crucial resource for policymakers and energy activists. The Authors - Richard Heiberg is a Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute and is widely regarded as one of the world's foremost educators about the need to transition away from fossil fuels. He has authored twelve books, including The party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies and After burn: Society Beyond Fossil Fuels, and scores of essays and articles that have appeared in such journals as Nature, The American Prospect, The pacific standard, Public Policy Research, Quarterly Review, The Ecologist, Resurgence, The Futurist, European Business Review, Earth Island Journal and The Sun. David Fridley has been staff scientists at the Energy Analysis Program at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California since 1995. He is also Dubiety Group Leader of Lawrence Berkeley's China Energy Group, which collaborates with China on end-user energy efficiency, government energy management programmes and energy policy research. Fridley has written and spoken extensively on the energy and ecological limits of biofuels and serves as Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Fellow at Post Carbon Institute.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of the renewable energy technologies environment and sustainable development; earth temperatures, heat pumps and systems design; the energy crisis and the role of renewables and global warming; energy and demand study of heating and cooling equipment; feedstocks for lignocellulosic biofuels; energy efficient technologies for refrigeration and air conditioning; and the principles of ground source energy.

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Book SynopsisWe are facing a crisis that threatens the sustainability of the entire planet. Civilisation has been defined up to now by how efficiently we handle our energy needs. The focus on short-term and tangibles obscures the true vision of technology users. Perpetual justifications of progressively less efficient technologies as panaceas has become a rampant source of the profoundest disinformation. No sector has fallen bigger victim to this disinformation campaign than the petroleum industry. Today, the most efficient naturally processed fuel (fossil fuel) production is synonymous with unsustainability and compatibility with nature and the environment. Accompanying this slogan is the environmentalists'' drumbeat about "renewable" energy. Everywhere people are sold on the idea that even genetically altered vegetable oil is sustainable and efficient whereas natural crude oil exploitation is not. With this slogan, it has become fashionable to replace the agricultural industry with "renewable" energy production and try to replace fossil fuel energy with nuclear energy. The industry that single-handedly served mankind a globalisation panacea on a silver platter has now become a villain worthy of being replaced with the makers of nuclear bombs and DDT. Similarly, carbon dioxide -- the essence of life and energy, through photosynthesis -- has become the other villain that must be "sequestered" and possibly replaced by hydrogen and even radioactive nuclear spent fuel.

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Book SynopsisWe are facing a crisis that threatens the sustainability of the entire planet. Civilisation has been defined up to now by how efficiently we handle our energy needs; nevertheless, today we are bombarded by proposals for alternative technologies that are more energy-intensive than whatever preceded. "Engineering" has come to mean more processing, greater profit margin, and yet more implosive outcome. Covering up this failure to develop sustainable alternatives highlight only short-term gain. The focus on short-term and tangibles obscures the true vision of technology users. Perpetual justifications of progressively less efficient technologies has become a rampant source of the profoundest disinformation. No sector has fallen bigger victim to this disinformation campaign than the petroleum industry. Today, the most efficient naturally processed fuel (fossil fuel) production is synonymous with unsustainability and compatibility with nature and the environment. Accompanying this slogan is the environmentalists'' drumbeat about "renewable" energy. Everywhere people are sold on the idea that even genetically altered vegetable oil is sustainable and efficient whereas natural crude oil exploitation is not. With this slogan, it has become fashionable to replace the agricultural industry with "renewable" energy production and try to replace fossil fuel energy with nuclear energy. The industry that single-handedly served mankind a globalisation panacea on a silver platter has now become a villain worthy of being replaced with the makers of nuclear bombs and DDT. Similarly, carbon dioxide -- the essence of life and energy, through photosynthesis -- has become the other villain that must be "sequestered" and possibly replaced by hydrogen and even radioactive nuclear spent fuel.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive review of energy research studies from authors around the globe, including recent research in new technologies associated with the construction of nuclear power plants; oil disperse systems study using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry (NMRR); low energy consumption for cooling and heating systems; experimental investigation of the performance of a ground-source heat pump system for buildings heating and cooling; sustainable development of bioenergy from agricultural wastes and the environment; hazard identification and parametric analysis of toxic pollutants dispersion from large liquid hydrocarbon fuel-tank fires; maintenance benchmarking in petrochemicals plants by means of a multicriteria model; wind energy development innovation; power, people and pollution; nature and technology of geothermal energy and clean sustainable energy for the benefit of humanity and the environment; and soil thermal properties and the effects of groundwater on closed loops.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the types, design and efficiency of wind turbines. Topics discussed include modelling ice accretion and its effects on wind turbine blades; the challenges and possible solutions towards public acceptability of horizontal axis wind turbines as a clean energy solution for the future; optimising high-rise facade-integrated wind rotors; and wind energy extraction and storage by a modified VAWT.

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Book SynopsisA U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL) study estimated that in 2005, total U.S. freshwater withdrawals for thermoelectric power generation amounted to approximately 146 billion gallons per day (BGD), while freshwater consumption was 3.7 BGD. Coal-fired power plants use water for cooling water systems, flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) makeup, boiler makeup, ash handling, wastewater treatment, and general plant wash down. As the population continues to increase, electric and water demands are expected to grow. Thermoelectric power generation requires a large quantity of freshwater to support operations. In regions of the country with limited freshwater supplies, thermoelectric power generation may be competing with other uses for dwindling freshwater supplies. This book focuses on the research that has been done to date for the non-traditional sources of process and cooling water components. Studies in this research area focus on identifying potential new water sources, including brackish and saline water supplies and various domestic and industrial wastewaters. In particular, these studies focus on understanding the location, volumes, and quality of different non-traditional waters, as well as treatment technologies to reduce the scaling, biofouling, and corrosion potential of available impaired waters that would not otherwise be useful in a cooling water system or other processes within a thermoelectric plant.

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